Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1014 890592 839650 2026-08-02T12:25:26Z BnHamid 12586 890592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Aguelmim Lake, Tikjda, Algeria.jpg|thumb|Tsuburi na algeria]] [[File:Ruins in Algerian Desert.jpg|thumb|Tsaffin gine gine a Algeria]] [[File:Maghnia-algeria.jpg|thumb|Maghnia algeria]] '''Aljeriya,''' tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen [[Afirka]] ta arewa. Tana da babban kogi daga arewacin ta tana da kuma iyaka da ƙasashe shida su ne Kamar haka: * Daga yammacin [[Maroko]] da hamada ta yamma. * Daga kudu maso yammacin [[Murutaniya|Murutaniya,]] da [[Mali]]. * Daga kudu maso gabacin [[Nijar]]. * Daga gabacin [[Libya|Libya.]] * [[File:Annaba, algeria04.jpg|thumb|Algeria]]Daga arewa maso gabasci [[Tunisiya]] [[File:Traditional Algerian desert dance.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan al'ada na mutanen Algeria]] [[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasar Aljeriya mai ci ayanzu]] '''Aljeriya''' tana daya daga cikin kasashen, [[larabawa]] na [[Afirka]] kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen larabawa kuma har wayau tana daya daga cikin kasashen [[Afirka]] kuma memba ce a kasashen Obek.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria</ref> == Jihohin Aljeriya == Aljeriya tana da yankuna arba'in da takwas su ne :- {| |- | * <small>1</small> [[Adrar (provins)|Adrar]] * <small>2</small> [[Aïn Defla (provins)|Aïn Defla]] * <small>3</small> [[Aïn Témouchent (provins)|Aïn Témouchent]] * <small>4</small> [[Algier]] * <small>5</small> [[Annaba (provins)|Annaba]] * <small>6</small> [[Batna (provins)|Batna]] * <small>7</small> [[Béchar (provins)|Béchar]] * <small>8</small> [[Béjaïa (provins)|Béjaïa]] * <small>9</small> [[Biskra (provins)|Biskra]] * <small>10</small> [[Blida]] * <small>11</small> [[Bordj Bou Arréridj (provins)|Bordj Bou Arréridj]] * <small>12</small> [[Bouira]] * <small>13</small> [[Boumerdès]] * <small>14</small> [[Chlef]] * <small>15</small> [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] * <small>16</small> [[Djelfa (provins)|Djelfa]] | * <small>17</small> [[El Bayadh]] * <small>18</small> [[El Oued (provins)|El Oued]] * <small>19</small> [[El Tarf]] * <small>20</small> [[Ghardaïa]] * <small>21</small> [[Guelma]] * <small>22</small> [[Illizi]] * <small>23</small> [[Jijel]] * <small>24</small> [[Khenchela]] * <small>25</small> [[Laghouat]] * <small>26</small> [[Mila]] * <small>27</small> [[Mostaganem (provins)|Mostaganem]] * <small>28</small> [[Medea (provins)|Medea]] * <small>29</small> [[Muaskar (provins)|Muaskar]] * <small>30</small> [[M'Sila]] * <small>31</small> [[Naama]] * <small>32</small> [[Oran]] | * <small>33</small> [[Ouargla]] * <small>34</small> [[Oum el-Bouaghi]] * <small>35</small> [[Relizane]] * <small>36</small> [[Saida (provins)|Saida]] * <small>37</small> [[Sétif]] * <small>38</small> [[Sidi Bel Abbes]] * <small>39</small> [[Skikda]] * <small>40</small> [[Souk Ahras]] * <small>41</small> [[Tamanrasset]] * <small>42</small> [[Tébessa]] * <small>43</small> [[Tiaret]] * <small>44</small> [[Tindouf]] * <small>45</small> [[Tipaza]] * <small>46</small> [[Tissemsilt]] * <small>47</small> [[Tizi Ouzou]] * <small>48</small> [[Tlemcen]] | |[[File:Algeria_provinces_numbered.png|right|250px|Kaart mei provinsjes fan Algerije]] |} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Abdalmumin_ben_ali_nedroma_statue.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Abdalmumin ben ali nedroma File:Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG|Aljeriya File:Timgad,_3,_1975.jpg|Dakin wasa File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Oran.jpeg|Birnin Oran, Aljeriya File:Tahagart.jpg|Tahagart Aljeriya File:El-3amra-15.jpg|Kogi File:Meharis.jpg|Wani da raƙuminsa a yankin Aljeriya File:ONCFDM602.JPG|Layin dogo File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|Tutar Aljeriya File:Algeria_CIA_map.png|Taswirar Aljeriya </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Algeria}} [[Category:Afirka]] [[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]] [[Category:Kasashen arewacin Afirika]] jhd45i07e490fx1igqn7o91f084xkne 3 3915 890656 890349 2026-08-02T14:21:49Z Pathoschild 121 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 890656 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] '''<span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span>''' Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 0 4019 890745 795398 2026-08-02T19:46:58Z Baffa ali 47435 890745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Qatar]]''' wata kasa ce dake a kasar Asiya, wadda takasance ƙasar[[Larabawa]] ce, bata da yawan [[mutane]], Babban abinda kasar take samarwa a [[duniya]] shine manfetur, kuma tanada ƙarfin tattalin arzikin a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Babban birnin Ƙasar shine [[Doha]]. Ƙasar Qatar ta karɓi nauyin gudanar da babbar gasar kwallon ƙafa ta duniya, wato gasar cin kofin duniya. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Skyscrapers_along_a_road_in_Al_Dafna.jpg|Dogayen gine-gine na birnin, da ke kusa da titi a Al Dafna File:DOHA_CORNISH_JUNE_07_2011.JPG|Kyakkyawan birni, Doha Cornish, Qatar File:Qatar Cool Plant in The Pearl-Qatar.jpg|[[File:Flag of Qatar (1949–1971, 3-2).svg|thumb]]Cikin garin Qatar File:Construction of The Pearl Qatar in 2010.jpg|Hotan Pearl din Kasar Qatar File:Qatar v Japan AFC Asian Cup 20190201 40.jpg|Yan wasan kasar Qatar zasu buga wasa da yan wasan kasar Japan </gallery>{{Asiya}} {{stub}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] btekb61i2mvw2elvlbuhlug6bofese9 0 5454 890895 472575 2026-08-03T10:46:48Z Baffa ali 47435 890895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cyrillic_letter_Tse.svg |thumb|Harafin]] '''Ц''' - Kamar tana daga cikin Rasha haruffa. It dai wannan alamar Yana wakiltar kalma Mara sauti . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Letter daga cikin Rasha haruffa]] 0dxvyq645gcreu5qmjkoac26ncfi25e 890897 890895 2026-08-03T10:52:39Z Baffa ali 47435 890897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cyrillic_letter_Tse.svg |thumb|Harafin]] '''Ц''' - Kamar tana daga cikin daya daga kalmomin kasar rasha da haruffan. It dai wannan alamar Yana wakiltar kalma Mara sauti . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Letter daga cikin Rasha haruffa]] ncb6sore4ikq7yfal4n7eran343iwpl 0 6305 890703 874044 2026-08-02T16:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Abịa State University Mountain.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar jihar abia.]] [[File:RoughPlay.jpg|thumb|mutanen abia a bukukuwan al'ada.]] [[File:Renovated Abia State House of Assembly.jpg|thumb|Majalissar dokokin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Tambarin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia state tower.jpg|thumb|Abia]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 10.jpg|thumb|sarakunan gargajiya]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 04.jpg|thumb|Al'adu]] [[File:Man pushing a wheelbarrow - Abia state.jpg|thumb|kasuwanni a wani karni]] '''Jihar Abiya''' [[Jiha]] ce dake yankin Kudu maso Gabashin [[Najeriya|Najeriya,]] wacce ta hada iyaka daga arewa, da kuma arewa maso kudu da jihohin [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]; sai kuma yamma da Jihar [[Imo]], Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas, [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan da suka fi kowanne yawan jama'a a garin: '''A'''ba, '''B'''ende, '''I'''suikwuato, da kuma '''A'''rochukwu.<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> Babban birnin jihar itace [[Umuahia]]<ref>Umuahia - Wikipedia </ref>, a yayin da [[Aba]]<ref>Aba, Nigeria - Wikipedia</ref> ta kasance mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwancin garin.<ref>"Aba | History & Facts | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abia_State_coat_of_arms]] Acikin jihohi 36 na [[Najeriya]], [[Abia]] itace ta 32 a fadin kasa kuma na 27 a yawan jama'a da kiyasin mutane akalla '''3,720,000''' a bisa ƙidayar shekara ta [[2016]].<ref>"Figure 1. Map of abia State showing the 17 local government areas". ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Dangane da yanayin kasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa kashi biyu, Niger Delta swamp forests daga karshen kudancin garin, da kuma busasshen yanayi na Cross–Niger transition forests da yanayi savanna a sauran sassan garin. Sauran muhimman yankunan garin sun hada da Rafukan [[Imo River|Imo]] and [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wadanda ke kwarara ta yammaci da kudancin iyakar Abiya. Akwai yaruka da dama da suke zaune a Jihar Abiya a yau, musamman [[Inyamurai]]. A lokacin mulkin [[turawa]], yankin Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin yankin mutanen [[Arochukwu]] na Daular Aro kafin a turawa su ci su da yaki a Yakin [[Yakin Anglo-Aro]] a farkon karni na 1900. Turawa sun mamaye yankin bayan yakin, kuma suka sanya ta cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya karkashin kariyar Turawa, wacce daga baya aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya ta Mulkin Burtaniya; bayan an hade ta, Jihar Abiya ta zamo cibiyar adawa ga mulkin mallaka turawa wanda ya janyo yakin mata da aka fara a [[Oloko]]. Bayan samun 'yancin a shekarata alif 1960, Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya , har zuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba yankin zuwa yankin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan faruwar hakan, tsohuwar yankin na Gashin Najeriya ta jawo yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru uku a Najeriya, tare da Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan tawaye na [[Biyafara]]. Bayan yakin ya kare kuma an sake hade yankunan a Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya samar da sabuwar Jihar [[Imo]] (wacce ta hada da JIhar Abiya a cikin ta). Bayan shekaru sha biyar, an sake raba Jihar Imo inda aka cire gabashin Imo don samar da Jihar Abiya; amma a shekarar 1996, an sake raba jihar Abiya inda aka samar da Jihar [[Ebonyi]] ta yau.<ref>"This is how the 36 states were created". ''Pulse.ng''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Jihar Abiya ta ta'allaka a samar da man-fetur da natural gas dadi da noma, musamman na doya, masara, taro, man-ja da rogo. Akwai kamfanoni sarrafe-sarrafe musamman a yankin Aba.<ref>"Abia". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Dangane da saurin habakar ta a fuskar yawan jama'a da masanaantu, Abiya ta shiga na 8 daga cikin jerin cigaban al'umma a Najeriya.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abiya state coat of arm]] Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 6,320 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da talatin da uku da dari tara da tisa'in da tara (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce [[Umuahia]]. [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ude Okochukwu]]. Dattijan jihar sune: [[Eyinnaya Abaribe]], [[Theodore A. Orji]] da kuma [[Mao Ohuabunwa]]<ref>https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Abia/Brief-History-of-Abia-State.html</ref><ref>https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Abia_State,_Nigeria_Genealogy</ref>. == Labarin kasa. == Jihar Abiya wacce ta mamaye fadin kasa kimanin 6,320sqkm, ta hada iyaka daga kudu da kudu maso gabas da jihohin [[Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]. Jihar [[Imo]] daga yamma, Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas da kuma Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Sashin kudancin garin na fuskantar ruwan sama mai karfi na kimanin 2,400 millimetres (94 in) a duk shekara, kuma yafi karfi a tsakanin watannin Aprelu zuwa Octoba.<ref>"abia". ''www.usafricaonline.com''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Rafuka mafi muhimmanci a jihar sune; [[Imo River|Imo]] da Kogin [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wanda ke kwarara acikin tekun Atlantic ta jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>Nigeria, Media (22 March 2018). "Major Rivers In Abia state". ''Media Nigeria''. Retrieved 13 February2022.</ref> == Tarihi da yawan jama'a == Abiya na daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya kuma tana da kananan hukumomi guda 17. An kafa jihar Abiya a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 1991, a lokacin mulkin General [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. Jihar na zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An samar da jihar Abiya daga cikin jihar Imo kuma jihohin biyu sun hada iyaka. Jihar Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan Niger Delta. Babba birnin jihar itace Abiya, sannan ana mata lakabi da '''''[[Abiya|GOD’s OWN STATE]]'''.'' Jihar Abiya ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan ta hudu da sukafi ko ina yawa wato: [[Aba, Abia|Aba]], [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]], [[Isuikwuato]], da [[Afikpo]].<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref><ref>"Abia State history". Abia-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Jihar Abiya jiha ce ta Inyamurai kuma da yaren Igbonci ake magana a garin. Inyamurai ne suka cike kusan kaso '''95%''' na yawan mutanen garin.<ref>"Enugu State". Igbofocus.co.uk. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Sannan haka zalika ana amfani da harshen turanci a garin, kuma shine matsayin yaren gwamnati da kuma cinikayya. A jihar Abiya, fiye da mutum miliyan 7 kiristoci ne.<ref>"Abia | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> == Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa == Samar da man-fetur da gas sune muhimman tattalin arzikin Jihar Abiya, wanda yake wakiltan kaso 39% na kudaden shiga (GDP) na Jihar.<ref name=":0">Nigeria's 36 States and the FCT, Economic, societal and political profiles, World Bank Report</ref> Amma duk da haka kwararan kamfanonin gida na jihar dangane da shirin Marginal Fields Programme (MFP)- na samun karancin kudade da zai basu damar hakan mai a rijiyoyi kusan 50 dake jihar.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Masana'antun kere-kere na wakiltar kudaden shiga kashi 2% kacal.<ref name=":0" /> Cibiyar masana'antun Jihar Abia na nan a birnin Aba, wanda suka hada da kamfanonin sarrafa magunguna, sabulai, robobi, siminti, takalma da kuma kayan kwalliya.<ref name=":1">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abia". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. I (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 32. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8|<bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi>]].</ref> Bugu da kari, Jihar Abiya ta samar da wurin taro na kasa da kasa mai daukan mutum akalla 9000 a babban birnin Umuahia. Gwamna [[Theodore Orji|T.A Orji]] ya gina wannan katafaren wuri don bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar tarar baki a tarukan kasa da kasa ko kuma na gida Najeriya da kuma masu yawan bude idanu a Jihar. Noma na wakiltar kaso 27% na kudaden shiga na Jihar (GDP), kuma ta samar da aiki ga kaso 70% na mutanen garin.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da ruwan sama mai yawa a Jihar, Abiya na da kasar noma mai kyau kuma suna noman doya, masara, dankali shinkafa, kashuw, plantain, taro da kuma rogo.<ref name=":1" /> Kwakwan manja ya kasance muhimmin kayan masarufi na siyarwa a Jihar.<ref name=":1" /> === Hako Man-fetur da Gas === Akwai akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 100 da kuma masarrafu guda uku a jihar Abiya.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref><ref name=":3">"Vanguard, Nigeria (7 August 2012). "Our problem is poor funding – ASOPADEC Chairman". ''vanguardngr.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Akwai kuma masarrafar gas na "Abia/NNPC gas plant".<ref name=":3" /> Yi zuwa shekara ta 2012, cibiyar boundary C ta sanar da cewa ta maido da rijiyoyin mai 42 daga Jihar Rivers zuwa Abiya.<ref name=":3" /> Hakan na nufin cewa, Jihar Abiya ta zamo na hudu a samar da man fetur a Najeriya.<ref name=":3" /> Mashahuriyar kamfanin man fetur wato [[Shell Nigeria|Shell]], ke da mallakin mafiya yawan rijiyoyin man da ke Jihar, kuma ta ware kusan guda 50 wanda ake dauka a matsayin mafi muhimmanci. Jihar tana samar da 36,000 barrels na man-fetur a duk rana; "Imoturu na samar da barrel 23,000 a duk rana; a yayin da ita kuma tashar man-fetur na Isimili ke samar da fiye da ganga 8,000 a duk rana.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai rijiyoyin mai guda 4 a yankin mabubbugan Izaku zuwa Obigo. Akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 30 suna kwarara zuwa Umuri sannan kuma akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 8 suna kwarara daga Umurie zuwa Afam" kamar yadda Samuel Okezie Nwogu, Chairman na Abia State Oil Producing Development Area Commission (ASOPADEC). Amma duk da haka, jihar na kukan rashin isasshen kudi daga kudaden da ake samu na man fetur daga Gwamnatin Tarayya.<ref name=":3" /> == Matsalolin Muhalli == === Bola === Kungiyar kula da muhalli wato Municipal solid waste management (MSWM), ke da alhakin kwashe shara da tattara ta, da zubar da ita don tabbatar da cewa bata cutar da mutane ba. Akwai matsaloli da dama da suke jawo tara shara a yankuna birane, wanda suka hada da yanayin samun kudi, yanayin sararin samaniya, birane da kuma habakar tattalin arziki.<ref>Ezechi, Ezerie Henry; Nwabuko, Chima George; Enyinnaya, Ogbonna Chidi; Babington, Chibunna John (September 2017). "Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and prospects". ''Environmental Engineering Research''. '''22'''(3): 231–236. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4491/eer.2017.100. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1226-1025.</ref> Ma'aikatar MSW a jihar Abiya ta kasu kashi uku; # Sharar gida (shara daga gidaje, wuraren cin abinci, kasuwanni da sauran wuraren cinikayya) # Sharar Masana'antu (wanda suka hada da abubuwa masu cutarwa wanda ke bukatar kulawa ta musamman) # Sharar Ma'aikatu (wannan sun hada da shara daga ma'aikatun gwamnati, makarantu, asibitoci da wuraren shakatawa) == Ma'adanan Jihar Abiya == * [[Zinari|Zinare]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=Mineral Resources |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Official Website of Abia State Government |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172412/https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Zinare|Lead/Zinc]]<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> * Oil/gas<ref name=":0" /> * [[Salt]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria|url=https://nigerianembassythehague.nl/about-nigeria/natural-resources/|access-date=2022-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * Kaolin<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> == Jami'oi da Kwalejoji == Akwai jami'oi shida a jihar, akwai na gwamnatin tarayya wato Michael Okpara University of Agriculture a [[Umudike]],<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Abia State University a [[Uturu]], akwai kuma ta 'yan kasuwa Gregory University dake Uturu,<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Rhema University a [[Abia]],<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Rhema University". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Spiritan University a Umu Nneochi da kuma Clifford University da ke [[Owerrinta]]. Akwai kuma kwalejin Ilimi na Abiya dake [[Arochukwu]], akwai kuma kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya dake Aba. [[Temple Gate Polytechnic]] dake a Aba, da kuma [[Abia State Polytechnic]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered at Abia State Polytechnic". ''Nigerian Scholars''. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> == Sufuri == Tashar jirgin sama mafi kusa a Jihar Abiya itace tashar [[Sam Mbakwe Cargo Airport]] (Tashar Jirgin sama na Owerri), tafiyar sa'a daya na iya kai mutum i zuwa [[Umuahia]], [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] kuma tafiyar sa'a biyu ne zuwa Tashar jirgin saman [[Port Harcourt International Airport]]. Za'a iya ziyartar tashar jirgin sama na [[Akwa Ibom Airport]] (dake [[Akwa Ibom]]). Akwai nisan kimanin kilomita 73.28 (45.53 mi) a tsakanin Birnin Uyo (''Akwa Ibom'') da Birnin [[Umuahia]] (Abia). Har wayau, akwai kuma tashar jirgin kasa wacce ake zirga-zirga ta hanyoyinta, amma ana kan gyaranta a yanzu. Aba ta hade da jihar Porthacourt ta titin jirgin kasa. Birnin Umuahia ta hade da Aba da Enugu ta titin jirgin kasa. Ana iya zirga zirga ta yankunan ruwayen garin akan jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. == Yaruka == A kasa akwai jerin harsuna da ake amfani dasu a Jihar Abiya dangane da kananan hukumominsu:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Arochukwu || Inyamuranci |- | Ini || Inyamuranci |- | Obi Ngwa || Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia South||Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia North||Inyamuranci |- |Ikwuano||Inyamuranci |- |Isiukwato||Inyamuranci |- |Ukwa West||Inyamuranci |- |Aba South||Inyamuranci |- |Aba North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa South||Inyamuranci |- |Obingwa||Inyamuranci |- |Umunneochi||Inyamuranci |- | Ugwunagbo || Inyamuranci |- | Ukwa East || Inyamuranci |} == Siyasa == Gwamnan jihar shi ke gudanar da harkokin siyasa a jihar tare da taimakon mukarrabansa na majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin Jihar itace [[Umuahia]].<ref>"Umuahia | Location, Facts, & Population | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Akwai kananan hukumomi 17 a jihar. A lokacin da ta zamo jiha a 1991, shugaban kasa [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada jagoran yankin wato [[Frank Ajobena]] kafin a zabi [[Ogbonnaya Onu]] a matsayin gwamna a Tarayyar Najeriya ta uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, shugabankasa [[Sani Abacha]] ya kawo karshen Tarayyar Najeriya ta Uku (Third Republic) kuma ya tilasta mulkin soja a ko ina. A zamanin mulkin Abacha, an sake nada mutane uku ([[Chinyere Ike Nwosu]], [[Temi Ejoor]], da kuma [[Moses Fasanya]]) har zuwa lokacin da Abacha ya mutu shi kuma [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] ya cigaba da mulki. Abubakar ya sake nada mai gudanarwa soja [[Anthony Obi]], kafin a fara aiki da dimukradiyya a shekarar 1998. A 1999, [[Najeriya]] ta cigaba da bin tsarin dimukradiyya kuma an zabi [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] a matsayin gwamna a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. An rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1999. A sabon zabe a shekara ta 2003, Kalu ya sake fitowa takarar gwamna kuma an sake zabar sa har zuwa shekara ta 2007 inda wa'adinsa na wa'adi biyu suka zo karshe. [[Theodore Orji]] ([[Progressive Peoples Alliance|PPA]]) yayi nasarar kayar da [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] (PDP) a zaben gwmanan jihar Abiya a 2007. A zaben shekara ta 2011, Theodore Orji ya fice daga jam'iyyar PPA zuwa jam'iyyar PDP bayan nan a sake zaben shi don komawa wa'adi na biyu a matsayin gwamna. A zaben shekara ta 2015, an zabi [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Abiya na tara.<ref>INEC Declares Ikpeazu Winner Of Abia Governorship Election</ref> Ya sake yin nasara a zaben shekara ta 2015, inda ya kayar da [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah|Uche Ogah]] na jam'iyyar APC da [[Alex Otti]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2019. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Abia nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomi]] guda goma sha bakwai (17), Sune: #[[Aba ta Arewa]] #[[Aba ta Kudu]] #[[Arochukwu]] #[[Bende, Nijeriya|Bende]] #[[Ikwuano]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Arewa]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Kudu]] #[[Isuikwuato]] #[[Obi Ngwa]] #[[Ohafia]] #[[Osisioma Ngwa]] #[[Ugwunagbo]] #[[Ukwa ta Gabas]] #[[Ukwa ta Yamma]] #[[Umuahia ta Arewa]] #[[Umuahia ta Kudu]] #[[Umu Nneochi]] == Sarakunan Jihar == {| class="wikitable" style="width:80%;" |- ! Mukami || Ethnic Group || Suna || Class || Karamar Hukuma || Fada |- | ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Eziama Aba || Eze Issac Ikonne || 1 || Aba ta Arewa || Osusu Aba |- | ''Ochiudo 1 na Aba Ukwu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Jonathan U. oguejiofor (JP): Alkalin Zaman Lafiya na Tarayyar Nijeriya, Jihar Abia || || || |- | ''Osimiri III na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Eze (Barrister) Sunday Emejiaka || 1 || [[Aba ta Kudu]] || Aba |- | ''Eze Aro'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Arochukwu]] || Mazi Ogbonnaya Vincent Okoro (Eze Aro III) || 1 || [[Arochukwu]] || Oro Arochukwu |- | ''Ugwumba 1 na Ndida Ozaar'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Asa || Eze Samuel Chukwuemeka Agu || || [[Ukwa ta Yamma]] || Umuebulungwu, Ndida Ozaar |- | ''Ike 1 na Ikeisu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Isu people|Isu]] || Augustine O. Igwe (Ike I) || ? || [[Arochukwu]] || Ikeisu (Utugiyi) |- | ''Ezeala III na Aro Ngwa'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aro people|Aro Ngwa]] || Eze Edward Enwereji || ? || [[Osisioma Ngwa]] || |- | ''Ugo Oha'' (''Eze'') na Etiti Mgboko Umuanunu || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Etiti || Ngozi Ibekwe || 1 || Obi ngwa || ? | |- '' | ''Eze'' 1 na ovukwu abam onyerubi || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Ndi oji Abam]] || Oriji Ojembe || 1 || [[Isuikwuato]] || ? |- | ''Eze Ukwu 1'' of Ngwa-Ukwu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Ngwa || Benard Enweremadu || 1 ||Isiala Ngwa || Ngwa Ukwu Kingdom. The ancestral home of Ngwa Land. |- | Nya 1 of Nunya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Oguduasaa || M.E. Ihevume || ? || Isuikwuato ||Nunya Autonomous Community |- | ''Ossah-Ibeku'' (''Eze'') of Umuahia<ref name=":2">Chairman of the Abia State Council of Traditional Rulers</ref>|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Osaa ||HRH Nze Hope Onuigbo || X || X || Umuahia Amibo, Nsukwe |- | ''Eze'' of Uturu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Uturu]] || A.E. Ude || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Uturu |- | ''Igbojiakuru'' (Eze) of Alayi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Alayi]] || Ukeje Philip || ? || [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]] || [[Alayi|Ndi Elendu, Amaeke Alayi]] |- | ''Awu'' (''Eze'')of Isuamawu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] || Surveyor Chris E Aboh,FNIS || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Eluama Isuama |- Eze of Obun || ? || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') of Aba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / ? || Eze Issac Ikonne || || || |- |- Eze of Obunebere || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- | ''Enachioken'' Of Abiriba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Abiriba]] ||Kalu Kalu Ogbu || 1 || [[Ohafia]] || Abiriba |- | ''Ohanyere I'' Of Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umuahia]] ||Eze Abel E. Uhuegbue || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Eze Ohanyere I'' Of Ahiaba Ubi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Isiala Ngwa ||Eze D.O. Ogbuisi || ? || [[Isiala Ngwa North]] || Abia |- | ''EZE TOWE 1 of umutowe. || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Eze G. C Onwuka || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Ome Udo II'' Of Umueze, Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Okaa Omee I'' of Amaikwu, Abia || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- |"Ehi II" of Ehi na Uguru Auto. Comm, Umuguru || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Umuguru ||Eze E. E. Eluwa || 1 || [[Isiala Ngwa South]] || |- |"Ochi 1" of Ochi na Isuochi. Comm, Umunneochi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umu Nneochi]] ||HRM EZEKWESIRI || 1 || [[Umu Nneochi]] || Abia |} == Al'adu da wuraren bude idanu == * [[Arochukwu]] wacce ke da alaka da cinikayyar bayi * Azumini Blue River waterside * The Amakama wooden cave; wani rami a jikin bishiya dake iya daukan mutum 20 * Kogo da ke arewa, sun hada da Umu – Neochi zuwa Arochukwu. * Rawar al'ada da gargajiya * [[National War Museum, Umuahia]] da [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Ojukwu]] Bunker a Umuahia * Wurin tarihin mulkin mallakan turawa na ABiya * Akwete” wuri saqa kaya a karamar hukumar Ukwu ta gabas * Masu rawar yakin [[Ohafia]] * Bikin tunawa da AmaforIsingwu biannual Iza aha * Bikin Akpe Festival a Umuahia == Sanannun mutane == <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> * [[Abai Ikwechegh]] - Jurist * [[Acho Nwakanma]] - Politician, and Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]] – novelist and essayist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-05|title=The Power of a Name, By Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/154689-power-name-adaobi-tricia-nwaubani.html|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Adolphus Wabara]] - Former Senate President of Nigeria. * [[Akwaeke Emezi]] – novelist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-21|title=Young Nigerian writers shaping the world|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/young-nigerian-writers-shaping-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Mascot Ikwechegh]], politician, businessman and philanthropist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Politician and Philanthropist Chief Alex Ikwechegh Marks Birthday, Receives Global Accolades|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35839/nigeria-politician-and-philanthropist-chief-alex.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> * [[Alexx Ekubo]], Nollywood actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Where Is Alexx Ekubo From? – Biography And Ethnicity Of The Nollywood Big Boy|url=https://buzznigeria.com/where-is-alexx-ekubo-from-biography-and-ethnicity-of-the-nollywood-big-boy/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Otti]] - Former Group Managing Director of Diamond Bank PLC. * [[Alvan Ikoku]], OBE educationist (1900–1971)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chris|date=2021-06-12|title=Abia College Names Library After Alvan Ikoku|url=https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140011/https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]] - Politician Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Anya Oko Anya]], technocrat and academic<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=The sun awards 2016: …The winners|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/the-sun-awards-2016-the-winners/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ashley Nwosu]] - Former Nigerian Actor * [[Arunma Oteh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/arunma-oteh/|title=Arunma Oteh|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/after-leaving-world-bank-arunma-oteh-appointed-into-ecobank-board|title=After leaving World Bank, Arunma Oteh appointed into Ecobank board|date=2019-01-18|website=TheCable|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Former World Bank Vice President and Treasurer. * [[Azubuike Ihejirika]] – Lt. General and former Chief of Army Staff<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akinola|first=Wale|date=2021-01-27|title=Buratai, 9 former Nigeria Chief of Army Staff who served between 1999 and 2021|url=https://www.legit.ng/1400012-meet-10-nigeria-chief-army-staff-served-1999-2021.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Meet Nigeria Chief of Army Staff since 1999 {{!}} The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/meet-nigeria-chief-of-army-staff-since-1999/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Azubuko Udah]] - Former Deputy-Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force * [[Basketmouth]] – comedian<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=Nigerians blast Basketmouth for defending Buhari|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerians-blasts-basketmouth-for-defending-buhari|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2019-08-23|title=Comedian Basketmouth shares adorable photo of his kids as they have fun in US|url=https://www.legit.ng/1255947-comedian-basketmouth-shares-adorable-photo-kids.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Benjamin Kalu]] – politician and member of the House of Representatives<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Nigeria's security situation 'alarming', we're having sleepless nights - Reps|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/374761-nigerias-security-situation-alarming-were-having-sleepless-nights-reps.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Blessing Nwagba]] - Female Politician * [[Bob Nwannunu]] - Politician * [[Bright Chimezie]] – Highlife Musician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Bright Chimezie, Former Church Instrumentalist Who Originated Zigima|url=https://thenet.ng/bright-chimezie-the-former-church-instrumentalist-who-originated-zigima-music/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-30|title=People said I was dead after I relocated from Lagos to Igboland - Bright Chimezie|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/people-said-i-was-dead-after-i-relocated-from-lagos-to-igboland-bright-chimezie/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Buchi Atuonwu]] - Gospel Artiste * [[Chelsea Eze]] – award-winning Nollywood actress<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Chelsea Eze's Biography and The Works That Brought Her To Fame|url=https://buzznigeria.com/chelsea-eze-biography-and-the-works-that-brought-her-to-fame/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chidi Imoh]] - Athlete * [[Chijioke Nwakodo]] - Politician * [[Chika Chukwumerije]] – Olympic Taekwondo Medalist (Beijing 2008); 3-time Olympian; first Black African Olympic Medalist in the Martial Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-24 |title=Taekwondo Day 4 Review: Debutants crowned in an eventful day - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824143108/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |archive-date=24 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taekwondo Olympic Medal Winners List - Men & Women |url=http://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=olympics.sporting99.com |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193036/https://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Chika Okeke-Agulu]] - Art historian. * [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] – award-winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title=The 20 Richest Actors in Nigeria and Their Net Worths|url=https://buzznigeria.com/the-20-richest-actors-in-nigeria-and-their-net-worths/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2020-01-10|title=Actor Chinedu Ikedieze shares photos of his multi-million naira mansion|url=https://www.legit.ng/1291943-nollywood-actor-chinedu-ikedieze-builds-a-multi-million-naira-mansion-video.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji]] - Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Chinweizu Ibekwe]] - Renowned essayist, poet, and journalist. * [[Chinyere Almona]] – business executive<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|title=Chinyere Almona Emerges New LCCI Director General - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/56097-2/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chinyere Kalu]] – Nigeria's first female pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=I'm happy not sacrificing my family for career — Chinyere Kalu|url=https://punchng.com/im-happy-not-sacrificing-my-family-for-career-chinyere-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Captain Chinyere Kalu; Nigeria's first female who flew a plane with water in the engine|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/captain-chinyere-kalu-nigerias-first-female-who-flew-a-plane-with-water-in-the-engine|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chioma Agomo]] - Academician and a Professor of Law. * [[Chioma Onyekwere]] – Nigeria's Discus Champion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=Eze Brume wins Long Jump, Onyekwere bags gold in Discuss|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/eze-brume-wins-long-jump-onyekwere-bags-gold-in-discuss/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chioma Toplis]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Chisom Chikatara]] - Professional Footballer * [[Christy Ucheibe]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Chuku Wachuku]] – Statesman and former Director-General of Nigeria's NDE: National Directorate of Employment<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Abia Gov. inaugurates 23 commissioners {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/358044-abia-gov-inaugurates-23-commissioners.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-15|title=Gov. swears in 17 LG chairmen in Abia|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184521/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Christopher Kanu]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer. * [[Christopher Osondu]] - Former Navy Captain and Military Administrator of Cross River State * [[Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]] - Former Minister of Labour and Productivity * [[Clifford Ohiagu]] - Politician * [[Daniel Kanu]] - Nigerian-American Politician. * [[Dike Chukwumerije]] – Award-winning Novelist, Poet, Public Speaker and Spoken-word artiste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - Writing a New Nigeria - Meet the authors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3H7X6d46c9JgnWQH7pMNw2m/meet-the-authors |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Listed on 100 most influential Africans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The NWA Lists Their 100 Most Influential Nigerian Writers Under 40 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/01/nigerian-writers-awards-100-influential-nigerian-writers-list/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> * [[Ebitu Ukiwe]] – former Military Vice President; Former Governor of Niger and Lagos States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Ukiwe: The Last Original at 80 -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/11/04/ukiwe-the-last-original-at-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-29|title=Kalu, Ukiwe, former MILADs pay tribute to late officer|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-ukiwe-former-milads-pay-tribute-to-late-officer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ejike Asiegbu]]- Nollywood Veteran actor<ref><nowiki>https://blueprint.ng/ejike-asiegbu-turner-isuon-where-are-they-now/</nowiki></ref> * [[Ejikeme Ikwunze]] - Sports Journalist * [[Emma Ugolee]] - Media Personality and Author * [[Emmanuel Acho]] - Former American Football Player; Analyst at Fox Sports 1 * [[Emeka Ananaba]] - Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Eni Njoku]] – pioneer Vice Chancellor, [[University of Lagos]] and first black Vice Chancellor, [[University of Nigeria]] Nsukka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-24|title=How crisis in UNILAG accelerated 1966 coup — Ben Nwabueze|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/how-crisis-in-unilag-accelerated-1966-coup/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Enyinnaya Abaribe]] – Senator and former Deputy Governor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Ikpeazu replies Adeyemi on 'drunk' taunt, hails Abaribe|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ikpeazu-replies-adeyemi-on-drunk-taunt-hails-abaribe/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title=Abaribe to Buhari: Stop giving excuses for failures|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abaribe-to-buhari-stop-giving-excuses-for-failures/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi]] - Environmental biochemist, Soil Scientist, and Toxicologist * [[Ezinne Kalu]], Female Basketballer * [[Eziuche Ubani]] - Female Politician * [[Felix Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Fortunatus Nwachukwu]] - Catholic Prelate * [[Francis Ezeh]] - Professional Football Player * [[Godswill Obioma]] - Former National Examination Council Registrar * [[Ifu Ennada]] - Actress, Fashion Designer, and Former Big Brother Naija Housemate. * [[Iheanacho Obioma]] - Politician * [[IK Ogbonna]], Nollywood Actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-11|title=Sonia celebrates hubby, Ik Ogbonna on his birthday|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/sonia-celebrates-hubby-ik-ogbonna-birthday/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=IK Ogbonna Breaks Silence On Alleged Break-up With Wife|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/ik-ogbonna-breaks-silence-on-alleged-break-up-with-wife/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ike Ibeabuchi]], Professional Boxer. * [[Ike Nwachukwu]], military officer, former state governor, diplomat, former senator and former chairman of the governing board of [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Ike Nwachukwu: A bulging past with a long shadow|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/ike-nwachukwu-a-bulging-past-with-a-long-shadow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=Ike Nwachukwu @ 80 - The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ike-nwachukwu-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ikechi Uko]]- Renowned travel consultant * [[Ikechukwu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ikeogu Oke]] - Author, Journalist, and Award-winning Poet * [[Isaac Nwaobia]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ivy Uche Okoronkwo]] - First Female Deputy Inspector General of Police<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Worthy Sons and Daughters of the Great Arochukwu Kingdom – Past and Present — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/worthy-sons-and-daughters-of-the-great-arochukwu-kingdom-past-and-present/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-25|title=Jonathan fires IGP, Abubakar steps in|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/jonathan-fires-igp-abubakar-steps-in/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[J. Martins]], Afro-pop artiste<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-17|title=J. Martins acquires Rolls Royce Phantom, G-Wagon 550|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/j-martins-acquires-rolls-royce-phantom-g-wagon-550/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='My father attempted to kill me thrice for becoming a musician' – J.Martins {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/my-father-attempted-to-kill-me-thrice-for-becoming-a-musician-j-martins/|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Jaja Wachuku]] – First Minister of Foreign Affairs in Nigeria, First indigenous Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria and first Nigerian Permanent representative to the UN.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525075901/https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Joe Irukwu]] - Nigeria's First Professor of Insurance. * [[Joel Kachi Benson]], documentary film maker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-11|title=My agenda for making Daughters of Chibok –Joel 'Kachi Benson|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/my-agenda-for-making-daughters-of-chibok-joel-kachi-benson/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[John Godson]] – Polish lawmaker and philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wyborcza.pl|url=https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,21814379,john-godson-wrocil-do-afryki-hoduje-swinie-i-owce-chce-sciagnac.html?disableRedirects=true|access-date=2021-06-30|website=lodz.wyborcza.pl}}</ref> * [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] – Nigeria's Military Officer and former Head of State.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Department|first=Abia State (Nigeria) Ministry of Information, Culture, and Sports Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VARSAQAAMAAJ&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Abia State Official Handbook: 1991-1997|date=1997|publisher=the Ministry|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yakubu|first=Yusufu Abdullahi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3OPHhQ_HLsC&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Nigeria's Foreign Policy: A Basic Text|date=2014|publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited|isbn=978-978-125-467-3|language=en}}</ref> * [[Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku]] - Former Eze of Ngwa land. * [[Joyce Kalu]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Kalu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kalu Idika Kalu]] – former Finance Minister and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-05|title=Why I joined APC -Idika Kalu|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-joined-apc-idika-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-02|title=Kalu Idika's mum dies at 100|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-idikas-mum-dies-at-100/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] - Movie Actor and Writer. * [[Kalu Ndukwe Kalu]] - Political scientist and Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and National Security Policy at Auburn University * [[Kelechi Emeteole]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kenneth Omeruo]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Larry Gaaga]] - Renowned Songwriter and Music Producer * [[Linda Ejiofor]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Lukas Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Mao Ohuabunwa]], industrialist and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=Ohuabunwa tasks National Assembly on people's constitution|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184248/https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Mary Ikoku]] - Development Consultant * [[Mary Lazarus]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Martins Azubuike]] - Former Speaker of Abia State House of Assembly. * [[Michael Okpara]] – premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region from 1959 to 1966<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Agency|date=2021-06-02|title=Michael Okpara Centenary Holds Tomorrow|url=https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602023213/https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=Ogah Eulogises Late Dr. Michael Okpara's Leadership Style|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/05/ogah-eulogises-late-dr-michael-okparas-leadership-style/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Mr Raw]] – [[Igbo rap]] music pioneer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Where Are They Now - Mr Raw|url=https://thenet.ng/now-mr-raw/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-11|title=Why I changed my name from 'Nigga Raw' to 'Mr Raw' - Ukeje Edward|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/why-i-changed-my-name-from-nigga-raw-to-mr-raw-ukeje-edward/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nathan Kanu]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ndubuisi Kanu]] – Former Governor of Lagos State and old Imo State.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu life and times|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55646741|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-13|title=Update: Former Military Administrator of Lagos, Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu is dead|url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/01/13/breaking-former-military-administrator-of-lagos-rear-admiral-ndubuisi-kanu-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nairametrics|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Ndubuisi Kanu: Thinker, Soldier, Sailor, Activist|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/18/ndubuisi-kanu-thinker-soldier-sailor-activist/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Njoku Nnamdi]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly *[[Nkechi Blessing Sunday]] - Nollywood actress *[[Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]] – Two Time Senator Abia Central Senatorial District and Immediate Past Pro Chancellor University of Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abiola|first=Rahaman|date=2021-05-29|title=Senator Nkechi Nwaogu: Celebrating a mentor and great leader by Onyendi Victor|url=https://www.legit.ng/1417933-opinion-senator-nkechi-nwaogu-celebrating-mother-mentor-great-leader-her-new-age.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Nkiru Sylvanus]] - Awarding winning Nollywood actress * [[Nnamdi Kanu]] – founder of the [[Indigenous People of Biafra]] (IPOB), a separatist group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Be prepared to welcome independence of Biafra... - Nnamdi Kanu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/be-prepared-to-welcome-independence-of-biafra-in-no-distance-future-nnamdi-kanu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|date=2021-06-08|title=I want to sit, talk with Nnamdi Kanu - Abia Gov, Ikpeazu|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/08/i-want-to-sit-talk-with-nnamdi-kanu-abia-gov-ikpeazu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nnamdi Udoh]] - Aeronautical Engineer * [[Ndubuisi Ekekwe]] - Notable Inventor * [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]] - Female Politician * [[Nwabueze Nwokolo]] - British Lawyer * [[Nwankwo Kanu]] – Two time African Footballer of the year and [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] legend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanu: The lanky boy who shook the world at Atlanta '96 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/17742/olympics/2016/08/04/26213082/kanu-the-lanky-boy-who-shook-the-world-at-atlanta-96|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=Kanu Nwankwo confirms sale of Papilo FC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kanu-nwankwo-confirms-selling-papilo-fc|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[OC Ukeje]] – Lagos-based Multiple Award Winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=The Top 50 Ultimate Nigerian Gentlemen of 2018|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/03/01/the-top-50-ultimate-nigerian-gentlemen-of-2018/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ogbugo Kalu]] - Renowned Army Officer. * [[Oji Umozurike]], professor of law<ref>{{cite web |last1=Umozurike |first1=U.O. |title=The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Suggestions for More Effectiveness |url=https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=annlsurvey |website=digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu |publisher=Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920211905/https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=annlsurvey |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Ojo Maduekwe]] - Former Nigerian Politician. * [[Okechukwu Enelamah]] – former Minister for Trade and Investment (2015–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|title=Nigerian Exporters Must Benefit From AGOA Before 2025—Minister|last=Emmanuel|first=Dayo|date=2018-06-29|website=National Wire|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220042013/https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Okezie Ikpeazu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/gov-ikpeazu-gives-recipe-for-national-development/|title=Gov Ikpeazu gives recipe for national development|website=Punch Newspapers|date=6 July 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/371749-breaking-supreme-court-affirms-ikpeazus-election-as-abia-governor.html|title=Supreme Court affirms Ikpeazu's election as Abia governor|date=2020-01-08|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Abia State Governor * [[Olu Oguibe]] - Professor of art at the University of Connecticut and senior fellow at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC * [[Oluchi Onweagba]] - International model and first winner of M-Net Face of Africa * [[Onwuka Kalu]] - Business Mogul and co-founder of Fidelity Union Merchant Bank * [[Onyema Ogbuagu]] - Medical Researcher * [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] - First Executive Chairman of the Niger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) * [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] – chairman, [[SLOK Group]]; Former State Governor and one time Founder of [[Progressive Peoples Alliance|Progressive People's Alliance (PPA)]]; Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Kalu resumes duty at Senate after release from Kuje Correctional Centre|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/kalu-resumes-duty-at-senate-after-release-from-kuje-correctional-centre/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Atuma]] – Canadian-Nigerian actor, screenwriter, film producer, director and CEO/Chairman TABIC Record Label. born in Ikwuano Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=INTERVIEW: It took two years to produce 'Clash', says Pascal Atuma|url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/interview-it-took-two-years-to-produce-clash-says-pascal-atuma/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=#EndSARS: Filmmaker Pascal Atuma hails Nigerian youths, pens open letter to Buhari|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/endsars-filmmaker-pascal-atuma-hails-nigerian-youths-pens-open-letter-to-buhari/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Ojigwe]] - Nigerian former professional footballer and Abia State Commissioner of Sports. * [[Paul Agbai Ogwuma]] – former Governor of Nigeria's Central Bank<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Newswatch|date=2008|publisher=Newswatch Communications Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWEuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=The News|date=1998|publisher=Independent Communications Network Limited|language=en}}</ref> * [[Randy Onuoha]], Professional Footballer. * [[Rosemary Inyama]] - Female Politician * [[Ruggedman]], Afro-Rap artiste.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Ruggedman… Conscious vibes of rap apostle|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182744/https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-17|title=Why I declined being running mate to Abia gov candidate, says Ruggedman|url=https://punchng.com/why-i-declined-being-running-mate-to-abia-gov-candidate-says-ruggedman/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[2Shotz]], AfroRap Artiste<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Alim|first1=H. Samy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xWOAgAAQBAJ&dq=2Shotz+Abia+-wikipedia&pg=PA120|title=Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Awad|last3=Pennycook|first3=Alastair|author3-link=Alastair Pennycook|date=October 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59299-8|language=en}}</ref> * [[Sam Acho]] - ESPN Sports Analyst and Veteran American Football Player. * [[Sam Ohuabunwa]] - Founder of Neimeth Pharmaceutical and Former President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria * [[Samuel Achilefu]] – Notable Inventor<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoQvforsFZsC&q=Samuel+Achilefu+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Black Inventors: Crafting Over 200 Years of Success|date=May 2012|publisher=Global Black Inventor Resea|isbn=978-0-9799573-1-4|language=en}}</ref> * [[Samuel Chukwueze]] – Nigeria National Team football player<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Samuel Chukwueze: Profile, Expert Analysis, Tactical Overview & Video|url=https://www.101greatgoals.com/news/samuel-chukwueze-profile-expert-analysis-tactical-overview-video/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Football (soccer) greatest goals and highlights {{!}} 101 Great Goals|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adedayo|first=Tolu|date=2021-04-06|title=Top 5 Nigerian Footballers Playing in Europe's finest Leagues|url=https://www.brila.net/top-5-nigerian-footballers-playing-in-europes-finest-leagues/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Samuel Kalu]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer.<ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/samuel-kalu-is-latest-nigerian-in-watford-fc/</nowiki></ref> * [[Sunday Mba]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer *[[Theodore Orji]] – former State Governor and a serving Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=Senator T.A Orji Emerges Best Performing Lawmaker In the National Assembly — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/senator-t-a-orji-emerges-best-performing-lawmaker-in-the-national-assembly/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Jombo]], award-winning Nollywood actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=Uche Jombo Glows @40|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/04/uche-jombo-glows-40/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Macebuh Chinonyerem]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Mike Ezuruonye]] – Award-winning Nollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-10|title=Brother Jekwu: Mike Ezuruonye's first fruit as a producer|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184252/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Nwakanwa Chimaobi]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uche Chukwumerije]] – 3-time Senator of Fed Rep of Nigeria; Former Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture; Former Biafran Minister of Information; Publisher Afriscope Magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-22 |title=Uche Chukwumerije (1939-2015) |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/uche-chukwumerije-1939-2015-2/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Elendu]] - Nollywood actress * [[Uche Okechukwu]] – former Nigerian Team footballer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Uche Okechukwu, Ifejiagwa launch football academy|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181522/https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah]] – Businessman and Politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-18|title=Why Abians Yearn for Uche Ogah|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/18/why-abians-yearn-for-uche-ogah-2/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Ikonne]] – Academic and Public Administrator<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administration – Abia State University Uturu|url=https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|access-date=2021-09-14|website=absuu.net|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914103446/https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Kanu]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] - Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Uko Nkole]] - Politician<ref><nowiki>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uko_Nkole#:~:text=Uko%20Ndukwe%20Nkole%20(born%2020,of%20the%20Nigerian%20National%20Assembly</nowiki>.</ref> * [[Uma Ukpai]] – evangelist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Biafra agitators are mad people, says Uma Ukpai|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biafra-agitators-are-mad-people-says-uma-ukpai/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Umeh Kalu]] - Former Commissioner of Justice for Abia State. * [[Uzo Asonye]] - Partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell * [[Uzodinma Iweala]] – US-based medical doctor and author of the book ''[[Beasts of No Nation]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Egbedi|first=Hadassah|date=2015-10-16|title=Exclusive interview with Uzodinma Iweala, author, Beasts of No Nation|url=https://venturesafrica.com/exclusive-interview-with-uzodinma-iweala-author-beasts-of-no-nation/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uzoma Emenike]]- Nigeria's Ambassador to the United States of America. * [[Victoria Inyama]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Vincent Eze Ogbulafor]] - Former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party * [[Waconzy]] - Musician * [[Yagazie Emezi]] - Award-winning photojournalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Yagazie Emezi |url=https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Invisible Borders |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127025157/https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Yvonne Okoro]] - Ghanaian-Nigerian actress <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abia}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] pwyjsn3h1h0oeea0oin1z1lwgp90q7s 0 6315 890857 870257 2026-08-03T07:49:32Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona bombing (1938).jpg|thumb|Tashin bam a Barcelona]] [[File:Barcelona, airport approach (27733825928).jpg|thumb|hoton garin barcelona ;spain]] [[Fayil:Torre Agbar - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Port Vell, Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Casa Milà - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona panorama from Parc Güell.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain (51227006134).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona collage.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of Barcelona.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:15-10-27-Vista des de l'estàtua de Colom a Barcelona-WMA 2800.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona Cathedral Interior - Chapel of Severus of Barcelona by Francesc Santacruz.jpg|thumb]] '''Barcelona'''<ref>https://www.spain.info/en/destination/barcelona/</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Barcelona</ref> (lafazi: /bareselona/) Birni ce, da ke a yankin [[Katalunya]], a kasar [[Hispania]].<ref>www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/cities/barcelona</ref> Ita ce babban birnin yankin Katalunya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unsplash.com/s/photos/barcelona |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801064954/https://unsplash.com/s/photos/barcelona |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisa ga kidayar jama'a a shekarar dubu biyu da sha biyar miladiyya2015, akwai jimillar mutane 5,375,774 (miliyan biyar da dubu dari uku da saba'in da biyar da dari bakwai da saba'in da huɗu). An Kuma gina birnin [[Barcelona]], kafin karni na ɗaya kafin haifuwan annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/barcelona</ref> An kafa shi azaman birni na Roman, a tsakiyar zamanai Barcelona ta zama babban birnin lardin Barcelona. Bayan shiga tare da Masarautar Aragon don kafa kungiyar Crown na Aragon, Barcelona, wanda ya ci gaba da zama babban birnin Catalonia, ya zama birni mafi mahimmanci a cikin Crown na Aragon kuma babban cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa na Crown, kawai Valencia ta cim masa, 'yan Kataloniya sun kwace daga ikon Moorish, jim kadan kafin haduwar daular tsakanin Crown of Castile da Crown na Aragon a 1492. [[Barcelona]] ta zama cibiyar rarrabuwar kawuna ta Catalan, a takaice ta zama wani bangare na Faransa a lokacin mulkin Yakin Reapers na karni na 17. Ita ce babban birnin Catalonia na juyin juya hali a lokacin juyin juya halin Spain na 1936, kuma wurin zama na gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu daga baya a yakin basasar Spain, har zuwa lokacin da 'yan Fasist suka kama shi a shekarar 1939. Bayan juyin mulkin Spain zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekarun 1970s. [[Barcelona]] ta sake zama babban birnin Catalonia mai cin gashin kansa. A cikin gida, Barcelona ta lashe kofuna 77 mai tarihi: 27 La Liga, 31 Copa del Rey, 14 Supercopa de España, Copa Eva Duarte guda uku, da kofunan Copa de la Liga biyu, da kuma kasancewa mai rike rikodin ga gasa hudu na karshe. A cikin kwallon kafa na kungiyar kwallon afa ta duniya, kungiyar ta lashe kofuna 22 na Turai da na duniya: kofunan Champions League biyar , tarihin cin Kofin UEFA Cup guda huɗu, tarihin gasar cin kofin UEFA Super Cup guda biyar, gasar cin kofin Inter-Cities guda uku, tarihin halin gwiwa. Kofin Latin guda biyu, da Kofin Duniya na Club na FIFA guda uku. Barcelona ta kasance a matsayi na farko a Hukumar Tarihi ta Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya da kididdiga Club World Ranking na 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012, da 2015, kuma tana matsayi na tara a kan darajar ungiyar ta UEFA har zuwa watan Mayu 2023. Kulob din yana da dogon lokaci. fafatawa da Real Madrid, da kuma wasa tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu dinnan ana kiransu El Clásico. Barcelona na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da aka fi samun goyon baya a duniya, kuma kulob din yana daya daga cikin manyan shafukan sada zumunta a duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin wasanni. ’Yan wasan Barcelona sun ci lambar yabo ta Ballon d’Or guda goma sha biyu, tare da wadanda suka samu ciki har da johan Cruyff, da kuma kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta FIFA guda shida, tare da wadanda suka yi nasara ciki har da Romário, Ronaldo, Rivaldo, da Ronaldinho. A cikin 2010, 'yan wasa uku da suka zo ta makarantar matasa ta kungiyar (Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta da Xavi) an zabi su a matsayin dan wasa uku mafi kyau a duniya a FIFA Ballon d'Orawards, abin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ga 'yan wasa daga makarantar kwallon kafa daya. Bugu da dari, ƴan wasan da ke wakiltar kungiyar sun sami lambar yabo ta kwallon ƙafa ta Turai takwas. Barcelona tana ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar uku da suka kafa Pimera División waɗanda ba'a taɓa ficewa daga babban rukuni ba tun kafuwarta a 1929, tare da Athletic Bilbao da Real Madrid. A shekara ta 2009, Barcelona ta zama kulob na farko na Sipaniya da ya lashe gasar kofin nahiyar da suka kunshi La Liga, Copa del Rey da UEFA Champions League, sannan kuma ta zama kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Turai ta farko da ta lashe gasa shida cikin shida a cikin shekara guda. lashe kofin Super Cup na Spain, UEFA Super Cup da FIFA Club World Cup. A 2011, kulob din ya sake zama zakarun Turai, inda ya lashe kofuna biyar. Wannan kungiyar ta Barcelona, wacce ta lashe kofuna goma sha hudu a cikin shekaru hudu kacal a karkashin Pep Guardiola, wasu a fagen na kallonta a matsayin babbar kungiya a kowane lokaci. Ta hanyar lashe kofin gasar zakarun Turai karo na biyar a 2015 karkashin Luis Enrique, Barcelona ta zama kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Turai ta farko a tarihi da ta samu nasarar lashe kofin nahiya sau biyu. == Tarihi == Tarihin Futbol Club Barcelona<ref>http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702100948/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_1.html</ref> ya fara ne daga kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a 1899 har zuwa yau. FC Barcelona, kuma aka sani kawai da Barcelona kuma aka sani da Barça, tana cikin Barcelona, Kataloniya, Spain.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/noticies/742650/comunicat-del-fc-barcelona/amp</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1899 ta ƙungiyar ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Swiss, Catalan, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi waɗanda Joan Gamper ke jagoranta. Kulob din ya buga kwallon kafa mai son har zuwa 1910 a wasu gasa daban-daban na yanki. A cikin 1910, ƙungiyar ta halarci gasar farko ta Turai, kuma tun daga nan ta tara kofuna goma sha huɗu na UEFA da kuma na sextuple.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/813829/the-origins-of-fc-barcelonas-colours</ref> A cikin 1928, Barcelona ta kafa La Liga, mafi girma a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Sipaniya, tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu yawa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, Barcelona ba ta taba yin ficewa daga gasar La Liga ba, tarihin da ta raba da 'Athletic Bilbao' da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta ta Real Madrid.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210513175149/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/card/643865/1899-1909-foundation-and-survival</ref> Tarihin Barcelona ya kasance na siyasa sau da yawa. Ko da yake kulob ne da baƙi suka ƙirƙira kuma suke gudanarwa, a hankali Barcelona ta zama ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ƙimar Catalan. A cikin sauye-sauyen da Spain ta yi zuwa mulkin mallaka a cikin 1925, Kataloniya ta ƙara zama ƙiyayya ga gwamnatin tsakiya a Madrid. Kiyayyar ta kara daukaka martabar Barcelona a matsayin jigon kataloniya, kuma lokacin da Francisco Franco ya haramta amfani da yaren Catalonia, filin wasa na Barcelona ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wuraren da mutane za su iya nuna rashin gamsuwarsu. Canjin zuwa dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1978 bai ɓata sunan ƙungiyar na girman kai na Catalan ba. A cikin 2000s da 2010s - lokacin nasarar wasanni a cikin kulob din da kuma kara mayar da hankali ga 'yan wasan Catalan - jami'an kulob din sun kasance masu aminci ga tarihin kulob din don kare kasar, dimokuradiyya, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yancin yanke shawara. kuma sun yi Allah wadai da duk wani mataki da zai iya kawo cikas ga aiwatar da wadannan hakkoki.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html</ref> == Goyon baya == Laƙabin sunan mai goyon bayan Barcelona watau [[Culer]] samo asali ne daga yankin Catalan cul (Turanci: arse), yayin da ƴan kallo a filin wasa na farko, Camp de la Indústria, suka zauna tare da culs a kan tasha. A Spain, kusan kashi 25% na yawan jama'ar an ce magoya bayan Barça ne, na biyu a bayan Real Madrid, wanda kashi 32% na al'ummar kasar ke goyon baya. A duk faɗin Turai, Barcelona ce ƙungiyar zaɓi na biyu da aka fi so.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes</ref> Alkaluman mambobin kungiyar sun samu karuwa mai yawa daga 100,000 a kakar wasa ta 2003-04 zuwa 170,000 a watan Satumban 2009, karuwar da ake dangantawa da tasirin dabarun yada labarai na Ronaldinho da shugaba Joan Laporta na lokacin da suka mayar da hankali kan kafafen yada labarai na intanet na Spain da Ingilishi. Tun daga 31 ga Mayu 2023, kulob din yana da membobin 150,317, wanda ake kira socis. Baya ga zama memba, har zuwa Maris 2022 akwai kungiyoyin fan 1,264 da aka yiwa rajista a hukumance, da ake kira penyes, a duk duniya. Ƙungiyoyin magoya baya suna haɓaka Barcelona a cikin yankinsu kuma suna karɓar tayi masu amfani lokacin ziyartar Barcelona. Daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi samun goyon baya a duniya, Barcelona ce ta biyu mafi girman kafofin sada zumunta a duniya a tsakanin kungiyoyin wasanni, tare da masu sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan 103 a watan Disamba 2021, a bayan Real Madrid da miliyan 111. Kulob din ya samu manyan mutane da dama a cikin magoya bayansa, ciki har da Paparoma John Paul II, wanda ya kasance memba na girmamawa, da kuma tsohon Firaministan Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/barcelona-find-new-home-at-estadi-olimpic-lluis-companys</ref> == Fafatawa da kungiyoyin Adawa == === Real Madrid/El-Clasico === Sau da yawa akan yi hamayya mai zafi tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu mafi karfi a gasar lig ta kasa, kuma hakan yana faruwa ne musamman a gasar La Liga, inda ake kiran wasan Barcelona da Real Madrid da sunan "The Classic" (El Clásico). Tun da aka fara gasar ta kasa ana kallon kungiyoyin a matsayin wakilan yankuna biyu masu hamayya da juna a Spain: Catalonia da Castile, da kuma na biranen biyu. Ƙwararriyar hamayyar tana nuna abin da mutane da yawa ke la'akari da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da na al'adu tsakanin Catalans da Castilians, wanda wani marubuci ya gani a matsayin sake aiwatar da yakin basasa na Spain. A tsawon shekarun da suka wuce, tarihin wasan gaba tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu shine nasara 102 da Madrid ta samu, Barcelona ta samu nasara sau 100, sannan aka tashi kunnen doki 52. Tun farkon shekarun 1930s, Barcelona "ta sami suna a matsayin alama ta asalin Catalan, wanda ya saba wa ra'ayin Madrid". A cikin 1936, lokacin da Francisco Franco ya fara juyin mulkin da jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta Biyu, shugaban Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, memba na Jamhuriyyar Hagu ta Catalonia kuma Mataimakin Cortes, an kama shi tare da kashe shi ba tare da shari'a ba daga sojojin Franco (Sunyol yana gudanar da ayyukansa na siyasa, ya ziyarci sojojin Republican a arewacin Madrid). A lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Miguel Primo de Rivera da musamman Francisco Franco, duk harsunan yanki da asalinsu a cikin Spain an nuna musu rashin amincewa kuma an hana su. Don haka, yawancin 'yan ƙasar Barcelona sun kasance masu adawa da tsarin mulkin fasikanci. A cikin wannan lokacin, Barcelona ta sami taken Més que un club (Turanci: Fiye da kulab) saboda zargin alaka da 'yan kishin Kataloniya da kuma imani na ci gaba. Akwai cece-ku-ce game da yadda mulkin Franco (1939–75) ya yi tasiri a kan ayyuka da sakamakon fage na Barcelona da Real Madrid. Magoya bayan kungiyoyin biyu sukan yi karin gishiri game da tatsuniyoyi da ke son labaransu. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda fiye da Franco ba shi da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da aka fi so, amma imaninsa na kishin ƙasar Sipaniya ya sa ya haɗa kansa da ƙungiyoyin kafa, kamar Atlético Aviación da Madrid FC (wanda ya maido da sunan sarauta bayan faduwar Jamhuriyyar). A gefe guda, ya kuma so mai suna CF Barcelona ya yi nasara a matsayin "Ƙungiyar Spain" maimakon ta Catalan. A cikin shekarun farko na mulkin Franco, Real Madrid ba ta yi nasara musamman ba, inda ta lashe kofin Copa del Generalísimotitle guda biyu da Copa Eva Duarte; Barcelona ta lashe kofin gasar guda uku, Copa del Generalísimo daya da Copa Eva Duarte daya. A wannan lokacin, an yi imanin Atlético Aviación shine ƙungiyar da aka fi so akan Real Madrid. Labarun da aka fi samun cece-kuce a lokacin sun hada da wasan da Real Madrid ta doke Barcelona a gida da ci 11-1 a gasar Copa del Generalísimo, inda kungiyar ta Catalonia ta yi zargin cin zarafi, da kuma batun sauya shekar Alfredo Di Stéfano zuwa Real Madrid duk da yarjejeniyarsa da Barcelona. Canja wurin na ƙarshe wani bangare ne na "juyin juya hali" na shugaban Real Madrid Santiago Bernabéu wanda ya haifar da zamanin mamayar da ba a taɓa gani ba. Bernabéu, shi kansa gogaggen Yaƙin Basasa wanda ya yi yaƙi ga sojojin Franco, ya ga [[Real Madrid]] a kan gaba ba kawai na Sipaniya ba har ma da ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai, yana taimakawa ƙirƙirar gasar cin kofin Turai, gasa ta farko ta gaskiya ga ƙwararrun kungiyoyin kulab ɗin Turai. Tunaninsa ya cika lokacin da Real Madrid ba kawai ta fara lashe kofunan lig a jere ba har ma ta share bugu biyar na farko na gasar cin kofin Turai a shekarun 1950.[207] Wadannan al'amuran sun yi tasiri sosai a wasan kwallon kafa na Spain kuma sun yi tasiri ga halin Franco. A cewar masana tarihi, a wannan lokacin ya fahimci mahimmancin Real Madrid ga martabar gwamnatinsa a duniya, kuma kungiyar ta zama kungiyar da ya fi so har ya mutu. Fernando Maria Castiella, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje karkashin Franco daga 1957 zuwa 1969, ta lura cewa "[Real Madrid] ita ce mafi kyawun ofishin jakadancin da muka taba samu." Franco ya mutu a shekara ta 1975, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka sami canjin Spanish zuwa dimokraɗiyya. A karkashin mulkinsa, Real Madrid ta lashe kofunan lig 14, kofunan Copa del Generalísimo 6, Copa Eva Duarte 1, Kofin Turai 6, Kofin Latin 2, da Kofin Intercontinental 1. A daidai wannan lokacin, Barcelona ta lashe kofunan lig 8, kofunan Copa del Generalísimo guda 9, kofunan Copa Eva Duarte guda 3, Kofin Baje koli 3 Inter-Cities, da Kofin Latin guda 2. Fafatawa ta kara tsananta a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da kungiyoyin suka yi sabani kan sanya hannu kan Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano ya burge duka biyun Barcelona da Real Madrid yayin da yake taka leda a Los Millionariosin [[Bogotá]], Colombia, yayin yajin aikin da 'yan wasa suka yi a ƙasarsa ta [[Argentina]]. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Millonarios ya koma Colombia, darektocin Barcelona sun ziyarci Buenos Aires kuma sun amince da River Plate, ƙungiyar FIFA ta ƙarshe da ta riƙe hakkin Di Stéfano, don canja wurinsa a 1954 akan kwatankwacin Lira miliyan 150 na Italiyanci (a cewar wasu kafofin). $200,000). Wannan ne ya fara gwabzawa tsakanin abokan hamayyar Spain biyu na neman hakkinsa. FIFA ta nada Armando Muñoz Calero, tsohon shugaban hukumar kwallon kafa ta Spain a matsayin mai shiga tsakani. Calero ya yanke shawarar barin Di Stéfano ya buga wasanni na 1953–54 da 1955–56 a Madrid, da lokutan 1954–55 da 1956–57 a Barcelona. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ingila da kungiyoyinsu sun amince da yarjejeniyar. Kodayake Catalans sun yarda, shawarar ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi iri-iri a tsakanin membobin Blaugrana kuma an tilasta wa shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Satumba na 1953. Barcelona ta sayar da rabin rabon su na Madrid, kuma Di Stéfano ya koma Los Blancos, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Real ta biya pesetas na Sipaniya miliyan 5.5 don siyan, tare da kari miliyan 1.3 don siyan, kudin shekara-shekara da za a biya wa Millonarios, da albashi 16,000 ga Di Stéfano tare da kari ninki biyu na abokan wasansa, jimlar 40. % na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na kulob din Madrid.<ref>https://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/catala/club/club_avui/mes_que_un_club/mesqueunclub_historia.html</ref> Di Stéfano ya zama muhimmi a nasarar da Real Madrid ta samu a baya, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko da Barcelona. Tare da shi, Madrid ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai a bugu biyar na farko. A shekarun 1960 aka ga kishiya ta kai matakin Turai lokacin da Real Madrid da Barcelona suka hadu sau biyu a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda Madrid ta yi nasara a kan hanyar daukar kofin karo na biyar a jere a 1959 –60 da Barcelona ta yi galaba akan hanyar zuwa rashin nasara a wasan karshe a 1960–61. A shekara ta 2002, an yi wa taron Turai lakabi da "Match of The Century" ta kafofin watsa labarai na Spain, kuma sama da mutane miliyan 500 ne suka kalli nasarar Madrid. Wani gagarumin wasa wanda ke da alamar rashin da'a baya ga shagulgulan bukin zira kwallaye guda biyu na kungiyoyin biyu - wanda galibi ya shafi izgili da 'yan adawa - irin wannan gagarumin biki ya faru a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kyaftin din Barcelona Carles Puyol ya sumbaci rigarsa ta Catalan a gaban magoya bayan Madrid da suka fusata a filin wasa na Santago Bernabéu. Filin wasa da kuma a shekarar 2017 lokacin da Lionel Messi ya yi bikin murnar nasarar da ya yi wa Barcelona a minti na 93 da Real Madrid a filin wasa na Bernabéu ta hanyar cire rigar Barcelona tare da rike ta har ga magoya bayan Real Madrid da suka harzuka – sunansa da lambarsa suna fuskantarsu. === Espanyol === Abokan hamayyar Barça a koyaushe shine Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin kulab ɗin da aka baiwa ikon sarauta, masu sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya ne suka kafa su kawai, sabanin yanayin ƙasashen duniya na farko na hukumar Barça. Sakon kafa kungiyar a fili ya nuna adawa da Barcelona, kuma sun yi watsi da ganin FC Barcelona a matsayin kungiyar kasashen waje. An ƙarfafa fafatawa da abin da 'yan Kataloniya ke gani a matsayin wakilin Madrid na tsokana. Asalin filinsu ya kasance a gundumar mawadata ta Sarria.<ref>https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html</ref> A al'adance, mafi yawan ƴan ƙasar Barcelona suna ganin Espanyol a matsayin ƙungiyar da ta samar da wani nau'i na biyayya ga hukumomin tsakiya, sabanin ruhin juyin juya hali na Barça. Hakanan a cikin 1960s da 1970s, yayin da FC Barcelona ta zama rundunar haɗin gwiwa ga sabbin baƙi na Catalonia daga yankuna masu fama da talauci na Spain suna tsammanin samun rayuwa mai inganci, Espanyol ta sami goyon bayansu musamman daga sassan da ke kusa da mulkin kamar 'yan sanda, jami'an soji, farar hula. bayi da masu fasikanci na aiki. A shekara ta 1918, Espanyol ta fara gabatar da ƙarar neman 'yancin kai, wanda a lokacin ya zama batun da ya dace. Daga baya, ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan Espanyol za ta shiga cikin Falangists a cikin yakin basasa na Spain, tare da masu fasikanci. Duk da waɗannan bambance-bambance na akida, derbi ya kasance mafi dacewa ga magoya bayan Espanyol fiye da na Barcelona saboda bambancin manufa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan adawar ta zama ƙasa ta siyasa, kamar yadda Espanyol ta fassara sunanta da waƙarta daga Mutanen Espanya zuwa Catalan. Ko da yake shi ne wasan fafatawa na gida da aka fi buga a tarihin La Liga, kuma shi ne mafi rashin daidaito, inda Barcelona ke da rinjaye. A cikin teburin gasar Premier, Espanyol ta sami nasarar ƙarewa a saman Barça sau uku kawai daga yanayi 87 (1928 – 2022) kuma Barcelona ce kawai ta lashe kofin Copa del Rey na Catalan a 1957. Espanyol tana da ta'aziyyar kaiwa ga nasarar Mafi girma tazarar nasara tare da 6-0 a 1951, yayin da babbar nasara ta Barcelona ita ce 5-0 a lokuta bakwai (a cikin 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975, 1992, 2016 da 2017). Espanyol ta samu nasara akan Barça da ci 2-1 a kakar wasa ta 2008–09, inda ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta doke Barcelona a [[Camp Nou]] a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. === AC Milan === Daya daga cikin abokan hamayyar Barcelona a fagen kwallon kafar Turai ita ce kulob din AC Milan na Italiya. Kungiyar da Barcelona ta fi buga wasanni 19, ita ce ta uku da aka fi buga wasanni a gasar kungiyoyin Turai, bayan Real Madrid – Juventus (21) da Real Madrid – Bayern Munich (26). Kungiyoyi biyu da suka fi samun nasara a Turai, Milan ta lashe Kofin Turai bakwai zuwa Barça biyar, yayin da kungiyoyin biyu suka lashe kofunan Super Cup na Turai biyar. Barcelona da Milan sun ci wasu kofunan nahiyoyi, wanda hakan ya sanya su zama kungiyoyi na biyu da na uku a gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya, inda suke da kofuna 19 da 14, duk suna bayan Real Madrid 23. [[Barcelona]] ce ke kan gaba a tarihi bayan da ta yi nasara takwas da ci biyar. Ganawa ta farko tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ita ce gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1959–60. Sun fafata ne a zagaye na 16 kuma Barça ta samu nasara akan jimillar 7–1 (0–2 a Milan da kuma 5–1 a Barcelona). Yayin da Milan ba ta taba fitar da Barcelona daga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ba, ta doke kungiyar Dream Team na Johan Cruyff da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na 1994, duk da kasancewar su 'yan wasa. A cikin 2013, duk da haka, Barcelona ta yi “tarihi” dawowa daga rashin nasara da ci 0-2 a wasan farko a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2012–13, inda ta ci 4-0 a Camp Nou. == Mallakar kungiya da kudade == Tare da Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, da Osasuna, Barcelona an shirya su azaman ƙungiya mai rijista. Ba kamar kamfani mai iyaka ba, ba zai yiwu a siyan hannun jari a kulob din ba, amma kawai memba. Membobin Barcelona, da ake kira socis, sun kafa taron wakilai wanda shine mafi girman hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar. Tun daga 31 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar tana da ƙungiyoyi 150,317. A cikin 2010, Forbes ta kimanta darajar Barcelona zuwa kusan Yuro miliyan 752 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 1, inda ta kasance ta hudu bayan [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], Real Madrid da Arsenal, bisa alkalumman da aka yi a kakar 2008-09. A cewar Deloitte, Barcelona ta samu kudaden shiga da ya kai Yuro miliyan 366 a daidai wannan lokacin, inda ta zama ta biyu a bayan Real Madrid, wadda ta samu Yuro miliyan 401. A shekarar 2013, Mujallar Forbes ta sanya Barcelona a matsayi na uku a jerin kungiyoyin wasanni mafi daraja a duniya, bayan Real Madrid da Manchester United da darajarsu ta kai dala biliyan 2.6. A shekarar 2014, Forbes ta sanya ta a matsayi na biyu a jerin kungiyoyin wasanni mafi daraja a duniya, da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, ita kuma Deloitte a matsayi na hudu a jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa mafi arziki a duniya wajen samun kudaden shiga, inda take samun kudin shiga na Euro miliyan 484.6 a shekara. A cikin 2017, Forbes ta sanya su a matsayi na hudu mafi daraja a kungiyar wasanni a duniya tare da darajar kungiyar ta dala biliyan 3.64. A cikin 2018, [[Barcelona]] ta zama ƙungiyar wasanni ta farko da ta haura $1bn a cikin kudaden shiga na shekara. A watan Nuwamba 2018 Barcelona ta zama ƙungiyar wasanni ta farko tare da matsakaicin albashin ƙungiyar farko sama da £10m ($13.8m) kowace shekara. Koyaya, shekarun da aka kashe na kashe kuɗi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Josep Maria Bartomeu (shugaban tsakanin 2014 da 2020) da sauran dalilai, kamar cutar ta COVID-19, ya ga babban bashin ƙungiyar ya haura kusan dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin 2021, yawancinsa gajere. lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227112830/http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filin Kwallo( Stadium) == Barcelona ta fara buga wasa a Camp de la Industria. Ƙarfin ya kai kusan 6,000, kuma jami'an kulab ɗin sun ɗauka cewa wuraren ba su isa ga ƙungiyar da ke da yawan membobinta ba. A cikin 1922, yawan magoya bayansa ya zarce 20,000 kuma ta hanyar ba da kuɗi ga kulob din, Barça ta sami damar gina babban Camp de Les Corts, wanda ke da ikon farko na masu kallo 20,000. Bayan yakin basasar Sipaniya kulob din ya fara jan hankalin mutane da yawa da kuma yawan 'yan kallo a wasanni. Wannan ya haifar da ayyukan fadada da yawa: babban matsayi a cikin 1944, tsayawar kudu a 1946, kuma a ƙarshe tsayawar arewa a 1950. Bayan haɓakar ƙarshe, Les Corts na iya ɗaukar 'yan kallo 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227112830/http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an kammala ginin babu wani wuri don faɗaɗawa a Les Corts. Koma baya-baya a gasar La Liga a 1948 da 1949 da sanya hannu kan László Kubala a watan Yuni 1950, wanda daga baya zai ci 196 kwallaye a wasanni 256, ya jawo yawan jama'a zuwa wasannin. Kulob din ya fara shirye-shiryen sabon filin wasa. An fara ginin Camp Nou a ranar 28 ga Maris 1954, a gaban taron magoya bayan Barça 60,000. An aza dutsen farko na filin wasa na gaba a karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Felipe Acedo Colunga tare da albarkar Archbishop na Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Ginin ya ɗauki shekaru uku kuma ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1957 tare da farashi na ƙarshe na pesetas miliyan 288, 336% akan kasafin kuɗi. A shekara ta 1980, lokacin da filin wasa ke bukatar sake fasalin da ya dace da ka'idojin UEFA, kulob din ya tara kudi ta hanyar bai wa magoya bayansa damar rubuta sunan su a kan bulo a kan wani karamin kudi. Tunanin ya shahara da magoya baya, kuma dubban mutane sun biya kudin. Daga baya wannan ya zama cibiyar cece-kuce a lokacin da kafafen yada labarai a Madrid suka tattara rahotannin cewa daya daga cikin duwatsun an rubuta sunan shugaban Real Madrid da ya dade yana goyon bayan Franco Santiago Bernabé. A cikin shirye-shiryen gasar Olympics ta bazara 1992 an shigar da matakai biyu na wurin zama sama da rufin rufin da ya gabata. Yana da damar 99,354 a halin yanzu yana mai da shi filin wasa mafi girma a Turai. A cikin Disamba 2021, rikodin kashi 88% na membobin kungiyar sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da aikin Espai Barça don sake sabunta wuraren wasanni na kungiyar, kasancewa zaben raba gardama na farko kan layi a tarihin FC Barcelona. Tun da farko an yi hasashen za a kammala shi a shekarar 2021, aikin gyare-gyare a Camp Nou ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2023 kuma a yanzu ana son kammala shi a karshen shekarar 2026, tare da kimanin Euro biliyan 1.5. A lokacin gyaran, Barcelona za ta ƙaura na tsawon lokacin 2023-24 zuwa Kamfanonin Estadi Olímpic Lluís a Montjuïc, ana tsammanin dawowa a watan Nuwamba 2024, tare da har yanzu filin wasan yana kan aikin. Akwai kuma sauran wurare, waɗanda suka haɗa da: •Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper ( Filin atisayen FC Barcelona) •Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Mazaunin matasa 'yan wasa) •Estadi Johan Cruyff (Gidan ƙungiyar ajiyar, ƙungiyar mata, da Juvenil A) •Palau Blaugrana (Falin wasanni na cikin gida na FC Barcelona) •Palau Blaugrana 2 (Filayen cikin gida na biyu na FC Barcelona) == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == Tun asalinsa, [[FC Barcelona]] tana da kusanci da duniyar al'adu, musamman, da al'adun Catalan. Dokokin kulob din daga 1932 sun riga sun ce Barça "kungiyar al'adu ce da yanayin wasanni". Kulob ɗin da 'yan wasansa sun kasance tushen ƙarfafa marubuta, masu kida, masu fasaha na gani, 'yan jarida, masu zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo, da masu fina-finai. A cikin adabi, wasu manyan marubutan Catalan ne ƙungiyar ta ƙarfafa su. A cikin 1957, a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da Camp Nou, Josep Maria de Sagarra ya sadaukar da wata waƙa mai suna Blau i grana. Mawaƙi Manuel Vázquez Montalbán ya yi rubutu akai-akai game da hangen nesansa na ƙungiyar. Wasu maganganu sun bayyana waɗanda suka kama cikin hasashe, kamar bayyana Barça da "Rundunar sojojin Catalonia marasa makami." Ya kuma rubuta cewa "Barça ce kawai cibiyar doka da ta haɗa mutumin da ke kan titi tare da Catalonia wanda zai iya kasancewa kuma bai kasance ba.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1645450/barca-rewind-the-first-ever-title</ref> Manyan bukukuwan tunawa sun kasance lokuta masu kyau ga kulob din don shigar da manyan jiga-jigan Catalonia daga duniyar al'adu cikin ayyukansa. Sunaye irin su Josep Segrelles, Joan Miró da Antoni Tàpies sun sanya hannu kan fastoci na tunawa, kamar yadda Jaume Picas da marubuci Josep Maria Espinãs, a bikin cikar ƙungiyar shekaru 75, suka rubuta waƙa don Cant del Barça, waƙar yanzu, tare da kiɗa. ta Manuel Vals.<ref>https://en.as.com/en/2017/05/19/soccer/1495189627_052136.html?outputType=amp</ref> Duniyar Blaugrana kuma ta kasance tushen ƙarfafawa a cikin fasahar filastik, tare da sunaye irin su Jordi Alumà, Josep Maria Subirachs, Antoni Tàpies ko Josep Viladomat, wanda ya yi sassaken 'Avi del Barça' a cikin La Masia. Salvador Dalí ya nuna girmamawa ga bikin cika shekaru 75 na ƙungiyar tare da ƙage. A cikin zane-zane, kida kuma ya kasance, daga tango wanda Gardel ya sadaukar wa Samitier zuwa wakokin Joan Manuel Serrat, La Trinca da sauran su. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kuma kasance hanya mai kyau don bayyana ra'ayoyin magoya bayan Barça, tun daga gasar cin kofin El Paralelo kafin yakin basasa ko kamar 'El Partido del Domingo', na Castaños, zuwa sabbin rubutu, kamar El culékulé, na Xavier Bosch. A lokacin wahalar siyasa ko rashin 'yanci, Barça ta kasance mafaka da hanyoyin bayyana ayyukan al'adu da fasaha. A cikin 2013, kulob din ya ba da haske game da shirin 'Barça Cultura', wani yunƙuri wanda ke inganta fannin dangantakar hukumomi da yarjejeniya tare da manufar ba Barcelona a matsayin dandalin inganta al'adu a Catalonia. A cikin 2022, Barcelona da Òmnium sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya don haɓaka yaren Catalan, al'adu da ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/simbols/escut.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615040719/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/simbols/escut.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akwai takardun bayanai da fina-finai da yawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira cikin tarihi don ɗaukar nasarori da tafiyar da ƙungiyar ta yi tsawon shekaru. Kwanan nan, a cikin Disamba 2022, Amazon Prime Video ya fitar da takaddun abubuwa guda biyar da ake kira FC Barcelona: Sabon Zamani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html</ref> Ya rubuta ƙungiyar ta hanyar yin amfani da lokaci tare da masu horar da 'yan wasa da 'yan wasa a bayan fage a ciki da wajen fili a duk lokacin kakarsu ta 2021-22. A cikin Satumba 2023, Amazon Prime Video ya ƙaddamar da kakar wasa ta biyu tare da darussan abubuwa biyar. Yana mai da hankali kan 2022-23 a bayan lokutan fage. == Lambobin Yabo == [[File:Lionel Messi vs Valladolid 3.jpg|thumb|Leo in action ]] A watan Maris na 2021, [[Lionel Messi]] ya ci tarihin Xavi na wasanni 767 da ya buga wa kulob din, kuma a halin yanzu ya buga wasanni 778 a hukumance a dukkan gasa, yayin da ya rike tarihin da ya fi yawan buga wasanni a gasar La Liga a Barcelona, da 520. {{DEFAULTSORT:Barcelona}} Dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga a Barcelona a gasar ta hukuma shi ne Lionel Messi da kwallaye 672, inda ya zarce na César Rodríguez da ya ci kwallaye 232 a watan Maris na 2012, tarihin da ya shafe shekaru 60. A cikin Disamba 2020, Messi kuma ya ci wa Pelé kwallaye 643 don Santos don zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a hukumance a kulob guda. Messi shi ne dan wasan da ya kafa tarihin zura kwallo a raga a Barcelona a gasar kungiyoyin Turai da na kasa da kasa, kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye 474 a gasar La Liga. Wasu sun sami nasarar zura kwallaye sama da 100 a ƙungiyar Barcelona: César Rodríguez (190), [[Luis Suárez]] (147), László Kubala (131) da [[Samuel Eto'o]] (108). Josep Samitier shine dan wasan da yafi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar a gasar Copa del Rey, da kwallaye 64. László Kubala shi ne ke riƙe da tarihin mafi yawan zira kwallaye a gasar La Liga a wasa ɗaya, inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai a kan Sporting Gijón a Lionel Messi ya rike tarihin Champions League da kwallaye biyar akan Bayer Leverkusen a 2012. Eulogio Martínez ya zama ɗan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Barça. wasan, lokacin da ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ragar Atlético Madrid a 1957. Masu tsaron ragar Barcelona sun lashe kofuna 20 na Zamora, inda Antoni Ramallets da Víctor Valdés suka lashe tarihi biyar kowanne. Valdés yana da rabon kwallaye 0.832 da aka zura a raga a kowane wasa, tarihin gasar La Liga, kuma shi ma ya rike tarihi na tsawon lokaci ba tare da zura kwallo a raga ba (minti 896) a duk gasa da Barcelona ta yi. Claudio Bravo yana da tarihin fara mafi kyawun rashin nasara a kakar wasa ta bana a tarihin gasar La Liga, a mintuna 754. Kocin da ya fi dadewa a Barcelona shi ne Jack Greenwell, wanda ya yi shekaru tara a wasanni biyu (1917–1924) da (1931–1933), kuma Pep Guardiola shine kocin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar (kofuna 14 a cikin shekaru 4). Dan wasan da ya fi samun nasara a Barcelona shi ne Lionel Messi da kofuna 35, ya zarce Andrés Iniesta, da kofuna 32. Filin wasa na Barcelona Camp Nou shine babban filin wasa a Turai. Yawan mutanen da suka halarci gida a kulob din sun kai 120,000 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Turai da suka yi da Juventus a ranar 3 ga Maris 1986. Zamantakewar Camp Nou a shekarun 1990s da kuma gabatar da masu zama na kowa da kowa yana nufin ba za a karya tarihin nan gaba ba. A halin yanzu karfin filin wasa shine 99,354. El Barça de les Cinc Copes ita ce ƙungiya ta farko a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya da ta lashe kofuna biyar a cikin kaka ɗaya (1951–1952). Barcelona ita ce kungiya daya tilo da ta taka leda a kowane kakar wasannin Turai tun lokacin da ta fara a 1955 tana kirga gasar cin kofin Inter-Cities Fairs ba na UEFA ba. A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2009, tare da kasancewa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya ɗaya tilo da ta samu nasarar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, Barcelona ta zama kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta Turai ta farko da ta lashe kofuna shida a cikin shekara guda (Sextuple). A watan Janairun 2018, Barcelona ta sayi Philippe Coutinho daga Liverpool kan Yuro miliyan 120, mafi girman kudin canja wuri a tarihin kulob din. A cikin watan Agustan 2017, dan wasan Barcelona Neymar ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a kan kudin sayan da ya kai Yuro miliyan 222. A cikin 2016, La Masia ta Barcelona ta kasance ta biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Duniya (CIES) a matsayin manyan 'yan wasa da suka samar da makarantar kimiyya a duniya. 13 Oktoba 2025 Golan Ingila Jordan Pickford, mai shekara 31 na shirin tsawaita zamansa a Everton ta hanyar sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci da Toffees. '''(Times)''' Barcelona ba za ta sabunta kwantiragin dan wasan gaban Poland Robert Lewandowski, mai shekara 37 ba, idan kwantiraginsa ya kare a bazara mai zuwa. '''(Sports)''' A shirye kungiyar ta Barcelona take ta tabbatar da dan wasan gabanta Marcus Rashford mai shekaru 27 da ke zaman aro daga Manchester United a matsayin na dindindin sakamakon yadda ya taka rawar gani a farkon kakar wasa. '''(Sun)''' Tsohon kocin Real Madrid Zinedine Zidane na shirin komawa aiki kuma yana son ya jagoranci wata tawaga a Faransa. '''(Mirror)''' * 2025 Newcastle United za ta yi tunanin barin dan wasan Danish William Osula, mai shekara 22, ya tafi aro a watan Janairu idan ya zamana tashinsa ba zai haifar mata da wata matsala b == Duba kuma == •List of fan-owned sports teams •La Masia •Barcelona Femení •Barcelona Atlètic •Barcelona C •Barcelona Futsal •Barcelona Bàsquet •Barcelona Handbol •Barcelona Voleibol [[Category:Biranen Ispaniya]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Arc_de_Triomf_Barcelona_2013.jpg|Arc de Triomf Barcelona File:Estaci%C3%B3_de_Fran%C3%A7a_Barcelona_Catalonia.jpg|Tashar jirgin kasa ta França Barcelona. File:Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG|Aquarium Barcelona File:14-08-05-barcelona-RalfR-001.jpg|Barcelona (Hotel Vela) File:Barcelona-panorama_2.jpg|Birini Barcelona daga Montjuic </gallery> ==Manazarta== oy6guvt3gktovn2bncy2811a88vyveb 890917 890857 2026-08-03T11:34:57Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona bombing (1938).jpg|thumb|Tashin bam a Barcelona]] [[File:Barcelona, airport approach (27733825928).jpg|thumb|hoton garin barcelona ;spain]] [[Fayil:Torre Agbar - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Port Vell, Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Casa Milà - Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona panorama from Parc Güell.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain (51227006134).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona collage.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of Barcelona.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:15-10-27-Vista des de l'estàtua de Colom a Barcelona-WMA 2800.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Barcelona Cathedral Interior - Chapel of Severus of Barcelona by Francesc Santacruz.jpg|thumb]] '''Barcelona'''<ref>https://www.spain.info/en/destination/barcelona/</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Barcelona</ref> (lafazi: /bareselona/) Birni ce, da ke a yankin [[Katalunya]], a kasar [[Hispania]].<ref>www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/cities/barcelona</ref> Ita ce babban birnin yankin Katalunya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unsplash.com/s/photos/barcelona |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801064954/https://unsplash.com/s/photos/barcelona |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisa ga kidayar jama'a a shekarar dubu biyu da sha biyar miladiyya2015, akwai jimillar mutane 5,375,774 (miliyan biyar da dubu dari uku da saba'in da biyar da dari bakwai da saba'in da huɗu). An Kuma gina birnin [[Barcelona]], kafin karni na ɗaya kafin haifuwan annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/barcelona</ref> An kafa shi azaman birni na Roman, a tsakiyar zamanai Barcelona ta zama babban birnin lardin Barcelona. Bayan shiga tare da Masarautar Aragon don kafa ƙungiyar Crown na Aragon, Barcelona, wanda ya ci gaba da zama babban birnin Catalonia, ya zama birni mafi mahimmanci a cikin Crown na Aragon kuma babban cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa na Crown, kawai Valencia ta cim masa, ƴan Kataloniya sun kwace daga ikon Moorish, jim kadan kafin haduwar daular tsakanin Crown of Castile da Crown na Aragon a 1492. [[Barcelona]] ta zama cibiyar rarrabuwar kawuna ta Catalan, a takaice ta zama wani bangare na Faransa a lokacin mulkin Yakin Reapers na karni na 17. Ita ce babban birnin Catalonia na juyin juya hali a lokacin juyin juya halin Spain na 1936, kuma wurin zama na gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu daga baya a yakin basasar Spain, har zuwa lokacin da 'yan Fasist suka kama shi a shekarar 1939. Bayan juyin mulkin Spain zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekarun 1970s. [[Barcelona]] ta sake zama babban birnin Catalonia mai cin gashin kansa. A cikin gida, Barcelona ta lashe kofuna 77 mai tarihi: 27 La Liga, 31 Copa del Rey, 14 Supercopa de España, Copa Eva Duarte guda uku, da kofunan Copa de la Liga biyu, da kuma kasancewa mai rike rikodin ga gasa hudu na karshe. A cikin kwallon kafa na kungiyar kwallon afa ta duniya, kungiyar ta lashe kofuna 22 na Turai da na duniya: kofunan Champions League biyar , tarihin cin Kofin UEFA Cup guda huɗu, tarihin gasar cin kofin UEFA Super Cup guda biyar, gasar cin kofin Inter-Cities guda uku, tarihin halin gwiwa. Kofin Latin guda biyu, da Kofin Duniya na Club na FIFA guda uku. Barcelona ta kasance a matsayi na farko a Hukumar Tarihi ta Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya da kididdiga Club World Ranking na 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012, da 2015, kuma tana matsayi na tara a kan darajar ungiyar ta UEFA har zuwa watan Mayu 2023. Kulob din yana da dogon lokaci. fafatawa da Real Madrid, da kuma wasa tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu dinnan ana kiransu El Clásico. Barcelona na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da aka fi samun goyon baya a duniya, kuma kulob din yana daya daga cikin manyan shafukan sada zumunta a duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin wasanni. ’Yan wasan Barcelona sun ci lambar yabo ta Ballon d’Or guda goma sha biyu, tare da wadanda suka samu ciki har da johan Cruyff, da kuma kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta FIFA guda shida, tare da wadanda suka yi nasara ciki har da Romário, Ronaldo, Rivaldo, da Ronaldinho. A cikin 2010, 'yan wasa uku da suka zo ta makarantar matasa ta kungiyar (Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta da Xavi) an zabi su a matsayin dan wasa uku mafi kyau a duniya a FIFA Ballon d'Orawards, abin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ga 'yan wasa daga makarantar kwallon kafa daya. Bugu da dari, ƴan wasan da ke wakiltar kungiyar sun sami lambar yabo ta kwallon ƙafa ta Turai takwas. Barcelona tana ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar uku da suka kafa Pimera División waɗanda ba'a taɓa ficewa daga babban rukuni ba tun kafuwarta a 1929, tare da Athletic Bilbao da Real Madrid. A shekara ta 2009, Barcelona ta zama kulob na farko na Sipaniya da ya lashe gasar kofin nahiyar da suka kunshi La Liga, Copa del Rey da UEFA Champions League, sannan kuma ta zama kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Turai ta farko da ta lashe gasa shida cikin shida a cikin shekara guda. lashe kofin Super Cup na Spain, UEFA Super Cup da FIFA Club World Cup. A 2011, kulob din ya sake zama zakarun Turai, inda ya lashe kofuna biyar. Wannan kungiyar ta Barcelona, wacce ta lashe kofuna goma sha hudu a cikin shekaru hudu kacal a karkashin Pep Guardiola, wasu a fagen na kallonta a matsayin babbar kungiya a kowane lokaci. Ta hanyar lashe kofin gasar zakarun Turai karo na biyar a 2015 karkashin Luis Enrique, Barcelona ta zama kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Turai ta farko a tarihi da ta samu nasarar lashe kofin nahiya sau biyu. == Tarihi == Tarihin Futbol Club Barcelona<ref>http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702100948/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/etapes_historia/etapa_1.html</ref> ya fara ne daga kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a 1899 har zuwa yau. FC Barcelona, kuma aka sani kawai da Barcelona kuma aka sani da Barça, tana cikin Barcelona, Kataloniya, Spain.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/noticies/742650/comunicat-del-fc-barcelona/amp</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1899 ta ƙungiyar ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Swiss, Catalan, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi waɗanda Joan Gamper ke jagoranta. Kulob din ya buga kwallon kafa mai son har zuwa 1910 a wasu gasa daban-daban na yanki. A cikin 1910, ƙungiyar ta halarci gasar farko ta Turai, kuma tun daga nan ta tara kofuna goma sha huɗu na UEFA da kuma na sextuple.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/813829/the-origins-of-fc-barcelonas-colours</ref> A cikin 1928, Barcelona ta kafa La Liga, mafi girma a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Sipaniya, tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu yawa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, Barcelona ba ta taba yin ficewa daga gasar La Liga ba, tarihin da ta raba da 'Athletic Bilbao' da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta ta Real Madrid.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210513175149/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/card/643865/1899-1909-foundation-and-survival</ref> Tarihin Barcelona ya kasance na siyasa sau da yawa. Ko da yake kulob ne da baƙi suka ƙirƙira kuma suke gudanarwa, a hankali Barcelona ta zama ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da ƙimar Catalan. A cikin sauye-sauyen da Spain ta yi zuwa mulkin mallaka a cikin 1925, Kataloniya ta ƙara zama ƙiyayya ga gwamnatin tsakiya a Madrid. Kiyayyar ta kara daukaka martabar Barcelona a matsayin jigon kataloniya, kuma lokacin da Francisco Franco ya haramta amfani da yaren Catalonia, filin wasa na Barcelona ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wuraren da mutane za su iya nuna rashin gamsuwarsu. Canjin zuwa dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1978 bai ɓata sunan ƙungiyar na girman kai na Catalan ba. A cikin 2000s da 2010s - lokacin nasarar wasanni a cikin kulob din da kuma kara mayar da hankali ga 'yan wasan Catalan - jami'an kulob din sun kasance masu aminci ga tarihin kulob din don kare kasar, dimokuradiyya, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yancin yanke shawara. kuma sun yi Allah wadai da duk wani mataki da zai iya kawo cikas ga aiwatar da wadannan hakkoki.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html</ref> == Goyon baya == Laƙabin sunan mai goyon bayan Barcelona watau [[Culer]] samo asali ne daga yankin Catalan cul (Turanci: arse), yayin da ƴan kallo a filin wasa na farko, Camp de la Indústria, suka zauna tare da culs a kan tasha. A Spain, kusan kashi 25% na yawan jama'ar an ce magoya bayan Barça ne, na biyu a bayan Real Madrid, wanda kashi 32% na al'ummar kasar ke goyon baya. A duk faɗin Turai, Barcelona ce ƙungiyar zaɓi na biyu da aka fi so.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes</ref> Alkaluman mambobin kungiyar sun samu karuwa mai yawa daga 100,000 a kakar wasa ta 2003-04 zuwa 170,000 a watan Satumban 2009, karuwar da ake dangantawa da tasirin dabarun yada labarai na Ronaldinho da shugaba Joan Laporta na lokacin da suka mayar da hankali kan kafafen yada labarai na intanet na Spain da Ingilishi. Tun daga 31 ga Mayu 2023, kulob din yana da membobin 150,317, wanda ake kira socis. Baya ga zama memba, har zuwa Maris 2022 akwai kungiyoyin fan 1,264 da aka yiwa rajista a hukumance, da ake kira penyes, a duk duniya. Ƙungiyoyin magoya baya suna haɓaka Barcelona a cikin yankinsu kuma suna karɓar tayi masu amfani lokacin ziyartar Barcelona. Daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi samun goyon baya a duniya, Barcelona ce ta biyu mafi girman kafofin sada zumunta a duniya a tsakanin kungiyoyin wasanni, tare da masu sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan 103 a watan Disamba 2021, a bayan Real Madrid da miliyan 111. Kulob din ya samu manyan mutane da dama a cikin magoya bayansa, ciki har da Paparoma John Paul II, wanda ya kasance memba na girmamawa, da kuma tsohon Firaministan Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/barcelona-find-new-home-at-estadi-olimpic-lluis-companys</ref> == Fafatawa da kungiyoyin Adawa == === Real Madrid/El-Clasico === Sau da yawa akan yi hamayya mai zafi tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu mafi karfi a gasar lig ta kasa, kuma hakan yana faruwa ne musamman a gasar La Liga, inda ake kiran wasan Barcelona da Real Madrid da sunan "The Classic" (El Clásico). Tun da aka fara gasar ta kasa ana kallon kungiyoyin a matsayin wakilan yankuna biyu masu hamayya da juna a Spain: Catalonia da Castile, da kuma na biranen biyu. Ƙwararriyar hamayyar tana nuna abin da mutane da yawa ke la'akari da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da na al'adu tsakanin Catalans da Castilians, wanda wani marubuci ya gani a matsayin sake aiwatar da yakin basasa na Spain. A tsawon shekarun da suka wuce, tarihin wasan gaba tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu shine nasara 102 da Madrid ta samu, Barcelona ta samu nasara sau 100, sannan aka tashi kunnen doki 52. Tun farkon shekarun 1930s, Barcelona "ta sami suna a matsayin alama ta asalin Catalan, wanda ya saba wa ra'ayin Madrid". A cikin 1936, lokacin da Francisco Franco ya fara juyin mulkin da jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta Biyu, shugaban Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, memba na Jamhuriyyar Hagu ta Catalonia kuma Mataimakin Cortes, an kama shi tare da kashe shi ba tare da shari'a ba daga sojojin Franco (Sunyol yana gudanar da ayyukansa na siyasa, ya ziyarci sojojin Republican a arewacin Madrid). A lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Miguel Primo de Rivera da musamman Francisco Franco, duk harsunan yanki da asalinsu a cikin Spain an nuna musu rashin amincewa kuma an hana su. Don haka, yawancin 'yan ƙasar Barcelona sun kasance masu adawa da tsarin mulkin fasikanci. A cikin wannan lokacin, Barcelona ta sami taken Més que un club (Turanci: Fiye da kulab) saboda zargin alaka da 'yan kishin Kataloniya da kuma imani na ci gaba. Akwai cece-ku-ce game da yadda mulkin Franco (1939–75) ya yi tasiri a kan ayyuka da sakamakon fage na Barcelona da Real Madrid. Magoya bayan kungiyoyin biyu sukan yi karin gishiri game da tatsuniyoyi da ke son labaransu. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda fiye da Franco ba shi da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da aka fi so, amma imaninsa na kishin ƙasar Sipaniya ya sa ya haɗa kansa da ƙungiyoyin kafa, kamar Atlético Aviación da Madrid FC (wanda ya maido da sunan sarauta bayan faduwar Jamhuriyyar). A gefe guda, ya kuma so mai suna CF Barcelona ya yi nasara a matsayin "Ƙungiyar Spain" maimakon ta Catalan. A cikin shekarun farko na mulkin Franco, Real Madrid ba ta yi nasara musamman ba, inda ta lashe kofin Copa del Generalísimotitle guda biyu da Copa Eva Duarte; Barcelona ta lashe kofin gasar guda uku, Copa del Generalísimo daya da Copa Eva Duarte daya. A wannan lokacin, an yi imanin Atlético Aviación shine ƙungiyar da aka fi so akan Real Madrid. Labarun da aka fi samun cece-kuce a lokacin sun hada da wasan da Real Madrid ta doke Barcelona a gida da ci 11-1 a gasar Copa del Generalísimo, inda kungiyar ta Catalonia ta yi zargin cin zarafi, da kuma batun sauya shekar Alfredo Di Stéfano zuwa Real Madrid duk da yarjejeniyarsa da Barcelona. Canja wurin na ƙarshe wani bangare ne na "juyin juya hali" na shugaban Real Madrid Santiago Bernabéu wanda ya haifar da zamanin mamayar da ba a taɓa gani ba. Bernabéu, shi kansa gogaggen Yaƙin Basasa wanda ya yi yaƙi ga sojojin Franco, ya ga [[Real Madrid]] a kan gaba ba kawai na Sipaniya ba har ma da ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai, yana taimakawa ƙirƙirar gasar cin kofin Turai, gasa ta farko ta gaskiya ga ƙwararrun kungiyoyin kulab ɗin Turai. Tunaninsa ya cika lokacin da Real Madrid ba kawai ta fara lashe kofunan lig a jere ba har ma ta share bugu biyar na farko na gasar cin kofin Turai a shekarun 1950.[207] Wadannan al'amuran sun yi tasiri sosai a wasan kwallon kafa na Spain kuma sun yi tasiri ga halin Franco. A cewar masana tarihi, a wannan lokacin ya fahimci mahimmancin Real Madrid ga martabar gwamnatinsa a duniya, kuma kungiyar ta zama kungiyar da ya fi so har ya mutu. Fernando Maria Castiella, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje karkashin Franco daga 1957 zuwa 1969, ta lura cewa "[Real Madrid] ita ce mafi kyawun ofishin jakadancin da muka taba samu." Franco ya mutu a shekara ta 1975, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka sami canjin Spanish zuwa dimokraɗiyya. A karkashin mulkinsa, Real Madrid ta lashe kofunan lig 14, kofunan Copa del Generalísimo 6, Copa Eva Duarte 1, Kofin Turai 6, Kofin Latin 2, da Kofin Intercontinental 1. A daidai wannan lokacin, Barcelona ta lashe kofunan lig 8, kofunan Copa del Generalísimo guda 9, kofunan Copa Eva Duarte guda 3, Kofin Baje koli 3 Inter-Cities, da Kofin Latin guda 2. Fafatawa ta kara tsananta a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da kungiyoyin suka yi sabani kan sanya hannu kan Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano ya burge duka biyun Barcelona da Real Madrid yayin da yake taka leda a Los Millionariosin [[Bogotá]], Colombia, yayin yajin aikin da 'yan wasa suka yi a ƙasarsa ta [[Argentina]]. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Millonarios ya koma Colombia, darektocin Barcelona sun ziyarci Buenos Aires kuma sun amince da River Plate, ƙungiyar FIFA ta ƙarshe da ta riƙe hakkin Di Stéfano, don canja wurinsa a 1954 akan kwatankwacin Lira miliyan 150 na Italiyanci (a cewar wasu kafofin). $200,000). Wannan ne ya fara gwabzawa tsakanin abokan hamayyar Spain biyu na neman hakkinsa. FIFA ta nada Armando Muñoz Calero, tsohon shugaban hukumar kwallon kafa ta Spain a matsayin mai shiga tsakani. Calero ya yanke shawarar barin Di Stéfano ya buga wasanni na 1953–54 da 1955–56 a Madrid, da lokutan 1954–55 da 1956–57 a Barcelona. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ingila da kungiyoyinsu sun amince da yarjejeniyar. Kodayake Catalans sun yarda, shawarar ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi iri-iri a tsakanin membobin Blaugrana kuma an tilasta wa shugaban ya yi murabus a watan Satumba na 1953. Barcelona ta sayar da rabin rabon su na Madrid, kuma Di Stéfano ya koma Los Blancos, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Real ta biya pesetas na Sipaniya miliyan 5.5 don siyan, tare da kari miliyan 1.3 don siyan, kudin shekara-shekara da za a biya wa Millonarios, da albashi 16,000 ga Di Stéfano tare da kari ninki biyu na abokan wasansa, jimlar 40. % na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na kulob din Madrid.<ref>https://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/catala/club/club_avui/mes_que_un_club/mesqueunclub_historia.html</ref> Di Stéfano ya zama muhimmi a nasarar da Real Madrid ta samu a baya, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko da Barcelona. Tare da shi, Madrid ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai a bugu biyar na farko. A shekarun 1960 aka ga kishiya ta kai matakin Turai lokacin da Real Madrid da Barcelona suka hadu sau biyu a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda Madrid ta yi nasara a kan hanyar daukar kofin karo na biyar a jere a 1959 –60 da Barcelona ta yi galaba akan hanyar zuwa rashin nasara a wasan karshe a 1960–61. A shekara ta 2002, an yi wa taron Turai lakabi da "Match of The Century" ta kafofin watsa labarai na Spain, kuma sama da mutane miliyan 500 ne suka kalli nasarar Madrid. Wani gagarumin wasa wanda ke da alamar rashin da'a baya ga shagulgulan bukin zira kwallaye guda biyu na kungiyoyin biyu - wanda galibi ya shafi izgili da 'yan adawa - irin wannan gagarumin biki ya faru a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kyaftin din Barcelona Carles Puyol ya sumbaci rigarsa ta Catalan a gaban magoya bayan Madrid da suka fusata a filin wasa na Santago Bernabéu. Filin wasa da kuma a shekarar 2017 lokacin da Lionel Messi ya yi bikin murnar nasarar da ya yi wa Barcelona a minti na 93 da Real Madrid a filin wasa na Bernabéu ta hanyar cire rigar Barcelona tare da rike ta har ga magoya bayan Real Madrid da suka harzuka – sunansa da lambarsa suna fuskantarsu. === Espanyol === Abokan hamayyar Barça a koyaushe shine Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin kulab ɗin da aka baiwa ikon sarauta, masu sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya ne suka kafa su kawai, sabanin yanayin ƙasashen duniya na farko na hukumar Barça. Sakon kafa kungiyar a fili ya nuna adawa da Barcelona, kuma sun yi watsi da ganin FC Barcelona a matsayin kungiyar kasashen waje. An ƙarfafa fafatawa da abin da 'yan Kataloniya ke gani a matsayin wakilin Madrid na tsokana. Asalin filinsu ya kasance a gundumar mawadata ta Sarria.<ref>https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html</ref> A al'adance, mafi yawan ƴan ƙasar Barcelona suna ganin Espanyol a matsayin ƙungiyar da ta samar da wani nau'i na biyayya ga hukumomin tsakiya, sabanin ruhin juyin juya hali na Barça. Hakanan a cikin 1960s da 1970s, yayin da FC Barcelona ta zama rundunar haɗin gwiwa ga sabbin baƙi na Catalonia daga yankuna masu fama da talauci na Spain suna tsammanin samun rayuwa mai inganci, Espanyol ta sami goyon bayansu musamman daga sassan da ke kusa da mulkin kamar 'yan sanda, jami'an soji, farar hula. bayi da masu fasikanci na aiki. A shekara ta 1918, Espanyol ta fara gabatar da ƙarar neman 'yancin kai, wanda a lokacin ya zama batun da ya dace. Daga baya, ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan Espanyol za ta shiga cikin Falangists a cikin yakin basasa na Spain, tare da masu fasikanci. Duk da waɗannan bambance-bambance na akida, derbi ya kasance mafi dacewa ga magoya bayan Espanyol fiye da na Barcelona saboda bambancin manufa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan adawar ta zama ƙasa ta siyasa, kamar yadda Espanyol ta fassara sunanta da waƙarta daga Mutanen Espanya zuwa Catalan. Ko da yake shi ne wasan fafatawa na gida da aka fi buga a tarihin La Liga, kuma shi ne mafi rashin daidaito, inda Barcelona ke da rinjaye. A cikin teburin gasar Premier, Espanyol ta sami nasarar ƙarewa a saman Barça sau uku kawai daga yanayi 87 (1928 – 2022) kuma Barcelona ce kawai ta lashe kofin Copa del Rey na Catalan a 1957. Espanyol tana da ta'aziyyar kaiwa ga nasarar Mafi girma tazarar nasara tare da 6-0 a 1951, yayin da babbar nasara ta Barcelona ita ce 5-0 a lokuta bakwai (a cikin 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975, 1992, 2016 da 2017). Espanyol ta samu nasara akan Barça da ci 2-1 a kakar wasa ta 2008–09, inda ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta doke Barcelona a [[Camp Nou]] a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. === AC Milan === Daya daga cikin abokan hamayyar Barcelona a fagen kwallon kafar Turai ita ce kulob din AC Milan na Italiya. Kungiyar da Barcelona ta fi buga wasanni 19, ita ce ta uku da aka fi buga wasanni a gasar kungiyoyin Turai, bayan Real Madrid – Juventus (21) da Real Madrid – Bayern Munich (26). Kungiyoyi biyu da suka fi samun nasara a Turai, Milan ta lashe Kofin Turai bakwai zuwa Barça biyar, yayin da kungiyoyin biyu suka lashe kofunan Super Cup na Turai biyar. Barcelona da Milan sun ci wasu kofunan nahiyoyi, wanda hakan ya sanya su zama kungiyoyi na biyu da na uku a gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya, inda suke da kofuna 19 da 14, duk suna bayan Real Madrid 23. [[Barcelona]] ce ke kan gaba a tarihi bayan da ta yi nasara takwas da ci biyar. Ganawa ta farko tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ita ce gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1959–60. Sun fafata ne a zagaye na 16 kuma Barça ta samu nasara akan jimillar 7–1 (0–2 a Milan da kuma 5–1 a Barcelona). Yayin da Milan ba ta taba fitar da Barcelona daga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ba, ta doke kungiyar Dream Team na Johan Cruyff da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na 1994, duk da kasancewar su 'yan wasa. A cikin 2013, duk da haka, Barcelona ta yi “tarihi” dawowa daga rashin nasara da ci 0-2 a wasan farko a zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2012–13, inda ta ci 4-0 a Camp Nou. == Mallakar kungiya da kudade == Tare da Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, da Osasuna, Barcelona an shirya su azaman ƙungiya mai rijista. Ba kamar kamfani mai iyaka ba, ba zai yiwu a siyan hannun jari a kulob din ba, amma kawai memba. Membobin Barcelona, da ake kira socis, sun kafa taron wakilai wanda shine mafi girman hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar. Tun daga 31 ga Mayu 2023, ƙungiyar tana da ƙungiyoyi 150,317. A cikin 2010, Forbes ta kimanta darajar Barcelona zuwa kusan Yuro miliyan 752 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 1, inda ta kasance ta hudu bayan [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], Real Madrid da Arsenal, bisa alkalumman da aka yi a kakar 2008-09. A cewar Deloitte, Barcelona ta samu kudaden shiga da ya kai Yuro miliyan 366 a daidai wannan lokacin, inda ta zama ta biyu a bayan Real Madrid, wadda ta samu Yuro miliyan 401. A shekarar 2013, Mujallar Forbes ta sanya Barcelona a matsayi na uku a jerin kungiyoyin wasanni mafi daraja a duniya, bayan Real Madrid da Manchester United da darajarsu ta kai dala biliyan 2.6. A shekarar 2014, Forbes ta sanya ta a matsayi na biyu a jerin kungiyoyin wasanni mafi daraja a duniya, da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, ita kuma Deloitte a matsayi na hudu a jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa mafi arziki a duniya wajen samun kudaden shiga, inda take samun kudin shiga na Euro miliyan 484.6 a shekara. A cikin 2017, Forbes ta sanya su a matsayi na hudu mafi daraja a kungiyar wasanni a duniya tare da darajar kungiyar ta dala biliyan 3.64. A cikin 2018, [[Barcelona]] ta zama ƙungiyar wasanni ta farko da ta haura $1bn a cikin kudaden shiga na shekara. A watan Nuwamba 2018 Barcelona ta zama ƙungiyar wasanni ta farko tare da matsakaicin albashin ƙungiyar farko sama da £10m ($13.8m) kowace shekara. Koyaya, shekarun da aka kashe na kashe kuɗi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Josep Maria Bartomeu (shugaban tsakanin 2014 da 2020) da sauran dalilai, kamar cutar ta COVID-19, ya ga babban bashin ƙungiyar ya haura kusan dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin 2021, yawancinsa gajere. lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227112830/http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filin Kwallo( Stadium) == Barcelona ta fara buga wasa a Camp de la Industria. Ƙarfin ya kai kusan 6,000, kuma jami'an kulab ɗin sun ɗauka cewa wuraren ba su isa ga ƙungiyar da ke da yawan membobinta ba. A cikin 1922, yawan magoya bayansa ya zarce 20,000 kuma ta hanyar ba da kuɗi ga kulob din, Barça ta sami damar gina babban Camp de Les Corts, wanda ke da ikon farko na masu kallo 20,000. Bayan yakin basasar Sipaniya kulob din ya fara jan hankalin mutane da yawa da kuma yawan 'yan kallo a wasanni. Wannan ya haifar da ayyukan fadada da yawa: babban matsayi a cikin 1944, tsayawar kudu a 1946, kuma a ƙarshe tsayawar arewa a 1950. Bayan haɓakar ƙarshe, Les Corts na iya ɗaukar 'yan kallo 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227112830/http://aei.pitt.edu/2175/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an kammala ginin babu wani wuri don faɗaɗawa a Les Corts. Koma baya-baya a gasar La Liga a 1948 da 1949 da sanya hannu kan László Kubala a watan Yuni 1950, wanda daga baya zai ci 196 kwallaye a wasanni 256, ya jawo yawan jama'a zuwa wasannin. Kulob din ya fara shirye-shiryen sabon filin wasa. An fara ginin Camp Nou a ranar 28 ga Maris 1954, a gaban taron magoya bayan Barça 60,000. An aza dutsen farko na filin wasa na gaba a karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Felipe Acedo Colunga tare da albarkar Archbishop na Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Ginin ya ɗauki shekaru uku kuma ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1957 tare da farashi na ƙarshe na pesetas miliyan 288, 336% akan kasafin kuɗi. A shekara ta 1980, lokacin da filin wasa ke bukatar sake fasalin da ya dace da ka'idojin UEFA, kulob din ya tara kudi ta hanyar bai wa magoya bayansa damar rubuta sunan su a kan bulo a kan wani karamin kudi. Tunanin ya shahara da magoya baya, kuma dubban mutane sun biya kudin. Daga baya wannan ya zama cibiyar cece-kuce a lokacin da kafafen yada labarai a Madrid suka tattara rahotannin cewa daya daga cikin duwatsun an rubuta sunan shugaban Real Madrid da ya dade yana goyon bayan Franco Santiago Bernabé. A cikin shirye-shiryen gasar Olympics ta bazara 1992 an shigar da matakai biyu na wurin zama sama da rufin rufin da ya gabata. Yana da damar 99,354 a halin yanzu yana mai da shi filin wasa mafi girma a Turai. A cikin Disamba 2021, rikodin kashi 88% na membobin kungiyar sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da aikin Espai Barça don sake sabunta wuraren wasanni na kungiyar, kasancewa zaben raba gardama na farko kan layi a tarihin FC Barcelona. Tun da farko an yi hasashen za a kammala shi a shekarar 2021, aikin gyare-gyare a Camp Nou ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2023 kuma a yanzu ana son kammala shi a karshen shekarar 2026, tare da kimanin Euro biliyan 1.5. A lokacin gyaran, Barcelona za ta ƙaura na tsawon lokacin 2023-24 zuwa Kamfanonin Estadi Olímpic Lluís a Montjuïc, ana tsammanin dawowa a watan Nuwamba 2024, tare da har yanzu filin wasan yana kan aikin. Akwai kuma sauran wurare, waɗanda suka haɗa da: •Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper ( Filin atisayen FC Barcelona) •Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Mazaunin matasa 'yan wasa) •Estadi Johan Cruyff (Gidan ƙungiyar ajiyar, ƙungiyar mata, da Juvenil A) •Palau Blaugrana (Falin wasanni na cikin gida na FC Barcelona) •Palau Blaugrana 2 (Filayen cikin gida na biyu na FC Barcelona) == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == Tun asalinsa, [[FC Barcelona]] tana da kusanci da duniyar al'adu, musamman, da al'adun Catalan. Dokokin kulob din daga 1932 sun riga sun ce Barça "kungiyar al'adu ce da yanayin wasanni". Kulob ɗin da 'yan wasansa sun kasance tushen ƙarfafa marubuta, masu kida, masu fasaha na gani, 'yan jarida, masu zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo, da masu fina-finai. A cikin adabi, wasu manyan marubutan Catalan ne ƙungiyar ta ƙarfafa su. A cikin 1957, a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da Camp Nou, Josep Maria de Sagarra ya sadaukar da wata waƙa mai suna Blau i grana. Mawaƙi Manuel Vázquez Montalbán ya yi rubutu akai-akai game da hangen nesansa na ƙungiyar. Wasu maganganu sun bayyana waɗanda suka kama cikin hasashe, kamar bayyana Barça da "Rundunar sojojin Catalonia marasa makami." Ya kuma rubuta cewa "Barça ce kawai cibiyar doka da ta haɗa mutumin da ke kan titi tare da Catalonia wanda zai iya kasancewa kuma bai kasance ba.<ref>https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1645450/barca-rewind-the-first-ever-title</ref> Manyan bukukuwan tunawa sun kasance lokuta masu kyau ga kulob din don shigar da manyan jiga-jigan Catalonia daga duniyar al'adu cikin ayyukansa. Sunaye irin su Josep Segrelles, Joan Miró da Antoni Tàpies sun sanya hannu kan fastoci na tunawa, kamar yadda Jaume Picas da marubuci Josep Maria Espinãs, a bikin cikar ƙungiyar shekaru 75, suka rubuta waƙa don Cant del Barça, waƙar yanzu, tare da kiɗa. ta Manuel Vals.<ref>https://en.as.com/en/2017/05/19/soccer/1495189627_052136.html?outputType=amp</ref> Duniyar Blaugrana kuma ta kasance tushen ƙarfafawa a cikin fasahar filastik, tare da sunaye irin su Jordi Alumà, Josep Maria Subirachs, Antoni Tàpies ko Josep Viladomat, wanda ya yi sassaken 'Avi del Barça' a cikin La Masia. Salvador Dalí ya nuna girmamawa ga bikin cika shekaru 75 na ƙungiyar tare da ƙage. A cikin zane-zane, kida kuma ya kasance, daga tango wanda Gardel ya sadaukar wa Samitier zuwa wakokin Joan Manuel Serrat, La Trinca da sauran su. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kuma kasance hanya mai kyau don bayyana ra'ayoyin magoya bayan Barça, tun daga gasar cin kofin El Paralelo kafin yakin basasa ko kamar 'El Partido del Domingo', na Castaños, zuwa sabbin rubutu, kamar El culékulé, na Xavier Bosch. A lokacin wahalar siyasa ko rashin 'yanci, Barça ta kasance mafaka da hanyoyin bayyana ayyukan al'adu da fasaha. A cikin 2013, kulob din ya ba da haske game da shirin 'Barça Cultura', wani yunƙuri wanda ke inganta fannin dangantakar hukumomi da yarjejeniya tare da manufar ba Barcelona a matsayin dandalin inganta al'adu a Catalonia. A cikin 2022, Barcelona da Òmnium sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya don haɓaka yaren Catalan, al'adu da ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/simbols/escut.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615040719/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/club/historia/simbols/escut.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akwai takardun bayanai da fina-finai da yawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira cikin tarihi don ɗaukar nasarori da tafiyar da ƙungiyar ta yi tsawon shekaru. Kwanan nan, a cikin Disamba 2022, Amazon Prime Video ya fitar da takaddun abubuwa guda biyar da ake kira FC Barcelona: Sabon Zamani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html</ref> Ya rubuta ƙungiyar ta hanyar yin amfani da lokaci tare da masu horar da 'yan wasa da 'yan wasa a bayan fage a ciki da wajen fili a duk lokacin kakarsu ta 2021-22. A cikin Satumba 2023, Amazon Prime Video ya ƙaddamar da kakar wasa ta biyu tare da darussan abubuwa biyar. Yana mai da hankali kan 2022-23 a bayan lokutan fage. == Lambobin Yabo == [[File:Lionel Messi vs Valladolid 3.jpg|thumb|Leo in action ]] A watan Maris na 2021, [[Lionel Messi]] ya ci tarihin Xavi na wasanni 767 da ya buga wa kulob din, kuma a halin yanzu ya buga wasanni 778 a hukumance a dukkan gasa, yayin da ya rike tarihin da ya fi yawan buga wasanni a gasar La Liga a Barcelona, da 520. {{DEFAULTSORT:Barcelona}} Dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga a Barcelona a gasar ta hukuma shi ne Lionel Messi da kwallaye 672, inda ya zarce na César Rodríguez da ya ci kwallaye 232 a watan Maris na 2012, tarihin da ya shafe shekaru 60. A cikin Disamba 2020, Messi kuma ya ci wa Pelé kwallaye 643 don Santos don zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a hukumance a kulob guda. Messi shi ne dan wasan da ya kafa tarihin zura kwallo a raga a Barcelona a gasar kungiyoyin Turai da na kasa da kasa, kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye 474 a gasar La Liga. Wasu sun sami nasarar zura kwallaye sama da 100 a ƙungiyar Barcelona: César Rodríguez (190), [[Luis Suárez]] (147), László Kubala (131) da [[Samuel Eto'o]] (108). Josep Samitier shine dan wasan da yafi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar a gasar Copa del Rey, da kwallaye 64. László Kubala shi ne ke riƙe da tarihin mafi yawan zira kwallaye a gasar La Liga a wasa ɗaya, inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai a kan Sporting Gijón a Lionel Messi ya rike tarihin Champions League da kwallaye biyar akan Bayer Leverkusen a 2012. Eulogio Martínez ya zama ɗan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Barça. wasan, lokacin da ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ragar Atlético Madrid a 1957. Masu tsaron ragar Barcelona sun lashe kofuna 20 na Zamora, inda Antoni Ramallets da Víctor Valdés suka lashe tarihi biyar kowanne. Valdés yana da rabon kwallaye 0.832 da aka zura a raga a kowane wasa, tarihin gasar La Liga, kuma shi ma ya rike tarihi na tsawon lokaci ba tare da zura kwallo a raga ba (minti 896) a duk gasa da Barcelona ta yi. Claudio Bravo yana da tarihin fara mafi kyawun rashin nasara a kakar wasa ta bana a tarihin gasar La Liga, a mintuna 754. Kocin da ya fi dadewa a Barcelona shi ne Jack Greenwell, wanda ya yi shekaru tara a wasanni biyu (1917–1924) da (1931–1933), kuma Pep Guardiola shine kocin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar (kofuna 14 a cikin shekaru 4). Dan wasan da ya fi samun nasara a Barcelona shi ne Lionel Messi da kofuna 35, ya zarce Andrés Iniesta, da kofuna 32. Filin wasa na Barcelona Camp Nou shine babban filin wasa a Turai. Yawan mutanen da suka halarci gida a kulob din sun kai 120,000 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Turai da suka yi da Juventus a ranar 3 ga Maris 1986. Zamantakewar Camp Nou a shekarun 1990s da kuma gabatar da masu zama na kowa da kowa yana nufin ba za a karya tarihin nan gaba ba. A halin yanzu karfin filin wasa shine 99,354. El Barça de les Cinc Copes ita ce ƙungiya ta farko a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya da ta lashe kofuna biyar a cikin kaka ɗaya (1951–1952). Barcelona ita ce kungiya daya tilo da ta taka leda a kowane kakar wasannin Turai tun lokacin da ta fara a 1955 tana kirga gasar cin kofin Inter-Cities Fairs ba na UEFA ba. A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2009, tare da kasancewa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya ɗaya tilo da ta samu nasarar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, Barcelona ta zama kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta Turai ta farko da ta lashe kofuna shida a cikin shekara guda (Sextuple). A watan Janairun 2018, Barcelona ta sayi Philippe Coutinho daga Liverpool kan Yuro miliyan 120, mafi girman kudin canja wuri a tarihin kulob din. A cikin watan Agustan 2017, dan wasan Barcelona Neymar ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a kan kudin sayan da ya kai Yuro miliyan 222. A cikin 2016, La Masia ta Barcelona ta kasance ta biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Duniya (CIES) a matsayin manyan 'yan wasa da suka samar da makarantar kimiyya a duniya. 13 Oktoba 2025 Golan Ingila Jordan Pickford, mai shekara 31 na shirin tsawaita zamansa a Everton ta hanyar sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci da Toffees. '''(Times)''' Barcelona ba za ta sabunta kwantiragin dan wasan gaban Poland Robert Lewandowski, mai shekara 37 ba, idan kwantiraginsa ya kare a bazara mai zuwa. '''(Sports)''' A shirye kungiyar ta Barcelona take ta tabbatar da dan wasan gabanta Marcus Rashford mai shekaru 27 da ke zaman aro daga Manchester United a matsayin na dindindin sakamakon yadda ya taka rawar gani a farkon kakar wasa. '''(Sun)''' Tsohon kocin Real Madrid Zinedine Zidane na shirin komawa aiki kuma yana son ya jagoranci wata tawaga a Faransa. '''(Mirror)''' * 2025 Newcastle United za ta yi tunanin barin dan wasan Danish William Osula, mai shekara 22, ya tafi aro a watan Janairu idan ya zamana tashinsa ba zai haifar mata da wata matsala b == Duba kuma == •List of fan-owned sports teams •La Masia •Barcelona Femení •Barcelona Atlètic •Barcelona C •Barcelona Futsal •Barcelona Bàsquet •Barcelona Handbol •Barcelona Voleibol [[Category:Biranen Ispaniya]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Arc_de_Triomf_Barcelona_2013.jpg|Arc de Triomf Barcelona File:Estaci%C3%B3_de_Fran%C3%A7a_Barcelona_Catalonia.jpg|Tashar jirgin kasa ta França Barcelona. File:Tunnelaquarium_14-05-2009_15-54-09.JPG|Aquarium Barcelona File:14-08-05-barcelona-RalfR-001.jpg|Barcelona (Hotel Vela) File:Barcelona-panorama_2.jpg|Birini Barcelona daga Montjuic </gallery> ==Manazarta== sd0b1qutuh546fk9qcjca6fkir8x47v 0 6609 890903 556954 2026-08-03T11:16:14Z Baffa ali 47435 890903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero_-_Royal_%26_Zapatero%27s_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0524_2007-04-19.jpg |thumb| Jose]] [[File:Presidente José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero - La Moncloa 2011.jpg|thumb|right|250px|José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero a shekara ta 2011.]] [[File:Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero_-_Royal_%26_Zapatero%27s_meeting_in_Toulouse_for_the_2007_French_presidential_election_0139_2007-04-19.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] [[File:Lula-Zapatero-15-05-2008.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Tare da Lula da Silver]] [[Fayil:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero en el Foro Económico Mundial (cropped) 2.jpg|thumb|José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] '''José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero''' ɗan siyasan [[Hispania]] ne. An haife shi a shekarar ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955 a Valladolid, [[Hispania]]. José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero firaministan kasar Hispania ne daga watan Afrilu na shekarar ta dubu biyu da hudu 2004 zuwa watan Disamban dubu shekarar ta dubu biyu da goma sha’daya 2011.su dai yan jarida sukan tambayi Al'umar kasar akan yadda mulkin yakasance.bashakka ansamu kyakkyawan zato shi firaminitan yayi mukin yakawo cigaba da dama.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zapatero, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero}} [[category:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Category:'Yan siyasan Ispaniya]] ja2fwc6d2vnaob9w7qhbiihgxowix7f 0 7031 890852 874567 2026-08-03T07:14:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|thumb|tutar '''Costa Rica''']] [[File:Costa Rica 61.DSCN3658-new (30761835660).jpg|left|thumb|'''Costa Rica''']] [[File:Caseta Costa Rica, Culiacán, 14 de julio de 2022 03.jpg|left|thumb|201x201px]] [[File:Monumento Nacional de Costa Rica SJO 01 2020 4049.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Museo Nacional de Costa Rica Esfera.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px|'''Costa Rica''']] '''Costa Rica''', <ref>UK: /ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/, US: /ˌkoʊstə-/ ^ⓘ; Spanish: [ˈkosta ˈrika]; literally "Rich Coast"</ref> a hukumance Jamhuriyar Costa Rica, <ref>Spanish: ''República de Costa Rica'', [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkosta ˈrika]</ref> ƙasa ce a Amurka ta Tsakiya. Tana iyaka da [[Nicaragua]] daga arewa, Tekun Caribbean zuwa arewa maso gabas, Panama zuwa kudu maso gabas, da Tekun Pasifik a kudu maso yamma, haka kuma tana iyaka da tekun Ekwado zuwa kudancin tsibirin Cocos. Tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan biyar<ref>"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref> <ref>"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> a cikin yanki mai kusan 51,180 km2 (19,760 sq mi).<ref>Instituto Geográfico Nacional del Registro Nacional (2 July 2021). "Actualización en el Cálculo de las Áreas Continental e Insular de Costa Rica" [Update on the Calculation of the Continental and Insular Areas of Costa Rica] (PDF). ''Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial'' (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.</ref> Kimanin mutane 352,381 suna zaune a babban birni kuma mafi girma, San José, tare da kusan mutane miliyan biyu a cikin kewayen birni.<ref>"Capital Facts for San José, Costa Rica". 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017</ref> Kasa mai cin gashin kanta jamhuriya ce ta shugaban kasa. Tana da tsarin dimokuradiyya mai dorewa kuma tsayayyiyar tsarin mulki da ma'aikata masu ilimi sosai<ref>"Amazon invests in Costa Rica as tiny nation carves out profitable niche in world economy". 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</ref>. Ƙasar tana kashe kusan kashi 6.9% na kasafin kuɗinta (2016) kan ilimi, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na 4.4%.<ref>"Amazon invests in Costa Rica as tiny nation carves out profitable niche in world economy". 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</ref>Tattalin arzikinta, da zarar ya dogara ga aikin noma, ya bambanta ya haɗa da sassa kamar kuɗi, sabis na kamfanoni na kamfanonin waje, magunguna, da kuma yawon shakatawa. Yawancin kamfanonin kera da sabis na ƙasashen waje suna aiki a Yankunan Kasuwancin Kyauta na Costa Rica (FTZ) inda suke cin gajiyar saka hannun jari da ƙarfafa haraji.<ref>The Investment Promotion Agency of Costa Rica". ''www.cinde.org''. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017</ref> ’Yan asalin ƙasar Costa Rica ne suka zauna kafin su zo ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a ƙarni na 16. Ya kasance yanki na yanki na daular har zuwa 'yancin kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Mexica ta farko, sannan ta zama memba a cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka]] ta Tsakiya, wanda daga bisani ta ayyana 'yancin kai a cikin 1847. Bayan taƙaitaccen yakin basasa na Costa Rica a 1948, ya soke sojojinsa har abada a 1949, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun ƙasashe masu iko ba tare da soja ba. Ƙasar ta ci gaba da yin aiki mai kyau a cikin Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDI), ta sanya 58th a duniya kamar na 2022, kuma ta biyar a Latin Amurka.<ref>Human Development Report 2019". United Nations Development Programme. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> Haka kuma hukumar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ta bayyana cewa ta samu ci gaban bil’adama fiye da sauran kasashen da ke da matakan samun kudin shiga guda daya, tare da samun kyakkyawan tarihin ci gaban bil’adama da rashin daidaito fiye da tsakiyar yankin<ref>Table 1: Human development index 2010 and its components". ''UNDP Human Development Report 2010'' (PDF). January 2010. pp. 5, 49, 144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</ref>. Yana da kyau a kwatancen mulkin dimokuradiyya, ƴan jarida, farin ciki na zahiri da walwala mai dorewa. Ita ce kasa ta 26 mafi ‘yanci a cewar kididdigar ‘Yan Jarida ta 2024, ita ce kasa ta 35 mafi yawan dimokuradiyya bisa ga kididdigar ‘Yanci a Duniya na 2021, kuma ita ce kasa ta 23 mafi farin ciki a cikin Rahoton Farin Ciki na Duniya na 2023.<ref>World Happiness, Trust and Social Connections in Times of Crisis". ''worldhappiness.report''. 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</ref><ref>Costa Rica World Happiness Index". ''countryeconomy.com''. 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</ref> Har ila yau, babban wurin yawon bude ido ne a nahiyar.<ref>Brierley, Tor (29 September 2023). "Why This Popular Central American Country Is Breaking All Tourism Records Right Now". ''Travel Off Path''. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</ref>. == Labari da tarihi == Lokacin Pre-Columbian Babban labarin: Tarihin Pre-Columbian na Costa Rica Masana tarihi sun rarraba ƴan asalin ƙasar Costa Rica a matsayin na Yankin Matsakaici, inda sassan al'adun Mesoamerican da Andean suka mamaye. Kwanan nan, an kuma bayyana Costa Rica kafin Columbia a matsayin wani yanki na yankin Isthmo-Colombian. Kayan aikin dutse, mafi dadewa shaida na zama ɗan adam a Costa Rica, yana da alaƙa da zuwan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mafarauta kimanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 KZ a cikin kwarin Turrialba. Kasancewar nau'in mashi da kiban al'adun Clovis daga Kudancin Amirka yana buɗe yiwuwar cewa, a wannan yanki, al'adu daban-daban guda biyu sun kasance tare.<ref>Botey Sobrado, Ana María (2002). ''Costa Rica: estado, economía, sociedad y cultura desde las sociedades autóctonas hasta 1914'' (in Spanish) (2a ed.). Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 30–31. OCLC 51817062.</ref> Noma ya bayyana a cikin mutanen da suka rayu a Costa Rica kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka wuce. Sun fi girma tubers da tushen. A cikin ƙarni na farko da na biyu KZ an riga an zaunar da al'ummomin noma. Waɗannan ƙanana ne kuma sun warwatse, duk da cewa lokacin da za a sauya sheka daga farauta da tarawa zuwa noma kasancewar ba a san ainihin abin da ake rayuwa a wannan yanki ba.<ref>Botey Sobrado 2002</ref> Farkon amfani da tukwane yana bayyana kusan 2,000 zuwa 3,000 KZ. An samu tukwane na tukwane, da vases na silinda, da faranti, da gours, da sauran kwalabe da aka yi wa ado da tsagi, da bugu, da wasu nau'ikan dabbobi.<ref>Botey Sobrado 2002</ref> Masarautar Mutanen Espanya Sunan la costa rica, ma'ana "kyakkyawan bakin teku" a cikin harshen Sipaniya, yana cikin wasu asusun da Christopher Columbus ya fara amfani da shi, wanda ya tashi zuwa gabar tekun Costa Rica ta gabas a lokacin tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 1502, <ref>About Costa Rica". ''Embassy of Costa Rica in Washington DC''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</ref> kuma ya ba da rahoton adadin kayan ado na zinariya da 'yan asalin ke sawa.<ref>"History of Costa Rica". ''Lonely Planet''. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012</ref> Wataƙila sunan ya fito ne daga mai mulkin mallaka Gil González Dávila, wanda ya sauka a bakin tekun yamma a shekara ta 1522, ya ci karo da ƴan ƙasar, kuma ya sami wasu zinariyarsu, wani lokaci ta hanyar sata mai tsanani, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin kyauta daga shugabannin yankin.<ref>Rojas, Eugenia Ibarra (2001). ''Fronteras etnicas en la conquista de Nicaragua y Nicoya: entre la solidaridad y el conflicto 800 d.C.-1544''. Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN <bdi>9789977676852</bdi>. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</ref> Wurin tarihi na Ujarrás a cikin kwarin Orosí, lardin Cartago. An gina cocin tsakanin 1686 zuwa 1693. A lokacin mafi yawan lokacin mulkin mallaka, Costa Rica ita ce lardin kudu mafi kusa na Kyaftin Janar na Guatemala, wanda ba a san shi ba na Mataimakin Mulki na New Spain. Janar na kyaftin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Sipaniya. Nisa daga Costa Rica daga babban birnin matsayin kyaftin a Guatemala, haramcinta na doka a ƙarƙashin mercantilist dokar Sipaniya <ref>''Claudia Quirós. La Era de la Encomienda. Historia de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. 1990''.</ref>daga kasuwanci tare da makwabciyarta Panama ta kudu, sannan wani ɓangare na Viceroyalty na New Granada (watau Colombia), da rashin albarkatu irin su zinariya da azurfa, ya sa Costa Rica ta zama matalauta, keɓe, da yankin da ba za a iya rayuwa ba a cikin daular Spain. An kwatanta Costa Rica a matsayin "mafi talauci kuma mafi munin mulkin mallaka na Spain a duk Amurka" ta wani gwamnan Spain a 1719.<ref>Shafer, D. Michael (1994). ''Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8014-8188-8</bdi>.</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:La_Sabana-Costa_Rica_2.JPG File:Juan_Santamaria_1.JPG File:Romer%C3%ADa_2011.jpg </gallery> {{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] 7tl8tedt23yqjxhwqr2sfh7iu8xg1gl 0 9043 890755 516099 2026-08-02T20:22:59Z Baffa ali 47435 890755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sanga town02.jpg|thumb|Sanga_town02]] '''Sanga''' wata karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Nijeriya]]. Masu tarin dunbin jama'a da da kabilu mabanbanta gakuma tarin manoma da al adu [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Sanga}} 5j35qdcfqa3i640ue0kthoqc1ybow7x 890786 890755 2026-08-02T21:32:57Z Baffa ali 47435 890786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sanga town02.jpg|thumb|Sanga_town02]] '''Sanga''' wata karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Nijeriya]]. Masu tarin dunbin jama'a ne da kabilu mabanbanta gakuma tarin manoma da al adu [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Sanga}} emoskgs0o2afrzxhlhmdg50m6bz3ltg 890787 890786 2026-08-02T21:36:14Z Baffa ali 47435 890787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sanga town02.jpg|thumb|Sanga_town02]] '''Sanga''' wata karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Nijeriya]]. Masu tarin dunbin jama'a ne da kabilu mabanbanta gakuma tarin manoma da al adu gasu da tarin masu ilimi da kasuwanci. [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Sanga}} 6rebudv0og9tkoyorphwhhrkmrx5bog 0 9110 890751 876288 2026-08-02T20:13:13Z Baffa ali 47435 890751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gujba meteorite grains.jpg|thumb|Gujba]] [[Fayil:Gujba meteorite, bencubbinite (14785860604).jpg|thumb|gujba]] '''Gujba''' wata Karkara hukuma ce dake acikin [[Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yoben state wadda take acikin kasar]]n [[Nijeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421030942/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]] 4qupm153k3lq2bdtdz81904qp7d2bo1 0 9478 890904 867308 2026-08-03T11:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olubankole Wellington''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Maris 1981 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2010 |title=The Future Awards 2010: Musician of the Year Nominee Profiles |url=http://www.ladybrillenigeria.com/2010/01/the-future-awards-2010-musician-of-the-year-nominee-profiles.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609092210/http://www.ladybrillenigeria.com/2010/01/the-future-awards-2010-musician-of-the-year-nominee-profiles.html |archive-date=9 June 2010 |access-date=22 March 2010 |website=Ladybrille}}</ref> ), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa '''Banky W.''' kuma an yaba masa a fim a matsayin '''Banky Wellington''', mawaki ne ɗan Najeriya-Amurka, mawakin rap, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa.<ref>"Banky W faces criticisms on Ebute Metta". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 December 2011.</ref><ref>Naija 4 life - banky w + Lyrics". Naija Pals. naijapals.com. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2018.</ref><ref>Banky W, Wizkid Lead Others For Shuga Soundtrack". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria.</ref><ref>Celebrity Focus: Banky W – the EME Boss and R&B King, Call Him "Mr. Capable"! - OnoBello.com: Latest in Fashion, Beauty, News, Features and Events". Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013</ref><ref>Dimeji Akinloye (21 February 2018). "Singer announces dissolution of EME as a record label". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 9 February 2019.</ref><ref>"Singer announces dissolution of EME as a record label". Pulse Nigeria. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</ref><ref>Report, Agency (6 June 2022). "Again, Banky W wins PDP ticket for Eti-Osa Federal constituency". Premium Times. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</ref><ref>Sunday, Ochogwu (27 February 2023). "Election results: Labour Party beats Banky W in Lagos, claims Eti-Osa Federal constituency". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Olubankole Wellington a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Maris 1981 ga iyayensa 'yan Najeriya. Iyalinsa sun dawo Najeriya lokacin yana da shekaru biyar. Ya fara waka tun yana ƙarami a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cocinsa. Asalin kabilarsa [[Yarbawa]] ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoruba |first=NG Movies |title=Meet Actor/Actress Banky W {{!}} Movies by Banky W |url=https://yoruba.ng-movies.com/actor/banky-w |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=NG Movies Yoruba |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>Ibiwoye Dotun (22 November 2017). "African leaders endorse Philosophers'Legacy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</ref><ref /><ref>2019: Banky W to run for House Of Reps". Premium Times. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</ref><ref>"Election: Banky W writes supporters after losing to APC | Premium Times Nigeria"</ref><ref>"BREAKING: Banky W decamps to PDP, targets House of Reps in 2023"</ref> == Ilimi == Wellington ya yi karatu a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don karatun firamare. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Gida don karatun sakandare sannan ya koma ya ci gaba da karatunsa na jami'a a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rensselaer, New York, Amurka bisa tallafin karatu. Ya fara kamfanin rikodin Empire Mates Entertainment (EME) a shekarar 2002 yayin da yake karatu. Ya kuma yi aiki a GlobalSpec . A shekarar 2009, ya bar Amurka zuwa Najeriya kuma ya kafa kamfanin rikodinsa a Legas ta hanyar sanya hannu kan masu fasaha kamar [[Niyola]], Shaydee, [[Skales]], da [[Wizkid]] a kamfanin. Ya fitar da kundin studio na farko, ''Back in the Building'', a shekarar 2005. Waƙarsa ta farko ita ce [[Ebute Metta]] Ya rubuta waƙar farko ta Etisalat Nigeria mai taken "0809ja for life". <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=Naija 4 life - banky w + Lyrics |url=https://www.naijapals.com/music/naija_4_life_banky_w-11089.html |access-date=11 May 2018 |website=Naija Pals |publisher=naijapals.com |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044118/http://www.naijapals.com/music/naija_4_life_banky_w-11089.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Labour Party Wins Eti-Osa Federal Constituency in Lagos". This Day. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</ref><ref>OPARA, Ijeoma (27 February 2023). "Labour Party wins Eti-Osa Reps seat as Banky W, others lose out". The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</ref><ref>BusinessDay (27 February 2023). "LP wins Eti-Osa Federal Constituency by 24,075 votes". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023</ref><ref>.</ref><ref>Banky W announces engagement to actress Adesuwa Etomi". Channels Television. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</ref><ref>Banky W and Adesua Etomi's White Wedding". The Informant Spy. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref><ref>Benjamin Njoku (10 November 2017). "How I survived skin cancer tumour surgery — Banky W". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</ref><ref>Adesua and Banky W Welcome First Child". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == === Shuga === Banky W ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a kakar wasa ta farko ta MTV Shuga ta hanyar samar da waƙar jigon shirin, "Shuga" wacce ta ƙunshi Wizkid, L-Tido da Boneye. [1] Waƙoƙinsa ba wai kawai sun ɗauki kuzari da ma'anar shirin ba ne, har ma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayyana sautin waƙoƙin al'adun matasan Afirka a wancan lokacin. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kafa yanayin bayar da labarai masu tasiri da Shuga ya shahara da su, tare da haɗa nishaɗi da muhimman saƙonni game da dangantaka da lafiya. MTV Shuga Mashariki ya dawo Gabashin Afirka a shekarar 2025 tare da sabbin labarai da yawa waɗanda tabbas za su burge matasa masu sauraro.<ref>Jones, Obinna (5 April 2021). "Banky W and his wife Adesua Etomi". Sidomex Entertainment. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</ref><ref>Blessing, Enenaite (14 October 2024). ""God answers prayers": Adesua Etomi, Banky W expecting 2nd child, share photos". Legit.ng. Retrieved 17 October 2024.</ref><ref>Banky W". tooXclusive. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</ref><ref>Thabit, Khadijah (2 July 2013). "What You Don't Know About Banky W". Legit.ng. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</ref><ref>Adeyinka, Oluwamayowa (6 May 2019). "Banky W's Prolific Careers, Scandals And Personal Life". WITHIN NIGERIA. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</ref><ref>Alake, Motolani (26 June 2020). "Check out Wizkid's achievements and awards". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</ref> === 2012–2013: ''R&BW'' === Washegari bayan Ranar Masoya ta 2013, Wellington ya ƙaddamar da sabon kundin wakokinsa na ''R&BW'' tare da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Grand Love Concert" a Civic Centre, Ozumba Mbadiwe, [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Victoria Island]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda ya ƙunshi wasu mawaka da dama, ciki har da [[Iyanya]] da [[Waje]] . Waƙoƙi biyu na farko daga cikin kundin su ne "Lowkey" da " Ee/A'a ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Focus: Banky W – the EME Boss and R&B King, Call Him "Mr. Capable"! - OnoBello.com: Latest in Fashion, Beauty, News, Features and Events |url=http://onobello.com/index.php/features/item/2599-celebrity-focus-banky-w-%E2%80%93-the-eme-boss-and-rb-king-call-him-%E2%80%9Cmr-capable%E2%80%9D |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223012420/http://onobello.com/index.php/features/item/2599-celebrity-focus-banky-w-%E2%80%93-the-eme-boss-and-rb-king-call-him-%E2%80%9Cmr-capable%E2%80%9D |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> === 2017: Rushewar EME === Wellington ya sanar a watan Fabrairun 2018 cewa za a rushe EME a matsayin kamfanin rikodin; ya ce kamfanin zai ci gaba a matsayin kamfanin kula da hazaka wanda ke mai da hankali kan tallan kirkire-kirkire, talla, hulda da jama'a, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi alama. Wellington ya nada DJ Xclusive, [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], [[Toolz|Tolu 'Toolz' Oniru]], da matarsa [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin abokan ciniki na farko na kamfanin da aka sake masa suna. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 5esq7f52hw9b2dvhezexrk2xekivby9 0 9962 890756 822938 2026-08-02T20:35:32Z Baffa ali 47435 890756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irepodun/Ifelodun''' na daya daga cikin lokal gommen wadda take hedikwata 356 na kilomita sannan Tamara yawan mutane wadan sukaha da [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] dake a [[Jihar Ekiti]], [[Nijeriya]]. == Hotuna == <gallery> Anglican church, Igede-Ekiti, Ekiti state.jpg </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] tsmeimqkapb5hb0vrg7qm7yenhmg9yt 0 12549 890747 444916 2026-08-02T19:59:33Z Baffa ali 47435 890747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belanci''' harshen Chadic Shi dai wannan yare na ahali a [[Nijeriya]] wanda wasu tsirarin Kabila suke magana ikajunansu acikin kasar Najeriya. {{Stub}} ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] 4nwx66qh8q0ew4brnwwvheymjkrvz4h 0 13795 890734 740856 2026-08-02T18:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adesuwa Onyenokwe''' an haife ta a shekarar 1963, a birnin [[Ibadan|Ibadan]]. ta kasance yar' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya ce]] ma'aikaciyar talabijin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/|publisher=The Vanguard|title=Adesuwa Onyenokwe: Empowering women through the power of the media|accessdate=December 28, 2017}}</ref> Ta kasance tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a NTA kafin ta zama edita ga mujallar "Todays Woman," wacce ke da shafin karanta labarai ta mutane sama da 200,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/04/business/media/nigerian-fashion-magazines-women.html|title=As Nigerian Fashion Booms, Women Lead Its Coverage|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai gabatar da jawabi na shirin "Magana mai Girma" wacce tazo ta sama a cikin 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/adesuwa-onyenokwe-hits-54/|publisher=The Guardian|title=Adesuwa Onyenokwe hits 54|accessdate=December 28, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222052429/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/adesuwa-onyenokwe-hits-54/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ADESUWA ONYENOKWE returns to the tube with SERIOUSLY SPEAKING|url=http://encomium.ng/adesuwa-onyenokwe-returns-to-the-tube-with-seriously-speaking/|publisher=Encomium|accessdate=December 28, 2017}}</ref> Ta kasance mai magana da karfafa gwiwa kuma mai koyar da karar magana, da ke zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Farkon rayuwa da Karatu == Adesuwa Onyenokwe an haife ta a Augusta 8, 1963 a Ibadan, babban birnin jihar Oyo, a [[Nigeria]] daga cikin gida mai yaya goma sha daya 11, itace diya ta biyar daga cikinsu. <ref>https://punchng.com/my-husband-feels-proud-whenever-men-admire-me-adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> Ta halarci makarantar firamare na Emotan Preparatory School, da kuma Idia College, dukkansu a garin Benin City, [[Edo State]]. Daga nan sai tafi dan karanta drama a [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] (OAU) dake Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeriya. Bayan digirinta na farko daga jami'ar OAU, ta tafi dan yin Master’s degree akan karatun Language Arts a [[University of Ibadan]]. Whilst at her first degree programme, tana daga cikin daliban da Professor [[Wole Soyinka]] ya koyar, a Nobel Laureate. <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/my-husband-feels-proud-whenever-men-admire-me-adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> <ref>https://mybiohub.com/2016/06/adesuwa-onyenokwe-biography-family-age.html/</ref> Adesuwa ta aure Ikechukwu Onyenokwe wani engineer ne Kuma mai management consultant dan'asalin Ndokwa East Local Government Area na [[Delta State]] a 1988. The couple have 6 children.<ref>https://ynaija.com/7-reasons-adesua-onyenokwe-icon-generation/</ref><ref><https://mybiohub.com/2016/06/adesuwa-onyenokwe-biography-family-age.html/</ref> <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref> == Aiki == Adesuwa ta kasance mahaifinta na son ne ta zama lawyer amma sai Adesuwa tunanain ta tun tana karama shine ta zama mai shiri a telebijin. <ref>https://punchng.com/my-husband-feels-proud-whenever-men-admire-me-adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> Adesuwa Onyenokwe ta fara haduwa da watsa labarai ne tun lokacin da aka kaita aiki daga National Youth Service Corp (NTSC) a [[Nigerian Television Authority]] (NTA) station dake [[Sokoto State]] a 1983. Shugaban gudanar da watsa labarai na wancan lokaci, Mr. Danladi Bako, ya zaba ta da ta rika gudanar da shirin yara a television. wannan ne farkon farawarta a television. Da ta gama aikin National Service a 1984, ta bar garin Sokoto State sai ta samu aiki amatsayin malama a makarantar Akenzua II Grammar School, Benin, Edo State. A 1985, ta dawo aiki watsa labarai a Bendel Broadcasting Service wanda aka canja ma suna zuwa Edo Broadcasting Service (EBS). <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref> <ref>https://punchng.com/my-husband-feels-proud-whenever-men-admire-me-adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> Sanda tayi aure a 1988, ta bar garin Benin City dan komawa da rayuwa da mijinta a agrin Lagos. Ta bar aiki da gidan Edo Broadcasting Service sai ta koma aiki da Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) a Lagos <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/my-husband-feels-proud-whenever-men-admire-me-adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> An sanya Adesuwa ta kula da ziyarar fafaroma a Najeriya lokacin zuwan sa<ref>https://ynaija.com/7-reasons-adesua-onyenokwe-icon-generation/</ref> A 2000 Ta fara gudanar da shiri na ta na kanta na rabin awa da ake kira da suna “Today’s Woman with Adesuwa”. Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) ke bata damar yin shirin akan bashi. Ta gudanar da shirin na tsawon shekaru goma 10 kafin ta daina.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref> Kuma itace ke yin shiri a TV: “TW Conversations,” wanda ake nunawa a [[Africa Magic]] channel na DSTV. <ref>https://ynaija.com/7-reasons-adesua-onyenokwe-icon-generation/</ref> Ta Kuma shirya da gudanar da shirin tattaunawa da shugaban kasar Najeriya (Federal Republic of Nigeria) [[Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] a watan February 2015. Ta kasance ta Kuma tattaunawa da manyan mutane da dama a Nigeriya. <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref> Adesuwa sake fara wani shirin TV show, Seriously Speaking a July, 2014. Shirin an nuna shi a Channels TV and hosted a long list of celebrities, public figures da notable guests. <ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/tag/adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref> <ref>http://encomium.ng/tag/adesuwa-onyenokwe/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/adesuwa-onyenokwe-empowering-women-through-the-power-of-the-media/</ref> A watan 10 Augustan 2016, Adesua Onyenokwe tafara kaddamar da BLOG series ‘Speaking my mind tare Adesuwa’. The first series of the VLOG an kiara sa da suna ‘Identity’ domin tattaunawa akan yadda yan'Nigeriyan experiences and background can define its citizens much more than can be imagined. The programme was launched to celebrate her 53rd birthday. <ref>https://leadingladiesafrica.org/adesuwa-onyenokwe-launches-vlog-series-watch/</ref> <ref>https://mybiohub.com/2016/06/adesuwa-onyenokwe-biography-family-age.html/</ref> She was chosen by Multichoice Nigeria owners of DSTV and GOtv, a direct to home pay TV, to play the role of Aunty a central character on its reality TV show Ultimate Love, which premieres on February 9 2020 at 7:30pm WAT on DStv and GOtv. <ref>https://theeagleonline.com.ng/adesuwa-onyenokwe-unveiled-as-aunty-on-ultimate-love/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stories.showmax.com/5-things-you-should-know-aunty-on-ultimate-love/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-05-27 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111152759/https://stories.showmax.com/5-things-you-should-know-aunty-on-ultimate-love/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/17/adesuwa-onyenokwe-kachis-patience-rosies-honesty-made-them-winners-of-ultimate-love/</ref> She is a figure on topical issues like relationships, health and wellness in Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/2020/02/09/adesuwa-onyenokwe-unveiled-as-aunty-on-ultimate-love/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |archive-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211073212/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2020/02/09/adesuwa-onyenokwe-unveiled-as-aunty-on-ultimate-love/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1963]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ==Hanyoyin haɗin waje == {{Cite web|title=Today's Woman|url=http://twmagazine.net/tag/adesuwa-onyenokwe/}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ec5fsjlfkihcox28he1ndq7ubk09pbk 0 13915 890854 859783 2026-08-03T07:16:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890854 wikitext text/x-wiki Tonga, [b] bisa hukuma Masarautar Tonga, [c] tsibiri ce a cikin Polynesia, wani yanki na Oceania. Kasar tana da tsibirai 171, daga cikinsu akwai 45 daga cikinsu<ref> "The World Factbook: Tonga: Geography"</ref> Gabaɗayan samansa kusan kilomita 750 (290 sq mi), ya warwatse sama da 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) a kudancin Tekun Pasifik. Tun daga 2021, a cewar Johnson's Tribune, Tonga tana da yawan jama'a 104,494, <ref> "Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref>World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> 70% waɗanda ke zaune a babban ri, Tongatapu. Kasar ta kai kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi; 430 nmi) arewa-kudu. An kewaye ta da Fiji da Wallis da Futuna (Faransa) su ma <ref>"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> Wayewar Lapita ce ta fara zama a Tonga kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, mazauna Polynesia waɗanda a hankali suka samo asali da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin ƙabila, harshe, da al'adu a matsayin mutanen Tongan. Nan da nan suka kafa kafa mai karfi a fadin Kudancin Pacific, kuma wannan lokaci na fadada Tongan da mulkin mallaka ana kiransa daular Tu'i Tonga. Daga mulkin sarkin Tongan na farko, `Aho`eitu, Tonga ya girma ya zama ikon yanki. Wata thalassocracy ce ta ci da sarrafa ɓangarorin Tekun Fasifik da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, daga sassan tsibirin Sulemanu da dukan New Caledonia da Fiji a yamma zuwa Samoa da Niue har ma da sassan Faransa Polynesia na zamani a gabas. Tu'i Tonga ya shahara saboda tasirin tattalin arzikinta, kabilanci, da al'adu a kan tekun Pacific, wanda ya kasance mai karfi ko da bayan juyin juya halin Samoa na karni na 13 da gano tsibiran da Turawa suka yi a 1616.<ref>see writings of Ata of Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimaleali'ifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, pp. 133–</ref> <ref>, Lee, ed. (2010). Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism. Channel View Publications. p. 112. ISBN 9781845411923.</ref> <ref>"Tonga crowns King Tupou VI in lavish public coronation, parties". ABC News. 4 July 2015. Archived from</ref> =='asalinyaran== A cikin yarukan Polynesia da yawa, gami da Tongan, kalmar tonga (Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]), <ref> ". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</ref> <ref> Churchward, C.M. (1985) Tongan grammar, Oxford University Press, ISBN </ref> 13] ta fito ne daga fakatonga, wanda ke nufin 'kudu', kuma ana kiran tsibirin tsibirin sab<reoda ita ce rukuni mafi kudanci tsakanin kungiyoyin tsibiri na yammacin Polynesia.<ref>, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). "Tonga". The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</ref> Kalmar tonga tana da alaƙa da kalmar Hawaii ta kona ma'ana 'leeward', wanda shine asalin sunan gundumar Kona a Hawaiʻi.,<ref> | English – Tongan Translator". www.tongantranslator.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> Tonga ya zama sananne a Yamma a matsayin "tsibirin abokantaka" saboda liyafar da aka yiwa Kyaftin James Cook a ziyararsa ta farko a shekara ta 1773. Ya isa lokacin bikin 'inasi na shekara-shekara, wanda ke ba da gudummawar 'ya'yan itatuwa na farko ga Tu'i Tonga (sarkin tsibiran), don haka ya sami gayyata zuwa bukukuwan. Abin ban mamaki, a cewar marubuci William Mariner, a zahiri shugabannin siyasa sun so kashe Cook a yayin taron, amma ba su bi ta ba saboda sun kasa yarda da shirin aiwatar da shi.<ref>Mariner, William and Martin, John (1817). An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the south Pacific Ocean: With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language. Compiled and arranged from the extensive communications of Mr. William Mariner, several years' resident in those islands, Volume 2, pp. 64–65 Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref> ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Tonga Zuwan Abel Tasman a Tongatapu, 1643; zane ta Isaack Gilsemans<ref>Tonga Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> Bisa ga tatsuniyar Tongan, gunkin Maui ya zana rukuni na tsibirai daga teku, wanda ya fara bayyana Tongatapu, da tsibiran Ha'apai da Vava'u, suka shiga cikin abin da ya zama Tonga ta zaman<ref>Maui's Fish Hook". Tonga Time. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> <ref>, William (1975). The hah Great United States Exploring Expedition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0520025578.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref> Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>history of the Constitution of Tonga". Australian foreign affairs record. Vol. 51, no. 11. 29 November 1980. pp. 416–419. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – vira National Library of Australia.</ref> Ƙungiya mai magana da harshen Australiya da ke da alaƙa da abin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka kira al'adun Lapita da aka rufe daga tsibirin Melanesia zuwa Samoa, sa'an nan kuma suka zauna Tonga a wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1000 BC.<ref>. Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997) The Lapita Peoples, Wiley, ISBN 1-57718-036-4.</ref> masana har yanzu suna muhawara daidai lokacin da aka fara zama na Tonga, amma thorium dating ya tabbatar da cewa mazauna sun isa garin da aka fi sani da zama, Nukuleka, ta 888 BC, ± 8 shekaru.<ref>"High precision U/Th dating of first Polynesian settlement"</ref> an raba tarihin tuntuɓar na Tonga ta hanyar tarihin baka, wanda aka watsa daga tsara zuwa tsara.<ref>Robert Langdon (ed.) (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 234. ISBN 086784471X</ref> <ref> Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians." History Today (1975) 25#1 pp. 31–39</ref> By <ref> women drown in Peru because of Tonga volcano". Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via South China Morning Post</ref> William Mariner matashin jirgin ruwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda aka ɗauke shi cikin dangin sarauta na Tongan. Mutanen Tongan sun fara haduwa da Turawa ne a shekara ta 1616, lokacin da jirgin ruwan kasar Holland Eendracht, wanda kyaftin din Willem Schouten, ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a tsibiran da nufin yin kasuwanci. Daga baya, wasu masu binciken Dutch sun isa, ciki har da Jacob Le Maire (wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin Niuatoputapu na arewacin); da Abel Tasman (wanda ya ziyarci Tongatapu da Haʻapai) a shekara ta 1643. Daga baya manyan maziyartan Turai sun haɗa da James Cook, na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya, a 1773, 1774, da 1777; Mai binciken Sojan Ruwa na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa a 1781; Alessandro Malaspina a shekara ta 1793; ’yan mishan na London na farko a 1797; da Ministan Methodist na Wesleyan, Reverend Walter Lawry,<ref>Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>: Tsunami waves hit Pacific country after huge underwater volcano eruption". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> <ref>"Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four"</ref> <ref>Torchinsky, Rina (18 January 2022). "An undersea cable fault could cut Tonga from the rest of the world for weeks". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</ref> ==Alakar kasashen waje== Karin bayani: Alakar kasashen waje ta Tonga Matangi Tonga ya kwatanta manufofin waje na Tonga a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2009 a matsayin "Duba Gabas" - musamman, kamar kulla dangantakar diflomasiya da tattalin arziki da [[Asiya]] (wanda a zahiri ya ta'allaka ne ga arewa maso yammacin masarautar Pacific). Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta samu babban tasiri a kasar Tonga, da samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan more rayuwa, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta, da kuma rike kashi biyu bisa uku na bashin kasar waje.<ref>"Six Island Nations Commit to 'Fossil Fuel-Free Pacific,' Demand Global Just Transition". www.commondreams.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Climate Guides – Plan Your Ideal Holiday Trip". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref>Climate Summary Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine </ref> ,<ref>Tongan Court Case Over Wrongful Imprisonment Recommences". Radio NZ. 31 July 2002. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref> <ref> crowd leaves leaves trail of wreckage in Nuku'alofa". Matangitonga.to. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Ligaiula, Pita (17 March 2023). "Port Vila call for a just transition to a fossil fuel free Pacific | PINA". Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> Tonga na kula da kyakkyawar alaka da Amurka. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da Burtaniya, amma kasashen biyu ba sa kulla alaka ta kut da kut. Burtaniya ta rufe babbar hukumarta a Tonga a shekara ta 2006, kodayake an sake kafa ta a watan Janairun 2020 bayan shafe shekaru 14 ba ta yi ba. Dangantakar Tonga da ikon yankin Oceania, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, tana da kyau.<ref>Luthi, Susannah (29 August 2021). "Meth, Vanilla and 'Gulags': How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.,</ref> ] <ref>Tonga's king to cede key powers". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</ref> <ref>deployment to Tonga, 2006". 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</ref> Tonga tana da alaƙar yanki mai ƙarfi a cikin Pacific. Cikakken memba ne na Dandalin Tsibirin Fasifik, Hukumar Kula da Geoscience ta Kudancin Pacific, Kungiyar Yawon shakatawa ta Kudancin Pacific, Shirin Muhalli na Yanki na Pacific, da Sakatariya na Community Pacific.<ref>蘋果日報 – 20120319 – 患血癌染肺炎 搶救數日無效湯加國王 駕崩瑪麗醫院. Appledaily News HK. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901080225/https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, gwamnatocin Tonga da sauran tsibiran da ke fama da sauyin yanayi (Fiji, Niue, [[Tsibiran Solomon]], Tuvalu da [[Vanuatu]]) sun ƙaddamar da "Kira ta Port Vila don Adalci Canje-canje zuwa Burbushin Man Fetur Free Pacific", suna kira ga kawar da mai da kuma "mai sauri kuma kawai sauyi" zuwa sabunta makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa dokar namuhalli, ciki har da a ciki ecocide.<ref> diplomatic community grows" Archived 10 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Matangi Tonga, 12 January 2009.</ref> <ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> <ref>"About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> ==Siyasa== Babban labarin: Siyasar Tonga Sarki George, na Tsibirin Abokai (1852)11<ref> ]" haCooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws". RNZ News. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</ref> <ref>Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>ships that died of shame". smh.com.au. 14 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Tongasat". Mendosa.com. 30 December 1996. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Robie, David (November 1996). "The contempt case of the 'Tongan Three'". Pacific Journalism Review. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.</ref> <ref>"In Pictures: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga sarauta ce ta tsarin mulki. Ita ce kawai sarautar 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tsibiran Pacific (duba kuma Hawai'i). Girmama sarki ya maye gurbin wanda aka yi a ƙarni na farko ga babban sarki mai tsarki, Tu'i Tonga. Ana zargin sarkin ya sabawa al'ada da da'a na Tongan. Tonga tana ba wa 'yan ƙasarta ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi ga kowa, karatun sakandare tare da kuɗaɗen ƙima, da tallafin karatu daga ƙasashen waje don karatun gaba da sakandare. <ref>iSite Interactive Limited. "No Govt Support Blamed for Airline Collapse". Islands Business. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>"Port Vila call to phase out fossil fuels". RNZ. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011</ref> A yanzu haka kasashen Silaland da Ostireliya na nuna damuwa game da wasu ayyukan gwamnatin Tongan. <ref>Articles:Listing Tonga". Tobacco.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> Bayan bin ƙa'idodin Sarauniya Sālote da shawarwarin masu ba da shawara na duniya da yawa, gwamnatin Tonga a ƙarƙashin Sarki Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV (wanda ya yi sarauta 1965-2006) ya ba da kuɗin tattalin arziki, ya ba da damar tsarin kiwon lafiya da na ilimi, kuma ya ba da damar jama'a don haɓaka nau'ikan arziƙin abin duniya (gidaje, motoci, da dai sauransu), tafiye-tafiye, tafiye-tafiye, ilimi da sauran suha Luwadi namiji haramun ne a Tonga,,,<ref> "Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga"</ref> tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari,<ref> Articles:Listing Tonga". Property Tonga. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</ref> anma ba a aiwatar da doka ba[34]. Tongans suna da damar yin amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Tonga ya kare ikon mallakar filaye; Ba za a iya sayar da fili ga baƙi (ko da yake ana iya yin hayar). <ref>Tonga's king tricked by Korean sea water to natural gas scam[usurped]. michaelfield.org (December 1997).</ref> <ref>"Tonga : In Depth : History",</ref> ===Soja=== Babban labarin: Ayyukan Tsaro na Tonga Gwamnatin Tongan ta goyi bayan matakin "haɗin kai na son rai" na Amurka a Iraki tare da tura sojoji fiye da 40 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin Amurka) a ƙarshen 2004. Tawagar ta koma gida a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2004.<ref> Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> A cikin 2007, tawaga ta biyu ta je Iraki, kuma an aika da wasu biyu a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani bangare na ci gaba da goyon bayan kawancen. An kammala shigar da ƙasar Tongan a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da rahotonh an asarar rayuka ba. <ref>"Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023</ref> <ref>"Tongan troops to work with UK and other ISAF forces in Afghanistan". Ministry of Defence. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Birgediya Janar Tau`aika `Uta`atu, kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Tonga, ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya a birnin [[Landan]], inda ya sanya akalla dakaru 200 aiki tare da dakarun Biritaniya na Taimakon Tsaro a Afganistan. An kammala aikin a watan Afrilun 2014, kuma Birtaniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Ayyuka ga kowane sojan da ke da hannu yayin wani fareti da aka gudanar a Tonga.<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref>Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 Novemb/ref>er 2013 at the Wayback Machine<, Statoids.com</ref> Tonga ya ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda a rikicin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea da kuma rundunar RAMSI karkashin jagorancin Australia a tsibirin Solomon. Bangaren gudanarwa Ƙarin bayani: sassan gudanarwa na Tonga Tonga ya kasu kashi biyar na gudanarwa: `Eua, Ha`apai, Niuas, Tongatapu, da Vava`u.[<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref> Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Statoids.com</ref> ===Ilimin halittu=== Tonga ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka masu zafi masu zafi na Tongan.<ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>Grant, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> A Tonga, tun daga almara na Tongan, ana ɗaukar jemagu masu tashi da tsarki kuma su ne mallakar masarauta. Don haka, ana kiyaye su kuma ba za a iya cutar da su ko farauta ba. Sakamakon haka, jemagu masu yawo sun bunƙasa a yawancin tsibiran Tonga.[<ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> <ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> Wattled mai cin zuma a Tonga Rayuwar [[tsuntsu]] na Tonga sun haɗa da jimlar shekarun 73, waɗanda biyu suke matuƙar kyau, na wonan wnistler da na Tongan. Mutane sun bullo da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar, kuma takwas ba kasafai ba ne ko kuma na bazata. Dabbobi bakwai suna fuskantar barazana a duniya. ==Tattalin Arziki== Babban labarin: Tattalin Arzikin Tonga tsabar kudin Tongan cent daya (seniti taha). <ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> Nuku Island, Vava'u Tattalin arzikin Tonga yana da babban ɓangaren da ba na kuɗi ba da kuma dogaro mai yawa akan kuɗin da aka tura daga rabin al'ummar ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje (musamman a Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Amurka). Iyalan sarauta da manyan mutane ne suka mamaye kuma galibi sun mallaki sashin kuɗi na tattalin arziƙi - musamman harkokin sadarwa da sabis na tauraron dan adam. Mujallar Forbes ta nada Tonga a matsayin kasa ta shida a cikin cin hanci da rashawa a duniya a shekarar 2008.<ref>: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga ya kasance wuri na 165th mafi aminci ga saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin Maribgss 2011 Euromoney Country Risk martaba.<ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August </ref> Bangaren masana'antu ya ƙunshi sana'o'in hannu da wasu ƙananan masana'antu, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP.<ref>Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) – Tonga". World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> ==Noma== A Tonga, noma da gandun daji (tare da kamun kifi) suna samar da mafi yawan ayyukan yi, samun kuɗin waje, da abinci.[<ref> Background Note: Tonga Archived 25 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, US Department of State, 31 October 2011.</ref>to] Mutanen Tongan na karkara sun dogara ga aikin noma da noma. Tsire-tsire da ake nomawa don amfanin gonakin kuɗi na kasuwa da amfanin gida sun haɗa da ayaba, kwakwa, wake kofi, wake vanilla, da kuma tushen amfanin gona irin su rogo, dankalin turawa, da Taro. Ya zuwa 2001, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar noma tana cikin tushen amfanin gona.<ref>Hinz, Earl R. & Howard, Jim (2006). Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8248-3037-3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref> <ref>Paradise Lost, Tonga Mired in Poverty". Jakarta Globe. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.</ref> <ref>Kunzel, W. (1989), Agroforestry in Tonga: A Traditional Source for Development of Sustainable Farming Systems, Occasional Paper 12, Armidale, New South Wales: South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New England</ref> Yin sarrafa kwakwa zuwa cikin kwakwa da busasshiyar (bushe) kwakwa ya taɓa kasancewa babbar masana'anta, kuma kawai fitarwar kasuwanci. Tabarbarewar farashi a kasuwannin duniya da rashin sake dasa shi ya kawo wannan masana'antar da ta taɓa yin ƙwazo, kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashen tsibiran Kudancin Pacific, suka tsaya cik. ,<ref>, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Alade da kaji sune manyan nau'ikan dabbobi. Ana ajiye dawakai ne don daftarin dalilai, da farko ta manoman da ke aiki ʻapi ʻuta (filin daji); ko da yake naman ma ana sha’awar<ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Ana kara kiwon shanu, kuma shigo da naman sa yana raguwa<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> <ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September</ref> ] .[<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.,</ref> <ref>Rejects from squash production exceeded 30%. Halavatau, S. M. & Hausia, S. F. (2000), Small Farmer Participation in Export Production: Kingdom of Tonga Case Studies, Apia, Samoa: FAO Regional Workshop on Small Farmer Participation in Export Production in the Pacific Islands</ref> ==Makamashi== Makamashi a Tonga galibi yana fitowa ne daga dizal da ake shigowa da shi.<ref>FP090 Tonga Renewable Energy Project under the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Investment Program". Green Climate Fund. 20 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> An yi hasashen amfani da makamashi a Tonga zai kai kusan awanni gigawatt 66 nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Tonga on track to reach renewable energy target". PCREEE. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ta yi niyyar kaiwa kashi 50% na makamashin da ake sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Pacific's naBiggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> A cikin 2019, Tonga ta ba da sanarwar gina wata gonar hasken rana mai ƙarfin megawatt 6 a Tongatapu.<ref> Pacific's Biggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ==Alkaluma== Babban labarin: Alƙaluman jama'a na Tonga Yawan jama'ar Tonga (1961-2003) cikin dubbai Sama da kashi 70% na mazaunan 106,017<ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</ref> zaune a babban tsibiri, Tongatapu. Ko da yake yawan mutanen Tongan sun ƙaura zuwa cikin birni da cibiyar kasuwanci ɗaya tilo, Nukuʻalofa, inda al'adun Turai da na 'yan asali suka haɗu, dangantakar ƙauye da dangi na da tasiri a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da ƙaura, Tonga ta ƙaru daga kusan 32,000 a cikin 1930s zuwa fiye da 90,000 ta 1976.<ref>Tonga: Migration and the Homeland</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Tonga Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun kashi Tongan   97.03% Kashi na Tongan   0.79% Sinanci   0.73% Fijiyan   0.3% Bature   0.25% Indo-Fijian   0.12% Wani dan tsibirin Pacific   0.2% Sauran Asiya   0.19% Sauran   0.37% Ba a bayyana ba   <ref> Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga" Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Herald, 23 November 2001</ref> rikici Nukuʻalofa na shekarar 2006 ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin kasuwanci mallakar kasar Sin, wanda ya kai ga yin hijira na Sinawa daruruwa<ref>Flight chartered to evacuate Chinese in Tonga" Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 22 November 2006</ref> ta yadda kusan 300 suka ragu.<ref>Yang, Jian (2011). "China's World Wide Web: Overseas Chinese in the South Pacific". The Pacific Islands in China's Grand Strategy. pp. 105–125. doi:10.1057/9780230339750_8. ISBN 978-1-349-29497-8.</ref> ==Harsuna== Tongan shine harshen hukuma, [7] tare da Ingilishi. Tongan yaren Polynesia ne na reshen Tongic don haka yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan reshen Tongic, waɗanda su ne: Niuean da Niuafo'ouan. Tongan yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Polynesia kamar Hawaiian, Samoan, Māori, da Tahitian, da sauransu.43<ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> ==Ilimi== Babban labarin: Ilimi a Tonga Ilimin firamare tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 wajibi ne kuma kyauta a makarantun jiha. Makarantun manufa suna bayar da kusan kashi 8% na makarantun firamare da kashi 90% na matakin sakandare. Makarantun jaha sun cika sauran. Manyan ilimi sun hada da horar da malamai, aikin jinya, da koyar da aikin likitanci, karamar jami'a mai zaman kanta, kwalejin kasuwanci ta mata, da wasu makarantun aikin gona masu zaman kansu. Yawancin matakan ilimi ana bin su a ,<ref>Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1988)". parliament.gov.to. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing"</ref> ==ƙasashen waje== <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> Tongans suna jin daɗin ingantaccen matakin ilimi, tare da ƙimar karatun 98.9%, <ref> Tonga". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</ref> da ilimi mafi girma har zuwa kuma gami da digiri na likitanci da digiri na biyu (wanda ake bi galibi a ƙasashen waje). Suna ɗaukar nauyin ilimin ilimi da malamansu suka ƙirƙira da kuma tarin Kukū Kaunaka, wanda ya haɗa da kowane digiri na digiri da digiri na biyu da kowane Tongan ya rubuta a kowace ƙasa Seu'ula Johansson-Fua ne ya adana shi a Cibiyar Ilimi a Tonga.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> ==Hijira== Tongan na zamani galibi suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙasashen ketare. Yawancin mutanen Tongan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, New Zealand, ko Amurka don neman aiki da mafi girman matsayin rayuwa. <ref>Mark Henderson (18 February 2008) Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight . Times Online. <rwww.timesonline.co.uk</ref> A cikin 2018, Tongans 82,389 sun rayu a New Zealand.[<ref>"Tongan ethnic group". 2018 census ethnic group summaries – Tonga. Statis has hstics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> <ref> Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</ref> jaYa zuwa 2000, Tongas 36,840 suna zaune a Amurka.<ref>Helen Morton Lee (2003). Tongans Overseas: Between Two Shores. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2615-4.</ref> Fiye da mutanen h sh sbBsbTonga 8,000 suna zaune a Ostiraliya.<ref> "The ties that bind: stories from the Tongan diaspora". ABC. 2 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</ref> waje na Tongan suna da kusanci da dangi a gida, <ref> Tonga's Proud Diaspora Confronts Daunting Challenge of Disaster Response". The New York Times. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> wani muhimmin kaso na kudin shiga na Tonga yana samuwa daga kudade <ref>Hannah Huidan Lin (January 2011). Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Tonga (PDF) (Report). International Monetary Fund. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Remittances are important to Tonga. Over the past decade, remittances as a share of GDP in Tonga have varied between 30 and 55 percent, with an average of around 45 percent</ref> ] <ref>Remittances for November 2020". reservebank.to. Reserve Bank of Tonga. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Over the year to November 2020, private transfer receipts rose significantly by $33.5 million (10.5%) supporting the higher annual movement of total remittance receipts. Although economies abroad have been heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tongan families abroad continue to provide financial support to their loved ones in Tonga.</ref> ga dangin dangi (sau da yawa shekaru) waɗanda suka fi son ci gaba da zama a Tonga. <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> <ref>Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonga}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Oseaniya]] hsigf0l1ndmism86szmjsqi3eqynzan 890923 890854 2026-08-03T11:36:58Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tonga, [b] bisa hukuma Masarautar Tonga, [c] tsibiri ce a cikin Polynesia, wani yanki na Oceania. Kasar tana da tsibirai 171, daga cikinsu akwai 45 daga cikinsu<ref> "The World Factbook: Tonga: Geography"</ref> Gabaɗayan samansa kusan kilomita 750 (290 sq mi), ya warwatse sama da 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) a kudancin Tekun Pasifik. Tun daga 2021, a cewar Johnson's Tribune, Tonga tana da yawan jama'a 104,494, <ref> "Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref>World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> 70% waɗanda ke zaune a babban ri, Tongatapu. Kasar ta kai kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi; 430 nmi) arewa-kudu. An kewaye ta da Fiji da Wallis da Futuna (Faransa) su ma <ref>"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> Wayewar Lapita ce ta fara zama a Tonga kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, mazauna Polynesia waɗanda a hankali suka samo asali da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin ƙabila, harshe, da al'adu a matsayin mutanen Tongan. Nan da nan suka kafa kafa mai karfi a fadin Kudancin Pacific, kuma wannan lokaci na fadada Tongan da mulkin mallaka ana kiransa daular Tu'i Tonga. Daga mulkin sarkin Tongan na farko, `Aho`eitu, Tonga ya girma ya zama ikon yanki. Wata thalassocracy ce ta ci da sarrafa ɓangarorin Tekun Fasifik da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, daga sassan tsibirin Sulemanu da dukan New Caledonia da Fiji a yamma zuwa Samoa da Niue har ma da sassan Faransa Polynesia na zamani a gabas. Tu'i Tonga ya shahara saboda tasirin tattalin arzikinta, kabilanci, da al'adu a kan tekun Pacific, wanda ya kasance mai karfi ko da bayan juyin juya halin Samoa na karni na 13 da gano tsibiran da Turawa suka yi a 1616.<ref>see writings of Ata of Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimaleali'ifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, pp. 133–</ref> <ref>, Lee, ed. (2010). Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism. Channel View Publications. p. 112. ISBN 9781845411923.</ref> <ref>"Tonga crowns King Tupou VI in lavish public coronation, parties". ABC News. 4 July 2015. Archived from</ref> =='asalinyaran== A cikin yarukan Polynesia da yawa, gami da Tongan, kalmar tonga (Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]), <ref> ". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</ref> <ref> Churchward, C.M. (1985) Tongan grammar, Oxford University Press, ISBN </ref> 13] ta fito ne daga fakatonga, wanda ke nufin 'kudu', kuma ana kiran tsibirin tsibirin sab<reoda ita ce rukuni mafi kudanci tsakanin kungiyoyin tsibiri na yammacin Polynesia.<ref>, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). "Tonga". The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</ref> Kalmar tonga tana da alaƙa da kalmar Hawaii ta kona ma'ana 'leeward', wanda shine asalin sunan gundumar Kona a Hawaiʻi.,<ref> | English – Tongan Translator". www.tongantranslator.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> Tonga ya zama sananne a Yamma a matsayin "tsibirin abokantaka" saboda liyafar da aka yiwa Kyaftin James Cook a ziyararsa ta farko a shekara ta 1773. Ya isa lokacin bikin 'inasi na shekara-shekara, wanda ke ba da gudummawar 'ya'yan itatuwa na farko ga Tu'i Tonga (sarkin tsibiran), don haka ya sami gayyata zuwa bukukuwan. Abin ban mamaki, a cewar marubuci William Mariner, a zahiri shugabannin siyasa sun so kashe Cook a yayin taron, amma ba su bi ta ba saboda sun kasa yarda da shirin aiwatar da shi.<ref>Mariner, William and Martin, John (1817). An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the south Pacific Ocean: With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language. Compiled and arranged from the extensive communications of Mr. William Mariner, several years' resident in those islands, Volume 2, pp. 64–65 Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref> ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Tonga Zuwan Abel Tasman a Tongatapu, 1643; zane ta Isaack Gilsemans<ref>Tonga Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> Bisa ga tatsuniyar Tongan, gunkin Maui ya zana rukuni na tsibirai daga teku, wanda ya fara bayyana Tongatapu, da tsibiran Ha'apai da Vava'u, suka shiga cikin abin da ya zama Tonga ta zaman<ref>Maui's Fish Hook". Tonga Time. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> <ref>, William (1975). The hah Great United States Exploring Expedition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0520025578.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref> Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>history of the Constitution of Tonga". Australian foreign affairs record. Vol. 51, no. 11. 29 November 1980. pp. 416–419. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – vira National Library of Australia.</ref> Ƙungiya mai magana da harshen Australiya da ke da alaƙa da abin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka kira al'adun Lapita da aka rufe daga tsibirin Melanesia zuwa Samoa, sa'an nan kuma suka zauna Tonga a wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1000 BC.<ref>. Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997) The Lapita Peoples, Wiley, ISBN 1-57718-036-4.</ref> masana har yanzu suna muhawara daidai lokacin da aka fara zama na Tonga, amma thorium dating ya tabbatar da cewa mazauna sun isa garin da aka fi sani da zama, Nukuleka, ta 888 BC, ± 8 shekaru.<ref>"High precision U/Th dating of first Polynesian settlement"</ref> an raba tarihin tuntuɓar na Tonga ta hanyar tarihin baka, wanda aka watsa daga tsara zuwa tsara.<ref>Robert Langdon (ed.) (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 234. ISBN 086784471X</ref> <ref> Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians." History Today (1975) 25#1 pp. 31–39</ref> By <ref> women drown in Peru because of Tonga volcano". Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via South China Morning Post</ref> William Mariner matashin jirgin ruwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda aka ɗauke shi cikin dangin sarauta na Tongan. Mutanen Tongan sun fara haduwa da Turawa ne a shekara ta 1616, lokacin da jirgin ruwan kasar Holland Eendracht, wanda kyaftin din Willem Schouten, ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a tsibiran da nufin yin kasuwanci. Daga baya, wasu masu binciken Dutch sun isa, ciki har da Jacob Le Maire (wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin Niuatoputapu na arewacin); da Abel Tasman (wanda ya ziyarci Tongatapu da Haʻapai) a shekara ta 1643. Daga baya manyan maziyartan Turai sun haɗa da James Cook, na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya, a 1773, 1774, da 1777; Mai binciken Sojan Ruwa na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa a 1781; Alessandro Malaspina a shekara ta 1793; ’yan mishan na London na farko a 1797; da Ministan Methodist na Wesleyan, Reverend Walter Lawry,<ref>Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</ref> <ref>"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> <ref>: Tsunami waves hit Pacific country after huge underwater volcano eruption". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> <ref>"Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four"</ref> <ref>Torchinsky, Rina (18 January 2022). "An undersea cable fault could cut Tonga from the rest of the world for weeks". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</ref> ==Alakar kasashen waje== Karin bayani: Alakar kasashen waje ta Tonga Matangi Tonga ya kwatanta manufofin waje na Tonga a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2009 a matsayin "Duba Gabas" - musamman, kamar kulla dangantakar diflomasiya da tattalin arziki da [[Asiya]] (wanda a zahiri ya ta'allaka ne ga arewa maso yammacin masarautar Pacific). Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta samu babban tasiri a kasar Tonga, da samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan more rayuwa, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta, da kuma rike kashi biyu bisa uku na bashin kasar waje.<ref>"Six Island Nations Commit to 'Fossil Fuel-Free Pacific,' Demand Global Just Transition". www.commondreams.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Climate Guides – Plan Your Ideal Holiday Trip". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref>Climate Summary Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine </ref> ,<ref>Tongan Court Case Over Wrongful Imprisonment Recommences". Radio NZ. 31 July 2002. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref> <ref> crowd leaves leaves trail of wreckage in Nuku'alofa". Matangitonga.to. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Ligaiula, Pita (17 March 2023). "Port Vila call for a just transition to a fossil fuel free Pacific | PINA". Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> Tonga na kula da kyakkyawar alaka da Amurka. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da Burtaniya, amma kasashen biyu ba sa kulla alaka ta kut da kut. Burtaniya ta rufe babbar hukumarta a Tonga a shekara ta 2006, kodayake an sake kafa ta a watan Janairun 2020 bayan shafe shekaru 14 ba ta yi ba. Dangantakar Tonga da ikon yankin Oceania, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, tana da kyau.<ref>Luthi, Susannah (29 August 2021). "Meth, Vanilla and 'Gulags': How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.,</ref> ] <ref>Tonga's king to cede key powers". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</ref> <ref>deployment to Tonga, 2006". 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</ref> Tonga tana da alaƙar yanki mai ƙarfi a cikin Pacific. Cikakken memba ne na Dandalin Tsibirin Fasifik, Hukumar Kula da Geoscience ta Kudancin Pacific, Kungiyar Yawon shakatawa ta Kudancin Pacific, Shirin Muhalli na Yanki na Pacific, da Sakatariya na Community Pacific.<ref>蘋果日報 – 20120319 – 患血癌染肺炎 搶救數日無效湯加國王 駕崩瑪麗醫院. Appledaily News HK. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901080225/https://weltrisikobericht.de/weltrisikobericht-2021-e/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, gwamnatocin Tonga da sauran tsibiran da ke fama da sauyin yanayi (Fiji, Niue, [[Tsibiran Solomon]], Tuvalu da [[Vanuatu]]) sun ƙaddamar da "Kira ta Port Vila don Adalci Canje-canje zuwa Burbushin Man Fetur Free Pacific", suna kira ga kawar da mai da kuma "mai sauri kuma kawai sauyi" zuwa sabunta makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa dokar namuhalli, ciki har da a ciki ecocide.<ref> diplomatic community grows" Archived 10 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Matangi Tonga, 12 January 2009.</ref> <ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> <ref>"About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> ==Siyasa== Babban labarin: Siyasar Tonga Sarki George, na Tsibirin Abokai (1852)11<ref> ]" haCooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws". RNZ News. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</ref> <ref>Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>ships that died of shame". smh.com.au. 14 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Tongasat". Mendosa.com. 30 December 1996. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>Robie, David (November 1996). "The contempt case of the 'Tongan Three'". Pacific Journalism Review. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.</ref> <ref>"In Pictures: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga sarauta ce ta tsarin mulki. Ita ce kawai sarautar 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tsibiran Pacific (duba kuma Hawai'i). Girmama sarki ya maye gurbin wanda aka yi a ƙarni na farko ga babban sarki mai tsarki, Tu'i Tonga. Ana zargin sarkin ya sabawa al'ada da da'a na Tongan. Tonga tana ba wa 'yan ƙasarta ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi ga kowa, karatun sakandare tare da kuɗaɗen ƙima, da tallafin karatu daga ƙasashen waje don karatun gaba da sakandare. <ref>iSite Interactive Limited. "No Govt Support Blamed for Airline Collapse". Islands Business. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> <ref>"Port Vila call to phase out fossil fuels". RNZ. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref> <ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011</ref> A yanzu haka kasashen Silaland da Ostireliya na nuna damuwa game da wasu ayyukan gwamnatin Tongan. <ref>Articles:Listing Tonga". Tobacco.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref> Bayan bin ƙa'idodin Sarauniya Sālote da shawarwarin masu ba da shawara na duniya da yawa, gwamnatin Tonga a ƙarƙashin Sarki Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV (wanda ya yi sarauta 1965-2006) ya ba da kuɗin tattalin arziki, ya ba da damar tsarin kiwon lafiya da na ilimi, kuma ya ba da damar jama'a don haɓaka nau'ikan arziƙin abin duniya (gidaje, motoci, da dai sauransu), tafiye-tafiye, tafiye-tafiye, ilimi da sauran suha Luwadi namiji haramun ne a Tonga,,,<ref> "Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga"</ref> tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari,<ref> Articles:Listing Tonga". Property Tonga. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</ref> anma ba a aiwatar da doka ba[34]. Tongans suna da damar yin amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Tonga ya kare ikon mallakar filaye; Ba za a iya sayar da fili ga baƙi (ko da yake ana iya yin hayar). <ref>Tonga's king tricked by Korean sea water to natural gas scam[usurped]. michaelfield.org (December 1997).</ref> <ref>"Tonga : In Depth : History",</ref> ===Soja=== Babban labarin: Ayyukan Tsaro na Tonga Gwamnatin Tongan ta goyi bayan matakin "haɗin kai na son rai" na Amurka a Iraki tare da tura sojoji fiye da 40 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin Amurka) a ƙarshen 2004. Tawagar ta koma gida a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2004.<ref> Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> A cikin 2007, tawaga ta biyu ta je Iraki, kuma an aika da wasu biyu a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani bangare na ci gaba da goyon bayan kawancen. An kammala shigar da ƙasar Tongan a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da rahotonh an asarar rayuka ba. <ref>"Tongan Marines return safely for Christmas". Matangi Tonga. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023</ref> <ref>"Tongan troops to work with UK and other ISAF forces in Afghanistan". Ministry of Defence. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Birgediya Janar Tau`aika `Uta`atu, kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Tonga, ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya a birnin [[Landan]], inda ya sanya akalla dakaru 200 aiki tare da dakarun Biritaniya na Taimakon Tsaro a Afganistan. An kammala aikin a watan Afrilun 2014, kuma Birtaniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Ayyuka ga kowane sojan da ke da hannu yayin wani fareti da aka gudanar a Tonga.<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref>Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 Novemb/ref>er 2013 at the Wayback Machine<, Statoids.com</ref> Tonga ya ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda a rikicin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea da kuma rundunar RAMSI karkashin jagorancin Australia a tsibirin Solomon. Bangaren gudanarwa Ƙarin bayani: sassan gudanarwa na Tonga Tonga ya kasu kashi biyar na gudanarwa: `Eua, Ha`apai, Niuas, Tongatapu, da Vava`u.[<ref>Population Census 2006: Population size, Trend, Distribution and Structure, Tonga Department of Statistics</ref> <ref> Divisions of Tonga Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Statoids.com</ref> ===Ilimin halittu=== Tonga ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka masu zafi masu zafi na Tongan.<ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> <ref>Grant, Gilbert S. (1996). "Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes". Bat Conservation International. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</ref> A Tonga, tun daga almara na Tongan, ana ɗaukar jemagu masu tashi da tsarki kuma su ne mallakar masarauta. Don haka, ana kiyaye su kuma ba za a iya cutar da su ko farauta ba. Sakamakon haka, jemagu masu yawo sun bunƙasa a yawancin tsibiran Tonga.[<ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> <ref>About Tonga: Tongan Bats". Tonga Charter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</ref> Wattled mai cin zuma a Tonga Rayuwar [[tsuntsu]] na Tonga sun haɗa da jimlar shekarun 73, waɗanda biyu suke matuƙar kyau, na wonan wnistler da na Tongan. Mutane sun bullo da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar, kuma takwas ba kasafai ba ne ko kuma na bazata. Dabbobi bakwai suna fuskantar barazana a duniya. ==Tattalin Arziki== Babban labarin: Tattalin Arzikin Tonga tsabar kudin Tongan cent daya (seniti taha). <ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> Nuku Island, Vava'u Tattalin arzikin Tonga yana da babban ɓangaren da ba na kuɗi ba da kuma dogaro mai yawa akan kuɗin da aka tura daga rabin al'ummar ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje (musamman a Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Amurka). Iyalan sarauta da manyan mutane ne suka mamaye kuma galibi sun mallaki sashin kuɗi na tattalin arziƙi - musamman harkokin sadarwa da sabis na tauraron dan adam. Mujallar Forbes ta nada Tonga a matsayin kasa ta shida a cikin cin hanci da rashawa a duniya a shekarar 2008.<ref>: The World's Most Corrupt Countries". Forbes Magazine. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref> Tonga ya kasance wuri na 165th mafi aminci ga saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin Maribgss 2011 Euromoney Country Risk martaba.<ref>Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August </ref> Bangaren masana'antu ya ƙunshi sana'o'in hannu da wasu ƙananan masana'antu, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP.<ref>Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) – Tonga". World Bank. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> ==Noma== A Tonga, noma da gandun daji (tare da kamun kifi) suna samar da mafi yawan ayyukan yi, samun kuɗin waje, da abinci.[<ref> Background Note: Tonga Archived 25 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, US Department of State, 31 October 2011.</ref>to] Mutanen Tongan na karkara sun dogara ga aikin noma da noma. Tsire-tsire da ake nomawa don amfanin gonakin kuɗi na kasuwa da amfanin gida sun haɗa da ayaba, kwakwa, wake kofi, wake vanilla, da kuma tushen amfanin gona irin su rogo, dankalin turawa, da Taro. Ya zuwa 2001, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar noma tana cikin tushen amfanin gona.<ref>Hinz, Earl R. & Howard, Jim (2006). Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8248-3037-3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref> <ref>Paradise Lost, Tonga Mired in Poverty". Jakarta Globe. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.</ref> <ref>Kunzel, W. (1989), Agroforestry in Tonga: A Traditional Source for Development of Sustainable Farming Systems, Occasional Paper 12, Armidale, New South Wales: South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New England</ref> Yin sarrafa kwakwa zuwa cikin kwakwa da busasshiyar (bushe) kwakwa ya taɓa kasancewa babbar masana'anta, kuma kawai fitarwar kasuwanci. Tabarbarewar farashi a kasuwannin duniya da rashin sake dasa shi ya kawo wannan masana'antar da ta taɓa yin ƙwazo, kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashen tsibiran Kudancin Pacific, suka tsaya cik. ,<ref>, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Alade da kaji sune manyan nau'ikan dabbobi. Ana ajiye dawakai ne don daftarin dalilai, da farko ta manoman da ke aiki ʻapi ʻuta (filin daji); ko da yake naman ma ana sha’awar<ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2015</ref> Ana kara kiwon shanu, kuma shigo da naman sa yana raguwa<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.</ref> <ref>Halavatau, S. M. & Halavatau, N. V. (2001), Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF), Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September</ref> ] .[<ref>Ellicott, Karen, ed. (2006). Countries of the world and their leaders yearbook 2007. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 1873. ISBN 978-0-7876-8103-6.,</ref> <ref>Rejects from squash production exceeded 30%. Halavatau, S. M. & Hausia, S. F. (2000), Small Farmer Participation in Export Production: Kingdom of Tonga Case Studies, Apia, Samoa: FAO Regional Workshop on Small Farmer Participation in Export Production in the Pacific Islands</ref> ==Makamashi== Makamashi a Tonga galibi yana fitowa ne daga dizal da ake shigowa da shi.<ref>FP090 Tonga Renewable Energy Project under the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Investment Program". Green Climate Fund. 20 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> An yi hasashen amfani da makamashi a Tonga zai kai kusan awanni gigawatt 66 nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Tonga on track to reach renewable energy target". PCREEE. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ta yi niyyar kaiwa kashi 50% na makamashin da ake sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2020.<ref> Pacific's naBiggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> A cikin 2019, Tonga ta ba da sanarwar gina wata gonar hasken rana mai ƙarfin megawatt 6 a Tongatapu.<ref> Pacific's Biggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target". Asian Development Bank. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</ref> ==Alkaluma== Babban labarin: Alƙaluman jama'a na Tonga Yawan jama'ar Tonga (1961-2003) cikin dubbai Sama da kashi 70% na mazaunan 106,017<ref> World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref> United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</ref> zaune a babban tsibiri, Tongatapu. Ko da yake yawan mutanen Tongan sun ƙaura zuwa cikin birni da cibiyar kasuwanci ɗaya tilo, Nukuʻalofa, inda al'adun Turai da na 'yan asali suka haɗu, dangantakar ƙauye da dangi na da tasiri a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da ƙaura, Tonga ta ƙaru daga kusan 32,000 a cikin 1930s zuwa fiye da 90,000 ta 1976.<ref>Tonga: Migration and the Homeland</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Tonga Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun kashi Tongan   97.03% Kashi na Tongan   0.79% Sinanci   0.73% Fijiyan   0.3% Bature   0.25% Indo-Fijian   0.12% Wani dan tsibirin Pacific   0.2% Sauran Asiya   0.19% Sauran   0.37% Ba a bayyana ba   <ref> Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga" Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Herald, 23 November 2001</ref> rikici Nukuʻalofa na shekarar 2006 ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin kasuwanci mallakar kasar Sin, wanda ya kai ga yin hijira na Sinawa daruruwa<ref>Flight chartered to evacuate Chinese in Tonga" Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 22 November 2006</ref> ta yadda kusan 300 suka ragu.<ref>Yang, Jian (2011). "China's World Wide Web: Overseas Chinese in the South Pacific". The Pacific Islands in China's Grand Strategy. pp. 105–125. doi:10.1057/9780230339750_8. ISBN 978-1-349-29497-8.</ref> ==Harsuna== Tongan shine harshen hukuma, [7] tare da Ingilishi. Tongan yaren Polynesia ne na reshen Tongic don haka yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan reshen Tongic, waɗanda su ne: Niuean da Niuafo'ouan. Tongan yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Polynesia kamar Hawaiian, Samoan, Māori, da Tahitian, da sauransu.43<ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> ==Ilimi== Babban labarin: Ilimi a Tonga Ilimin firamare tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 wajibi ne kuma kyauta a makarantun jiha. Makarantun manufa suna bayar da kusan kashi 8% na makarantun firamare da kashi 90% na matakin sakandare. Makarantun jaha sun cika sauran. Manyan ilimi sun hada da horar da malamai, aikin jinya, da koyar da aikin likitanci, karamar jami'a mai zaman kanta, kwalejin kasuwanci ta mata, da wasu makarantun aikin gona masu zaman kansu. Yawancin matakan ilimi ana bin su a ,<ref>Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1988)". parliament.gov.to. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing"</ref> ==ƙasashen waje== <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> Tongans suna jin daɗin ingantaccen matakin ilimi, tare da ƙimar karatun 98.9%, <ref> Tonga". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</ref> da ilimi mafi girma har zuwa kuma gami da digiri na likitanci da digiri na biyu (wanda ake bi galibi a ƙasashen waje). Suna ɗaukar nauyin ilimin ilimi da malamansu suka ƙirƙira da kuma tarin Kukū Kaunaka, wanda ya haɗa da kowane digiri na digiri da digiri na biyu da kowane Tongan ya rubuta a kowace ƙasa Seu'ula Johansson-Fua ne ya adana shi a Cibiyar Ilimi a Tonga.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref> <ref>Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> ==Hijira== Tongan na zamani galibi suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙasashen ketare. Yawancin mutanen Tongan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, New Zealand, ko Amurka don neman aiki da mafi girman matsayin rayuwa. <ref>Mark Henderson (18 February 2008) Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight . Times Online. <rwww.timesonline.co.uk</ref> A cikin 2018, Tongans 82,389 sun rayu a New Zealand.[<ref>"Tongan ethnic group". 2018 census ethnic group summaries – Tonga. Statis has hstics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> <ref> Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</ref> jaYa zuwa 2000, Tongas 36,840 suna zaune a Amurka.<ref>Helen Morton Lee (2003). Tongans Overseas: Between Two Shores. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2615-4.</ref> Fiye da mutanen h sh sbBsbTonga 8,000 suna zaune a Ostiraliya.<ref> "The ties that bind: stories from the Tongan diaspora". ABC. 2 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</ref> waje na Tongan suna da kusanci da dangi a gida, <ref> Tonga's Proud Diaspora Confronts Daunting Challenge of Disaster Response". The New York Times. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> wani muhimmin kaso na kudin shiga na Tonga yana samuwa daga kudade <ref>Hannah Huidan Lin (January 2011). Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Tonga (PDF) (Report). International Monetary Fund. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Remittances are important to Tonga. Over the past decade, remittances as a share of GDP in Tonga have varied between 30 and 55 percent, with an average of around 45 percent</ref> ] <ref>Remittances for November 2020". reservebank.to. Reserve Bank of Tonga. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Over the year to November 2020, private transfer receipts rose significantly by $33.5 million (10.5%) supporting the higher annual movement of total remittance receipts. Although economies abroad have been heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tongan families abroad continue to provide financial support to their loved ones in Tonga.</ref> ga dangin dangi (sau da yawa shekaru) waɗanda suka fi son ci gaba da zama a Tonga. <ref>Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). "How mutton flaps are killing Tonga". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> <ref>Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonga}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Oseaniya]] fethtozanekurzm6iiewu2hdu69q35i 0 14172 890699 874152 2026-08-02T16:30:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Deux masques grand public.jpg|thumb|Samfurin abin rufe fuska]] [[Fayil:Celtic Knot 2020 face mask being worn.jpg|thumb|abin rufe fuska]] '''Abin Rufi Fuska a Lokacin cutar Koronavirus (COVID-19) ta 2019-20''' [[File:Curtis_Chanthaboun_posing_with_a_mask_he_created..jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Curtis Chanthaboun posing with a mask he created.]] == Shawarwari Gwamnati == Gwamnati ta bada shawarar Sanya abun rufe fuskoki yayin cutar sankara a shekara ta 2019-20 ta sami shawarwari daban-daban daga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da gwamnatoci daban daban. Batun ya zama batun tattaunawa, tare da hukumomin [[Kiwon Lafiya daTsafta|kiwon lafiyar]] jama'a da gwamnatoci sun nuna rashin jituwa a kan yarjejeniya ta duniya don sanya safar [[Fuka|fuska]]. '''Dalili''' Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka sa jami'an kiwon lafiya na kasar suka bada shawdaar amfani da abin rufe fuska har ga mutane masu koshin lafiya sun haɗa da: 1. (kamuwa daga cututtukan da ba a nuna su ba tukuna). Mutane da yawa na iya kamuwa da cuta ba tare da alamu ko kawai tare da alamu masu sauki ba. 2. Rashin kiyaye dacewar jama'a a wurare da yawa a kowane lokaci. 3. Rashin daidaito da farashi (rashin jituwa). Idan mutane masu kamuwa da cuta ne kawai an rufe abin rufe fuska, wataƙila za a zuga su su yi hakan. Mutumin da ya kamu da cutar na iya ɗaukar nauyi, kamar yin siyayya har ma ana nuna masa wariya. Mai bincike a jami’ar Leeds, Stephen Griffin, ya ce: "Sanya abin rufe fuska na iya rage damar da mutane za su kuma iya shafa wa fuskarsu, wanda shine babban tushen kamuwa da cuta ba tare da tsabtace hannu ba." <ref>[1] "Why healthy Chinese wearing face masks outdoors?". NHC.gov.cn. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020.</ref> '''Iri abin rufe fuska'' abun rufe fuska mai sauƙi shine kayan da za'a iya amfani dashi akan baki da hanci, yawanci ana yin sa da auduga. Ba kamar masar tiyata ba, ba ta karkashin doka. A halin yanzu babu ƙananan bincike ko jagora game da ingancinsu azaman kariya daga yaduwar cututtuka masu kama da gurɓatar iska. Rufin fuska wata na'ura ce mai amfani, wacce za a iya amfani da ita wacce ke haifar da katanga tsakanin baki da hanci ga masu cutarwa da cutarwa a cikin mahallin. Ana amfani da abin rufe fuska don taimakawa wajen toshe manyan ruwa-ruwa, yayyafa, toka, ko yaduwar da za su iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta idan an sa su da kyau, hana waɗannan abubuwan da hanci. abin rufe din tiyata na iya taimakawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar da kuma toshe wasu abubuwa. <ref>[2] "How to avoid touching your face so much". BBC News. 18 March 2020. </ref> Abin rufe fuska na tiyata ba'a tsara su bane don toshewa ko toshe kananan ƙananan abubuwa a cikin iska wanda za'a iya watsa shi ta hanyar tari, hanci, ko wasu hanyoyin kiwon lafiya. Abin rufe fuska na tiyata kuma ba su bayar da cikakkiyar kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran abubuwan gurɓata saboda tazara mai dacewa tsakanin saman fuska da fuska. Abin rufe fuska tiyata ana yin sa ne da kayan gado wanda aka kera ta amfani da hayaki mai narkewa. <ref>[3] "N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref> <ref>[4] "Not Enough Face Masks Are Made In America To Deal With Coronavirus". NPR.org. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020. </ref> Abun rufe fuska N95 shine matattara wanda ya dace da samfurin N95 na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ma'aikatar ɗan adam ta Amurka. Yana tace aƙalla kashi 95 na barbashin iska wanda ke ba da kariya daga abubuwan daban, amma ban da iskar gas. <ref>[5] "Chinese mask makers use loopholes to speed up regulatory approval". Financial Times. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Kamar na tiyata, da N95 an yi shi ne da kayan narkewar ƙwayar 'polypropylene' mai narkewa. <ref>[6] "Respirator Trusted-Source: Selection FAQs". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> <ref>[7] Zie, John (19 March 2020). "World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?". Voice of America.</ref> Masalin fuska mai dacewa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tarayyar Turai shine mai ba da numfashi na FFP2. <ref>[8] Feng, Emily (16 March 2020). "COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make". NPR.</ref> <ref>[9] "Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes" (PDF). 3M Technical Data Bulletin. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> '''Shawarwari daga Kungiyoyin Lafiya''' Kungiyoyin lafiya sun bada shawarar cewa mutane su rufe bakinsu da hanci da gwiwar hannu, ko kuma yin amfani da takarda na nama kuma a jefar dashi kan tsaye. <ref>[10] "Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators: Crisis/Alternate Strategies". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</ref> <ref>[11] Advice for public". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</ref> An ba da shawarar abin rufe fuska ga wadanda suka kamu, <ref>[12] Home. "Novel Coronavirus". HPSC.ie. Health Protection Surveillance Centre of Ireland. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> <ref>[13] "Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</ref> <ref>[14] "Updates on Wuhan Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation". MoH.gov.sg. Ministry of Health of Singapore. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</ref> kamar yadda abin rufe fuska zai iya iyakance adadin nisa da nisa daga magana, numfashi, da tari. <ref>[15] "Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak". World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</ref> '''Shawarwarin Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya''' Shawarar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ga jama'a a cikin mahallin COVID-19 ya ba da goyon baya ga amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin halaye masu zuwa: <ref>[16] "2019-nCoV: What the Public Should Do". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.</ref> Sanya abin rufe fuska idan kuna kulawa da mutumin da ake zargi da kamuwa da cuta 2019-nCoV. • Saka abin rufe fuska idan kuna tari ko hancin. • Fuskin rufe suna da amfani ne kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani dasu a hade tare da tsaftacewa da hannu akai-akai tare da tsabtace hannun da ruwan sha ko sabulu da ruwa. • Idan kun sa abin rufe fuska, to lallai ne ku san yadda ake amfani da shi da kuma zubar da shi yadda yakamata. '''Amfani da abin rufe fuska da manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa a Afirka''' [[File:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum sanye da abin rufe baki a zamanin Koronavirus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2020 ]] • Benin: Tun daga ranar 8 ga Afrilu, hukumomin Benin sun fara tilasta yin amfani da abin rufe fuska don dakatar da kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. <ref>[17]Benin Police Enforce Mask Wearing In Bid To Stop Virus,Barron's, 8 April 2020.</ref> • Kamaru: Magajin garin Kamaru ya ba da sanarwar cewa saka abin rufe ido zai zama dole don rage yaduwar cutar coronavirus. <ref>[18]Cameroon City Makes Wearing Mask Mandatory in Fight Against Coronavirus,VOA News, 7 April 2020.</ref> • Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo: Yanzu rufe yankin wajibi ne a babban birnin. <ref>[19] Tasamba, James (19 April 2020). "Rwanda, DR Congo make mask wearing mandatory".</ref> • Kasar Habasha: Majalisar ministocin kasar Habasha ta haramta girgiza hannu tare da amincewa da rufe fuska a wuraren da jama'a ke <ref>[20] Samuel, Gelila (12 April 2020). "Ethiopia Outlaws Handshakes, Obliges Masks in Public Places".</ref> • Guinea: Alpha Alpha Conde na Guinea ya ba da shawarar saka masks. <ref>[21]Masilela, Brenda (14 April 2020). "Guinean president makes masks compulsory in bid to curb the spread of coronavirus".,IOL</ref> • Kenya: Sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama dole. Dole ne gwamnati ta yi taka tsantsan game da jama'ar Kenya don gujewa jama'a da aka gano a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don hana kamuwa da cuta. <ref>[22]Muraya, Joseph (5 April 2020). "Kenya: Masks Now Mandatory in Public Places, Kenya Declares".,All Africa</ref> • Laberiya: Ranar 21 ga Afrilu, dole ne ku sa abin rufewa ko abin rufewa a cikin jama'a. <ref>[23]Senkpeni, Alpha Daffae (21 April 2020). "Will You Wear Mask? Liberia's Lawmakers Want Compulsory Wearing of 'Protective Device' In Public".,Front Page Africa</ref> • Maroko: Saka abin rufe fuska ya zama tilas. <ref>[24]Eljechtimi, Ahmed (6 April 2020). "Morocco makes face masks compulsory due to coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> • Nigeria: Hukumar NCDC ta shawarci 'yan Najeriya da su rufe fuska don hana kamuwa da cutar coronavirus <ref>[25]Samson Toromade (14 April 2020). NCDC advises Nigerians to wear face masks to prevent coronavirus infection https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/coronavirus-ncdc-advises-nigerians-to-wear-face-masks/1fecbp5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426170914/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/coronavirus-ncdc-advises-nigerians-to-wear-face-masks/1fecbp5 |date=2020-04-26 }}</ref> • "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Disabledandhere-filtermasknotebook.jpg|Mask na taimakawa wurin rage kamuwa da cutukan da ake shaƙa ta Iska File:Mask_and_glasses.jpg|Wani sanye da Mask </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fuska, Abin rufe}} qtgefe7kf1g7txiawx7ntucuuy854f5 0 15901 890816 263624 2026-08-03T03:22:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amy Jadesimi''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1976)ta kuma kasan ce wata 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Nijeriya kuma babbar jami'a ce ta Cibiyar Bayar da Lantarki ta Legas (LADOL), cibiyar sarrafa kayayyaki da injiniya a [[Apapa|Tashar Lagos ta]] Nijeriya. yar kasuwa bayarbiya kuka Mai rubuta da neman karajin kare haqqin talaka yar da mata yar Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752 |access-date=2020-11-17 |archive-date=2018-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223418/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fage da ilimi == An haifeta a Najeriya a shekarar 1976. Mahaifinta shine Cif Oladipo Jadesimi, shugaban zartarwa na LADOL . Mahaifiyarta, Alero Okotie-Eboh, tsohuwar mai watsa labarai ce wacce ta zama cikakken magidanci. Kakanta na wajen uwa, Cif Festus Okotie-Eboh, dan siyasa ne wanda ya zama Ministan Kudin Najeriya. Jadesimi ta yi karatu a makarantar Benenden da ke Ingila, sannan a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ta kammala BA a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da BMBCh a likitanci a shekarar 1999. Daga baya, ta sami MBA daga Stanford Graduate School of Business . Jadesimi 'yar'uwar' yar'uwar 'yar'uwar Emma McQuiston ce, samfurin zamani wacce a yanzu ta auri Marigayi Bath. == Ayyuka == Bayan makarantar likita, Goldman Sachs ya dauke ta aiki . Ta fara aiki a bangaren Bankin Zuba Jari na kamfanin, wanda ke ofishinsu a [[Landan]], tana mai da hankali kan hadaka, saye-saye da kuma kudaden kamfanoni. Ta yi aiki a can har tsawon shekaru uku. Duk da cewa Jadesimi an fi saninta da 'yar kasuwa, ba ta taɓa yin nufin barin fannin likitanci ba don neman wata sana'ar. Goldman Sachs ne ya ba ta aiki yayin da take aiki tare da wani kamfani a Oxford. Bayan ta yi aiki a can har tsawon shekaru uku, ba ta sake komawa asibiti ba ko aikinta na baya kuma a maimakon haka sai ta ci gaba da neman MBA a Stanford. Bayan kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Stanford, sai ta yi shekara guda a [https://brait.investoreports.com/about-us/ Brait SE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124123728/https://brait.investoreports.com/about-us/ |date=2026-01-24 }} a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta yi aiki a cikin ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu, a matsayin mai gudanar da ma'amala. A shekarar 2004, ta sake komawa mahaifarta ta koma LADOL, kamfanin sarrafa kayayyaki wanda mahaifinta ya fara a shekarar 2001. Bayan lokaci, sai ta hau kan mukamai kuma a shekarar 2009, hukumar ta nada ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Kasuwancin. Ta hanyar LADOL, Jadesimi ta shiga kungiyar Venture Strategies for Health and Development (VSHD) inda take aiki tare da wasu likitocin Najeriya da masu haihuwa domin rage yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Najeriya. Bayan da suka magance lamuran da yawa, Jadesimi da sauran likitocin sun lura cewa magungunan da ake amfani da su don rage mutuwar mata masu ciki suna da tsada; saboda haka, ba mata masu ciki da yawa zasu iya biyansu ba. VSHD ta fito da magani wanda ya dace sosai da mutuwar mata yayin haihuwa kuma ya fi kyau kasuwa. Karkashin kulawar Jadesimi, kungiyar ta hada gwiwa da wani babban kamfanin hada magunguna a Najeriya, Emzor Pharmaceuticals, don rarraba magungunan ta cikin Najeriya. Bayan LADOL, tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na Yariman Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya, kwamishiniyar kafa Kwamitin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma mai ba da gudummawa na Forbes. Wanda aka gabatar dashi a matsayin bako mai gabatar da kara a ''taron Afirka na'' Makarantar Kasuwancin ''Afirka'', yana magana akan haɗin kai da ci gaban nahiyar, daidai da abubuwan da Jadesimi ya gabatar don ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar fasaha mai suna ''Tunawa Don Tashi'' . == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2012, an zabi Jadesimi a matsayin Akbishop Desmond Tutu Fellow. A cikin 2013, an ba ta suna a matsayin Shugaba ta Matasa na Duniya ta Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Duniya . Har ila yau, a waccan shekarar ne Women'sungiyar Mata don Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta ba ta taken Hawan Hawan Allah. Forbes ta haɗa ta a cikin labarin na 20 20 estaramar Mata a Afirka. Jaridar Financial Times ta sanya mata suna daya daga cikin manyan 'yan Afirka 25 da Zata Duba. == Duba kuma == * Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya * [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] qxe74e19za3dpc1vmug4fdgmavwox5l 0 17560 890704 884341 2026-08-02T17:22:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 75w3h4vtcldc0qcdeiqnuu56r92xxng 890705 890704 2026-08-02T17:23:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana q5p7rlebsp0fuqwfb57buujogekm5xv 890706 890705 2026-08-02T17:24:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana hbtpl6046oxkb88fecc3kxgv3ezr42l 890708 890706 2026-08-02T17:26:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana s5u1wzjpwwirn07sjlaf8ooeze5jbmw 890709 890708 2026-08-02T17:27:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 59q5hxe6k8zx9qqvfrx8fpwo59buy4f 890711 890709 2026-08-02T17:28:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 99m84xhj3mnf1791qeh4r4vb1sossos 890712 890711 2026-08-02T17:29:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 67pg3wb1h7x17kvkr9cgrbejwk9c1k8 890713 890712 2026-08-02T17:30:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana sra268fbt7c470125qclqi2gx5jj1ei 890715 890713 2026-08-02T17:31:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 7u7qiteff3vrtwocpnqjmsvwihxmhqi 890717 890715 2026-08-02T17:33:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 6ht8g817c0ol2s7vdvos5jy1fzma6sy 890720 890717 2026-08-02T17:39:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a Shekara ta 2018. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 1ctc3md9202leokmtgpq69u9top2zrz 890721 890720 2026-08-02T17:40:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a Shekara ta 2018. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 131fmzzt0jmo4n4x2umwmslnym4kpxm 890722 890721 2026-08-02T17:41:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 890722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu shekarar 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu,shekarar 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.<ref name="Crib">{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}</ref><ref name="This">{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}</ref> Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . <ref name="Punch" /> Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984. <ref name="Block">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . <ref name="Crib" /> An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga Shekarar 1985 zuwa 1986. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan ƙirkire-ƙirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. <ref name="Crib" /> <ref name="This" /> Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[ƙungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. <ref name="Crib" /> : 125  Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. <ref name="Screen">{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}</ref> Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. <ref name="This"/> <ref name="Screen"/> Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. <ref name="Screen" /> Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a Shekara ta Shekarar 2018. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan." <ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017), ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019), ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021), ''Covenant'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610040847/https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}</ref> ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008), ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], <ref name="Netflix">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ''Estate'' (2017), . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018); shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: <ref name="Screen" /> <ref name="Crib" /> ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==Mana 1kz4qqnfin5ttcawwus905kgebdkcak 0 17740 890719 599326 2026-08-02T17:38:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Ishaq al-Heweny''' ( {{Lang-ar|أبو إسحاق الحوينى}}, An haife shi ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 1956 kuma ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Maris 2025). <ref name="DailyEgyptSalafi">[http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/11/07/al-nour-party-seeks-support-of-salafi-figures-in-parliamentary-elections/ Daily News Egypt: "Al-Nour Party seeks support of Salafi figures in parliamentary elections"] November 7, 2015</ref> <ref name="EgyptBans">[http://muslimvillage.com/2015/06/28/83307/egypt-bans-salafi-books-from-mosques/ Muslim Village: "Egypt bans Salafi books from mosques" by ABU HUDHAYFAH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610021344/https://muslimvillage.com/2015/06/28/83307/egypt-bans-salafi-books-from-mosques/ |date=2020-06-10 }} June 28, 2015</ref> an kuma haife shi ne a ƙauyen Hewen a cikin Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate a [[Misra|Misira]] . A shekarar 2015, Ma’aikatar kula da [[Addinai]] ta Masar ta fara wani yunkuri na cire duk wasu litattafai da malamai kamar Al Heweny suka rubuta daga dukkan masallatan Masar. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] c6pppl16by3zg9bozy6y00s57bmorkg 0 17818 890855 707497 2026-08-03T07:17:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''King Fahd National Library''' '''(KFNL,''' {{Lang-ar|مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية}} ), ya kasan ce shi ne ajiyar doka da kuma dakin karatu na haƙƙin mallaka na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. An kafa KFNL ne a shekarar 1983 a matsayin martani ga wani yunƙuri da mutanen [[Riyadh|Riyad suka yi]] lokacin da [[Fahd na Saudi Arabia|Sarki Fahd]] ya hau gadon sarauta. An sanar da aikin a cikin 1983 kuma aiwatarwa ya fara a 1986. Yanzu har zuwa yau, an san laburaren don dorewa da kuma ra'ayoyin yau da kullun. <ref> https://www.gerberarchitekten.de/en/project/king-fahad-national-library/</ref> == Bayani == An kafa laburaren a 1990 kuma yana cikin [[Riyadh]] . Daga cikin tarin na musamman akwai dakunan karatu na Ihsan Abbas, Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Abd al Aziz al Mani, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khamis, Sheikh Uthman Ibn Hamad al Haqil, Sheikh Muhammad Husayn Zaydan, Fawzan Ibn Abd al Aziz al Fawzan, Yusuf Ibrahim al Sallum, Muhammad Musa al Salim, Sheikh Muhammad Mansur al Shaqha, Sheikh Abd Allah Abd al Aziz al Anqari, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Umar al Sheikh, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al Nasban, da Sheikh Husayn Ibn Abd Allah al Jarisi. == Tarihin Laburare == Akwai sha'awar mutanen garin Riyadh su bayyana jin kaunarsu da amincinsu ga Mai Kula da Masallatan Kudus Guda Biyu. Sarki Fahd Rahamar Allah - a kan hawan sa mulki. Don haka don bayyana ta hanyar kafa ginin tunawa, shine sanarwar aikin Laburare a bikin, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar (1403H.) Wanda ya sami tallafin kayan daga jihar kanta. Ginin ya ƙunshi falon ƙasa wanda aka lulluɓe shi da benaye uku waɗanda falalen duniya yayi kyau sosai. An tsara shi ta yanayin tsarin gine-ginen zamani da aka yi wa rubutun larabci da marmara, kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmancin fasalulluka na wannan babban al'adun gargajiyar a kan muhimmin yanki mai muhimmanci tsakanin hanyoyin Sarki Fahd zuwa yamma ta titin Olaya na gabas. Inda wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ba laburaren damar samun nasara a cikin aikin rawar da yake da tazara mai yawa saboda isa da kuma bayyane wurin da kuma shahararriya, ita ce zuciyar Riyadh ta yau, ana kuma samunta a cikin laburaren ita kanta wuraren huta kuma jira. Aiwatar da aikin ya fara a shekara ta 1406 H. karkashin kulawar sakatariyar garin Riyadh, kuma a shekarar 1408 aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya; groupsungiyoyin ci gaban tsarin tsara shirye-shirye sun 'yantu, sun shirya kuma sun shirya, kuma sun sanya cibiyoyin gudanarwa da fasaha gabobinta, kuma a cikin 1409 H. an gina ginin, kayan [[ɗaki]] da kayan aiki. King Fahd National Library ya sami damar a cikin dan karamin lokacin tun kafuwar sa don cimma nasarori da yawa na buri. Hakan ya fara ne tun daga tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin tsari da bunkasa albarkatun mutane da bunkasa tarin dakunan karatu masu mahimmanci da kayan aiki. Don aiwatar da ayyukanta, da kuma cinma burinsu a fannonin rubuce-rubuce da adana samarda ilimin boko na Saudiyya. Kuma samar da sabis na bayanai, daidai da cikakken ci gaban da Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta shaida. A fannin gina laburaren tattara abubuwa ya ƙware da yawa daga cikin kayan da aka buga bayanai, da kayan sauti-na gani. Kamar faifai na gani da thumbnail, takaddun gida, tsabar kudi, litattafai da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu a ƙarshe suka sami rukunin farko na rubuce-rubucen Larabci da daraja daga Jami'ar Princeton da ke Amurka, waɗanda suke game da hotunan dukkan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da littattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba. Cewa dakin karatun ya samu a matsayin kyauta ta mai martaba Yarima Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, Janar Shugaban Jin Dadin Matasa - Rahamar Allah. Tunda tsarin shigar da aikace-aikace da kuma Lambar kasa da kasa a cikin 1414H, dakin karatun ya sami damar yin rikodi da kuma yin nuni da litattafai da yawa na yanzu da kuma na zamani, hakanan ya fara a shirye-shiryen karshe na nadar abubuwan sauti da bidiyo kuma an ajiye su bisa tsarin tsarin Filing din kasar bukatun. Don haka, laburaren ya samo musu mafi girman rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi wuri ɗaya, kuma ayyukan rajista da ayyukan rajista da laburaren ke gudanarwa ya canza fasalin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da ake ci gaba, ta ƙimar samar da ilimi ta Saudiyya. Dukansu a cikin kafofin cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje, kuma tun da laburaren Cibiyar ƙasa don ajiya da rajista ya zama mai ba da gudummawar gudummawar ingantacciyar ma'anar marubutan Saudiyya, kuma an buga, kuma ta ma'ana. Ta hanyar yin nuni a yayin turawa da kuma rarraba lambobin daidaitattun kasashen duniya. Laburaren yana kula da kayan aiki da tsarin kiyayewa, kulawar dawowa, da maidowa da kula da rubuce-rubuce da litattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba, kuma dakin karatun ya tanada bayanai, kuma yana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa, gami da samun hanyoyin samun bayanai game da mashinan gani, da gina hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai na ciki wadanda ke taimakawa tsara bayanai da yaduwa. A fannin ayyukan bayanai, Laburaren na ba da bayanai da amsar tambayoyin kai tsaye, kuma ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, Laburare yana da rawar taka rawa a cikin nune-nune na gida da na Larabawa don bugawa da kuma nuna wallafe-wallafenta da sauran abubuwan ilmi na Saudiyya, tare da sadarwa, da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, da musayar bayanai da wallafe-wallafe tare da hukumomin Larabawa da na kasashen waje, wanda ke nuna al'adu da rawar wayewa da laburare ke takawa ciki da waje. == Indexing == Laburaren yana binciko abubuwanda suke cikin Saudi Arabia wadanda suka hada da na asali ko wadanda aka fassara, nazarin litattafai, rubuce rubuce, ayyukan litattafan tarihi, binciken da aka gabatar ga taron tattaunawa da kuma taro da kuma buga dokoki ga kwastomomi ba tare da jadawalin bayanan Saudi da wadanda ba Saudi ba wadanda suke hulda da Saudi Arabia da Arab. sashin teku == Tarin Kulawa == Sterilization: Don adana tarin shi daga lalacewa saboda cin zarafi da abubuwan canjin yanayi, laburaren ya bakatar da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, takaddun takardu masu amfani da kayan aikin zamani. 1- Binding: Rukuni ne na dauri na daukar litattafai da aka kwafa. Littattafan da ba a cika kiyaye su ba kafin a ɗaura, sannan zinariya ta cika. 2-Microforms: Don kiyaye tarin tarin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakin ɗakin karatu yana tura jaridu, littattafai, rubuce-rubuce da takaddun kuɗi zuwa ƙananan microform, wannan yana kiyaye sarari da yawa kuma yana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa. 3- Yin kwafin hoto: Laburaren yana samar da ayyukan daukar hoto don daidaikunsa, kwastomomin kungiya da kuma amfanin kansa, amma ba shi da tsarin zagayawa, ayyukan daukar hoto suna la’akari da ‘yancin mallakar fasaha. 4- Rubuce-rubucen rubuce rubuce da kuma kula da takardu: Saboda kare lafiyar tarin rubuce rubuce da takardu, dakin karatu ya kafa sashin kulawa mai zaman kansa don kiyaye wadannan tarin tarin. == Adadin Dokoki == Aya daga cikin nasarorin ɗakunan karatu mafi yawa shine aikin ajiyar doka wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dokar masarauta mai lamba (M / 26 a ranar 7/9/1412 AH). Tun daga aiwatar da wannan aikin a 1414 AH, laburaren ya fara yin rajistar duk abin da aka buga a cikin masarautar tare da ba shi lambar ajiya kafin a buga shi. Dangane da ajiyar tsoffin littattafai, dakin karatun ya yi iyakar kokarinsa don tara tsofaffin littattafai ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da marubutan, kyaututtuka da siyan littattafan Saudiyya na farko da babu su a laburaren ko shagunan sayar da littattafai, dakin karatun ya tattara abubuwa da yawa tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗakunan karatu su mallaki dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya. == wallafe-wallafe == Dokar Laburare ta Kasa ta Sarki Fahd ta tabbatar da matsayin dakin karatu a cikin gudummawa da wallafe wallafe na bincike, karatu da laburare da jagororin sabis na bayanai, don haka, laburaren ya buga littattafai da yawa, nassoshi da jagorori don yi wa kwastomominsa. Don inganta ɗakunan karatu da sabis na bayanai da tarihin kafofin Saudi Arabia, an ba da laburaren (King Fahd National Library Journal), wata jaridar shekara-shekara kusa da (King Fahd National Library Abstracts Bulletin). == Rijista da Lambar Littafin Standardasashen Duniya don Saudi Arabia == Laburaren sun yi yarjejeniya da cibiyar yin rajista ta kasa da kasa da takamaiman Littattafan Addinai na Kasa da Kasa (ISBN, ISSN), don yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar kasa da ke da alhakin yin rajistar littattafai, lambobin sun bayyana a kan wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, baya ga jerin sunayen da aka buga. wanda ya inganta fasalin wallafar Saudiyya, da rashin daidaita tsarin sarrafa litattafan tarihi a matakin larabawa da na duniya, dakin karatun ya jagoranci sauran dakunan karatu na larabawa a wannan fanni dangane da amfani da ka’idojin kasa da kasa kamar yadda cibiyoyin kasa da kasa suka shaida, kodayake, dakin karatun ya samar wa kasa da kasa cibiyoyi a [[Faransa]] da Jamus tare da kula da wallafe-wallafen Saudiya da suka hada da masu buga labaran Saudiyya da adireshinsu. Cibiyoyin duniya suna bayar da jagororin shekara-shekara na wallafe-wallafen da ake bugawa a duk duniya ciki har da Saudi Arabiya, saboda haka, bugawar Saudiyyar ta zama ta duniya kuma ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bayanai kuma masu buga littattafan sun fahimci wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, masu wallafawa da adiresoshinsu wanda ya sa aka wallafa labaran Saudiyya sosai a duniya, da dakin karatu yana kuma ba wa [[UNESCO]] duk shekara da rahoto kan aikin bugawa da fassara a Saudiyya, an kuma zabi dakin karatun a matsayin cibiyar kasa don ajiyar wallafe-wallafen IFLA. == Shirya Bayani == Laburaren yana karbar tambayoyi da yawa a kowace shekara da tambayoyi masu zurfin bincike waɗanda ke buƙatar tattara bayanai da shirya shi a cikin sifofin da suka dace da bukatun abokin ciniki, laburaren ya yi littattafan tarihi da yawa na dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya daga littattafai, na zamani da fassara don bugawa a UNESCO da Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Ilimi., Wallafe-wallafen Al'adu da Kimiyya ta hanyar ma'aikatar ilimi ta Saudiyya, laburaren kuma suna ba da bayanan ƙididdiga game da bugawa a Saudi Arabia don ƙungiyoyi na duniya da masu bincike a duk faɗin duniya. == Sabis na Tunani == Ayyukan tunatarwa da aka samar wa kwastomomin dakin karatun sun bunkasa a matsayin ci gaban kayan aiki na bayanai wadanda suka hada da cikakkun bayanai na rubutu kusa da babbar rumbun adana laburaren, dakin karatun yana karbar bayanai da yawa na bincike kai tsaye ko ta wayar tarho, dakin karatun yana bayar da katunan dakin karatu ga kwastomomin da ya saba dasu. suna samun ingantaccen sabis. == Musayar Yanayi == Laburaren ya yi yarjejeniya da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya da cibiyoyin bayanai don amfani da tsarin musaya, wannan tsarin na iya hada da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya a nan gaba a karkashin kulawar dakin karatun. == Samun Fitowar Komputa == Laburaren yana samar da kayan kwastomomi ga kwastomominsa, waɗannan abubuwan da aka fitar sun haɗa da bayanan kundin tarihi da rubutu daga nassoshi daban-daban da albarkatun bayanai. == Tsaro na Kayan Tarihi == Rubuce-rubucen hannu suna da mahimmancin gaske a tarihi, kayan haɗi tsakanin na da da na yanzu, rubutun hannu rajista ne na al'adun mutane, al'adunsu da al'adunsu, al'adu da ci gaba, saboda haka, rashin rubutun yana nufin asarar tarihi. Dokar kare al'adun gargajiya, wanda aka bayar ta wata doka ta masarauta mai lamba (m / 23) mai kwanan wata, (16/5/1422 AH) wanda ke wakiltar muhimmin zobe a cikin tsarin al'adun Saudiyya. Wannan tsarin yana ɗayan ɗayan ayyukan ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. Ta hanyar wannan tsarin, dakin karatu na King Fahd National yayi kokarin yin rijistar duk wasu rubuce-rubuce na asali wadanda aka ajiye a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane ta hanyar bashi lamba da takardar shedar mallakar shi wanda ya hada da mai sunan rubutun, taken, marubucin da kwanan wata rubuce-rubuce, wannan bayanin yana taimaka wa mai shi idan ya ɓace, sayarwa ko kuma idan yana son ɗaukarsa a cikin masarautar. == Sabis ɗin da aka bayar ga Ownayan ersan Asalin Rubutun == 1-Takardar shaidar rajista na rubutun hannu. 2-Tsarin kimiyya na bayanan rubutu. 3-Rubutun rubutun hannu akan bukatar mai shi. 4-Bayar da haihuwa ga rubutu, shi ya sa ya dore. 5-Shigar da bayanan rubuce-rubuce a cikin Catalog Manuscript Catalog. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.kfnl.gov.sa/En/Pages/default.aspx King Fahad National Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118233439/https://kfnl.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx |date=2021-01-18 }} [[Category:Saudiyya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5iig0rp3dzwass07o0h4gpmd2o026x6 890922 890855 2026-08-03T11:36:25Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''King Fahd National Library''' '''(KFNL,''' {{Lang-ar|مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية}} ), ya kasan ce shi ne ajiyar doka da kuma dakin karatu na haƙƙin mallaka na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. An kafa KFNL ne a shekarar 1983 a matsayin martani ga wani yunƙuri da mutanen [[Riyadh|Riyad suka yi]] lokacin da [[Fahd na Saudi Arabia|Sarki Fahd]] ya hau gadon sarauta. An sanar da aikin a cikin 1983 kuma aiwatarwa ya fara a 1986. Yanzu har zuwa yau, an san laburaren don dorewa da kuma ra'ayoyin yau da kullun. <ref> https://www.gerberarchitekten.de/en/project/king-fahad-national-library/</ref> == Bayani == An kafa laburaren a shekarar 1990 kuma yana cikin [[Riyadh]] . Daga cikin tarin na musamman akwai dakunan karatu na Ihsan Abbas, Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Abd al Aziz al Mani, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khamis, Sheikh Uthman Ibn Hamad al Haqil, Sheikh Muhammad Husayn Zaydan, Fawzan Ibn Abd al Aziz al Fawzan, Yusuf Ibrahim al Sallum, Muhammad Musa al Salim, Sheikh Muhammad Mansur al Shaqha, Sheikh Abd Allah Abd al Aziz al Anqari, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Umar al Sheikh, Sheikh Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al Nasban, da Sheikh Husayn Ibn Abd Allah al Jarisi. == Tarihin Laburare == Akwai sha'awar mutanen garin Riyadh su bayyana jin kaunarsu da amincinsu ga Mai Kula da Masallatan Kudus Guda Biyu. Sarki Fahd Rahamar Allah - a kan hawan sa mulki. Don haka don bayyana ta hanyar kafa ginin tunawa, shine sanarwar aikin Laburare a bikin, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar (1403H.) Wanda ya sami tallafin kayan daga jihar kanta. Ginin ya ƙunshi falon ƙasa wanda aka lulluɓe shi da benaye uku waɗanda falalen duniya yayi kyau sosai. An kuma tsara shi ta yanayin tsarin gine-ginen zamani da aka yi wa rubutun larabci da marmara, kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmancin fasalulluka na wannan babban al'adun gargajiyar a kan muhimmin yanki mai muhimmanci tsakanin hanyoyin Sarki Fahd zuwa yamma ta titin Olaya na gabas. Inda wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ba laburaren damar samun nasara a cikin aikin rawar da yake da tazara mai yawa saboda isa da kuma bayyane wurin da kuma shahararriya, ita ce zuciyar Riyadh ta yau, ana kuma samunta a cikin laburaren ita kanta wuraren huta kuma jira. Aiwatar da aikin ya fara a shekara ta 1406 H. karkashin kulawar sakatariyar garin Riyadh, kuma a shekarar 1408 aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya; groupsungiyoyin ci gaban tsarin tsara shirye-shirye sun 'yantu, sun shirya kuma sun shirya, kuma sun sanya cibiyoyin gudanarwa da fasaha gabobinta, kuma a cikin 1409 H. an gina ginin, kayan [[ɗaki]] da kayan aiki. King Fahd National Library ya sami damar a cikin dan karamin lokacin tun kafuwar sa don cimma nasarori da yawa na buri. Hakan ya fara ne tun daga tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin tsari da bunkasa albarkatun mutane da bunkasa tarin dakunan karatu masu mahimmanci da kayan aiki. Don aiwatar da ayyukanta, da kuma cinma burinsu a fannonin rubuce-rubuce da adana samarda ilimin boko na Saudiyya. Kuma samar da sabis na bayanai, daidai da cikakken ci gaban da Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta shaida. A fannin gina laburaren tattara abubuwa ya ƙware da yawa daga cikin kayan da aka buga bayanai, da kayan sauti-na gani. Kamar faifai na gani da thumbnail, takaddun gida, tsabar kudi, litattafai da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu a ƙarshe suka sami rukunin farko na rubuce-rubucen Larabci da daraja daga Jami'ar Princeton da ke Amurka, waɗanda suke game da hotunan dukkan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da littattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba. Cewa dakin karatun ya samu a matsayin kyauta ta mai martaba Yarima Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, Janar Shugaban Jin Dadin Matasa - Rahamar Allah. Tunda tsarin shigar da aikace-aikace da kuma Lambar kasa da kasa a cikin 1414H, dakin karatun ya sami damar yin rikodi da kuma yin nuni da litattafai da yawa na yanzu da kuma na zamani, hakanan ya fara a shirye-shiryen karshe na nadar abubuwan sauti da bidiyo kuma an ajiye su bisa tsarin tsarin Filing din kasar bukatun. Don haka, laburaren ya samo musu mafi girman rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi wuri ɗaya, kuma ayyukan rajista da ayyukan rajista da laburaren ke gudanarwa ya canza fasalin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da ake ci gaba, ta ƙimar samar da ilimi ta Saudiyya. Dukansu a cikin kafofin cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje, kuma tun da laburaren Cibiyar ƙasa don ajiya da rajista ya zama mai ba da gudummawar gudummawar ingantacciyar ma'anar marubutan Saudiyya, kuma an buga, kuma ta ma'ana. Ta hanyar yin nuni a yayin turawa da kuma rarraba lambobin daidaitattun kasashen duniya. Laburaren yana kula da kayan aiki da tsarin kiyayewa, kulawar dawowa, da maidowa da kula da rubuce-rubuce da litattafan da ba kasafai suke gani ba, kuma dakin karatun ya tanada bayanai, kuma yana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa, gami da samun hanyoyin samun bayanai game da mashinan gani, da gina hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai na ciki wadanda ke taimakawa tsara bayanai da yaduwa. A fannin ayyukan bayanai, Laburaren na ba da bayanai da amsar tambayoyin kai tsaye, kuma ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, Laburare yana da rawar taka rawa a cikin nune-nune na gida da na Larabawa don bugawa da kuma nuna wallafe-wallafenta da sauran abubuwan ilmi na Saudiyya, tare da sadarwa, da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, da musayar bayanai da wallafe-wallafe tare da hukumomin Larabawa da na kasashen waje, wanda ke nuna al'adu da rawar wayewa da laburare ke takawa ciki da waje. == Indexing == Laburaren yana binciko abubuwanda suke cikin Saudi Arabia wadanda suka hada da na asali ko wadanda aka fassara, nazarin litattafai, rubuce rubuce, ayyukan litattafan tarihi, binciken da aka gabatar ga taron tattaunawa da kuma taro da kuma buga dokoki ga kwastomomi ba tare da jadawalin bayanan Saudi da wadanda ba Saudi ba wadanda suke hulda da Saudi Arabia da Arab. sashin teku == Tarin Kulawa == Sterilization: Don adana tarin shi daga lalacewa saboda cin zarafi da abubuwan canjin yanayi, laburaren ya bakatar da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, takaddun takardu masu amfani da kayan aikin zamani. 1- Binding: Rukuni ne na dauri na daukar litattafai da aka kwafa. Littattafan da ba a cika kiyaye su ba kafin a ɗaura, sannan zinariya ta cika. 2-Microforms: Don kiyaye tarin tarin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakin ɗakin karatu yana tura jaridu, littattafai, rubuce-rubuce da takaddun kuɗi zuwa ƙananan microform, wannan yana kiyaye sarari da yawa kuma yana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa. 3- Yin kwafin hoto: Laburaren yana samar da ayyukan daukar hoto don daidaikunsa, kwastomomin kungiya da kuma amfanin kansa, amma ba shi da tsarin zagayawa, ayyukan daukar hoto suna la’akari da ‘yancin mallakar fasaha. 4- Rubuce-rubucen rubuce rubuce da kuma kula da takardu: Saboda kare lafiyar tarin rubuce rubuce da takardu, dakin karatu ya kafa sashin kulawa mai zaman kansa don kiyaye wadannan tarin tarin. == Adadin Dokoki == Aya daga cikin nasarorin ɗakunan karatu mafi yawa shine aikin ajiyar doka wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dokar masarauta mai lamba (M / 26 a ranar 7/9/1412 AH). Tun daga aiwatar da wannan aikin a 1414 AH, laburaren ya fara yin rajistar duk abin da aka buga a cikin masarautar tare da ba shi lambar ajiya kafin a buga shi. Dangane da ajiyar tsoffin littattafai, dakin karatun ya yi iyakar kokarinsa don tara tsofaffin littattafai ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da marubutan, kyaututtuka da siyan littattafan Saudiyya na farko da babu su a laburaren ko shagunan sayar da littattafai, dakin karatun ya tattara abubuwa da yawa tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗakunan karatu su mallaki dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya. == wallafe-wallafe == Dokar Laburare ta Kasa ta Sarki Fahd ta tabbatar da matsayin dakin karatu a cikin gudummawa da wallafe wallafe na bincike, karatu da laburare da jagororin sabis na bayanai, don haka, laburaren ya buga littattafai da yawa, nassoshi da jagorori don yi wa kwastomominsa. Don inganta ɗakunan karatu da sabis na bayanai da tarihin kafofin Saudi Arabia, an ba da laburaren (King Fahd National Library Journal), wata jaridar shekara-shekara kusa da (King Fahd National Library Abstracts Bulletin). == Rijista da Lambar Littafin Standardasashen Duniya don Saudi Arabia == Laburaren sun yi yarjejeniya da cibiyar yin rajista ta kasa da kasa da takamaiman Littattafan Addinai na Kasa da Kasa (ISBN, ISSN), don yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar kasa da ke da alhakin yin rajistar littattafai, lambobin sun bayyana a kan wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, baya ga jerin sunayen da aka buga. wanda ya inganta fasalin wallafar Saudiyya, da rashin daidaita tsarin sarrafa litattafan tarihi a matakin larabawa da na duniya, dakin karatun ya jagoranci sauran dakunan karatu na larabawa a wannan fanni dangane da amfani da ka’idojin kasa da kasa kamar yadda cibiyoyin kasa da kasa suka shaida, kodayake, dakin karatun ya samar wa kasa da kasa cibiyoyi a [[Faransa]] da Jamus tare da kula da wallafe-wallafen Saudiya da suka hada da masu buga labaran Saudiyya da adireshinsu. Cibiyoyin duniya suna bayar da jagororin shekara-shekara na wallafe-wallafen da ake bugawa a duk duniya ciki har da Saudi Arabiya, saboda haka, bugawar Saudiyyar ta zama ta duniya kuma ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bayanai kuma masu buga littattafan sun fahimci wallafe-wallafen Saudiyya, masu wallafawa da adiresoshinsu wanda ya sa aka wallafa labaran Saudiyya sosai a duniya, da dakin karatu yana kuma ba wa [[UNESCO]] duk shekara da rahoto kan aikin bugawa da fassara a Saudiyya, an kuma zabi dakin karatun a matsayin cibiyar kasa don ajiyar wallafe-wallafen IFLA. == Shirya Bayani == Laburaren yana karbar tambayoyi da yawa a kowace shekara da tambayoyi masu zurfin bincike waɗanda ke buƙatar tattara bayanai da shirya shi a cikin sifofin da suka dace da bukatun abokin ciniki, laburaren ya yi littattafan tarihi da yawa na dukiyar ilimin Saudiyya daga littattafai, na zamani da fassara don bugawa a UNESCO da Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Ilimi., Wallafe-wallafen Al'adu da Kimiyya ta hanyar ma'aikatar ilimi ta Saudiyya, laburaren kuma suna ba da bayanan ƙididdiga game da bugawa a Saudi Arabia don ƙungiyoyi na duniya da masu bincike a duk faɗin duniya. == Sabis na Tunani == Ayyukan tunatarwa da aka samar wa kwastomomin dakin karatun sun bunkasa a matsayin ci gaban kayan aiki na bayanai wadanda suka hada da cikakkun bayanai na rubutu kusa da babbar rumbun adana laburaren, dakin karatun yana karbar bayanai da yawa na bincike kai tsaye ko ta wayar tarho, dakin karatun yana bayar da katunan dakin karatu ga kwastomomin da ya saba dasu. suna samun ingantaccen sabis. == Musayar Yanayi == Laburaren ya yi yarjejeniya da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya da cibiyoyin bayanai don amfani da tsarin musaya, wannan tsarin na iya hada da wasu dakunan karatu na Saudiyya a nan gaba a karkashin kulawar dakin karatun. == Samun Fitowar Komputa == Laburaren yana samar da kayan kwastomomi ga kwastomominsa, waɗannan abubuwan da aka fitar sun haɗa da bayanan kundin tarihi da rubutu daga nassoshi daban-daban da albarkatun bayanai. == Tsaro na Kayan Tarihi == Rubuce-rubucen hannu suna da mahimmancin gaske a tarihi, kayan haɗi tsakanin na da da na yanzu, rubutun hannu rajista ne na al'adun mutane, al'adunsu da al'adunsu, al'adu da ci gaba, saboda haka, rashin rubutun yana nufin asarar tarihi. Dokar kare al'adun gargajiya, wanda aka bayar ta wata doka ta masarauta mai lamba (m / 23) mai kwanan wata, (16/5/1422 AH) wanda ke wakiltar muhimmin zobe a cikin tsarin al'adun Saudiyya. Wannan tsarin yana ɗayan ɗayan ayyukan ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. Ta hanyar wannan tsarin, dakin karatu na King Fahd National yayi kokarin yin rijistar duk wasu rubuce-rubuce na asali wadanda aka ajiye a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane ta hanyar bashi lamba da takardar shedar mallakar shi wanda ya hada da mai sunan rubutun, taken, marubucin da kwanan wata rubuce-rubuce, wannan bayanin yana taimaka wa mai shi idan ya ɓace, sayarwa ko kuma idan yana son ɗaukarsa a cikin masarautar. == Sabis ɗin da aka bayar ga Ownayan ersan Asalin Rubutun == 1-Takardar shaidar rajista na rubutun hannu. 2-Tsarin kimiyya na bayanan rubutu. 3-Rubutun rubutun hannu akan bukatar mai shi. 4-Bayar da haihuwa ga rubutu, shi ya sa ya dore. 5-Shigar da bayanan rubuce-rubuce a cikin Catalog Manuscript Catalog. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.kfnl.gov.sa/En/Pages/default.aspx King Fahad National Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118233439/https://kfnl.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx |date=2021-01-18 }} [[Category:Saudiyya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0y6of04jkbqwt9ogibrs1bin2pz2ov0 0 20870 890810 699624 2026-08-03T02:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amina Abubakar''' wata farfesa ce ta Kenya a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da lafiyar jama'a a [[Jami'ar Pwani]] . Ita 'yar bincike ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kenya . Binciken ta yayi la'akari da jinkirin ci gaba a cikin yara masu cutar kanjamau, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Ita 'yar girmamawa ce a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . Abubakar ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a [[Jami'ar Moi]], sannan ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar ilimi a [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Culture and Human Development |url=http://www.iaccp.org/node/515 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529131523/http://www.iaccp.org/node/515 |archive-date=2018-05-29 |access-date=2018-05-28 |website=International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology}}</ref> Ta kammala digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Tilburg a shekarar 2008. Binciken da ta yi ya dubi abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga haɗari da juriya ga jarirai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Amina |last2=Van De Vijver |first2=Fons J.R. |last3=Mithwani |first3=Sadik |last4=Obiero |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Lewa |first5=Naomi |last6=Kenga |first6=Simon |last7=Katana |first7=Khamis |last8=Holding |first8=Penny |date=May 2007 |title=Assessing Developmental Outcomes in Children from Kilifi, Kenya, Following Prophylaxis for Seizures in Cerebral Malaria |journal=Journal of Health Psychology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=417–430 |doi=10.1177/1359105307076230 |issn=1359-1053 |pmc=4825880 |pmid=17439993}}</ref> Ta kasance abokiyar karatun postdoctoral a Jami'ar Utrecht da Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kenya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Amina |last2=Holding |first2=Penny |last3=Van de Vijver |first3=Fons J.R. |last4=Newton |first4=Charles |last5=Van Baar |first5=Anneloes |date=2009-11-27 |title=Children at risk for developmental delay can be recognised by stunting, being underweight, ill health, little maternal schooling or high gravidity |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=652–659 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02193.x |pmc=2919164 |pmid=19951363}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Amina |last2=Holding |first2=Penny |last3=Van Baar |first3=Anneloes |last4=Newton |first4=Charles R. J. C. |last5=Van de Vijver |first5=Fons J. R. |last6=Espy |first6=Kimberly Andrews |date=2013-09-04 |title=The Performance of Children Prenatally Exposed to HIV on the A-Not-B Task in Kilifi, Kenya: A Preliminary Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=4132–4142 |doi=10.3390/ijerph10094132 |pmc=3799506 |pmid=24008985 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Handbook of African Educational Theories and Practices |url=http://www.thehdrc.org/Handbook%20of%20African%20Educational%20Theories%20and%20Practices.pdf |access-date=2018-05-28 |website=Human Development Resource Centre}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == A cikin 2014 Abubakar ta shiga Jami'ar Lancaster a matsayin Marie Curie Fellow . Tana da lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa na Shugabannin Binciken Afirka. Ta haɓaka dabaru don ganowa, saka idanu da sake farfado da yara masu haɗari.<ref name=":0" /> Ta gudanar da bincike kan yadda abubuwan da ke tattare da mahallin ke tasiri ga jin daɗi a cikin matasa sama da 7,000 a cikin ƙasashe 24.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Measurement Invariance of the Brief Multidimensional Student's Life Satisfaction Scale Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults Across 23 Cultural Contexts - Forskning - Aarhus Universitet |url=http://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/measurement-invariance-of-the-brief-multidimensional-students-life-satisfaction-scale-among-adolescents-and-emerging-adults-across-23-cultural-contexts(0b08fada-6710-440d-84f1-c36f92d5fc2c).html |language=da |doi=10.1177/0734282915611284 |access-date=2018-05-28 |archive-date=2019-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229060957/https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/measurement-invariance-of-the-brief-multidimensional-students-life-satisfaction-scale-among-adolescents-and-emerging-adults-across-23-cultural-contexts(0b08fada-6710-440d-84f1-c36f92d5fc2c).html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta gano nasarar shiga tsakani don tallafawa ci gaban tunanin yara masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invited Speakers |url=http://www.issbd2014.com/s/293/t/409/99/b4/info104884.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612020813/http://www.issbd2014.com/s/293/t/409/99/b4/info104884.htm |archive-date=2014-06-12 |access-date=2018-05-28 |website=www.issbd2014.com}}</ref> Ta gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin alamun baƙin ciki na uwaye da sakamakon kiwon lafiya na yara na Afirka. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta== jj2mrzfku067g51vfw34kjsmn7u2acc 4 21908 890783 890326 2026-08-02T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 890783 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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Abbas|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 2 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} mjv68hyefq48yehpffs2oii4wc60ujt 0 21955 890789 490074 2026-08-02T21:56:35Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 890789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Not Your Usual Flooding in Botswana - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Xau]] '''Tafkin Xau''' wani tafki ne wanda wani lokacin busasshen tabki ne a cikin [[Botswana]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wildebeest (Connchaetes taurinus) Mortalities at Lake Xau, Botswana|last=Parry|first=David|year=1987|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=19|pages=95 harzuwa 101|jstor=40979793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/2012/03/lake-xau-revived-by-professor-c.html|title=Flow : Information for Okavango Delta Planning: Lake Xau reviewed by Professor Cornelis Vanderpost|author=Okavango Research Institute (ORI) Library|date=2012-03-19|website=Flow|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Ana ciyar da ita ta [[Kogin Boteti]] da Delta Okavango.<ref name="BL2009">{{cite web|url=http://birdlifebotswana.blogspot.com/2009/09/will-lake-xau-fill_22.html|title=Will Lake Xau fill?|website=BirdLife Botswana|date=22 October 2009}}</ref> An bayyana tabkin a matsayin "lokacin da yake rike ruwa, daya daga cikin muhimman wurare masu dausayi ga tsuntsayen ruwa a Kudancin Afirka".<ref name="SGP">{{cite web|url=https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=23415|title=Lake Xau: conservation to enhance livelihoods|work=The GEF Small Grants Programme|access-date=2021-07-01|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182616/https://sgp.undp.org/spacial-itemid-projects-landing-page/spacial-itemid-project-search-results/spacial-itemid-project-detailpage.html?view=projectdetail&id=23415|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == sg8lycennanxu5x1uhaf5ol9nh5njyd 0 22760 890698 449839 2026-08-02T16:23:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abimbola Alale''' Ya kasan ce masanin fasahar tauraron dan Adam ne a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya.]] A shekarar 2016, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar Jami’ar Kamfanin Sadarwa ta Najeriya da ke Satellite Limited wanda [[Goodluck Jonathan]], tsohon shugaban kasar ya nada. [[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sake nada ta a shekarar 2019 domin karin wa’adin shekaru 4 a ofis. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta tsaya a matsayin mace ta farko kuma tilo Shugaba ta babban kamfanin tauraron dan adam a Afirka, Turai, da Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-38367073/abimbola-alale-the-woman-taking-nigeria-to-space|title=The woman taking Nigeria to space|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin sararin samaniya da kuma digiri na MBA daga Jami'ar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya, Strasbourg, Faransa. Alale tana da digirin digirgir. shirin na Nazarin Zaman Lafiya, Tsaro da Nazari daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] . Ita mace ce mai 'ya'ya 10, 9 daga cikinsu an dauke su.<ref name=":12" /> == Ilimi da Kulawa == Abimbola yana da digiri na biyu a nazarin sararin samaniya da kuma digiri na MBA daga Jami'ar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya, Strasbourg, Faransa. Tana da digirin digirgir. shirin a cikin Lafiya, Tsaro da Nazarin Nazari daga Jami'o'in [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nassarawa.]] Alale yana da takardar sheda a Innovation Innovation da Leadership a Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Amurka. Ta halarci wani takaddun shaida a Makarantar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya da Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Gudanarwa, London.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://itedgenews.ng/2019/01/17/nigerian-government-renews-abimbola-alales-tenure-nigcomsat-mdceo/|title=Nigerian government renews Abimbola Alale’s tenure as NIGCOMSAT MD/CEO|last=ITEdgeNews|date=2019-01-17|website=ITEdgeNews.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412231035/http://itedgenews.ng/2019/01/17/nigerian-government-renews-abimbola-alales-tenure-nigcomsat-mdceo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Har sai da ta zama M / D da Shugaba na NIGCOMSAT, ta kasance Babban Darakta, Kasuwancin kamfanin.<ref name=":02" /> 2015, ta maye gurbin Injiniya Ahmed Timasaniyu. a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sadarwa na Sadarwar Najeriyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/abimbola-alale-appointed-nigcomsat-managing-director-for-another-4-years/|title=Abimbola Alale appointed NIGCOMSAT Managing Director for another 4 years|last=Africa|first=Space in|date=2019-01-11|website=Space in Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412231045/https://africanews.space/abimbola-alale-appointed-nigcomsat-managing-director-for-another-4-years/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na membobin Kwamitin Ba da Shawara a Majalisar Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (SGAC), 2018–2019. An tsara kwamitin ba da shawara don ba da babbar dabara da shawara ga SGAC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/nigcomsat-md-ceo-abimbola-alele-joins-sgac-advisory-board/|title=NIGCOMSAT MD & CEO, Abimbola Alale joins SGAC Advisory Board|last=Africa|first=Space in|date=2018-07-17|website=Space in Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=2020-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218234505/https://africanews.space/nigcomsat-md-ceo-abimbola-alele-joins-sgac-advisory-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa ga yawancin ayyukan ƙasa kamar nasa NigComSat-1, ayyukan NigComSat-1R da kuma kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Digital ta Kai tsaye zuwa Gida. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yarbawa]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] d1ai9a0jz6d7apppu7jnfgptruye049 0 22993 890890 644794 2026-08-03T10:21:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babban cocin Enda Mariam''' (Tigrinya: ቤተ-Kiristaniyan kamar Maryamu) cocin Orthodox ne na Asiriya a Asmara, kasar Eritrea. Babban cocin yana kan titin Arbate Asmara. == Suna == A cikin yaren Tigrinya ''enda'' (እንዳ) na nufin "wurin, mazaunin (wani abu, mutum, da sauransu)". Don haka, idan aka haɗe shi da wani suna, yana nuna tsarin da ke da alaƙa da wancan. Don haka ''enda bani'' (burodi) na nufin gidan burodi, ''enda afras'' (dawakai) na nufin barga, ''enda dewel'' (kararrawa) na nufin hasumiyar coci ko kuma ''belfry'', ''enda tseba'' (madara) na nufin kiwo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigrinya-English English-Tigrinya Dictionary |url=http://www.memhr.org/dic/ebook/tigengdictionary.pdf |access-date=2021-07-23 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020142020/http://www.memhr.org/dic/ebook/tigengdictionary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Mariam'' (ማርያም) tana nufin Maryamu. Har ila yau ana kiran cocin ''Kidisti Mariam'' (Saint Mary).<ref name="shabait">{{Cite web |title=Eritrean Ministry of Information, "History of Saint Mary Church" |url=http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/8736-asmara-hub-of-ancient-and-contemporary-architecture-part-iii-and-final |access-date=2021-07-23 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828011026/http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/8736-asmara-hub-of-ancient-and-contemporary-architecture-part-iii-and-final |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siffantarwa == Cocin (a cikin tsarin katako mai sauƙi) ya kasance a Asmara tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. A farkon 1930s, gwamnan Italia na Asmara ya ba da umarnin ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsari tare da kayan gini na zamani kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar masu zanen Italiya. A cikin salon sa na yau da kullun/mai ra'ayin zamani, cocin ya faro ne daga 1938, lokacin da wani masanin gine-ginen Italiya wanda ba a san shi ba,<ref name="Anderson">[https://books.google.com/books?id=MlWrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&dq=%22Asmara+E+Gallo%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Asmara%20E%20Gallo%22&f=false Sean Anderson, ''Modern Architecture and its Representation in Colonial Eritrea: An In-visible Colony, 1890-1941'' (Routledge 2016), Illustration 2.34] {{ISBN|978-1-31709477-7}}</ref> ya ƙara ɓangarorin sama na hasumiyoyin biyu masu faɗi da kuma kula da faɗade na zamani zuwa fasalin 1920 wanda Ernesto Gallo ya tsara.<ref name="shabait" /><ref name="Anderson" /><ref name="Bradt117">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA117&dq=Denison+%22original+church%22+hidmo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH1p7Y34LSAhWCJMAKHVPnCGEQ6AEIMTAA#v=onepage&q=Denison%20%22original%20church%22%20hidmo&f=false Edward Denison, Edward Paice, ''Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide'' (Bradt Travel Guides 2007), p. 117] {{ISBN|978-1-84162171-5}}</ref> Sanarwar ta 1920 an kuma danganta ta ga Odoardo Cavagnari,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.fidelityhouse.eu/viaggi/guida-di-asmara-103289.html |title=Fidelity House, "Guida di Asmara" |access-date=2021-07-23 |archive-date=2017-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075809/http://news.fidelityhouse.eu/viaggi/guida-di-asmara-103289.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya tsara gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Asmara da tashar sabis na Asmara na gaba na [[Ginin Fiat Tagliero|Fiat Tagliero]],<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/17/asmara-eritrea-fiat-tagliero-service-station-history-cities-50-buildings ''The Guardian'', "Asmara's ][[Fiat Tagliero Building|Fiat Tagliero service station]]<span>: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 18"</span></ref> kuma wanda shi ne Shugaban Ayyuka na Asmara.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=cavagnari+asmara&source=bl&ots=M1_JQQJgyD&sig=WG7aCiqDIKEugfLs3VILrvuu6rI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJl93OpIHSAhXmAsAKHT0ACKgQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=cavagnari%20asmara&f=false Edward Denison, Edward Paice, ''Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide'' (Bradt Travel Guides 2007), p. 84] {{ISBN|978-1-84162171-5}}</ref> Dukansu manyan bangarorin biyu da kuma manyan hasumiyar murabba'i masu kangado wadanda suka tallafeta an gina su ne a cikin wasu yadudduka na tubali da dutse, suna yin kwatankwacin yadudduka na itace da dutse na gine-ginen Aksumite, dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita tsawon ƙarnika a tsaunukan Eritriya. An sanya katako masu goyan bayan katako a cikin waɗannan gine-ginen "taken biri".<ref name="Bradt117" /><ref>[[Lonely Planet]] Ethiopia & Eritrea. Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet - 2006 -1741044367 Page 315 "Another outstanding monument, the Enda Mariam Orthodox Cathedral (Map p311 ; Arbate Asmara St), to the east, was built in 1938 and is a curious blend of Italian and Eritrean architecture. Its central block is flanked by large square towers"</ref><ref>[http://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/event/9-september-event-modernist-architecture-in-asmara-eritrea/ Africa Research Institute, "Modernist architecture in Asmara, Eritrea]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:EndaMariam1930.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EndaMariam1930.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Cocin kafin lokacin tarawa na Italia]] == Siffofin da suka gabata == A bayanansa na ziyarar da Eritrea da gwamnatin Italia, Ferdinando Martini ta aika zuwa Eritrea a 1891 bisa laákari da irin halin rashin mutuncin da yake da shi game da duk al<nowiki>'amuran da suka shafi ''Abisiniya''</nowiki> na asali, ya bayyana cocin da ke Asmara a lokacin da ba shi da mutunci kamar na bukkoki na ciyawa a gonakin Italiyanci.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/nellaffricaital01martgoog#page/n115/mode/2up Ferdinando Martini, ''Nell'Africa Italiana: Impressioni e Ricordi'', fourth (illustrated) edition, 1896, p. 102]</ref> Buga na huɗu (1896) na littafinsa ya haɗa da hoto na cocin,<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/9/9e/AsmaraChurch1895.jpg Chiesa abissina all'Asmara]</ref> tsawonsa ya kai mita bakwai, tare da bangon gargajiyar "kan biri" da rufin soro wanda ƙarancin katangar ta goyi bayan abin da yake gaban bangon. Wani hoto na 1922 na cocin da hasumiyoyinsa guda biyu a cikin sifarsu ta 1920<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/7/7f/EndaMariam1930.jpg Ande Mariam in 1922]</ref> ya nuna cewa a lokacin ba shi da wata alama ta zamani, ta Turai. == Sauran manyan gine-ginen addini == [[File:Churchesndmosque_eritrea.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchesndmosque_eritrea.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Enda Mariam tare da, a bango, hasumiyar kararrawa na [[Cocin Uwargidanmu na Rosary, Asmara|Cocin Uwargidanmu na Rosary]] da kuma minaret na Babban [[Babban Masallacin Asmara|Masallacin Kulafah Al Rashidan]]]] Yana daya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren tarihi na addini guda uku a cikin garin, sauran kuma sune: [[Cocin Uwargidanmu na Rosary, Asmara|Cocin Uwargidanmu na Rosary]] da kuma [[Babban Masallacin Asmara|Babban Masallacin Kulafah Al Rashidan]].<ref name="Sites">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asmera.nl/asmara-churches.htm|title=Religious sites of Asmara (1)|accessdate=26 April 2015|publisher=asmera.nl}}</ref> == Bukin shekara-shekara == Ana yin bikin Nigdet na cocin (bikin addini) na Maryamu a ranar 30 Nuwamba (1 ga Disamba idan shekara mai zuwa ta Miladiyya shekara ce ta tsalle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asmera.nl/eritrea2005/eritrea6A30.htm|title=Asmara Eritrea (Nigdet)- November 30th 2005|publisher=Asmera.nl|accessdate=30 April 2015}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Manazarta == asc5vj72jupfofd3w8c0j2qpme4x1fh 0 24221 890826 582282 2026-08-03T04:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh''' shugabar ƴar kasuwa ce ta Ghana kuma Babbar Manajar Yankin IBM na Afirka mai kula da Arewa, Gabas da Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/ibm-appoints-ghanas-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-as-regional-head-for-africa/|title=IBM appoints Ghana's Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh as regional head for Africa|first=Jonas|last=Nyabor|website=Citi NewsRoom|date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/IBM-appoints-Angela-Kyerematen-Jimoh-as-1st-female-boss-for-Africa-1005682|title=IBM appoints Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh as 1st female boss for Africa|website=GhanaWeb|date=2020-07-13}}</ref> Ita ce tsohowar Babbar Manaja ta Kasar Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/ibm-appoints-new-country-manager--91361|title=IBM appoints new Country Manager|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gipcghana.com/press-and-media/427-big-data-big-opportunity-for-ghana-ibm-boss.html|title=Big Data, Big Opportunity For Ghana - IBM Boss - Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC)|website=www.gipcghana.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/07/03/ibm-appoints-new-country-general-manger-for-ghana/angela-kyerematen-jimoh-country-gm-ibm-ghana/|title=Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh (Country GM, IBM Ghana)|work=Ghana News|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100301/http://citifmonline.com/2015/07/03/ibm-appoints-new-country-general-manger-for-ghana/angela-kyerematen-jimoh-country-gm-ibm-ghana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama daraktan ƙasa na IBM a Afirka<ref name="Akpah">{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/802767/ibm-ghana-ceo-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-receives-womanrising.html|title=IBM Ghana CEO, Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh Receives WomanRising Award|last=Akpah|first=Prince|work=Modern Ghana|date=2017-09-15|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-gb}}</ref> kuma mace ta farko da aka fara nadawa Babban Manajan Yanki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://3news.com/ibm-appoints-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-as-1st-female-boss-for-africa/|title=IBM appoints Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh as 1st female boss for Africa|website=3News|date=2020-07-12|access-date=2021-08-22|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822142237/https://3news.com/ibm-appoints-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-as-1st-female-boss-for-africa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Angela tana da BA a Talla da Faransanci. Ita ce tsofaffin ɗaliban Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/angela-kyerematen-jimoh-heads-ibm-ghana-country-ge/10313/|title=Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh heads IBM Ghana as Country General Manager|work=BiztechAfrica|date=2020-07-07|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100301/http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/angela-kyerematen-jimoh-heads-ibm-ghana-country-ge/10313/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsdog.today/a/article/5a40997212313a18d9e32fc8/?d=false|title=Powerful CEOs: The most stylish female Ghanaian CEOs of 2017 - NewsDog|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161801/http://newsdog.today/a/article/5a40997212313a18d9e32fc8/?d=false|archive-date=2018-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ma tsohuwar daliba ce a makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Wesley da makarantar Achimota a Ghana. == Aiki == Tana da shekaru ashirin 20 da ƙwarewar aiki a cikin ayyukan kuɗi da masana'antun fasaha a Afirka da Turai. A shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha daya 2011 ta shiga IBM a matsayin Manajan Kasuwancin Yankin da ke da alhakin IBM West Africa. Daga baya ta koma Nairobi, Kenya a matsayin Jagoran Dabarun ayyukan IBM na Tsakiya, Gabas da Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/ibm-appoints-new-country-manager--91361|title=IBM appoints new Country Manager|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://citibusinessnews.com/index.php/2015/07/03/ibm-appoints-new-country-general-manger-for-ghana/|title=IBM appoints new Country General Manger for Ghana - Ghana Business News|date=2015-07-03|work=Ghana Business News|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100009/http://citibusinessnews.com/index.php/2015/07/03/ibm-appoints-new-country-general-manger-for-ghana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Madam Angela Keyematen tana zama memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Ghana wanda Dr. Ernest Addison ke jagoranta wanda hukumar za ta dauki nauyin tsara manufofi don cimma burin manyan bankunan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-21|title=Interrogate the issue of high interest rates in Ghana – Akufo-Addo to new BoG Board|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Interrogate-the-issue-of-high-interest-rates-in-Ghana-Akufo-Addo-to-new-BoG-Board-1338223|access-date=2021-08-21|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821120920/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Interrogate-the-issue-of-high-interest-rates-in-Ghana-Akufo-Addo-to-new-BoG-Board-1338223|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin Janairu, shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da hudu 2022, Microsoft ya sanar da nadin Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh, kwararre kan harkokin shari'a na kasa da kasa, a matsayin sabuwar Manajan Haɗin Kan Dabarun Afirka a cikin sabon Ofishin Canjin Afirka (ATO). Ofishin zai mayar da hankali kan samar da ci gaba da saka hannun jari a wasu muhimman fannonin ci gaba guda hudu: ababen more rayuwa na dijital, bunkasa fasaha, kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMEs) da farawa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=La Ghanéenne Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh nommée responsable du nouveau partenariat stratégique Afrique chez Microsoft|url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/01/11/la-ghaneenne-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-nommee-responsable-du-nouveauveau -partenariat-strategique-afrique-chez-microsoft/|damar-date=2022-01-11|shafin yanar gizo=Afrik|harshe=fr}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == WomanRising ta sanya ta a cikin Manyan Shugabannin Mata 50 na Kamfanoni a Ghana na 2016.<ref name="Akpah" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Google-Ghana-CEO-receives-top-corporate-women-leaders-award-591388|title=Google Ghana CEO receives top corporate women leaders award|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|date=2017-10-16|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsofthesouth.com/ibm-ghana-ceo-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-receives-womanrising-award/|title=IBM Ghana CEO Angela Kyerematen- Jimoh Receives WOmanRising Award {{!}} News of the South|website=newsofthesouth.com|first=Prince|last=Akpah|date=2017-09-16|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100126/http://newsofthesouth.com/ibm-ghana-ceo-angela-kyerematen-jimoh-receives-womanrising-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2017/09/15/IBM_Ghana_CEO_Angela_KyerematenJimoh_Receives_WomanRising_Aw/|title=IBM Ghana CEO, Angela Kyerematen-Jimoh Receives WomanRising Award|website=article.wn.com|language=en|date=2017-09-15|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/business/news/201610/294023.php|title=Top 50 Women Corporate Leaders in Ghana|last=Online|first=Peace FM|date=2016-10-05|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095936/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/business/news/201610/294023.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 6n8sqp7i72l9idw73rojo6db891lwnf 0 24974 890746 438904 2026-08-02T19:51:54Z Baffa ali 47435 890746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vincent Ikechuka Gabriel''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1931) ɗan wasan gasar tsalle tsalle na Maza a Najeriya . Ya yi gasa na tsalle -tsalle na maza a Gasar Wasannin na bazara a 1956 . <ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/vincent-gabriel-1.html|title=Vincent Gabriel Olympic Results|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094210/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/vincent-gabriel-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1931]] r7ydom5i3a40cxz2xy9bwbum7mxpfp4 0 25877 890760 673525 2026-08-02T20:51:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akinyinka Omigbodun''' farfesa ne, [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, kuma likitan mata ne , kuma tsohon malami ne a [[College of Medicine, University of Ibadan|Kwalejin Medicine, Jami'ar Ibadan]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhancement of health research capacity in Nigeria through north-south and in-country partnerships| pmid=25072590 | pmc=5207797 | doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000000353 | volume=89| issue=8 Suppl | journal=Acad Med| pages=S93–7 | last1 = Olaleye | first1 = DO | last2 = Odaibo | first2 = GN | last3 = Carney | first3 = P | last4 = Agbaji | first4 = O | last5 = Sagay | first5 = AS | last6 = Muktar | first6 = H | last7 = Akinyinka | first7 = OO | last8 = Omigbodun | first8 = AO | last9 = Ogunniyi | first9 = A | last10 = Gashau | first10 = W | last11 = Akanmu | first11 = S | last12 = Ogunsola | first12 = F | last13 = Chukwuka | first13 = C | last14 = Okonkwo | first14 = PI | last15 = Meloni | first15 = ST | last16 = Adewole | first16 = I | last17 = Kanki | first17 = PJ | last18 = Murphy | first18 = RL| year=2014 }}</ref> Ya yi aiki ne a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Likitoci na Yammacin Afirka kuma shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na [[Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa]] (CARTA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nannewsnigeria.com/west-african-college-surgeons-rates-ondo-state-high-healthcare-delivery|title=West African College of Surgeons rates Ondo State high in healthcare delivery|work=News Agency of Nigeria|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195532/http://nannewsnigeria.com/west-african-college-surgeons-rates-ondo-state-high-healthcare-delivery|archive-date=2016-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wacscoac.org/index.php/component/content/category/2-uncategorised|title=West African College of Surgeons|work=wacscoac.org|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225085600/https://www.wacscoac.org/index.php/component/content/category/2-uncategorised|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Aiki== Sha'awar binciken sa tana cikin yankin [[Gynecologic oncology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theg4alliance.org/about-g4-alliance-interim-board-of-directors/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128053315/http://www.theg4alliance.org/about-g4-alliance-interim-board-of-directors/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2015 |title=Interim Board of Directors — The G4 Alliance |work=www.theg4alliance.org/ |access-date=September 15, 2015 }}</ref> Shi memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa, [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|kuma Jami'ar Jihar Osun]] [[Rauf Aregbesola|, ne wanda Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola]], babban gwamnan ne na [[Osun|jihar Osun ya]] naɗa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/uniosun-gets-new-governing-council-as-aregbesola-calls-for-refocusing-of-varsity-education/|title=UNIOSUN gets new Governing Council as Aregbesola calls for refocusing of versity education|work=The Eagle Online|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai magana ne a wani taron tattaunawa da manema labarai da aka gudanar a Legas, inda ya kuma gabatar da rahotonsa kan ''Binciken'' Abubuwan Bukatu na [[Ekiti]] da [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]. Bincikensa ya yi niyyar taimakawa wajen samar da tsare -tsaren ayyuka don magance ci gaban zamantakewa da al'amuran lafiyar haihuwa na matasan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/782808/nas-mobilises-action-on-youth-social-development.html|title=NAS mobilises action on youth social development|work=Latest Nigerian News|access-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Omigbodun a [[jihar Osun]] dake kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Ya samu digiri na farko (M.B.B.S) a fannin likitanci a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Ibadan a watan Yuni, shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin 1980. Bayan kammala hidimar Matasa na ƙasa na shekara ɗaya (NYSC) a Najeriya, ya fara koyon horo na zama a fannin mata masu ciki a shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982. Bayan ya kammala horon a shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai 1987, ya zama daya daga cikin ƴan Kwalejin Likitoci ta Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun|title=Prof. Akinyinka O. Omigbodun|work=University of Ibadan|access-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> ==Sana'a== A watan Oktoba na shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997 aka nada shi Farfesa a fannin ilimin mata masu ciki da mata a jami'ar Ibadan sannan a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002 ya zama babban mai kula da kwasa-kwasai a kwalejin likitocin fida ta Afirka ta yamma<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartafrica.org/cms/board-of-management|title=Board of Management- CARTA|work=cartafica.org|access-date=September 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054528/http://www.cartafrica.org/cms/board-of-management|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya, ƙungiyar koli ta ilimi a Najeriya. An shigar da shi makarantar, tare da Farfesa Mojeed Olayide Abass, Farfesa dan Najeriya a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Legas da Farfesa Isaac Folorunso Adewole, tsohon mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Ibadan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/ |title=Fellows of the academy |work=www.nas.org.ng |access-date=September 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109232120/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/ |archive-date=November 9, 2015 }}</ref> ==Kyaututtuka da karramawa== Farfesa Omigbodun ya samu kyautuka da karramawa da yawa bisa ga irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a fannin likitanci da ilimi. Shi mai karɓar (Audrey Meyer Mars Clinical Oncology Fellowship) da kuma Fellowship of the [[American Cancer Society]]. A watan Nuwamba 1996, ya ba da lambar yabo ta [[American Society for Reproductive Medicine]] ga mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa a taron shekara-shekara karo na 52 da aka gudanar a [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/omigbodun-cv|title=College of Medcine Ibadan Page Not Found|website=www.com.ui.edu.ng|access-date=2020-02-06|archive-date=2020-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206123604/https://www.com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/omigbodun-cv|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Memba== * Memba, Majalisar Likitoci da Haƙori na Najeriya (2006-2010) * Kwamitin Ilimi na Memba, Majalisar Likitoci da Haƙori na Najeriya (2006-2010) * Kotun ladabtar da Ma'aikatan Lafiya da Haƙori, Majalisar Likitoci da Haƙori na Najeriya (2006-2010) * Memba, Majalisar Mulki, Jami'ar Ibadan (2006-2010) * Memba, Kwamitin Kudi da Gudanarwa, Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan (2006-2010) * Member Board of Management, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan (2006-2010) * Wakilin Hukumar Gudanarwa, Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jihar Osun, Osogbo * Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Binciken Ciwon daji HPV Rukunin Nazarin Yaduwar Bincike (1999-2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501 |title=Professor Akinyinka Omigbodun |work=University of Ibadan |access-date=September 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927142319/http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501 |archive-date=September 27, 2015 }}</ref> * Memba, Majalisar Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Jihar Osun (2012 har zuwa yau). ==Maƙalolin ilimi da aka zaɓa== *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | title = Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a sexually transmitted diseases' clinic population in Nigeria | journal = J. Obstet. Gynaecol. East Cent. Afr | volume = 1988 | issue = 7| pages = 74–77 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1989| title = Choice of intravenous fluid infusion in labour and maternal postpartum blood pressure | journal = Trop. Geogr. Med. | volume = 1989 | issue = 41| pages = 227–229 | pmid = 2595800 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | title = Maintaining standards in practice through medical audit | journal = Niger. Med. J. | volume = 1989 | issue = 19| pages = 195–199 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1990 | title = Efficacy of ceftazidime in the treatment of acute pelvic infections | journal = Niger Med. Pract. | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 77–78 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1991| title = Management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia where colposcopy is not available | journal = Cent. Afr. J. Med. | volume = 1991 | issue = 37| pages = 7–11 | pmid = 2060008 }} *Omigbodun AO and Akanmu TI. Clinicopathologic correlates of disease stage in Nigerian cervical cancer patients ''J. Obstet. Gynaecol. East. Cent. Afr.'', 1991, 9:79-82. *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | title = Effects of using either saline or glucose as a vehicle for infusion in labour East | journal = East. Afr. Med. J. | volume = 1991 | issue = 68| pages = 88–92 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | title = Organisation of maternity care services in developing countries | journal = Dokita Journal of Medicine | volume = 1991 | issue = 21| pages = 51–54 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1992| title = Invasive cervical carcinoma in two sisters | journal = West Afr. J. Med. | volume = 1992 | issue = 11| pages = 158–161 | pmid = 1390378 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1992| title = Ultrasonography as an adjunct to hydrotubation in the management of female infertility | journal = Cent. Afr. J. Med. | volume = 1992 | issue = 38| pages = 345–350 | pmid = 1486618 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | title = Effects of saline and glucose infusions of oxytocin on neonatal bilirubin levels | journal = Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. | volume = 1993 | issue = 40| pages = 235–239 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Omigbodun | first1 = AO |display-authors=etal | year = 1993 | title = Triage of patients with abnormal smears in the absence of colposcopy | journal = Trop. Geogr. Med. | volume = 45 | pages = 157–158 }} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Osun]] [[Category:Tsoffin Daliban Jami'ar Ibadan]] [[Category:Mai Binciken Ciwon Kansa]] 0ft71txbdfu9usngikh8xpzrd5tsfel 0 28179 890646 888678 2026-08-02T13:20:09Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Selected filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361636711|Charles Inojie]]" 890646 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> Charles inoj Alma mater Aiki, shekara ta yanxu,yara '''Charles Inojie''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], [[Darakta|Daraktan fim]] kuma furodusa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=People don't take me serious - Comic actor, Charles Inojie {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/243662-people-dont-take-serious-comic-actor-charles-inojie.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> An san shi da rawar da yake takawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Charles ya fito ne daga dangin sarauta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=People don't take me serious - Comic actor, Charles Inojie {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/243662-people-dont-take-serious-comic-actor-charles-inojie.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/243662-people-dont-take-serious-comic-actor-charles-inojie.html "People don't take me serious - Comic actor, Charles Inojie | Premium Times Nigeria"]. 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ya girma tare da kakarsa, kuma da wuya ya tuna da mahaifiyarsa saboda tun yana ƙarami an tura shi zuwa wani wuri na ƙasa don manufar kiyaye tsohuwar kakarsa. Charles Inojie, sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, da kuma furodusa, ya fito ne daga dangin sarauta. An yi amfani da shekarunsa na farko a ƙarƙashin kulawar kakarsa, inda ya samar da alaƙa da ta tsara abubuwan da ya samu na farko. Ya rabu da mahaifiyarsa tun yana ƙarami, Charles ya sami ta'aziyya a cikin abokantaka tare da kakarsa mai tsufa, yanke shawara da za ta yi tasiri sosai ga yadda ya girma.<ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da burin zama lauya, hanyar Charles ta ɗauki canji daban bayan ta halarci wurin shakatawa na marubucin Bode Osoyin. A lokacin wannan gogewa ce mai canzawa ya yanke shawarar bin takardar shaidar a cikin zane-zane. A shekara ta 1993, ya sami nasarar cimma wannan burin, ya kafa tushe ga makomar sa a duniyar nishaɗi. Daga baya, Charles ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Port Harcourt a shekarar 1999, yana ƙarfafa jajircewarsa ga sana'ar sa ta wasan kwaikwayo. == Ayyuka == Bayan ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, sai ya shiga kungiyoyi daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya yanke shawarar samun ƙarin ilimi a fagen wasan kwaikwayo sannan ya shiga cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na shekara guda a Bode Osoyin's Writers Resort, inda ya sami takardar shaidar Dramatic Arts bayan kammala shirin a 1993. <ref name="famoustoday.com.ng">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today |url=https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://famoustoday.com.ng/charles-inojie-biography/ "Charles Inojie Biography: Age, Wife, Children & Net Worth - Famous Today"]. 12 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Port Harcourt a 1999, <ref>{{Cite web |title=People believe I’m not educated though I’ve a first degree – Charles Inojie, comedian |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/43218/people-believe-im-not-educated-though-ive-a-first-degree-.html |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> ya koma Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-07-19 |title=People don't know I'm educated due to my comic roles — Charles Inojie |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/people-dont-know-im-educated-due-to-my-comic-roles-charles-inojie/ |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref>How Ya zama mataimakin darektan kamfanin samar da [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]. A cikin 2016, mambobi daga Screen Writers Guild of Nigeria (SWGN) sun nada Inojie a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kwadago. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Inojie ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel|Otal din Royal Hibiscus]] (2017) a matsayin Chef'' * ''Abincin dare (2016) a matsayin mai tsaron filin jirgin sama'' * ''Broken Soul (2015) a matsayin Chijioke'' * ''Shattered Soul (2015) a matsayin Chijioke'' * Mista Potosky (2014) a matsayin Potosky * Native Fowl (2014) a matsayin Ebuka * ''Open & Close (2011) a matsayin Agu'' * ''Miji Ƙafaina (2008) a matsayin Victor'' * ''Miji Ƙafa II (2009) '' * ''Binciken Bincike (2007) a matsayin Bitrus'' * ''Mutum Mai Tsarki (2007) '' * ''Mutum Mai Tsarki II (2007) '' * ''Mutum Mai Tsarki III (2007) '' * ''Ina Bukatar Miji (2007) '' * ''Ina Bukatar Miji II (2007) '' * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Fiye da zafi (2006) '' * ''Fiye da Heat II (2006) '' * ''Mai cinyewa (2006) '' * ''Wolves (2006) a matsayin Wesley'' * ''Wolves II (2006) '' * ''Mai ɗaukar 'yan sanda (2003) '' * ''[[Issakaba]] (2001) '' * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfanin (2008) a matsayin Dombra'' * ''Jirgin sama Crash (2008) a matsayin Edwin'' * ''Love Wahala (2014) a matsayin Rufus'' * ''Babbar da ta fi zafi a cikin gari'' * ''The In-laws (2017) a matsayin Donald'' * ''Mutumin Talakawa Mai Tsoro'' * ''Masu Hustlers na Nollywood'' * ''Mista Ibu Dance Skelewu'' * ''Oga Madam'' * ''Gidan Rikici'' * ''Masu caca'' * ''Daga Farfesa'' * ''Uwargidan da ba ta da bege''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARLES INOJIE |url=http://www.edoworld.net/CHARLES_INOJIE.html |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (2020 film)|''Nneka Macijin Kyakkyawan'']] (2020) a matsayin Mai Gida'' (2020) a matsayin mai mallakar gida'' * ''Deep Cover (2020) a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda'' * ''[[Badamasi]] (2021) a matsayin Barrister Clement Akpamgo'' * ''[[My Village People|Mutanen ƙauyenmu]] na (2021) a matsayin Uncle Jakpa'' * ''[[Aki and Pawpaw|Aki da Pawpaw]] (2021) a matsayin Mazi Uche'' * ''Gbege (2022) '' * ''City Hustlers (2022) '' * ''The Order of Things (2022) a matsayin Pato'' * ''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|Kasuwanci]] (2023) a matsayin Jami'in Amadi'' * ''Daddy (2023) '' * ''Sabinus Mutumin Mafi Kyau (2023) a matsayin Fasto Willy'' * ''[[Adam Bol]] (2024) '' * ''Aburo (2024) '' * ''God-Dafi (2024) a matsayin mahaifin Jabari'' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Mutane ba dauki abu da mahimanci ba.comic acto,charles,inojie I premium m == Fina finan da aka zaɓa == === Fim === * ''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]] (2017) as Chef'' * ''Dinner (2016) as Airport Guard'' * ''Broken Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * ''Shattered Soul (2015) as Chijioke'' * Mr. Potosky (2014) as Potosky * Native Fowl (2014) as Ebuka * ''Open & Close (2011) as Agu'' * ''Husband My Foot (2008) as Victor'' * ''Husband My Foot II (2009)'' * ''Desperate Search (2007) as Peter'' * ''Holy Man (2007)'' * ''Holy Man II (2007)'' * ''Holy Man III (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband (2007)'' * ''I Need A Husband II (2007)'' * ''Onitemi (2007)'' * ''Over Heat (2006)'' * ''Over Heat II (2006)'' * ''Silent Burner (2006)'' * ''The Wolves (2006) as Wesley'' * ''The Wolves II (2006)'' * ''Police Recruit (2003)'' * ''[[Issakaba]] (2001)'' * ''Corporate Maid (2008) as Dombra'' * ''Plane Crash (2008) as Edwin'' * ''Love Wahala (2014) as Rufus'' * ''Hottest Babes In Town'' * ''The In-laws (2017) as Donald'' * ''Desperate Poor Man'' * ''Nollywood Hustlers'' * ''Mr Ibu Dance Skelewu'' * ''Oga Madam'' * ''House Of Contention'' * ''Gamblers'' * ''De Prof'' * ''The Desperate Housewife''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARLES INOJIE |url=http://www.edoworld.net/CHARLES_INOJIE.html |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * [[Nneka the Pretty Serpent (2020 film)|''Nneka the Pretty Serpent'']] ''(2020) as Landlord'' * ''Deep Cover (2020) as Police Chief'' * ''[[Badamasi]] (2021) as Barrister Clement Akpamgo'' * ''[[My Village People]] (2021) as Uncle Jakpa'' * ''[[Aki and Pawpaw]] (2021) as Mazi Uche'' * ''Gbege (2022)'' * ''City Hustlers (2022)'' * ''The Order of Things (2022) as Pato'' * ''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|The Trade]] (2023) as Officer Amadi'' * ''Daddy (2023)'' * ''Sabinus the Best Man (2023) as Pastor Willy'' * ''[[Adam Bol]] (2024)'' * ''Aburo (2024)'' * ''God-Dafi (2024) as Jabari's father'' === Jerin talabijan === * [[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]] a matsayin Lucky Johnson. Jerin fina-finan da ya yi a matsayin Glorious bayan shekaru 13 na bikin [https://punchng.com/charles-inojie-announces-end-of-the-johnsons-family-show-after-13-years/] * Sarkin Slum (2023) == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oyjfbxshceearra54pbjveeqqiqbehr 0 28310 890870 317554 2026-08-03T08:09:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze,_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze,_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg|thumb|1835 Taswirar Birni na Florence, har yanzu galibi a cikin iyakokin tsakiyar tsakiyarta.]] '''Cibiyar tarihi ta Florence''' wani yanki ne na quartiere 1 na birnin Florence na Italiya. [[UNESCO]] ta nada wannan kwata a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a cikin shekarar 1982.<ref>Victoria Charles "Art in Europe" Parkstone Intl 2014 pp 116</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/174.pdf|title=Advisory Body Evaluation|access-date=18 September 2014|website=UNESCO}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An gina shi akan wurin zama na Etruscan, Florence, alamar Renaissance, ta tashi zuwa fifikon tattalin arziki da al'adu a ƙarƙashin Medici a ƙarni na 15 da 16. Shekaru 600 na aikin fasaha na ban mamaki ana iya gani a sama da duka a cikin babban coci na karni na 13 (Santa Maria del Fiore), Cocin Santa Croce, Uffizi da Fadar Pitti, aikin manyan masters kamar Giotto, Filippo Brunelleschi, Sandro Botticelli da Michelangelo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/174|title=Historic Centre of Florence|access-date=18 September 2014|website=UNESCO}}</ref> == Al'amari == An rufe cikin hanyoyin da aka binne kan tsoffin ganuwar na zamanin da, cibiyar tarihi ta Florence tana tattara mahimman wuraren tarihi na al'adu na birni. Iyakance da kewayen bango na karni na 14, wanda aka gina saboda karfin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci da aka cimma a lokacin, ya san girman girmansa a cikin karni biyu masu zuwa. Cibiyar ruhaniya ta birni ita ce Piazza del Duomo tare da Cathedral na Santa Maria del Fiore, gefen Giotto's Campanile kuma yana fuskantar Baptistry na Saint John tare da 'Ƙofofin Aljanna' na Lorenzo Ghiberti. Daga nan zuwa arewa akwai Palazzo Medici Riccardi na Michelozzo, Basilica na Saint Lawrence na Filippo Brunelleschi, tare da sacristies masu daraja na Donatello da Michelangelo. Bugu da ƙari, Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Marco tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ta Fra Angelico, Gidan Gallery ɗin Accademia wanda ke tsakanin sauran ayyukan David ta Michelangelo (1501-1504), da Piazza della Santissima Annunziata tare da Loggia na Innocenti ta Filippo Brunelleschi. Zuwa kudu daga Duomo akwai cibiyar siyasa da al'adu ta Florence tare da Palazzo Vecchio da Uffizi Gallery kusa, kusa da su akwai Bargello Museum da Basilica na Holy Cross. Ketare Ponte Vecchio mun isa gundumar Olrarno tare da Fadar Pitti da Lambunan Boboli. Har yanzu a Olrarno, akwai Basilica na Ruhu Mai Tsarki na Filippo Brunelleschi da Cocin Santa Maria del Carmine, tare da frescoes na Masolino, Masaccio da Filippino Lippi. A yankin yammacin Duomo akwai babban gidan sarauta Palazzo Strozzi (gidan manyan nune-nune da cibiyoyin al'adu) da Basilica na Santa Maria Novella, tare da facade da Leon Battista Alberti ya tsara. Ana iya jin daɗin tsohon garin gaba ɗaya daga tsaunukan da ke kewaye, musamman daga Forte Belvedere, daga Piazzale Michelangelo tare da Basilica Romanesque na San Miniato al Monte da tuddai na Fiesole, wanda ke ba da ɗayan kyawawan ra'ayoyi na kwarin Arno. . Yankin arewacin tsohon garin yana kewaye da hanyoyin Viali di Circonvallazione, jerin manyan hanyoyi guda shida da aka yi wahayi daga boulevard na [[Faris|Paris]] wanda aka kirkira lokacin Florence shine babban birnin Italiya. Cibiyar Florence, tare da ɗaruruwan ayyukan kasuwanci shine aljanna don siyayya da nishaɗi: kyawawan boutiques, wuraren shakatawa na tarihi, kasuwannin tituna masu rai, gami da ɗaukar manyan wuraren shakatawa na dare, discos, mashaya na Amurka da wuraren tarukan sha (da) An haifi shahararren Negroni cocktail a nan). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1xupjolfyfe0c5gbcyibqwapkyz2dwz 0 29971 890863 865141 2026-08-03T07:56:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta]] sanya hannu kan yar [[Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Magunguna|jejeniyar]] kare Haƙƙin yara ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (CRC) a shekara ta 1991, kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi tanadi kamar haka: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya saba wa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba."<ref>{{cite web |title= Children's Rights: Iran |date=4 April 2011 |publisher= Library of Congress |url= https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/iran.php |accessdate=28 May 2012}}</ref> Ko da yake ƙasar Iran na da alaƙa da yarjejeniyar a karkashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da kasa da gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun sha suka a kai a kai kan gazawarta wajen kiyaye wajibcin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar.<ref name="outrightinternational.org"/> == Tarihi == Babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wanda Iran ta kasance memba a cikinta, ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarata 1924. A shekarata 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara ba tare da jefa ƙuri'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares1386(xiv) | title=UNBISnet | access-date=2017-02-18 | archive-date=2017-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505025008/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting | url-status=dead }}</ref> Iran ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare Haƙƙin yara a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indicators.ohchr.org/|title=- OHCHR Dashboard|website=indicators.ohchr.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Iran ta rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Zabi kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara sannan ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta amince da) Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Kan Shiga Yara a Rikicin Muƙamai ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/mandate/country-status-2/|title=Ratification status of the Optional Protocol {{!}} United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict|website=United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-16|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075205/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/zh/about-us/engagement-of-neral-assembly/%E9%9B%B6%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%AA%E6%BB%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B2%81/country-status-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Har yanzu Iran ba ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Yara kan Hanyar Sadarwar Zyabi ba. A cikin shekarata 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na lokaci-lokaci na uku da na huɗu game da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden da ake kira CRC.<ref name="outrightinternational.org"/> === Aiwatarwa === A ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Yara (NBCRC) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html|title=UNICEF Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Media center - Children's Rights is Everyone's Responsibility, says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary|website=www.unicef.org|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=2019-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021236/https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar ta NBCRC ita ce ke da alhakin sa ido, tsarawa, da dai-daita duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma a matakin ƙananan hukumomi ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin ƙananan hukumomi da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman guda huɗu don taimaka mata wajen cika ayyukanta: Ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Rukunin Ayyuka na Shari'a da Shari'a, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka na Horo da Bayani, da Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka na Kariya da Daidaitawa.<ref name="Refugees">{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} The Third Periodic Report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Islamic Republic of Iran|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/51efa15a4.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ake ɗaukar kafa ta a matsayin mataki mai kyau, ƙungiyoyin waje sun yi tambaya game da tasirin NBCRC. Musamman rashin samun ‘yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikon da yake da shi na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati a wajen ba da shawara ya taso.<ref name="outrightinternational.org">{{Cite web|last=kmills|date=2015-03-06|title=Rights of the Child in Iran|url=https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran|access-date=2021-01-04|website=OutRight Action International|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111319/https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu babu wata Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran da ke da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafen daidaikun mutane da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara. <ref name="outrightinternational.org" /> == Matsayin yara na shari'a a Iran == Ko da yake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da CRC, <ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1</ref> doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halaccin kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa kowace doka ta dace da wasu "ma'auni na Musulunci". <ref>Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4</ref> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa da ta janye ajiyarta ga yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ajiyayyen da bai dace da abu da manufarsa ba. Ba za a yarda da Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba." <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2</ref> A sakamakon haka, yara suna bin hanyar da ba ta dace ba inda ake fassara "ma'auni na Musulunci" daga Hukumomin Jihohi, wato Majalisar (Majalissar), Jagoran Jagora da Majalisar Kulawa. <ref>Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18</ref> Mai yiyuwa ne kowane yara su gabatar da ƙararraki cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a gaban kotu. Sai dai kuma hakan bai shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba kuma yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar kan bukaci gabatar da kararsu a gaban kotu ta hannun mai kula da su. <ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2</ref> Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya yi nuni da cewa: “Kare mutumin da ke karkashin kulawa da kuma wakilcinsa na shari’a a cikin dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi dukiyarsa da hakkokinsa na kudi, sun kasance ne ga waliyyi”. <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235</ref> Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yi wuya ba yayin da mai yin ta'addanci shi ne waliyyai, yawanci uwa. Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin mahaluƙi mai haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sanin doka ba, <ref>Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20</ref> don haka ya Zama ba ta mutunta Babban Magana No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin sauraron yaro. A shekarar 2013, an kai rahoton sace yara fiye da kimanin 2,400 ga kungiyar kare hakkin yara a Iran. Kungiyar kare Haƙƙin yara da ke kula da layin ba da shawarwari ta wayar tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin 100 na yaran an fuskanci hukunci na tunani da tunani sannan kashi 45 cikin 100 na fuskantar horo na jiki. Bisa kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri mamba na kungiyar kare Haƙƙin yara ya yi, ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA cewa, kashi kusan 93% na wadanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a shekarar 2013, iyayen yaran ne kashi uku cikin dari. 'ya'yan da kansu, kuma kashi biyu na kiran waya daga ubanninsu ne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jebhemelli.info/?p=2146|title=آمار یکساله "صدای یارا"/ ثبت تنبیه ۲۶۳۴ کودک درسالی که گذشت - ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ - Jebhe Melli Iran – Europe|website=www.jebhemelli.info|language=Persian|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> == Yara a cikin tsarin adalci == === Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka === Dangane da ma'anar "yaro", dabi'un da ke cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa shine na saita iyaka tsakanin yara da balaga da shekaru goma sha takwas. Misali, kwamitin kare Haƙƙin yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance cikin ɗaurin kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 18 <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a)</ref> kuma kada su kasance da ƙwazo a cikin rikice-rikice a ƙasa da shekaru 15. <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38</ref> Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun girma. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara ƙanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban. === Hukumcin jiki === Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a wuraren kulawa da rana bisa ga labarin 8 (23) na Dokokin Gyara don Kafa, Gudanarwa da Rusa Duk nau'ikan Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Haka dokar ta shafi cibiyoyin gyaran yara. A gaskiya ma, bisa ga Dokokin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Kula da Gidajen Yari, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro a shekarata (2005), "Halayen zalunci, cin zarafi na waɗanda ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa da cin mutunci an haramta ta kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da gidajen yari". <ref>Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3</ref> A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar fitar da ikirari ko samun bayanai haramun ne", <ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38</ref> wanda ya dace da yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. <ref>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7</ref> Sai dai a baya-bayan nan an samu rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga wasu matasa da suka aikata laifin, wadanda aka tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar tilastawa. Daya daga cikin kararrakin na baya-bayan nan shi ne Alireza Tajiki, wanda aka kama yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya amsa laifin azabtar da shi da laifin fyade da kuma kisan wani abokinsa, laifukan da ya saba janyewa a gaban kotu. Yin bulala a matsayin hukumcin laifi, al'ada ce da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a cikin tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. A cewar dokar da ta bayyana shekarun da suka kai ga aikata laifuka, ‘yan mata da suka haura tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar, ana yanke musu hukunci tare da hukunta su kamar yadda kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Iran ya tanada, wanda kuma ya shafi hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan da suka shafi jima’i, tuhumar karya, shan barasa, da shan barasa, da kuma shan barasa. ya haifar da rauni. <ref>Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4</ref> Don haka, ‘yan mata da suka haura shekara tara da kuma maza sama da shekara goma sha biyar ana iya yi musu bulala. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26</ref> Duk da haka, idan an gane cewa masu laifin "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ba ko haramcinsa ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da ci gaban kwakwalwarsu", ba za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifin ko kuma a tuhume shi da shi. tarar. <ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91</ref> Koyaya, don yin la'akari da Mataki na kusan 91 kuma a yi aiki da shi, ana buƙatar waɗanda suka yi laifin da kansu su yi iƙirarin samun damar sake yin shari'ar da labarin ya ba da izini. Wadanda suka aikata laifin kasa da goma sha takwas 18 da iyalansu galibi ba su san da hakan ba kuma ba za su iya ba lauyan da zai sanar da su hakkokinsu ba, kaɗan ne daga cikinsu ke neman a sake shari’ar. <ref>Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53</ref> ==== Hukuncin jiki a cikin gida ==== A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta ƙasar Iran, "Yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya ga iyayensa kuma ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsa ba" <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177</ref> kuma idan aka yi rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokokin Iran sun ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida matukar dai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance. waliyin yaron. A cewar dokar farar hula ta Iran, "Iyaye na da hakkin hukunta 'ya'yansu amma kada su yi amfani da wannan hakkin ta hanyar hukunta 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakokin gyara". <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179</ref> Bayan haka kuma, dokar hukunta laifuka ta Musulunci ta bayyana cewa: Duk “Ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara kanana da mahaukata suke aikatawa domin azabtar da su ko kare su matukar dai an aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al’ada da kuma iyakokin addini don azabtarwa da kariya”. <ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)</ref> === Kisa kan yara masu laifi === A halin yanzu ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma adadin hukuncin kisa ya karu da kashi 300 daga shekarata 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2015. <ref>Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6</ref> Ita ma Iran tana rike da kambun tarihi na ƙasa da ƙasa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan ƙananan yara. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22</ref> Yawan kisa na kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya ragu a cikin shekarata 2015. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar shekarata 2016, masu laifi 160 sun kasance a kan "layin kisa" (suna jiran a kashe su) a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A shekarar 2016, kwamitin kare hakkin yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara da kuma mutanen da suka aikata wani laifi a lokacin da suke kasa da shekaru 18. A ranar 18 ga Oktoban shekarar 2017, kwararrun masana kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya iri-iri sun jaddada cewa "Iran na ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana" <ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22258&LangID=E UN rights experts urge Iran to halt imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref> Kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara a Iran. Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran ta gaggauta soke hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tare da aiwatar da wani tsari na sassauta duk wani hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kan kananan yara, daidai da ka'idojin shari'a na yara." <ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57913#.WeesXFu0Ndg UN rights experts urge Iran to halt imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta zartar da hukuncin kisa kan akalla yara kanana hudu daga watan Janairu zuwa Oktoban shekarata 2017, kuma an san akalla wasu 86 da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa a lokacin, ko da yake adadin na iya karuwa. Dalilan da aka yanke wa masu laifin kisa musamman kisan kai da fyade amma “kiyayya ga Allah” ( ''moharebeh'' ), sata da laifuffukan da ke da alaka da miyagun kwayoyi sun kasance cikin dalilan yanke hukuncin kisa ga kananan yara. <ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30</ref> Wani hali na baya-bayan nan dangane da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne na tsare wadanda suka aikata laifin har sai sun cika shekara goma sha takwas sannan a kashe su kawai a lokacin. Sai dai kuma babu wani wajibci na shari'a da ya kamata a dage aiwatar da hukuncin har sai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kai shekara sha takwas. <ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31</ref> Sabon fasalin Kundin Laifukan Musulunci na shekarar 2013 ya hada da cewa matasa daga tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas wadanda suka aikata laifukan da aka yankewa hukuncin ta'azir <ref>The list of crimes that fall into ''ta'zir'' category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code</ref> za a kebe su daga kisa. A maimakon haka za a ci gaba da tsare su na wasu lokuta daban-daban, ko kuma tarar ƙima daban-daban, ya danganta da girman laifukan. <ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89</ref> Amma, idan aka kasafta laifin da aka aikata a karkashin hudud da qisas, wadanda suka aikata kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana daukarsu a matsayin halaltacce. Ko da a cikin ''hudud'' da ''qisa'', lokacin da masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba ana tunanin ba su gane girman laifin ba, ana iya amfani da sashe na 91 na kundin hukunta laifuka na Iran kuma mai laifin yana iya zama keɓe daga hukuncin kisa. Rataye shi ne mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran kuma ana aiwatar da shi a gidajen yari ko kuma a bainar jama'a a kan Wasu filaye. An iyakance aikin jifa a cikin sigar dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran shekarata (2013). Koyaya, sabon juzu'in Kundin Laifukan ya ci gaba da amfani da jifa a matsayin ''hukunci'' mai tsanani. Mataki na ashirin da 225 ya bayyana cewa " ''hukuncin haddi'' na zina da mace da namiji da suka cika sharuddan ''ihsan'' za a yi su ne da jifa har lahira". <ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013</ref> Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a ƙasar Iran tare da jaddada girman aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, an bayar da rahoton aiwatar da wannan aiki a Iran. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2019 wasu gungun kwararrun [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin dan Adam]] na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da ake yi wa Mohammad Kalhory mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da ya aikata laifin. <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24188&LangID=E Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts]</ref> == Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa == === Wariyar jinsi === Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Iran ya tabbatar da kare doka daidai gwargwado ga maza da mata. <ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20</ref> Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dokokin hukunta laifuka na Iran da na farar hula sun ayyana yaro yana da shekara 9 ga wata ga ’yan mata, da shekara 15 ga maza. <ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146</ref> Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin kariyar yara ga 'yan mata fiye da maza, kuma ya hana su wasu kariyar Yarjejeniyar. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 14</ref> Mataki na 907 na kundin dokokin farar hula, game da rabon gado, ya kuma nuna wariya dangane da jinsi ta hanyar bai wa maza magada ninki biyu na mata a cikin yara da yawa. Bugu da kari, sashi na 911 na dokar farar hula ya bayyana cewa, idan marigayin ba shi da ‘ya’ya masu rai, jikoki sun gaji gwargwadon nawa ne iyayensu za su samu. 'Ya'yan 'ya'ya maza don haka sun fi 'ya'yan 'ya'ya mata. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15</ref> === Dan kasa da hakkin dan kasa === Dokar kabilanci ta Iran ta ƙunshi ka'idoji na ''jus sanguinis'' da ''jus soli'' . An ratsa kasa ta hannun uba, ma'ana 'ya'yan uwayen Iran da uban da ba na Iran ba suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun dan kasar Iran. Sanin hakan, a cikin rahoton lokaci na uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta yi ishara da dokar da aka kafa a shekarar 2006 a kan yanke hukunci kan 'ya'yan da aka haifa a sakamakon auren matan Iran da maza na kasashen waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haifa a Iran ". sakamakon auren matan Iran da mazan kasashen waje, idan sun kai shekaru kusan 18, suna iya neman izinin zama dan kasar Iran. Za a ba da wannan damar idan yaron ba shi da wani bayanan laifi ko tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wata ƙasa da ba ta Iran ba. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kusan yara kimanin 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "lalatawar 'yan kasa". <ref>Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2</ref> An dai soki wannan doka da rashin yin nisa don kare hakkin yara. A Yawancin iyaye Ko ubanni da ba na Iran ba ’yan gudun hijira ne ko kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar da ba su da takardun zama ‘yan [[Afghanistan]] ko Iraqi. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21</ref> Dokokin Iran sun bukaci mace 'yar kasar Iran ta samu izinin auren wata 'yar kasar waje, kuma da yake masu neman mafaka ba su da rajista a bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba, don haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar haihuwa ba. === Ilimi === Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin baiwa dukkan 'yan kasar ilimi kyauta har zuwa sakandare <ref>Iranian constitution (1979), article 30.</ref> Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hannun ma'aikatar ilimi ce ke da alhakin bayar da kudade da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, kula da ma'auni, tsara manhajoji da horar da malamai, samar da kayayyakin ilimi, da kiyayewa da inganta ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin larduna da ofisoshin gundumomi a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]]. Kudaden da Iran take kashewa a fannin ilimi ya zarce na duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi kusan 17% na kudaden gwamnati a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%. Auren wuri yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan barin makaranta, saboda dokokin kasar Iran sun kayyade damar zuwa makaranta ga yaran da suka yi aure, saboda an ba su damar shiga jarrabawar karshe ne kawai, kuma ba su cancanci zuwa darasi ko makarantun dare. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.</ref> == Aikin Yara == Dokar kwadago ta Iran ta haramta aikin yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 aiki. <ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79.</ref> Yara masu shekaru 15-18, da ake magana da su a matsayin "matasan ma'aikata", ana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen likita na yau da kullun don samun cancantar shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "ayyukan kari, aiki na canzawa, ko aiki mai wahala, cutarwa ko haɗari". <ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84.</ref> Koyaya, Dokar Ma'aikata ta ba da izinin keɓance kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata ƙasa da Kashi 10 daga wasu tanade-tanaden doka, gami da matsakaicin buƙatun sa'o'in aiki, biyan kari, da fa'idodin nakasa. <ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119 </ref> <ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ILO) kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara . Duk da wasu tsare-tsare na shari'a na hana cin zarafin kananan yara, Iran na shan suka saboda yawan masu yi wa kananan yara aikin yi, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama. <ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47.</ref> Alkaluma game da adadin yara da matasa ƴan kwadago sun bambanta. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba sa cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. Wasu daga cikin dalilan rashin zuwa makaranta sun hada da aurar da yara da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya sa ake barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayani a hukumance kan adadin masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, tare da alkaluman baya-bayan nan a hukumance daga kidayar al'ummar Iran ta shekarar 2011. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2011, akwai ma'aikata kimanin 68,558 da ke aiki da yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18. <ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> A cewar Majalisar Resistance na Iran (NCRI), kusan yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabinsu na cikin ma'aikata. <ref>National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at: http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor</ref> A cikin ƙidayar jama'a na Iran a shekarata 1996, fiye da kashi 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin wannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kasance mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka adadin yaran da ke aiki yana da shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance kashi 4%, ya kai kimanin dubu 600. A cikin shekarata 1996, akwai kimanin yara kusan guda 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun ayyuka. Yara da yawa a garuruwa daban-daban kuma suna shiga cikin masu sayar da tituna. Iyayen mafi yawansu sun sha shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi kuma wadannan yaran na fuskantar cin zarafi da lalata da yara. == Fataucin yara == Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a bi don safarar jima'i na yara. <ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/index.htm Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016], The United States State Department.</ref> Matasa 'yan mata na Iran sun fi fuskantar matsalar fataucin, wanda aka ce wani bangare na talauci da kuma dokokin gwamnati da suka kebanta da mata. Ma'aikata sun mamaye maza sosai, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata ne ke da aiki. <ref>A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf</ref> Ana zargin 'yan matan da suka gudu sun fi fuskantar fataucin mutane da karuwanci. <ref name="Persons 2011">A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011.</ref> A wata hira da BBC a shekarata 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin cututtuka na ma'aikatar lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan matan da suka gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, akasarin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ana watsi da su bayan sun koma ga iyalansu. <ref>“Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm</ref> Matsugunan da aka kafa don gudun hijira kuma sun zama sananne a matsayin tushen samun karuwai da yara masu siyarwa. A cewar babbar hukumar shari'a ta lardin Teheran, masu fataucin kan yi fataucin 'yan mata ne masu shekaru tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, ko da yake an samu wasu rahotannin cewa ana fataucin 'yan matan masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10. Haka kuma an samu rahotannin fataucin jarirai da dama a Iran. <ref name="Persons 2011" /> == Auren wuri == A halin yanzu karancin shekarun auren ‘ya’ya mata a Iran shine shekara goma sha uku a wata yayin da maza ke cika shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, ga namiji har yanzu yana yiwuwa ya kai ƙarar kotu da nufin ya auri yaron da bai kai ƙaramar shekarun aure ba saboda hukuncin ko yaron ya yi aure ko a'a yana hannun wanda yake kula da shi. <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041.</ref> A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta Iran, bayan cika shekaru goma sha uku, 'yan matan budurwowi da suka yi aure a karon farko suna bukatar izinin uba ko kakan kaka kawai. <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043.</ref> A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure shine shekaru a ƙalla 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru kimanin 18 ga maza kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu, 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 da maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Don haka an haramta auren ‘yan kasa da shekara 13 gaba daya. Dokar Kariya ba tare da Dokar Yara ba, wacce Iran ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, labarin na ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ce “Idan shugaban iyali yana son ya auri yaron da aka goye, ya aika da bayananta zuwa kotu don amincewa. Idan an riga an yi auren, dole ne kungiyar jin dadin jama'a ta kai rahoto ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kula da iyali daya ko kuma soke shi." <ref>Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Walfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45</ref> Bisa kididdigar da [[UNICEF]] ta bayar, tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2014, kashi 3% na matasan Iran sun yi aure suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kashi 17% kuma suna da shekaru sha takwas Alkaluman shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa 43, 457 na yara a karkashin shekaru 15 an yi rajista bisa hukuma don aure. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na kididdigar sun shafi 'yan mata matasa. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa adadin auren yara bai takaitu ga kididdiga ba, tunda a karkara yara suna yin aure kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru ba tare da yin aure ba. Hakanan bisa cikin shekarata 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake su ko kuma sun mutu. A kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da kuma 'yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake saki a Iran. Talauci da akidar gargajiya ce ke haifar da wadannan auren wuri. <ref name="auto" /> A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukan suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi suna fama da talauci don yin aure da ’yarsu ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da auren wuri sun hada da karuwar jahilci da wulakanci a tsakanin mata, auren mace fiye da daya, firar gida, da al’amuran ma’aurata. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara * Bayyana Haƙƙin Yaran * Hakkin dan Adam a Iran * Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran == Bayanan kula == : 1. Shekarar wata, wacce ita ce ma’aunin da kalandar wata ta ginu a kai, bambamcin tsayi daga shekarar rana da kwana goma sha daya zuwa sha biyu. Don haka, shekarun wata tara sun yi daidai da kusan shekara takwas da wata 8 da watanni goma sha biyar kusan shekara goma sha hudu ne da wata bakwai. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>''Ihsan'' shine matsayin mijin aure wanda zai iya saduwa da matarsa "duk lokacin da ya ga dama". ''Ihsan'' kuma tana nufin matsayin macen da zata iya saduwa da mijinta. (Kodin hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran, shafi na 226). : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ma'aikacin yara a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai ya shiga akalla sa'a 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a mako, ko b) yaro mai shekaru 12-14. wanda ke shiga aƙalla sa'o'i 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma aƙalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako. (UNICEF, Yanayin Yara na Duniya 2016). Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin " mummunan nau'i mara kyau na mara kyau. sana’ar yara ” (karuwanci, ’ya’yan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram). == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0m2763lwj7oljrhut4waed0fvipckw4 0 32021 890661 582192 2026-08-02T15:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdou-Lakhad Diallo''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, 1996), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abdou Diallo''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Paris Saint-Germain]] ta Ligue 1. An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa tawagar kasar Senegal wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onzemondial.com/joueur/abdou-diallo-41660 |title=Abdou Diallo |website=Onze Mondial |access-date=26 November 2019 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/abdou-diallo|title=Abdou Diallo|access-date=2022-05-24|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430065907/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/abdou-diallo|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/ƙungiya == === Monaco === An haife shi a [[Tours]], Diallo ya shiga makarantar matasa na Monaco yana da shekaru 15. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2014, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko tare da kulob din. Mataimakin shugaban kulob din, Vadim Vasilyev ya yi sharhi cewa Diallo "ya dace da aikin mu na wasanni. Yana da hazaka da yawa kuma muna fatan zai ci gaba da samun ci gaba tare da manyan ‘yan wasan AS Monaco.” A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, ya fara buga tawagarsa ta farko, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Bernardo Silva a cikin karin lokacin nasara da ci 1-0 da Olympique Marseille. A watan Yuni Shekarar 2015, Diallo an ba da shi aro ga kulob din Zulte Waregem na Belgium a kakar 2015 zuwa 2016. A lokacin da yake taka leda a kulob din, an saka shi a matsayin mai kai hari, inda ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni 33 da ya buga. A cikin Disamba shekarar 2016, rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru sun bayyana cewa kulob din Real Betis na Sipaniya yana sha'awar siyan shi. Koyaya, ya buga wasanni biyar na gasar a lokacin kakar 2016 zuwa 2017, tare da ƙungiyarsa ta lashe gasar. <ref name="Abdou Diallo: Mainz's natural-born defensive leader with an eye for goal" /> === Mainz 05 === A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2017, Diallo ya koma kulob din Bundesliga Mainz 05, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar. A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a nasarar da suka yi da Bayer 04 Leverkusen da ci 3–1. A watan Disamba, ''Mirror.co.uk ta'' ruwaito cewa kulob din [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] na Ingila na leko shi a kokarinsa na maye gurbin Per Mertesacker mai ritaya. A lokacin kakar, an tura shi a baya uku da baya hudu; kuma ya sami nasarar wucewa kashi 80%. Ya fara a wasanni 27 na gasar a lokacin kakar. === Borussia Dortmund === A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2018, Diallo ya koma Borussia Dortmund kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar kan farashin Yuro 28.&nbsp;miliyan. A wata hira da ya yi da shi, ya ce [[Ousmane Dembélé]] ya ba shi shawarar ya koma kungiyar. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar lig da ta doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 3–1. === Paris Saint-Germain === A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Diallo ya rattaba hannu kan [[Paris Saint-Germain]] har zuwa Yuni shekara ta 2024. Kudaden cinikin da ya yi wa kulob din Faransa ya kai Yuro 32&nbsp;miliyan. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Diallo ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain a gasar zakarun Turai, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin nasara 2-1 ga PSG a kan Rennes. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar da Nîmes, a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 a gida a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Diallo ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, a ci 3-0 da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. A karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020, Diallo ya sami lambar yabo ta gasar Ligue 1 saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar a waccan kakar, wacce ta kare da wuri (a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2020) saboda cutar ta COVID-19. == Ayyukan kasa == An haifi Diallo a Faransa kuma dan asalin Senegal ne. Ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin matasa da yawa na Faransa wasa, har ma ya zama kyaftin na 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 na Faransa. A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 2021, an kira Diallo zuwa tawagar kasar Senegal a karon farko. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Congo a ranar 26 ga watan Maris. == Salon wasa == Diallo yana taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]]. Rouven Schröder (Daraktan wasanni na 1. FSV Mainz) ta ce Diallo "yana da karfi kuma yana da wayo a cikin kalubale." Michael Zorc, darektan wasanni na Borussia Dortmund, ya bayyana Diallo a matsayin "dan wasa na zamani, mai karfi na tsakiya wanda yake da hankali sosai. Hakanan yana iya taka rawar tsaro mai faɗi ko ma a saka shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida.” == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kanin Diallo, Ibrahima, shi ma dan kwallon Southampton ne. == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 20 March 2022.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=A. Diallo|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdou-diallo/271261/|website=Soccerway|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |2014–15 |Ligue 1 |5 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- |2016–17 |Ligue 1 |5 |0 |4 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |11 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !10 !0 !5 !0 !3 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !19 !0 |- |Zulte Waregem (loan) |2015–16 |Belgian Pro League |33 |3 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |3 |- |Mainz 05 |2017–18 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |Borussia Dortmund |2018–19 |Bundesliga |28 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 | colspan="2" |— |38 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2019–20 |Ligue 1 |16 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 |23 |0 |- |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |22 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="TDC" /> |0 |36 |0 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |12 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="TDC" /> |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !50 !0 !7 !0 !2 !0 !13 !0 !3 !0 !75 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !148 !6 !20 !1 !5 !0 !21 !0 !3 !0 !197 !7 |} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2022.}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=82035|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="2" | Senegal | 2021 | 7 | 1 |- | 2022 | 8 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 15 ! 2 |} : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka sanya Senegal ta fara zura kwallo a raga.'' ''Rukunin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace burin Diallo.'' <ref name="NFT"></ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: left;" |+Jerin sunayen kwallayen da Abdou Diallo ya ci ! A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | 1 ga Satumba, 2021 | Stade Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal |</img> Togo | align="center" | '''2-0''' | align="center" | 2–0 | 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- | 2. | 2 Fabrairu 2022 | Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo, [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], Kamaru |</img> Burkina Faso | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 3–1 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2021 |} == Girmamawa == '''Monaco''' * Ligue 1 : 2016-17 '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Ligue 1 : 2019-20, 2021-22 * Coupe de France : 2019-20, 2020-21 * Coupe de la Ligue : 2019-20 * Trophée des Champions : 2019, 2020 * UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2019-20 '''Senegal''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2021 ==Bayanan kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c9kutdrm2qf2cp0bvjwenjngw4zsxno 0 32234 890627 470586 2026-08-02T12:45:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bankin Sterling Plc,'''wani babban bankin kasuwanci ne na ƙasa yana da lasisi ,daga [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] . A kan tashoshin Reuters da Bloomberg, an gano shi da STERLNB. LG da STERLNBA: NL bi da bi. [[File:Sterling bank logo wk.png|thumb|Hoton logon bankin sterling]] Bankin yana ba da sabis ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙananan kamfanoni (SMEs) da manyan kamfanoni. Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, cibiyar sadarwa ta reshen bankin ta kai 157, da aka rarraba a duk faɗin [[Najeriya]] tare da jimlar ƙadarorin da darajarsu ta haura tiriliyan NGN. <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == An kafa bankin Sterling Plc a shekara ta 1960 a matsayin Nigeria Acceptances Limited (NAL). An baiwa bankin lasisin zama bankin kasuwanci na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 1969. Sakamakon dokar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta alif 1972, Bankin ya zama cikakken mallakar gwamnati kuma an gudanar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Grindlays Bank Limited, Continental International Finance Company [[Illinois]] da American Express Bank Limited tsakanin Alif (1974 zuwa 1992. A cikin 1992), Bankin ya zama wani ɓangare na kamfani kuma an jera shi a matsayin kamfani na jama'a a kan [[Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya|kasuwar hannayen jari ta Najeriya]] (NSE). Bayan shekaru takwas, a shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin tarayya ta sayar da sauran ribar da ta rage a bankin, inda ta mayar da shi cikakkiyar cibiya. A cikin watan Janairu na shekarar 2006, a wani ɓangare na bunkasa harkar hada-hadar banki ta Najeriya, NAL Bank ya kammala haɗewa da wasu bankunan Najeriya guda huɗu da suka haɗa da, Magnum Trust Bank, NBM Bank, Trust Bank of Africa da Indo-Nigeria Merchant Bank (INMB) sannan suka amince da tsarin bankin. Sunan 'Sterling Bank'. An yi nasarar haɗa ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗe kuma suna aiki azaman ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa tun daga lokacin. [[Fayil:Sterling Financial Holdings Company Plc HQ.jpg|thumb|Sterling Bank (Nigeria)]] A daidai lokacin da babban bankin Najeriya ya soke tsarin hada-hadar banki na bai-ɗaya, bankin Sterling a yanzu yana aiki a matsayin bankin kasuwanci na ƙasa, inda yake zubar da hannayen jari a wasu rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. A tsakiyar 2011, Sterling Bank Plc ya sami ikon mallakar bankin Equatorial Trust na da. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Bankin da samfuransa an haɗa su zuwa gungu huɗu: Retail & Bankin Mabukaci, Bankin Kasuwanci, Bankin Cibiyoyi da Bankin Kamfanoni. Sterling ya ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare da yawa a ƙarƙashin Retail & Banking Consumer kamar Bankin Agent (wanda aka ƙera don jawo hankalin marasa banki/mara banki), Micro-credit ga matasa da [http://myspecta.com/ Specta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126200628/http://myspecta.com/ |date=2022-01-26 }} (dandali na ba da lamuni mai sarrafa kansa). Bankin Kasuwancin sa yana huɗɗar da su a sassa da yawa ciki har da Noma wanda bankin ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da Babban Bankin sa yana ba da sabis na ƙara ƙima da sabis na tarawa ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati. Bankin Kamfanin Sterling ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa da suka haɗa da Sadarwa, Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, Abinci da Abin sha da sauransu. Bankin yana aiki daga: * Babban Ofishin 20 Marina, Lagos * rassa 157 a fadin kasar * 10,667 Tashoshin POS tare da 'yan kasuwa da yawa * 689 ATMs a fadin kasar * [[Fayil:Sterling bank logo wk.png|thumb|Sterling Bank (Nigeria)]]Sama da masu amfani da USSD miliyan 1.5 a duk faɗin ƙasar == Ayyuka na Musamman == * '''Banki Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Dukiya''' Har ila yau, Bankin yana ba da sabis na High Net Worth mutane ta hanyar Bankin Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Arziki suna ba da kayayyaki kamar Trust and Fiduciary Services, Gudanar da Philanthropy, Shawarar Zuba Jari, da sauransu. * '''Sterling Alternative Finance (SAF) (Banki da Ban sha'awa)''' A shekarar 2013, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba bankin lasisin samar da ayyukan banki marasa riba bayan cika sharuddan da aka gindaya. Madadin samfuran banki sun kasu kashi uku: Kasuwanci, Zuba Jari, da Kuɗi. Bankin ya kafa wannan sashe na kasuwanci ne bisa tsarin da ya dace a duniya ta wannan fanni ta hanyar samun kwamitin kwararru na ba da shawara (ACE) wanda ya amince da duk wani tsari da tsari tare da tabbatar da cikakken bin ka'idojin fikihu na kasuwanci na Musulunci. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Bankin (ACE) ya haɗa da Sheikh Abdulƙadir Thomas (US/Kuwait); Sheikh Abubakar Musa ([[Minna]]); da Imam Abdur-Raheem Ahmad Sayi (Lagos). == Babbar Haskakawa ta 2020 == Rahoton kuɗi na baya-bayan nan game da kuɗin shiga na Sterling Bank Limited shine ranar 2020 * Babban kuɗin da aka daidaita ta hanyar raguwar 12.4% na ribar riba yayin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya yi ƙasa. * Kudin riba ya ƙi da 21.3%, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 160 bps a farashin kuɗi; haɓakar yoy 39.5% ne ya motsa wannan a cikin adibas ɗin abokin ciniki mai rahusa. * Dangane da bala'in cutar da asarar kuɗi da ake tsammanin, Sterling ya karu da haɗarin haɗari da 10 bps zuwa 1.0% yayin da yake daidaita rabon NPL ƙasa da 30bps zuwa 1.9%. * Adadin farashi-zuwa-shigo ya ƙi yoy zuwa 77.4%. Bankin ya sami raguwar kudaden aiki da kashi 2.5% duk da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. * Musamman ma, NIP (NIBBS Instant Payments) yawan ciniki ya karu da kashi 89.4% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata a bayan saka hannun jarin da aka yi a dandalinmu na dijital. * Jimillar kadarorin ta karu da kashi 9.8% zuwa Naira biliyan 1,299.1 daga Naira biliyan 1,182.7 a watan Disambar 2019; * Lamuni da ci gaba sun ragu da kashi 3.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 596.8 (FY 2019: Naira biliyan 618.7); * Adadin abokan ciniki ya karu da kashi 6.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 950.8 (Dec. 2019: Naira biliyan 892.7); * Matsakaicin wadatar babban birnin har zuwa 18%; da kyau sama da matakin tsari. * Bankin ya samu karuwar riba da kashi 6.0% bayan harajin da ya kai Naira biliyan 11.2; a ranar 2020 sun canza zuwa +13.55%. == Sauran abubuwan da ba na Kuɗi ba == Sauran abubuwan da ba na kuɗi ba sun haɗa da: • Kamfanonin dijital da aka ƙaddamar a cikin wannan shekara sun haɗa da: '''OneBank''' ; sabon aikace-aikacen banki na lantarki, '''bayarwa''' (www.giving.ng); dandalin taron jama'a da '''Biya tare da Specta''' ; dandalin ba da lamuni don SMEs. • An Ba da Kyautar 2020 'Gabaɗaya Mafi kyawun Wurin Aiki a Najeriya' a cikin babban rukunin kamfanoni na Cibiyar Babban Wurin Aiki. [[Fayil:Logo 2d.jpg|thumb|Sterling Bank (Nigeria)]] Bankin yana gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa na kamfanoni a waɗannan fannoni: ilimi, muhalli, lafiya, ƙarfafawa, haɓaka wasanni, haɓaka iyawa, da sauransu. == Ƴan kwamitin gudanarwa == * Asue Ighodalo – Shugaba * Abubakar Suleiman – Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer * Yemi Odubiyi - Babban Darakta * Raheem Owodeyi - Babban Darakta * Tunde Adeola- Babban Darakta <ref name="Famuyiwa" /> * Ankala Prasad - Darakta mara zartarwa * Michael Jituboh - Darakta mara zartarwa * Olaitan Kajero - Darakta mara zartarwa * Tairat Tijani - Darakta mara zartarwa * Folasade Kilaso - Babban Darakta * Paritosh Tripathi - Darakta mara zartarwa * Olatunji Mayaki - Darakta mara zartarwa * Michael Ajukwu - Darakta mai zaman kansa * Olusola Oworu - Darakta mai zaman kansa Malam Abubakar Suleiman shi ne Manajan Darakta/Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na yanzu, inda ya karɓi wannan mukamin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2018. == Duba kuma == * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan Najeriya]] * [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] * Tattalin arzikin Najeriya  == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bankin Najeriya.]] [[Category:Kamfani.]] [[Category:Ma'ajin kuɗi.]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kzu5kxhg8csnmon1xguy5gigje1oov1 0 38810 890799 578563 2026-08-03T00:57:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Maiga Halidu''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Dormaa ta yamma a yankin Brong-Ahafo akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=108|website=Parliament of Ghana|title=Member of Parliament: HON. ALI MAIGA HALIDU|access-date=16 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/the-poverty-situation-in-cocoa-growing-communities-in-ghana/|title=The Poverty Situation In Cocoa Growing Communities In Ghana - News Ghana|last=Adjei|first=Sammy|website=newsghana.com.gh/|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ali Maiga Halidu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1980. Ya fito ne daga Nkrankwanta, a yankin Brong Ahafo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php?id=5441&group=5262|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Halidu, Ali Maiga|website=ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118002322/http://ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php?id=5441&group=5262|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Halidu ya sami digirinsa na farko a Jami'ar Cape Coast; Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa da digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa a Cambridge da ke kasar Ingila.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://cegghana.com/portfolio/hon-ali-maiga-halidu/|title=HON. ALI MAIGA HALIDU – Africa Centre for Government Policies & Projects|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414145631/http://cegghana.com/portfolio/hon-ali-maiga-halidu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Halidu ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na koyarwa a Jami'ar Cape Coast na tsawon shekara guda sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwararren malami a sashen koyar da ilimin Ghana na shekara guda daga 2006 zuwa 2007. Ya zama jami'in kula da abinci da noma na tsawon shekaru 3. . A halin yanzu shi mai ba da shawara ne na ci gaba kuma cikakken ɗan siyasa.<ref name="auto" /> == Siyasa == A babban zaben shekarar 2016 Halidu ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai na mazabar Dorma West a yankin Brong-Ahafo, akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Ya samu kuri'u 8,422 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 16,725 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50.88% na kuri'un. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ali Maiga Halidu yana da aure da ‘ya’ya shida. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1980]] tfw3o85hp86ql43mx2mguo8b3r7pzpd 0 40573 890741 890454 2026-08-02T19:29:19Z Baffa ali 47435 890741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:VirginiaSatir4.jpg |thumb|Virginia Satir Masaniyar Ilimin halin dan Adam ]] [[Fayil:EEG early studies edited.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Phrenologie1_(87k_edited).jpg |thumb|Phrenology ]] '''Psychology;''' shine binciken kimiyya na [[hankali]] da hali. IIlimin halin dan [[Adam]] ya haɗa da nazarin hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, gami da ji da [[tunani]]. Ilimi ne na ilimi mai girman gaske, yana ketare iyakoki tsakanin ilimin halitta da [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|zamantakewa]]. Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa na [[kwakwalwa]], suna danganta horo da ilimin neuroscience. A matsayin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna nufin fahimtar halayen daidaikun mutane da [[Kungiyoyin mutane|kungiyoyi]]. Syo<ref name="Psychology">Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.</ref> <ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c1gdq2v5g4yt</ref>harafin farko na kalmar Helenanci ''psyche'' wanda aka samo kalmar ilimin halaiyar [[dan Adam]] (duba ƙasa), yawanci yana hade da kimiyya. Kwararren [[likita]] ko mai bincike da ke da hannu a cikin horo ana kiransa masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman masana kimiyyar halayya ko fahimi. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar matsayin ayyukan tunani a cikin ɗaiɗai da ɗabi'a na zamantakewa. Wasu suna bincika hanyoyin ilimin lissafin jiki da na neurobiological waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ayyuka da halaye na fahimi. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin bincike kan ra'ayi, fahimta, hankali, [[Emotion|motsin rai]], hankali, abubuwan da suka faru, kuzari, aikin kwakwalwa, da mutuntaka. Sha'awar masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kai ga alaƙar juna, juriya na tunani, juriyar iyali, da sauran fagage a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Suna kuma la'akari da hankali marar hankali. <ref name="reference_name_A">[[Psychoanalysis]] and other forms of [[depth psychology]] are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast, [[Behaviorist|behaviorists]] consider such phenomena as [[classical conditioning]] and [[operant conditioning]]. [[Cognitivism (psychology)|Cognitivists]] explore [[implicit memory]], [[automaticity]], and [[Subliminal message|subliminal messages]], all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed, [[Cognitive-behavioral therapist|cognitive-behavioral therapists]] counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.</ref> Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙwaƙƙwaran don haifar da alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, likitocin ilimin nasiha na [[asibiti]] sun dogara da fassarar alama. [[File:A session with a psychotherapist (751707089).jpg|thumb|kimiyar hali na dan adam kenan ]] Yayin da ake amfani da ilimin tunani sau da yawa akan kimantawa da magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana kuma karkata zuwa ga fahimta da warware matsaloli a fannoni da dama na ayyukan ɗan adam. Ta lissafin da yawa, ilimin halin dan Adam yana nufin amfani da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=205–206}}</ref> Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin wani nau'in rawar warkewa, yin aikin motsa jiki a cikin asibiti, shawarwari, ko saitunan makaranta. Sauran masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya akan batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi hanyoyin tunani da halaye. Yawanci ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ɗabi'a suna aiki a cikin tsarin ilimi (misali, jami'o'i, makarantun likitanci, ko asibitoci). Wani rukuni na masana ilimin halayyar dan adam yana aiki a cikin masana'antu da saitunan kungiya. Duk da haka wasu suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam, tsufa, wasanni, lafiya, kimiyyar bincike, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. == Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta == [[File:روانشناسی رشد کودک - دختر بچه Developmental psychology 08.jpg|thumb|halayyar dan Adam ]] Kalmar psychology ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">psyche</i></nowiki>, ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaren ƙarshen kalmar "psychology" ya samo asali daga -λογία[[wiktionary:-logia|''-logia'']], wanda ke nufin "karatu" ko "bincike". Kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''psychologia'' ta fara amfani da ɗan adam ɗan [[Kroatiya|Croatian]] kuma ɗan Latin Marko Marulić a cikin littafinsa, ''Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae'' (''Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul'') a ƙarshen karni na 15 ko farkon karni na 16. Maganar farko da aka sani game da kalmar ''ilimin halin'' dan adam a Turanci shine Steven Blankaart a cikin shekarar 1694 a cikin ''Kamus na zahiri.'' Kamus na nufin "Anatomy, wanda ke bi da Jiki, da Psychology, wanda ke bi da Rai." A cikin shekarar 1890, William James ya bayyana ''ilimin halin'' dan Adam a matsayin "kimiyyar rayuwar tunani, duka abubuwan mamaki da yanayin su." {{R|James 1890|pages=|quote=}} Wannan ma'anar ta ji daɗin yaɗu tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, an yi hamayya da wannan ma'anar, musamman ta masu halin kirki irin su John B. Watson, wanda a cikin shekarar 1913 ya tabbatar da cewa horo shine "kimiyya ta halitta", makasudin ka'idar wanda "shine tsinkaya da sarrafa hali." <ref name="Watson1913">{{Cite journal|last6=John B. Watson|url-status=158–177}}</ref> Tunda James ya ayyana “ilimin tunani”, kalmar tana da ƙarfi sosai akan gwajin kimiyya. <ref name="Watson1913" /> Ilimin halayyar jama'a yana nufin 'talakawa na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙwararrun tunani', fahimtar yanayin tunani da halayen mutane. === Farkon ilimin halin dan adam na gwaji === [[File:Wundt-research-group.jpg|right|thumb| Wilhelm Wundt (zaune) tare da abokan aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani, irinsa na farko.]] Masanin falsafa John Stuart Mill ya yi imanin cewa tunanin ɗan adam a buɗe yake ga binciken kimiyya, ko da kuwa kimiyyar ta wasu hanyoyi ba ta dace ba. Mill ya ba da shawarar " [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]] na hankali" wanda tunanin farko zai iya haɗuwa cikin ra'ayoyin mafi girma. Gustav Fechner ya fara gudanar da binciken ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Leipzig]] a cikin 1830s. Ya fayyace ƙa'idar cewa fahimtar ɗan adam game da abin motsa rai yana bambanta logarithm gwargwadon ƙarfinsa. {{R|Leahey 2001}} Ka'idar ta zama sananne da dokar Weber-Fechner. ''Abubuwan Fechner na 1860 na Psychophysics'' sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayin Kant mara kyau game da gudanar da bincike mai ƙima akan hankali.<ref>Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf u. Härtel. (Elements of Psychophysics)</ref><ref name="Horst">Horst U.K. Gundlach, "Germany", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> Nasarar Fechner ita ce ta nuna cewa "hanyoyin tunani ba za a iya ba da girman adadi kawai ba, amma kuma ana iya auna waɗannan ta hanyoyin gwaji." A cikin Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz ya gudanar da bincike guda ɗaya a kan tsinkayen hankali, da kuma horar da masanin ilimin lissafi Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, ya zo Jami'ar Leipzig, inda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya kawo ilimin halin gwaji a duniya. Wundt ya mai da hankali kan tarwatsa hanyoyin tunani zuwa mafi mahimmancin sassa na asali, wanda aka kwadaitar a wani bangare ta kwatankwacin ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ilmin sunadarai, da nasarar bincikensa na abubuwa da tsarin kayan. Paul Flechsig da Emil Kraepelin ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙirƙiri wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tasiri a Leipzig, ɗakin binciken da ke da alaƙa da tunani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan gwajin tabin hankali. == Manazarta == nw7r9lykudf5orp3f8gjbhljfrr8rzl 890742 890741 2026-08-02T19:34:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta */ 890742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:VirginiaSatir4.jpg |thumb|Virginia Satir Masaniyar Ilimin halin dan Adam ]] [[Fayil:EEG early studies edited.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Phrenologie1_(87k_edited).jpg |thumb|Phrenology ]] '''Psychology;''' shine binciken kimiyya na [[hankali]] da hali. IIlimin halin dan [[Adam]] ya haɗa da nazarin hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, gami da ji da [[tunani]]. Ilimi ne na ilimi mai girman gaske, yana ketare iyakoki tsakanin ilimin halitta da [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|zamantakewa]]. Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa na [[kwakwalwa]], suna danganta horo da ilimin neuroscience. A matsayin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna nufin fahimtar halayen daidaikun mutane da [[Kungiyoyin mutane|kungiyoyi]]. Syo<ref name="Psychology">Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.</ref> <ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c1gdq2v5g4yt</ref>harafin farko na kalmar Helenanci ''psyche'' wanda aka samo kalmar ilimin halaiyar [[dan Adam]] (duba ƙasa), yawanci yana hade da kimiyya. Kwararren [[likita]] ko mai bincike da ke da hannu a cikin horo ana kiransa masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman masana kimiyyar halayya ko fahimi. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar matsayin ayyukan tunani a cikin ɗaiɗai da ɗabi'a na zamantakewa. Wasu suna bincika hanyoyin ilimin lissafin jiki da na neurobiological waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ayyuka da halaye na fahimi. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin bincike kan ra'ayi, fahimta, hankali, [[Emotion|motsin rai]], hankali, abubuwan da suka faru, kuzari, aikin kwakwalwa, da mutuntaka. Sha'awar masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kai ga alaƙar juna, juriya na tunani, juriyar iyali, da sauran fagage a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Suna kuma la'akari da hankali marar hankali. <ref name="reference_name_A">[[Psychoanalysis]] and other forms of [[depth psychology]] are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast, [[Behaviorist|behaviorists]] consider such phenomena as [[classical conditioning]] and [[operant conditioning]]. [[Cognitivism (psychology)|Cognitivists]] explore [[implicit memory]], [[automaticity]], and [[Subliminal message|subliminal messages]], all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed, [[Cognitive-behavioral therapist|cognitive-behavioral therapists]] counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.</ref> Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙwaƙƙwaran don haifar da alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, likitocin ilimin nasiha na [[asibiti]] sun dogara da fassarar alama. [[File:A session with a psychotherapist (751707089).jpg|thumb|kimiyar hali na dan adam kenan ]] Yayin da ake amfani da ilimin tunani sau da yawa akan kimantawa da magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana kuma karkata zuwa ga fahimta da warware matsaloli a fannoni da dama na ayyukan ɗan adam. Ta lissafin da yawa, ilimin halin dan Adam yana nufin amfani da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=205–206}}</ref> Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin wani nau'in rawar warkewa, yin aikin motsa jiki a cikin asibiti, shawarwari, ko saitunan makaranta. Sauran masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya akan batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi hanyoyin tunani da halaye. Yawanci ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ɗabi'a suna aiki a cikin tsarin ilimi (misali, jami'o'i, makarantun likitanci, ko asibitoci). Wani rukuni na masana ilimin halayyar dan adam yana aiki a cikin masana'antu da saitunan kungiya. Duk da haka wasu suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam, tsufa, wasanni, lafiya, kimiyyar bincike, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. == Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta == [[File:روانشناسی رشد کودک - دختر بچه Developmental psychology 08.jpg|thumb|halayyar dan Adam ]] Kalmar psychology ta samo tushen ne daga kalmar Helenanci <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">psyche</i></nowiki>, ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaren ƙarshen kalmar "psychology" ya samo asali daga -λογία[[wiktionary:-logia|''-logia'']], wanda ke nufin "karatu" ko "bincike". Kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''psychologia'' ta fara amfani da ɗan adam ɗan [[Kroatiya|Croatian]] kuma ɗan Latin Marko Marulić a cikin littafinsa, ''Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae'' (''Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul'') a ƙarshen karni na 15 ko farkon karni na 16. Maganar farko da aka sani game da kalmar ''ilimin halin'' dan adam a Turanci shine Steven Blankaart a cikin shekarar 1694 a cikin ''Kamus na zahiri.'' Kamus na nufin "Anatomy, wanda ke bi da Jiki, da Psychology, wanda ke bi da Rai." A cikin shekarar 1890, William James ya bayyana ''ilimin halin'' dan Adam a matsayin "kimiyyar rayuwar tunani, duka abubuwan mamaki da yanayin su." {{R|James 1890|pages=|quote=}} Wannan ma'anar ta ji daɗin yaɗu tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, an yi hamayya da wannan ma'anar, musamman ta masu halin kirki irin su John B. Watson, wanda a cikin shekarar 1913 ya tabbatar da cewa horo shine "kimiyya ta halitta", makasudin ka'idar wanda "shine tsinkaya da sarrafa hali." <ref name="Watson1913">{{Cite journal|last6=John B. Watson|url-status=158–177}}</ref> Tunda James ya ayyana “ilimin tunani”, kalmar tana da ƙarfi sosai akan gwajin kimiyya. <ref name="Watson1913" /> Ilimin halayyar jama'a yana nufin 'talakawa na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙwararrun tunani', fahimtar yanayin tunani da halayen mutane. === Farkon ilimin halin dan adam na gwaji === [[File:Wundt-research-group.jpg|right|thumb| Wilhelm Wundt (zaune) tare da abokan aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani, irinsa na farko.]] Masanin falsafa John Stuart Mill ya yi imanin cewa tunanin ɗan adam a buɗe yake ga binciken kimiyya, ko da kuwa kimiyyar ta wasu hanyoyi ba ta dace ba. Mill ya ba da shawarar " [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]] na hankali" wanda tunanin farko zai iya haɗuwa cikin ra'ayoyin mafi girma. Gustav Fechner ya fara gudanar da binciken ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Leipzig]] a cikin 1830s. Ya fayyace ƙa'idar cewa fahimtar ɗan adam game da abin motsa rai yana bambanta logarithm gwargwadon ƙarfinsa. {{R|Leahey 2001}} Ka'idar ta zama sananne da dokar Weber-Fechner. ''Abubuwan Fechner na 1860 na Psychophysics'' sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayin Kant mara kyau game da gudanar da bincike mai ƙima akan hankali.<ref>Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf u. Härtel. (Elements of Psychophysics)</ref><ref name="Horst">Horst U.K. Gundlach, "Germany", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> Nasarar Fechner ita ce ta nuna cewa "hanyoyin tunani ba za a iya ba da girman adadi kawai ba, amma kuma ana iya auna waɗannan ta hanyoyin gwaji." A cikin Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz ya gudanar da bincike guda ɗaya a kan tsinkayen hankali, da kuma horar da masanin ilimin lissafi Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, ya zo Jami'ar Leipzig, inda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya kawo ilimin halin gwaji a duniya. Wundt ya mai da hankali kan tarwatsa hanyoyin tunani zuwa mafi mahimmancin sassa na asali, wanda aka kwadaitar a wani bangare ta kwatankwacin ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ilmin sunadarai, da nasarar bincikensa na abubuwa da tsarin kayan. Paul Flechsig da Emil Kraepelin ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙirƙiri wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tasiri a Leipzig, ɗakin binciken da ke da alaƙa da tunani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan gwajin tabin hankali. == Manazarta == 8ekjyfgpz0kprs0ue2sr5tty5oyftzw 0 41276 890898 818087 2026-08-03T10:58:20Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 890898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Culture Centre of the Russian Armed Forces in MSK.jpg|thumb|Makarantar sojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:NBC Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces in Serbia 03.jpg|thumb|sojojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:Middle emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg|thumb|Sojojin Rasha]] '''Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha''' ( {{Lang-ru|Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции}}, {{Transl|ru|Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii}} ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sojojin Rasha''', sojojin [[Rasha]] ne.<ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN daga 978 zuwa 1 zuwa 85743 zuwa 988 harzuwa 5.</ref> Dangane da ma'aikata masu aiki, su ne sojoji na biyar mafi girma a duniya, tare da akalla ma'aikata miliyan biyu. Bangaren su ya kunshi sojojin kasa da na ruwa da na sararin samaniya da kuma wasu makamai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Dakarun roka masu amfani da dabarun yaki da sojojin sama da na musamman na ayyuka. A cikin shekarar 2021, Rasha tana da kashe-kashen soja na biyar a duniya, inda ta ware kasafin kusan US$65.9 billion ga sojoji. Sojojin Rasha suna kula da mafi girman tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya, kuma sun mallaki jirgin ruwa na biyu mafi girma na makamai masu linzami na ballistic; su ma ɗaya ne daga cikin sojojin ƙasa uku kaɗai (tare da na Amurka da China ) waɗanda ke kai hare-haren bama-bamai. Tare da wasu keɓancewa, dokar Rasha ta ba da izinin aikin soja na shekara ɗaya ga duk 'yan ƙasa maza masu shekaru 18-27, kodayake ba a tura sojoji da aka yi wa aiki a wajen Rasha. <ref name="cia">Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ The World Fact Book: Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |date=2021-01-09 }}</ref> Duk da karfin da kasar Rasha ta dauka na karfin soji, kamar yadda aka rubuta a kimantawa daban-daban, an lura da kasawa a fagen fama da kasar ta fuskar dabara da ma'auni na aiki. A cewar rahotanni da yawa, cin hanci da rashawa da ya barke a cikin Rundunar Sojin Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai kan ikon Rasha na aiwatar da aiki mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata. Tsakanin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine]], gazawar kayan aiki mai tsanani sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin sojojin Rasha, yayin da sassan sabis daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙari don daidaitawa da aiki tare. Ci gaba da gazawa ne ya sa yunƙurin yaƙin Rasha ya fuskanci koma baya mai yawa tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa; Sojojin Rasha sun sami asarar ci gaba a yankunan da aka mamaye/mallake, da barna mai yawa da almubazzaranci da kayan aikinsu, da kuma yawan asarar rayuka.<ref>Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</ref> Masu bincike daga Kamfanin RAND sun lura cewa Rasha na ci gaba da kokawa da ƙwarewar soja. Jami'in Tsaro na Rasha, rundunar sojojin Rasha ta samar da wani bangare na hidimar tsaron kasar da ke karkashin tsaron gida na tarayya, kariya ta kasar nan, kariya ta kasar nan Sabis, Sabis na Leken Asiri na Waje, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iyej18jus6xp2yomeem5i29g7jmouo4 890900 890898 2026-08-03T11:05:00Z Baffa ali 47435 890900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Culture Centre of the Russian Armed Forces in MSK.jpg|thumb|Makarantar sojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:NBC Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces in Serbia 03.jpg|thumb|sojojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:Middle emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg|thumb|Sojojin Rasha]] '''Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha''' ( {{Lang-ru|Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции}}, {{Transl|ru|Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii}} ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sojojin Rasha''', sojojin [[Rasha]] ne.<ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN daga 978 zuwa 1 zuwa 85743 zuwa 988 harzuwa 5.</ref> Dangane da ma'aikata masu aiki, su ne sojoji na biyar mafi girma a duniya, tare da akalla ma'aikata miliyan biyu. Bangaren su ya kunshi sojojin kasa da na ruwa da na sararin samaniya da kuma wasu makamai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Dakarun roka masu amfani da dabarun yaki da sojojin sama da na musamman na ayyuka. A cikin shekarar 2021, Rasha tana da kashe-kashen soja na biyar a duniya, inda ta ware kasafin kusan US$65.9 billion ga sojoji. Sojojin Rasha suna kula da mafi girman tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya, kuma sun mallaki jirgin ruwa na biyu mafi girma na makamai masu linzami na ballistic; su ma ɗaya ne daga cikin sojojin ƙasa uku kaɗai (tare da na Amurka da China ) waɗanda ke kai hare-haren bama-bamai. Tare da wasu keɓancewa, dokar Rasha ta ba da izinin aikin soja na shekara ɗaya ga duk 'yan ƙasa maza masu shekarun daga 18 harzuwa 27, kodayake ba a tura sojoji da aka yi wa aiki a wajen Rasha. <ref name="cia">Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ The World Fact Book: Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |date=Daga 2021-01-09 }}</ref> Duk da karfin da kasar Rasha ta dauka na karfin soji, kamar yadda aka rubuta a kimantawa daban-daban, an lura da kasawa a fagen fama da kasar ta fuskar dabara da ma'auni na aiki. A cewar rahotanni da yawa, cin hanci da rashawa da ya barke a cikin Rundunar Sojin Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai kan ikon Rasha na aiwatar da aiki mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata. Tsakanin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine]], gazawar kayan aiki mai tsanani sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin sojojin Rasha, yayin da sassan sabis daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙari don daidaitawa da aiki tare. Ci gaba da gazawa ne ya sa yunƙurin yaƙin Rasha ya fuskanci koma baya mai yawa tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa; Sojojin Rasha sun sami asarar ci gaba a yankunan da aka mamaye/mallake, da barna mai yawa da almubazzaranci da kayan aikinsu, da kuma yawan asarar rayuka.<ref>Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</ref> Masu bincike daga Kamfanin RAND sun lura cewa Rasha na ci gaba da kokawa da ƙwarewar soja. Jami'in Tsaro na Rasha, rundunar sojojin Rasha ta samar da wani bangare na hidimar tsaron kasar da ke karkashin tsaron gida na tarayya, kariya ta kasar nan, kariya ta kasar nan Sabis, Sabis na Leken Asiri na Waje, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a7wazo3mdx91vauthsed41uzymhhm5f 0 42377 890687 420224 2026-08-02T16:05:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abderrazak_Hamdallah.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Abderrazak Hamdallah]] '''Abderrazak Hamdallah''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد الرزاق حمد الله}} ; an haife shine a ranar 17 ga watan Disambar shekarata alif 1990), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al-Ittihad da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco . Ana yi masa lakabi da '''The Executioner''' saboda iya zura kwallo a raga. <ref name="kooora.com">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=الجلاد حمد الله يطمح لإضافة النصر إلى قائمة ضحاياه |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1111945 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=كووورة}}</ref><ref name="حمد الله.. جلاد في محيط الرعب">{{Cite web |title=حمد الله.. جلاد في محيط الرعب |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/665616 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=arriyadiyah.com |language=ar}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Olympics de Safi a Maroko, daga baya ya koma Aalesunds a Norway. Bayan kakar wasa guda tare da su, ya shiga kulob ɗin Guangzhou R&amp;amp;F na kasar Sin. A cikin shekarar alif 2015, ya koma El Jaish, inda ya lashe gasar cin kofin Qatar ta shekarar 2016 . Ba da da ewa daga baya ya sanya hannu tare da Qatari club Al-Rayyan . Ya ji dangane da Al-Rayyan kuma ya shiga Saudi [[Al-Nassr|Al Nassr]] . A kakar wasa ta bana,a shekarar alif 2018 zuwa shekarata 2019 Saudi Professional League ya zira tarihin zira kwallaye 34 a kakar wasa daya, kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya a shekarar kalandar ta shekarar 2019 da kwallaye 57 gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.iffhs.com |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113210804/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/914 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2018-2019 Saudi Professional League da Super Cup sau biyu. Hamdallah ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2022]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a Safi, Morocco, Hamdallah shine auta a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na iyali. Hamadallah ya yi magana game da yarinta, yana mai cewa:<blockquote>Na fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a titi tare da sauran yaran garin da aka haife ni, Safi. Sa’ad da nake matashi, na shiga wani kulob a garin. Ina wasa kusan kowace rana bayan makaranta da kuma duk karshen mako. Yayana koyaushe yana goyon bayana. Ya ƙarfafa ni in yi aiki tuƙuru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/252/129/6/ |title=Hamdallah sort de l'ombre chinoise |publisher=FIFA Official Website |date=6 February 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705085219/http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/252/129/6/|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote> == Aikin kulob == Hamdallah ya samu tsarin wasan kwallon kafa na farko a kulob din Nejm Shabab Safi, kafin ya koma kungiyar ta farko, Olympic Club de Safi, inda ya fara sana'arsa tun daga 2010–2011 Botola, a lokacin da ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Morocco. Ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da Difa' Hassani El Jadidi . Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar Olympic Club de Safi a farkon bayyanarsa a gasar cin kofin Al'arshi ta Morocco da kungiyar Raja CA, wasan ya kare da ci 3-2. 2011-2012 Botola ya nuna ainihin farkon Hamdallah a matakin zira kwallaye, yayin da ya gama kakar wasa ta hanyar zira kwallaye 15, yana mamaye jere na biyu, kwallaye biyu a gaban sabon dan wasan Chadi Karl Max Barthélémy . A cikin kakar 2012-2013, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye 15 a kashi biyu bisa uku na farko na gasar kafin ya shiga, a watan Maris 2013, don kwarewa tare da kulob din Ålesund na Norway. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kungiyar da Wydad de Fès . Darajar kudin da Hamdallah ya yi wa Olesund Club ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الشامي |first=طارق |title=غريب حمد الله هداف الدوري المغربي والنرويجي في نفس الموسم |url=https://www.nador24.com/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85_a10868.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Nador أخبار الناظور المتجدّدة 24 |language=ar |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227173020/https://www.nador24.com/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85_a10868.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Alesund === A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa Hamdallah ya shiga Tippeliga club Aalesund . Kudin canja wuri ya kasance a cikin yanki na €1&nbsp;miliyan ko 7.4&nbsp;miliyan Norwegian Krone da dan wasan sun sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, kwantiraginsa na farko a Turai. Kudin canja wuri shi ne mafi girman da Aalesund ya biya kan dan wasa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lid |first=Ivar |title="Superspissen" klar for AaFK: – Klubbens dyreste spiller noensinne |url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/fotball/_superspissen_-klar-for-aafk-1.10913711|access-date=14 February 2013 |newspaper=Nrk.no |date=14 February 2013 |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vågnes |first=Stig |title=Her setter Aalesund rekord på overgangsmarkedet |url=http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article268045.ece |access-date=14 February 2013 |newspaper=100% Fotball |date=14 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217003452/http://fotball.aftenposten.no/eliteserien/article268045.ece |archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> Hamdallah ya yi magana a karon farko da ya isa kasar Norway, inda ya ce: ''“Abin da ya faru ke da wuya, domin na isa kasar da ke da sanyi sosai, amma ta hanyar son rai na shawo kan duk wani cikas.'' ''Ni ne dan wasa na farko daga gasar Morocco da ya zo Norway, kuma sanya hannu na ya ba da hankali sosai a jaridu.'' ''A ƙarshe, na iya rufe bakin masu sukana ta hanyar kammala a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi zira kwallaye a gasar."'' Hamdallah ya fara buga wasansa ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Sandnes Ulf a waje da ci 1-0 sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a wasan da suka doke Sarpsborg 08 da ci 2-0 a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. Daga nan kuma a ranar 13 ga Mayun 2013, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga Aalesund a wasan da suka doke Lillestrøm SK da ci 7–1, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu bayan wasanni tara. Bayan ya zura kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana, Hamadallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Viking da ci 3–1 a ranar 25 ga Oktobar 2013. A kakar wasansa na farko da kungiyar, Hamdallah ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 27 da ya buga kuma an saka shi cikin Gwarzon dan wasan na bana. Har ila yau, ya bar Hamdallah a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kulob din, kodayake shi ne na biyu a gasar bayan Frode Johnsen . === Guangzhou R&F === A watan Fabrairun 2014, Hamdallah ya koma kungiyar Guangzhou R&amp;amp;F ta kasar Sin . Bayan tafiya, Sven-Göran Eriksson zai horar da Hamdallah akan farashin rikodi na €4.5&nbsp;miliyan ko 33,3&nbsp;krone Norwegian miliyan. Tashinsa daga Aalesund ya bar kulob din sosai, saboda yadda ya zura kwallo a raga, abin da kulob ɗin ya sha fama da shi bayan da Hamdallah ya bar Norway zuwa China. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon kakar wasa, Hamdallah ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Shanghai Shenxin da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 2014. A wasa na gaba da Hangzhou Greentown, ya ci wani hat-trick a ci 6–2. Ya sake zira kwallo a wasa na gaba da Henan Jianye, wanda ya ci sau biyu a ci 4-0. Bayan shafe mako guda yana jin rauni a kafa, Hamdallah ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara, a wasan da suka doke Guangzhou Evergrande 1-0. A kakar wasansa ta farko a Guangzhou R&F, Hamdallah ya buga wasanni ashirin da biyu kuma ya ci sau ashirin da biyu. Duk da fara mai kyau a wasanni hudu na farko da zura kwallaye uku a karawar da suka yi da Hangzhou Greentown, Shanghai SIPG da Guizhou Renhe . Hamdallah shi ma ya zura kwallo a ragar Gamba Osaka a wasan rukuni-rukuni na AFC Champions League . Sai dai Hamdallah ya samu rauni a kafa sannan ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Ba wannan kadai ba, halinsa ya haifar da hayaniya daga manaja Cosmin Contra kuma su biyun sun fadi. An sanar a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2015 cewa Hamdallah zai bar kulob din. === Kungiyoyin Qatari === A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2015, Hamdallah ya shiga El Jaish a cikin Qatar Stars League kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na tsawaita shekara ta uku. A wani bangare na yunkurin, Aalesund ya karbi kashi 25 cikin dari na kudin canja wuri da aka biya zuwa Guangzhou. Hamdallah dai bai buga rabin kakar wasa ta 2016 ba saboda rauni a gwiwarsa. Kwallaye da ya ci ya ragu a kakar wasa ta bana saboda rashin rabin wasanni a kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2016, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe a nasara da ci 3–2 da Al Sadd SC . Sun doke Al-Duhail SC a wasan karshe. A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2017, Hamdallah ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar har zuwa 2019 tare da Al-Rayyan SC .<ref>{{Cite web |title=الريان يتعاقد رسميا مع المغربي عبد الرزاق حمد الله |url=https://www.elsport.com/news/show/371306/الريان-يتعاقد-رسميا-المغربي-عبد-الرزاق-حمد-الله |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Elsport News |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arabstoday |title=Arabstoday |url=https://www.arabstoday.net/1153/231527-الريان-يتعاقد-رسميا-مع-المغربي-عبد-الرزاق-حمد-الله |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Arabstoday |language=ar-aa}}</ref>A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya ƙare kwangilarsa da Al-Rayyan . === Al Nassar === A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya shiga [[Al-Nassr|Al Nassr]] a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Saudiyya . Ya buga wasansa na farko da Al Qadsiah FC kuma ya taimaka sau biyu. A wasansa na biyu, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da kungiyar Al Taawoun FC . Ya zuwa Afrilu 2019 ya zira kwallaye 100 na gasar, rikodin tun lokacin da gasar ta zama ƙwararrun a 2007. Duk da mummunan farawar da ya yi sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a baya Hamadallah ya iya kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a gasar kwararru ta Saudiyya a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye bayan ya zura kwallaye 68 a raga. A cikin 2018-19 Season ya lashe gasar lig tare da tawagarsa. Ya zira kwallaye 34 a raga tare da abokin wasansa Nordin Amrabat . Ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe da Al Batin . A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick a kan Al Jandal SC a zagaye na 64 a gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 . Bayan kwanaki 10, ya zura kwallo a ragar Al Ansar FC . Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Al-Fayha FC a zagaye na 16. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe da Al Ittihad na gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 . A karshen shekarar 2019, Hamdallah ya samu nasarar doke tauraruwa da dama kamar su [[Robert Lewandowski]] da [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya bayan ya ci kwallaye 57. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2020, Hamdallah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Al Taawoun FC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2019 . A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2021, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a ci 3-0 a kan [[Al Hilal SFC]] don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2020 . A 2020 AFC Champions League, Hamdallah ya yi tasiri sosai a tawagarsa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Al Sadd SC kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a ci 2-0 da Sepahan SC . A zagayen kwata fainal ya zura kwallo daya tilo a cikin nasara da ci 1–0 da Al Taawoun FC . Sun yi rashin nasara a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe bayan bugun fanareti da [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis FC]] . A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, [[Al-Nassr|Al Nassr FC]] ta soke kwangilarta da Hamdallah a hukumance. Hamdallah ya buga wasansa na karshe a kungiyar a ci 1-0 da Ettifaq FC . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Twitter|abderrazzakham3}} * Abderrazak Hamdallah on Instagram * {{Soccerway|abderrazak-hamdallah/245731}} * {{NFT player|46828}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hlwsto4318hxvp9bhazed533r62pz35 0 42561 890881 450326 2026-08-03T08:33:10Z Baffa ali 47435 890881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Idun''' (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu 1963) ɗan wasan tseren Ghana ne.<ref>"James Idun Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2017.</ref><ref>James Idun Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017.</ref> Ya yi takara a tseren mita 200 na maza a gasar Olympics wanda yaci nasara ta bazara ta shekarar 1984 .<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "James Idun Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2017.</ref> <ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/id/james-idun-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418053235/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/id/james-idun-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=James Idun Olympic Results|accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] excsdf4yb9wwi71giavh8nh3hlshejc 0 42669 890791 450382 2026-08-02T22:07:43Z Baffa ali 47435 890791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Sanni-Thomas''' ( an haife shi ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1927 zuwa &#x2013; 3 ga Fabrairu 2007)<ref>"Ghana clinging to Olympic dream". BBC News. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</ref> ya kasance dan wasan tseren matsakaicin zango ne na Ghana.<ref>"Base Camp Sponsored Ghanaian skier Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong has qualified for 2010 Olympics". 0-21 Snowboarding. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</ref><ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "Mohamed Sanni-Thomas Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2017.</ref> Ya yi takara kuma ya fatata a wasan tseren mita 800 na maza a gasar wasan Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1952. <ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/mohamed-sanni-thomas-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085319/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/mohamed-sanni-thomas-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Mohamed Sanni-Thomas Olympic Results|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Matattun 2007]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1927]] py3g4ocmv7drzod7az7b3a5hh8d6yma 0 44561 890619 530273 2026-08-02T12:41:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dikembe Mutombo at the Aspire4Sport Congress in Doha. crop.jpg|thumb|Dikembe Mutombo]] '''Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo''' (an haife shi ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1966 kuma ya mutu Satumba 30, 2024) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kongo-Amurka. Mutombo ya buga wasanni 18 a Kungiyar Kwando ta Kasa (NBA). A waje da kwallon kwando, ya zama sananne saboda aikinsa na jin kai. Cibiyar 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m), 260-lb (120 kg), wanda ya fara aikinsa tare da Georgetown Hoyas, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu toshe harbi da 'yan wasan tsaron da suka taɓa kasancewa, ya lashe kyautar NBA Defensive Player of the Year sau huɗu; shi ma ya kasance All-Star sau takwas. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2007, ya zarce Kareem Abdul-Jabbar a matsayin na biyu mafi yawan masu toshe harbi a tarihin NBA, a bayan Hakeem Olajuwon, kuma ya samu matsakaicin ninki biyu a mafi yawan aikinsa. [1] [2] A ƙarshen wasan ƙarshe na 2009 NBA, Mutombo ya sanar da ritaya. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015, an shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shahararren Kwando na Naismith Memorial. 6] == Farkon rayuwa == [[File:Dikembe Mutombo.jpg|thumb|Dikembe Mutombo]] An haifi Mutombo a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1966, a [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], a matsayin ɗayan yara 10 ga Samuel da Biamba Marie Mutombo. [1] [2] Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan makaranta sannan kuma a ma'aikatar ilimi ta Kongo. [3] 10] Mutombo yana magana da Ingilishi, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Fotigal, da yaruka biyar na Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da Lingala da Tshiluba. [ Shi memba ne na kabilun Luba. 13] Don makarantar sakandare, Mutombo ya tafi Kwalejin Boboto a Kinshasa don shimfida tushe don aikin likitancinsa kamar yadda azuzuwan suka fi ƙalubale a can. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya halarci wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. 10] A kusan shekara 16, Mutombo ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan aikin kwando a karfafa mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa saboda tsayinsa. [ 10 [1] Ya koma Amurka a 1987 yana da shekaru 21 don shiga kwaleji. [2] 15] == Kwalejin == Mutombo ya halarci Jami'ar Georgetown a kan tallafin karatu na USAID. Da farko ya yi niyyar zama likita, amma kocin kwando na Georgetown Hoyas John Thompson ya ɗauke shi aiki don buga kwando. [ [1] [2] Bai yi magana da Ingilishi ba lokacin da ya isa Georgetown kuma ya yi karatu a cikin shirin ESL. [1] [2] A lokacin shekararsa ta farko ta kwando ta kwaleji a matsayin na biyu, Mutombo ya taba toshe harbi 12 a wasa. [3] 20] Gina kan ikon toshe harbi na Mutombo da abokin aikinsa Alonzo Mourning, magoya bayan Georgetown sun kirkiro wani sashi na "Rashin yarda" a karkashin kwando, suna kara babban silhouette na hannun da aka miƙa zuwa banner don kowane harbi da aka toshe a lokacin wasan. [ 21 [1] Mutombo an kira shi Big East Defensive Player of the Year sau biyu, a 1990 (wanda aka raba tare da Mourning) da kuma a 1991. [2] 23] A Georgetown, asalin Mutombo da sha'awarsa na ƙasashen waje sun yi fice. Kamar sauran ɗaliban kwaleji na yankin Washington, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin bazara, sau ɗaya don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sau ɗaya don Bankin Duniya. 24] A 1991, ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimin harshe da diflomasiyya. [ 25] == Aikin NBA == [[File:Lipofsky-Dikembe Mutombo.jpg|thumb]] === Denver Nuggets === A cikin rubutun NBA na 1991, Denver Nuggets sun tsara Mutombo tare da zaɓi na huɗu gaba ɗaya. 26] Nuggets sun kasance na ƙarshe a cikin NBA a cikin maki na abokin hamayya a kowane wasa da ƙimar tsaro, [1] kuma ikon Mutombo na toshe harbi ya yi tasiri nan da nan a cikin gasar. Ya haɓaka sa hannun sa hannu a cikin 1992 a matsayin hanya don zama mafi kasuwa da samun kwangilar tallafin samfura. [ 28] Bayan ya toshe harbin wani dan wasa, zai nuna yatsan sa na dama zuwa ga wannan dan wasan kuma ya motsa shi gefe zuwa gefe. [ 29] A waccan shekarar, Mutombo ya fito a cikin tallan Adidas wanda ya yi amfani da taken "Mutum ba ya tashi... a gidan Mutombo", wanda ke nuni da yawan harbinsa. [ 30] A matsayinsa na rookie, an zabi Mutombo a cikin kungiyar All-Star kuma ya zira kwallaye 16.6, 12.3 rebounds, da kusan uku a kowane wasa. Mutombo ya fara kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa a gasar, yana sanya manyan lambobin rebound da block. Lokacin 1993-94 ya ga Denver ya ci gaba da inganta tare da Mutombo a matsayin dutsen dutse na kulob din. A wannan kakar, Mutombo ya samu maki 12.0 a kowane wasa, 11.8 rebounds a kowane wasa, da kuma 4.1 a kowane wasa. [31] Da hakan, ya taimaka wa Nuggets su gama da rikodin 42-40 kuma su cancanci zama iri na takwas a wasan ƙarshe. An daidaita su tare da manyan 'yan wasa 63 ¢ 19 Seattle SuperSonics a zagaye na farko. Bayan faduwa zuwa rashi na 0-2 a wasan wasa biyar, Denver ta ci wasanni uku a jere don fitar da babbar damuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo, ta zama farkon iri na takwas don kayar da lambar farko a jerin wasan kwaikwayo na NBA. [32] A ƙarshen wasa na 5, Mutombo ya kama abin tunawa da wasan da ya lashe wasan kuma ya fadi a ƙasa, yana riƙe da kwallon a kansa a lokacin farin ciki. [ 33] Kasancewar Mutombo a cikin tsaro shine mabuɗin nasarar da aka samu; jimlarsa 31 ya kasance rikodin jerin wasanni biyar. [ 30] A zagaye na biyu na wasan kwaikwayo, Nuggets sun fadi ga Utah Jazz, 4-3. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an zaba shi don wasan All-Star na biyu kuma ya karbi kyautar NBA Defensive Player of the Year. Denver ta kasa ci gaba da nasarar da ta samu daga wasan karshe na baya, saboda Mutombo ba shi da goyon baya mai kyau a kusa da shi. A lokacin kakar wasa ta ƙarshe tare da Nuggets, Mutombo ya sami maki 11.0 a kowane wasa, 11.8 rebounds a kowane wasa da kuma mafi girman aikin 4.5 a kowane wasa. 34] A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1995-96, Mutombo ya zama ɗan wasa kyauta, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya nemi kwangila na shekaru 10, wani abu da Nuggets suka ɗauka ba zai yiwu ba. Bernie Bickerstaff, a lokacin babban manajan Nuggets, daga baya ya ce rashin dawo da Mutombo shine babban nadamarsa a matsayin GM. 35] ==== Atlanta Hawks ==== Bayan kakar wasa ta NBA ta 1995-96, Mutombo ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar kyauta ta shekara 5, dala miliyan 55 tare da [[Atlanta]] Hawks. [36] [37] Shi da Hawks All-Star Steve Smith sun jagoranci Atlanta zuwa baya-da-baya 50 +-win kakar wasa a 1996 ¢ 97 (56 ¢ 26) da 1997 ¢ 98 (50 ¢ 32). Mutombo ya lashe gwarzon dan wasan tsaron shekara a duka shekaru biyu, yana ci gaba da sanya kyawawan lambobin tsaro tare da Hawks. A wasan NBA na 1997, Hawks sun doke Detroit Pistons a wasanni biyar. A wasa na 1 na wannan jerin, Mutombo ya jagoranci dukkan masu zira kwallaye da rebounders, tare da maki 26 da rebounds 15 bi da bi, a cikin nasara 89-75 akan Pistons. 38] A zagaye na gaba, duk da cewa Mutombo yana da matsakaicin ninki biyu da kuma kwallaye 2.6 a kowane wasa, Hawks sun yi asara a wasanni biyar ga zakaran Chicago Bulls. [ 39] A kakar wasa mai zuwa, a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1998, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 20 kuma ya ɗauki rebounds 24 a cikin asara 105-102 ga Indiana Pacers. 40] Wannan kakar ta ƙare cikin takaici ga Mutombo da Hawks, kamar yadda duk da kammala tare da irin wannan rikodin zuwa kakar da ta gabata, Mutombo ya sami maki 8.0 ne kawai da 12.8 rebounds a wasa yayin da Hawks suka rasa wa abokin hamayyarsu Charlotte Hornets wasanni uku zuwa ɗaya a zagaye na farko. [ 41] A lokacin da aka rage lokacin kulle-kulle na 1998-99, shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta IBM ta NBA, kyautar dan wasan shekara da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙirar kwamfuta. A waccan shekarar, NBA ta hana Mutombo yatsan yatsa, kuma bayan wani lokaci na zanga-zanga, ya bi sabon doka. 42] A cikin abin da zai zama kakar wasa ta ƙarshe tare da Hawks a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1999-00, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 11.5 a kowane wasa, 14.1 rebounds a kowane wasa, da 3.3 a kowane wasa. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1999, Mutombo ya zira kwallaye 27, a kan 11 daga cikin 11 da aka harba daga filin wasa, ya kama kwallaye 29 na kakar wasa kuma ya yi rikodin wasanni 6 na wasa don fitar da nasara a kan Minnesota Timberwolves. 43]. '''New Jersey Nets''' [[File:Mutombo Dikembe2.jpg|thumb|Dikembe Mutombo]] Neman babban mutum don yin gogayya da Shaquille O'Neal da Tim Duncan, Nets sun aika abokin aikin su na gaba Keith Van Horn da Todd MacCulloch zuwa Philadelphia a musayar Mutombo. 50] Amma Mutombo ya shafe mafi yawan wannan kakar tare da raunin da ya rage shi zuwa wasanni 24 kawai. Gabaɗaya bai iya yin wasa a wasan ƙarshe ba, yawanci yana aiki a matsayin mutum na shida a lokacin wasan Nets na biyu a jere (sun rasa Spurs a wasanni shida). Bayan kakar wasa guda daya a New Jersey, Nets sun sayi sauran shekaru biyu a kwangilarsa. 51] '''New York Knicks''' A watan Oktoba na 2003, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu tare da New York Knicks. [52] Bayan babban wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi da abokan hamayyar New Jersey Nets wanda ya hada da katanga 10, magoya bayan Knicks sun fara nuna yatsunsu a Mutombo. Ya zaɓi ya amsa daidai bayan wani alkalin wasa ya gaya masa cewa muddin ba'a yi amfani da wata alama ga wani dan wasa ba, gasar ba za ta hukunta shi ba. A watan Agusta 2004, Knicks sun yi musayar shi zuwa Chicago Bulls, tare da Cezary Trybański, Othella Harrington, da Frank Williams a musayar Jerome Williams da Jamal Crawford. 53] '''Houston Rockets''' Kafin kakar wasa ta 2004-05, Bulls sun yi musayar Mutombo zuwa Houston Rockets don Mike Wilks, Eric Piatkowski da Adrian Griffin. 54] Yao Ming da Mutombo sun kafa daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin cibiyar NBA. A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Rockets, Mutombo ya samu 15.2 MPG, 5.3 RPG, 4.0 PPG, da 1.3 BPG. Rockets sun rasa a zagaye na farko da Dallas Mavericks. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2007, a cikin nasara a kan Denver Nuggets a shekara 40, Mutombo ya zama dan wasa mafi tsufa a tarihin NBA don yin rikodin sama da 20 rebounds a wasa, tare da 22. 55] A cikin kakar 2007-08, Mutombo ya sami lokaci mai yawa na wasa lokacin da Yao ya fadi tare da karyewar kashi kuma ya karu da lambobi biyu a cikin rebounding a matsayin mai farawa. A tsakiyar cin nasara wasanni 10 a lokacin raunin Yao, Mutombo ya shiga tsakani kuma ya taimaka wa Rockets su ci wasanni 12 don kammala nasarar wasanni 22, sannan rikodin ƙungiyar. [ 56][57] A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2008, a cikin 102?? 77 na Los Angeles Lakers, Mutombo ya yi rikodin harbi 5 da aka toshe kuma ya wuce Kareem Abdul-Jabbar a cikin jimlar harbin da aka toshe a cikin aikin, yana bin Hakeem Olajuwon kawai. 58][59] Bayan ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya kuma ya ciyar da farkon rabin 2008 a matsayin dan wasan da ba a sanya hannu ba, a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2008, Mutombo ya sanya hannu tare da Houston Rockets don sauran kakar 2008-09. Ya ce shekarar 2009 za ta kasance "tafiyar ban kwana" da kakar wasa ta karshe; shi ne dan wasa mafi tsufa a NBA a shekarar 2009. 60] A wasa na 1 na wasan farko na Houston da Portland, Mutombo ya buga minti 18 kuma ya sami rebounds tara, toshe biyu, da sata. [ 61] A kashi na biyu na wasa na biyu, Mutombo ya sauka cikin rashin jin daɗi kuma dole ne a ɗauke shi daga bene. Bayan wasan, ya ce, "an gama ni don aikina" kuma za a buƙaci tiyata. [ 60 [1] Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa an fasa jijiyar quadriceps na gwiwar hagu a wasa na 2. [2] 63] Mutombo ya sanar da ritaya a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2009, bayan shekaru 18 a NBA. 62] == Bayanan mai kunnawa == 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) 260 lb (120 kg), Mutombo ya taka leda a tsakiya, inda aka dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu karewa a duk lokacin. Ana kiransa "Mt. Mutombo", hadewarsa da tsayi, iko, da kuma dogon makamai ya haifar da rikodin rikodin NBA na shekaru hudu, wanda Ben Wallace ne kawai ya dace. Mutombo yana cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku a cikin' Yan wasan Tsaro na Shekara wanda aka zaba a cikin yanayi tara a jere daga 1994 zuwa 2002. 64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da Mutombo na tsaron gida sune fitaccen ikon toshewa da sake dawowa. A cikin aikinsa, ya samu matsakaicin 2.8 da 10.3 rebounds a kowane wasa. Shi ne na biyu a duk lokacin da aka yi rajista, a bayan Hakeem Olajuwon, kuma shi ne na 20 mafi yawan rebounders. 73] Ya kuma kasance All-Star sau takwas kuma an zabe shi zuwa All-NBA uku da All-Defensive Teams shida. [ 74] Tare da kwarewar tsaron sa, Mutombo ya kuma ba da gudummawa a cikin hare-hare, yana samun aƙalla maki 10 a kowane wasa har ya kai shekara 35. 74] Mutombo kuma ya sami wani sanannen sananne a kotu. Bayan ya yi nasara, an san shi da yi wa abokan hamayyarsa ba'a ta wajen nuna yatsansa, kamar yadda iyaye suke yi wa ɗansu marar biyayya ba'a. Daga bisani a cikin aikinsa, jami'an NBA za su amsa wannan aikin tare da fasaha na fasaha don rashin wasanni. Don kauce wa kuskuren fasaha, Mutombo ya fara nuna yatsansa ga jama'a ko kyamarorin talabijin bayan toshewa, wanda ba a la'akari da yin ba'a da dokoki. [ 75] Bugu da ƙari, an san shi da raunukan da ya yi wa 'yan wasan NBA, ciki har da Michael Jordan, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Patrick Ewing, Chauncey Billups, Ray Allen, Yao Ming, LeBron James da Tracy McGrady. Tsohon abokin aikinsa Yao Ming yayi barkwanci game da shi: "Ina bukatar in yi magana da Koci don dakatar da Dikembe daga horo, saboda idan ya buge wani a horo, abokin aikinmu ne. Aƙalla a wasannin, yana da 50/50. " 76] == Rayuwar mutum == [[File:Dikembe Mutombo.jpg|thumb]] A shekara ta 1987, babban ɗan'uwan Mutombo, Ilo, ya fara buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Sashen II don kudancin Indiana Screaming Eagles a matsayin ɗan shekara 26. 'Yan'uwan sun yi wasa da juna a wasan 1990 a Cibiyar Babban Birni. 77] Ya haɗu da matarsa, Rose, sa'ad da ya ziyarci birnin Kinshasa a shekara ta 1995. Suna zaune a Atlanta kuma suna da yara uku tare. 78] Sun kuma dauki yara hudu daga 'yan uwan Rose da suka mutu. [ 79] [80] Dan sa, Ryan, an sanya shi a matsayin mafi kyawun cibiyar cibiyar 16 a makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi alkawarin a 2021 don yin wasa a Georgetown. 81] Jami'ar Jihar New York College a Cortland ta ba Mutombo lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Dokta na Human Human a shekara ta 2004 saboda aikinsa na jin kai a Afirka. Kwanan nan, Jami'ar Georgetown ta ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa a shekara ta 2010. A can ne ya gabatar da jawabin kammala karatun kwalejin fasaha da kimiyya ta Georgetown, wanda shi ma tsohon ɗalibi ne. [ 82] Ya kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Haverford a watan Mayu 2011. 83] A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015, NCAA ta sanar da Mutombo a matsayin mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Silver Anniversary Awards don 2016. Ana ba da kyaututtukan kowace shekara ga tsoffin 'yan wasa shida na NCAA a ranar tunawa da shekaru 25 na shekarar karatun karshe na aikin kwalejin su, suna girmama duka wasan kwaikwayo yayin da suke kwaleji da kuma aikin sana'a bayan kwaleji. Sanarwar ta ambaci aikin kwando da kuma aikin jin kai da yawa. [ 84] Dan uwan Mutombo Harouna Mutombo ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga Western Carolina Catamounts da kuma sana'a a Turai. 85] Harouna shine babban mai zira kwallaye na kungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2009 kuma an nada shi dan wasan farko na Kudancin. 86] Dan uwansa Haboubacar Mutombo kuma ya yi alkawarin buga wasan kwando a Western Carolina tun daga shekarar 2013. [ 85] Dan uwansa Mfiondu Kabengele ya buga kwando a kwalejin kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya kasance Mutumin Na Shida na ACC na Shekarar 2018 ′19. [87] Daga baya an tsara shi a zagaye na farko na zanen NBA na 2019 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar wasa tare da Los Angeles Clippers. [ 88] Dan sa, Ryan Mutombo, a halin yanzu yana buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Georgetown. 89] Ryan an lissafa shi a 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) kuma yana wasa a tsakiya. Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, Ryan ya kasance babban mai daukar hoto mai tauraro 4 a ajin daukar ma'aikata na 2021. 90] Mutombo na daga cikin wadanda suka shaida harin bam din da aka kai a filin jirgin saman Brussels a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2016. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fashewar, ya buga rahoto a shafinsa na Facebook yana cewa yana cikin aminci. Sakonsa na farko ya ce, "Allah mai kyau ne. Ina cikin filin jirgin saman Brussels da wannan hauka. Ina lafiya". 91] A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2022, ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana shan magani don ciwon daji na kwakwalwa. 92] == Mediya == Mutombo ya fito a fim din 2002 Juwanna Mann da Like Mike, wanda kuma ya ambaci sunansa a waƙar taken "Basketball". 93][94] A shekarar 2012, Mutombo ya ba da muryarsa da kamanninsa ga wasan Flash mai salo 16 wanda Old Spice ya fitar mai suna Dikembe Mutombo's 4 1/2 Weeks to Save the World. 95] Mutombo ya bayyana a cikin tallan inshorar mota na GEICO a watan Fabrairun 2013, yana wasa da ikon toshe harbi ta hanyar amfani da shi ga yanayin duniyar gaske. 96] Mutombo ya yi aiki tare da Kevin Harvick a cikin tallan Mobil 1 don alamar kariya ta shekara-shekara, yana cewa "Kada ku canza man ku". [1] 97] Mutombo yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin fim ɗin 2021 Mai zuwa 2 Amurka a matsayin kansa. 98] == Aikin jin kai == Shahararren dan agajin jin kai, Mutombo, ya kafa gidauniyar Dikembe Mutombo Foundation domin inganta rayuwa a kasarsa ta Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a shekarar 1997. Kokarin da ya yi ya ba shi lambar yabo ta NBA ta J. Walter Kennedy a matsayin dan kasa a 2001 da 2009. A sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu, Sporting News mai suna. shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Good Guys in Sports" a cikin 1999 da 2000, [99] da kuma a cikin 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 20 da suka lashe lambar yabo ta hidimar shugaban kasa, mafi girman karramawa na al'umma don hidimar sa kai.[99] A cikin 2004, ya shiga cikin shirin NBA na Basketball Without Borders, inda taurarin NBA kamar Shawn Bradley, Malik Rose da DeSagana Diop suka zagaya Afirka don yada labarai game da wasan kwallon kwando da inganta ababen more rayuwa.[99] Ya biya wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata na Zaire riguna da kashe kuɗi a lokacin wasannin Olympics na ƙarni na 1996 a Atlanta.[99] Mutombo shi ne mai magana da yawun hukumar agaji ta kasa da kasa, CARE kuma shi ne wakilin matasa na farko na shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[80] Mutombo ya dade yana goyon bayan wasannin Olympics na musamman kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Olympics na kasa da kasa, da kuma jakadan duniya.[100] Ya kasance majagaba na Wasannin Haɗaɗɗen Wasanni, wanda ke haɗa mutane masu nakasa da marasa hankali. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010, tare da shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu Jacob Zuma da kuma 'yan wasa na musamman na Olympics daga sassan duniya.[101] Mutombo ya shiga kungiyarsa ta Unity Cup a shekara ta 2012.[102] Domin girmama ayyukan jin kai, an gayyaci Mutombo zuwa ga jawabin shugaban kasa George W.Bush a shekara ta 2007 kuma shugaban ya kira shi "dan Kongo" a cikin jawabinsa.[103] Daga baya Mutombo ya ce, “Zuciyata ta cika da murna, ban san shugaban kasa zai fadi irin wadannan manyan kalamai ba.[104] A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2011, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg ta ba Mutombo lambar yabo ta Goodermote Humanitarian Award "saboda kokarin da ya yi na rage cutar shan inna a duniya da kuma ayyukansa na inganta lafiyar jama'ar da aka yi watsi da su da kuma marasa galihu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo." 105] Michael J. Klag, shugaban Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Bloomberg, ya ce "Mr. Mutombo ya kasance mai nasara ta hanyoyi da yawa-a kan kotu da kuma a matsayin agaji. Ayyukansa sun inganta lafiyar jama'ar Jamhuriyar Demokuradiyya Kongo, da asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo da cibiyar bincike abin koyi ne ga yankin, haka nan Mista Mutombo ya taka rawar gani wajen yaki da cutar shan inna ta hanyar karfafa aikin allurar rigakafi da kuma kawo magunguna ga wadanda suka kamu da cutar."[105] A cikin 2012, Gidauniyar Mutombo, tare da haɗin gwiwar Almajiran Mutombo, Jami'ar Georgetown, sun fara wani sabon shiri wanda ke da nufin ba da kulawa ga yara masu fama da nakasa daga iyalai masu karamin karfi a yankin Washington, D.C. gidauniya ta fara gina makarantar share fage na zamani zuwa aji shida. Sunan mahaifinsa, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 2003, Cibiyar Kimiyya da Kasuwanci ta Samuel Mutombo, wadda ke wajen birnin Mbuji-Mayi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.[106][107] === Asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo === [[File:Jim Jackson spinning ball Soweto 050915b.jpg|thumb|Dikembe Mutombo]] A shekara ta 1997, Gidauniyar Mutombo ta fara shirin bude asibiti na dala miliyan 29, mai gadaje 300 a gefen garinsu, babban birnin Congo na Kinshasa. An fara ginin a shekara ta 2001, amma ba a fara ginin ba har zuwa 2004, saboda Mutombo yana da matsala wajen samun gudummawa tun da wuri duk da cewa da kansa ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 3.5 don gina asibitin. 80] Da farko Mutombo yana da wasu matsaloli, kusan rasa ƙasar ga gwamnati saboda ba a amfani da ita kuma dole ne ya biya 'yan gudun hijirar da suka fara noma ƙasar don su tafi. Ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya don tabbatar wa wasu cewa ba shi da wata manufa ta siyasa ko siyasa don aikin. [ 80] An karɓi aikin sosai a duk matakan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Kinshasa. [ 80] A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2006, Mutombo ya ba da dala miliyan 15 don kammala asibitin don bikin buɗewa a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2006. A lokacin an kira shi Asibitin Biamba Marie Mutombo, don mahaifiyarsa ta marigayi, wacce ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini a shekarar 1997. 108] Lokacin da aka buɗe shi a 2007, cibiyar dala miliyan 29 ta zama cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta zamani ta farko da aka gina a wannan yankin cikin kusan shekaru 40. [ Asibitin nasa yana kan yanki mai girman eka 12 (49,000 m2) a gefen garin Kinshasa a Masina, inda kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mazaunan birnin miliyan 7.5 ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Yana da nisan minti kaɗan daga filin jirgin sama da ke birnin Kinshasa kuma yana kusa da wata kasuwa. ==== '''Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa''' ==== Mutombo yana aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa a Philadelphia, wanda gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka keɓe ga Amurka. Tsarin Mulki. 110] '''Ƙungiyar Wasanni''' A shekarar 2011, Mutombo ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a matsayin jakadan wasanni na SportsUnited na Amurka. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. A wannan matsayin, ya yi aiki tare da Sam Perkins don jagorantar jerin asibitocin kwando da motsa jiki na ginin ƙungiya tare da matasa 50 da masu horarwa 36. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ba da gudummawa ga aikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen don cire shinge da ƙirƙirar duniya inda mutane da nakasa ke jin daɗin mutunci da cikakken shiga cikin al'umma. [ 111] '''Ask The Doctor''' A watan Afrilun 2020, Dikembe Mutombo a hukumance ya shiga ƙungiyar a Tambayi Likita a matsayin babban jami'in su na duniya. Tambayi Likita dandamali ne wanda ke haɗa mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa manyan likitoci da ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya. '''Ci gaban tattalin arziki da daidaiton jinsi''' A shekarar 2021, ya kirkiro kamfanin kofi mai suna, wanda da farko ya maida hankali kan Kongo, don bunkasa halartar mata masu shuka a kasuwancin duniya. 107] == Career summary and highlights == * 4-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year: 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001 * 8-time NBA All-Star: 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 * 3-time All-NBA: ** Second Team: 2001 ** Third Team: 1998, 2002 * 6-time All-Defensive: ** First Team: 1997, 1998, 2001 ** Second Team: 1995, 1999, 2002 * NBA All-Rookie First Team: 1992 * 2nd in Career NBA Blocks: 3,256 * 2-time NBA regular-season leader, rebounding average: 2000 (14.1), 2001 (13.5) * 4-time NBA regular-season leader, total rebounds: 1995 (1029), 1997 (929), 1999 (610), 2000 (1157) * NBA regular-season leader, offensive rebounds: 2001 (307) * 2-time NBA regular-season leader, defensive rebounds: 1999 (418), 2000 (853) * 3-time NBA regular-season leader, blocked shots average: 1994 (4.1), 1995 (3.9), 1996 (4.5) * 5-time NBA regular-season leader, total blocks: 1994 (336), 1995 (321), 1996 (332), 1997 (264), 1998 (277) * Invited to be a special guest at 2007 President George W. Bush's State of the Union address; commended for his humanitarian aid to his homeland * Oldest player in NBA history to collect over 20 rebounds in a game (40 years old, March 2, 2007 vs. Denver Nuggets) * Retired NBA alumnus in Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game. * Hall of Fame Class of 2015 * NCAA Silver Anniversary Award (Class of 2016) * No. 55 retired by the Atlanta Hawks (November 24, 2015) * No. 55 retired by the Denver Nuggets (October 29, 2016) * Sager Strong Award (June 25, 2018) == Ƙididdigar aikin NBA == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] sgg3itg5itosrtvkyn552gzsdyn0q9r 0 45189 890819 310760 2026-08-03T03:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] [[File:Andrew_Arnautov_10.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Andrew Arnautov]] '''Andrew Arnautov''' ( ''wanda kuma aka sani da Andrew Valentine;''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rycEAAAAMBAJ&q=ken+rhodes+noble+cause+andrew+valentine&pg=PA177|title=JazzTimes|date=September 1995}}</ref> ''an haife shi a watan Agustan 27, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai1967A.C); Rostov-on-Don, RSFSR'' ) - Mawaƙin jazz na kasar Amurka da Ukraine, mai shirya wakoki, da kuma virtuoso jazz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zaxid.net/jazz_bez_zimove_svyato_dzhazu_n1410668|title="Jazz Bez": зимове свято джазу|website=ZAXID.NET}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://zbruc.eu/node/59124|title=Дует контрабасистів: Девід Фрізен і Андрій Арнаутов|date=November 24, 2016|website=Збруч}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == A cikin shekara ta 1983 Andrew Arnautov ya fara karatun waka a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Rostov a Sashen jazz na bass din jita da kuma ''double bass''. A shekarar 1986 an mayar da shi zuwa Gnesins State College of Music inda aka ci gaba da horar da shi. Yayin da yake karatu a Moscow Andrew ya hadu da David Friesen a lokacin da ya ziyarci [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] tare da Paul Horn. Daga baya Arnautov ya yi wasanni da dama a {{Interlanguage link|Blue Bird Jazz Club|ru|Синяя птица (кафе)}}, inda ya waka a taron jam tare da shahararrun mawakan jazz kamar Dizzy Gillespie, Pat Metheny da Paul Horn.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-04|title=У Тернополі виступив відомий американський басист українського походження|url=https://zz.te.ua/u-ternopoli-vystupyv-vidomyj-amerykanskyj-basyst-ukrajinskoho-pohodzhennya/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Новини Тернополя і області - За Збручем|language=uk|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430191641/https://zz.te.ua/u-ternopoli-vystupyv-vidomyj-amerykanskyj-basyst-ukrajinskoho-pohodzhennya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 1990 bayan ya kammala karatunsa daga Gnesins State College of Music tare da digiri na BA a waka, Andrew Arnautov ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. A cikin 1991 an ba shi cikakken tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa na Berklee . A Berklee ya yi karatun bass tare da Oscar Stagnaro kuma ya zama mai sha'awar wakokin Afro-Cuban, Latin Jazz da Salsa. A lokacin Boston ya yi wakoki tare da mai yin ƙaho Roy Hargrove daga lokaci-zuwa lokaci, ɗan wasan vibraphonist na Latin Jazz Victor Mendoza. A ƙarshen 1990's Andrew ya kafa ƙungiyar Latin Jazz & Salsa mai suna "West End Mambo".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Times-News|title=West End Mambo adds Latin flair to Musical Chairs|url=https://www.thetimesnews.com/article/20150730/ENTERTAINMENT/150728787|access-date=2021-05-15|website=The Times-News|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430214052/https://www.thetimesnews.com/article/20150730/ENTERTAINMENT/150728787|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Andrew_Arnautov_1.jpg|left|thumb|305x305px| Hagu zuwa dama: David Siegel akan maɓalli, Andrew Arnautov akan bass, Mark Walker akan ganguna (Leopolis Jazz Fest, Lviv, Ukraine, 2016)]] == Wakoki == 1994 - {{Interlanguage link|Ken Rhodes|de|Ken Rhodes}} Trio "''Noble Cause''" 2000 - Clare Fader "Jarirn giwa" 2000 - Greg Hyslop "Greg Hyslop Trio" (tare da Andrew Valentine akan bass a cikin "''How insensitive''") 2006 - Andrew ''Valentine "Compiled over the years''"" 2008 - Alex Fantaev, Andrew Arnautov, Mark Soskin, Dmitry 'Bobeen' Alexandrov "SkhidSide ya hadu da Mark Soskin" 2008 - "Wakokin: Bass Kolo" 2013 - Andrew Arnautov "''Manifestation''" 2018 - Ray Brown Jr. "Wannan ne Ray Brown Jr." [[File:EndrewValentine.JPG|thumb|Andrew Arnautov]] 2020 - David Friesen "''Testimony''" == Duba kuma == ''Jerin bassists na jazz'' == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] he3ejsdt3494ox8t68w0kuljeunqz3t 0 46206 890727 452719 2026-08-02T18:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adama Jarjue''' (An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 1997) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Gambiya|ɗan ƙasar Gambia]] wanda ke buga wa FK Sloga Kraljevo, wasa bayan ya buga wa FK Zlatibor Čajetina wasa a SuperLiga Serbian. == Aikin kulob == Ya taka leda a kungiyar Gamtel FC ta kasar Gambia <ref>[https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=516740&epoca_id=0&search=1 Adama Jarjue] at zerozero.pt</ref> har sai da ya sanya hannu tare da sabuwar kungiyar FK Zlatibor Čajetina ta Serbia Top League a lokacin bazara ta shekarar 2020. <ref name="soccerway">[https://int.soccerway.com/players/adama-jarjue/437199/ Adama Jarjue profile] at Soccerway</ref> <ref>[http://www.weltfussball.com/spieler_profil/adama-jarju/ Adama Jarju] at worldfootball.com</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Satumba 2015 ya riga ya kasance cikin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambiya ta ƙasa da shekaru 20|tawagar kwallon kafa ta Gambia ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20]]. <ref>[http://www.africansportsmonthly.com/news/-gambia-begin-preparations-for-zonal-u-20-championship#.X3fGbdlKhH0 Gambia begin preparations for zonal U-20 Championship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328081108/http://www.africansportsmonthly.com/news/-gambia-begin-preparations-for-zonal-u-20-championship#.X3fGbdlKhH0 |date=2023-03-28 }} at africansportsmonthly.com, 29-9-2015</ref> Ya kasance yana cikin [[Gambia national under-23 football team|tawagar kwallon kafar Gambia ta kasa da kasa da shekaru 23]] a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, 2018, a wasan da suka buga da Morocco. <ref>[https://gambiaff.org/gambia-lined-up-another-friendly-with-morocco/ Gambia Lined Up Another Friendly With Morocco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219191800/https://gambiaff.org/gambia-lined-up-another-friendly-with-morocco/ |date=2025-02-19 }} at gambiaff.org, 17-5-2018</ref> Ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Gambia]] da Najeriya ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, 2021. <ref>11v11.com</ref> == Girmamawa == ; Gamtel * [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Gambia|Rukunin Farko na GFA]]: 2017–18 <ref name="soccerway"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] fmx9jdvxcpflzg794whcr32eyyw3epz 0 46698 890714 457012 2026-08-02T17:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abonnema''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Nyemoni''' (wanda ke nufin "covet your own" a yaren Kalabari na [[harshen Ijaw]] ), babban gari ne a cikin [[Masarautar Kalabari|masarautar Kalabari]] da aka kafa a 1882. An gano yankin ta hanyar balaguron gidajen sarauta guda huɗu masu zaman kansu daga birnin Kalabari (Elem Kalabari). == Tarihi == Waɗanda suka kafa sun haɗa da Cif Ekine Bob-Manuel wanda ya zauna a kan stool Owukori Manuel kuma ya zama na farko (Amanyanabo), Cif Young Briggs wanda ya zauna a kan Oruwari Briggs, Cif Akpana Georgewill wanda ke zaune a Otaji stool, Cif Kaladokubo Standfast Jack wanda ya zauna a kan stool. zauna a kan stool Iju-Jack. Waɗannan su ne gidajen kwara huɗu suka kafa Abonnema. Shugabannin waɗancen gidaje kwara huɗu sun haɗa da Chief Opu-Benibo Granville, Cif Orubibi Douglas, Cif Ngbula Blackduke Oweredaba, Chief Ajumogobia Bestman, Chief Young-Jack, Chief Kala-Akpana Don-Pedro da Chief Aribimeari Membere. A halin yanzu Masarautar Abonnema ta ƙunshi gidaje guda huɗu daban-daban da aka kafa. Gidajen na ƙarƙashin shugabanni sarakuna ne, kuma ɗaukacin masarautar Abonnema na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Amanyanabo ne kuma shugaban gidan Owukori Manuel, wanda aka zaɓa bisa ga kujerar sarautar sa ta zama mafi tsufa a Abonnema. Shugaban da ke kan kujerar Owukori Manuel don haka shine Amanyanabo da primus inter pares na manyan hafsoshin. An yi amfani da laƙabi iri-iri don kwatanta sarkin Abonnema, kamar "Amanyanabo", "Shugaban Majalisar Sarakuna" da "Amadabo". Babban shugaban gidan Bob-Manuel (Owukori) ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin Amanyanabo na Abonnema. Idan saboda rashin tafiya, rashin lafiya, ko mutuwa, ba zai iya mulki ba, jagorancin zai wuce zuwa ga babban shugaba. Babban sarauta a Kalabari ya dogara ne kawai akan ranar ƙirƙirar tarkacen sarauta da girka. A yau, Abonnema's Amanyanabo shine Chief Disreal Gbobo Bob-Manuel, Owukori IX. == Abonnema yau == Abonnema ya bunƙasa ya zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa na Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Ya karbi bakuncin kamfanoni da yawa na Turai. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan kamfani shine Kamfanin Royal Niger Company, wanda daga baya ya koma UAC. Garin Abonnema nan ne hedkwatar karamar hukumar Akuku-Toru a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]] a [[Najeriya]]. == Fitattun mutane == Chief Disreal Gbobo Bob-Manuel, Owukori IX, Lauya, Amayanabo na Abonnnema * [[Henry Odein Ajumogobia]], Ministan Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] * [[Tammy Danagogo]], De-General E-Processing Center * [[A. Igoni Barrett]], marubuci * O.B. Lulu Briggs, mai ba da taimako, ɗan gwamnati kuma ɗan kasuwa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/chief-lulu-briggs-philanthropist-with-deep-passion-for-development/|title=Chief Olu Benson Lulu Briggs: Philanthropist with deep passion for development|date=2019-01-18|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> * [[Nimi Briggs]], malami * [[Roseberry Briggs]], ɗan siyasa * Disreal Bobmanuel, Sarkin Abonnema<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/disrael-gbobo-bobmanuel/|title=Disrael Gbobo Bobmanuel|website=guardian.ng|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2019-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831155352/https://guardian.ng/tag/disrael-gbobo-bobmanuel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Patrick Dele Cole, jakadan [[Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/what-are-the-origins-of-nigerians/|title=What are the Origins of Nigeria|website=guardian.ng|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=2019-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831160909/https://guardian.ng/opinion/what-are-the-origins-of-nigerians/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Dumo Lulu-Briggs, hamshakin ɗan kasuwa, mai taimakon jama'a kuma ɗan siyasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/19639814/|title=Dumo Lulu-Briggs |website=bloomberg.com|access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dumolulu-briggs.org/about/|title=DLBAbout - Chief (Barr) Dumo Lulu-Briggs |lang=en|website=dumolulu-Briggs.org|access-date=2021-01-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814115921/https://dumolulu-briggs.org/about/|archivedate=2020-08-14}}</ref> * [[Tonye Cole]], babban ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan Siyasa * [[Reynolds Bekinbo Dagogo-Jack]], ɗan Siyasa * [[Sumner Dagogo-Jack]] * Rowland Sekibo, ɗan Siyasa kuma mai taimakon jama'a * [[Agbani Darego]], dan asalin Afirka na farko da ya lashe [[Miss World]] * [[Ibife Alufohai]], wanda ya yi nasara, Miss Valentine International 2010, kuma wanda ya kafa Miss Polo International * [[Alabo Graham-Douglas]], ɗan Siyasa * [[Bikiya Graham-Douglas]] * [[Nabo Graham-Douglas]], [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]], Babban Lauyan Tarayya kuma Kwamishinan Shari’a * Adolphus Godwin Karibi-Whyte JSC,CON,CFR Alƙali, Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya (1984-2002) Alƙalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Kotun Laifukan kasa da kasa- Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia- 1993-1998 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * [http://original.britannica.com/eb/topic-1487/Abonnema Abonnema a Encyclopædia Britannica] * https://okadabooks.com/book/about/trigger_happy/29051 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925211327/https://okadabooks.com/book/about/trigger_happy/29051 |date=2019-09-25 }} * http://AbonnemaFoundation.org/ * [https://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/interiews/7524-from-wig-to-crown-celebrations-galore-as-amanyanabo-of-abonnema-marks-10-years-on-the-throne/ https://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/interiews/7524-from-wig-to-crown-celebrations-galore-as-amanyanabo-of-abonnema-marks-10-years-on-throne/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183738/https://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/interiews/7524-from-wig-to-crown-celebrations-galore-as-amanyanabo-of-abonnema-marks-10-years-on-the-throne/ |date=2023-04-08 }} * https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2014/04/04/court-confirms-king-disrael-bob-manuel-as-abonnema-monarch/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183739/https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2014/04/04/court-confirms-king-disrael-bob-manuel-as-abonnema-monarch/ |date=2023-04-08 }} [[category:Garuruwa a Jihar Ribas]] 8duu07kq6nttcabs5c5xpc5tmltipg1 0 47971 890725 821944 2026-08-02T18:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509075224/http://www.africanwriter.com/ |date=2021-05-09 }} * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hkv0y5b1eqhxb3khprb34jao710uotu 0 50828 890628 826207 2026-08-02T12:46:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Konga.com''' kamfani ne na kasuwancin e-commerce na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a watan Yuli 2012 mai hedikwata a Gbagada, [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] . Yana ba da kasuwa na kan layi na ɓangare na uku, da kuma kantin sayar da kai tsaye na ɓangare na farko wanda ya mamaye nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da kayan lantarki na mabukaci, kayan kwalliya, kayan gida, littattafai, kayan yara, kwamfutoci & kayan haɗi, wayoyi da allunan, kula da lafiya da samfuran kulawa na sirri. Hakanan kamfani yana da sabis na dabaru (KXPRESS), wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayayyaki akan lokaci da isar da fakiti ga abokan ciniki. == Tarihi == An kafa Konga a cikin Yuli 2012 ta Sim Shagaya, tare da ma'aikata 20. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3f455b7e-b1bb-11e2-9315-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3RU9JEu86 | title=Internet sales flourish in Nigeria | work=FinancialTimes | date=14 May 2013 | access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> Shafin ya fara aiki ne azaman dillalin kan layi na Legas-kawai yana mai da hankali kan kayayyaki a cikin nau'ikan Baby, Beauty, da Kulawa na Keɓaɓɓu, amma ya faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa duka Najeriya a cikin Disamba 2012 kuma a hankali ya faɗaɗa nau'ikan kayayyaki zuwa 2012 da 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://innovation-village.com/konga-goes-nationwide-today/ | title=Konga goes nationwide today | work=Innovation Village | date=3 December 2012 | access-date=14 February 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan faɗaɗa na iya zama martani ga babban mai fafatawa na Konga,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bits.ng/2012/08/nigerias-online-retailer-kasuwa-com-becomes-jumia/ |title=Nigeria's Online Retailer Kasuwa.com Becomes JUMIABits |access-date=2016-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716101025/http://bits.ng/2012/08/nigerias-online-retailer-kasuwa-com-becomes-jumia/ |archive-date=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roket Intanet ya goyi bayan [[Jumia]], wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokaci guda, A farkon 2013, Konga ya tara dala miliyan 10 Series A zagaye daga Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers . A cikin Q2 2013, Konga beta-gwajin 'Konga Mall,' buɗe dandalin Konga zuwa dillalai na ɓangare na uku da ƙaura daga samfurin kantin sayar da kan layi na ɓangare na farko. A ƙarshen 2013, Konga ya kammala zagaye na $ 25 miliyan Series B daga masu saka hannun jari na baya, Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye ɗaya mafi girma da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka a lokacin. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Konga.com ta fado kuma ta kasance a layi na tsawon mintuna 45 sakamakon zirga-zirgar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba daga tallata ta Black Friday.<ref name="IPO">{{cite news | url=http://www.humanipo.com/news/37500/konga-com-crashes-during-online-promotion/ | title=Konga.com crashes during online promotion | work=HumanIPO | date=2 December 2013 | access-date=24 December 2013 | author=Mulligan, Gabriella}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://businessdayonline.com/2013/12/nigerian-retailers-fight-for-online-shoppers/ | title=Nigerian retailers fight for online shoppers | work=Business Day | date=24 December 2013 | access-date=24 December 2013 | author=Uzor Jr, Ben}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://businessdayonline.com/2013/12/online-sales-boom-as-konga-jumia-lure-shoppers/ | title=Online sales boom as Konga, Jumia lure shoppers | work=Business Day | date=6 December 2013 | access-date=24 December 2013 |author1=Atuanya, Patrick |author2=Augie, Bala }}</ref> Konga ya sayar da ƙari a cikin sa'o'i shida na farkon haɓaka fiye da yadda ya yi a cikin watan da ya gabata. Konga a hukumance ya ƙaddamar da dandalin sayar da kayayyaki na ɓangare na uku a farkon rabin shekarar 2014, inda ya sake masa suna a matsayin 'Kasuwa' daga 'Konga Mall'; A karshen shekarar 2014, Kasuwar Konga ta fito da 'yan kasuwa 8,000, inda ta doke masu hari na cikin gida na 'yan kasuwa 1,000 sau takwas. Konga ya sami umarni na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 3.5 a lokacin tallan sa na Black Friday na 2014, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka 300,000 yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga ya haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2014 450% daga 2013. A ƙarshen 2014, Konga ya kammala zagaye na $ 40 miliyan Series C daga Zuba jari AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye mafi girma guda ɗaya da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka zuwa yau.   da ke cewa Naspers ya sami kashi 50% na Konga a cikin 2013, Naspers da aka yi ciniki a bainar jama'a ya bayyana cewa hannun jarinsa a Konga bayan saka hannun jari na Series C na Oktoba na 2014 ya kasance 40.22%. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga an kimanta kusan dala miliyan 200 a cikin jerin C. A cikin Janairu 2015, Konga an sanya shi a matsayin gidan yanar gizon da aka fi ziyarta a Najeriya ta hanyar Intanet Alexa . A cewar Shugaba Sim Shagaya, Konga "ya jagoranci filin a Najeriya a yau (farkon 2015) a cikin Babban darajar Kasuwanci," ma'auni na auna jimlar ƙimar hajojin da ake sayarwa ta wata kasuwa. Konga ya sanar da cewa ya mallaki kadarori da lasisin kuɗaɗen wayar hannu na Zinternet Nigeria Limited a watan Yunin 2015, wanda hakan ya sa ya cika sharuddan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] na samar da sabis na biyan kuɗin wayar hannu. Sayen zai tallafa wa KongaPay, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Agusta 2015, hanyar Konga don sauƙaƙe karɓar biyan kuɗi na lantarki. Tare da masu amfani da intanet na wayar hannu sama da miliyan 80 a Najeriya, Konga ya sanya biyan kuɗi ta hanyar yanar gizo cikin sauƙi tare da zaɓin biyan kuɗin da yawancin masu amfani da shi suka rungumi. == Nau'in ayyuka == === KongaPay === An ƙaddamar da KongaPay a matsayin samfurin gwaji a cikin 2015 tare da haɗin gwiwar bankunan kasuwancin Najeriya don yin aiki ga abokan ciniki kawai a cikin dandalin Konga.com. Kalubalen rashin amincewa da biyan kuɗi ta yanar gizo KongaPay ya ƙare wanda ya ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da dandalin Konga na kan layi. Wannan sabuwar dabara ta kare masu siyayya ta kan layi daga rahotannin zamba lokacin da suka fitar da bayanan bankin su akan layi. KongaPay yayi kama da abin da ake gani a dandalin [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] tare da biyan kuɗin dannawa ɗaya. An kaddamar da shi ne a Lagos, Nigeria a wani taron KongaPay Demo. An haɗa zaɓin biyan kuɗi tare da Ecobank, [[Bankin Access|Access bank]], FCMB, Diamond Bank, Zenith Bank, Heritage Bank, UBA, First Bank da GTB. A cewar Sim Shagaya, KongaPay haɗin gwiwa ne da bankunan Najeriya. Mun yi imani da cewa tare, za mu iya canza fuskar sayayya ta yanar gizo a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ta hanyar kawar da rashin tabbas da abokan ciniki ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi da kayayyaki da ayyukan da ba su samu ba tukuna.” KongaPay ya zama mai canza wasa a cikin siyayya ta kan layi a Najeriya. Wannan shi ne saboda ya ba da damar yin jigilar kayayyaki, ayyuka da biyan kuɗi mara kyau. Wannan ya haɓaka aminci da aminci tsakanin masu amfani da Konga. Tare da KongaPay, abokin ciniki yana karɓar lambar izini wacce ke amintaccen kuma an yi rajista zuwa lambar wayar hannu akan gidan yanar gizon. Babu buƙatar kwastomomi su yi rajista don yin banki ta lantarki idan abokin ciniki yana da lambar wayar hannu mai rijista da asusun banki. KongaPay ya kawar da amfani da mahimman bayanan sirri kamar kalmomin shiga na banki na Intanet ko bayanan katin tare da dannawa kawai. === Konga Express === Don sanya haɗin gwiwar ta kan layi tasiri sosai, Konga ya gabatar da Konga Express wanda ke mai da hankali kan siyar da samfuransa don isa ga mai siye da kowace hanya. Abokan ciniki na iya samun samfuran da aka ba da odar su a kai musu cikin kwanaki 1-3. Konga Express yana cika umarni waɗanda ake yin kullun tare da bin diddigin kan layi. === Kasuwar Konga === Konga ya fara fadada kasuwancinsa a Najeriya tare da Konga Mall, wanda zaɓi ne na juyin juya hali wanda ke ba 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya damar baje kolin kayayyakinsu ta yanar gizo. An bai wa masu kasuwanci sabis na bayarwa kyauta da sauƙi. Fakitin mai kasuwancin ya ba da oda wanda ke tare da cikakkun bayanai na SellerHQ da cikakkun bayanai na odar kafin a jefar da kunshin a cibiyar saukar Konga. Tare da nasarar Konga Mall, Kasuwar Konga ta zo wanda ya ba da damar hatta masu siyar da kan titi su shiga daga kowane yanki na ƙasar. An gano samfurori masu ban mamaki kuma ana yin tallace-tallace masu yawa a kowace rana ta wannan kasuwa. Masu siyarwa da masu siye suna hulɗa a wannan kasuwa mai juyi. An samar da damammaki marasa iyaka ta wannan kasuwa da ta kawo karshen habaka ayyukan yi da bunkasar tattalin arziki da ci gaban kasa. Tallace-tallacen haɗin gwiwa da kwatancen kantunan kan layi kamar mafi kyawun farashi shima ya zama mai yiwuwa tare da wannan kasuwa. Sim Shagaya ya ce; "Kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, mun fahimci cewa don ayyukanmu su kasance masu mahimmanci ga al'umma, dole ne mu gina wani dandali ga kowa, ba Konga kadai ba, don sayarwa da wadata. Mun ƙaddamar da wannan dandali ga ƙananan masu siyarwa kuma a wancan lokacin, mun koyi yadda ake gina kasuwar kan layi ta Najeriya mai juyi da gaske..." === Samfurin Cika Kai na Konga === Samfurin Cika Kai shine babban haɓakawa a cikin tayin kasuwar Konga. Wannan sabis ɗin ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa damar samun manyan yarjejeniyoyin jigilar kayayyaki da Konga suka yi shawarwari tare da amintattun abokan jigilar kayayyaki. Masu siyarwa suna sarrafa sarrafa kayan sa tun daga lokacin da aka yi oda har abokan ciniki sun karbe su. Ana biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga masu siyarwa daga masu siye lokacin da suka karɓi fakitin su. Masu siyayya suna tsammanin isar da sassauƙa da sauri na fakitin su ta hanyar Samfurin Cika Kai. Samfurin Cika Kai yana da zaɓi na ƙyale abokan ciniki ƙididdige masu siyarwa, samfuran da ƙwarewar gaba ɗaya. == Zinox saye == Watanni biyu bayan sallamar fiye da rabin ma'aikatansa, Konga ya samu Zinox, wani kamfani na Najeriya wanda ke kera da rarraba kwamfutoci. Bayan sayan, an yi ƴan canje-canje ga shugabancin Konga. A cikin Maris 2018, kamfanin ya nada Olusiji Ijogun, tsohon jami'in UAC Foods da Unilever a matsayin shugabansa. A wannan watan, Shola Adekoya, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban Konga, inda Nick Imudia, tsohon Darakta na yankin TCL/Alcatel da Prince Nnamdi Ekeh wanda ya kafa Yudala ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2018, Zinox ya haɗu Konga.com tare da kayyakin dillalan da ke fitowa, Yudala, zuwa sabon kamfani, babban kamfani, mai riƙe da sunan Konga, don zama babbar kamfani e-kasuwanci & dillali a Afirka. Sabuwar Konga ta haɗu da ƙarfin kasuwancin e-commerce ta kan layi na Konga.com da faɗuwar hanyar sadarwar reshe na Yudala don aiwatar da siyar da tashoshi mai tsafta a karon farko a Afirka. Jita-jita sun nuna cewa Zinox ya sayi Konga akan kusan dala miliyan 10 wanda ke nuna cewa Kinnevik da Naspers, masu saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci sun yi asarar haɗin 93% akan saka hannun jari. == Gasa == Konga yana fuskantar gasa daga sauran manyan dandamali na kasuwancin dijital na Afirka, irin su [[Jumia]] da [[Zahracak]], Kilimall har ma da kafa dandamali na ecommerce kwanan nan, [[Cashless CF]], [[Buzymart]], [[Tradift]], [https://www.daydone.com.ng DayDone] saboda samfuran da aka ƙera, wuri da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda waɗannan dandamali ke da su. === Yakin yanki tare da Jumia === A cikin 2014, Jumia ta yi rajistar wasu wuraren Konga a wajen Najeriya wanda ya haifar da babbar hayaniya a fagen fasahar. Konga ya kasance yana magana kan yiwuwar fadadawa a wajen Najeriya wanda tuni [[Jumia]] ke yi tare da Jumia tana gudanar da ayyuka a kasashe sama da 8 a fadin Afirka. == Kyauta == * #1 - The Top 100 Companies For Nigerian Millennials (2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://venturesafrica.com/features/the-top-100-companies-for-nigerian-millennials-2// | title=Ventures Africa | date=August 2015 | access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> *E-Commerce Provider of the Year, Kalahari Awards (2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nigerianecho.com/konga-receives-best-e-commerce-company-award-at-mobile-money-expos-kalahari-awards/ | title=Nigerian Echo - 2015 Kalahari Awards | date=May 2015 | access-date=15 May 2015 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085131/http://nigerianecho.com/konga-receives-best-e-commerce-company-award-at-mobile-money-expos-kalahari-awards/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * #1 - Top Startups in Nigeria (2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.startupranking.com/top/nigeria | title=Startup Country Rankings - Nigeria | work=StartupRanking.com | date=February 2015 | access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> * #2 - Most Innovative Companies of 2015 in Africa - Fast Company (2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3041821/most-innovative-companies-2015/the-worlds-top-10-most-innovative-companies-of-2015-in-africa | title=The World's Top 10 Most Innovative Companies of 2015 in Africa | work=Fast Company | date=10 February 2015 | access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> * #12 - Most Respected Companies in Nigeria (2014)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.naij.com/346470-konga-enters-top-12-most-respected-companies-list.html | title=Konga Enters ‘Top 12 Most Respected Companies’ List | work=Naij.com | date=19 December 2014}}</ref> *Online Retailer of the Year - Marketing World Awards (2014)<ref name="Konga Blog">{{cite news | url=http://www.konga.com/blog/konga-wins-online-retailer-brand-year-marketing-world-awards-2014/ | title=Konga Wins Online Retailer Brand of the Year at the Marketing World Awards 2014 | work=Konga Blog | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=4 June 2023 | archive-date=12 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512062340/http://www.konga.com/blog/konga-wins-online-retailer-brand-year-marketing-world-awards-2014/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> *Best Use of Social Media in Marketing - Marketing World Awards (2014)<ref name="Konga Blog"/> *Most Innovative and Impactful Brand in the Retail Trade Sector - The [[Lagos chamber of commerce and industry|Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (2014)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://innovation-village.com/lagos-chamber-of-commerce-awards-konga-com-as-most-innovative-retail-brand-as-mega-sale-continues/ | title=LAGOS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AWARDS KONGA.COM AS MOST INNOVATIVE RETAIL BRAND AS MEGA-SALE CONTINUES | work=Innovation Village | date=3 May 2014 | access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> * #5 - Most Innovative Companies of 2014 in Africa - Fast Company (2014)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3026686/most-innovative-companies-2014/the-top-10-most-innovative-companies-in-africa | title=The Top 10 Most Innovative Companies in Africa | work=Fast Company | date=2 April 2014 | access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> *Online Retailer of the Year - Marketing World Awards (2013) *Best Emerging Brand Of The Year - Marketing World Awards (2013)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.techcityng.com/konga-wins-online-retailer-year-marketing-world-awards/ | title=Konga Wins Online Retailer of the Year at Marketing World Awards | work=TechCity NG | date=12 November 2013 | access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viewngr.com/konga-marketplace-what-is-it-and-how-to-use-it/ | title=Konga Marketplace, What is it and how to use it | work=View Nigeria Newspaper | date=24 November 2014 | access-date=24 November 2014 | author=View Nigeria Newspaper | archive-date=9 March 2015 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20150309100353/http://www.viewngr.com/konga-marketplace-what-is-it-and-how-to-use-it/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.konga.com/}} [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanci a Afrika]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mccnpgayxrths6thgx4qdkiwmvo0rua 0 51864 890612 513420 2026-08-02T12:38:37Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar Oshodi''' kasuwa ce da ke cikin Oshodi, wani yanki na jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=71yyAAAAIAAJ&q=%22oshodi+market%22|title=Urban and regional planning in Nigeria|work=Nigeria Institute of Town Planner Lagos Chapter|author=Google Books|year=1999|isbn=9789780419073|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MuRAAAAIAAJ&q="Oshodi+market"|title=Oshodi market|work=Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research|author=A J Kumuyi|year=2003|isbn=9789781813429|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni a cikin babban birnin Legas koda yake jami'an gwamnati sun yi iƙirarin cewa ayyukan aikata laifuka kamar satar aljihu da satar jaka sun lalata shi, kuma an yanke shawarar rushe kasuwar. An rushe kasuwar a watan Janairun shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://venturesafrica.com/features/oshodi-market-demolition-one-mans-policy-is-another-mans-pain/|title=Oshodi Market demolition: One man's policy is another man's pain - Ventures Africa|work=Ventures Africa|access-date=2017-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Oshodi_market_lagos.jpg|thumb|Tafkunan kasuwar Oshodi]] == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar ne a shekarar 1860 lokacin da Najeriya ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya don tallafawa ayyukan cinikin bayi. Oshodi na ɗaya daga cikin masu cin gajiyar birane na farko da ya faru a ƙarni na 19. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gina layin dogo tsakanin Legas da Arewa ta gwamnatin Burtaniya, don jigilar ma'aikata a fadin kasar.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&dq=%22oshodi+market%22&pg=PA139|title=Afro Polis:City Media Art|author1=Kerstin Pinther |author2=Larissa Förster |author3=Christian Hanussek |year=2012|isbn=9781431403257|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> == Rushewa == Rushewar Kasuwar Oshodi ta kasance ne sakamakon umarnin gwamnatin Jihar Legas don sake dawo da 'yan kasuwa daga kasuwar Owonifari zuwa Isopakodowo a Oshodi da gwamnatin [[Akinwunmi Ambode]] ta jagoranta a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2015. Gwamnatin jihar ta yi iƙirarin sararin da kasuwar da ke zaune a halin yanzu an gabatar da shi ne don tashar bas ta zamani, tare da sake komawa 'yan kasuwa zuwa sabon kasuwar Isopakodowo da aka gina a yankin Bolade. Tsohon gwamnan jihar [[Babatunde Fashola]] ne ya ba da umurnin sabon kasuwar, tare da saka hannun jari mai daraja N1 biliyan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/196287-gov-ambode-leads-demolishing-of-popular-owonifari-market-in-oshodi.html |title=Gov Ambode leads demolishing of popular owonifari market in Oshodi|work=Premium Times|author=Nichola Ibekwe|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da yawa na matakin gwamnati, wanda ya haɗa da barazanar tsaron jihar ta hanyar ayyukan aikata laifuka da aka yi a kasuwa, don daidaitawa da aikin gwamnatin jihar na juya jihar zuwa babban birni da kuma karɓar tashar bas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2016/01/06/oshodi-market-demolished-lagos-state-government|title=Oshodi market demolished lagos state government|work=Sahara Reporter|accessdate=9 January 2016}}</ref> Manufar sanya jihar Legas ta zama babban birni yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na gwamnatin Ambode a jihar Legas. A cimma wannan manufa, gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta saka hannun jari na N1 biliyan a kan gina Isopakodowo a Bolade-Oshodi. An ba da izinin kasuwar a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2014 ta gwamnatin Babatunde Fashola a jihar Legas. Manufar gwamnati ita ce ta sake mayar da 'yan kasuwa a kasuwar Owonifari zuwa sabon hadaddun bayan kammala. Koyaya, 'yan kasuwa ba su da niyyar motsawa. Sabuwar kasuwar tana da shaguna sama da 600 da daruruwan masu riƙe Clamps. Dangane da taron da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015, majalisar zartarwa ta jihar karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Ambode ta sadu da wakilin kasuwa, inda gwamnan ya nuna sha'awar komawa sabuwar kasuwar da aka gina. A ƙarshen taron 'yan kasuwa sun amince da bukatar gwamnan, duk da haka, sun roki kasuwa mai rahusa. A daya daga cikin sakonnin manema labarai da kwamishinan Steve Ayorinde ya ce "A ranar Litinin, 21 ga Disamba, 2015, an amince da cewa 'yan kasuwa za su biya N5,000 don shagon a Kasuwar Isopakodowo. Akwai wurare kalilan ne kawai a Legas inda za ku ga shagon N5,000, ba tare da ita ba a tsakiyar Oshodi, amma gwamnan ya amince da su. Mu, bayan haka, a hukumance mu ba da sanarwa don barin ta ofishin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Jiki da Ci gaban Birane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/oshodi-market-demolition-for-public-security-says-lasg/|title=oshodi market demolition for public security says lasg|work=Vanguard Newspaper|author=Sesan Olufowobi|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109152510/http://www.punchng.com/oshodi-market-demolition-for-public-security-says-lasg/|url-status=dead}}</ref>" == Dalilan da suka haifar == Baya ga gaskiyar cewa gwamnati tana bin manufa don juya jihar Legas zuwa babban birni, wasu daga cikin dalilan da mai gudanarwa na jihar ya bayar sun hada da: === Rashin tsaro === Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilan da gwamnati ta bayyana shine fitowar ayyukan aikata laifuka a kasuwa, wanda ya haɗa da dawo da makamai da harsashi a cikin kasuwa, wuraren ɓoyayyen masu laifi da sauransu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/oshodi-market-demolition-for-public-security-says-lasg/|title=Oshodi market demolition is for public security|work=Punch Newspaper|author=Sesan Olufowobi|accessdate=10 January 2015|archive-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108120707/http://www.punchng.com/oshodi-market-demolition-for-public-security-says-lasg/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/lawmakers-back-ambode-over-oshodi-market-demolition/|title=lawmaker backs ambode over oshodi market demolision|work=Punch Newspaper|author=Fisayo Falodi|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109142631/http://www.punchng.com/lawmakers-back-ambode-over-oshodi-market-demolition/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/we-demolished-oshodi-market-because-arms-ammunition-were-recovered-in-the-market-lasg/|title=we demolished oshodi market because arms ammunition were recovered in the market lasg|work=vanguard|author=Olasunkami Akoni|date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar punch, Owoseni, kwamishinan 'yan sanda a jihar Legas ya ce: "Babban batutuwan da Majalisar ta kalli su ne sake dubawa ga duk matakan da aka sanya a shekarar 2015 musamman a kan [[Kirsimeti]] wanda ya kai ga mu sami bikin zaman lafiya. "Bayan da muka sake duba hakan, mun kalli yadda za mu iya ci gaba da wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka taimaka mana kuma ba shakka mun inganta a kan wasu matakan da muke tsammanin suna buƙatar ingantawa. Wannan shine ainihin abubuwan da muka yi kuma mun yanke shawarar cewa za mu ci gaba da waɗannan matakan masu kyau tare da la'akari da yin Jihar Legas mafi aminci da tsaro don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. " A cikin wani ci gaba mai alaƙa Kwamishinan Bayanai da Dabarun Jihar, Steve Ayorinde, ya ce a cikin "Guardian Newspaper" cewa aikin rushewa a ranar Talata da Laraba ya tabbatar da wasu daga cikin tsoronsu, "kamar yadda muka gano bunkers da makamai a ƙarƙashin shagunan" ya kuma jaddada cewa gwamnati ta ba da ƙarshen kwanaki 16 don rushewa. ==== Cutar motoci ==== Gwamnatin jihar ta nuna damuwa game da toshewar da ke fitowa daga zirga-zirga ta hanyar yawan motoci a ciki da kewayen Oshodi, wani bangare ya haifar da kwararar baƙi zuwa kasuwa a kowace rana. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa idan aka gina tashar bas a Oshodi, za ta kula da kalubalen zirga-zirga a wannan yanki. Kwamishinan ya ce "yayinda kasuwanni za su kasance a cikin Oshodi ko yaushe, wasu gine-ginen da ba bisa ka'ida ba da gwamnatin jihar ta riga ta yi alama dole ne a rushe su don buɗe hanyar zirga-zirga da kuma yankin Oshodi marar laifi". == Rashin jituwa == Rushe kasuwar Oshodi ya kasance ya kawo rigima sosai. Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a, Obinna Nwosu, a cikin gabatarwarsa ya ce "Akwai umarnin kotu cewa gwamnati kada ta dame 'yan kasuwa a kasuwarmu saboda tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a 1999 bayan da aka ƙone kasuwar,' yan kasuwa da son rai sun sake gina kasuwar tare da N750million kuma an rufe kowane shagon. Shin umarnin hatimi ya yi kama da sanarwar barin? Sun tabbatar mana cewa za a daidaita komai kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancinmu suka dawo da kayarurrukanmu. " Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa masu fafutukar kasuwa ba su haɗu ba don tattauna batun sake komawa kafin aikin ya faru. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa sun kuma yi imanin cewa wuraren da ke sabon kasuwa ba za su iya karɓar su ba. Rumor na rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari da ayyukan ruhaniya suma wasu daga cikin dalilan da 'yan kasuwa suka ki karɓar tayin don sake komawa daga gwamnatin jihar. Wasu daga cikin jami'an da suka yi magana a lokacin aikin sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga aikin gwamnati. Taofeek Adaranijo, memba na Majalisar Wakilai, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Agege, ya ce "Lokacin da ka zagaya wasu sassan duniya, da wuya ka ga kasuwa a irin wannan wuri kuma gina tashar bas a can zai kyautata wurin kuma ya canza yanayin har abada. Zai ƙara launi ga babban birni da muke mafarkin Legas kuma wannan mataki ne mai ƙarfin zuciya don cimma shirin canji. Segun Olulade, memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Legas, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Epe]], ya yi imanin cewa kasuwa ta zama mafaka ga masu laifi da kuma wurin ɓoye makamai da harsashi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/lawmakers-back-ambode-over-oshodi-market-demolition/|title=lawmakers back ambode over oshodi market demolition|work=The Punch Newspaper|author=Fisayo Falodi|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109142631/http://www.punchng.com/lawmakers-back-ambode-over-oshodi-market-demolition/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/lawmakers-ambode-s-demolition-of-oshodi-market-necessary-timely/229841/|title=lawmakers back ambodes demolition of oshodi market necessary timely|work=Thisday Live|accessdate=10 January 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/lagos-lawmakers-defend-oshodi-market-demolition/127955.html|title=lagso lawmakers defend oshodi market demolition|work=Daily Trust|author=Femi Akinola|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080851/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/lagos-lawmakers-defend-oshodi-market-demolition/127955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Kasuwanni]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanci a Afrika]] 83975b327je2p2ogga7sa9wh3y7j6pw 0 52740 890883 641228 2026-08-03T09:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ayoola Ayolola''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987) mawaƙiya ce, mawaƙiya, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/why-acting-has-displaced-my-music-career-ayoola-ayolola/|title=Why acting has displaced my music career – Ayoola Ayolola|website=Punch|access-date=7 Feb 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Actor Ayoola contradicts TMC team, says producers aware of 'temporary' relocation |url=https://punchng.com/actor-ayoola-contradicts-tmc-team-says-producers-aware-of-temporary-relocation/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Project Fame ta 5 a Yammacin Afirka a ranar 29 ga Satumba Shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/102013-ayo-emerges-project-fame-winner.html|title=AYO emerges Project Fame winner |website= Premium Times Nigeria|date=September 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ayoola-ayobami-actors-are-the-most-genuine-set-of-people-so-far/3mqdmbx|title="Actors are the most genuine set of people so far"|date=June 28, 2017|website=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=July 11, 2023|archive-date=July 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711170346/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ayoola-ayobami-actors-are-the-most-genuine-set-of-people-so-far/3mqdmbx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/skinny-girl-transit-star-ayoola-ayolola-talks-music-acting-love-new-episode-talk-temi-watch/|website=Bella Naija|title='Skinny Girl in Transit' star Ayoola Ayolola talks Music, Acting & Love on a New Episode of "Talk with Temi" &#124; Watch &#124; BellaNaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ayolola a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne babba a cikin yara biyar. Ya halarci Jami'ar Alkawari, Ota, [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] inda ya yi karatun ilmin sunadarai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/04/project-fame-winner-ayoola-i-wouldnt-have-been-where-i-am-today-without-covenant-university.html|title=Project Fame Winner, Ayoola: 'I wouldn't have been where I am today without Covenant University.|date=April 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iono.fm/e/711375|title=Ayobami Ayoola Ayolola, Actor (Nollywood), Speaker, Singer and 5th Winner of the Project Fame West Africa.|first=Channel|last=Africa|via=iono.fm}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Shirin Shahararren Yammacin Afirka === [[File:Ayoola Ayolola and Abimbola Craig TGIF.png|thumb|Ayola Ayola]] Ayolola ya lashe karo na 5 na Project Fame West Africa, inda aka ba shi kyautar mota, farashin tsabar kudi naira miliyan 2.5 da yarjejeniyar rikodin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/winning-mtn-project-fame-is-a-dream-come-true-ayo/|title=Winning MTN Project Fame is a dream come true – Ayo|date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/our-grass-to-grace-story-and-hurdles-we-crossed-to-become-superstars-reality-tv-shows-winners/|title=Our grass to grace story and Hurdles we crossed to become superstars –Reality TV shows' winners}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/09/30/and-winner-mtn-project-fame-5-is-ayo/|title=And the winner of MTN Project Fame West Africa 5 is... AYO!|first=Ifreke|last=Inyang|date=September 30, 2012}}</ref> A baya ya shiga wani gasa na waka na Nigerian Idol inda aka kore shi a zagaye na farko bayan ya yi 12 na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ayobami-ayoola-ayolola-wins-project-fame-season-5/|title=Ayobami Ayoola Ayolola wins Project Fame season 5!|first=News|last=Ghana}}</ref> === Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo === Ayolola ya dakatar da aikinsa na kiɗa don yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2015, ya kuma fito a matsayin Mide a cikin jerin YouTube Skinny Girl in Transit daga baya. Ya kuma fito a fina-finai kamar Isoken.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ayoola-ayobami-5-reasons-we-love-skinny-girl-in-transit-actor/qfw73qk|title=5 reasons we love "Skinny Girl in Transit" actor|date=January 12, 2017|website=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=July 11, 2023|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507001243/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ayoola-ayobami-5-reasons-we-love-skinny-girl-in-transit-actor/qfw73qk|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- |2018-20 |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Aminu Garba |Jerin yanar gizo na Red TV | rowspan="3" | |- |2017 |''Shagayas da Clarks'' |Chidi Clark | |- |2017 |''Jemeji'' |Oviyon |Wani sihiri na Afirka na asali |- |2015-20 |''Yarinya mai laushi a cikin zirga-zirga'' |Matsakaicin matsakaicin |Jerin yanar gizo na [[Ndani TV]] | |- |2012-15 |''Matan Lekki'' | | | |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! !Ref |- |2020 |''Ojai'' |Farfesa | | rowspan="3" | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Tsarin da aka kafa'' |Bamidele Esho | |- |''Bling Lagosians'' |Yoruba Demon | |- |''Yankin da ke cikin ƙasa'' | |Fim din wayar da kan jama'a | |- |2018 |Idan ni Shugaba ne |Zinachi Ohams | | rowspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Ƙananan Saukowa na Farin Ciki'' |Rashin ido | |- |''Ko da yaushe Bayan haka'' |Abin da ya faru | |- |''Isoken'' |Seye | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Kashi hamsin'' |MC | |- |''Hex'' | | | |} == Fitowa daga ''Kungiyar Maza'' == [[Fayil:Ayoola Ayolola and Abimbola Craig TGIF.png|thumb|Ayola Ayola]] Tola Odunsi, darektan The Men's Club ya sanar da cewa Ayolola ba zai sake taka rawar Aminu Garba ba ta hanyar sakon Instagram saboda ba zai iya taka rawar ba. Za a maye gurbinsa da tsohon Big Brother Naija, Pere Egbi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Why BBNaija's Pere replaced Ayoola in 'The Men's Club' series – Director|url=https://punchng.com/why-bbnaijas-pere-replaced-ayoola-in-the-mens-club-series-director/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda hasashe cewa ya sake komawa ba tare da sanar da masu gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo ba, Ayolola ya amsa ga mai sanarwar ta hanyar shafinsa na Instagram yana rubuta "Ba kamar abin da aka ce ba, ban sake komawa ba ba tare da barin masu samar da zartarwa da masu samar da wasan kwaikwayon su sani ba, Shawarwarin da na yanke na yin 'na ɗan lokaci' fita daga kasar tsari ne na dogon lokaci wanda mai samarwa / manajan na a lokacin ya san kuma yana da hannu. Tare da wannan faɗar, ba zan iya jira in sake dawowa kan allo ba. "<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=2021-11-11|title=Actor Ayoola Ayolola finally reacts to exiting 'The Men's Club' series|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/actor-ayoola-ayolola-finally-reacts-to-exiting-the-mens-club-series/j8efekm|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name|nm8895912}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] 554ixa88qqcwhn1erfcpicw9me7e81v 0 54110 890731 882533 2026-08-02T18:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Adasa Cookey|image=AdasaCookey.jpg|Background=non_performing_personnel|Birth_name=Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam|birth_date={{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]|Occupations=[[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]]|Years_active=2010–present|website=www.adasacookey.com|module={{Infobox person | embed = yes | education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] }}}}'''Adasa Cookey''' (an haife ta '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''') ita ce Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], Mai daukar hoto, Daraktan kasuwanci, mai launi, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai. Yana aiki kuma yana jagorantar Squareball Media Productions Limited inda shi ne kuma babban jami'in kamfanin, wanda kuma lakabin rikodin ne wanda ke da gidaje [[1da Banton]] & Eli Jae . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adasa a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1981, a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]]. Ya yi yarantakarsa a Port Harcourt, inda ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Bereton da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers]] kuma ya sami digiri na farko a Fasaha a Gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160215/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Adasa ya bar aikin wakilin kula da abokan ciniki a cikin 2010 don canza sha'awarsa a cikin gyaran bidiyo da kai tsaye. Ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na masu fasahar kiɗa kamar [[Davido]], Burna Boy, [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, da [[Don Jazzy]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021) |url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2020 |title=[Video] SIMI – "Duduke" (Dir. By Adasa Cookey |url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Hotunan bidiyo da aka zaɓa == * Burna Boy - Kamar Jam'iyyar (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9}}</ref> * D'Prince - Goody Bag (2013) * Ketchup- Nuna Ni Yuh Rozay (2013) * [[Mavin Records|Mavins]] All Stars - Adaobi (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/}}</ref> * DJ Xclusive ft [[Davido]] - Wo Le (2015) * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/}}</ref> * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Shirye (2016) * Ric Hassani - Kai kaɗai (2017) * Ginin dafa abinci na [[Orezi]] (2017) * Idahams-Toast (2017) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Selense (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Ayo (2019) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] - Duduke (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz |url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking - Jericho (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho |url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Jin (2020) * Runtown ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Body Riddim (Video) (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes & Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] - By You (2019) * Praiz - Madu (2020) * [[Niniola]] - Mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (2020) * Wande Coal ft. Wale - Har ila yau (Remix) (2020) * Wande Coal - Har ila yau (2020) * Idahams-Biliyan Dollar (2019) * Idahams-Ada (2020) * Idahams-Zan Shigar da Idoyata (2020) * Stonebwoy ft. [[Zlatan]]- Mai sukar (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Stonebwoy's new video for 'Critical' featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE |url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Project !Ceremony !Category !Result |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |"himself" | rowspan="1" |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|City People Entertainment]] |''Best Music Video Director of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage & Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |''Video of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |"Himself" | rowspan="1" |GALAXY AWARDS |''Video Director of the Year'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2019 | rowspan="1" |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" |AFRIMA Award |''Best African Video'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners |url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2017 | rowspan="1" |Orezi, "Cooking Pot" | rowspan="1" |AFRIMA Award |''Best African Video of the Year'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2017 |title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners |url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |[[Adekunle Gold]], "Pick Up the Call" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Cinematography'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Editor'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List |url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Best Director'' | {{Nom}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|adasacookey.com}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8gia7wdh4o6qm7wcbzywlfh9ckdqcbh 0 54120 890647 886906 2026-08-02T13:33:04Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345797579|John Njamah]]" 890647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Njamah''' Listen ⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, sannan kuma furodusa na fina-finai, kuma daraktan fina-finai. Ya shahara da bayar da umarni a ''Fuji House of Commotion'', ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', ''Living In Lagos'', ''Solitair'', ''Casino'', ''Emerald'', ''Tide'', da ''My Flatmates'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tayo |first=Ayomide O. |date=2015-04-17 |title=John Njamah turns a year older today |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-john-njamah-turns-a-year-older-today/fd1ggpt |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801125323/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-john-njamah-turns-a-year-older-today/fd1ggpt |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Njamah a ranar 17 ga Afrilu a matsayin tagwaye a Njaaba da ke ƙaramar hukumar [[Orlu (Nijeriya)|Orlu]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]] . Ya kuma sami digirinsa na farko daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] inda ya yi karatun fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name=":0"/> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan jarumar Nollywood, [[Empress Njamah]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-09-24 |title=Let These Sweet Photos Of Empress & John Njamah Brighten Your Day |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/empress-njamah-john-njamah/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Njamah ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Kamaru, Agwi Tangi. == Fim ɗin fim == * ''Gidan Tashin Hankali na Fuji'' * Apple Mai Rauni * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]] (2008)'' * ''Smash (2018)'' * ''Zikora (2020)'' * ''Emela (2020)'' * ''Enitan (2022)'' * ''Abokan Gidana (2017)'' * ''Ba tare da numfashi ba (2015)'' * ''Sparadise'' == Fina-finai == * ''Gidan Tashin Hankali na Fuji'' * Apple Mai Rauni * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]] (2008)'' * ''Smash (2018)'' * ''Zikora (2020)'' * ''Emela (2020)'' * ''Enitan (2022)'' * ''Abokan Gidana (2017)'' * ''Ba tare da numfashi ba (2015)'' * ''Sparadise'' == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1emd8lzuhukzljysjcp6h0d9sgmb990 0 54138 890902 878599 2026-08-03T11:14:45Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347141036|Dickson Iroegbu]]" 890902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dickson Nnamdi Iroegbu''' // ⓘ [[Darakta]] ne kuma furodusa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] . Ya jagoranci kuma ya shirya fina-finai da dama [[Nollywood|na Nollywood]] . A shekarar 2005, a bikin farko na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|African Movie Academy Awards]], Iroegbu ya lashe kyaututtuka uku na fim ɗin ''[[The Mayors]]'', ciki har da kyaututtukan ''Mafi Kyawun Fim'', ''Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Bidiyo'' da ''Mafi Kyawun Darakta'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Awards and Nominees 2005 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129073035/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2005 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == * 2005: ''Mafi kyawun Darakta'' '''(wanda aka lashe)''' * 2005: ''Fim Mafi Kyau'' '''(wanda aka lashe)''' * 2005: ''Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo'' '''(wanda aka ci)''' == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" width="33" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" | Fim ! colspan="5" | An ƙirƙiro shi azaman |- ! width="65" | [[Darakta]] ! width="65" | Furodusa ! width="65" | Marubuci |- align="center" | align="center" | 2001 | align="left" | ''Kwanakin Daukaka'' | {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" | 2003 | align="left" | ''Jan Hankali na Soyayya''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''[[The Mayors|Magajin Gari]]'' | {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''Marar aminci''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''Ƙaramin Mala'ika'' | {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''Bikin Aure na Ƙarshe''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''Sha'awa Mai Konewa''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | ''Fiye da Dalili''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2005 | align="left" | ''Kwandon Mata''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2005 | align="left" | ''Kashe Amarya''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Shaidan a Cikinta''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Sumba ta Ƙarshe''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Gicciye Mai Tsarki''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Maƙiya a Soyayya''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Duniya daban-daban''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2006 | align="left" | ''Gicciye Mai Tsarki''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2007 | align="left" | ''Don Ƙaunar Mala'ika''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2007 | align="left" | ''Triniti''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2007 | align="left" | ''Babban Taska na Zuciya''| {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" | 2008 | align="left" | ''Yanayi Mai Muhimmanci'' | {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- | 2020 | ''Miji Nagari'' |{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" width="33" |Year ! rowspan="2" |Film ! colspan="5" |Credited as |- ! width="65" |[[Darakta|Director]] ! width="65" |Producer ! width="65" |Writer |- align="center" | align="center" |2001 | align="left" |''Days of Glory'' | {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" |2003 | align="left" |''Romantic Attraction'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''[[The Mayors]]'' | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''Unfaithful'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''Little Angel'' | {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''Last Wedding'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''Burning Desire'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2004 | align="left" |''Beyond Reason'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2005 | align="left" |''Women's Cot'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2005 | align="left" |''Kill the Bride'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''The Devil in Her'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''Last Kiss'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''Holy Cross'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''Enemies in Love'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''Different World'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2006 | align="left" |''Holy Cross'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2007 | align="left" |''To Love an Angel'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2007 | align="left" |''The Trinity'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2007 | align="left" |''Big Heart Treasure'' | {{Yes}} | | |- align="center" | align="center" |2008 | align="left" |''Critical Condition'' | {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} |- |2020 |''The Good Husband'' |{{Yes}} |{{Yes}} |{{Yes}} |} jpmgehiggbh4tm8z415s7gao36g4wtr 0 56346 890891 410156 2026-08-03T10:29:03Z Baffa ali 47435 890891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nawfija''', wanda aka rubuta da Nọfịja (lafazi : ''Lọvụjo'' ta ƴan ƙasar), ƙauyen Ibo ne da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Yana karkashin karamar hukumar Orumba ta kudu a jihar Anambra. Kamar yadda a 2006, Nawfija tana da yawan jama'a 100,000. Garin yana da iyaka da [[Fufu|Akpu]] da Amagu daga Yamma; a Gabas ta [[Isulo]] da [[Ezira]]; akan Arewa ta [[Onneh]] da [[Ufuma]]; kuma a Kudu ta [[Umueji Ufuma|Umueji,]] Shi dai wannan gari yanada manyan kauyuka guda bakwai (7)Kamar yadda tasawira ta garin tanuna Kamar irinsu,amokwu,azeome,ahukabia,umuowahia,umuezeiyi,umuezeogbu dakuma umuoma.dakuma gomnatin kowanne kauyen da shugabancin chiyaman din kauyuka. {{Stub}} kskuqtkieihx2evmyissh3nm0vqcu8k 0 62113 890680 890443 2026-08-02T15:48:33Z Alubaki 30448 890680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''== Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla: * fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba) * Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba) * gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba) * gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba) * kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba) * tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba) * kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba) dss Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya'''). =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu kara fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') =='''5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' '''== A tsarin ka'idojin rubun Hausa akwai abinda ake kira 'w' jakadiya da kuma 'w' dafa-keya. Wannan sautuka iri daya kuma masu sautuka iri daya. Sai dai muhallin rubuta su ne kawai ya bambanta, duk da cewa akan sami kowacce a gaban wata kalma ta daban, musamman a cikin jimloli == Manazararta== 20k8orccmqp9yag3eg0nxwvul70fz3a 890681 890680 2026-08-02T15:48:57Z Alubaki 30448 890681 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''== Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla: * fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba) * Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba) * gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba) * gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba) * kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba) * tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba) * kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba) dss Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya'''). =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu kara fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') =='''5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' '''== A tsarin ka'idojin rubun Hausa akwai abinda ake kira 'w' jakadiya da kuma 'w' dafa-keya. Wannan sautuka iri daya kuma masu sautuka iri daya. Sai dai muhallin rubuta su ne kawai ya bambanta, duk da cewa akan sami kowacce a gaban wata kalma ta daban, musamman a cikin jimloli == Manazararta== 1wza6tccpfhyxq42cae6zk6xt8hb89r 890729 890681 2026-08-02T18:16:49Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' */ 890729 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''== Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla: * fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba) * Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba) * gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba) * gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba) * kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba) * tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba) * kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba) dss Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya'''). =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu kara fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') =='''5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' '''== A tsarin ka'idojin rubun Hausa akwai abinda ake kira 'w' jakadiya da kuma 'w' dafa-keya. Wannan sautuka iri daya kuma masu sautuka iri daya. Sai dai muhallin rubuta su ne kawai ya bambanta, duk da cewa akan sami kowacce a gaban wata kalma ta daban, musamman a cikin jimloli. '''5.1 Jakada 'w' ''' == Manazararta== nd59d3va46q3rge4fwq2dqv7x295pkb 890732 890729 2026-08-02T18:19:19Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' */ 890732 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun tagwayen harufan Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari da missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa, ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkaninsu suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce: Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''3.0 Shaddatun Tagwayen Harufan Hausa (Daurin tagwayen harufa)'''== Shadda na nufin nanata harafi sau biyu, wtau abinda ake kira dauri. Sannan kuma, muna da tagwayen harufa a harshen Hausa,kamar, '''gw, gy, fy,' sh.''' da sauransu. Wadannan tagwayen harufa ana daurinsu a yayin rubuta wasu kalmomi, kamar, Sha'''ssha'''ka. A nan ga missalan yadda ya kamata a rubuta su dalla-dalla: * fya'''ffy'''ade (ba fya'''fyfy'''ade ba) * Sha'''ssh'''aka (ba Sha'''shsh'''aka ba) * gwa'''ggw'''ale (ba gwa'''gwgw'''ale ba) * gya'''ggy'''ara (ba gya'''gygy'''ara ba) * kya'''kky'''awa (ba kya'''kyky'''awa ba) * tsa'''tts'''ewala (ba tsa'''tsts'''ewala ba) * kwa'''kkw'''afe (ba kwa'''kwkw'''afe ba) dss Idan mun lura za mu ga cewa, tagwayen harafin da aka daura ba a saka shi duka. Watau, farkon shi ake sa wa a cire gabansa. Missali, '''fy''', sai a cire '''y''' a bar '''f'''. Sannan sai a biyo baya da tagwan harafi mai wasali ('''fya'''). =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar Mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya.missli: gida+na= ('''gidana''') a nan za a fahimci cewa, kalmar 'gida' da kalmar 'na' an haɗa su a guri ɗaya sun zama kamar kalma guda. A kiyaye da cewa, gajerar mallaka haɗe ta ake yi. Don haka, akwai ƙarin missalai kamar haka: *Jakarta ba jakar ta ba; *ajinsu ba ajin su ba; *matata ba mata ta ba; *ɗakinki ba ɗakin ki ba; *motarka ba motar ka ba. *masallacinku ba Masallacin ku ba. Da sauransu. ==='''4.2 Doguwar Mallaka'''=== Ita doguwar mallaka, ba a haɗe ake rubuta ta ba. Wato ke nan, ana rabewa tsakanin abinda aka mallaka da kuma wakilin sunan mai mallaka. Ga missalai kamar haka: * Jakar tata * Ɗakin nasu * Wayar tawa * Littafin nashi * Gonar taku * Masallacin nawa * Takalmin namu Da haka, za mu kara fahimci cewa akwai banbanci tsakanin doguwar mallaka da gajerar mallaka. Mu tuna da missalin farko na doguwar. Wato "'''jakar tata'''" ma'ana, an rubuta "'''jakar'''" daban, ita ma, "'''tata'''" daban. idan kuma a gajerar mallaka ne sai a rubuta "'''jakarta'''" a haɗe. Wato dai ana haɗa "'''jakar'''" da kuma "'''ta'''" a haɗe ('''jakarta''') =='''5.0 Jakada 'W' da Dafa-keya 'W' '''== A tsarin ka'idojin rubun Hausa akwai abinda ake kira 'w' jakadiya da kuma 'w' dafa-keya. Wannan sautuka iri daya kuma masu sautuka iri daya. Sai dai muhallin rubuta su ne kawai ya bambanta, duk da cewa akan sami kowacce a gaban wata kalma ta daban, musamman a cikin jimloli. ==='''5.1 Jakada 'w' '''=== == Manazararta== pwwso6ckzqhjitgvvoj01jv81ep73ul 0 64467 890801 452433 2026-08-03T01:15:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hajia Alima Mahama''' (an haife ta ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba 1957, Walewale, yankin Arewa maso Gabas ) ita ce jakadiyar mata ta farko [[Ghana|ta Ghana]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Ita lauya ce kuma ta kasance daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Janairu 2009 ministar harkokin mata da yara a [[Ghana]] karkashin Shugaba [[John Kufuor]] . Ta kasance Ministar Kananan Hukumomi da Raya Karkara ta Ghana, wanda [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaban Ghana]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akuffo-Addo]] ya nada a ofishin a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2017 zuwa 7 ga Janairu 2021. Hajiya Alima ta kuma rike mukamin ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Nalerigu/Gambaga kuma ‘yar sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party a majalisar wakilai ta 7 a jamhuriya ta hudu. An nada ta Jakadiyar Ghana a Amurka a watan Yuni, 2021. == Ilimi == Alima Mahama ta yi babbar makarantar sakandare a Wesley Girls Senior High School, Cape Coast . Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da zamantakewa. A Jami'ar Rutgers da Jami'ar Ottawa, ta sami digiri na biyu a Tsarin Mulki da Tsare-tsare da Gudanarwa. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Ci Gaba daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa, da ke [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Hajia Mahama samfur ce ta Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a 1982. == Siyasa == Ta yi aiki a gwamnatin [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], da farko a matsayin ministar harkokin mata da yara, mataimakin ministan kasuwanci da masana'antu da mataimakiyar ministar kananan hukumomi da raya karkara tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2008. Alima Mahama ta tsaya takara a zaben 2016 akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party (NPP) kuma ta samu sama da kashi 53% na kuri'un da aka kada a mazabar Nalerigu/Gambaga . == Sauran ayyukan == * Ƙwararren dafa abinci mai tsabta, Memba na Majalisar Jagoranci <ref>[http://cleancookstoves.org/about/our-team/ Leadership Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173540/http://cleancookstoves.org/about/our-team/ |date=2018-11-11 }} Clean Cooking Alliance.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] 6tn632g79pdk2hsn9twxvfvthu11md1 0 64542 890889 430223 2026-08-03T10:02:07Z Baffa ali 47435 890889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ansgar Knauff''' (an haife shi 10 ga Janairu 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefen dama don ƙungiyar Bundesliga Eintracht Shi dai wannan dan wasan ana ikirarin cewa Yana daya daga cikin yan wasanda tauraruwarsa ke juyawa ayanzu a kasar jamus. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] p1ykucdi265cu1hpfmrcsqsmjo8jfhq 0 65104 890796 612297 2026-08-03T00:21:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nelson Chamisa Image.jpg|thumb|Alex Magaisa]] [[Fayil:Nelson Chamisa Image.jpg|thumb|Alex Magaisa]] '''Alex Tawanda Magaisa''' (10 ga Agusta 1975 - 6 ga Yuni 2022) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe kuma malamin shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kent na Jami'ar Kent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/law/people/academic/Magaisa,_Alex.html|title=Alex Magaisa - Kent Law School - University of Kent|website=www.kent.ac.uk|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara (shugaban ma'aikata) na Firayim Ministan Zimbabwe na lokacin Morgan Tsvangirai daga shekarun 2012-2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=9793:alex-magaisa-tsvangirais-finest-appointment&Itemid=18|title=Alex Magaisa: Tsvangirai's finest appointment|website=www.zimdiaspora.com|language=en-gb|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917193720/http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=9793:alex-magaisa-tsvangirais-finest-appointment&Itemid=18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kafin zama mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista, Magaisa ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin memba na tawagar kwararru da aka ɗora wa alhakin ba da shawara kan rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/02/15/why-you-should-vote-yes-for-copac-draft/|title=Why you should vote yes for Copac draft - The Zimbabwe Independent|date=15 February 2013|work=The Zimbabwe Independent|access-date=17 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124237/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/02/15/why-you-should-vote-yes-for-copac-draft/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya shahara da aikin sharhin shari'a, siyasa da zamantakewa kan al'amuran da suka shafi Zimbabwe da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ta shafinsa na The Big Saturday Read. Ayyukansa wani lokaci ana nuna su ta hanyar gidajen labarai na Zimbabwe ciki har da The Standard, Daily News, Newzimbabwe.com, da The Herald. <ref>http://www.dfzim.com/?page_id=158 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801042255/http://www.dfzim.com/?page_id=158 |date=2021-08-01 }} Development Foundation for Zimbabwe website, Alex Magaisa profile. Accessed July, 05 2017</ref> == Iyali da ƙuruciya == An haifi Magaisa a gundumar Chikomba, [[Zimbabwe]] (wanda a lokacin ake kira Charter District, Rhodesia). Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare inda ya halarci makarantar kwana a St. Francis na Assisi High School a lardin Mashonaland East. Daga nan sai ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1997 tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. A lokacinsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe ya hadu da kuma tasiri a nan gaba wanda ya kafa kungiyar Movement for Democratic Change; irin su Learnmore Jongwe, Ayuba Sikhala, da kuma Nelson Chamisa na ƙarshe wanda a lokacin yana karatu a Harare Polytechnic. Ya auri Shamiso Magaisa, wata akawunta, wacc ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lawdebenture.com/our-people-and-locations/shamiso-magaisa | title=Shamiso Magaisa | access-date=2023-12-17 | archive-date=2023-12-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217112823/https://www.lawdebenture.com/our-people-and-locations/shamiso-magaisa | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farkon aiki == Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, Magaisa ya shiga ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Zimbabwe, [[Gill Godlonton & Gerrans Legal Practitioners]] a matsayin Aboki. Daga baya a shekarar 1999, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Warwick ta kasar Ingila inda ya kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin shari'a a shekarar 2003. Daga nan Magaisa ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan tilasta bin doka na Hukumar Sabis na Kuɗi na Jersey, mai kula da ayyukan kuɗi a [[Jersey]] har zuwa shekara ta 2007. A cikin watan Satumba 2007, ya shiga Jami'ar Kent Law School a matsayin malami kuma mai bincike. Babban bangarorin koyarwa da bincike sun hada da dokar kamfani, dokar mallakar fasaha da ka'idojin kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Mashawarcin Fasaha ga COPAC & Mai Ba da Shawara ga Firayim Minista na Zimbabwe == A watan Nuwambar 2011, Magaisa ya ɗauki hutu daga Jami'ar Kent don ya zama babban memba na tawagar kwararrun fasaha da ke ba da shawara ga [[Constitution Parliamentary Committee (COPAC)|kwamitin tsarin mulki (COPAC)]] wanda majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe ta kafa tare da wajabcin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki don sokewa da maye gurɓin tsohon kundin tsarin mulkin Lancaster House. Daga baya kusan kashi 95% na waɗanda suka kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓen raba gardama na ƙasar baki datya da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/zimbabwe-draft-new-constitution-approved-in-referendum/|title=Zimbabwe: Draft New Constitution Approved in Referendum {{!}} Global Legal Monitor|date=26 March 2013|website=www.loc.gov|language=en|author=Zeldin, Wendy|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> sun amince da gagarumin rinjaye A watan Oktoban 2012, Magaisa ya bar aikin nasa na ba da shawara tare da COPAC lokacin da Firayim Minista Tsvangirai ya nada shi a matsayin babban mai ba shi shawara yayin da ake fara shirye-shiryen zaben 2013 mai zuwa Jam'iyyar MDC ta sha kaye a hannun ZANU PF da tazara mai yawa a zaɓukan da ake takaddama a kai wanda ya sa Magaisa da kungiyar lauyoyin MDC suka shigar da kara a gaban kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar inda suka buƙaci a soke sakamakon zaɓen, suna masu cewa zaɓen bai yi gaskiya da adalci ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aclj.org/united-nations/reflection-zimbabwe-2013-elections|title=A Reflection on Zimbabwe's 2013 Elections {{!}} American Center for Law and Justice|date=20 August 2013|work=American Center for Law and Justice|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Sai dai daga baya an janye karar kuma ana cikin haka ne alkalan suka nuna takaicin da suka ki amincewa da janyewar tare da ɗage sauraron karar ko da wanda ya shigar da karar ya janye.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/mdc-mwonzora-withdraws-election-challenges/1731175.html|title=MDC Withdraws Court Petition to Nullify Elections|last=Chifera|first=Irwin|work=VOA|access-date=17 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Suka == === Plot Cafe === A watan Yulin 2017 Magaisa ya shiga cikin rikici bayan da wata kafar yaɗa labarai mallakar jihar ta wallafa hotonsa tare da ministocin gwamnatin Zanu PF Jonathan Moyo, Savior Kasukuwere da Patrick Zhuwao a wani gidan cin abinci na gida mai suna "Plot Cafe". <ref>http://www.herald.co.zw/birds-of-a-feather/ The Herald website: Birds of a feather... Accessed July, 05 2017</ref> Cikin rashin son ransa ya bayar da amsa yana mai bayyana yanayin yadda aka ɗauki hoton yana kawar da makircin da aka fara samun gindin zama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2017/07/05/alex-magaisa-explains-picture-jonathan-moyo-kasukuwere-zhuwao-harare/|title=Alex Magaisa explains picture with Jonathan Moyo, Kasukuwere and Zhuwao in Harare |website=Nehanda Radio|date=5 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Magaisa ya fito a cikin shirin ''dimokuraɗiyya'' wanda Camilla Nielsson ta jagoranta wanda ya ɗauki tsarin samar da kundin tsarin mulki mai cike da ruɗani cikin shekaru uku. == Mutuwa == A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2022, wasu abokan aikinsa sun tabbatar da cewa Magaisa ya rasu ne a asibitin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth da ke Margate, ƙasar Burtaniya bayan bugun zuciya.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nehandaradio.com/2022/06/05/breaking-uk-based-zimbabwean-academic-dr-alex-magaisa-has-died/ | title=BREAKING: UK based Zimbabwean academic Dr Alex Magaisa has died | date=5 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mbaretimes.com/2022/06/dr-alex-magaisa/ | title=UK-based Zimbabwean public intellectual, Dr Alex Magaisa has died | date=5 June 2022 | access-date=17 December 2023 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626202749/https://mbaretimes.com/2022/06/dr-alex-magaisa/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> An binne shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 2022, a ƙauyensu na Mangisi a Njanja.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/magaisa-laid-to-rest/ | title=Alex Magaisa laid to rest at rural Njanja home; Rest in peace champion - says Chamisa | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] 05yu1kc5fnugeydax2mgmmh4a08do1x 0 66189 890876 611715 2026-08-03T08:23:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Memorial Epigram.jpg|thumb|Atyap Chiefdom]] '''Atyap Chiefdom,''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jiha ce ta gargajiya a Najeriya]] ta [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]], da ke saman [[Kaduna (kogi)|kogin Kaduna na]] a yankin tsakiyar kasar Najeriya kuma yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]]. Hedkwatarta na A̠tak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&Itemid=692 |title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/ |last=Awuhe |first=Terfa |title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols |date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> == Mutane == * <small>Duba nan</small> <big>[[Katafawa|Mutanen Atyap]]</big> <small>domin karanta cikakkiyar maƙalar akan mutanen ko al'ummar '''Atyap'''.</small> == Tarihi == An kirkiro Sarkin Atyap a cikin shekarar 1995. A shekara ta 2007, an dora shi zuwa babban matsayi na Farko.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1 |title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA |date=September 10, 2013 |website=Trip Down Memory Lane |access-date=July 10, 2020 }}</ref> == Gwamnati == Majalisar '''Atyap Traditional Council''' ce ke tafiyar da sarautar Atyap,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/atyap-traditional-council-takes-proactive-measures-crises/ |title=Atyap Traditional Council Takes Proactive Measures Over Crises |website=The Dream Daily |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711021337/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/atyap-traditional-council-takes-proactive-measures-crises/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da A̠gwatyap a matsayin shugabanta. == Bangaren gudanarwa == === Gundumomi === Ma’aikatar kula da harkokin ƙananan hukumomi [[Kaduna (jiha)|ta jihar Kaduna]] ta bayar da adadin ''gundumomi'' 16 ''da aka amince da su a matsayin gundumomi'' 5 da kuma ''kauye'' 61 a karkashi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=222 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |access-date=July 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121004813/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=222 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:A Round about.jpg|thumb|Atyap Chiefdom]] Waɗannan su ne gundumomi tsakanin shekarar 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2017:<ref name=Kam>{{Cite book |last=Akau T. L. |first=Kambai |date=2014 |title=The Tyap-English Dictionary |location=Benin City}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:2em;" |S/N ! style="width:10em;" | Tyap sunan asalin ! Hausa exogenous name |- | 1 | '''A̠buyap''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Ungwar Rohogo |- | 2 | '''Á̠nietcen-A̱fakan''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zangon Urban |- | 3 | '''[[Jankasa|A̠shong A̠shyyu]]''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Jankasa |- | 4 | '''[[Bafoi|Bafoi Ka̠nai]]''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Gora Bafai |- | 5 | Cen-A̠koo; kuma ''Zama A̠won'' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | |- | 6 | '''Gan Ka̠nai''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Gora Gan |- | 7 | '''[[Jei District|Jei]]''' (Chiefdom Head District) | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Unɡwar Gaiya |- | 8 | '''[[Kanai, Najeriya|Ka̠nai Mali]]''' ; kuma ''A̠tsung A̠byek'' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Gora Gida |- | 9 | '''Makomurum''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Kibori |- | 10 | '''Mancong''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Magadan Wuka |- | 11 | '''Mazaki''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Gidan Zaki |- | 12 | '''Ma̠nyi A̠ghyui''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Kigudu |- | 13 | '''Sop-A̠koo''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Mabushi Kataf |- | 14 | '''Shilyam''', also ''Kwakhwu'' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | |- | 15 | '''[[Magamiya|Taligan]]''' (A̠takligan), kuma ''A̠ga̠mi'' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Magamiya |- | 16 | '''[[Zonzon]]''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zonzon Gora |} Sai dai waɗannan su ne gundumomi biyar da gwamnati ta amince da su a halin yanzu tun daga shekarar 2017 zuwa gaba, wanda gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] mai ci alokacin [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir Elrufai]] ya gyara shi, wanda ya ce haka, kamar yadda jaridar [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/233728-in-major-restructuring-el-rufai-slashes-kaduna-districts-to-pre-2001-numbers.html ''Premium Times ta Najeriya''] ta ruwaito, kwamitin da aka kafa domin yin jawabi ga hukumomin gundumar a jihar ya kammala. cewa yawaitar gundumomi tun kafin shekarar 2001 ya haifar da matsalar kuɗi ga Ƙananan Hukumomi. Don haka, koma bayansu zuwa zamanin kafin shekarar 2001, Wato: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:2em;" |S/N ! style="width:10em;" | Tyap sunan asalin ! Hausa exoganous name |- | 1 | '''Á̠nietcen-A̱fakan''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zangon Urban |- | 2 | '''[[Jei District|Jei]]''' (Babban Shugaban gundumar) | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Ungwar Gaiya |- | 3 | '''[[Kanai, Najeriya|Ka̠nai]]''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Gora |- | 4 | '''[[Zonzon]]''' | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zonzon Gora |} === Hedkwata === Hedikwatar masarautar Atyap ita ce Atak Njei, inda fadar ''Agwatyap'' ( Tyap : ''Magwatyap'' ) take.<ref name=AC></ref> A baya-bayan nan, akwai wani yunkurin da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jagorancin [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ta yi na nuna shakku kan gano fadar a wancan yanki da ke wajen yankin Hausa-Fulani-Kanuri da ke yankin [[Zangon Kataf]] ( Tyap : Á̠nietcen- A̱fakan), matakin da kungiyar ci gaban al'umma ta Atyap (ACDA) ta yi fatali da shi.<ref name=AC>{{Cite web |url=https://intervention.ng/21047/ |last=Bodam |first=Sule Tinat |title=Why Atyap Community is Protesting Another Kaduna State Government White Paper on Cudjoe, AVM Usman Muazu Reports on the 1992 Zangon Kataf Conflict (2) |website=Intervention |date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=August 2, 2020}}</ref> == Mulki == === Gidan sarauta === Gidan sarkin Atyap ya kunshi gidajen sarauta huɗu da aka raba bisa ga dangi huɗu na [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]], wato: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:2em;" |S/N ! style="width:6em;" | Kabila ! Subclan |- | 1 | Gaba | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | • A̠kpaisa<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> • Jei<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> • A̠kwak |- | 2 | A'minyam | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | • A̠fakan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> • A̠son |- | 3 | A̠ku | |- | 4 | A̠shokwa | |} === Masu mulki === An san sarakunan da ke mulkin Atyap Chiefdom da lakabin ''A̠gwatyap''.<ref name=KSM>{{Cite web |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/el-rufai-urges-new-agwatyap-others-to-promote-peace/ |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |access-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053013/https://kdsg.gov.ng/el-rufai-urges-new-agwatyap-others-to-promote-peace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An samo kalmar daga waɗannan kalmomin Tyap guda biyu: ''a̱gwam'' (watau sarki) da ''A̱tyap'' (watau bayan [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]] ) kuma a zahiri hakan na nufin "sarkin Atyap".<ref name=Kam></ref> === Jerin masu mulki === Ga sunayen sarakunan da suka yi mulki tun daga 1995 har zuwa yau kamar haka. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:2em;" |Fara mulki ! style="width:2em;" |Gama mulki ! Mai mulki |- | 1995 | 2005 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | [[Bala Ade Dauke|HRH A̠gwam Ba̠la A̠de Da̠uke (JP)]], ''Agwatyap I'' |- | 2005 | Afrilu 6, 2016 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | [[Harrison Bungwon|HRH A̱gwam Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bunggwon (FNSE)]], ''A̠gwatyap II'' |- | Nuwamba 12, 2016 | Kwanan wata | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | HRH A̱gwam Dominic Gambo Yahaya (KSM), ''Agwatyap III''<ref name=Kefas>{{cite book |title=Atyap People, Culture and Language |author=Ayuba Kefas |publisher=Unpublished |year=2016 |page=12}}</ref><ref name=KSM></ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Addinin Abwoi * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * Kudancin Kaduna * [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|Rikicin Zangon Kataf na 1992]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 56k5e9qn8ja2k6qhbg4vflh9fiff9nk 0 68684 890761 884320 2026-08-02T20:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Akpe: Return of the Beast''''', fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2019 [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda [[Toka McBaror]] ya ba da umarni, sai Justice Nuagbe ya shirya shirin. Taurarin Fim din sun hada da [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin jagora shirin yayin da [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], Daniel Lloyd da [[Eniola Badmus]] suka taka rawar gani..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akpe: Return of the Beast Trailer & Info |url=http://www.quicklookfilms.com/movie/304267/Akpe-Return-of-the-Beast-Trailer-and-Info |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=QuickLook Films}}</ref> Fim din na magana me akan Akpe, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Zanga inda babban abokinsa ya shirya gungun samari don samun nasara akan titi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOWNLOAD: Akpe (Return Of The Beast) - 2020 Nollywood Movie • NaijaPrey |url=https://www.naijaprey.com/download-akpe-return-of-the-beast-2020-nollywood-movie/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004115426/https://www.naijaprey.com/download-akpe-return-of-the-beast-2020-nollywood-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gists |first=Naija |title='London And The Beast Part 2' Gets Screening Date - NaijaGists.com - Proudly Nigerian DIY Motivation & Information Blog |url=https://naijagists.com/london-and-the-beast-part-2/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stream: Beast (2026) Movie - Movie-Box |url=https://moviebox.com.ng/beast-2026/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MrBeast Crushes Forbes 2026 Top Creators List with $300 Million Earnings - Spillhour |url=https://spillhour.com/spill/mrbeast-crushes-forbes-2026-top-creators-list-with-300-million-earnings/ |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin an fara haska shi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Comedian Ushbebe set for private screening of new movie ‘ Akpe: The return of the beast’ |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/comedian-ushbebe-set-for-private-screening-of-new-movie-akpe-the-return-of-the-beast/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Akpe * [[Juliet Ibrahim]] * [[Bolanle Ninalowo]] * [[Daniel Lloyd (Nigerian actor)|Daniel Lloyd]] * [[Eniola Badmus]] * Mr. Jollof == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] idzh315zf9o2b2x9n02p2kpwlmlodbr 0 70535 890809 598965 2026-08-03T02:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ANC logo.jpg|thumb|Tambari na littafin American National Corpus]] '''American National Corpus''' ('''ANC''') tarin rubutu ne na Turanci na Amurka wanda ke dauke da kalmomi miliyan 22 na rubuce-rubuce da bayanan da aka samar tun daga 1990. A halin yanzu, ANC ta haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan da ke fitowa kamar imel, tweets, da bayanan yanar gizo waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin corpora na baya ba kamar ''British National Corpus''. An rubuta shi don [[Bangaren magana|wani bangare na magana]] da lemma, ƙananan parse, da kuma sunayen ƙungiyoyi. Ana samun ANC daga Ƙungiyar Bayanan Harshe . Kalmomi miliyan goma sha biyar na ƙungiyar, da ake kira '''Open American National Corpus''' (OANC), ana samun su kyauta ba tare da hani kan amfani da shi daga gidan yanar gizon ANC ba. An bayar da ƙungiyar da bayananta bisa ga ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Harsuna na ISO/TC 37 SC4. Ta amfani da kayan aikin watsawa kyauta (ANC2Go), ana ba da bayanan corpus da zaɓaɓɓen bayanin mai amfani a cikin nau'i-nau'i da yawa, gami da tsarin CoNLL IOB, tsarin XML wanda ya dace da ka'idar Encoding na XML Corpus (XCES) (amfani tare da British National Corpus ' s XAIRA injunan bincike), tsarin UIMA mai dacewa, da kuma tsarukan da suka dace don shigar da software iri-iri iri-iri. Ana kuma samun abubuwan toshe bayanai don shigo da bayanan cikin Janar Architecture don Injiniyan Rubutu (GATE). ANC ta bambanta da sauran ƙungiyoyin Ingilishi saboda an ƙirƙira ta sosai, gami da [[Bangaren magana|ɓangarori daban-daban na bayanin magana]] (tambarin Penn, CLAWS5 da alamun CLAWS7), bayanan fastoci mara zurfi, da annotations don nau'ikan abubuwan da aka ambata . Ana ƙara ƙarin bayani kan duk ko sassan ƙungiyar yayin da suke samuwa, galibi ta hanyar gudummawar wasu ayyuka. Ba kamar kamfani na kan layi ba, wanda saboda haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka yana ba da damar isa ga jimloli ɗaya kawai, duk ANC yana samuwa don ba da damar bincike da ya shafi, misali, haɓaka ƙirar harshe na ƙididdiga da cikakken bayanin harshe. Ana samar da bayanan ANC ta atomatik kuma ba a inganta su ba. Rukunin kalmomi 500,000 da ake kira da Manual Annotated Sub-Corpus (MASC) an ƙirƙira su don kusan nau'ikan bayanan harshe guda 20, waɗanda duk an tabbatar da su da hannu ko aka samar da su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da bayanin syntactic [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404152309/http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/ Penn Treebank], bayanin fahimtar ma'anar WordNet, bayanan firam ɗin FrameNet, da sauransu. Kamar OANC, MASC yana samuwa kyauta don kowane amfani, kuma ana iya sauke shi daga rukunin yanar gizon ANC ko daga Consortium Data Consortium . Hakanan ana rarraba shi a cikin nau'i mai alamar sashe na magana tare da Kayan aikin Harshen Halitta . ANC da ƙananan ƙungiyoyinta sun bambanta da irin wannan kamfani musamman a cikin kewayon bayanan harshe da aka bayar da kuma haɗa nau'o'in zamani waɗanda ba su bayyana a cikin albarkatun kamar British National Corpus ba. Har ila yau, saboda farkon abin da aka yi amfani da shi na corpora shine haɓaka nau'ikan harshe na ƙididdiga, cikakkun bayanai da duk bayanan suna samuwa, don haka ya bambanta da Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) wanda ke samuwa kawai ta hanyar bincike na yanar gizo. Ci gaba da girma na OANC da MASC ya dogara ne akan gudunmawar bayanai da bayanai daga ilimin harsunan lissafi da al'ummomin harshe na corpus. == Duba kuma == * British National Corpus * Oxford English Corpus * Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). == Manazarta == * Ide, N. (2008). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/ausnc/2008/paper2293.pdf Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amirka: Sa'an nan, Yanzu, da Gobe] . A cikin Michael Haugh, Kate Burridge, Jean Mulder da Pam Peters (eds.), Zaɓaɓɓen Hukunce-hukuncen Bita na 2008 HCSNet Workshop akan Zayyana Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasar Australiya: Harsunan Haɓaka, Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Sommerville, MA. * Ide, N., Suderman, K. (2004). [http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/papers/anc-lrec04.pdf Sakin Farko na Corpus na Ƙasar Amirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222112934/https://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/papers/anc-lrec04.pdf |date=2024-02-22 }} . Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Taro na Harshe na Hudu da Taro na kimantawa (LREC), [[Lisbon]], 1681-84. * Ide, N., Baker, C., Fellbaum, C., Passonneau, R. (2010). [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-2013.pdf Ƙarƙashin Jama’a na Taron] Shekara-shekara na 48 na Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Harsuna, Uppsala, [[Sweden]]. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://anc.org/ Yanar Gizo na ANC] * [https://anc.org/data/masc MASC gidan yanar gizon] * [https://anc.org/software/anc2go/ ANC2Go] [[Category: Amurka]] 123w824st8hvo9rx1scffyzm51hvgtj 0 70896 890632 470539 2026-08-02T12:48:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''You Can't Hide from the Truth''''', Fim ne da aka shirya shi a shekarar 2016 [[Zimbabwe|na Zimbabwedirect-to-video]] na shirin kida wanda A.a.V. Amasi ya ba da umarni kuma ya shirya a Goatfame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Can't Hide from the Truth - - WOMEX |url=https://www.womex.com/virtual/piranha_arts_1/event/you_can_t_hide_from |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=www.womex.com}}</ref> Fim ɗin wani shirin kaɗe-kaɗe ne na wake-wake da ya shafi makahon uba da ɗansa da ke fafutukar ganin sun samu rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin hali na siyasa da tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Can’t Hide from the Truth · DOK Leipzig |url=https://www.dok-leipzig.de/en/film/2016466/you-cant-hide-truth |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=DOK Leipzig |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=You Can't Hide from the Truth - Extract |url=http://screeningroom.nfts.co.uk/detail/video/6065603167001/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth---extract |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=screeningroom.nfts.co.uk |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Fayil:The truth about Santa Claus (IA truthaboutsantac00vail).pdf|thumb|''You Can't Hide from the Truth'']] Fim ɗin ya fara fitowa a watan Fabrairun 2016 a Burtaniya. Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka kuma an nuna shi a yawancin bukukuwan fina-finai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Can't Hide From The Truth |url=https://youcanthidefromthetruth.vhx.tv/products/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=You Can't Hide From The Truth |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180155/https://youcanthidefromthetruth.vhx.tv/products/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YOU CAN'T HIDE FROM THE TRUTH |url=https://www.midff.com/product-page/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=doker-eng |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 a Bikin Fina-Finan Turai na [[Lille]], fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyawun Documentary kuma daga baya ya sami Mafi kyawun Fim na Documentary na Duniya a cikin Mafi kyawun Fina-Finan Duniya a Bikin Brasil Cinema Internacional. A wannan shekarar, fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi Tsakanin Tsawon Finai a Bikin Fina-Finai na Tirana, AL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admino |date=2017-08-30 |title=You Can’t Hide From the Truth |url=https://www.atieff.org/en/you-cant-hide-from-the-truth/ |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=atieff |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga wannan fim ɗin ya kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta World Media Award da Kyautar Dalibai a Kyautar Watsa Labarai ta Duniya da Kyautar Documentary Award a Bikin Fina-Finan Yara na Duniya na [[Bangladesh]] a cikin shekarar 2017. Fim ɗin ya fara fitowa a watan Fabrairun 2016 a Burtaniya. Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka kuma an nuna shi a yawancin bukukuwan fina-finai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Can't Hide From The Truth |url=https://youcanthidefromthetruth.vhx.tv/products/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=You Can't Hide From The Truth |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180155/https://youcanthidefromthetruth.vhx.tv/products/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YOU CAN'T HIDE FROM THE TRUTH |url=https://www.midff.com/product-page/you-can-t-hide-from-the-truth |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=doker-eng |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 a Bikin Fina-Finan Turai na Lille, fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyawun Documentary kuma daga baya ya sami Mafi kyawun Fim na Documentary na Duniya a cikin Mafi kyawun Fina-Finan Duniya a Bikin Brasil Cinema Internacional. A wannan shekarar, fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi Tsakanin Tsawon Finai a Bikin Fina-Finai na Tirana, AL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admino |date=2017-08-30 |title=You Can’t Hide From the Truth |url=https://www.atieff.org/en/you-cant-hide-from-the-truth/ |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=atieff |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga wannan fim ɗin ya kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta World Media Award da Kyautar Dalibai a Kyautar Watsa Labarai ta Duniya da Kyautar Documentary Award a Bikin Fina-Finan Yara na Duniya na Bangladesh a cikin shekarar 2017. == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] ey06s9zomdhah3uy2lm34m3e5vqqgeq 0 71915 890730 549565 2026-08-02T18:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adaora Ukoh,''' Yar [[Wasanni|wasan]] [[Nollywood]] ce ta [[Najeriya]] wacce ta fito a fina-finai da suka hada da ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ''Black Bra'' da ''Lekki Wives'' . Ita ce mai masaukin baki [[Naval Group|na]] Daular Divas kuma Shugabar Adaora couture ga mata masu girman gaske. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DIVAS DYNASTY HOSTED BY BIG BOLD AND BEAUTIFUL ACTRESS(ADAORA UKOH) DEBUTS ON AIR |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/35714/divas-dynasty-hosted-by-big-bold-and-beautiful-actressadaor.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=. Adaora Ukoh Abumere Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Fabwoman |url=https://fabwoman.ng/adaora-ukoh-biography-profile-fabwoman/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=FabWoman {{!}} News, Style, Living Content For The Nigerian Woman |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma yi magana a lokacin da 'yan matan Chibok suka bace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |title=#BringBackOurGirls – Adaora Ukoh & Keira Hewatch Let their Shirts Do the Talking |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/bringbackourgirls-adaora-ukoh-keira-hewatch-let-their-shirts-do-the-talking/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=www.bellanaija.com |date=6 May 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |website=T. S. B. News |date=6 May 2014 |title=Adaora Ukoh & Keira Hewatch Let their Shirts Speak #BringBackOurGirls |url=https://tsbnews.com/2014/05/adaora-ukoh-keira-hewatch-let-their-shirts-speak-bringbackourgirls/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ada&nbsp;a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1976 a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tayo |first=Ayomide O. |date=27 April 2015 |title=Lolo, Adaora Ukoh, Lisa Omorodion a year older today |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-lolo-adaora-ukoh-lisa-omorodion-a-year-older-today/58qv10r |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=27 April 2016 |title=7 things you should know about "Lekki Wives" actress |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/adaora-ukoh-7-things-you-should-know-about-lekki-wives-actress/xp1zv9y |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042450/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/adaora-ukoh-7-things-you-should-know-about-lekki-wives-actress/xp1zv9y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci kwalejin St. John kuma ta yi karatun lauya a [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] . Ta shiga masana'antar Nollywood tana da shekaru 19 a shekarar 1995, inda ta fito a cikin fim ''[[Deadly Affair (film)|din Deadly Affair]]'' . Daga baya, ta taka rawa daban-daban a cikin fina-finai. A cikin ''matan Lekki'', ta fito a matsayin Miranda. Matsayinta yana da iyaka saboda girman girmanta amma tana tunanin siffarta kyauta ce da albarka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=nigeriafilms.com |date=30 November 2009 |title='I want people to see me and get turned on.'----Adaora Ukoh |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/5989/i-want-people-to-see-me-and-get-turned-on-adaora-ukoh.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Daily Post |date=13 November 2011 |title=Adaorah Ukoh talks about discrimination against plus size people |url=https://dailypost.ng/2011/11/13/adaorah-ukoh-talks-about-discrimination-against-plus-size-people/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=demola |date=26 April 2020 |title=The secret of my success as a plus size actress – Adaora Ukoh - |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/26/the-secret-of-my-success-as-a-plus-size-actress-adaora-ukoh/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=The NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> Adaora dole ne ta yi gashi a cikin fim ɗin ''Mulkin Ka zo'' lokacin da ta yi takaba. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jarumar ta auri Basil Eriofolor kuma tana da ɗa wanda ya fito bayan wasu sa'o'i a cikin dakin aiki. == Filmography == * ''Onyeegwu (2023) as Alex sister'' * ''The Apartment (2022) as Meg'' * ''The 3 Sides (2022) as Gloria'' * ''The Ex Wife (2021) as Nene'' * ''Broken Vine (2021) as Mofe'' * ''Half Measure (2020) as Aunty Aanu'' * ''The Bosslady (2019) as Omotola'' * ''Taunting Faith (2019) as Patricia'' * ''Fit Fam (2018) as Cordelia'' * ''Price of Deceit (2017) as Uju'' * ''Cajole (2016)'' * ''Palace War (2014) as Martina'' * ''[[Lekki Wives]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2013 |title=Lekki wives: The dust in the diamond |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/lekki-wives-the-dust-in-the-diamond/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> (2013 - 2015) as Miranda'' * ''A Better Tomorrow (2011) as Florence'' * ''Behind a Smile (2009) as Maria'' * ''Four Sisters (2008) as Angela'' * ''Keziah (2007) as Monica'' * ''Johnbull & Rosekate (2007) as Sarah'' * ''The High Class (2006) as Blessing'' * ''Only Love (2005) Uloma'' * ''Standing Alone (2004) ass Tessy'' * ''Final Whistle (2000) as Tina'' * ''Evil Genius (1998)'' * ''Curse from Beyond (1999)'' * ''Black Bra (2005)'' * ''[[Karishika]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=27 October 2016 |title=20 years ago, Nollywood released the classic "Karishika" |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/throwbackthursday-20-years-ago-nollywood-released-the-classic-karishika/wn2vgzr |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> (1998) as Ratoka'' * ''Rituals (1997)'' * ''[[Karishika|Karishika II]] (1999)'' * ''Deadly Affair (1995)'' * ''[[Blood Money (1997 film)|Blood Money]] (1997)'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ehooyvc0humtv56hnmky3ezlp8cv4kk 0 72704 890626 387086 2026-08-02T12:44:50Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dida''' wani yare ne na dangin Kru da ake magana a [[Ivory Coast]] . ISO ya raba dida zuwa rukuni uku, Yocoboué (Yokubwe) Dida (101,600 masu magana a 1993), Lakota Dida (93,800 masu magana a 1993) da Gaɓogbo (Guébié / Gebye) waɗanda kawai suke da hankali ga juna kuma mafi kyawun la'akari da harsuna daban. Yocoboué ya ƙunshi yarukan Lozoua (Lozwa) da Divo (masu magana 7,100 da 94,500), da Lakota Lakota (Lákota), Abou (Abu), da Vata. Harshen da aka fi sani da shi shine harshen Lozoua na garin Guitry . == Fasahar sauti == Darussan Dida suna da ƙididdigar ƙira da wasula na musamman na yarukan Kru na Gabas. Koyaya, sautin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yaruka, ko aƙalla tsakanin bayanin su. Maganar sauti mai zuwa ita ce ta Abu Dida, daga Miller (2005), da kuma Yocoboué Dida, daga Masson (1992). === Sautin sautin === ==== Abu ==== Abu Dida yana da tsarin sautuna goma: sautuna tara da aka rarrabe ta hanyar "tensess", mai yiwuwa ko dai pharyngealization ko supra-glottal phonation (ƙuntatawar larynx) na nau'in da aka bayyana a matsayin tushen harshe mai janyewa, tare da sautuna mai ban mamaki na tsakiya {{IPA|/ə/}}. Sautin da ba a kwantar da su ba sune /{{IPA|/i e a o u/}} u/, kuma sautin da aka kwantar da shi /eʹ ɛʹ oʹ/. (Waɗannan za a iya nazarin su kamar yadda, amma a nan an rubuta su da ƙananan wasula don nuna fahimtar su. Babu bambancin lokaci da ƙananan wasuli.) Masu samar da wasula suna nuna su ƙasa da takwarorinsu marasa ƙarfi: masu samar da wasulan mafi girma sun mamaye masu samar da sautin da ba na tsakiya ba, amma akwai tashin hankali a bayyane a leɓuna da makogwaro lokacin da aka bayyana su da hankali. Abu Dida yana da diphthongs da yawa, waɗanda ke da adadin bambance-bambance iri ɗaya kamar sautuna masu sauƙi. Dukkanin suna farawa da sautunan da suka fi girma, kuma ban da {{IPA|/a/}}, duka abubuwa biyu suna kwangila ko ba kwangila ba, don haka ana fassara pharyngealization a nan bayan kashi na biyu na wasula. Misalan su ne /ɓuƙwalwar / "kwal" (daga Turanci), /ƙuƙwalwa / "ƙuƙwalwa", da /ƙu ƙashi". Dida kuma yana da wasula na hanci, amma ba a saba da su ba kuma ba a bayyana yawan su ba. Misalan su ne "babu wani abu", "Chin", "25 cents" (daga Turanci "pound"). A cikin diphthongs, nasalization yana nunawa da farko a kan kashi na biyu na wasali. {{IPA|/fẽˤː˥/}} "nothing", {{IPA|/ɡ͡boũ˧/}}", {{IPA|/pɔõˤ˥˧/}} Tsawon sautin {{IPA|/kă˥/}} {{IPA|/ka˧/}} bambanta, ban da phonesthesia (kamar yadda yake a cikin /fẽː́́́/ "babu wani abu"), raguwa na morphemic, da kuma gajerun kalmomin nahawu, kamar modal /kắ/ "nufin" (kwatanta tushen sa mai yiwuwa /kaʹ/ "get"). ==== Yocoboué ==== Yocoboué Dida yana da tsarin wasula tara: wasula huɗu suna zama misali, kuma wasula biyar suna zama jerin da aka janye, tare da cikas. Sautin yau da kullun guda huɗu sune /i e o u/, kuma sautin da aka janye sune /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/ . /a/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman [ʌ]. Dukkanin wasula suna da fahimtar hanci, amma nasalization na wasula ba phonemic bane. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === Harshen a cikin Abu Dida na musamman ne ga Kru na Gabas: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! !Labari !Alveolar !Bayan alveolar<br /> !Velar !Labializedvelar<br /> !Labalvelar<br /> |- !Hanci |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | | |- !Plosive / africate |p&#x2002; |t d&#x2002; |t͡ʃ d͡ʒ&#x2002; |K ɡ&#x2002; |kw ɡw&#x2002; |k͡p ɡ͡b&#x2002; |- !Ba a yarda da shi ba |ɓ | | | | | |- !Fricative |f v&#x2002; |s z&#x2002; | |ɣ | | |- !Tap / approximant | |Sanya |j | | colspan="2" |w |} Kalmomin {{IPA|/ɺ/}} iya zama wasali kawai, sautin-sautin, ko sautin-/sautin. [l]{{IPA|/ɺ/}} farko, flap na gefe tsakanin wasula kuma bayan mafi yawan ƙwayoyin (ƙasa), amma ta tsakiya bayan alveolars (jinin). Bayan hanci ({{IPA|/m/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/}}), shi kansa nasalized ne, kuma yana sauti kamar gajeren ''n.'' Akwai ɗan gajeren wasula na epenthetic tsakanin sautin farko da flap, wanda ke ɗaukar ingancin wasula syllabic da ke biyowa ([[[[zōbee] "ƙasa"). Flap{{IPA|/n/, /ɺ/}} suna faruwa tare da dukkan consonants, har ma da approximants (/oʹiʹ/ "sama"), ban da alveolar sonorants /n/, /oʹ/ da kuma gefen consonant {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, wanda aka tabbatar da shi kawai a cikin syllable {{IPA|/ɣa/}}. {{IPA|/ɓ/}} yana da ƙarfi a cikin ma'anar cewa [[Jirgin sama|iska]] tana motsawa ta hanyar glottis da ke motsawa ƙasa, amma babu iska a cikin baki. {{IPA|/ɣ/}} yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kalmomi, amma ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, /ɣa/ "ya bayyana", yana faruwa a yawancin idioms na yau da kullun, don haka gabaɗaya ba sauti ne mai ban mamaki ba. Yana da rikici na gaskiya kuma yana iya ba da kansa ga kalmar [x] da farko. {{IPA|/kʷ/}} da {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} tare da wasali sun bambanta da {{IPA|/k/}} ko {{IPA|/ɡ/}} tare da {{IPA|/u/}} da kuma wani wasali. Hakanan ana iya bin su da flap, kamar yadda yake a cikin "fuska". Lokacin da aka jaddada, kalmomin farawa na sifili na iya ɗaukar farkon [ɦ], kuma ƙididdigar farko {{IPA|/j/, /w/}} na iya zama fricated [[[], [ɣw]. {{IPA|/w/}} ya zama palatalized [ɥ] kafin manyan wasula na gaba, ko kuma [o] lokacin da aka jaddada. Wadannan consonants ne ga Yocoboué Dida: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! !Labari !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Labializedvelar<br /> !Labalvelar<br /> |- !Hanci |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | | |- !Plosive / Africate |p&#x2002; |t d&#x2002; |c ɟ&#x2002; |K ɡ&#x2002; |kw ɡw&#x2002; |k͡p ɡ͡b&#x2002; |- !Ba a yarda da shi ba |ɓ | | | | | |- !Fricative |f v&#x2002; |s z&#x2002; | |ɣ | | |- !Kusanci | |l |j | | colspan="2" |w |} [ɾ̃]/l/ za a iya gane shi azaman [ɾ] lokacin da bayan alveolar ya tsaya, kuma azaman [ʃ] lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanci. === Sauti === Dida yana amfani da sautin a matsayin na'urar nahawu. Morpho-tonology yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikatau da ma'anar sunaye fiye da yadda yake yi a cikin sunaye, kuma watakila saboda wannan, kalmomin Dida suna amfani da tsarin sautin da ya fi sauƙi fiye da sunaye: Tushen sunaye suna da sautuna huɗu masu bambanci, sunayen sunaye suna na uku, kuma tushen aikatau suna da sautin kalmomi biyu kawai. <nowiki>Akwai <-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"/˥/"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw_g" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></nowiki>{{IPA|/˧/}} about="#mwt53" class="smallcaps" data-ve-ignore="true" id="mw_Q">sama uku a cikin Abou Dida: high / zaki/, / zaki, da low / zaki / zaki; tare da tsakiyar kusan sau biyu kamar sauran biyu.     Mai magana da yawun yana jin sautuna shida: tashi /ī/, da faɗuwa /ī/. (Sautunan {{IPA|/˨˩/}} ke fadowa sun kai ga rajistar ƙasa a ƙarshen sashi na prosodic; in ba haka ba ana gane sautin da ke faduwa a matsayin sautin da ba shi da sauƙi.) Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomi masu rikitarwa, kamar kalmomin cikakke.  Sunayen monosyllabic sun bambanta sautuna huɗu: tsawo, , ƙasa, {{IPA|/dʒeˤ˥/}} tsakiya: /dʒeń/ "[[ƙwai]]", /dʒei/ "[[tsuntsu]]", /ddʒeʹ/ "[[kibiya]]", tare da da tsakiya kasancewa mafi yawanci.     == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal|url-status=87–111}} * {{Cite journal|url-status=82–85}} *   *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bk9jjx8pnyd51wqptppm5n394hfm6ao 0 75559 890728 700280 2026-08-02T18:16:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adama Tamba''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Gambiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kulob din Régional 1 Féminine na Cannes da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Gambiya.<ref>{{FootballDatabase.eu|id=480538-adama-tamba}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi da 'yar'uwarta {{Interlanguage link|Awa Tamba|de|Awa Tamba}} a [[Banjul]], kuma sun girma a ƙauyen yara na SOS a Bakoteh, a wajen Banjul.[de] 'Yan uwan sun rasa mahaifiyarsu tun suna ƙarami, yayin da mahaifinsu, manomi, ke zaune a cikin ƙauyukan Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Tamba twins brightening the Scorpions corner |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/tamba-twins-brightening-the-scorpions-corner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508053735/https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/tamba-twins-brightening-the-scorpions-corner |archive-date=2020-05-08 |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> Adama ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da takwarorinta maza a makarantar firamare da sakandare.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == A cikin kakar shekara ta 2016-17, Tamba ta zira kwallaye hamsin a wasanni goma sha a rukuni na biyu, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bah |first=Sulayman |date=16 January 2018 |title=PSG Trialist Tamba 4-goal shy of matching top scorer Darboe |url=https://foroyaa.net/psg-trialist-tamba-4-goal-shy-of-matching-top-scorer-darboe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024182136/https://foroyaa.net/psg-trialist-tamba-4-goal-shy-of-matching-top-scorer-darboe/ |archive-date=2021-10-24 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=Foroyaa}}</ref> ta taimaka wa {{Interlanguage link|Red Scorpions FC|de|Red Scorpions FC}} [de] komawa matakin farko na Kwallon ƙafa na mata a Gambiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jallow Falloboweh |first=Buba |date=5 May 2017 |title=Gambia: Sports News: Adama Tamba; the state of Gambian women's football hasn't changed |url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2017/05/05/gambia-sports-news-adama-tamba-the-state-of-gambian-womens-football-hasnt-changed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024182135/https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2017/05/05/gambia-sports-news-adama-tamba-the-state-of-gambian-womens-football-hasnt-changed/ |archive-date=2021-10-24 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Freedom Newspaper}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18, ta zira kwallaye hamsin da daya a wasanni goma don taimakawa Red Scorpions su fita daga yankin da aka sake shi a rukuni na farko.<ref name=":0"/> Ya zuwa Mayu 2020, tana da kwallaye 165 a wasanni 114 na league da sunanta. Tamba ta bayyana cewa tana "mai jaraba da zira kwallaye".[3] Kwarewarta don zira kwallaye ta sami gwaji tare da kungiyoyin Faransa Paris Saint-Germain da Lyon a shekarar 2018.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Satumbar 2021, Tamba ta sanya hannu a kungiyar Grenoble ta Division 2 Féminine a kan rancen shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Adama Tamba secures loan deal with Grenoble|url=https://www.gambia.com/adama-tamba-secures-loan-deal-with-grenoble-2/|url-status=dead|access-date=24 October 2021|website=Gambia.com|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320131527/https://www.gambia.com/adama-tamba-secures-loan-deal-with-grenoble-2/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=" Pourquoi pas un petit tour de plus ! " |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/9381--pourquoi-pas-un-petit-tour-de-plus-.html |access-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=[[French Football Federation]] |language=Fr |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623170356/https://www.fff.fr/article/9381--pourquoi-pas-un-petit-tour-de-plus-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin kakar 2022-23, ta shiga kungiyar Régional 1 Féminine ta Cannes . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=" Pourquoi pas un petit tour de plus ! " |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/9381--pourquoi-pas-un-petit-tour-de-plus-.html |access-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=[[French Football Federation]] |language=Fr |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623170356/https://www.fff.fr/article/9381--pourquoi-pas-un-petit-tour-de-plus-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tamba ta fara bugawa tawagar Gambiya U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 da Saliyo a shekarar 2012. Za ta taimaka wa Gambiya ta cancanci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2012 a Azerbaijan . Tamba ta taka leda a dukkan wasannin kasar ta uku a gasar, dukansu sun ƙare da cin nasara. A watan Maris na 2020, Tamba ta ci wa tawagar kasar Gambia kwallaye hudu a wasan da suka doke Guinea-Bissau da ci 5-2 a gasar cin kofin mata ta Zone A na WAFU . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarju |first=Omar |date=2 March 2020 |title=Striker Adama Tamba Nets Four As Gambia Makes Triumphant Comeback |url=https://www.chronicle.gm/striker-adama-tamba-nets-four-as-gambia-makes-triumphant-comeback/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229054603/https://www.chronicle.gm/striker-adama-tamba-nets-four-as-gambia-makes-triumphant-comeback/ |archive-date=2020-02-29 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=The Chronicle}}</ref> Gambia za ta ci gaba da shan wahala a matakin rukuni na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarju |first=Omar |date=3 March 2020 |title=WAFU ZONE A: Gambia Falls To Liberia, Failed To Qualify To the Semis |url=https://www.chronicle.gm/wafu-zone-a-gambia-fall-to-liberia-failed-to-qualify-to-the-semis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303043427/https://www.chronicle.gm/wafu-zone-a-gambia-fall-to-liberia-failed-to-qualify-to-the-semis/ |archive-date=2020-03-03 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=The Chronicle}}</ref> Tun daga watan Mayu 2020, Tamba yana da kwallaye goma sha takwas a wasanni goma sha biyu na Scorpions. <ref name=":0"/> {{Interlanguage link|Mariama Sowe|de|Mariama Sowe (Fußballtrainerin)}}, kocin na Scorpions, ya bayyana cewa Adama ya zira kwallaye a "kusan kowane wasa", yayin da 'yar uwarta Awa za ta "taimakawa mafi yawan kwallayenta". <ref name=":0" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.gf38.fr/effectif/adama-tamba/ Grenoble Foot 38 profile] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] sfg3844j81bg0wb979xipaudp7zjvp0 0 75868 890899 883143 2026-08-03T11:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rio 2016, Olimpiadas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (28761500705).jpg|thumb|Bambanani Mbane]] '''Bambanani Nolufefe Mbane''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1990) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == ==Bloemfontein Celtics Ladies == Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar [[Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.|'yan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics]] waɗanda suka lashe [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|gasar Mata ta SAFA]] da baya a lokutan shekara ta 2016 da shekarar 2017. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mbane's the Celtic Ladies secret weapon |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mbanes-the-celtic-ladies-secret-weapon-20171212 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111204601/https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mbanes-the-celtic-ladies-secret-weapon-20171212 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=SAFA |date=2016-12-11 |title=Bloem Celtic Crowned SASOL League 2016 Champs |url=https://gsport.co.za/bloem-celtic-crowned-sasol-league-2016-champs/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2019-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820030605/https://gsport.co.za/bloem-celtic-crowned-sasol-league-2016-champs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> An nada ta Sarauniyar Gasar a shekarar 2017. <ref name=":1"/> == Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies == A cikin shekarar 2021, Mbane ya shiga Mamelodi Sundowns a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF ta shekara ta 2021 kuma ta zo ta biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2022 . An ba ta suna [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hollywoodbets Super League]] : Player of the Season a 2021 kuma ta sanya ta cikin ƙungiyar mafi kyawun shekara (mafi kyawun XI na 2021). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malepa |first=Tiisetso |date=27 March 2022 |title=Sundowns Ladies win big at inaugural Hollywoodbets Super League awards |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2022-03-27-sundowns-ladies-win-big-at-inaugural-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kganakga |first=Tlamelo |date=2022-03-28 |title=HBSL Honours Top 2021/22 Season Performers |url=https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526115337/https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan an zabi ta don kyautar 2021 CAF Women Interclub Player of the Year da 2021 CAF Women Player of Year. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsoelengoe |first=Tshepo |date=2022-07-06 |title=Sundowns, Banyana players dominate Caf awards |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/sundowns-caf-awards-nominees/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2022, an ƙara ta zuwa shekarar 2022 CAF Champions League Best XI da Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na Mata Mafi XI. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2023, an ƙara ta zuwa Gasar Mata ta Afirka XI da aka sanar a shekarar 2023 CAF Awards. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2019, ta auri Tsholofelo Makgaleme bayan wata uku tana soyayya. == Girmamawa == '''Kulob''' * Kungiyar Mata ta SAFA: 2016, <ref name=":3"/> 2017, <ref name=":4"/> 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF: A shekarar 2021 ta zo ta biyu: 2022 =='''Afirka ta Kudu'''== * Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata : 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> ta zo ta biyu: A shekarar 2018 =='''Mutum'''== * SAFA Sarauniya na Gasar: 2017 <ref name=":1"/> * SAFA Sarauniya na Queens: 2017 <ref name=":1" /> * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hollywoodbets Super League]] Player of the Season: 2021 <ref name=":5"/> * Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata: 2022 <ref name=":0"/> * IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Mata ta Shekara: 2022 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=IFFHS Women's CAF Team 2022 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Matan Afirka XI: [[Kyautar CAF|2023]] <ref name=":6"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] lhz7hbw84skakjtj3qfgv7lse6vfjs1 0 76207 890665 473840 2026-08-02T15:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abdou-Ndiaye.jpg|thumbnail]]{{databox}}[[File:ESBVA2011.jpg|thumbnail]] '''Abdourahmane Ndiaye''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga wasan tsakiya a Faransa. Championnat National 2 club Stade Briochin . == Sana'a == Ndiaye ya taimaka wa Pau FC samun ci gaba zuwa Ligue 2, kuma ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da su a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Mercato - Pau prolonge Abdourahmane Ndiaye, Yankuba Jarju et Romain Bayard |url=https://maligue2.fr/2020/07/06/mercato-pau-prolonge-abdourahmane-ndiaye-yankuba-jarju-et-romain-bayard/ |website=MaLigue2 |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325142224/https://maligue2.fr/2020/07/06/mercato-pau-prolonge-abdourahmane-ndiaye-yankuba-jarju-et-romain-bayard/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Pau a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a gasar Ligue 2 a hannun Valenciennes FC a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valenciennes vs. Pau - 22 August 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/08/22/france/ligue-2/valenciennes-anzin-football-club/pau-football-club/3287823/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|abdourahmane-ndiaye/557493}} * [https://www.eurosport.no/fotball/abdourahmane-ndiaye_prs501998/person.shtml Eurosport Profile] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] mkey8kd1gfgn1kbvp4xd2del24ti782 0 76501 890762 672271 2026-08-02T20:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:AkuBai (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton akubai]] [[Fayil:AkuBai (cropped).jpg|thumb|Nasa photo ]] '''Ningmai Akubai Nnam''' Mawakiya ce 'yar ƙasar Kamaru kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce Shugabar Impact Makers for Humanity. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akubai – Artiste Cameroun, Biographie & Lyrics de {{!}} Kamer Lyrics |url=https://kamerlyrics.net/artist/akubai-1083 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=kamerlyrics.net}}</ref> An fi sanin Akubai da waƙar "Yahweh" na 2020. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AkuBai le nouveau nom de l’afroGospel au Cameroun: Découvrez son titre " Triompher " |url=https://voila-moi.com/akubai-le-nouveau-nom-de-lafrogospel-au-cameroun-decouvrez-son-titre-triompher/ |website=voila-moi.com |access-date=2024-03-28 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029191607/https://voila-moi.com/akubai-le-nouveau-nom-de-lafrogospel-au-cameroun-decouvrez-son-titre-triompher/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:AkuBai.jpg|thumb|AkuBai]] Ita ce 'yar Kamaru ta farko da ta yi nasara a cikin lambar yabo ta Media Choice Award a lambar yabo ta Gospel Touch Music Awards 2020, a London UK.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2020-11-27 |title=L’étoile montante du Gospel, AkuBai revient avec Triompher |url=https://www.culturebene.com/64141-letoile-montante-du-gospel-akubai-revient-avec-triompher.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Culturebene |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa. == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi AkuBai a Wum a yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Kamaru. === Sana'a. === AkuBai ta fara aikin waka ne a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=AkuBai |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/127963 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Music in Africa |language=en}}</ref> Ta samar da ayyukanta na kiɗa a ƙarƙashin lakabin Niki Heat Entertainment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Akubaï {{!}} Douala Media Buzz |url=https://doualamediabuzz.com/?s=Akuba%C3%AF |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> AkuBai tana aikin Praise tun a shekarar 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-06-18 |title=La chanteuse Akubai lance sa carrière avec son single ‘’Yahweh’’ |url=http://www.100pour100culture.com/musique/chanteuse-akubai-lance-carriere-single-yahweh/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=100pour100culture |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Wakokinta suna cikin Faransanci, Ingilishi da harsunan gida da yawa kamar pidgin, Ewondo, [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassa]], Mankon, weh da harsunan Bamileke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Akubai nous révèle où se trouve le bonheur dont nous avons besoin. |url=https://visartculture.com/musique/akubai-nous-revele-ou-se-trouve-le-bonheur-dont-nous-avons-besoin/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Accueil |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220105146/https://visartculture.com/musique/akubai-nous-revele-ou-se-trouve-le-bonheur-dont-nous-avons-besoin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa Impact Makers for Humanity. == Kundi. == === Albums === * The Genesis: Live EP (2020) === Zaɓaɓɓun singles. === * ''Great God'' (2019). * ''Yahweh'' (2020). * ''Triompher'' (2020). * ''Tchapeusi (Le jour du jugement)'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akubai – Tchapeusi (Le jour du jugement) Lyrics {{!}} Kamerlyrics |url=https://kamerlyrics.net/lyric-3140-akubai-tchapeusi-le-jour-du-jugement |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=kamerlyrics.net}}</ref> * ''Dieu te Voit'' (2021). * ''More of You'' (2022). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa. == ; Gospel Touch Music Awards 2020  '''Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Bishara'''    == Duba kuma. == * Jerin 'yan Kamaru. * Jerin mawakan Afirka. == Manazarta. == cnn9luyw0vhgqyh5bu0alq15uw5neu2 0 77092 890666 852200 2026-08-02T15:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdelkabir''' " '''Abdel''' " '''Abqar''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد الكبير أبقار}} ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar alif 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya]] na ƙungiyar La Liga Alavés da kuma [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Settat, Abqar ya shiga ƙungiyar matasan Malaga CF a cikin 2017 daga Mohammed VI Football Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2017 |title=Tres nuevos marroquíes para la Academia |trans-title=Three new Moroccans for the Academy |url=https://www.malagahoy.es/malaga_cf/nuevos-marroquies-Academia_0_1159384210.html |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=Málaga Hoy |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi babban nasa na farko tare da ajiyar tsohon a kan 12 Nuwamba 2017, yana farawa a cikin 1 – 0 Tercera División rashin nasara da CD Huétor Tájar . Abqar ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2018, yana farawa a cikin rashin gida 2–1 da UD Almería a gasar Copa del Rey na kakar wasa . Ya kasance farkon bayyanarsa ga babban tawagar, yayin da ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kai a kai tare da B's kuma yana fama da relegation a karshen yakin . A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, Abqar ya rattaba hannu kan wata ƙungiyar ajiya, Deportivo Alavés B a cikin Segunda División B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Abqar abandona el Málaga y ficha por el Deportivo Alavés |trans-title=Abqar leaves Málaga and signs for Deportivo Alavés |url=https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malagacf/2020/07/22/abqar-abandona-malaga-ficha-deportivo/1179815.html |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=La Opinión de Málaga |language=es}}</ref> Mayu 6 mai zuwa, ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=El Alavés renueva a Abqar hasta 2025 |trans-title=Alavés renew Abqar until 2025 |url=https://www.noticiasdealava.eus/alaves/2021/05/06/alaves-renueva-abqar-2025-1115573.html |access-date=30 June 2023 |publisher=Noticias de Álava |language=es}}</ref> Abqar ya fara bayyana ne tare da manyan 'yan wasan Alavés a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2021, yana wasa duka rabin na biyu a wasan da suka doke Unami CP da ci 3-0, kuma na gasar cin kofin kasa. Tabbas an haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko don kakar 2022-23, tare da kulob ɗin yanzu a Segunda División, <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Abde y Abqar se integran de maravilla en el Glorioso |trans-title=Abde and Abqar are wonderfully integrated at the ''Glorioso'' |url=https://as.com/futbol/abde-y-abqar-se-integran-de-maravilla-en-el-glorioso-n/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022194018/https://as.com/futbol/abde-y-abqar-se-integran-de-maravilla-en-el-glorioso-n/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya zama zaɓi na farko yayin da kulob din ya koma La Liga a farkon ƙoƙari na farko; burinsa na farko na ƙwararru ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2022, yayin da ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Real Oviedo da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lekuona |first=Javier |date=29 October 2022 |title=Salva Sevilla diluye el ‘efecto Cervera’ en Mendizorroza |url=https://as.com/futbol/salva-sevilla-diluye-el-efecto-alvaro-n/ |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Diario AS |language=es-ES |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902142536/https://as.com/futbol/salva-sevilla-diluye-el-efecto-alvaro-n/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A ranar 13 ga Maris 2023, Manajan Walid Regragui ya kira Abqar zuwa cikakken tawagar domin buga wasan sada zumunci da Brazil da Peru . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Regragui unveils his Atlas Lions list for March friendlies |url=https://en.hespress.com/60152-regragui-unveils-his-atlas-lions-list-for-march-friendlies.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aamari |first=Oussama |title=Walid Regragui Announces Morocco’s Squad for March Friendlies |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/03/354435/walid-regragui-announces-moroccos-squad-for-march-friendlies |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2023, Abqar yana cikin 'yan wasa 27 da koci Walid Regragui ya zaba don wakiltar Maroko a [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2023]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Regragui unveils 27 player list for Morocco’s participation in CAN 2023 |url=https://en.hespress.com/77181-regragui-unveils-27-player-list-for-moroccos-participation-in-can-2023.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Regragui names 27 provisional players for AFCON |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/regragui-names-27-provisional-players-for-afcon/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 22 ga Maris 2024 a wasan sada zumunci da Angola. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Morocco v Angola game report |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/699100 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] frvl3z9xdtf7jged58w27fzodqz0l66 0 78447 890893 578450 2026-08-03T10:39:21Z Baffa ali 47435 890893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Portrait of David Ricardo by Thomas Phillips (cropped).jpg|thumb|David Ricardo]] [[Fayil:Paraguayan Ricardo David Olmedo Espinola.jpg|thumb]] '''David Ricardo''' (an haifeshi 18 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1772) ya kasance kasanin harkar tattalin arziki ta bangaren siyasa, Kuma Dan siyasa ne Kuma kasance mamba a majalissar zartarwa ta kasar great Britain (birtaniya)da yankin Ireland. Ya shahara ta bangaren masana tattalin arziki na '''classical econonist''' wadanda suka hada sauran masana tattalin arziki kamar su'''Thomas malthus''', '''Adam smith''','''James mill'''<ref>Sowell, Thomas (2006). On classical economics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."David Ricardo | Policonomics". 30 January 2012 </ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a London, Ingila, Ricardo shine na uku da ya tsira daga cikin 'ya'yan 17 na babban abokin ciniki Abraham Israel Ricardo (daga 1733? Harzuwa1812) da Abigail (daga 1753 harzuwa 1801), 'yar Abraham Delvalle (kuma "del Valle"), mai daraja. Iyalin Yahudawa Sephardic waɗanda suka zauna a Ingila har tsawon tsararraki uku a matsayin "ƙananan amma masu wadata" sigari da 'yan kasuwa, kuma ya samu takardar zama dan kasar Burtaniya. 'Yar'uwar Abigail, Rebecca, ita ce matar mawallafin Wilson Lowry, kuma mahaifiyar mawallafin Joseph Wilson Lowry da masanin ilimin ƙasa, masanin ma'adinai, kuma marubuci Delvalle Lowry.<ref name=":0">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/23471. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23471. Retrieved 14 December 2019. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)</ref> Iyalin Ricardo Yahudawa ne na Sephardic na asalin Fotigal waɗanda kwanan nan suka ƙaura daga Jamhuriyar Holland.<ref>Heertje, Arnold (2004). "The Dutch and Portuguese-Jewish background of David Ricardo". ''European Journal of the History of Economic Thought''. '''11''' (2): 281–294.</ref> Ricardo ya fara aiki tare da mahaifinsa yana ɗan shekara 14. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 21, Ricardo ya yi magana da wata ‘yar Quaker, Priscilla Anne Wilkinson, kuma ba tare da son mahaifinsa ba, ya koma Unitarianism<ref>Francisco Solano Constancio, Paul Henri Alcide Fonteyraud. 1847. Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo, Guillaumin, (pp. v–xlviii): A part sa conversion au Christianisme et son mariage avec une femme qu'il eut l'audace grande d'aimer malgré les ordres de son père.</ref>8]. Wannan bambamcin addini ya haifar da keɓancewa daga danginsa, har ya kai ga ya ɗauki matsayin 'yancin kai<ref>Ricardo, David. 1919. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. G. Bell, p. lix: "by reason of a religious difference with his father, to adopt a position of independence at a time when he should have been undergoing that academic training"</ref>. Mahaifinsa ya musunta shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa ba ta sake yin magana da shi ba.<ref name=":1">Sraffa, Piero; David Ricardo (1955), The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo: Volume 10, Biographical Miscellany, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 434, </ref> Bayan wannan baƙuwar ya shiga kasuwanci don kansa tare da goyon bayan Lubbocks da Forster, wani fitaccen gidan banki. Ya yi kaso mafi tsoka na dukiyarsa ta hanyar ba da rancen kudi ga gwamnati. Akwai labarin da ya yi arzikinsa a sakamakon hasashe kan sakamakon yakin Waterloo: Jaridar Sunday Times ta ruwaito a cikin mutuwar Ricardo, wanda aka buga a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1823, cewa a lokacin yakin Ricardo ya "cika sama da sittin miliyan." , adadi mai yawa a lokacin, kuma masanin tattalin arziki Paul Samuelson ya shahara daga baya; A gaskiya Ricardo ya riga ya kasance mai arziki sosai kuma a cikin Yuni 1815 ya sayar da hannun jari na gwamnati na baya-bayan nan kafin a san sakamakon yakin a London, don haka ya ɓace rabin tashin.<ref><nowiki>ISBN 0-521-06075-3</nowiki>  Wilfried Parys, "Samuelsonian legends about Ricardo’s finances lack historical evidence" </ref> Daga baya ya sayi Gatcombe Park, wani yanki a Gloucestershire kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa ƙasar. An nada shi Babban Sheriff na Gloucestershire don 1818–19.<ref>"No. 17326". The London Gazette. 24 January 1818. p. 188.</ref> A cikinwatan Agustan 1818 ya sayi kujerar Lord Portarlingtons a majalisa akan fam 4,000, a matsayin wani ɓangare na lamuni na £25,000. Tarihinsa a Majalisa shine na mai son gyara. Ya rike kujerar har zuwa rasuwarsa bayan shekaru biyar<ref>"David Ricardo | Biography, Theory, Comparative Advantage, & Works". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</ref>. Ricardo babban abokin James Mill ne. Sauran sanannun abokai sun haɗa da Jeremy Bentham da Thomas Malthus, waɗanda Ricardo ya yi muhawara mai yawa (a cikin wasiƙa) game da abubuwa kamar rawar da masu mallakar ƙasa ke takawa a cikin al'umma. Ya kuma kasance memba na Malthus' Political Economy Club, kuma memba na Sarkin kulake. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ainihin membobin The Geological Society.[10] Ƙanwarsa ita ce marubuciya Sarah Ricardo-Porter (misali, Tattaunawa a cikin Lissafi).<ref name=":1" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Shekaru goma bayan yin ritaya da kuma shekaru hudu bayan shiga majalisar, Ricardo ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da kunnen tsakiya wanda ya bazu cikin kwakwalwarsa kuma ya haifar da ciwon jini. Ya kasance 51. Shi da matarsa ​​Priscilla suna da 'ya'ya takwas tare da Osman Ricardo (daga 1795 harzuwa 1881; MP for Worcester 1847 harzuwa 1865), David Ricardo (daga 1803 harzuwa 1864, MP for Stroud 1832 harzuwa 1833) da Mortimer Ricardo, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a cikin Life Guards kuma ya kasance mataimakin laftanar na Oxfordshire.<ref>"Ricardo, David (1772–1823), of Gatcombe Park, Minchinhampton, Glos. and 56 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, Mdx". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</ref> An binne Ricardo a cikin wani katon kabari a farfajiyar cocin Saint Nicholas a Hardenhuish, yanzu yanki ne na Chippenham, Wiltshire. A lokacin mutuwarsa an kiyasta dukiyarsa akan £675,000 harzuwa £775,000.<ref name=":0" />{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} boiq0zeeeipvseknssd1idh1v01suz3 0 79846 890620 636507 2026-08-02T12:42:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Sol Plaatje''', wacce aka kira ta Jami'ar Arewacin Cape, ta buɗe a Kimberley, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a cikin 2014, tana karɓar ɗalibai 135. Ana sa ran ƙarin ɗalibai zai karu a hankali zuwa burin ɗalibai 7,500 nan da shekara ta 2024. An ƙaddamar da shi a wani bikin a Kimberley a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bekezela Phakathi, September 19, 2013 at 20:01 |date=2013-09-19 |title=New Sol Plaatje University marks milestone in transformation; Business Day |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/education/2013/09/19/new-sol-plaatje-university-marks-milestone-in-transformation |access-date=2013-09-19 |publisher=bdlive.co.za |archive-date=2018-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209155415/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/education/2013/09/19/new-sol-plaatje-university-marks-milestone-in-transformation |url-status=dead }}</ref> an kafa shi a matsayin jami'ar jama'a dangane da Sashe na 20 na Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta 1997, ta hanyar Sanarwar Gwamnati 630, mai kwanan wata 22 ga Agusta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2013 |title=Government Notice 630, Government Gazette No36771 |url=http://www.gov.za/documents/download.php?f=197167}}</ref> Ministan Ilimi da Horarwa, Blade Nzimande, ya lura a lokacin ƙaddamarwar cewa wannan "shi ne sabuwar jami'a ta farko (a Afirka ta Kudu) da za a ƙaddamar tun 1994 kuma saboda haka alama ce mai ƙarfi ta dimokuradiyya ta ƙasar, hada kai, da ci gaba. Yana wakiltar sabon tsari na basirar Afirka, tare da mai da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire da ƙwarewa."A baya ya sanar da sunan jami'ar, a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2013, Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya ambaci ci gaban wuraren ilimi waɗanda ba su wanzu a wasu wurare ba, ko kuma ba su da wakilci, a Afirka ta Kudu. "Ganin wadatar al'adun Kimberley da Arewacin Cape gabaɗaya, "an ce, Sol Plaatje zai ƙware a cikin nazarin al'adun gargajiya, gami da fannonin ilimi masu alaƙa kamar Gudanar da gidan kayan gargajiya, ilimin kimiyya, Harsunan asali, da gine-gine na asali.Farfesa [[Andrew Crouch]] ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2020 bayan lokacin da aka kafa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Farfesa [[Yunus Ballim]] ya zo kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Address by the President of South Africa during the announcement of new Interim Councils and names of the New Universitiesdate=25 July 2013 |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/sa-jacob-zuma-address-by-the-president-of-south-africa-during-the-announcement-of-new-interim-councils-and-names-of-the-new-universities-union-buildings-pretoria-25072013-2013-07-25 |access-date=25 Jul 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg|thumb|Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, 1876-1932, wanda aka sanya wa jami'ar suna: mai ilimi, ɗan jarida, masanin harshe, ɗan siyasa, mai fassara, marubuci]] == Tarihi == Tunanin kafa jami'a a Arewacin Cape ya sami amincewar siyasa a shekarar 2012, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-06-10 |title=Northern Cape ANC mulls university idea - Politics &#124; IOL News |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/northern-cape-anc-mulls-university-idea-1.1315609#.UaEbJNhRcX0 |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=IOL.co.za}}</ref> musamman a sanarwar Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma|Jacob Zuma's]] ta 5 ga Yulin 2012 cewa wurin zama da babban harabar jami'ar za ta kasance birnin Kimberley na ciki. An yi imanin cewa akwai "da yiwuwar shigar da sabuwar rayuwa da manufa a cikin wannan birni mai [[hakar ma'adinai]] na tarihi".<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Home &#124; New Universities &#124; DHET New Universities Project Management Team |url=http://www.newuniversities.ac.za/spatial |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=New Universities |archive-date=2016-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228164612/http://www.newuniversities.ac.za/spatial |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tunanin ya sami ma'anar doka lokacin da jami'ai suka sanya hannu kan rikodin niyya a Kimberley a ranar 19 ga Maris 2013. Jam'iyyar da ta shiga yarjejeniyar ita ce Ministan Ilimi na Kasa Blade Nzimande, mukaddashin Firayim Minista na Lardin Arewacin Cape Grizelda Cjiekella, da kuma magajin Garin Sol Plaatje, [[Agnes Ntlhangula]] . <ref name="timeslive1">{{Cite web |last=Sapa |date=2013-03-21 |title=Northern Cape's first university to open in 2014 |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2013/03/21/northern-cape-s-first-university-to-open-in-2014 |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=Times LIVE}}</ref> Sa hannu kan rikodin niyya mataki ne na shiri zuwa ga sanarwa da aka buga wanda zai kawo ma'aikatar a matsayin ƙungiya ta doka. Jami'ar za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin biyu na farko da za a kafa a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata - ɗayan kuma zai kasance a Mpumalanga . <ref name="timeslive1"/> Jami'ar ta buɗe a shekarar 2014.<ref name="timeslive1"/> Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa (DHET) ta nada [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] don kafa ƙungiyar DHET New Universities Project Management Team don tsara sabuwar jami'a a Kimberley.<ref name="newuniversities1">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-06 |title=Home &#124; New Universities &#124; DHET New Universities Project Management Team |url=http://www.newuniversities.ac.za/architectural-competition-development-new-university-northern-cape.html |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=New Universities }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An gayyaci gabatarwa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012 don membobin Majalisar Wakilai don sabuwar jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-07 |title=Higher Education Act (101/1997) » Call for nomination of members for the Interim Councils of the new universities in Mpumalanga and Northern Cape |url=http://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/higher-education-act-101-1997-call-for-nomination-of-members-for-the-interim-councils-of-the-new-universities-in-mpumalanga-and-northern-cape_20121207-GGN-35956-01031 |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=Greengazette.co.za |archive-date=2024-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205151255/https://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/higher-education-act-101-1997-call-for-nomination-of-members-for-the-interim-councils-of-the-new-universities-in-mpumalanga-and-northern-cape_20121207-GGN-35956-01031 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Higher Education Act (101/1997) » Amendment » to amend Government Notice no 150, published in Government Gazette no 35956 of 7 December 2012 |url=http://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/higher-education-act-101-1997-amendment-to-amend-government-notice-no-150-published-in-government-gazette-no-35956-of-7-december-2012_20121214-GGN-36004-01073 |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=Greengazette.co.za }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Majalisar wucin gadi da Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya sanar a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2013 ta ƙunshi: Ms Jennifer Glennie, a matsayin Shugaban, kuma, a matsayin mambobi: Mr Abel Madonsela, Mr Maruping Lekwene, Dr Yvonne Muthien, da Farfesa Vishnu Padayachee . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-25 |title=Address by the President of South Africa during the announcement of new Interim Councils and names of the New Universities |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/sa-jacob-zuma-address-by-the-president-of-south-africa-during-the-announcement-of-new-interim-councils-and-names-of-the-new-universities-union-buildings-pretoria-25072013-2013-07-25}}</ref> == Zai yiwu == An gabatar da bincike game da yiwuwar ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan sabuwar jami'ar ga Baitulmalin kasa a watan Satumbar 2012. Baitulmalin ya amince da shirin (ciki har da na jami'a a Mpumalanga), yana ba da R2 biliyan na lokacin 2013 zuwa 2016.<ref name="timeslive1"/> == Cibiyar == [[Fayil:ProposedSolplaatjeUniversity.svg|right|thumb|Gidajen jami'a za su kasance a cikin yankin da aka yi alama]] Ana sa ran cewa Jami'ar Sol Plaatje za ta mamaye haɗuwa da gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin birni na Kimberley, <ref name="timeslive1"/> musamman Cibiyar Civic ta yanzu ciki har da sassa na lambunan Oppenheimer da gine-gine da ke kewaye. Wadannan sun hada da tsohon ginin Gwamnatin Lardin Cape wanda [[National Institute for Higher Education (South Africa)|Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa]] ta yi amfani da shi. MEC na lardin Pauline Williams (Sport, Arts and Culture) ya yi magana game da Gidan Tarihi na McGregor a Kimberley ya zama "mai taka rawa mai tsanani" tare da tarin sa da kuma horo na bincike kasancewa mahimman albarkatu da kuma "tsarin bangaren gaba". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013 Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horar da Sabbin Jami'o'i na Shirin Gudanar da Ayyuka (Northern Cape) ta gayyaci maganganun sha'awa daga gine-gine don shiga gasar ra'ayoyin gine-gine na matakai biyu don magance buƙatar sababbin gine-gine da "don ƙarfafa sababbin ra'ayoyi, da ra'ayoyukan aiki mafi kyau, da kuma gano masu zanen basira don shiga cikin ƙirar jami'o'in da gine-gine. "<ref name="newuniversities1"/> [[Fayil:Sol Plaatje University.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Cibiyar Jami'ar Sol Plaatjie.]] Yawancin sabbin gine-ginen da aka gina sun lashe kyaututtuka na yanki da na kasa don gine-gine tun lokacin da aka kammala yayin da ginin babban ɗakin da Henri Comrie na URBA Architects da Urban Designers ya tsara ya lashe kyautar don mafi kyawun gini don ilimi mafi girma a bikin gine-gine na duniya (WAF) da aka gudanar a [[Lisbon]] a 2022. == Tsarin karatu == Shirye-shiryen da aka ruwaito a cikin kafofin watsa labarai za su kasance a cikin horo kamar fasahar bayanai da kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniya, da noma; karatu a cikin gudanarwa da ke mai da hankali kan kasuwanci da kula da baƙi; jinya a matsayin mai da hankali ga kimiyyar kiwon lafiya; tare da ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin malamai, harsunan asali, nazarin al'adun gargajiya, da kuma ana shirin su.<ref name="timeslive1"/> An kuma ba da shawarar cewa jami'ar "ana sa ran bayar da karatun digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin taurari, da kuma kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da ita kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa, ƙananan makamashi na carbon, ilimin ruwa, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da canjin yanayi". <ref name="timeslive1"/> Gidan yanar gizon DHET New Universities Project Management Team ya nuna niyyar cewa sabuwar jami'ar ya kamata ta sami shirye-shirye na musamman da fifiko na bincike wanda zai ba ta damar jan hankalin dalibai, malamai da masu bincike a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Wannan yana nuna manufofi na ilimi wanda zai bunkasa zuwa wuraren ƙwararru waɗanda ba a samu a wasu wurare a Afirka ta Kudu, jan hankali da riƙe ƙwararrun ma'aikata, yayin da suke karfafa yawan ɗalibai masu ƙarfi.<ref name="newuniversities">{{Cite web |date= |title=Home &#124; New Universities &#124; DHET New Universities Project Management Team |url=http://www.newuniversities.ac.za/academic |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=New Universities |archive-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191041/http://www.newuniversities.ac.za/academic |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin ƙirƙirar cibiyar ilimi mai ƙarfi, za a jawo mutum-mutumi na lardin don haɓaka mai da hankali na ilimi na musamman. An yi la'akari da cewa jami'ar da ke Arewacin Cape za ta zama cikakkiyar jami'a, jami'a mai yawa tare da wurin zama da babban harabar a Kimberley. Nau'in cancanta zai mayar da hankali kan "Shirin da ya fi girma, Takardar shaidar ci gaba da kuma matakin difloma a matsayin shirye-shiryen sana'a da fasaha tare da tsarin da aka tsara zuwa ga digiri na farko da na sana'a a fannonin binciken Injiniya da Kimiyya. "<ref name="newuniversities"/> Musamman, ana la'akari da shirye-shiryen da suka biyo baya: <ref name="newuniversities"/> [[Fayil:Sol Plaatje University 46.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Cibiyar Cibiyar Jami'ar Sol Plaatjie wacce har yanzu ana ginawa.]] === Ana samunsa daga 2014 === * Kwamfuta da Kimiyya / Injiniya: Diploma a Fasahar Bayanai (Ayyuka) * Kasuwanci, Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya na Gudanarwa: Diploma na Kasa: Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci * Ilimi: B Ed (Ƙarin Ilimi da Horarwa - Lissafi, Fasaha & Kimiyya) === Daga 2015 === * Ayyukan Lafiya da Kimiyyar Kula da Lafiya: Diploma a cikin Nursing da Babban Takardar shaidar a Kula da Lafiyar Gaggawa * Kimiyya ta Jama'a: Nazarin Gidan Tarihi / Nazarin Gidauniyar Tarihi da Nazarin Tarihi (Sabon cancanta) * Kimiyya ta Rayuwa & Kimiyya ta Jiki BSc (Rayuwa da Kimiyya ta jiki) * Kasuwanci, Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya na Gudanarwa: Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido na Kasa * Ayyukan gani da wasan kwaikwayo: Diploma na kasa a Fine Arts * Aikin noma: Diploma na kasa a cikin Aikin Gona * Diploma a Shari'a ko Shari'a == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9lhixd1crbw90y18r6qnj32ob21p8nm 0 80202 890593 454841 2026-08-02T12:25:38Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Pharos_University_at_night.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Jami'ar Pharos[[Fayil:Pharos_University_Great_Hall.jpg|thumb|'''Babban Gidan Jami'ar Pharos''']]]] [[Fayil:Pharos_University_Playgrounds.jpg|thumb|'''Filin wasa na Jami'ar Pharos''']] Jami'ar Mai zaman kanta a Iskandariya jami'a Pharos da ke Iskandariya (PUA) ita ce jami'a ta farko mai zaman kanta a Iskandariya, Misira .Jami'ar Masar mai zaman kanta ta farko a [[Alexandria]], wacce aka kafa ta Dokokin Jamhuriyar Republican No. 252 na 2006, 302 na 2009, da 659 na 2020. Bugu da ƙari, jami'a ce da aka amince da ita, wanda digiri ya yi daidai da Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mafi Girma.Kamar yadda kasa da kasa yana daya daga cikin manyan manufofin dabarun PUA, PUA ta gina haɗin gwiwa da yawa tare da jami'o'in Turai, Amurka, da Asiya waɗanda take aiki tare don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibanta suna karɓar ma'auni na ilimi na duniya. Haɗin gwiwar ya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban kamar ma'aikata da musayar ɗalibai, ci gaban shirye-shirye, bincike na hadin gwiwa, da shirye-shiryen Erasmus +. Bugu da ƙari, PUA a halin yanzu tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na kasa da kasa guda biyu tare da abokan hulɗarta na kasa da ƙasa, na farko shine BSc a cikin fannoni shida na Injiniya a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Royal Institute of Technology a Stockholm (KTH), [[Sweden]], kuma digiri na biyu shine a cikin Kasuwanci & Gudanarwa wanda Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dublin (TU Dublin), Ireland ta tabbatar.Ya sami lasisi daga Babban Kwamitin Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu na Masar don fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2006-2007. Ya haɗa da fannoni goma sha biyu: Pharmacy, Dentistry, Injiniya, Harsuna da Fassara, Kimiyya ta Kudi da Gudanarwa, Nazarin Shari'a da Dangantaka ta Duniya, Yawon Bude Ido da Gudanar da Otal, Fasahar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya, Sadarwar Jama'a, Magungunan Jiki, Fasaha da Zane, Kimiyya da Kwamfuta & Ilimin Artificial.An kafa Jami'ar Pharos daidai da sabbin ka'idoji da sigogi da aka amince da su a duniya game da ingancin ilimi mafi girma, kuma ana tallafawa da ci gaba, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya masu kayan aiki sosai.Jami'ar ta sanya hannu kan jerin yarjejeniyoyin hadin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa (kungiyar jami'oʼin Euro-Mediterranean) don amfana daga hanyoyin koyarwar zamani da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, da kuma aikace-aikacen tsarin ingancin duniya. Dangane da wannan, ana shirya shirye-shiryen musayar ɗalibai da ma'aikatan kwaleji da yawa tsakanin PUA da sauran jami'o'i don amfani da ƙwarewar waɗancan jami'oʼin da kuma samun ci gaba. == Kwalejin Magunguna == '''Faculty of Pharmacy, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a Pharmacy, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Har ila yau, bangaren ya sami takardar shaidar NAQAAE sau biyu; na farko a cikin 2016, kuma na biyu a cikin 2021.''' Faculty of Pharmacy yana ba da Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D) da Pharm. D Shirye-shiryen asibiti. Nazarin waɗannan shirye-shiryen yana buƙatar (6) shekaru na karatu, tare da shekara ta ƙarshe da aka ba da ita don koyar da darussan asibiti masu zurfi, yayin da shekara ta karshe ita ce don horo mai zurfi a cikin asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ma'aikatar ta ƙunshi sassan shida masu zuwa: * Chemistry na Magunguna (PC) * Pharmacognosy da Natural Products (PG) * Magunguna magunguna da Magunguna (PL) * Microbiology da Immunology (PM) * Kayan magani na asibiti da magani (PN) * Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology (PP) == Kwalejin ilimin hakora == '''Faculty of Dentistry, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a cikin Magungunan Magunguna da Dental, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Har ila yau, an ba da izini ga ma'aikatar daga Hukumar Kula da Inganci ta Kasa da Gudanarwa a Ilimi NAQAAE''' Faculty of Dentistry ya ƙunshi sassan kimiyya guda takwas da aka raba zuwa: *Sashen Ilimi: * Ma'aikatar Ilimin MaganaIlimin Halitta na Magana * Ma'aikatar Kula da MaganaCututtukan Magana *Sashen asibiti: * Ma'aikatar Magungunan Magunguna da PeriodontologyIlimin lokaci * Ma'aikatar Magunguna da MagungunaAikin Magana da Magana * Ma'aikatar Kula da haƙori (Fixed and Removable) * Ma'aikatar OrthodonticsMagungunan hakora * Ma'aikatar Maido da Dental Biomaterials * Ma'aikatar Kula da yara da Kula da Hakki na Al'umma == Faculty of Physical Therapy == '''Faculty of Physical Therapy, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a cikin maganin jiki, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Ita ce kawai Faculty of Physical Therapy a birnin Alexandria.''' Sashen: * Kimiyya ta asali * Biomechanics * Magungunan jiki don Magungunan ciki da tsofaffiMagungunan tsofaffi * Magani na Jiki don Lafiyar Mata * Magungunan jiki don Neurology da NeurosurgeryAikin tiyata * Magungunan Jiki don Kula da Yara da Ayyukanta * Magani na jiki don tiyataAikin tiyata * Magani na jiki don IntegumentaryCikakken tsari == Faculty of Applied Health Sciences == '''Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Jami'ar Pharos ta ba da kyautar BSC. digiri a fannin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya a fannoni daban-daban, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi.''' Sashen: * Ma'aikatar Fasahar Gidan Gida na Kiwon Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Fasahar Kayan Kiwon Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Radiology da Fasahar Hoton Kiwon Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Abinci da Fasahar Tsaro ta Abinci * Ma'aikatar Fasahar gani * Ma'aikatar Fasahar Fasahar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi * Ma'aikatar Kulawa Mai Muhimmanci da Fasahar Anesthesia == Kwalejin Injiniya == '''Faculty of Engineering, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a Injiniya a cikin ƙwarewarta daban-daban, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Har ila yau, an ba da izini ga ma'aikatar daga Hukumar Kula da Inganci ta Kasa da Gudanarwa a Ilimi NAQAAE''' Faculty of Engineering yana da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa (shirin hadin gwiwa) tare da Royal Institute of Technology a Sweden (KTH) Ma'aikatar ta kunshi sassan da suka biyo baya: * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan gine-gine * Ma'aikatar Injiniya da Gudanarwa * Sashen [[Kwamfuta injiniyarin|Injiniyan kwamfuta]] * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan lantarki: ** Sashen Injiniyan Wutar Lantarki da Kulawa ** Sashen Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa * Ma'aikatar Injiniya: ** Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya ** Sashen Injiniya da Masana'antu * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Petrochemical == Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta da Ilimin Artificial == '''Kimiyya ta kwamfuta ta zama tushe na zamaninmu na dijital, yana ba mu damar haɓaka software, algorithms, da tsarin da ke ba da wutar lantarki ga duniyarmu ta zamani. Ilimin mutum, a gefe guda, yana wakiltar gaba na kirkire-kirkire, yayin da muke koyar da injuna don kwaikwayon ilimin ɗan adam da yanke shawara.''' Faculty of Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence, Jami'ar Pharos ta haɗa da sassan da ke biyowa kowannensu tare da takamaiman ƙwarewarsa: * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta ** Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta ** Tsaro na Intanet * Sashen [[Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence)|Ilimin Artificial]] & Machine Learning ** Ilimin Artificial * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Bayanai ** Kimiyya ta Bayanai == Kwalejin Kimiyya da Gudanarwa == '''Faculty of Financial & Administrative Sciences, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Kimiyya, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Har ila yau, an ba da izini ga ma'aikatar daga Hukumar Kula da Inganci ta Kasa da Gudanarwa a Ilimi NAQAAE''' Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa ta kuma ba da digiri biyu tare da Jami'ar Fasaha a Dublin (TU Dublin). Shirin digiri biyu yana ba da digiri ga masu digiri damar yin gasa a kasuwar aiki. Har ila yau, yana ba da fa'idar ilimi wajen ci gaba da karatun digiri a Ireland ba tare da buƙatar daidaito ba. Faculty of Financial and Administrative Sciences ya hada da wadannan shirye-shirye kowannensu tare da takamaiman ƙwarewarsa: * Tallace-tallace * Kudi * Lissafi == Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management == '''Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da Gudanar da Otal, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a Kimiyya a Gudanar da Hotal ko Yawon Bude Udo, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatu ta Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi. Har ila yau, an ba da izini ga ma'aikatar daga Hukumar Kula da Inganci ta Kasa da Gudanarwa a Ilimi NAQAAE''' Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da Gudanar da Otal ta haɗa da sassan da suka biyo baya: * Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Otal ** Gudanar da Otal na Duniya ** Gudanar da Karɓar Baƙi Kasuwanci ** Gudanar da Abinci Mai Girma ** Kasuwancin Karɓar Baƙi * Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ** Kasuwancin Yawon Bude Ido ** Shirye-shiryen yawon bude ido da ci gaba ** Yawon shakatawa da Kasuwancin Tafiya ** Yawon shakatawa, Nishaɗi da Gudanar da Ayyuka == Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane == '''Faculty of Arts and Design, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a cikin Arts da Design a cikin ƙwarewarta daban-daban, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi.''' Faculty of Arts and Design ya hada da wadannan sassan: * Ma'aikatar Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan ** Shirin Tsarin Cikin Gida ** Shirin Fasaha na Bayyanawa (Zane don Gidan Wasanni, Cinema da Talabijin) * Ma'aikatar Hotuna ** Shirin Zane na Hotuna ** Shirin Hotuna * Ma'aikatar Fasaha ta Media ** Shirin Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Dijital ** Shirin Fim da Fim na Bidiyo * Ma'aikatar Zane ** Shirin Zane da Zane ** Shirin Zane na Mural * Ma'aikatar Zane ta Fashi == Faculty of Mass Communication == '''Faculty of Mass Communication, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a cikin Mass communications, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi.''' Kwarewa ta fara ne a shekara ta biyu a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi masu zuwa: * Shirin Shirye-shiryen Sadarwar Sadarwar Dijital * Shirin Sadarwa da Sadarwa na Jama'a * Shirin watsa shirye-shiryen dijital da samar da talabijin Takamaiman ƙwarewa ya fara a shekara ta uku kamar haka: * Shirin Shirye-shiryen Sadarwar Sadarwar Dijital ** Shirin aikin jarida na dijital Track. ** Hanyar dandamali ta zamantakewa. * Shirin Sadarwa da Sadarwa na Jama'a ** Hanyar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Dijital. ** Digital Marketing Communications Track. ** Hanya ta tallace-tallace ta dijital. * Shirin watsa shirye-shiryen dijital da samar da talabijin ** Shirin samar da talabijin. ** Hanya ta samar da dijital. == Kwalejin Harsuna & Fassara == '''Faculty of Languages & Translation, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko na Arts ga waɗanda suka kammala karatu a cikin ƙwarewar da suka zaɓa (Injiniyan Harshe / Turanci / Faransanci / Sinanci / Mutanen Espanya / Turkiyya). Wannan digiri ya sami amincewar Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mafi Girma.''' Ma'aikatar Harsuna da Fassara ta haɗa da Sashen da ke biyowa: * Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Harshe * Ma'aikatar Harshen Ingilishi * Ma'aikatar Harshen Faransanci * Ma'aikatar Harshen Sinanci * Ma'aikatar Harshen Mutanen Espanya * Ma'aikatar Harshen Turkiyya == Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a da Dangantaka ta Duniya == '''Faculty of Legal Studies and International Relations, Jami'ar Pharos tana ba da digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Shari'a da Dangantaka ta Duniya, wanda Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Masar da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama suka amince da shi.''' Faculty of Legal Studies and International Relations ya hada da wadannan sassan, kowannensu yana ba da batutuwa daban-daban: * Sashen Shari'ar Musulunci (Shari'ah) * Ma'aikatar Shari'a * Ma'aikatar Shari'a * Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Kasuwanci da Ruwa * Ma'aikatar Shari'a * Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jama'a * Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Duniya * Ma'aikatar Kasashen Duniya mai zaman kanta * [[Falsafa]] da Tarihin Ma'aikatar Shari'a * Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Jama'a == Haɗin waje == * Jami'ar Pharos a Alexandria (Site na harshen Ingilishi) * https://www.auf.org/ * http://www.aaru.edu.jo/ * https://www.uni-med.net/ * https://www.kth.se/ [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxh7g5xx5zx3tc1t9osrmubdsb9wjof 0 80476 890832 485617 2026-08-03T05:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Palestinian_actress_Reem_Abu_Sbaih,_Composer_Kamran_Rastegar,_and_Writer-Director_Annemarie_Jacir_at_Cannes_International_Film_Festival_2003_for_World_Premiere_of_like_twenty_impossibles_(cropped).jpg |thumb| Annemarie Jacir]] '''Annemarie Jacir''' (Arabic) 'yar fim ce ta [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]], marubuciya, kuma furodusa. == Ayyukanta == === Yin fimnata === Jacir tana aiki acikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tun shekara ta 1998 kuma ta rubuta, taba da umarni kuma ta samar da fina-finai dayawa da suka lashe lambar yabo. Biyu daga cikin fina-finai datayi sun fara fitowa a matsayin Zaɓin hukuma a Cannes, ɗaya a Berlin da Venice, Locarno, Rotterdam, Toronto, da Telluride . Dukkanin fina-finai uku data yi an za6esu a matsayin Firayim Ministan Oscar na Falasdinu don Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje. Fim dinta, Like Twenty Impossibles shine gajeren fim na Larabawa na farko daya kasance zaɓi na hukuma na Bikin Fim na Duniya na Cannes kuma ya cigaba da zama Finalist na Kwalejin Dalibai, ya lashe kyaututtuka sama da 15 a bukukuwan Duniya ciki harda Mafi Kyawun Fim a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Palm Springs, bikin Fim din Duniya na Chicago, Cibiyar Du Monde Arabe Biennale, Mannheim-Heidelberg Film Festival, da IFP / New York. ''kamar ashirin da ba za a iya bad''a su ba ankira shi daya daga cikin fina-finai goma mafi kyau na shekara ta 2003 ta hanyar Gavin Smith na Film Comment Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=http://www.philistinefilms.com/team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314172600/http://www.philistinefilms.com/team |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |website=Philistine Films}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Jacir ta harbe fimna farko da wata mata Palasdinawa tayi, Salt of this Sea, labarin wata mace mai aiki ta Amurka wacce iyayenta 'yan gudun hijira ne na Palasdinawa, inda ta fara komawa ƙasar iyalinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Sebastian Film Festival |url=http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2007/in3/n28.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165512/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2007/in3/n28.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2007-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oumlil |first=Kenza |date=2016 |title=Re-Writing History on Screen: Annemarie Jacir’s “Salt of This Sea.” |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.3.0586 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=586-600 |doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.38.3.0586 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Ayyukanta na biyu da suka fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na Cannes, Salt of this Sea ya cigaba da lashe kyautar FIPRESCI Critics Award kuma ta sami wasu kyaututtuka goma sha huɗu na kasa da kasa ciki harda fim mafi kyau a Milan. Fim din shine gabatarwar Falasdinu ga lambar yabo ta 81 ta Kwalejin don Kyautar Kwalejin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundell |first=Ian |date=September 22, 2008 |title='Salt' to be Palestinian Oscar entry |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/salt-to-be-palestinian-oscar-entry-1117992600/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da gabatarwa da yawa, gami da lashe lambar yabo ta Muhr Arab don Mafi kyawun Fim a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Dubai, lambar yabo ta Cinema in Motion a Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na San Sebastian na 55 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=https://dubaifilmfest.com/en/cast/1206/annemarie_jacir.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217011107/https://dubaifilmfest.com/en/cast/1206/annemarie_jacir.html/ |archive-date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=Dubai International Film Festival}}</ref> da kuma kyautar FIPRESCI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema In Motion Archive |url=http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pagina.php?ap=7&id=122%2F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216224719/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pagina.php?ap=7&id=122%2F |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=http://bulbula.co.uk/annemarie-jacir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217070824/http://bulbula.co.uk/annemarie-jacir/ |archive-date=17 February 2016 |website=Bulbula |access-date=3 July 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Gishiri na wannan Tekun'' ya fito da mawaki Suheir Hammad tare da Saleh Bakri . Fasali ta biyu, Lokacin dana ganka, ta lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau na Asiya a Berlinale, fim mafi kyau a Abu Dhabi da fim mafi kyau da Amiens, Phoenix, da Olympia, kuma ta sami gabatarwa a Asian Pacific Screen Awards. Yin ''A'' acikin fiction da kuma takardun shaida, wasu fina-finai sun hada da Until When, A Few Crumbs for the Birds, wanda ta kuma harbe shi a matsayin mai daukar hoto, da kuma gajeren fim din A Post Oslo History . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=https://palestine.mei.columbia.edu/film-makers/2016/9/23/annemarie-jacir |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Center for Palestine Studies |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> [[Fayil:Annemarie Jacir.jpg|thumb|Annemarie Jacir]] A cikin shekara ta 2011, darektan kasar Sin Zhang Yimou ya zaɓeta ta zama mai kula da itana farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rolex Arts Initiative . Jacir kuma tana kula da fim din, tana inganta fina-finai masu zaman kansu a yankin. Wanda ya kafa fina-finai na Philistine, tana aiki tare amatsayin edita, marubuciya da kuma mai samar da fim din fakkaatu tare da 'yan fim din. Fim dinta na shekarar 2017 ''Wajib'' ya lashe ko kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka 35 na kasa da kasa, gami da Fim mafi kyau a Mar Del Plata, Dubai, Locarno da Kerala, da kuma ambaton juri a bikin fina-finai na London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wajib (2017) Awards & Festivals |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/wajib/awards |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=mubi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=61st BFI London Film Festival announces 2017 winners |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/61st-bfi-london-film-festival-announces-2017-winners |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> === Waƙoƙinta === An buga waƙoƙin Jacir da labaru a cikin mujallu da yawa, gami da ''Mizna'', Crab Orchard Review, da The Poetry of Arab Women: A Contemporary Anthology . Ta karanta tare da mawaki Amiri Baraka . Ta lashe kyaututtuka dayawa na rubutun allo kuma ta kasance mai karshe na Grand Prix du Meilleur Scenariste a Paris . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Prix du Meilleur Scenariste |url=http://www.prix-scenariste.org/GPMS/accueil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129210431/http://www.prix-scenariste.org/GPMS/accueil.html |archive-date=November 29, 2007}}</ref> == Sauran matsayinta == Jacir yayi aiki a matsayin memba na juri a bukukuwan ciki harda a Cannes a cikin shekara ta 2018 (ya shiga cikin juri na Un Certain Regard, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican / Amurka Benicio del Toro ya jagoranta) da kuma bikin fina-finai na Berlin acikin shekara ta 2020, wanda ɗan wasan Ingila Jeremy Irons ya jagorance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un Certain Regard Jury 2018 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/un-certain-regard-jury-2018/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2020 |title=Berlinale 2020: International Jury |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2020/news-press-releases/36847.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref> {{When|date=March 2023}} Takasan ce memba ce Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), kuma Asian Pacific Screen Academy da kuma memba na Palestine Cinema Days and Alwan for the Arts, Ƙungiyar al'adu Wanda aka gabatarshi North African da kuma Middle Eastern art. Itace membar data samar da[[Palestinian Filmmakers' Collective]], a agaba daya Palestine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=Alumni Spotlight: Annemarie Jacir '02 |url=https://arts.columbia.edu/news/alumni-spotlight-annemarie-jacir-02 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Columbia University School of the Arts}}</ref> [[Fayil:Palestinian actress Reem Abu Sbaih, Composer Kamran Rastegar, and Writer-Director Annemarie Jacir at Cannes International Film Festival 2003 for World Premiere of like twenty impossibles.jpg|thumb|Annemarie Jacir]] Ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Baitalami, da Jami'ar Birzeit, da kuma sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Falasdinu, Lebanon, da Jordan. Har ilayau, itace mai bada shawara ga [[eQuinoxe Screenwriting Lab]] da Cibiyar Fim ta Doha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Screenwriters´ Workshop |url=https://www.equinoxe-europe.org/workshops.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.equinoxe-europe.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Doha Film Institute Hosts ‘Hezayah Screenwriting Lab’ for Feature Screenplay Development |url=http://www.dohafilminstitute.com/press/doha-film-institute-hosts-hezayah-screenwriting-lab-for-feature-screenplay-development |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Doha Film Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Itace co-kafa sararin samaniya mai suna Dar Yusuf Nasri Jacir don Art & Research a garinsu na Baitalami . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishara |first=Hakim |date=2021-06-14 |title=Supporters Raise Over $30K for Bethlehem Arts Center Raided by Israeli Soldiers |url=http://hyperallergic.com/653732/supporters-raise-over-30k-for-dar-jacir-center-after-israeli-soldiers-raid/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> === Mai kula da shi === Itace babbar mai kula da fina-finai kuma ta kafa aikin fim na Palasdinawa na "Dreams of a Nation", wanda aka sadaukar don inganta fina-finai na Palasdinu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams of a Nation |url=http://palestine.mei.columbia.edu/dreams-of-a-nation |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Columbia University Center for Palestine Studies}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta shirya kuma ta shirya Dreams of a Nation, babban bikin fim mai tafiya a Falasdinu, wanda ya haɗa da nuna fina-finai na Palasdinu daga Cinema na Juyin Juya Halin . An gudanar da bikin ne a biranen Palasdinawa da yawa ciki harda Baitalami, Ramallah, Birnin Gaza, Nazarat, Urushalima, da Nablus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacir |first=Annemarie |date=December 30, 2007 |title=Coming Home: Palestinian Cinema |url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/coming-home-palestinian-cinema/6780 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Electronic Intifada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapfogel |first=Jared |date=March 15, 2003 |title=A Report of Dreams of a Nation – A Palestinian Film Festival |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/festival-reports/dreams_of_a_nation/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Senses of Cinema |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716130307/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/festival-reports/dreams_of_a_nation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == Fim dinta na shekarar 2012 Lokacin dana ganKa, wanda ya fito da Saleh Bakri, Ruba Blal da Mahmoud Asfa, ya lashe lambar yabo ta NETPAC Critics Award for Best Asian Film Festival a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 63 kuma an zaba shi a matsayin shigar Palasdinawa don Oscar mafi kyawun harshe na waje a 85th Academy Awards. Fim dinta na shekarar 2017 ''Wajib'', ya fito da Saleh Bakri a gaban mahaifinsa, tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo Mohammad Bakri . Ya lashe musu kyaututtuka 36 na kasa da kasa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim a Mar Del Plata, Dubai, Amiens, DC Film Festival, Kosovo da Kerala da kuma ambaton juri a bikin BFI na London. Ga rawar da Saleh da Mohammad Bakri suka taka a fim din, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Muhr don Mafi kyawun Actor tare, kuma ya lashe lambarlambu ta Muhr ta Jacir don Mafi kyawun Fiction Feature a bikin fina-finai na Dubai na shekarar 2017. An kira Jacir daya daga cikin mujallar Filmmaker ta 25 New Faces of Independent Cinema a shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0"/> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Daga Falasdinu tare da Ƙauna (Postcard daga Ƙarshe) (2022) shekara ta * ''Wajib'' shekara ta (2017) * Lokacin da Na Ganka shekara ta (2012) * ''Gishiri na Wannan Tekun'' shekara ta (2008) * ''Bayani - Sa'an nan kuma Ƙone Ashes'' shekara ta (2006) * ''Wasu ɓarna ga tsuntsayshekarata'' (2005) * kamar ashirin da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba shekara ta (2003) * Masu harbi na Satellite shekara ta (2001) * ''Tarihin gidan waya na Oslo'' shekara ta (2001) ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Annemarie_Jacir.jpg|Annemarie Jacir File:Palestinian_actress_Reem_Abu_Sbaih,_Composer_Kamran_Rastegar,_and_Writer-Director_Annemarie_Jacir_at_Cannes_International_Film_Festival_2003_for_World_Premiere_of_like_twenty_impossibles.jpg|Annemarie Jacir </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Dar Yusuf Nasri Jacir don Fasaha da Bincike == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Farhat, Maymanah Bikin Fim na Chicago Palestine da yammacin gajeren lokaci[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article4705.shtml Bikin Fim na Fim na Chicago Palestine da yammacin gajeren lokaci] * Annemarie Jacir: [http://www.iran-bulletin.org/Art%20and%20Culture/DreamsofaNationProject.htm Don Manufofin Al'adu Kawai], Mafarki na Al'umma, shekara ta 2002 * Annemarie Jacir: [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article6603.shtml Komawa Gida: Fim din Palasdinawa], 27 Fabrairu shekara ta 2007, The Electronic Intifada * Rebecca Kemp: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220015016/http://www.6degreesfilm.com/features.php?id=7 Falasdinu A Fim], Tattaunawa da Masu Fim na Falasdinu, Fall shekara ta 2006 * Annemarie Kattan Jacir: [http://electronicIntifada.net/v2/article6041.shtml Labari na 'yan'uwa mata biyu: Shaidar wani aikin ɓoye na Isra'ila a Ramallah (1)] , 15 Nuwamba shekara ta 2006, The Electronic IntifadaIntifada ta lantarki * Brentjes, Rana: Layer da yawa na ainihi a cikin fina-finai na Annemarie Jacir, Deutscher Orientalistentag, shekara ta 2003 * Annemarie Jacir: [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2353&ed=149&edid=149 Wasika daga ɗakin gyara Paris], watan Disamba shekara ta 2007, Wannan makon a Falasdinu * Annemarie Jacir: [http://deniedentry.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/another-denial-of-entry-for-a-film-maker/ Wani ƙin shigarwa ga mai yin fim...], watan Mayu 1, shekara ta 2008, An ƙi shigarwa == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|1486975}} * [https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/72-editions/retrospective/2008/actualites/articles/un-certain-regard-salt-of-this-sea-by-annemarie-jacir Gishiri na wannan Tekun Cannes Farko], shekara ta 2008 * Masu shirya fina-finai na Palasdinawa sun doke rashin daidaito don buga allon azurfa, Afrilu 22, shekara ta 2009, [[CNN]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120094054/http://imeu.net/news/article005739.shtml Annemarie Jacir: Mai zane-zane da mai shirya fina-finai a IMEU.net] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207185249/http://imeu.net/news/article0014155.shtml Rasha Salti: "Baƙo fiye da aljanna"], Satumba 9, shekara ta 2008, The National * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321132351/http://imeu.net/news/article0014831.shtml Rasha Salti: "Mai shirya fina-finai na Palasdinawa Annemarie Jacir yana haskakawa a bikin Cannes"], Nuwamba 16, shekara ta 2008 {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9el0g5d4c8r2fe99j438wcbkjyedl0x 0 80518 890629 882289 2026-08-02T12:46:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:UCLG_address_to_the_Human_Rights_Council_(2015).jpg|thumb|387x387px| A cikin 2015, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta amince da rahoton A/HRC/30/49 "Gudunwar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam". A cikin hoton, Patrick Braouezec ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin UCLG game da Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam.]] '''Birnin Human Rights City''' birni ne da ke aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai wasu ma'anoni na birnin [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] da ake da su waɗanda suka fi ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma suna kallon birnin na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wani ƙusurwa. Wani yace City Rights birni ne da ke magana a kai a kai ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] da sauran ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Wata ma'anar ita ce birnin kare haƙƙin bil'adama 'birni ne wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idoji da ƙa'idojin ƴancin ɗan adam'.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Grigolo|first=Michele|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315628530|title=The Human Rights City|date=2019-04-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-62853-0|location=1 Edition. {{!}} New York : Routledge, 2019. {{!}} Series: Routledge advances in sociology|pages=5|doi=10.4324/9781315628530|s2cid=159156185}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar zamantakewa tana jaddada birnin 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin tsari wanda wakilai daban-daban suna ba da gudummawar zuwa mataki daban-daban: daga masu fafutuka, masana da malamai zuwa ƙungiyoyin duniya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'ai. Har ila yau, wannan ma'anar ba ta cancanci haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin kasa da kasa ba, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa wasu lokuta garuruwa suna bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sharuɗɗan nasu ta hanyoyin da ba su da wani tsari na yau da kullun ko kuma nan da nan a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma suna iya tsammanin rabon su daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗawa cikin su. dokokin kasa da kasa. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ma'anar ta fi ɗaukar mafi kyawun hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda biranen ke hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ba kawai a matsayin masu karɓa ba har ma da wakilan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masu sharhi sun lura da karuwar adadin irin waɗannan biranen tun 2000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grigolo |first=Michele |year=2011 |title=Incorporating Cities into the Eu Anti-Discrimination Policy: Between Race Discrimination and Migrant Rights |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1751–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2010.538422 |s2cid=143622759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Decentralization of Human Rights: The Rise of Human Rights Cities |url=https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2016/12/the_future_of_human_rights_in_an_urban_world_0.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/human-rights/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ba koyaushe suke bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma galibi ana kiransu garuruwan Hakkokin Dan Adam bisa la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A faɗin gaskiya, garuruwan kare hakkin ɗan adam sun fito a ƙarshen 1990s daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma ƙungiyoyin gundumomi. Suna nuna ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi don inganta mutunta ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin ƙaramar hukuma ko al'umma. Saboda mayar da hankalinsu kan yanayin gida, Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam suna jaddada [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu]] yayin da suke shafar rayuwar mazauna garuruwa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma damar su na more [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|yancin ɗan adam na farar hula da na siyasa]] . Har ila yau, ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana haɗe da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda aka taso a matakin gida, kamar Haƙƙin Birni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/right-city-and-participatory-democracy/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana birnin Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a matsayin “Wanda mazaunansa da hukumomin gida, ta hanyar koyo game da dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun (wanda kwamitin gudanarwa), ya shiga cikin ci gaba da koyo, tattaunawa, nazari na tsari da tunani mai zurfi a matakin al'umma, don bin tsarin musayar ra'ayi da kuma tsara tsarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, farar hula da al'adu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Learning and Human Rights Cities. Achievements Report |url=http://www.pdhre.org/achievements-HR-cities-mar-07.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> An bayyana biranen 'yancin ɗan adam a 2011, World Human Rights Cities Forum of Gwangju ( [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ) a matsayin "dukkan jama'ar gari da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin mahallin gida inda 'yancin ɗan adam ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mahimman dabi'u da jagoranci. ka'idoji." <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Gwangju%20Declaration%20on%20Human%20Rights%20Cities%20%282011%29.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta%20Europea%20Sencera_baixa_3.pdf}}</ref> da Tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |date=2011 |title=Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta-Agenda_ENG_0.pdf}}</ref> kuma sun ba da tsarin da ya dace don ayyuka daban-daban da suka jagoranci birane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. == Tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. == Shirin City Rights City sakamako ne na dogon lokaci na ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙungiyoyin jama'a don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka yana wakiltar wani bangare na gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Ana kuma iya ganin hakan a sakamakon karuwar matakan raba kan al'umma da 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida a fadin duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da yunkurin siyasa a tsakanin kananan hukumomi. === Asalin: Daga Haƙƙin Birni zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyan Haƙƙin Dan Adam. === Shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani ya girma kai tsaye daga tsarawa da farko game da da'awar haƙƙin a cikin birane. Yaɗuwar yanayin matsalolin birane da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun da rayuwar mutane ya haifar da irin martani iri ɗaya a wurare a duniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar lokaci guda tare da haɓaka da'awar sanannen ' yancin birni . " <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> A cewar David Harvey, " don kiran haƙƙin birni yana nufin 'da'awar wani nau'i na ikon tsara tsarin tafiyar da birane, a kan hanyoyin da aka yi da kuma sake gina garuruwanmu da kuma yin haka a cikin mahimmanci kuma hanyar radical." Ra'ayoyin da ke ƙarfafa wannan motsi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1970s, tare da rinjaye da yawa daga littafin Henri Lefebvre na 1968, ''Le Droit à la ville'' . Yunkurin ya fadada kuma ya sami ci gaba a duniya tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> Yaɗuwar rikice-rikicen kuɗi na duniya, daɗaɗɗen birane, da lalacewar muhalli sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan biranen duniya waɗanda ke magana dalla-dalla ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Austerity Urbanism: The Neoliberal Crisis of American Cities|last=Peck|first=Jamie|publisher=Rosa Luxemburg Foundation|year=2015|url=http://www.rosalux-nyc.org/austerity-urbanism/|access-date=2026-06-23|archive-date=2025-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815045451/https://www.rosalux-nyc.org/austerity-urbanism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta People's Movement for Human Rights Learning (PDHRE) ce ta kaddamar da shirin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam", wanda a da aka fi sani da shekaru goma na jama'a don Ilimin 'Yancin Dan Adam, a sakamakon [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|taron 1993 na duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam]] a Vienna, Austria. Yunkurin yana da nufin tara mutane a cikin al'ummomi don "biyan tattaunawa a tsakanin al'umma da kaddamar da ayyuka don inganta rayuwa da tsaro na mata, maza da yara bisa ka'idoji da ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Human Rights Cities: Civic Engagement for Societal Development|last1=Marks|first1=Stephen P.|publisher=People’s Movement for Human Rights Learning & UN Habitat|year=2008|last2=Modrowski|last3=Lichem|first2=Kathleen A.|first3=Walther|url=http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306184553/http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> Wannan hanya ta bambanta da hanyar gargajiya ta yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da shi saboda ba da fifiko ga shaharar ilimi, haɗa kai, da al'adu a matsayin abin da ya dace da aiwatar da gwamnati. Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam sun girma a wani bangare saboda yunƙurin da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar UN Habitat ke yi na haɗa tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen birni. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, biranen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya na birane, da suka haɗa da rashin gidaje masu araha, cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma rashin isassun hidimomin jama'a.<ref name=":22" /> Biranen sun kalli taron kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsugunan Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Birane da Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by WACLAC at the International Conference on Financing for Development; Monterrey, Mexico; 18 March 2002 |url=https://www.un.org/ffd/statements/waclacE.htm |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin. Shulamith Koenig, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shulamith Koenig |url=http://www.pdhre.org/people/shulabio.html |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.pdhre.org}}</ref> wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam (PDHRE), ya yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da masu shirya 'yancin ɗan adam a wasu garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka keɓe, ciki har da Rosario Argentina, wanda ya zama birni na farko na 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. a cikin 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PDHRE: Human Rights Communities |url=http://pdhre.org/projects/development.html |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=pdhre.org}}</ref> da Birnin Washington, DC na farko da ke tushen Amurka.<ref name=":22" /> === Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Haɗin Kan Duniya. === [[Fayil:Korea-Gwangju_5392-06.JPG|thumb|336x336px| Birnin Gwangju ya kasance majagaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin biranen kare hakkin bil'adama a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da Asiya, kuma tun a shekarar 2011 ne aka shirya taron dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.]] 1998, zai yi tsammanin samun ci gaba ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam duka ta fuskar ƙarfafa hukumomi da kuma isar da sako na duniya. A matakin Turai, babban taron birnin Barcelona na kare hakkin bil adama ya tara hukumomin kananan hukumomi fiye da 400, tare da yin kira da a kara tabbatar da siyasa a matsayin masu taka rawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/right-to-the-city/european-charter |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights}}</ref> Wannan tsari zai ƙare bayan shekaru 2, a birnin Saint Denis na Faransa ta hanyar amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni (2000). A lokaci guda kuma, motsi na biranen kare hakkin bil'adama yana ci gaba da karuwa a Asiya, yayin da kungiyoyin fararen hula na yanki ke shirin kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Asiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Human Rights Charter |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Asian%20Human%20Rights%20Charter%20%281998%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> ( Gwangju, 1998). Dukkan yarjejeniyoyin biyu za su ba da haske game da rawar da 'yan wasan gida ke takawa wajen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa dimokraɗiyya na cikin gida da kuma matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan duniya. Bayan kafuwar Rosario a matsayin birni na farko na Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1997, wasu ƙananan hukumomi a Kudancin Amirka sun rungumi tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata ta hanyar ba da fifiko na musamman kan alakar ta tare da ra'ayin ' yancin birnin . A shekara ta 2001, mutum-mutumi na birnin Brazil ya ba da wani sabon tsari don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan zamantakewa na birni a matakin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-09 |title=The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary {{!}} Cities Alliance |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306210206/http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.citiesalliance.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] kuma yana daga cikin majagaba wajen bunkasa ra'ayin biranen 'yancin ɗan adam: a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ta inganta Yarjejeniya ta Birnin Mexico don Haƙƙin Birni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City |url=http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015458/http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin sa ido kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin gida ya amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki musamman bisa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Har ila yau, birnin [[Bogotá]] ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da aiwatar da manufar Bogotá Humana (2013-2016) wanda ya ɗauki wani muhimmin mahimmanci game da hakkin mutane marasa gida, mata da tsofaffi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-27 |title=El adiós de Gustavo Petro y la Bogotá Humana |url=https://www.elespectador.com/opinion/opinion/el-adios-de-gustavo-petro-y-la-bogota-humana-columna-607861 |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=ELESPECTADOR.COM |language=es-CO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-04 |title=Estos son los colegios de la Bogota Humana, Una política educativa que es hito mundial. |url=https://gustavopetroblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/04/estos-son-los-colegios-de-la-bogota-humana-una-politica-educativa-que-es-hito-mundial/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=Gustavo Petro Blog |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights Approach through the "Bogotá Humana" Development Plan {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184227/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, misalai da dama a duniya sun nuna zurfafa kan tunani da kuma abubuwan da biranen kare hakkin bil'adama ke yi. A Koriya ta Kudu, Gwangju ya fara aikin kafa tsarin kula da hakkin ɗan adam (2009) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=세계인권도시포럼 |title=세계인권도시포럼 |url=http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.whrcf.org |language=ko |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613190142/http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda birane kamar [[Seoul]] (2012) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In Seoul, a municipal government division works to mainstream the rights approach in local public action {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184328/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [[Busan]] suka bi da sauri. Gwangju ya kuma kasance babban mai shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya wanda ya tara daruruwan garuruwan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Human Rights Cities Forum (WHRCF) of Gwangju, South Korea {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184700/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |url-status=dead }}</ref> A duk faɗin Turai, birane irin su Barcelona, [[Madrid]], [[Graz]] ko Utrecht sun kafa hanyoyin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lura da alhakinsu ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Misalai na musamman game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan ƙananan hukumomi kamar shirin "City of Rights" na Barcelona (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesura de govern "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets" |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko Madrid's "Strategic Plan for Human Rights Cities" (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos de Madrid |url=https://diario.madrid.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/PlanDDHH_PDF.pdf |website=City Council of Madrid}}</ref> === Garuruwan kare hakkin Dan Adam a Arewacin Amurka. === A Arewacin Amurka, [[Montréal|Montreal]] ta kasance majagaba na yanki tare da kafa Yarjejeniya ta Hakki da Hakki na Montreal na gida (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal City Charter of Rights and Responsibilities |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/charte_mtl_fr/media/documents/charte_montrealaise_english.pdf |website=City of Monreal}}</ref> [[San Francisco]] ta aiwatar da manufofin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin gida na gida kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata tun 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing the UN convention on women's rights locally {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184216/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam a Amurka duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙalubale na musamman saboda rawar da Amurka take takawa a duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da yawancin manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Koyaya, a cikin 2000s, ƙarin masu fafutuka na Amurka suna aiki don wayar da kan duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka, gami da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, take [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki]], da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙin yara]] . A cikin 2014, mazauna Detroit waɗanda suka rasa samun ruwa mai tsafta sun kawo ƙararsu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta aika da Wakilin Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/SRWaterIndex.aspx |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> zuwa birnin kuma ta ba da sanarwar yin Allah wadai da ayyukan da suka hana mazauna ' [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|yancin samun ruwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=22 October 2014 |title=Detroit and the Evaporating Right to Running Water |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/detroit-and-the-evaporating-right-to-running-water/381731/ |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fitowar da wasu sun ƙarfafa ƙarin biranen Amurka, gami da Baltimore Maryland, Mountain View California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noack |first=Mark |date=20 July 2015 |title=Dispute over human rights measure in Mountain View |url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2015/07/19/dispute-over-human-rights-measure-in-mountain-view |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=www.mv-voice.com |language=en}}</ref> Columbia South Carolina, don yin la'akari da ƙirar birni na haƙƙin ɗan adam. '''''Atlanta's Human Rights City Initiatives''''' A [[Atlanta|Atlanta, masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi na gida na Georgia]] sun yi kira ga birnin da ya ayyana kansa a hukumance a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. A cikin Afrilu 2019, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gudanar [https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes da wani taro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517184518/https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes |date=2024-05-17 }} a Atlanta mai da hankali kan adalcin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, da batutuwan ƙaura da motsin ɗan adam. Sama da mahalarta 50, daga Atlanta da sauran sassa na ƙasar sun tattauna dabarun tushen tsarin yancin ɗan adam da yadda za su zama birni na kare hakkin ɗan adam a garuruwansu daban-daban. Taron na 2019, ya kuma ƙaddamar da [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=UPR_Cities_Project "Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Cities Project"] wanda ke ba da kayan aiki don taimakawa birane su shiga cikin tattaunawa game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na gida. Wannan yunƙurin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=Main_Page Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ƙasar Amurka], ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin al'umma da masu ba da shawara a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana ba da taimako da albarkatu ga sauran gundumomi masu burin samun matsayin Garuruwan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da bin [http://wiki.pghrights.mayfirst.org/images/6/6a/Human_Rights_City_Principles_October_2017.pdf ƙa'idodin City Rights] . Aikin yana da nufin ba da gudummawa ga "rahoton inuwa" na ƙasa don tsarin [https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/upr-home bita na lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UPR)] wanda ke nazarin tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida (NGOs) a Atlanta kamar [https://www.schr.org/who-we-are/ Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kudancin] sun ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren aikata laifuka ta hanyar yunkurin majalisa da kuma adawa da shirye-shirye kamar shirin horar da 'yan sanda na " Cop City " a Atlanta. Matakan adalci na tattalin arziki kamar [https://afsc.org/newsroom/atlantas-home-defenders Shirin Tsaro na Gida] don magance korar jama'a yayin bala'in A cikin Disamba 2022, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta ta zartar da wani kuduri na ayyana Atlanta a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" tare da yin kira ga manufofi don kare hakkin dan adam ( [https://atlantacityga.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=None&MeetingID=3671&MediaPosition=&ID=31546&CssClass= 22-R-4708] ). Duk da haka, masu suka da masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa har yanzu birnin ya gaza a fannoni kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, aikin 'yan sanda na nuna wariya, da kuma kare 'yancin walwala ga al'ummomin da aka ware ko da bayan kudurin hukuma. Ci gaba, masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, samar da isassun kudade don shirye-shirye, yunƙurin samar da mafi girman lissafin 'yan sanda da sa ido, da ba da fifiko ga samun dama da juriya a cikin tsare-tsaren birane da kayayyakin more rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Southern Center for Human Rights |date= |title=Southern Center for Human Rights Resources |url=https://www.schr.org/resources/ |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> '''''Dayton Human Rights City Movement.''''' Dayton, Ohio ta yi fama da ƙalubalen rashin adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da aikata laifuka. A cikin birnin Dayton, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Uniting Dayton for Human Rights ta fara a cikin 2022.<ref name=":6" /> Ƙungiyar Uniting Dayton don Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam sune Mary Tyler shugabar Mary E. Tyler Consulting, LLC. da kuma tsohon babban darektan [https://nccjgreaterdayton.org/ taron kasa don Al'umma & Adalci Greater Dayton] tare da haɗin gwiwar [https://daytonhrc.org/ Majalisar Hulɗa da Jama'a] da [https://udayton.edu/artssciences/ctr/hrc/index.php Jami'ar Dayton Human Rights Center.] Makasudin wannan yunkuri shi ne ya zama birni na kare hakkin bil'adama na hukuma wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam bisa ga [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya], ta hanyar amincewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙi na asali ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Dayton. == Birane da dokokin duniya. == Duk [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sun dogara ne a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya]], wadda aka amince da ita a cikin 1948. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zayyana yancin ɗan adam waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba waɗanda ke da kariya ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata, aji, yanayin jima'i, addini, ko wani abu na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin UDHR ba su da alaƙa da doka, amma an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada, kuma suna ba da izinin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure, waɗanda ƙasashe za su zaɓi su rattaba hannu da tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin sa ido, duk da haka, tana ba gwamnatocin ƙasa dama kuma suna iyakance rawar da jami'an gida ke takawa, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu wajen aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan yau da kullun na aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana kan wuyan hukumomi na gida da na yanki. Su ma wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun daure su. Hukumomin gida da na yanki galibi suna da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, samar da ruwa, muhalli, aikin sanda da kuma, a yawancin lokuta, haraji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |year=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref><ref> Mayer, Margit. 2012. "The 'Right to the City' in Urban Social Movements." pp.&nbsp;63–85 in ''Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City'', edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. New York: Routledge. </ref> Yadda birane ke aiwatar da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta daga birni zuwa birni. Wannan yana ba kowane birni damar haɓaka tsarin da ya keɓanta da ƙarfinsa, buƙatunsa, matsalolinsa, da damuwarsa. “Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam” da aka keɓe a hukumance suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar jagoranci da ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar al'umma, mazauna, da jami'an jama'a (ko waɗanda aka nada) suna aiki tare. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Karen |first=Dolan |date=March 2009 |title=Human Rights City Toolkit |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/human_rights_city_toolkit/ |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=Institute for Policy Studies}}</ref> Wasu garuruwa na iya ɗaukar yaren haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙa'idodi ba tare da ɗaukar sunan City Rights City a hukumance ba. Misali, Barcelona babbar birni ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai, kuma ta ƙirƙiri Ofishin Ban Wariya don aiwatar da manufar nuna wariyar launin fata ta EU a cikin iyakokinta a zaman wani ɓangare na zama birni na yancin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> San Francisco wani irin misalin ne, tun lokacin da 1998, ta amince da dokar birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW {{!}} Department on the Status of Women |url=http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=sfgov.org |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133118/http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana nuna ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Kawar da duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata . Misalin San Francisco ya taimaka wajen tsara aikin da masu fafutuka suka shirya wani kamfen na "Cities for CEDAW" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW |url=http://citiesforcedaw.org/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=citiesforcedaw.org |language=en-US}}</ref> don shawo kan biranen Amurka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar CEDAW duk da gazawar gwamnatin kasa don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. === Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam akan "rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin bil'adama" === A cikin shekaru da suka gabata, an tantance ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama ta hanyar kudurori da maganganun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ko Majalisar Turai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Respecting and fulfilling human rights at the local level |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/local-and-regional-authorities-speeches/-/asset_publisher/igylP6fCBzxu/content/respecting-and-fulfilling-human-rights-at-the-local-level?inheritRedirect=false&desktop=true |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Commissioner for Human Rights |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne amincewa da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara A/HRC/30/49 kan "Gudunwar da Kananan Hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin dan Adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} AdvisoryCommittee Local government and human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/AdvisoryCommittee/Pages/LocalGovernmentAndHR.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya yi la'akari da nauyin da ke wuyan kananan hukumomi bisa dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin bil'adama, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada damar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayar wajen inganta da kare hakkin bil'adama saboda alaka ta kut da kut da bukatu da buri na mazauna birnin. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar kananan hukumomi wajen tsara dabarun kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa, ya kuma yi kira da su tabbatar da ikon da ake bukata da albarkatun kudi domin kananan hukumomi su sami damar yin aiki da hakkin dan adam. An tsara shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyuka na shirye-shiryen kananan hukumomi daban-daban da kuma inganta sadarwar yanar gizo a matsayin hanyar da za ta ciyar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da wasu misalai da ayyuka mafi kyau irin su dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya na Gwangju ko Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. a cikin Garin. Rahoton na 2015, ya samu gagarumin bibiyar mazabar Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa da na kananan hukumomi da ke aiki don ci gaban kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A matsayinsa na wakilin duniya na kananan hukumomi da na yanki, kwamitin UCLG kan Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam misali ya gabatar da bayanai daban-daban ga Majalisar tare da raba shawarwarin Rahoton a tsakanin mazabar ta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Agenda on Local Governments and Human Rights: From Recognition to Partnership |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/united-nations-agenda-local-governments-and-human-rights-recognition-partnership |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da wani kuduri (A/HRC/RES/33/8) "Gane da rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam" da kuma "ba da kusanci ga mutane da kasancewa a ciyawa. -matakin tushen, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kananan hukumomi shi ne samar da ayyuka na jama'a wadanda suka dace da bukatun gida da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su dangane da tabbatar da hakkin dan adam a matakin kananan hukumomi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - Session 33: Resolutions, decisions and President's statements |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session33/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, wannan Majalisar ta shirya taron tattaunawa kan Rahoton da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na aiwatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - HRC: Panel discussion on role of local government, 4 September 2017 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/PanelRoleLocalGovernment.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. == [[Fayil:Meeting_of_cities_for_human_rights_and_the_right_to_the_city_(Madrid).jpg|thumb|334x334px| A cikin 2017 ne birnin Madrid ya gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na biranen kare hakkin dan adam da hakkin mallakar birnin]] Ayyukan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da masu tsara manufofi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taimaka wajen yada ra'ayoyi game da yadda gwamnatocin birni zasu inganta aiwatar da hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2004, UNESCO ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coalition of Cities against Racism {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> don taimakawa shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi musayar ra'ayi da inganta manufofin yaki da [[wariyar launin fata]], [[Wariya|wariyar launin fata]], [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baki]] da kuma wariya . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Turai (ECCAR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECCAR |url=http://www.eccar.info/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR}}</ref> ta girma daga wannan ƙoƙarin, kuma a yanzu tana da fiye da gundumomi 104, a cikin membobinta kuma ta ɗauki tsarin aiki mai maki goma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Points Action Plan |url=http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170449/http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2005, Kwamitin UCLG akan Haɗin Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISDP {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar mafi girma da wakilin duniya na ƙananan hukumomi: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Hukumomi . Kwamitin yana wakilta da sauƙaƙe musayar tsakanin hukumomin gida na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan ajanda kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ( [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico City]] da Gwangju misali biyu daga cikin kujerun sa a cikin 2018). A matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na fiye da shekaru 10, na aiki don inganta ra'ayi da kuma amincewa da biranen 'yancin ɗan adam, kwamitin ya kasance mai kula da bin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin birni kuma ya ƙirƙira da haɓakawa. Ajandar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da shawarwarin siyasa mai karfi a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don amincewa da kananan hukumomi a matsayin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam, tare da shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya duk shekara. Wani misali mai dacewa dangane da ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ajandar biranen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine abin da ake kira "cibiyoyin bincike-aiki". A wannan yanayin, cibiyar bincike na gida gabaɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen zaburar da ƙananan hukumomi don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙananan hukumomi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights cities: Motivations, mechanisms and implications |url=http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |website=Kennis voor Krachtige Steden (KKS) |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223012115/http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-15 |title=Pittsburgh Human Rights City Alliance Website |url=https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=US Human Rights Network |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122145/https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misalai masu dacewa game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan Turai<ref>{{Cite web |title=York: Human Rights City - York Human Rights City |url=https://www.yorkhumanrights.org/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=York Human Rights City |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=Lund Can Become Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=http://rwi.lu.se/2016/09/lund-can-become-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ETC Graz: Human Rights City of Graz |url=http://www.etc-graz.at/typo3/index.php?id=1011 |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.etc-graz.at}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-03 |title=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) |url=https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Utrecht University |language=en}}</ref> da Arewacin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi dacewa kan yadda cibiyar bincike ta gida za ta iya haɓakawa da kuma zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a cikin inganta tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama shine Cibiyar Raoul Wallenberg . Ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Lund tun 1984, duk da haka, wayar da kan Cibiyar ta wuce matakin gida ko ma na ƙasa, saboda a yanzu tana aiwatar da ayyuka a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights |url=http://rwi.lu.se/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref> == Garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu. == Garuruwa masu zuwa an sanya su a matsayin Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam: === Afirka. === * Wales, Ghana. * Korogocho, Kenya. * Ta, Senegal. * [[Timbuktu]], Mali. * Musha, Rwanda. * Mogale, Afirka ta Kudu. === Asiya. === * Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu (2003) <ref name=":4"/> * [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] <ref name=":5"/> * Bucuy Municipality, Philippines. * [[Nagpur|Nagpur, India]] * [[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Taiwan]] * Wonosobo District, Indonesia. * Gundumar Bojonegoro, Indonesia. * [[Bandung|Bandung, Indonesia]] (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Bandung Human Rights City |url=http://fihrrst.org/declaration-of-bandung-human-rights-city |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=fihrrst.org}}</ref> === Turai. === * [[Nuremberg]], [[Jamus]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leitbild der Stadt Nürnberg |url=http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/menschenrechte/dokumente/menschenrechte/leitbild_stadt_nuernberg.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> * [[Graz|Graz, Ostiriya]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen in Graz! |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033731/http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Barcelona]], [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona Ciutat de Drets |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona, ciutat de drets {{!}} Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat {{!}} Ajuntament de Barcelona |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/ca/barcelona-ciutat-de-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=ajuntament.barcelona.cat |language=ca}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Jordi |title=Barcelona es vol situar com a referent de la defensa dels drets humans amb 10 accions |url=http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051919/http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |archive-date=2017-04-28 |access-date=2018-06-14 |language=es-ES}}</ref> * [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Plan-Estrategico-de-Derechos-Humanos-del-Ayuntamiento-de-Madrid?vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=bbffd3936f14a510VgnVCM2000001f4a900aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Plan de Derechos Humanos a través de un proceso de consulta y participación - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Actualidad/Noticias/Un-Plan-de-Derechos-Humanos-a-traves-de-un-proceso-de-consulta-y-participacion/?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=27093a90f9781510VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a12149fa40ec9410VgnVCM100000171f5a0aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-10 |title=Madrid, ciudad comprometida con los derechos humanos |url=http://blogs.publico.es/dominiopublico/18737/madrid-ciudad-comprometida-con-los-derechos-humanos/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Dominio público |language=es-ES}}</ref> * Terrassa, [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoció dels Drets Humans - Ajuntament de Terrassa |url=http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.terrassa.cat |language=ca-ES |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121453/http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bihac, Bosnia * [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]] (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna as a Human Rights City |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |website=City Council of Vienna |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231836/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Utrecht, Netherlands (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Human Rights in Utrecht |url=http://humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be |language=nl}}</ref> * York, UK (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Human Rights City Declaration - York Human Rights City |url=http://www.yorkhumanrights.org/human-rights-city-declaration/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=York Human Rights City (Pending removal for human rights breaches by council) |language=en-GB |archive-date=2017-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705034244/http://www.yorkhumanrights.org/human-rights-city-declaration/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lund, Sweden (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Lund Becomes Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=https://rwi.lu.se/2018/09/lund-becomes-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-11-11 |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law}}</ref> === Amirka ta Arewa. === * [[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA, Amurika]] (2022). * [[Austin|Austin, TX, Amurika]] * [[Boston|Boston, MA, Amurika]] (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Boston: Human Rights City |url=http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Spare Change News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419023046/http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Carrboro, NC, Amurka (2009).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/Oct9162015|title=BearPaw Newswire (October 9 - 16, 2015)|last=BearPaw Legal Education & Resource Centre|date=2015-10-16|language=en}}</ref> * Chapel Hill, NC, Amurka (2009). * Dallas County, TX, Amurika. * Dayton, Ohio, Amurika. * Edina, MN, Amurka (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Edina |url=http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234853/http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Eugene, OR, Amurka (2011). * [[Edmonton|Edmonton, AB, Kanada]] (2003). * Greenville, NX, Amurika. * Jackson, MS, Amurka (2014). * Mountain View, CA, Amurka (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHILE TECH LEADERS MEET WITH TRUMP, CITY COUNCIL APPROVES HUMAN RIGHTS CITY RESOLUTION IN SILICON VALLEY |url=http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/161214-MV-HRC-press-release.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Pittsburgh, PA, Amurka (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-18 |title=City of Pittsburgh Human Rights Proclamation |url=https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=American Friends Service Committee |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709073935/https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Portage, MI, Amurika. * Port Townsend, WA, Amurika (2023). * Richmond, CA, Amurka (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-01 |title=Richmond becomes 'Human Rights City' |url=https://richmondconfidential.org/2009/12/01/richmond-becomes-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Richmond Confidential |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA, Amurika]] * [[Seattle|Seattle, WA, Amurika]] (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Seattle Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC, Amurka]] (2008). * [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB, Kanada]] (2003) An buɗe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Kanada don yancin ɗan adam a wannan birni a ranar 19, ga Satumba, 2014. === Kudancin Amurka. === * Rosario, Argentina (1997). * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montevideo reaffirms its commitment to turn the Right to the City into a guiding principle of its urban agenda {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/montevideo-reaffirms-its-commitment-turn-right-city-guiding-principle-its-urban |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> * Santa Cruz, Bolivia. * Porto Alegre, Brazil. * Temuco, Chile. == Duba kuma. == == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9b3zspml6w0rqfumvefrfeg7n4yp8vf 0 81087 890861 872099 2026-08-03T07:53:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Childhood Joy.jpg|thumb|Shige da ficen yara]] [[Fayil:Children at the Sunset.jpg|thumb|wasanin yara]] Shige da fice na yara, ko "yara a cikin ƙaura ko motsi" (wani lokacin "yara a kan motsi" ) [[motsi]] ne na mutane masu shekaru 3-18 a cikin ko a fadin iyakokin siyasa, tare da ko ba tare da iyayensu ba mai kula da doka ba, zuwa wata ƙasa ko yanki.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-60306853.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535488761995&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-60306853</ref> Suna iya tafiya tare da ko ba tare da Takardun tafiye-tafiye na doka ba. Za su iya isa ƙasar da aka nufa a matsayin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], [[Mai Neman Mafaka|Masu neman mafaka]], ko baƙi na tattalin arziki. == Dalilan kaura == Dalilin da yara ke yi ƙaura ya bambanta kamar mutanen da ke ƙaura. Sun hada da dalilai na tattalin arziki, burin ilimi, dalilan da suka shafi jinsi ko al'ada, dalilai na mutum da kuma gaggawa, bala'o'i na halitta, tsanantawa da rikice-rikicen jin kai. Wasu yara suna barin neman mafi kyawun dama yayin da wasu ke tserewa daga tashin hankali, cin zarafi, cin zarafin ko rikici. Dalilai da yawa sau da yawa sun dace. Lokacin da iyaye suka yi ƙaura ko suka rabu, yara na iya ƙaura zuwa wani wuri ko ƙasa tare da ɗaya ko duka iyaye, ko kuma iyayensu na iya barin su a baya kuma ƙaura ta kai tsaye ta shafa su. == Hakkin yara a cikin ƙaura da motsi == === Hakkin jin daɗi === Hakkin jin shi ka'idar haƙƙin yara ce kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ta bayyana. Dangane da Mataki na 12 na yarjejeniyar, yara suna da damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a duk batutuwan da suka shafi su, kuma dole ne a ba da ra'ayoyin su daidai da shekarun da balaga na yaro. Wannan haƙƙin ya shafi yadda yara ke shiga cikin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa da kuma shari'a da gudanarwa. A matsayin ka'ida ta gaba ɗaya, haƙƙin yaro na jin yana nuna manufar 'ofishin' na yara, kallon yara ba kawai a matsayin mutane masu rauni da ke buƙatar kariya ta musamman ba, har ma a matsayin masu yanke shawara, masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi da membobin al'umma masu aiki. Yara da yawa ba sa son raba bayanai tare da hukumomi a ƙasar da suke nufi saboda tsoron cewa bayyana bayanai bazai zama abin sha'awa ba kuma cewa ba da labarin su na iya haifar da dawowa zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali. Wataƙila mutane na uku sun umarci yara su bayyana wasu sassan labarinsu kawai, akwai yiwuwar barazana da tsoron ramuwar gayya, kuma yaron bazai amince da 'yan sanda ba kuma hukumomin yankin za su iya kare su. Tsarin karɓar baƙi wanda ke nuna girmamawa da kuma tabbatar da mutuncin yaro na iya cimma don inganta amincewa da yaro ga jami'ai da masu sana'a waɗanda ta sadu da su. Masu fassara na iya rinjayar tsarin tattara bayanai a cikin hanyoyin mafaka da bincike na laifi yayin da suke shafar yadda ake fahimtar labarin yaron da kuma fahimta. Fassarar da ba daidai ba na iya lalata bayanin yaron, wanda ke haifar da yanke shawara bisa ga bayanan da ba daidai bane. Wannan yana da alaƙa da ba kawai da abubuwan da aka fassara ba har ma da salon da zaɓin da yaron ya yi da kuma yadda masu fassara ke isar da saƙon.<ref>Crawley, Heaven, Working with Children and Young People Subject to Immigration Control, Guidelines for best practice, Second Edition, Immigration Law Practitioners’ Association, 2012.</ref> === Binciken da ya fi dacewa da ƙuduri === An bayyana mafi kyawun sha'awa a Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, wanda ya ce "a duk ayyukan da suka shafi yara, ko da aka gudanar da su ta hanyar cibiyoyin jin dadin jama'a ko masu zaman kansu, kotuna, hukumomin gudanarwa ko hukumomin majalisa, mafi kyawun sha-awar yaro zai zama la'akari na farko". Binciken mafi kyawun bukatun yaro yana nufin kimantawa da daidaitawa "duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanke shawara a cikin takamaiman yanayi ga takamaiman yaro ko ƙungiyar yara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47}}</ref> Hakkin yaro na samun ita ko mafi kyawun abubuwan da yake so a matsayin la'akari na farko yana nufin cewa abubuwan da ke cikin yaron suna da fifiko kuma ba kawai ɗaya daga cikin la'akari da yawa ba. Binciken takamaiman ne ga yaro a matsayin mutum, yana mai da mahimmanci don kafa dangantaka ta amincewa da yaro da kuma sadarwa yadda ya kamata a cikin yaren da yarinyar ko yaro ya fahimta. Binciken ya dace ya haɗa da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, Safe and Sound, What States can do to ensure respect for the best interests of unaccompanied and separated children in Europe, 2014.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006.}}</ref> A cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa, cikakken tsarin kimantawa da ƙuduri na mafi kyawun sha'awa yana la'akari da waɗannan: * Kafa asalin yaron da kuma asalin duk wani mutum da ke tare da shi da kuma ingancin dangantakarsu * Binciken shari'a, gami da abubuwan da suka biyo baya: ** Jin yaron ** Binciken halin da yaron yake ciki, asali da bukatun ** Yanayin zamantakewa da kimantawa na iyali ** Tattara shaidu ciki har da jarrabawar shari'a da hira da yaro ** Haɗari da ƙididdigar tsaro ** Taswirar tushen tallafi, ƙwarewa, damar da albarkatu don karfafawa * Ci gaba da aikin rayuwa * Cikakken tasirin yara na duk wani yanke shawara mai yuwuwa * Gano mafita mai dorewa * Ci gaba da kimantawa yayin aiwatar da mafita mai ɗorewa tare da bin diddigin da ya dace, bita da saka idanu, da gyare-gyare ga shirye-shiryen mafita mai tsawo, idan kuma kamar yadda ake buƙata, bisa ga mafi kyawun bukatun yaro A cikin ƙasar Ghana, akwai batun da aka mayar da hankali kan kwatankwacin ilimi tsakanin ɗaliban ƙaura da waɗanda ba ƙaura ba. An nuna cewa ɗaliban da ba 'yan gudun hijira ba sun sami ƙarin kulawa, sabili da haka, sun sami maki fiye da ɗaliban ƙaura. Ana buƙatar nuna ƙarin hankali ga baƙi kamar yadda aka nuna wa sauran ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamanja |first=Emmanuel |date=2015-11-30 |title=Child Migration and Academic Performance: The Case of Basic Education in Ghana |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1103112 |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |volume=7 |issue=15 |pages=109–120}}</ref> === Hakkin rashin nuna bambanci: Matsayi, samun dama da iko === Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ta ba da kariya mai zurfi daga nuna bambanci da kuma hakkoki masu mahimmanci da ba za a iya ba da su ba ga dukkan' yan adam. Ya tsara cewa Jihohi Jam'iyyun za su mutunta kuma su tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar ga kowane yaro a cikin ikonsu ba tare da nuna bambanci na kowane nau'i ba, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ko iyayensa ko mai kula da doka ba, launi, jima'i, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, ƙasa, kabilanci ko asalin zamantakewa, dukiya, nakasa, haihuwa ko wani matsayi.<ref>[[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] Article 2.1</ref> Hakkin da aka bayar a karkashin Yarjejeniyar ya shafi yara wadanda ba na kasa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin shige da fice ba ko matsayin iyayen su. Wannan ya hada da yara masu ziyara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'ya'yan ma'aikatan ƙaura da yara marasa takardun shaida. Hakkin rashin nuna bambanci yana ba da damar kowane yaro don taimako da tallafi nan take yayin da ake tantance halin da yaron ke ciki da ita ko kuma abubuwan da ya fi so. Rashin nuna bambanci ba ya nuna cewa an ba wa yaro izinin zama na atomatik, amma ana yanke shawara bisa ga ƙudurin [[Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa|mafi kyawun sha'awa]], ko za a dawowa da yaro ko kuma ƙasar da aka nufa ta ɗauki iko akan yaron.<ref>European Commission, Tackling Multiple Discrimination: Practices, Policies and Laws, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2007.</ref><ref>European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European Non-discrimination Law, 2011.</ref> Yayin da suke kimanta yanayin yaron da halin da ake ciki, hukumomin jihar suna da alhakin bayyana wane jiha ke da iko a kan yaro kuma, idan an buƙata kuma ya dace, canja wuri ko kafa iko a ƙasar da aka nufa. Lokacin da iko a kan yaro wanda ba na kasa ba ya bayyana, yaron yana cikin haɗarin kasancewa a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas kuma yana iya amfana ne kawai daga ayyukan wucin gadi da matakan kariya, har sai matsayin yaron ya cika ko kuma yaron ya koma ƙasar da ke da iko. Abubuwan da suka shafi iko sun hada da: * Za a iya samun shari'ar da ke jiran kotu inda yaron yake ciki. * Ayyukan zamantakewa a wata ƙasa na iya sa ido kan yaron da ita ko iyalinsa. * Yanayin yaron na iya kasancewa a karkashin binciken tilasta bin doka a wata ƙasa, gami da inda ake zargin fataucin yara. * Yaron na iya ba da aikace-aikacen mafaka a wata ƙasa; * Ana iya yin rajistar yaron a matsayin 'yaro da ya ɓace' a ƙasashen waje.<ref>Hague Conference on Private International Law, Practical Handbook on the Operation of the 1996 Child Protection Convention, 2014.</ref> === Ci gaba === Hakkin yaro ga rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba ana ba da shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara. Wadannan hakkoki an amince da su ta hanyar Jihohi kuma suna da alaƙa da rayuwa, tsaro da kiwon lafiya a matsayin wajibi ga ci gaban jiki da kuma ci gaban tunani, ruhaniya, ɗabi'a, ilimi, fahimta, motsin rai da zamantakewar al'adu na yaro. Wannan yana cikin ƙoƙari don tabbatar da matsakaicin rayuwa, girma da damar yaron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Post-deportation Monitoring pp68-69">{{Cite web |title=Podeszfa, Leana and Friederike Vetter, Post-deportation Monitoring: Why, how and by whom?, University of Oxford, Refugee Study Centre, Forced Migration Review, Detention, alternatives to detention and deportation, Issue 44, September 2013, pp. 68-69, p. 68.}}</ref><ref name="Between a rock and a hard place">{{Cite web |title=Refugee Council, 'Between a rock and a hard place: the dilemma facing refused asylum seekers', December 2012.}}</ref> Ingancin kulawa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan ci gaban yaro. Inganta haƙƙin ci gaban yaro da buƙatu yana nufin ba ta damar girma a cikin iyalinta na asali ko a cikin madadin kulawa na iyali ko iyali, duk inda wannan yake don amfanin yaro. Shirye-shiryen kulawa da samun damar samun ingancin sabis don kiwon lafiya da ilimi suna da mahimmanci yayin tantance bukatun ci gaban yaro.<ref name="Post-deportation Monitoring pp68-69"/><ref name="Between a rock and a hard place"/> Abubuwan da ke biyowa sun dace yayin kimanta bukatun ci gaban yaro (tare da ambaton abubuwan da suka dace a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara): * Hakkin kiyaye ta ko asalinsa, gami da kasa, suna da alakar iyali (Mataki na 8); * Ci gaba a cikin kula da yaro da girma, tare da la'akari da kabilanci, addini, al'adu da asalin harshe na yaro (Mataki na 20); * Hakkin yaro ya ji daɗin mafi girman matakin kiwon lafiya (Mataki na 24); * Hakkin kowane yaro ga yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dace da ci gaban jiki, tunani, ruhaniya, ɗabi'a da zamantakewa na yaro (Mataki na 27); * Samun dama ga ilimi (Mataki na 28 da 29); * Hakkin yaro na hutawa da hutawa, don shiga cikin wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi da suka dace da ita ko shekarunsa (Mataki na 31). === Samun damar yin adalci === ==== Yara da adalci a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa ==== Yara a kan tafiya wani lokacin suna shafar ko suna cikin rikici da doka, gami da rikice-rikicen iyali na kan iyaka da al'amuran alhakin iyaye da hulɗa, a matsayin masu neman mafaka ko wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka kuma, a wasu lokuta, a matsayin yara da ke rikici da dokar game da batutuwan shige da fice ko kuma batutuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu yara da ke rikici da doka a zahiri wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka. Dokar kasa da kasa da Turai suna ba da cikakkun ka'idoji da ke tsara magani, haƙƙoƙi da haƙƙin yara da ke hulɗa da shari'a, a matsayin waɗanda aka azabtar, waɗanda ake tuhuma ko masu aikata laifuka. ==== Yara da ke fama da aikata laifuka ==== Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ta haramta cin zarafin yara a kowane nau'i kuma a kowane mahallin (Mataki na 19, 32-36). Duk wani yaro da ya fuskanci tashin hankali, cin zarafi ko cin zarafi za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda aka aikata laifuka kuma yana jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa, gami da samun taimako, kariya da tallafi, sabis don farfadowa da farfadowar jiki, samun damar yin adalci, tare da kariya ta dace a duk wani shari'a ko tsarin gudanarwa. Ya kamata a gano yara da ke cikin haɗarin cin zarafi a matsayin masu haɗari kuma a tura su taimako da tallafi don hana cin zarafinsu ko wani lahani. ==== Yara da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma aikata laifuka ==== Wani muhimmin kariya ga yara da ke fama da aikata laifuka shine 'ma'anar rashin hukunci'. Yana nufin cewa yara da ke fama da laifuka na aikata laifuka, gami da fataucin mutane, za a kare su daga takunkumi ko gurfanar da su saboda ayyukan da suka aikata dangane da halin da suke ciki a matsayin wadanda aka azabtar. Matakin da ba na azabtarwa yana kare yara waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko aikata laifuka da kuma yara waɗanda aka tilasta musu shiga ƙasa ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye masu inganci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 2005.}}</ref> Jagororin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Adalci a cikin Al'amuran da suka shafi Yara da Shaidu na Laifi sun jaddada cewa "yara da suka sha wahala da shaidu na iya fuskantar ƙarin wahala idan aka kalli su a matsayin masu laifi lokacin da a zahiri wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma shaidu". Jagororin sun ce ya kamata a kare wadanda aka azabta daga tuhumar ba tare da la'akari da kowane nau'in 'yanci'akari da sa hannu a cikin laifi ba kuma ba tare da kula da shekarun yaron ba dangane da dokokin ƙasa da shekarun da ke bayyana shekarun aikata laifi. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yaro wanda aka azabtar kuma a bi da shi kamar haka "... ba tare da la'akari le rawar da suka taka a cikin laifin ko a cikin gurfanar da wanda ake zargi da laifin ko kungiyoyin masu laifi ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 22 July 2005, par. 7e.}}</ref> Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) Ka'idoji da Jagororin da aka ba da shawarar kan' yancin dan adam da Cinikin Dan Adam da Jagoronin [[UNICEF]] kan Kare Yara Wadanda ke fama da Cinikin sun sake jaddada haƙƙin rashin aikata laifuka musamman dangane da halin da ake ciki na wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane wadanda za a kare su daga alhakin aikata laifukan "duk wani laifi wanda ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye daga fataucin". Wannan tanadin ya kara karfafawa ta hanyar sashi na rashin hukunci na Dokar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwancin Tarayyar Turai ta 2011 da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Ayyuka game da Cin Hancin Dan Adam, sabili da haka an sanya shi a kan Kasashe: "Kowace Jam'iyya za ta, bisa ga ka'idojin ka'idoji na tsarin shari'arta, samar da yiwuwar kada a sanya hukunci ga wadanda abin ya shafa saboda shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, har zuwa inda aka tilasta musu yin hakan. " (Mataki na 26).<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Child-Friendly Version, 2009.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Model Law and Related Commentary, 2009.}}</ref> Lokacin da yaro wanda ba na kasa ba ya saba wa doka kuma babu wata alama cewa an yi amfani da yaron a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma an azabtar da shi, ka'idojin adalci na yara iri ɗaya sun shafi yara na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Economic and Social Council, E/2002/68/Add.1, 20 May 2002.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Children's Fund, Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking, UNICEF Technical Notes, 2006.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Council of Refugees and Exiles, Right to Justice: Quality Legal Assistance for Unaccompanied Children, Annex 1: Guiding principles for quality legal assistance for unaccompanied children, 2014.}}</ref> === Hakkin samun taimako na kwastomomi === Yaran da ke waje da ƙasarsu suna da 'yancin samun taimako daga ofisoshin jakadanci da ofisoshin kwastomomi da ke wakiltar ƙasarsu. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa da taimakawa yara a kasashen waje, kafa lambobin sadarwa na tallafi da turawa, da kuma tattara taimako. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya tuntuɓar hukumomin tsakiya ko wuraren hulɗa na ƙasa don shawarwarin fasaha a lokuta da suka shafi yara. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar [[Vienna]] ta 1963 kan Dangantakar Kasuwanci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ayyukan kwastomomi sun haɗa da taimakawa da taimakawa 'yan ƙasa na jihar aikawa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da matakai don kare bukatun yara waɗanda ke cikin ƙasar aikawa a cikin iyakokin da dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa suka ɗora, musamman lokacin da ake buƙatar nada mai kula.<ref>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 5e and h</ref> Dole ne hukumomin ƙasar da aka nufa su sanar da ofishin kwastam ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da aka yi la'akari da nadin mai kula da yaro. Dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa game da nadin mai kula suna aiki kuma ba su da tasiri ta hanyar raba bayanai tare da ofisoshin kwastam masu dacewa.<ref>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 37b</ref> === Shige da fice da motsi a cikin Tarayyar Turai === Dukkanin mutane, gami da iyaye, iyalai tare da yara da Yara marasa raka'a, suna jin daɗin 'yancin motsi a cikin yankin Turai. A cikin yankin Turai na 'yancin motsi,' yan ƙasa na Tarayyar Turai da Kasashen EFTA Iceland, [[Liechtenstein]], Norway da [[Switzerland]] suna da damar shiga da zama a wasu Kasashen membobin Tarayyar Tarayyar na tsawon watanni uku ba tare da rajista ba kuma an ba su izinin zama lokacin da za su iya nuna samun kudin shiga. Hakkin yara a matsayin baƙi marasa haɗin kai a yankin Turai na 'yancin motsi ba a bayyana su a bayyane ba kuma nauyin ma'aikata masu alaƙa ba su da tabbas. Hanyar da gwamnatocin ƙasa ke fassara da kuma tsara ka'idojin 'yancin motsi ga yara marasa matuka a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe.<ref>European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States.</ref> === Gidan mafaka === Yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarjejeniyarta sun tsara haƙƙin mutane don neman kariya ta duniya. Yara suna jin daɗin kariya ta musamman kuma suna da 'yancin yin nazarin aikace-aikacen mafaka ɗai-ɗai. Dole ne a yi la'akari da takamaiman dalilan tsanantawa na yara ba tare da la'akari ba ko yaron ya yi amfani da shi shi kadai ko tare da iyaye ko mai kulawa. Kasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai sun sake tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodin don yanayin EU kuma sun karɓi jerin Dokokin da ke tsara cancanta da yanayin karɓar masu neman mafaka a cikin EU da kuma hanyoyin mafaka da batutuwan dawowa. == Rashin ƙarfi == Yara a kan motsi ana kiransu 'masu rauni' kodayake ba a bayyana ma'anar kalmar ba ko bayyana ta don yanayin kariya ta yara. Sau da yawa ana fahimtar rauni a matsayin rashi kuma ana daidaita shi da rauni da buƙatar kariya. Daga tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin yara, rauni yana nufin iyakantaccen damar da yaro ke da shi don yin amfani da ita ko haƙƙinsa kamar yadda aka ba shi a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> Ma'anar da ke akwai game da rauni waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin yanayin rage talauci, kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama da amfani a cikin yanayin kariya ga yara.Wannan rauni ya kara muni ta hanyar kariya ta doka. Matasa a kan tafiyar sun fi rauni fiye da manya baƙi kuma suna fuskantar rushewa, raguwa, rashin tattalin arziki da albarkatun kayan aiki, rashin samun dama ga ayyuka na asali, da kuma karuwar haɗarin cin zarafi, tashin hankali da cin zarafi. == Gudun hijira mai aminci == Wasu yara suna ƙaura da kariya da kulawa kuma wasu suna samun nasara don cimma burin da ya motsa tafiyarsu. Lokacin da ƙaura ta kasance lafiya kuma tana da nasara, yara suna da damar haɓaka jin daɗinsu, don samun damar sabis mafi inganci da kuma amfana daga ingantaccen ilimi. Hanyoyin ƙaura masu aminci na iya tallafawa yara sosai a cikin canjin su zuwa girma da rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Za su inganta damar rayuwa, gami da sauyawa zuwa manya da kasuwar aiki, tare da yanayin aiki mafi kyau, albashi mafi girma da kuma karuwar damar ba da gudummawa ga al'ummominsu da al'ummomi, a cikin ƙasashe na asali da makoma. Yara da matasa na iya tallafa wa iyalansu ta hanyar aikawa da tallafawa ci gaban al'ummomin da suka fito.<ref>Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 3.</ref><ref>Inter-Agency Group on Children on the Move, Why Children Matter, Experiences and lessons learnt from interventions to protect children on the move, The High Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development 2013</ref><ref>Side Event to the 46th Session of the Commission on Population and Development: “New Trends in Migration: Demographic Aspects”, 24 April 2013, p. 3.</ref><ref>Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations Children’s Fund, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Children and International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean, Challenges, Newsletter on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals from a child rights perspective, Number 11, 2010, p. 2.</ref> == Hadarin yara a cikin ƙaura == Ga yara da suka yi ƙaura don tserewa daga yanayin rayuwa mai wahala, tashin hankali ko rikici, ƙaura na iya zama damar rage haɗari. Sauran suna fuskantar haɗari mai tsanani yayin ƙaura ko a wurin da aka nufa. Wasu kungiyoyin yara suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafi da cin zarafin, gami da fataucin mutane, saboda rashin ƙarfi na tsaro na zamantakewa. Hadarin da yaro ke fuskanta sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da juna kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tarawa. Yaron da ya riga ya zauna a cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar talauci, cin zarafi ko barin makaranta, ana ɗaukarsa mafi rauni lokacin da ƙarin haɗari suka zo, kamar dangantakar cin zarafi o ƙaura mai haɗari.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> Yara masu ƙaura da yawa suna fuskantar lahani yayin tafiya da kuma inda suke. Yara suna fuskantar tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafi a hannun mutanen da suka haɗu da su a cikin zirga-zirga da kuma inda suke, gami da ma'aikata, masu jigilar kaya, masu safarar mutane da masu fataucin mutane. Za su iya fuskantar matakai masu mahimmanci na rashin kulawa ko cin zarafin jami'an gwamnati, gami da 'yan sanda, masu tsaron iyaka, jami'an shige da fice da ma'aikata a wuraren karɓar baƙi ko tsare-tsare. Wasu 'yan gudun hijira suna mutuwa a kan tafiya daga rashin ruwa, [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], sufuri ko haɗarin sufuri ko nutsar da teku.<ref>Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 5.</ref> Yanayin ƙaura mara aminci, ta hanyar yanayinsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga yara. Baya ga fuskantar ayyukan tashin hankali, yara suna cikin haɗarin yin rikici da doka idan sun yi tafiya ba tare da takardun da ake buƙata ba, idan sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko aikata laifuka don samun rayuwa, ko kuma idan wasu sun rinjayi su ko tilasta su yin hakan. A cikin yanayi na motsi na al'ada ko ƙaura mai zagaye, irin waɗannan yanayi na iya rinjayar jin daɗi, aminci da ci gaba sosai na yaro.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> === Amfani da shi === Yara a kan tafiya suna cikin haɗarin nau'o'i daban-daban na cin zarafi. Sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin batsa da karuwanci, masu aikata laifukan jima'i masu tafiya ta hanyar kyamarorin yanar gizo, hotunan cin zarafin yara da abubuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a intanet. Amfani yana faruwa ne a cikin aikin yara da aikin gida, a matsayin au-pairs, a cikin masana'antu, gine-gine, shimfida asphalt, gidajen cin abinci da masana'antun tsaftacewa, noma da karɓar 'ya'yan itace da kuma bara. Har ila yau, akwai shari'o'in kasa da kasa na auren yara da aka tilasta. Iyalai, ƙananan kungiyoyi ko manyan hanyoyin aikata laifuka na iya shirya cin zarafin yara. Ana amfani da yara a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma aikata laifuka, gami da samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi da fataucin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi, satar aljihu ko sata.<ref>United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in Europe, A broad vision to put children first, Innocenti Insight, 2008, p. 12.</ref><ref>United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in the Nordic Countries, Rethinking strategies and national responses, A Technical Report, 2012, pp. 18-20.</ref> Yara da aka yi wa fataucin mutane suna amfani da su sosai ta hanyar masu fataucin kaya don dalilai kamar bara, cin hanci da rashawa, cin hancin shaida, cin hance da rashawa.<ref>Europol, The THB Financial Business Model, Assessing the current state of knowledge, 2015, p. 13.</ref> === Cinikin mutane === An bayyana fataucin yara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a matsayin daukar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wuri, adanawa ko karɓar yaro don manufar cin zarafi. Duk da yake wannan ma'anar ta shafi shari'o'in kasa da kasa da / ko shari'o-tafiye da suka shafi kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, ana gane fataucin yara a waje da waɗannan sigogi.<ref name="TngManualFightTrafficking-Textbk1">{{Cite journal |last=I.L.O, UNICEF, and UN.GIFT |year=2009 |title=Training Manual to Fight Child Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation – Textbook 1: Understanding Child Trafficking |url=http://www.unicef.org/protection/Textbook_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903005514/http://www.unicef.org/protection/Textbook_1.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta fadada ma'anar don haɗawa da motsi da cin zarafi a matsayin mahimman fannoni na fataucin yara.<ref name="TngManualFightTrafficking-Textbk1" /> Wadanda ke fama da fataucin kasa da kasa na iya ƙetare iyakoki tare da ko ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye na doka ba kuma tare da ko kuma ba tare da taimakon masu safarar mutane ba. Sau da yawa ana daukar mutane cikin fataucin mutane ne kawai bayan sun haye iyakar kasa da kasa. A lokuta da yawa, fataucin mutane yana faruwa a cikin ƙasashe kuma babu ƙetare iyaka da ke ciki. Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 ta ɗauki hanyoyin fataucin mutane da yardar yaro ga kowane aikin fataucin ba shi da mahimmanci wajen gano wanda aka yi fataucin. Hanyoyin cin zarafin da zasu iya zama fataucin mutane sun hada da, "aƙalla, cin zarafin karuwanci na wasu ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tilasta aiki ko ayyuka, bautar ko ayyukan da suka yi kama da bautar, bautar da kuma cire gabobin".<ref>UN Trafficking Protocol, Article 3</ref> Ana iya gurfanar da fataucin yara lokacin da zai yiwu a tabbatar da niyyar cin zarafin yaron, koda kuwa ba a riga an yi amfani da shi ba. Fassara daban-daban wani lokacin suna da wahala a rarrabe fataucin yara daga wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi. ==== Ma'anar fataucin yara a Turai ==== Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Ayyuka game da Cin Hanci da Cin Hanyoyi (2005) ta karɓi ma'anar ƙasa da ƙasa, iri ɗaya a cikin kalmomi, tana jaddada duk da haka cewa za a kare wadanda abin ya shafa a lokuta inda fataucin ke faruwa a cikin ƙasashe kuma ba tare da shigar manyan kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liste complète |url=http://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/197}}</ref> Umurnin Yammacin Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci na Tarayyar Turai (2011) ya fadada ra'ayin cin zarafi a cikin manufar fataucin mutane. A bayyane ya haɗa da manufar cin zarafi a cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'anar fataucin mutane. Mataki na 2.3 ya bayyana cewa "'amfani da ayyukan aikata laifuka' ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin cin zarafin mutum don yin, a tsakanin sauran, satar aljihu, ɗaga shago, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauran irin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin hukunci kuma suna nuna riba ta kuɗi". Umurnin ya bayyana cewa "amfani da bara, gami da amfani da mutum mai dogaro da fataucin mutane don bara, ya fada cikin ma'anar fataucin a cikin mutane ne kawai lokacin da duk abubuwan tilasta aiki ko ayyuka suka faru".<ref>The European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels, 15 April 2011, par. 11.</ref> === Fitar da kayayyaki === Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da safarar baƙi ta ƙasa, teku da iska ta bayyana safarar mutane a matsayin "sakewa, don samun, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, fa'idar kuɗi ko wasu kayan aiki na shigar mutum ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Jam'iyyar Jiha wanda mutumin ba ɗan ƙasa ba ne ko mazaunin dindindin". Mai shigo da kaya yana sauƙaƙa ƙetare iyaka na wasu ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye da ake buƙata ba kuma don samun kuɗi ko wasu riba. Da zarar mai shigo da kaya ya sauƙaƙa ƙetare iyaka ko tabbatar da isowar baƙi a wurin da aka amince da shi, hulɗa tsakanin mai shigo da mutane da baƙi da aka shigo da su yawanci ya ƙare. Fitar da mutane a fadin iyakokin kasa da kasa na iya zama wani ɓangare na aikin fataucin mutane lokacin da aka yi shi don manufar cin zarafin mutane a ƙasar da aka nufa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html}}</ref><ref>United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, Article 3.</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar smuggling laifi ne ga jihar, mutanen da ke amfani da ayyukan smugglers na iya shan wahala ta hanyar tashin hankali yayin da ake smuggling ko kuma suna iya mutuwa saboda yanayin sufuri mara kyau. === Sayar da yara === Sayar da yara yana nufin duk wani aiki ko ma'amala inda kowane mutum ko rukuni na mutane ke tura yaro zuwa wani don biyan kuɗi ko wani la'akari. Duk da yake fataucin mutane na iya haɗawa da sayarwa da siyar da mutane, siyar da yara na iya haifar da cin zarafi amma ba lallai ba ne. Ana sayar da yara a wasu lokuta a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba, alal misali. Ana kuma sayar da yara don cin zarafin jima'i ko aiki. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya samun haɗuwa tsakanin fataucin mutane da siyarwa a matsayin ayyukan laifi guda biyu a cikin shari'a ɗaya.<ref>Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Article 2(a).</ref> == Shige da fice da ci gaba mai ɗorewa == Haɗin tsakanin ƙaura da ci gaba an san shi sosai. Shige da fice yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da Agenda na 2030 don Ci Gaban Ci gaba. Dangane da yanayin yawan jama'a na yanzu, yawan jama'ar kasashe masu arziki za su ci gaba da tsufa ba tare da daidaituwa ba yayin da ƙaramin ƙarni ke da yawa a kasashe masu karamin kuɗi, suna haifar da damuwa a kasuwar ma'aikata, tsaro na zamantakewa, ilimi da abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>United Nations, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Transforming Our World – The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015.</ref> Gudun hijira na iya rage waɗannan rashin daidaituwa a bangarorin biyu. Yana da damar kara yawan ma'aikata da karfafa matasa a cikin lambobi inda ake bukata. Wannan zai haifar da karuwar gudummawa ga tsarin jin dadin jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga da kuma rage damuwa a kan tsarin jin dadin zamantakewa a ƙasashen asali tare da matsanancin talauci da rashin aikin yi. Manufofin ƙaura da motsi ya kamata su sauƙaƙa musayar ilimi, iyawa da albarkatun ɗan adam yayin hana motsi ɗaya da ɓarkewar kwakwalwa. Idan aka gani daga wannan ra'ayi, ƙaura tana da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa don rage talauci da haɓaka ci gaban duniya mai ɗorewa.<ref>United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Population Division, University of Houston, International Migration, Children and Adolescents, Population Dynamics, October 2013, pp. 1, 4.</ref><ref name="Cortina, Jeronimo 2013, p. 2">Cortina, Jeronimo, Children, Education and Migration: Win-win policy responses for co-development, QScience Proceedings, Family, Migration and Dignity Special Issue, University of Houston and United Nations Children’s Fund, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, 2013, p. 2.</ref> Haɗin tsakanin ƙaura da ci gaba suna da tasiri ga manufofi da aiki a cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma ana buƙatar daidaita matakan da suka dace a ƙasashe masu zuwa da asali. Daga hangen nesa na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ci gaba, ƙasashen asali da makoma suna da alhakin sarrafa ƙaura. Kyakkyawan ci gaba da rage haɗarin daga ƙaura na iya haɗawa da haɓaka babban birnin ɗan adam na baƙi da saka hannun jari a cikin haɗin gwiwar kula da ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe na asali da makoma a cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref name="Cortina, Jeronimo 2013, p. 2">Cortina, Jeronimo, Children, Education and Migration: Win-win policy responses for co-development, QScience Proceedings, Family, Migration and Dignity Special Issue, University of Houston and United Nations Children’s Fund, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, 2013, p. 2.</ref> == Tarihin ƙaurawar yara ta ƙasa == === Ostiraliya === A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an cire yara da yawa na Aboriginal Australiya daga iyalansu kuma an sanya su a cibiyoyi da gidaje masu kula, a cikin abin da aka sani da Stolen Generations . Yara 130,000 sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin taimakon ƙaura na yara daga Burtaniya kadai, tare da ƙaramin adadi daga [[Malta]]. An karɓi yara masu ƙaura ko kuma an haife su a gidajen yara, cibiyoyi, gidajen marayu ko kulawa. Yawancin waɗannan yara an yi amfani da su a cikin aikin bayi ta majami'u a Ostiraliya. Yawancin waɗannan yara sun fuskanci sakaci da cin zarafi yayin da suke cikin kulawar ma'aikata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 Firayim Ministan Australia, Kevin Rudd ya nemi gafara ga "Mutanen Australia da aka rasa" da yara masu ƙaura a madadin kasar.<ref name="sorry">{{Cite web |last=Anon |date=16 November 2009 |title=Australia 'sorry' for child abuse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8361389.stm |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech &#124; Prime Minister of Australia |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/node/6321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405065659/http://www.pm.gov.au/node/6321 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |access-date=2010-03-11}} PMs apology</ref> "Mutanen da aka rasa" kalma ce da Majalisar Dattijan Australiya ta yi amfani da ita don bayyana yara da aka girma a gidajen marayu, gidajen yara, cibiyoyi ko kulawa a Ostiraliya. Yara masu ƙaura takamaiman rukuni ne na "Mutanen da suka ɓace".<ref>http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=582660 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229101829/http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=582660 |date=2010-12-29 }} Adoption & Forgotten Australians - Child Migrants</ref> === Bulgaria === Shige da fice na yara wani abu ne da ke da alaƙa da ƙaurawar masu kula da kasuwar Bulgarian zuwa Austria-Hungary a rabi na biyu na karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, saboda amfani da aikin yara (yawanci yara maza) a cikin lambu na kasuwa. Ayyukan yara sun kawo manyan masu aikin lambu mafi girma tun lokacin da ba a biya yara ba amma sun yi aiki a matsayin masu koyo don kiyaye su kawai. Ƙananan yara sun taimaka a cikin lambuna kuma sun koyi ƙwarewar lambu, yayin da waɗanda suka riga sun kasance masu ƙarfi a jiki suka yi ayyukan lambu na musamman. Za'a iya rarrabe alamu daban-daban na ƙaurawar yara bisa ga tarihin rayuwa da labarun rayuwar kansu na masu lambu na kasuwa: yara da suka yi ƙaura tare da iyayensu masu lambu a kasuwa a matsayin iyali ko waɗanda suka yi lambu na kasuwar da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje; yara da suka ƙaura tare na ɗaya daga cikin iyaye (yawanci mahaifin lambu na kasuwanci) ko kuma tare da dangi na mahaifinsa mai lambu don "koyi aiki"; yara waɗanda suka yi ƙauka tare da iyayensa masu tasowa suna rayuwa a kasuwa a kan iyalan su, su, su suna rayuwa ta hanyar kuɗi, su bar iyalin su zama a ƙasarsu suna rayuwa a ƙasa da yara masu ƙanƙanta suna rayuwa"<ref>http://penkapeykovska.blogspot.hu/p/blog-page_20.html Peykovska, Penka, Child Migration, Child Labor and School Attainment. Evidence from the Bulgarian Community in Hungary (Late 19th to the 1930s)</ref> === Kanada ===   Tsarin makarantar zama na Indiyawan Kanada, wanda aka kafa a karni na 19, an yi niyya ne don tilasta daidaitawa da Mutanen Aboriginal a Kanada cikin al'ummar Turai-Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alberni School Victim Speaks Out |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/education/Default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726170335/http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/education/Default.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2009 |access-date=2009-12-02 |website=First Nations Drum}}</ref> An rufe makarantar zama ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 1996. A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2008, Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya nemi gafara, a madadin majalisar ministocin da ke zaune, a gaban masu sauraro na wakilan Aboriginal, kuma a cikin jawabin da aka watsa a cikin kasa a kan CBC, don manufofin gwamnatocin da suka gabata na daidaitawa.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/06/11/aboriginal-apology.html PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools] - cbc.ca, June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-02.</ref>A shekara ta 2009, [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya nuna baƙin cikinsa game da "tsananin da ya haifar da mummunar hali na wasu membobin Cocin" kuma ya ba da "haushi da hadin kai na addu'a". === Malta === Yara 310 sun yi hijira daga Malta zuwa Ostiraliya tsakanin 1950 da 1965 a karkashin 'Yar Shige da Fice zuwa Ostiraaliya Shirin' biyo bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin kwamitin Shige da fice na Katolika na Australiya da Ministan Shige da Shige da Fitowa da Ma'aikata a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1949. <ref name="apology">{{Cite web |last=Attard |first=Elaine |title=Australian PM apologises for child abuse |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=97331 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120044207/http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=97331 |archive-date=20 November 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=The Malta Independent online |publisher=Standard Publications Ltd}}</ref> Yawancin yaran Maltese da aka aika zuwa Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin wannan makirci sun fito ne daga gidajen marayu na gwamnati ko gidajen yara na Ikilisiya kuma an ce duk sun tafi tare da yardar iyayensu. Gwamnatin Australiya ta ba da gudummawa don maraba da yara maza na Maltese, masu shekaru tsakanin takwas zuwa 11, da 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin biyar zuwa 10 a cikin cibiyoyin Katolika kuma sun yi alkawarin ba su aiki karkashin kulawar hukumomin Katolika.<ref name="apology" /> Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yara ya zama firist kuma wasu da yawa sun fara aiki duk da cewa da yawa sun girma da rauni da sanin cewa iyayensu sun yarda da barin gida.<ref name="apology" /> An haɗa 'yan gudun hijirar Maltese a cikin neman gafara na Firayim Minista na Australiya na 2009 ga waɗanda suka sha wahala a hannun masu kula da su a cibiyoyi, marayu da kulawa.<ref name="apology" /> === Falasdinu da aka tilasta === A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, dubban kananan yara daga iyalan Yahudawa a Turai da ke zaune a Nazi an kai su cikin aminci a Mandatory Palestine (yanzu Isra'ila). === Ƙasar Ingila ===   Ayyukan aikawa da yara matalauta ko marayu zuwa yankunan mazauna Ingila, don taimakawa wajen rage karancin ma'aikata, ya fara ne a Ingila a cikin 1618, tare da tarawa da jigilar yara 100 zuwa mulkin mallaka na Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A child migration timeline |url=http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm |access-date=2009-04-07 |website=The Goldonian |publisher=Goldonian Web |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031547/http://goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, ana ganin shirin Home Children a matsayin hanyar motsa yara matalauta zuwa "rayuwa mafi kyau" a Ostiraliya, Kanada da sauran wurare, tare da samar da "farin kaya" mai kyau ga tsoffin yankuna. Ba a tuntubi yara da iyaye ba, kuma sau da yawa ana raba 'yan uwa.<ref>[[Child Labor]] By Sandy Hobbs, Jim McKechnie, [[Michael Lavalette]] p. 33, 34</ref> A cikin jimlar an aika yara 130,000 daga Ƙasar Ingila zuwa Kanada, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), da Ostiraliya. Sau da yawa ana yin ƙarya ga yara game da mutuwar iyayensu kuma da yawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi a sababbin gidajensu.<ref name="sorry"/> A watan Fabrairun 2010 Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, [[Gordon Brown]] ya ba da gafara na hukuma don shirin sake zama na yara 'mai kunya' kuma ya ba da sanarwar asusun fam miliyan 6 da aka tsara don biyan iyalan da shirin "ba daidai ba" ya shafa. The Child Migrants Trust tun lokacin da ya kafa Asusun Maido da Iyali don amfani da wannan kuɗin don taimakawa sake haɗuwa da tsoffin yara masu ƙaura tare da iyalansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin tallafi ga tsoffin yara da iyalinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Family Restoration Fund |url=http://www.childmigrantstrust.com/services/family-restoration-fund |access-date=28 July 2013 |website=Child migrants Trust}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kwashe yara miliyan 3.5 daga yankunan da ke cikin haɗarin bama-bamai zuwa yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Home page |url=http://www.evacuees.org.uk/ |access-date=28 April 2010 |website=The Evacuees Reunion Association.}}</ref> (Dubi Gudun fararen hula a Burtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.) Har ila yau, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kusan yara 10,000 marasa matasan daga iyalai na Yahudawa a Turai da ke zaune a Nazi an kai shi lafiya a Burtaniya. Binciken da aka kammala a shekarar 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Shige da Fice, Manufofi da Al'umma ta [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (COMPAS) karkashin jagorancin Dokta Nando Sigona ya ba da haske game da halin da yara ba su da damar zama a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-15 |title=No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net |url=http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/}}</ref> Binciken, 'Babu hanyar fita, babu hanyar shiga: Yara masu ƙaura da iyalai a Burtaniya', ya kiyasta yawan yara 120,000 ba tare da matsayi ba, daga cikinsu 65,000 an haife su a Burtaniya ga iyaye ba tare da haƙƙin zama a kasar ba. === Amurka === A cikin karni na 19 akwai yunkurin motsa yara daga biranen gabas da ke cike da mutane zuwa iyalan karkara na yamma da yamma da marayu. Mafi shahara shine motsi na jirgin kasa marayu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torigoe |first=John |date=24 December 2008 |title=He rode the 'Orphan Train' across the country |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/12/24/orphan.trains/index.html |journal=CNN}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daga iyalansu kuma an tura su makarantun kwana don tilasta musu su shiga cikin al'adun yamma. === Finland === A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da Finland ke yaƙi da Rasha, kimanin yara 70 000 na Finnish an kai su jirgin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa galibi zuwa [[Sweden]], amma kuma zuwa Norway da Denmark. Wadannan yara galibi ana kiransu yara na yaƙi. A ƙarshen yaƙin, dubban yara sun sami tallafi daga iyayensu "sabon". == Dubi kuma == * Ƙananan ba tare da wani ba * Tsaro na yara na kasa da kasa * Jerin dokokin kasa da kasa da na Turai game da kariya da ƙaura * Hakkin jin * [[Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa]] * Cinikin yara * Yaron Anchor * Jirgin yara == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/familyhistory/guide/migrantancestors/child.htm Tarihin Kasa - ƙaurawar yara] * [http://www.childmigrantstrust.com Shafin yanar gizon Child Migrants Trust] * [http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/adoption Amincewa da kuma mantawa da 'yan Australia] * [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/inside_life_in_childrens_homes_and_institutions/home ''A ciki: Rayuwa a cikin Gidajen Yara da Cibiyoyin'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya] * [http://www.nma.gov.au/blogs/inside/ ''A ciki: Rayuwa a cikin Gidajen Yara da Cibiyoyin'' baje kolin blog, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213033920/https://nma.gov.au/blogs/inside/ |date=2019-02-13 }} * [http://forgottenaustralianshistory.gov.au/index.html Mutanen da aka manta da su: Tarihinmu - Gidan yanar gizon Gwamnatin Australiya wanda ya haɗa da tarihin baki, albarkatu da hotuna] * [https://www.academia.edu/3024084/Penka_Peykovska_CHILD_MIGRATION_CHILD_LABOR_AND_SCHOOL_ATTAINMENT_EVIDENCE_FROM_THE_BULGARIAN_COMMUNITY_IN_HUNGARY_LATE_19th_CENTURY_TO_THE_1930s_ Gudun yara, aikin yara da samun ilimi] == manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Transnational child protection}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ewni1pc73xk1phgbr23vefk5knyo2ki 890915 890861 2026-08-03T11:34:16Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Childhood Joy.jpg|thumb|Shige da ficen yara]] [[Fayil:Children at the Sunset.jpg|thumb|wasanin yara]] Shige da fice na yara, ko "yara a cikin ƙaura ko motsi" (wani lokacin "yara a kan motsi" ) [[motsi]] ne na mutane masu shekaru 3-18 a cikin ko a fadin iyakokin siyasa, tare da ko ba tare da iyayensu ba mai kula da doka ba, zuwa wata ƙasa ko yanki.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-60306853.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535488761995&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-60306853</ref> Suna iya tafiya tare da ko ba tare da Takardun tafiye-tafiye na doka ba. Za su iya isa ƙasar da aka nufa a matsayin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], [[Mai Neman Mafaka|Masu neman mafaka]], ko baƙi na tattalin arziki. == Dalilan ƙaura == Dalilin da yara ke yi ƙaura ya bambanta kamar mutanen da ke ƙaura. Sun hada da dalilai na tattalin arziƙi, burin ilimi, dalilan da suka shafi jinsi ko al'ada, dalilai na mutum da kuma gaggawa, bala'o'i na halitta, tsanantawa da rikice-rikicen jin kai. Wasu yara suna barin neman mafi kyawun dama yayin da wasu ke tserewa daga tashin hankali, cin zarafi, cin zarafin ko rikici. Dalilai da yawa sau da yawa sun dace. Lokacin da iyaye suka yi ƙaura ko suka rabu, yara na iya ƙaura zuwa wani wuri ko ƙasa tare da ɗaya ko duka iyaye, ko kuma iyayensu na iya barin su a baya kuma ƙaura ta kai tsaye ta shafa su. == Hakkin yara a cikin ƙaura da motsi == === Hakkin jin daɗi === Hakkin jin shi ka'idar haƙƙin yara ce kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ta bayyana. Dangane da Mataki na 12 na yarjejeniyar, yara suna da damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a duk batutuwan da suka shafi su, kuma dole ne a ba da ra'ayoyin su daidai da shekarun da balaga na yaro. Wannan haƙƙin ya shafi yadda yara ke shiga cikin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa da kuma shari'a da gudanarwa. A matsayin ka'ida ta gaba ɗaya, haƙƙin yaro na jin yana nuna manufar 'ofishin' na yara, kallon yara ba kawai a matsayin mutane masu rauni da ke buƙatar kariya ta musamman ba, har ma a matsayin masu yanke shawara, masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi da membobin al'umma masu aiki. Yara da yawa ba sa son raba bayanai tare da hukumomi a ƙasar da suke nufi saboda tsoron cewa bayyana bayanai bazai zama abin sha'awa ba kuma cewa ba da labarin su na iya haifar da dawowa zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali. Wataƙila mutane na uku sun umarci yara su bayyana wasu sassan labarinsu kawai, akwai yiwuwar barazana da tsoron ramuwar gayya, kuma yaron bazai amince da 'yan sanda ba kuma hukumomin yankin za su iya kare su. Tsarin karɓar baƙi wanda ke nuna girmamawa da kuma tabbatar da mutuncin yaro na iya cimma don inganta amincewa da yaro ga jami'ai da masu sana'a waɗanda ta sadu da su. Masu fassara na iya rinjayar tsarin tattara bayanai a cikin hanyoyin mafaka da bincike na laifi yayin da suke shafar yadda ake fahimtar labarin yaron da kuma fahimta. Fassarar da ba daidai ba na iya lalata bayanin yaron, wanda ke haifar da yanke shawara bisa ga bayanan da ba daidai bane. Wannan yana da alaƙa da ba kawai da abubuwan da aka fassara ba har ma da salon da zaɓin da yaron ya yi da kuma yadda masu fassara ke isar da saƙon.<ref>Crawley, Heaven, Working with Children and Young People Subject to Immigration Control, Guidelines for best practice, Second Edition, Immigration Law Practitioners’ Association, 2012.</ref> === Binciken da ya fi dacewa da ƙuduri === An bayyana mafi kyawun sha'awa a Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, wanda ya ce "a duk ayyukan da suka shafi yara, ko da aka gudanar da su ta hanyar cibiyoyin jin dadin jama'a ko masu zaman kansu, kotuna, hukumomin gudanarwa ko hukumomin majalisa, mafi kyawun sha-awar yaro zai zama la'akari na farko". Binciken mafi kyawun bukatun yaro yana nufin kimantawa da daidaitawa "duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanke shawara a cikin takamaiman yanayi ga takamaiman yaro ko ƙungiyar yara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47}}</ref> Hakkin yaro na samun ita ko mafi kyawun abubuwan da yake so a matsayin la'akari na farko yana nufin cewa abubuwan da ke cikin yaron suna da fifiko kuma ba kawai ɗaya daga cikin la'akari da yawa ba. Binciken takamaiman ne ga yaro a matsayin mutum, yana mai da mahimmanci don kafa dangantaka ta amincewa da yaro da kuma sadarwa yadda ya kamata a cikin yaren da yarinyar ko yaro ya fahimta. Binciken ya dace ya haɗa da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, Safe and Sound, What States can do to ensure respect for the best interests of unaccompanied and separated children in Europe, 2014.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006.}}</ref> A cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa, cikakken tsarin kimantawa da ƙuduri na mafi kyawun sha'awa yana la'akari da waɗannan: * Kafa asalin yaron da kuma asalin duk wani mutum da ke tare da shi da kuma ingancin dangantakarsu * Binciken shari'a, gami da abubuwan da suka biyo baya: ** Jin yaron ** Binciken halin da yaron yake ciki, asali da bukatun ** Yanayin zamantakewa da kimantawa na iyali ** Tattara shaidu ciki har da jarrabawar shari'a da hira da yaro ** Haɗari da ƙididdigar tsaro ** Taswirar tushen tallafi, ƙwarewa, damar da albarkatu don karfafawa * Ci gaba da aikin rayuwa * Cikakken tasirin yara na duk wani yanke shawara mai yuwuwa * Gano mafita mai dorewa * Ci gaba da kimantawa yayin aiwatar da mafita mai ɗorewa tare da bin diddigin da ya dace, bita da saka idanu, da gyare-gyare ga shirye-shiryen mafita mai tsawo, idan kuma kamar yadda ake buƙata, bisa ga mafi kyawun bukatun yaro A cikin ƙasar Ghana, akwai batun da aka mayar da hankali kan kwatankwacin ilimi tsakanin ɗaliban ƙaura da waɗanda ba ƙaura ba. An nuna cewa ɗaliban da ba 'yan gudun hijira ba sun sami ƙarin kulawa, sabili da haka, sun sami maki fiye da ɗaliban ƙaura. Ana buƙatar nuna ƙarin hankali ga baƙi kamar yadda aka nuna wa sauran ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamanja |first=Emmanuel |date=2015-11-30 |title=Child Migration and Academic Performance: The Case of Basic Education in Ghana |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1103112 |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |volume=7 |issue=15 |pages=109–120}}</ref> === Hakkin rashin nuna bambanci: Matsayi, samun dama da iko === Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ta ba da kariya mai zurfi daga nuna bambanci da kuma hakkoki masu mahimmanci da ba za a iya ba da su ba ga dukkan' yan adam. Ya tsara cewa Jihohi Jam'iyyun za su mutunta kuma su tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar ga kowane yaro a cikin ikonsu ba tare da nuna bambanci na kowane nau'i ba, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ko iyayensa ko mai kula da doka ba, launi, jima'i, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, ƙasa, kabilanci ko asalin zamantakewa, dukiya, nakasa, haihuwa ko wani matsayi.<ref>[[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] Article 2.1</ref> Hakkin da aka bayar a karkashin Yarjejeniyar ya shafi yara wadanda ba na kasa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin shige da fice ba ko matsayin iyayen su. Wannan ya hada da yara masu ziyara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'ya'yan ma'aikatan ƙaura da yara marasa takardun shaida. Hakkin rashin nuna bambanci yana ba da damar kowane yaro don taimako da tallafi nan take yayin da ake tantance halin da yaron ke ciki da ita ko kuma abubuwan da ya fi so. Rashin nuna bambanci ba ya nuna cewa an ba wa yaro izinin zama na atomatik, amma ana yanke shawara bisa ga ƙudurin [[Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa|mafi kyawun sha'awa]], ko za a dawowa da yaro ko kuma ƙasar da aka nufa ta ɗauki iko akan yaron.<ref>European Commission, Tackling Multiple Discrimination: Practices, Policies and Laws, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2007.</ref><ref>European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European Non-discrimination Law, 2011.</ref> Yayin da suke kimanta yanayin yaron da halin da ake ciki, hukumomin jihar suna da alhakin bayyana wane jiha ke da iko a kan yaro kuma, idan an buƙata kuma ya dace, canja wuri ko kafa iko a ƙasar da aka nufa. Lokacin da iko a kan yaro wanda ba na kasa ba ya bayyana, yaron yana cikin haɗarin kasancewa a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas kuma yana iya amfana ne kawai daga ayyukan wucin gadi da matakan kariya, har sai matsayin yaron ya cika ko kuma yaron ya koma ƙasar da ke da iko. Abubuwan da suka shafi iko sun hada da: * Za a iya samun shari'ar da ke jiran kotu inda yaron yake ciki. * Ayyukan zamantakewa a wata ƙasa na iya sa ido kan yaron da ita ko iyalinsa. * Yanayin yaron na iya kasancewa a karkashin binciken tilasta bin doka a wata ƙasa, gami da inda ake zargin fataucin yara. * Yaron na iya ba da aikace-aikacen mafaka a wata ƙasa; * Ana iya yin rajistar yaron a matsayin 'yaro da ya ɓace' a ƙasashen waje.<ref>Hague Conference on Private International Law, Practical Handbook on the Operation of the 1996 Child Protection Convention, 2014.</ref> === Ci gaba === Hakkin yaro ga rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba ana ba da shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara. Wadannan hakkoki an amince da su ta hanyar Jihohi kuma suna da alaƙa da rayuwa, tsaro da kiwon lafiya a matsayin wajibi ga ci gaban jiki da kuma ci gaban tunani, ruhaniya, ɗabi'a, ilimi, fahimta, motsin rai da zamantakewar al'adu na yaro. Wannan yana cikin ƙoƙari don tabbatar da matsakaicin rayuwa, girma da damar yaron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Post-deportation Monitoring pp68-69">{{Cite web |title=Podeszfa, Leana and Friederike Vetter, Post-deportation Monitoring: Why, how and by whom?, University of Oxford, Refugee Study Centre, Forced Migration Review, Detention, alternatives to detention and deportation, Issue 44, September 2013, pp. 68-69, p. 68.}}</ref><ref name="Between a rock and a hard place">{{Cite web |title=Refugee Council, 'Between a rock and a hard place: the dilemma facing refused asylum seekers', December 2012.}}</ref> Ingancin kulawa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan ci gaban yaro. Inganta haƙƙin ci gaban yaro da buƙatu yana nufin ba ta damar girma a cikin iyalinta na asali ko a cikin madadin kulawa na iyali ko iyali, duk inda wannan yake don amfanin yaro. Shirye-shiryen kulawa da samun damar samun ingancin sabis don kiwon lafiya da ilimi suna da mahimmanci yayin tantance bukatun ci gaban yaro.<ref name="Post-deportation Monitoring pp68-69"/><ref name="Between a rock and a hard place"/> Abubuwan da ke biyowa sun dace yayin kimanta bukatun ci gaban yaro (tare da ambaton abubuwan da suka dace a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara): * Hakkin kiyaye ta ko asalinsa, gami da kasa, suna da alakar iyali (Mataki na 8); * Ci gaba a cikin kula da yaro da girma, tare da la'akari da kabilanci, addini, al'adu da asalin harshe na yaro (Mataki na 20); * Hakkin yaro ya ji daɗin mafi girman matakin kiwon lafiya (Mataki na 24); * Hakkin kowane yaro ga yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dace da ci gaban jiki, tunani, ruhaniya, ɗabi'a da zamantakewa na yaro (Mataki na 27); * Samun dama ga ilimi (Mataki na 28 da 29); * Hakkin yaro na hutawa da hutawa, don shiga cikin wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi da suka dace da ita ko shekarunsa (Mataki na 31). === Samun damar yin adalci === ==== Yara da adalci a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa ==== Yara a kan tafiya wani lokacin suna shafar ko suna cikin rikici da doka, gami da rikice-rikicen iyali na kan iyaka da al'amuran alhakin iyaye da hulɗa, a matsayin masu neman mafaka ko wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka kuma, a wasu lokuta, a matsayin yara da ke rikici da dokar game da batutuwan shige da fice ko kuma batutuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu yara da ke rikici da doka a zahiri wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka. Dokar kasa da kasa da Turai suna ba da cikakkun ka'idoji da ke tsara magani, haƙƙoƙi da haƙƙin yara da ke hulɗa da shari'a, a matsayin waɗanda aka azabtar, waɗanda ake tuhuma ko masu aikata laifuka. ==== Yara da ke fama da aikata laifuka ==== Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ta haramta cin zarafin yara a kowane nau'i kuma a kowane mahallin (Mataki na 19, 32-36). Duk wani yaro da ya fuskanci tashin hankali, cin zarafi ko cin zarafi za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda aka aikata laifuka kuma yana jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa, gami da samun taimako, kariya da tallafi, sabis don farfadowa da farfadowar jiki, samun damar yin adalci, tare da kariya ta dace a duk wani shari'a ko tsarin gudanarwa. Ya kamata a gano yara da ke cikin haɗarin cin zarafi a matsayin masu haɗari kuma a tura su taimako da tallafi don hana cin zarafinsu ko wani lahani. ==== Yara da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma aikata laifuka ==== Wani muhimmin kariya ga yara da ke fama da aikata laifuka shine 'ma'anar rashin hukunci'. Yana nufin cewa yara da ke fama da laifuka na aikata laifuka, gami da fataucin mutane, za a kare su daga takunkumi ko gurfanar da su saboda ayyukan da suka aikata dangane da halin da suke ciki a matsayin wadanda aka azabtar. Matakin da ba na azabtarwa yana kare yara waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko aikata laifuka da kuma yara waɗanda aka tilasta musu shiga ƙasa ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye masu inganci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 2005.}}</ref> Jagororin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Adalci a cikin Al'amuran da suka shafi Yara da Shaidu na Laifi sun jaddada cewa "yara da suka sha wahala da shaidu na iya fuskantar ƙarin wahala idan aka kalli su a matsayin masu laifi lokacin da a zahiri wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma shaidu". Jagororin sun ce ya kamata a kare wadanda aka azabta daga tuhumar ba tare da la'akari da kowane nau'in 'yanci'akari da sa hannu a cikin laifi ba kuma ba tare da kula da shekarun yaron ba dangane da dokokin ƙasa da shekarun da ke bayyana shekarun aikata laifi. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yaro wanda aka azabtar kuma a bi da shi kamar haka "... ba tare da la'akari le rawar da suka taka a cikin laifin ko a cikin gurfanar da wanda ake zargi da laifin ko kungiyoyin masu laifi ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 22 July 2005, par. 7e.}}</ref> Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) Ka'idoji da Jagororin da aka ba da shawarar kan' yancin dan adam da Cinikin Dan Adam da Jagoronin [[UNICEF]] kan Kare Yara Wadanda ke fama da Cinikin sun sake jaddada haƙƙin rashin aikata laifuka musamman dangane da halin da ake ciki na wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane wadanda za a kare su daga alhakin aikata laifukan "duk wani laifi wanda ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye daga fataucin". Wannan tanadin ya kara karfafawa ta hanyar sashi na rashin hukunci na Dokar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwancin Tarayyar Turai ta 2011 da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Ayyuka game da Cin Hancin Dan Adam, sabili da haka an sanya shi a kan Kasashe: "Kowace Jam'iyya za ta, bisa ga ka'idojin ka'idoji na tsarin shari'arta, samar da yiwuwar kada a sanya hukunci ga wadanda abin ya shafa saboda shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, har zuwa inda aka tilasta musu yin hakan. " (Mataki na 26).<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Child-Friendly Version, 2009.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Model Law and Related Commentary, 2009.}}</ref> Lokacin da yaro wanda ba na kasa ba ya saba wa doka kuma babu wata alama cewa an yi amfani da yaron a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma an azabtar da shi, ka'idojin adalci na yara iri ɗaya sun shafi yara na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Economic and Social Council, E/2002/68/Add.1, 20 May 2002.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Children's Fund, Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking, UNICEF Technical Notes, 2006.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Council of Refugees and Exiles, Right to Justice: Quality Legal Assistance for Unaccompanied Children, Annex 1: Guiding principles for quality legal assistance for unaccompanied children, 2014.}}</ref> === Hakkin samun taimako na kwastomomi === Yaran da ke waje da ƙasarsu suna da 'yancin samun taimako daga ofisoshin jakadanci da ofisoshin kwastomomi da ke wakiltar ƙasarsu. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa da taimakawa yara a kasashen waje, kafa lambobin sadarwa na tallafi da turawa, da kuma tattara taimako. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya tuntuɓar hukumomin tsakiya ko wuraren hulɗa na ƙasa don shawarwarin fasaha a lokuta da suka shafi yara. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar [[Vienna]] ta 1963 kan Dangantakar Kasuwanci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ayyukan kwastomomi sun haɗa da taimakawa da taimakawa 'yan ƙasa na jihar aikawa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da matakai don kare bukatun yara waɗanda ke cikin ƙasar aikawa a cikin iyakokin da dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa suka ɗora, musamman lokacin da ake buƙatar nada mai kula.<ref>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 5e and h</ref> Dole ne hukumomin ƙasar da aka nufa su sanar da ofishin kwastam ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da aka yi la'akari da nadin mai kula da yaro. Dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa game da nadin mai kula suna aiki kuma ba su da tasiri ta hanyar raba bayanai tare da ofisoshin kwastam masu dacewa.<ref>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 37b</ref> === Shige da fice da motsi a cikin Tarayyar Turai === Dukkanin mutane, gami da iyaye, iyalai tare da yara da Yara marasa raka'a, suna jin daɗin 'yancin motsi a cikin yankin Turai. A cikin yankin Turai na 'yancin motsi,' yan ƙasa na Tarayyar Turai da Kasashen EFTA Iceland, [[Liechtenstein]], Norway da [[Switzerland]] suna da damar shiga da zama a wasu Kasashen membobin Tarayyar Tarayyar na tsawon watanni uku ba tare da rajista ba kuma an ba su izinin zama lokacin da za su iya nuna samun kudin shiga. Hakkin yara a matsayin baƙi marasa haɗin kai a yankin Turai na 'yancin motsi ba a bayyana su a bayyane ba kuma nauyin ma'aikata masu alaƙa ba su da tabbas. Hanyar da gwamnatocin ƙasa ke fassara da kuma tsara ka'idojin 'yancin motsi ga yara marasa matuka a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe.<ref>European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States.</ref> === Gidan mafaka === Yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarjejeniyarta sun tsara haƙƙin mutane don neman kariya ta duniya. Yara suna jin daɗin kariya ta musamman kuma suna da 'yancin yin nazarin aikace-aikacen mafaka ɗai-ɗai. Dole ne a yi la'akari da takamaiman dalilan tsanantawa na yara ba tare da la'akari ba ko yaron ya yi amfani da shi shi kadai ko tare da iyaye ko mai kulawa. Kasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai sun sake tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodin don yanayin EU kuma sun karɓi jerin Dokokin da ke tsara cancanta da yanayin karɓar masu neman mafaka a cikin EU da kuma hanyoyin mafaka da batutuwan dawowa. == Rashin ƙarfi == Yara a kan motsi ana kiransu 'masu rauni' kodayake ba a bayyana ma'anar kalmar ba ko bayyana ta don yanayin kariya ta yara. Sau da yawa ana fahimtar rauni a matsayin rashi kuma ana daidaita shi da rauni da buƙatar kariya. Daga tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin yara, rauni yana nufin iyakantaccen damar da yaro ke da shi don yin amfani da ita ko haƙƙinsa kamar yadda aka ba shi a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> Ma'anar da ke akwai game da rauni waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin yanayin rage talauci, kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama da amfani a cikin yanayin kariya ga yara.Wannan rauni ya kara muni ta hanyar kariya ta doka. Matasa a kan tafiyar sun fi rauni fiye da manya baƙi kuma suna fuskantar rushewa, raguwa, rashin tattalin arziki da albarkatun kayan aiki, rashin samun dama ga ayyuka na asali, da kuma karuwar haɗarin cin zarafi, tashin hankali da cin zarafi. == Gudun hijira mai aminci == Wasu yara suna ƙaura da kariya da kulawa kuma wasu suna samun nasara don cimma burin da ya motsa tafiyarsu. Lokacin da ƙaura ta kasance lafiya kuma tana da nasara, yara suna da damar haɓaka jin daɗinsu, don samun damar sabis mafi inganci da kuma amfana daga ingantaccen ilimi. Hanyoyin ƙaura masu aminci na iya tallafawa yara sosai a cikin canjin su zuwa girma da rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Za su inganta damar rayuwa, gami da sauyawa zuwa manya da kasuwar aiki, tare da yanayin aiki mafi kyau, albashi mafi girma da kuma karuwar damar ba da gudummawa ga al'ummominsu da al'ummomi, a cikin ƙasashe na asali da makoma. Yara da matasa na iya tallafa wa iyalansu ta hanyar aikawa da tallafawa ci gaban al'ummomin da suka fito.<ref>Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 3.</ref><ref>Inter-Agency Group on Children on the Move, Why Children Matter, Experiences and lessons learnt from interventions to protect children on the move, The High Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development 2013</ref><ref>Side Event to the 46th Session of the Commission on Population and Development: “New Trends in Migration: Demographic Aspects”, 24 April 2013, p. 3.</ref><ref>Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations Children’s Fund, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Children and International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean, Challenges, Newsletter on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals from a child rights perspective, Number 11, 2010, p. 2.</ref> == Hadarin yara a cikin ƙaura == Ga yara da suka yi ƙaura don tserewa daga yanayin rayuwa mai wahala, tashin hankali ko rikici, ƙaura na iya zama damar rage haɗari. Sauran suna fuskantar haɗari mai tsanani yayin ƙaura ko a wurin da aka nufa. Wasu kungiyoyin yara suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafi da cin zarafin, gami da fataucin mutane, saboda rashin ƙarfi na tsaro na zamantakewa. Hadarin da yaro ke fuskanta sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da juna kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tarawa. Yaron da ya riga ya zauna a cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar talauci, cin zarafi ko barin makaranta, ana ɗaukarsa mafi rauni lokacin da ƙarin haɗari suka zo, kamar dangantakar cin zarafi o ƙaura mai haɗari.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> Yara masu ƙaura da yawa suna fuskantar lahani yayin tafiya da kuma inda suke. Yara suna fuskantar tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafi a hannun mutanen da suka haɗu da su a cikin zirga-zirga da kuma inda suke, gami da ma'aikata, masu jigilar kaya, masu safarar mutane da masu fataucin mutane. Za su iya fuskantar matakai masu mahimmanci na rashin kulawa ko cin zarafin jami'an gwamnati, gami da 'yan sanda, masu tsaron iyaka, jami'an shige da fice da ma'aikata a wuraren karɓar baƙi ko tsare-tsare. Wasu 'yan gudun hijira suna mutuwa a kan tafiya daga rashin ruwa, [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], sufuri ko haɗarin sufuri ko nutsar da teku.<ref>Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 5.</ref> Yanayin ƙaura mara aminci, ta hanyar yanayinsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga yara. Baya ga fuskantar ayyukan tashin hankali, yara suna cikin haɗarin yin rikici da doka idan sun yi tafiya ba tare da takardun da ake buƙata ba, idan sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko aikata laifuka don samun rayuwa, ko kuma idan wasu sun rinjayi su ko tilasta su yin hakan. A cikin yanayi na motsi na al'ada ko ƙaura mai zagaye, irin waɗannan yanayi na iya rinjayar jin daɗi, aminci da ci gaba sosai na yaro.<ref name="CARDET 2013">CARDET, Defence for Children International – Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.</ref><ref name="Refugees 2007">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.</ref> === Amfani da shi === Yara a kan tafiya suna cikin haɗarin nau'o'i daban-daban na cin zarafi. Sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin batsa da karuwanci, masu aikata laifukan jima'i masu tafiya ta hanyar kyamarorin yanar gizo, hotunan cin zarafin yara da abubuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a intanet. Amfani yana faruwa ne a cikin aikin yara da aikin gida, a matsayin au-pairs, a cikin masana'antu, gine-gine, shimfida asphalt, gidajen cin abinci da masana'antun tsaftacewa, noma da karɓar 'ya'yan itace da kuma bara. Har ila yau, akwai shari'o'in kasa da kasa na auren yara da aka tilasta. Iyalai, ƙananan kungiyoyi ko manyan hanyoyin aikata laifuka na iya shirya cin zarafin yara. Ana amfani da yara a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma aikata laifuka, gami da samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi da fataucin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi, satar aljihu ko sata.<ref>United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in Europe, A broad vision to put children first, Innocenti Insight, 2008, p. 12.</ref><ref>United Nations Children’s Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in the Nordic Countries, Rethinking strategies and national responses, A Technical Report, 2012, pp. 18-20.</ref> Yara da aka yi wa fataucin mutane suna amfani da su sosai ta hanyar masu fataucin kaya don dalilai kamar bara, cin hanci da rashawa, cin hancin shaida, cin hance da rashawa.<ref>Europol, The THB Financial Business Model, Assessing the current state of knowledge, 2015, p. 13.</ref> === Cinikin mutane === An bayyana fataucin yara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a matsayin daukar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wuri, adanawa ko karɓar yaro don manufar cin zarafi. Duk da yake wannan ma'anar ta shafi shari'o'in kasa da kasa da / ko shari'o-tafiye da suka shafi kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, ana gane fataucin yara a waje da waɗannan sigogi.<ref name="TngManualFightTrafficking-Textbk1">{{Cite journal |last=I.L.O, UNICEF, and UN.GIFT |year=2009 |title=Training Manual to Fight Child Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation – Textbook 1: Understanding Child Trafficking |url=http://www.unicef.org/protection/Textbook_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903005514/http://www.unicef.org/protection/Textbook_1.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta fadada ma'anar don haɗawa da motsi da cin zarafi a matsayin mahimman fannoni na fataucin yara.<ref name="TngManualFightTrafficking-Textbk1" /> Wadanda ke fama da fataucin kasa da kasa na iya ƙetare iyakoki tare da ko ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye na doka ba kuma tare da ko kuma ba tare da taimakon masu safarar mutane ba. Sau da yawa ana daukar mutane cikin fataucin mutane ne kawai bayan sun haye iyakar kasa da kasa. A lokuta da yawa, fataucin mutane yana faruwa a cikin ƙasashe kuma babu ƙetare iyaka da ke ciki. Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 ta ɗauki hanyoyin fataucin mutane da yardar yaro ga kowane aikin fataucin ba shi da mahimmanci wajen gano wanda aka yi fataucin. Hanyoyin cin zarafin da zasu iya zama fataucin mutane sun hada da, "aƙalla, cin zarafin karuwanci na wasu ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tilasta aiki ko ayyuka, bautar ko ayyukan da suka yi kama da bautar, bautar da kuma cire gabobin".<ref>UN Trafficking Protocol, Article 3</ref> Ana iya gurfanar da fataucin yara lokacin da zai yiwu a tabbatar da niyyar cin zarafin yaron, koda kuwa ba a riga an yi amfani da shi ba. Fassara daban-daban wani lokacin suna da wahala a rarrabe fataucin yara daga wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi. ==== Ma'anar fataucin yara a Turai ==== Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Ayyuka game da Cin Hanci da Cin Hanyoyi (2005) ta karɓi ma'anar ƙasa da ƙasa, iri ɗaya a cikin kalmomi, tana jaddada duk da haka cewa za a kare wadanda abin ya shafa a lokuta inda fataucin ke faruwa a cikin ƙasashe kuma ba tare da shigar manyan kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liste complète |url=http://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/197}}</ref> Umurnin Yammacin Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci na Tarayyar Turai (2011) ya fadada ra'ayin cin zarafi a cikin manufar fataucin mutane. A bayyane ya haɗa da manufar cin zarafi a cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'anar fataucin mutane. Mataki na 2.3 ya bayyana cewa "'amfani da ayyukan aikata laifuka' ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin cin zarafin mutum don yin, a tsakanin sauran, satar aljihu, ɗaga shago, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauran irin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin hukunci kuma suna nuna riba ta kuɗi". Umurnin ya bayyana cewa "amfani da bara, gami da amfani da mutum mai dogaro da fataucin mutane don bara, ya fada cikin ma'anar fataucin a cikin mutane ne kawai lokacin da duk abubuwan tilasta aiki ko ayyuka suka faru".<ref>The European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels, 15 April 2011, par. 11.</ref> === Fitar da kayayyaki === Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da safarar baƙi ta ƙasa, teku da iska ta bayyana safarar mutane a matsayin "sakewa, don samun, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, fa'idar kuɗi ko wasu kayan aiki na shigar mutum ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Jam'iyyar Jiha wanda mutumin ba ɗan ƙasa ba ne ko mazaunin dindindin". Mai shigo da kaya yana sauƙaƙa ƙetare iyaka na wasu ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye da ake buƙata ba kuma don samun kuɗi ko wasu riba. Da zarar mai shigo da kaya ya sauƙaƙa ƙetare iyaka ko tabbatar da isowar baƙi a wurin da aka amince da shi, hulɗa tsakanin mai shigo da mutane da baƙi da aka shigo da su yawanci ya ƙare. Fitar da mutane a fadin iyakokin kasa da kasa na iya zama wani ɓangare na aikin fataucin mutane lokacin da aka yi shi don manufar cin zarafin mutane a ƙasar da aka nufa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html}}</ref><ref>United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, Article 3.</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar smuggling laifi ne ga jihar, mutanen da ke amfani da ayyukan smugglers na iya shan wahala ta hanyar tashin hankali yayin da ake smuggling ko kuma suna iya mutuwa saboda yanayin sufuri mara kyau. === Sayar da yara === Sayar da yara yana nufin duk wani aiki ko ma'amala inda kowane mutum ko rukuni na mutane ke tura yaro zuwa wani don biyan kuɗi ko wani la'akari. Duk da yake fataucin mutane na iya haɗawa da sayarwa da siyar da mutane, siyar da yara na iya haifar da cin zarafi amma ba lallai ba ne. Ana sayar da yara a wasu lokuta a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba, alal misali. Ana kuma sayar da yara don cin zarafin jima'i ko aiki. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya samun haɗuwa tsakanin fataucin mutane da siyarwa a matsayin ayyukan laifi guda biyu a cikin shari'a ɗaya.<ref>Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Article 2(a).</ref> == Shige da fice da ci gaba mai ɗorewa == Haɗin tsakanin ƙaura da ci gaba an san shi sosai. Shige da fice yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da Agenda na 2030 don Ci Gaban Ci gaba. Dangane da yanayin yawan jama'a na yanzu, yawan jama'ar kasashe masu arziki za su ci gaba da tsufa ba tare da daidaituwa ba yayin da ƙaramin ƙarni ke da yawa a kasashe masu karamin kuɗi, suna haifar da damuwa a kasuwar ma'aikata, tsaro na zamantakewa, ilimi da abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>United Nations, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Transforming Our World – The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015.</ref> Gudun hijira na iya rage waɗannan rashin daidaituwa a bangarorin biyu. Yana da damar kara yawan ma'aikata da karfafa matasa a cikin lambobi inda ake bukata. Wannan zai haifar da karuwar gudummawa ga tsarin jin dadin jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga da kuma rage damuwa a kan tsarin jin dadin zamantakewa a ƙasashen asali tare da matsanancin talauci da rashin aikin yi. Manufofin ƙaura da motsi ya kamata su sauƙaƙa musayar ilimi, iyawa da albarkatun ɗan adam yayin hana motsi ɗaya da ɓarkewar kwakwalwa. Idan aka gani daga wannan ra'ayi, ƙaura tana da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa don rage talauci da haɓaka ci gaban duniya mai ɗorewa.<ref>United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Population Division, University of Houston, International Migration, Children and Adolescents, Population Dynamics, October 2013, pp. 1, 4.</ref><ref name="Cortina, Jeronimo 2013, p. 2">Cortina, Jeronimo, Children, Education and Migration: Win-win policy responses for co-development, QScience Proceedings, Family, Migration and Dignity Special Issue, University of Houston and United Nations Children’s Fund, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, 2013, p. 2.</ref> Haɗin tsakanin ƙaura da ci gaba suna da tasiri ga manufofi da aiki a cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma ana buƙatar daidaita matakan da suka dace a ƙasashe masu zuwa da asali. Daga hangen nesa na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ci gaba, ƙasashen asali da makoma suna da alhakin sarrafa ƙaura. Kyakkyawan ci gaba da rage haɗarin daga ƙaura na iya haɗawa da haɓaka babban birnin ɗan adam na baƙi da saka hannun jari a cikin haɗin gwiwar kula da ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe na asali da makoma a cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref name="Cortina, Jeronimo 2013, p. 2">Cortina, Jeronimo, Children, Education and Migration: Win-win policy responses for co-development, QScience Proceedings, Family, Migration and Dignity Special Issue, University of Houston and United Nations Children’s Fund, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, 2013, p. 2.</ref> == Tarihin ƙaurawar yara ta ƙasa == === Ostiraliya === A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an cire yara da yawa na Aboriginal Australiya daga iyalansu kuma an sanya su a cibiyoyi da gidaje masu kula, a cikin abin da aka sani da Stolen Generations . Yara 130,000 sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin taimakon ƙaura na yara daga Burtaniya kadai, tare da ƙaramin adadi daga [[Malta]]. An karɓi yara masu ƙaura ko kuma an haife su a gidajen yara, cibiyoyi, gidajen marayu ko kulawa. Yawancin waɗannan yara an yi amfani da su a cikin aikin bayi ta majami'u a Ostiraliya. Yawancin waɗannan yara sun fuskanci sakaci da cin zarafi yayin da suke cikin kulawar ma'aikata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 Firayim Ministan Australia, Kevin Rudd ya nemi gafara ga "Mutanen Australia da aka rasa" da yara masu ƙaura a madadin kasar.<ref name="sorry">{{Cite web |last=Anon |date=16 November 2009 |title=Australia 'sorry' for child abuse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8361389.stm |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech &#124; Prime Minister of Australia |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/node/6321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405065659/http://www.pm.gov.au/node/6321 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |access-date=2010-03-11}} PMs apology</ref> "Mutanen da aka rasa" kalma ce da Majalisar Dattijan Australiya ta yi amfani da ita don bayyana yara da aka girma a gidajen marayu, gidajen yara, cibiyoyi ko kulawa a Ostiraliya. Yara masu ƙaura takamaiman rukuni ne na "Mutanen da suka ɓace".<ref>http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=582660 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229101829/http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=582660 |date=2010-12-29 }} Adoption & Forgotten Australians - Child Migrants</ref> === Bulgaria === Shige da fice na yara wani abu ne da ke da alaƙa da ƙaurawar masu kula da kasuwar Bulgarian zuwa Austria-Hungary a rabi na biyu na karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, saboda amfani da aikin yara (yawanci yara maza) a cikin lambu na kasuwa. Ayyukan yara sun kawo manyan masu aikin lambu mafi girma tun lokacin da ba a biya yara ba amma sun yi aiki a matsayin masu koyo don kiyaye su kawai. Ƙananan yara sun taimaka a cikin lambuna kuma sun koyi ƙwarewar lambu, yayin da waɗanda suka riga sun kasance masu ƙarfi a jiki suka yi ayyukan lambu na musamman. Za'a iya rarrabe alamu daban-daban na ƙaurawar yara bisa ga tarihin rayuwa da labarun rayuwar kansu na masu lambu na kasuwa: yara da suka yi ƙaura tare da iyayensu masu lambu a kasuwa a matsayin iyali ko waɗanda suka yi lambu na kasuwar da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje; yara da suka ƙaura tare na ɗaya daga cikin iyaye (yawanci mahaifin lambu na kasuwanci) ko kuma tare da dangi na mahaifinsa mai lambu don "koyi aiki"; yara waɗanda suka yi ƙauka tare da iyayensa masu tasowa suna rayuwa a kasuwa a kan iyalan su, su, su suna rayuwa ta hanyar kuɗi, su bar iyalin su zama a ƙasarsu suna rayuwa a ƙasa da yara masu ƙanƙanta suna rayuwa"<ref>http://penkapeykovska.blogspot.hu/p/blog-page_20.html Peykovska, Penka, Child Migration, Child Labor and School Attainment. Evidence from the Bulgarian Community in Hungary (Late 19th to the 1930s)</ref> === Kanada ===   Tsarin makarantar zama na Indiyawan Kanada, wanda aka kafa a karni na 19, an yi niyya ne don tilasta daidaitawa da Mutanen Aboriginal a Kanada cikin al'ummar Turai-Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alberni School Victim Speaks Out |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/education/Default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726170335/http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/education/Default.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2009 |access-date=2009-12-02 |website=First Nations Drum}}</ref> An rufe makarantar zama ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 1996. A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2008, Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya nemi gafara, a madadin majalisar ministocin da ke zaune, a gaban masu sauraro na wakilan Aboriginal, kuma a cikin jawabin da aka watsa a cikin kasa a kan CBC, don manufofin gwamnatocin da suka gabata na daidaitawa.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/06/11/aboriginal-apology.html PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools] - cbc.ca, June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-02.</ref>A shekara ta 2009, [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya nuna baƙin cikinsa game da "tsananin da ya haifar da mummunar hali na wasu membobin Cocin" kuma ya ba da "haushi da hadin kai na addu'a". === Malta === Yara 310 sun yi hijira daga Malta zuwa Ostiraliya tsakanin 1950 da 1965 a karkashin 'Yar Shige da Fice zuwa Ostiraaliya Shirin' biyo bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin kwamitin Shige da fice na Katolika na Australiya da Ministan Shige da Shige da Fitowa da Ma'aikata a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1949. <ref name="apology">{{Cite web |last=Attard |first=Elaine |title=Australian PM apologises for child abuse |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=97331 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120044207/http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=97331 |archive-date=20 November 2009 |access-date=17 November 2009 |website=The Malta Independent online |publisher=Standard Publications Ltd}}</ref> Yawancin yaran Maltese da aka aika zuwa Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin wannan makirci sun fito ne daga gidajen marayu na gwamnati ko gidajen yara na Ikilisiya kuma an ce duk sun tafi tare da yardar iyayensu. Gwamnatin Australiya ta ba da gudummawa don maraba da yara maza na Maltese, masu shekaru tsakanin takwas zuwa 11, da 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin biyar zuwa 10 a cikin cibiyoyin Katolika kuma sun yi alkawarin ba su aiki karkashin kulawar hukumomin Katolika.<ref name="apology" /> Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yara ya zama firist kuma wasu da yawa sun fara aiki duk da cewa da yawa sun girma da rauni da sanin cewa iyayensu sun yarda da barin gida.<ref name="apology" /> An haɗa 'yan gudun hijirar Maltese a cikin neman gafara na Firayim Minista na Australiya na 2009 ga waɗanda suka sha wahala a hannun masu kula da su a cibiyoyi, marayu da kulawa.<ref name="apology" /> === Falasdinu da aka tilasta === A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, dubban kananan yara daga iyalan Yahudawa a Turai da ke zaune a Nazi an kai su cikin aminci a Mandatory Palestine (yanzu Isra'ila). === Ƙasar Ingila ===   Ayyukan aikawa da yara matalauta ko marayu zuwa yankunan mazauna Ingila, don taimakawa wajen rage karancin ma'aikata, ya fara ne a Ingila a cikin 1618, tare da tarawa da jigilar yara 100 zuwa mulkin mallaka na Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A child migration timeline |url=http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm |access-date=2009-04-07 |website=The Goldonian |publisher=Goldonian Web |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031547/http://goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, ana ganin shirin Home Children a matsayin hanyar motsa yara matalauta zuwa "rayuwa mafi kyau" a Ostiraliya, Kanada da sauran wurare, tare da samar da "farin kaya" mai kyau ga tsoffin yankuna. Ba a tuntubi yara da iyaye ba, kuma sau da yawa ana raba 'yan uwa.<ref>[[Child Labor]] By Sandy Hobbs, Jim McKechnie, [[Michael Lavalette]] p. 33, 34</ref> A cikin jimlar an aika yara 130,000 daga Ƙasar Ingila zuwa Kanada, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), da Ostiraliya. Sau da yawa ana yin ƙarya ga yara game da mutuwar iyayensu kuma da yawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi a sababbin gidajensu.<ref name="sorry"/> A watan Fabrairun 2010 Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, [[Gordon Brown]] ya ba da gafara na hukuma don shirin sake zama na yara 'mai kunya' kuma ya ba da sanarwar asusun fam miliyan 6 da aka tsara don biyan iyalan da shirin "ba daidai ba" ya shafa. The Child Migrants Trust tun lokacin da ya kafa Asusun Maido da Iyali don amfani da wannan kuɗin don taimakawa sake haɗuwa da tsoffin yara masu ƙaura tare da iyalansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin tallafi ga tsoffin yara da iyalinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Family Restoration Fund |url=http://www.childmigrantstrust.com/services/family-restoration-fund |access-date=28 July 2013 |website=Child migrants Trust}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kwashe yara miliyan 3.5 daga yankunan da ke cikin haɗarin bama-bamai zuwa yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Home page |url=http://www.evacuees.org.uk/ |access-date=28 April 2010 |website=The Evacuees Reunion Association.}}</ref> (Dubi Gudun fararen hula a Burtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.) Har ila yau, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kusan yara 10,000 marasa matasan daga iyalai na Yahudawa a Turai da ke zaune a Nazi an kai shi lafiya a Burtaniya. Binciken da aka kammala a shekarar 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Shige da Fice, Manufofi da Al'umma ta [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (COMPAS) karkashin jagorancin Dokta Nando Sigona ya ba da haske game da halin da yara ba su da damar zama a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-15 |title=No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net |url=http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/}}</ref> Binciken, 'Babu hanyar fita, babu hanyar shiga: Yara masu ƙaura da iyalai a Burtaniya', ya kiyasta yawan yara 120,000 ba tare da matsayi ba, daga cikinsu 65,000 an haife su a Burtaniya ga iyaye ba tare da haƙƙin zama a kasar ba. === Amurka === A cikin karni na 19 akwai yunkurin motsa yara daga biranen gabas da ke cike da mutane zuwa iyalan karkara na yamma da yamma da marayu. Mafi shahara shine motsi na jirgin kasa marayu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torigoe |first=John |date=24 December 2008 |title=He rode the 'Orphan Train' across the country |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/12/24/orphan.trains/index.html |journal=CNN}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daga iyalansu kuma an tura su makarantun kwana don tilasta musu su shiga cikin al'adun yamma. === Finland === A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da Finland ke yaƙi da Rasha, kimanin yara 70 000 na Finnish an kai su jirgin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa galibi zuwa [[Sweden]], amma kuma zuwa Norway da Denmark. Wadannan yara galibi ana kiransu yara na yaƙi. A ƙarshen yaƙin, dubban yara sun sami tallafi daga iyayensu "sabon". == Dubi kuma == * Ƙananan ba tare da wani ba * Tsaro na yara na kasa da kasa * Jerin dokokin kasa da kasa da na Turai game da kariya da ƙaura * Hakkin jin * [[Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa]] * Cinikin yara * Yaron Anchor * Jirgin yara == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/familyhistory/guide/migrantancestors/child.htm Tarihin Kasa - ƙaurawar yara] * [http://www.childmigrantstrust.com Shafin yanar gizon Child Migrants Trust] * [http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/adoption Amincewa da kuma mantawa da 'yan Australia] * [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/inside_life_in_childrens_homes_and_institutions/home ''A ciki: Rayuwa a cikin Gidajen Yara da Cibiyoyin'', Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya] * [http://www.nma.gov.au/blogs/inside/ ''A ciki: Rayuwa a cikin Gidajen Yara da Cibiyoyin'' baje kolin blog, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213033920/https://nma.gov.au/blogs/inside/ |date=2019-02-13 }} * [http://forgottenaustralianshistory.gov.au/index.html Mutanen da aka manta da su: Tarihinmu - Gidan yanar gizon Gwamnatin Australiya wanda ya haɗa da tarihin baki, albarkatu da hotuna] * [https://www.academia.edu/3024084/Penka_Peykovska_CHILD_MIGRATION_CHILD_LABOR_AND_SCHOOL_ATTAINMENT_EVIDENCE_FROM_THE_BULGARIAN_COMMUNITY_IN_HUNGARY_LATE_19th_CENTURY_TO_THE_1930s_ Gudun yara, aikin yara da samun ilimi] == manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Transnational child protection}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ksxukxc9eatu15lvjm79idf91g2tp5w 0 81156 890649 686570 2026-08-02T13:39:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Third_International_Intersex_Forum.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mahalarta a karo na uku International Intersex Forum, Malta, a cikin Disamba 2013]] An haifi mutane masu jima'i tare da halayen [[jima'i]], irin su chromosomes, gonads, ko al'aura, cewa, a cewar Ofishin [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam (2018)|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, "ba su dace da ra'ayi na binary na namiji ko [[Kalmar Mace|mace]] ba." Masu jima'i sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsangwama da wariya tun daga haihuwa, musamman lokacin da aka ga bambancin jima'i. A wasu ƙasashe wannan na iya haɗawa da kisan jarirai, watsi da kyama ga iyalai. Ana iya zargin iyaye mata a [[Gabashin Afirka]] da maita, kuma ana iya kwatanta haihuwar ƴaƴan jima'i a matsayin la'ana . <ref> name="cschrcl">{{Cite web |last=Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law |last2=Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum |last3=Rainbow Health Foundation |last4=Sexual Minorities Uganda |last5=Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders |date=2014 |title=Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503012642/http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-date=2015-05-03 |access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref> <ref name="bbc2017">{{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Helen |last2=Soy |first2=Anne |date=May 4, 2017 |title=The midwife who saved intersex babies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39780214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515044758/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39780214 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=June 22, 2018 |website=BBC World Service, Kenya}}</ref> <ref name="bbkci2015">{{Cite web |last=Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex |date=October 2015 |title=Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCAT%2fCSS%2fHKG%2f22156&Lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052617/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCAT%2FCSS%2FHKG%2F22156&Lang=en |archive-date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref> Jarirai masu jima'i da yara, kamar waɗanda ke da al'aurar waje mai cike da ruɗani, na iya zama ta hanyar tiyata da/ko canza yanayin hormonal don dacewa da halayen jima'i da aka yarda da su a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, ana la'akari da wannan a matsayin rigima, ba tare da wani tabbataccen shaida na kyakkyawan sakamako ba. <ref name="apeg2013">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2013 |title=Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=aafe43f3-c6a2-4525-ad16-15e4210ee0ac&subId=16191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174608/http://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=aafe43f3-c6a2-4525-ad16-15e4210ee0ac&subId=16191 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG)}}</ref> Irin waɗannan jiyya na iya haɗawa da haifuwa. Manya ciki har da fitattun 'yan wasa mata, su ma sun kasance masu irin wannan magani. <ref name="jysk">{{Cite journal |last=Rebecca Jordan-Young |author-link=Rebecca Jordan-Young |last2=Peter Sonksen |last3=Katrina Karkazis |author-link3=Katrina Karkazis |year=2014 |title=Sex, health, and athletes |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2926 |url-status=live |journal=[[BMJ]] |volume=348 |pages=g2926 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2926 |pmid=24776640 |s2cid=2198650 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911063554/http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2926 |archive-date=2014-09-11 |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> Ana gane waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin cin zarafin ɗan adam, tare da sanarwa daga hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, <ref name="untorture">{{Cite web |date=February 2013 |title=Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824161117/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-24 |access-date=2015-07-19 |website=[[Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> <ref name="jointun">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/gender_rights/eliminating-forced-sterilization/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711130919/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/gender_rights/eliminating-forced-sterilization/en/ |archive-date=2015-07-11 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> majalisar dokokin Ostiraliya, <ref> name="SenateOnSterilisation">{{Cite web |last=[[Australian Senate]] Community Affairs Committee |date=October 2013 |title=Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181927/http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |archive-date=2015-09-23}}</ref> da cibiyoyin da'a na Jamus da Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin Intersex sun kuma ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin shekaru da yawa, ciki har da sanarwar Malta ta Ƙungiyar Intersex ta Duniya ta uku. Aiwatar da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokoki da ƙa'idodi ya ci gaba a hankali. A cikin 2011, Christiane Völling ya ci nasara a shari'ar farko da aka yi nasara a kan wani likitan fiɗa don sa baki ba tare da izini ba. <ref name="voll">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2007 |title=German Gender-Assignment Case Has Intersexuals Hopeful |url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-gender-assignment-case-has-intersexuals-hopeful/a-3000902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145816/http://www.dw.com/en/german-gender-assignment-case-has-intersexuals-hopeful/a-3000902 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-12-21 |website=DW.COM |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Majalisar Turai ta amince a karon farko wani haƙƙi ga masu yin jima'i don ''kada'' su sha maganin aikin jima'i. A cikin watan Afrilun 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta aikin likita ba tare da izini ba don canza yanayin jima'i, gami da na masu yin jima'i. Sauran batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam da na shari'a sun haɗa da 'yancin rayuwa, kariya daga wariya, tsayawa don shigar da doka da diyya, samun damar bayanai, da kuma amincewa da doka. Kasashe kadan ya zuwa yanzu suna kare masu yin jima'i daga wariya. (1) Ya zama haram ga likitocin likita ko wasu ƙwararru don gudanar da kowane magani na jima'i da / ko aikin tiyata a kan halayen jima'i na ƙananan yara wanda za'a iya jinkirta jiyya da / ko shiga tsakani har sai wanda za a ba da shi zai iya samar da shi. sanarwar da aka sanar: Idan har irin wannan maganin aikin jima'i da/ko tsoma baki kan halayen jima'i na ƙananan yara za a gudanar da shi idan ƙarami ya ba da izini dalla-dalla ta wurin mutumin da ke ba da ikon iyaye ko mai koyar da ƙarami. (2) A cikin yanayi na musamman ana iya aiwatar da jiyya da zarar an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙungiyar gama gari da mutanen da ke aiwatar da ikon iyaye ko mai koyar da ƙananan yara waɗanda har yanzu ba su iya ba da izini ba: Idan har aka ba da shawarar likita wanda abubuwan zamantakewa ke haifar da su ba tare da izini ba. na kananan yara, zai saba wa wannan dokar.] == Yancin Dan Adam Akan Matamaza == [[Fayil:ILGA_conference_2018_Intersex_Awareness_Day_group_photo.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Taron ILGA 2018, hoto na rukuni don bikin Ranar Fadakarwa tsakanin Matamaza]] Bincike ya nuna haɓakar yarjejeniya cewa nau'ikan jinsin matamaza daban-daban na al'ada ne - idan ba kasafai ba - nau'ikan ilimin halittar ɗan adam, da cibiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam suna sanya ƙarin bincike kan ayyukan likita da batutuwan nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke tsakanin matamaza. Nazarin matukin jirgi na farko na 2013. Hakkokin Dan Adam tsakanin matamaza, da Dan Christian Ghattas, <ref> name="ghattas">{{Cite web |last=Ghattas |first=Dan Christian |author-link=Dan Christian Ghattas |last2=Heinrich Böll Foundation |author-link2=Heinrich Böll Foundation |date=September 2013 |title=Human Rights Between the Sexes |url=http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/endf_human_rights_between_the_sexes.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223221/http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/endf_human_rights_between_the_sexes.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals |url=http://oiieurope.org/a-preliminary-study-on-the-life-situations-of-inter-individuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704015158/http://oiieurope.org/a-preliminary-study-on-the-life-situations-of-inter-individuals/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[OII Europe]]}}</ref> ya gano cewa ana nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen duniya: Majalisar Turai ta ba da haske game da abubuwan da ke damun su: * Daidaitaccen haƙƙin rayuwa da rigakafin jiyya na likita ba tare da cikakken izini ba gami da jiyya da aka ɗauka ba dole ba; * Cire Intersex azaman yanayin likita wanda za'a iya warkewa amma wanda zai iya samun jiyya tare da ingantaccen izini * Daidaitaccen kulawa a ƙarƙashin doka; gami da takamaiman tanadin doka kama da sauran azuzuwan da aka rufe; * Samun dama ga bayanai, bayanan likita, takwarorinsu da sauran shawarwari da tallafi; * [[Ƙaddamar da kai]] a cikin sanin jinsi, ta hanyar saurin samun dama ga takaddun hukuma. === Dangantaka tsakanin Intersex da LGBT ===   Ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun ba da haske game da kira ga amincewa da haƙƙin LGBT waɗanda suka kasa magance matsalar "daidaitawar" jiyya a kan yara masu jima'i, ta amfani da kalmar portmanteau " pinkwashing ". A cikin watan Yuni 2016, Ƙungiyar Intersex International Australia ta yi nuni ga maganganu masu cin karo da juna daga gwamnatocin Ostiraliya, suna ba da shawarar cewa an gane mutunci da haƙƙin LGBTI (LGBT da intersex) yayin da, a lokaci guda, ayyuka masu cutarwa a kan yara masu jima'i. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2016 |title=Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review |url=https://oii.org.au/30546/loi-cat-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233430/https://oii.org.au/30546/loi-cat-review/ |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2016, Zwischengeschlecht ya bayyana ayyuka na inganta daidaito ko dokar matsayin jama'a ba tare da daukar mataki kan haramta "kaciya tsakanin maza da mata" a matsayin wani nau'i na "pinkwashing". <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2016 |title="Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices |url=http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-politics-that-ignore-the-daily-mutilations-PINKWASHING-OF-IGM-PRACTICES |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050911/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-politics-that-ignore-the-daily-mutilations-PINKWASHING-OF-IGM-PRACTICES |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=[[Zwischengeschlecht]]}}</ref> A baya kungiyar ta yi tsokaci kan kalamai na gwamnati na gujewa ga Kungiyoyin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke dagula al'amuran jima'i, transgender da LGBT, maimakon magance munanan halaye a kan jarirai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2016 |title=TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial |url=http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/UK-Questioned-over-Intersex-Genital-Mutilations-by-UN-Committee-on-the-Rights-of-the-Child |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919045730/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/UK-Questioned-over-Intersex-Genital-Mutilations-by-UN-Committee-on-the-Rights-of-the-Child |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=[[Zwischengeschlecht]]}}</ref> == Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa == [[Fayil:Protection_of_intersex_children_from_harmful_practices.svg|right|thumb|452x452px]] Masu jima'i suna fuskantar tsangwama da wariya tun daga haihuwa. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Afirka da Asiya, wannan na iya haɗawa da kashe jarirai, watsi da kyama ga iyalai. Ana iya zargin iyaye mata a gabashin Afirka da maita, kuma ana iya kwatanta haihuwar ƴaƴan jima'i a matsayin la'ana. <ref> name="cschrcl">{{Cite web |last=Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law |last2=Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum |last3=Rainbow Health Foundation |last4=Sexual Minorities Uganda |last5=Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders |date=2014 |title=Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503012642/http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-date=2015-05-03 |access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref> <ref name="bbc2017"/> An ba da rahoton watsi da kisan gilla a Uganda, <ref name="cschrcl">{{Cite web |last=Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law |last2=Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum |last3=Rainbow Health Foundation |last4=Sexual Minorities Uganda |last5=Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders |date=2014 |title=Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation |url=http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503012642/http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and |archive-date=2015-05-03 |access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref> Kenya, <ref name="76crimes" /> kudancin Asiya, <ref name="warne2008">{{Cite journal |last=Warne |first=Garry L. |last2=Raza |first2=Jamal |date=September 2008 |title=Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures |journal=Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=227–236 |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.9016 |doi=10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2 |issn=1389-9155 |pmid=18633712 |s2cid=8897416}}</ref> da China . <ref name="bbkci2015"/> A shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa wani matashi dan kasar Kenya mai suna Muhadh Isma'il, ya yanke jiki ya mutu. A baya an bayyana shi a matsayin tsinuwa ga iyalinsa. <ref name="76crimes">{{Cite web |last=Odero |first=Joseph |date=December 23, 2015 |title=Intersex in Kenya: Held captive, beaten, hacked. Dead. |url=http://76crimes.com/2015/12/23/intersex-in-kenya-held-captive-beaten-hacked-dead/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425162007/https://76crimes.com/2015/12/23/intersex-in-kenya-held-captive-beaten-hacked-dead/ |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2016-10-01 |website=76 CRIMES}}</ref> Ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba don gyara halayen jima'i na masu jima'i suna faruwa a duk ƙasashe inda aka bincika 'yancin ɗan adam na masu jima'i. <ref name="ghattas">{{Cite web |last=Ghattas |first=Dan Christian |author-link=Dan Christian Ghattas |last2=Heinrich Böll Foundation |author-link2=Heinrich Böll Foundation |date=September 2013 |title=Human Rights Between the Sexes |url=http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/endf_human_rights_between_the_sexes.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223221/http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/endf_human_rights_between_the_sexes.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, da sauran hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya irinsu ofishin babban kwamishina mai kare hakkin dan Adam, da karuwar cibiyoyi na yanki da na kasa sun sha suka daga irin wadannan matakan. A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita masu samun kudin shiga, farashin kiwon lafiya na iya ƙayyadadden damar samun jiyya na dole a daidai lokacin da wasu mutane ke fuskantar sasancin likita na tilastawa. <ref name="bbkci2015"/> An bayyana haƙƙoƙi da dama kamar yadda wulaƙanci da tilastawa aikin likita ya shafa akan ƙananan yara: * [[Haƙƙin rayuwa|hakkin rayuwa]] . * [[Ƴancin sirri|haƙƙin keɓantawa]], gami da haƙƙin yancin kai ko yanke shawarar kai game da magani. <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation">{{Cite web |last=[[Australian Senate]] Community Affairs Committee |date=October 2013 |title=Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181927/http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |archive-date=2015-09-23}}</ref> * haramcin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci. <ref name="untorture"/> <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation" /> * haƙƙi zuwa mutuncin jiki da/ko cin gashin kai na jiki. <ref name="gate-malta">{{Cite web |last=Cabral |first=Mauro |author-link=Mauro Cabral |date=April 8, 2015 |title=Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics |url=http://transactivists.org/2015/04/08/making-depathologization-a-matter-of-law-a-comment-from-gate-on-the-maltese-act-on-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704213308/http://transactivists.org/2015/04/08/making-depathologization-a-matter-of-law-a-comment-from-gate-on-the-maltese-act-on-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics/ |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=[[Global Action for Trans Equality]]}}</ref> * Bugu da ƙari, mafi kyawun abin da yaron ke da shi bazai yi aiki ta hanyar tiyata da nufin haɗin kai na iyali da zamantakewa ba. <ref name="swissnek" /> === Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam === [[Fayil:Small_Ela_Luk.jpg|thumb| Dan gwagwarmayar jima'i a Hong Kong Small Luk]] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haƙƙin Intersex ya kasance batun rahotanni daga cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ƙasa ta Swiss kan Halayen Halitta (2012), mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko wulaƙanci ko hukunci (2013), <ref name="untorture"/> da Majalisar Dattijan Australiya (2013). <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation"/> A cikin 2015 Majalisar Turai, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kare hakkin dan Adam da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] su ma sun yi magana game da batun. A cikin watan Afrilun 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta tilastawa likitoci shiga tsakani. A cikin wannan shekarar, Majalisar Turai ta zama cibiyar farko da ta bayyana cewa masu yin jima'i suna da 'yancin ''kada'' a shiga tsakani na tabbatar da jima'i. Domin Intersex Awareness Day, Oktoba 26, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya masana ciki har da kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa, Kwamitin 'Yancin Yara da Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa, tare da Majalisar Turai Kwamishina 'Yancin Dan Adam, Inter-American Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Masu Rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira da a kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam da ake yi wa masu jima'i, ciki har da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Masanan sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan zargin cin zarafin bil'adama, da ikon shigar da kara don biyan diyya, da aiwatar da matakan yaki da wariya: A cikin 2017, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam [[Amnesty International]] <ref name="amnesty2017post">{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=2017 |title=First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex. |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/05/intersex-rights/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511113659/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/05/intersex-rights/ |archive-date=2017-05-11 |access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref> da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] <ref name="stewart2017">{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Philippa |date=2017-07-25 |title=Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing' |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/interview-intersex-babies-dont-need-fixing |url-status=live |journal=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803222257/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/interview-intersex-babies-dont-need-fixing |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref> <ref name="hrw2017b">{{Cite web |last=Human Rights Watch |date=2017-07-25 |title=US: Harmful Surgery on Intersex Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/us-harmful-surgery-intersex-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426140812/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/us-harmful-surgery-intersex-children |archive-date=2019-04-26 |access-date=2017-07-25 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> sun buga manyan rahotanni game da haƙƙin yara masu sha'awar jima'i. === Kotun tsarin mulki ta Colombia === Ko da yake ba a sami yawancin shari'o'in yaran da ke da yanayin jima'i ba, wani shari'ar da aka kai Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Colombia ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin jiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Skyler |year=2010–2011 |title=Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/mcglr42&div=66&g_sent=1&collection=journals |url-status=live |journal=McGeorge Law Review |volume=42 |page=863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218001531/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fmcglr42&div=66&g_sent=1&collection=journals |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Lamarin ya takaita ikon likitoci da iyaye na yanke shawarar hanyoyin tiyata a kan al'aurar yara masu cike da rudani bayan shekaru biyar, yayin da suke ci gaba da ba da izinin shiga tsakani kan yara kanana. Saboda yanke shawara na Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Colombia a kan Case 1 Part 1 (SU-337 na 1999), likitoci sun wajaba su sanar da iyaye a kan dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i yaro. Iyaye za su iya ba da izinin tiyata kawai idan sun sami ingantaccen bayani, kuma ba za su iya ba da izini ba bayan yaron ya kai shekaru biyar. Daga nan ne yaron zai gane asalin jinsin su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte Constitucional de Colombia: Sentencia T-1025/02 |url=http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2002/t-1025-02.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220193844/http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2002/t-1025-02.htm |archive-date=20 February 2013 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Shari'ar kotun ta kai ga kafa ka'idojin doka don aikin tiyatar likitoci kan yara masu jima'i. === Dokokin Malta === A cikin Afrilu 2015, Malta ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta shiga tsakani na likita ba tare da izini ba a cikin ''Dokar Bayar da Shaidar Jinsi da Dokar Halayen Jima'i'' . Dokar ta amince da haƙƙin mutuncin jiki da ƴancin kai na zahiri, tare da hana gyare-gyare ga halayen jima'i na yara don abubuwan zamantakewa: Kungiyoyin fararen hula sun yi maraba da dokar. <ref name="gate-malta"/> <ref name="oiieu-malta">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2015 |title=OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform |url=http://oiieurope.org/press-release-oii-europe-applauds-maltas-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics-act/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522051313/http://oiieurope.org/press-release-oii-europe-applauds-maltas-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics-act/ |archive-date=2015-05-22 |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=OII Europe}}</ref> <ref name="oiiau-malta">{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Morgan |author-link=Morgan Carpenter |date=April 2, 2015 |title=We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people |url=https://oii.org.au/28592/we-celebrate-maltese-protections-for-intersex-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704224253/https://oii.org.au/28592/we-celebrate-maltese-protections-for-intersex-people/ |archive-date=2015-07-04 |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]}}</ref> === Dokokin Chile === A cikin Nuwamba 2023, ta hanyar madauwari No. 15 na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ba dole ba da kuma wadanda ba yarda da tiyata, hanyoyin ko magani jiyya a intersex jarirai, yara da kuma matasa an haramta. <ref name="Circular 15/Instruye">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Circular No. 15/2023 |url=https://diprece.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Circular-15-Instruye-a-equipos-de-salud-a-adoptar-todas-las-medidas-necesarias-para-asegurar-el-interes-superior-de-ninos-ninas-y-adolescentes-con-variaciones-de-las-caracteristicas-sexuales.pdf |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=diprece.minsal.cl |language=es}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2016, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Chile ta ba da umarnin ta hanyar madauwari No. 18 dakatar da ba dole ba ne normalization jiyya ga intersex yara, ciki har da irreversible tiyata, har sai sun kai shekaru da za su iya yanke shawara da kansu. <ref name="Outright2016">{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2016 |title=Chilean Government Stops the 'Normalization' of Intersex Children |url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/chilean-government-stops-normalization-intersex-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418033702/https://outrightinternational.org/content/chilean-government-stops-normalization-intersex-children |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2016 |website=[[OutRight Action International]]}}</ref> <ref name="Intersex Chile">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=Chilean Ministry of Health issues instructions stopping "normalising" interventions on intersex children |url=https://oii.org.au/30250/chilean-ministry-stops-normalising/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310022403/https://oii.org.au/30250/chilean-ministry-stops-normalising/ |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]}}</ref> An maye gurbin dokokin a watan Agusta 2016 ta hanyar madauwari No. 07. <ref name="inter2017">{{Cite web |last=Inter |first=Laura |last2=Aoi |first2=Hana |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Circular 7 de 2016: Un paso atrás en la lucha por los Derechos Humanos de las personas intersexuales en Chile. Por Laura Inter y Hana Aoi |url=https://brujulaintersexual.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/circular-7-2016-un-paso-atras/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730060752/https://brujulaintersexual.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/circular-7-2016-un-paso-atras/ |archive-date=2017-07-30 |access-date=2017-07-09 |website=[[Brújula Intersexual]]}}</ref> <ref name="godoy2017">{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Camilo |date=June 18, 2017 |title=¿Cómo nace la Circular 7 del Ministerio de Salud de Chile? Por Camilo Godoy |url=https://brujulaintersexual.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/como-nace-la-circular-7-chile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730060244/https://brujulaintersexual.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/como-nace-la-circular-7-chile/ |archive-date=2017-07-30 |access-date=2017-07-09 |website=[[Brújula Intersexual]]}}</ref> <ref name="interaoi2017">{{Cite web |last=Inter |first=Laura |last2=Aoi |first2=Hana |date=June 2017 |title=Circular 7 De 2016: Un Paso Atrás En La Lucha Por Los Derechos Humanos De Las Personas Intersexuales En Chile |url=https://brujulaintersexual.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/circular-7-laura-y-hana11.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730060541/https://brujulaintersexual.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/circular-7-laura-y-hana11.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-30 |access-date=2017-07-28 |website=[[Brújula Intersexual]]}}</ref> An soke da'awar 18/2015 da 07/2016 ta hanyar da'ira 15/2023. === Jihar Tamil Nadu ta Indiya === A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019 Babban Kotun Madras (Madurai Bench) ta zartar da hukunci mai ban mamaki <ref name="Live Law.in">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712083504/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> kuma ta ba da umarnin dakatar da tiyata na Zaɓar Jima'i akan Jarirai na Jima'i dangane da ayyukan Gopi Shankar Madurai . A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2019 Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu, [[Indiya]] ta ba da umarnin gwamnati na hana tiyatar da ba dole ba a kan halayen jima'i na jarirai da yara a jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Indiya tare da mutane miliyan 77.8, an keɓe wannan ƙa'idar a cikin lamarin. na yanayi masu barazana ga rayuwa. <ref name="Kyle Knight - Human Rights Watch">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/29/indian-state-bans-unnecessary-surgery-intersex-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120075631/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/29/indian-state-bans-unnecessary-surgery-intersex-children |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> <ref name="The News Minute">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135759/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ban-sex-reassignment-surgeries-intersex-infants-madras-hc-tells-tn-govt-100565 |archive-date=2019-04-23 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/29/indian-court-decides-favor-informed-consent-rights-intersex-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119181838/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/29/indian-court-decides-favor-informed-consent-rights-intersex-people |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> An zartar da wata doka da ta tanadi haramta ayyukan yara da matasa baki ɗaya tare da 'bambance-bambancen ci gaban jinsi' ('Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung') a majalisar dokokin Jamus a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung |url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2021/kw12-de-geschlechterentwicklung-kinder-830122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511220342/https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2021/kw12-de-geschlechterentwicklung-kinder-830122 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung |url=http://dipbt.bundestag.de/extrakt/ba/WP19/2677/267726.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427223406/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/extrakt/ba/WP19/2677/267726.html |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=German}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Deutsches Ärzteblatt, dokar an yi niyya ne don ƙarfafa yanke shawarar yanke shawara na yara da matasa da kuma guje wa lahani ga lafiyarsu. Canje-canjen tiyata ga halayen jinsi ya kamata kawai ya faru - ko da tare da izinin iyaye - idan ba za a iya jinkirta aikin ba har zuwa shekaru 14. Kungiyar Kwaddar Tarayya ta Psyistherahereps na bukatar mai ba da shawara tare da gogewa a cikin kimantawa kafin yiwuwar shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bühring |first=Petra |date=February 20, 2021 |title=Intersexuelle Kinder: Recht zur Selbstbestimmung |url=https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/217721/Intersexuelle-Kinder-Recht-zur-Selbstbestimmung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309212304/https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/217721/Intersexuelle-Kinder-Recht-zur-Selbstbestimmung |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=aerzteblatt.de |language=German}}</ref> Yayin da ake goyan bayan ci gaba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2021 |title=A good first step: Germany adopts law banning IGM. But there is still room for improvement |url=https://oiieurope.org/a-good-first-step-germany-adopts-law-banning-igm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331214856/https://oiieurope.org/a-good-first-step-germany-adopts-law-banning-igm/ |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |publisher=OII Europe}}</ref> dokar da aka zartar a ƙarshe ta kuma soki Ƙungiyar Intersex International (OII) Jamus, OII Turai, da Intergeschlechtliche Menschen, saboda kasancewar keɓancewa. <ref name="Intergeschlechtliche Menschen">{{Cite web |last=Intergeschlechtliche Menschen |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Bundestag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschle |url=https://im-ev.de/pm-2021-03-26-gesetz-vdg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326090113/https://im-ev.de/pm-2021-03-26-gesetz-vdg/ |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung" |url=https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Stellungnahme-OII-Germany-Nov-2020_.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811130235/https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Stellungnahme-OII-Germany-Nov-2020_.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen |url=https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Presseerkla%CC%88rung-Internationale-Vereinigung-Intergeschlechtlicher-Menschen_3_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508105832/https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Presseerkla%CC%88rung-Internationale-Vereinigung-Intergeschlechtlicher-Menschen_3_2021.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=OII Germany |language=German}}</ref> == Haƙƙin rayuwa == Fahimtar kwayoyin halittar preimplantation (PGD ko PIGD) yana nufin gwajin kwayoyin halitta na embryos kafin a dasa su (a matsayin nau'i na bayanin amfrayo ), wani lokacin ma na oocytes kafin hadi . Ana la'akari da PGD a cikin irin wannan salon zuwa ganewar asali na haihuwa . Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance takamaiman yanayin kwayoyin halitta, hanyar ta sa ya zama mai yuwuwa cewa jaririn zai sami 'yanci daga yanayin da ake la'akari. PGD don haka haɗin gwiwa ne ga fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka, kuma yana buƙatar hadi a cikin vitro (IVF) don samun oocytes ko embryos don kimantawa. Fasahar ta ba da damar nuna bambanci ga waɗanda ke da halayen jima'i Georgiann Davis yayi jayayya cewa irin wannan wariyar ta kasa gane cewa mutane da yawa masu dabi'un jima'i suna rayuwa cikakke da farin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Georgiann |author-link=Georgiann Davis |date=October 2013 |title=The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits |journal=The American Journal of Bioethics |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=51–53 |doi=10.1080/15265161.2013.828119 |issn=1526-5161 |pmid=24024811 |s2cid=7331095}}</ref> Morgan Carpenter ya nuna bayyanar da dama intersex bambance-bambance a cikin jerin da UK Human hadi da Embryology Authority na "m" "halayen kwayoyin halitta" da za a iya de-zaba, ciki har da 5 alpha reductase rashi da androgen insensitivity ciwo, halaye bayyananne a cikin fitattun mata. 'yan wasa da kuma " magajin jima'i na farko a duniya a fili". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Morgan |author-link=Morgan Carpenter |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Morgan Carpenter at LGBTI Human Rights in the Commonwealth conference |url=http://oii.org.au/27467/lgbti-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912102123/http://oii.org.au/27467/lgbti-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth/ |archive-date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> Kungiyar Intersex International Ostiraliya ta yi kira ga Hukumar Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Lafiya ta Australiya da ta haramta irin wannan tsoma baki, lura da "kusa da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi da yanayin jima'i a cikin fahimtar zamantakewar jima'i da ka'idojin jinsi, da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimin zamantakewa da likitanci. ". A cikin 2015, Majalisar Turai ta buga takarda mai ba da shawara game da ''<nowiki/>'yancin ɗan adam da masu jima'i'', yana mai cewa: [[Fayil:Inclusion_of_sex_characteristics_in_anti-discrimination_law.svg|right|thumb|452x452px]] Kadan daga cikin hukunce-hukuncen ya zuwa yanzu suna ba da kariya bayyananne daga nuna wariya ga masu yin jima'i. Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko da ta fito karara ta kara jima'i a cikin doka, a matsayin wani bangare na sifa ta "jima'i". <ref name="zagaz">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2006 |title=Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2005-022.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018193130/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2005-022.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> Ostiraliya ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ƙara sifa mai zaman kanta, na "Matsayin interex". <ref name="com law">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013A00098 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122244/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013A00098 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2015-07-19 |website=ComLaw}}</ref> Malta ita ce ta farko da ta fara aiwatar da tsarin "halayen jima'i, ta hanyar doka wanda kuma ya kawo karshen gyare-gyare ga halayen jima'i na kananan yara da aka yi don zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="gate-malta"/> [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] da aka jera a matsayin "halayen jima'i" <ref name="ilgaeurope">{{Cite web |title=Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina |url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/anti-discrimination-law-updated-bosnia-herzegovina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808190256/http://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/anti-discrimination-law-updated-bosnia-herzegovina |archive-date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2016-08-02 |website=[[ILGA-Europe]]}}</ref> <ref name="lezbelib.com">{{Cite web |title=LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=http://www.lezbelib.com/europe-news/lgbti-people-are-now-better-protected-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826022235/http://www.lezbelib.com/europe-news/lgbti-people-are-now-better-protected-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina |archive-date=2016-08-26 |access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] ta haramta nuna bambanci da ƙiyayya dangane da "halayen jima'i", tun daga 24 Disamba 2015. <ref name="et.gr">{{Cite web |script-title=el:ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις |trans-title=LAW NO. 3456 Cohabitation, exercise of rights, criminal and other provisions |url=http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/Portals/0/4356-2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619104514/http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/Portals/0/4356-2015.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19 |access-date=2018-04-29 |language=el}}</ref> <ref name="Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-23 |script-title=el:Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο |url=http://www.efsyn.gr/arthro/proti-fora-isoi-apenanti-ston-nomo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025203410/http://www.efsyn.gr/arthro/proti-fora-isoi-apenanti-ston-nomo |archive-date=2017-10-25 |access-date=2016-03-14 |language=el}}</ref> <ref name="XY Spectrum">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Napokon vidljivi |trans-title=Finally visible |url=http://xyspectrum.org/napokon-vidljivi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616095443/http://xyspectrum.org/napokon-vidljivi/ |archive-date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=[[XY Spectrum]] |language=sr}}</ref> daga 2021, [[Serbiya|Serbia]] kuma [[Chile|ta]] hana nuna bambanci dangane da "halayen jima'i". "Halayen jima'i" a ƙarƙashin Doka 21,430 <ref name="Chile childhood law">{{Cite web |title=Law No. 21,430 on Guarantees and Comprehensive protection of the Rights of Childrent and Adolescents |url=https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/03/15/43203/01/2099181.pdf |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=es}}</ref> . === Ilimi === Wani bincike na Ostiraliya na mutane 272 da aka haifa tare da halayen jima'i na yau da kullun, wanda aka buga a cikin 2016, ya gano cewa 18% na masu amsa (idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Australiya na 2%) sun kasa kammala makarantar sakandare, tare da barin makarantar farko daidai da ayyukan likita na balaga, cin zarafi da zalunci. wasu dalilai. === Aiki === Wani bincike na Ostiraliya na 2015 game da mutanen da aka haifa tare da halayen jima'i na yau da kullun ya sami matsanancin talauci, baya ga yawan matakan barin makarantar farko, kuma sama da matsakaicin adadin nakasa. Jagorar masu ɗaukar ma'aikata don haɗa haɗin kai tsakanin jima'i da Pride in Diversity da Organization Intersex International Ostiraliya suka buga kuma ya bayyana lokuta na wariya a cikin aiki. === Kiwon lafiya === Kariyar nuna bambanci ta haɗu tare da magani na son rai da tilastawa. Kariyar Maltese bisa dalilan halayen jima'i suna ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya daga gyare-gyare marasa mahimmanci da cutarwa ga halayen jima'i na yara. A cikin watan Mayu 2016, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar da ke bayanin Sashe na 1557 na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi yana bayyana cewa Dokar ta haramta "wariya kan halayen jima'i ko halayen jima'i" a cikin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, a matsayin wani ɓangare na haramcin nuna bambanci "bisa jima'i". === Wasanni === A cikin 2013, an bayyana a cikin wata jarida ta likita cewa 'yan wasa mata hudu da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba daga kasashe masu tasowa sun fuskanci gonadectomies (sterilization) da clitoridectomies na clitoridectomies ( kaciyar mata ) bayan gwajin testosterone ya nuna cewa suna da yanayin jima'i. <ref name="jcem2013" /> <ref name="bmj2014" /> An gabatar da gwajin Testosterone ne bayan shari'ar Caster Semenya, na 'yar tseren Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi wa gwaji saboda kamanni da karfinta. <ref name="jcem2013">{{Cite journal |last=Fénichel |first=Patrick |last2=Paris |first2=Françoise |last3=Philibert |first3=Pascal |last4=Hiéronimus |first4=Sylvie |last5=Gaspari |first5=Laura |last6=Kurzenne |first6=Jean-Yves |last7=Chevallier |first7=Patrick |last8=Bermon |first8=Stéphane |last9=Chevalier |first9=Nicolas |last10=Sultan |first10=Charles |date=June 2013 |title=Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=–1055–E1059 |doi=10.1210/jc.2012-3893 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=23633205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="bmj2014">{{Cite journal |last=Jordan-Young |first=R. M. |author-link=Rebecca Jordan-Young |last2=Sonksen |first2=P. H. |last3=Karkazis |first3=K. |author-link3=Katrina Karkazis |date=April 2014 |title=Sex, health, and athletes |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=apr28 9 |pages=–2926–g2926 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2926 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=24776640 |s2cid=2198650}}</ref> Babu wata shaida cewa hyperandrogenism na asali a cikin manyan 'yan wasa mata suna ba da fa'ida a cikin wasanni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bermon |first=Stéphane |last2=Garnier |first2=Pierre Yves |last3=Lindén Hirschberg |first3=Angelica |last4=Robinson |first4=Neil |last5=Giraud |first5=Sylvain |last6=Nicoli |first6=Raul |last7=Baume |first7=Norbert |last8=Saugy |first8=Martial |last9=Fénichel |first9=Patrick |last10=Bruce |first10=Stephen J. |last11=Henry |first11=Hugues |last12=Dollé |first12=Gabriel |last13=Ritzen |first13=Martin |date=August 2014 |title=Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=–2014–1391 |doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1391 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=25137421 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da Ostiraliya ke kare ma'aurata daga wariya, Dokar ta ƙunshi keɓewa a cikin wasanni. == Magani da da'awar diyya == [[Fayil:Utrechtpride-intersexboat.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Masu fafutuka na jima'i a kan jirgin ruwa a Utrecht Canal Pride ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2018]] An yi iƙirarin biyan diyya a cikin ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in shari'a. === Christiane Völling, Jamus === A Jamus a cikin 2011, Christiane Völling ta yi nasara a shari'ar da aka yi mata game da jinya. An umurci likitan da ya biya Yuro 100,000 a matsayin diyya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwischengeschlecht |author-link=Zwischengeschlecht |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Christiane Völling: Hermaphrodite wins damage claim over removal of reproductive organs |url=http://zwischengeschlecht.org/pages/Hermaphrodite-wins-damage-claim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705201148/http://zwischengeschlecht.org/pages/Hermaphrodite-wins-damage-claim |archive-date=2015-07-05 |access-date=2015-07-20}}</ref> <ref name="local">{{Cite web |last=[[The Local]] |date=February 27, 2015 |title=Intersex person sues clinic for unnecessary op |url=http://www.thelocal.de/20150227/intersex-person-sues-doctors-for-unwanted-op |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214092025/http://www.thelocal.de/20150227/intersex-person-sues-doctors-for-unwanted-op |archive-date=2015-12-14 |access-date=2015-12-21}}</ref> bayan yakin shari'a da ya fara a 2007, shekaru talatin bayan cire kayan aikinta na haihuwa. <ref name="voll"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2010 |title=Christiane Völling |url=http://diskurs.ethikrat.org/christiane-volling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060821/http://diskurs.ethikrat.org/christiane-volling/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-12-21 |publisher=[[German Ethics Council]]}}</ref> === Benjamín-Maricarmen, Chile === A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2005, mahaifiyar wani yaro, Benjamín, ta shigar da kara a kan Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Maule bayan an cire mata maza da kuma tsarin haihuwa na yaron ba tare da sanar da iyayen yanayin aikin tiyata ba. Yaron ya kasance yarinya. An ƙaddamar da da'awar diyya a cikin Kotun Haruffa ta huɗu na Talca, kuma ta ƙare a Kotun Koli ta Chile . A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Kotun ta yanke wa Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Maule hukuncin “rashin hidima” da kuma biyan diyya peso miliyan 100 saboda lalacewar ɗabi’a da ɗabi’a da aka yi wa Benjamín, da kuma ƙarin miliyan 5 ga kowane ɗayan iyayen. === Harka MC da Aaronson, Amurka === A cikin Amurka an gabatar da shari'ar ''MC da Aaronson,'' wanda aka ci gaba ta hanyar interACT tare da Cibiyar Dokar Talauci ta Kudancin, a gaban kotuna a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Southern Poverty Law Center |author-link=Southern Poverty Law Center |date=May 14, 2013 |title=Groundbreaking SLPC Lawsuit Accuses South Carolina Doctors and Hospitals of Unnecessary Surgery on Infant |url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/groundbreaking-splc-lawsuit-accuses-south-carolina-doctors-and-hospitals-of-unnece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713101437/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/groundbreaking-splc-lawsuit-accuses-south-carolina-doctors-and-hospitals-of-unnece |archive-date=2015-07-13 |access-date=2015-07-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reis |first=Elizabeth |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Do No Harm: Intersex Surgeries and the Limits of Certainty |url=http://nursingclio.org/2013/05/17/do-no-harm-intersex-surgeries-and-the-limits-of-certainty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055735/https://nursingclio.org/2013/05/17/do-no-harm-intersex-surgeries-and-the-limits-of-certainty/ |archive-date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2015-07-20 |website=Nursing Clio}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dreger |first=Alice |date=May 16, 2013 |title=When to Do Surgery on a Child With 'Both' Genitalia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/05/when-to-do-surgery-on-a-child-with-both-genitalia/275884/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428013307/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/05/when-to-do-surgery-on-a-child-with-both-genitalia/275884/ |archive-date=2019-04-28 |access-date=2015-07-20 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Hudu ta yi watsi da karar, tana mai cewa, "ba "yana nufin rage mummunan cutar da MC ke ikirarin ya sha ba" amma wani jami'i mai ma'ana a 2006 ba shi da gargadi mai kyau daga lokacin. -Tsarin da ya gabata cewa yin aikin tiyatar jima'i a kan MC mai wata goma sha shida ya keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki a sarari." <ref name="largent2015">{{Cite web |last=Largent |first=Emily |date=March 5, 2015 |title=M.C. v. Aaronson |url=http://blogs.harvard.edu/billofhealth/2015/03/05/m-c-v-aaronson-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218235654/http://blogs.harvard.edu/billofhealth/2015/03/05/m-c-v-aaronson-update/ |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |website=Petrie-Flom Center, Harvard Law}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=interACT |author-link=Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth |date=January 27, 2015 |title=Update on M.C.'s Case – The Road to Justice can be Long, but there is more than one path for M.C. |url=http://interactadvocates.org/update-on-the-m-c-case-the-road-to-justice-can-be-long/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219013202/http://interactadvocates.org/update-on-the-m-c-case-the-road-to-justice-can-be-long/ |archive-date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2017, an ba da rahoton cewa Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta South Carolina ta yanke hukunci a kotu kan $ 440,000, ba tare da shigar da wani abin alhaki ba. <ref name="ghorayshi2017">{{Cite web |last=Ghorayshi |first=Azeen |date=July 27, 2017 |title=A Landmark Lawsuit About An Intersex Baby's Genital Surgery Just Settled For $440,000 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/intersex-surgery-lawsuit-settles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727175528/https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/intersex-surgery-lawsuit-settles |archive-date=2017-07-27 |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> === Michaela Raab case, Jamus === A cikin 2015, Michaela Raab ta kai karar likitoci a Nuremberg, Jamus, saboda rashin ba ta shawarar yadda ya kamata. Likitoci sun bayyana cewa "suna yin aiki ne kawai bisa ka'idojin lokacin - wanda ke neman kare marasa lafiya daga tasirin zamantakewa na koyan cikakkiyar gaskiya game da chromosomes." A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2015, Kotun Jihar Nuremberg ta yanke hukuncin cewa Jami'ar Erlangen-Nuremberg Clinic ta biya diyya da diyya. == Samun damar bayanai == [[Fayil:Licence_to_Lie.jpg|thumb| "Bai kamata a gaya musu ba..." Lasisi don Lie - Androgen insensitivity syndrome Standards a cikin 1963]] Tare da haɓakar kimiyyar likitanci na zamani a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai, yawancin masu yin jima'i tare da al'aurar waje mara kyau an yi musu gyaran fuska ta hanyar tiyata don kama da na mace ko na namiji. Likitoci sun nuna haihuwar jariran jima'i a matsayin "gaggawa na zamantakewa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coran |first=Arnold G. |last2=Polley |first2=Theodore Z. |date=July 1991 |title=Surgical management of ambiguous genitalia in the infant and child |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=812–820 |citeseerx=10.1.1.628.4867 |doi=10.1016/0022-3468(91)90146-K |pmid=1895191}}</ref> An kuma ɗauki samfurin tushen sirri, a cikin imani cewa wannan ya zama dole don tabbatar da ci gaban "na al'ada" ta jiki da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Morgan |author-link=Morgan Holmes |title=Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different? |url=http://www.isna.org/node/743 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055336/http://www.isna.org/node/743 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2015-07-21 |website=Intersex Society of North America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Intersex Society of North America]] |title=What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated? |url=http://www.isna.org/faq/concealment#fn2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626004731/http://www.isna.org/faq/concealment#fn2 |archive-date=2014-06-26 |access-date=2015-07-21}}</ref> Bayyanawa ya kuma haɗa da gaya wa mutane cewa ba za su taɓa saduwa da wani mai irin wannan yanayin ba. <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation"/> Samun bayanan likita shima ya kasance mai wahala a tarihi. Amma duk da haka ikon bayar da izini kyauta, ingantaccen bayani ya dogara da samun bayanai. Majalisar Turai da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun yarda da wajibcin inganta samar da bayanai, gami da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan likita . Wasu ƙungiyoyin jima'i sun yi iƙirarin cewa samfuran tushen sirri sun ci gaba ta hanyar canjin harshe na asibiti zuwa rikice-rikice na ci gaban jima'i . Morgan Carpenter na Organization Intersex International Ostiraliya ya nakalto aikin Miranda Fricker a kan "rashin adalci na hermeneutical" inda, duk da sabbin kariyar doka daga nuna wariya a kan yanayin yanayin jima'i, "wani wanda ke da kwarewar rayuwa ba zai iya ko da ma'anar abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa ba" saboda zuwa ƙaddamar da harshe na asibiti kuma "babu kalmomi don suna gwaninta". == Sanin doka == A cewar taron Asiya Pasifik na Cibiyoyin Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama na ƙasa, ƙasashe kaɗan ne suka ba da izinin amincewa da masu yin jima'i ta hanyar doka. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa amincewa da masu jima'i a shari'a shine: * na farko game da samun haƙƙoƙin daidai da na sauran maza da mata, lokacin da aka ba su namiji ko mace; * Na biyu shine game da samun damar yin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa zuwa takaddun doka lokacin da aikin jima'i na asali bai dace ba; kuma * na uku, yayin da ficewa cikin makirci na iya taimakawa wasu mutane, amincewar doka ba game da ƙirƙirar jinsi na uku ko rarraba jinsi ga masu yin jima'i a matsayin yawan jama'a ba, a maimakon haka yana game da ba da damar tsarin ficewa ga duk wanda yake nema. A wasu yankuna, samun dama ga kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida na iya zama matsala. === Alamomin jinsi === Kamar kowa da kowa, wasu masu yin jima'i na iya tasowa a matsayin jinsi na musamman (namiji ko mace) amma sai a gano su da wani daga baya a rayuwa, yayin da yawancin ba sa. <ref name="Money">{{Cite book|last3=John Money}}</ref> Kamar wadanda ba intersex ba, wasu masu yin jima'i ba za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin mace kaɗai ba ko kuma namiji na musamman. Binciken asibiti na 2012 ya nuna cewa tsakanin 8.5-20% na mutanen da ke da yanayin jima'i na iya fuskantar dysphoria na jinsi, <ref name="furtado">{{Cite journal |last=Furtado P. S. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development |journal=Nat. Rev. Urol. |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=620–627 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 |pmid=23045263 |s2cid=22294512}}</ref> yayin da bincike na zamantakewar al'umma a Ostiraliya, wata ƙasa da ke da jinsi na 'X' na uku, ya nuna cewa 19% na mutanen da aka haifa tare da rashin daidaituwa. halayen jima'i sun zaɓi zaɓi na "X" ko "sauran", yayin da 52% mata ne, 23% maza da 6% rashin tabbas. === Samun dama ga takaddun shaida === Samun takardar shaidar haihuwa tare da madaidaicin alamar jima'i na iya zama matsala ga mutanen da ba su gane jima'i da aka sanya a lokacin haihuwa ba, ko kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da buƙatun tiyata kawai. Fasfo ɗin fasfo da takaddun shaida na Ostiraliya da wasu ƙasashe sun karɓi "X" a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i na uku ban da "M" (namiji) da "F" (mace), aƙalla tun 2003. <ref name="Science as Culture">{{Cite journal |last=Holme |first=Ingrid |date=2008 |title=Hearing People's Own Stories |journal=Science as Culture |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=341–344 |doi=10.1080/09505430802280784 |s2cid=143528047}}</ref> <ref name="nzpass">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity |url=http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923055123/http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Jamus ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta Turai da ta ba da izinin yin rajistar jariran da ke da halaye na jinsin biyu a matsayin ''waɗanda ba su da iyaka'' kan takardar shaidar haihuwa, a cikin adawa da shakku daga ƙungiyoyin jima'i waɗanda ke nuni da cewa dokar ta ba da umarnin keɓe daga jinsin maza ko mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2013 |title=Third sex option on birth certificates |url=http://www.dw.de/third-sex-option-on-birth-certificates/a-17193869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010184218/http://www.dw.de/third-sex-option-on-birth-certificates/a-17193869 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option |url=http://oiieurope.org/bluff-package-for-inter-leaving-sex-entry-open-is-not-an-option/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829115843/http://oiieurope.org/bluff-package-for-inter-leaving-sex-entry-open-is-not-an-option/ |archive-date=29 August 2014 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=[[OII Europe]]}}</ref> Majalisar Turai ta amince da wannan tsarin, da kuma damuwa game da amincewa da rabe-rabe na uku da marasa tushe a cikin Takarda ta 2015, tana mai cewa waɗannan na iya haifar da "fitarwa na tilastawa" kuma "ya haifar da karuwar matsin lamba ga iyayen yara masu jima'i don yanke shawara a cikin yardar. na jinsi daya." Takardar Batutuwa ta yi jayayya da cewa "karin yin tunani a kan shaidar da ba ta binary ba ya zama dole": Mauro Cabral, Global Action for Trans Equality (GATE) Co-Director, ya nuna cewa duk wani fitarwa a waje da "F" / "M" dichotomy yana buƙatar tsara shi sosai kuma a aiwatar da shi tare da ra'ayi na 'yancin ɗan adam, yana mai cewa: {{Blockquote|“People tend to identify a [[third sex]] with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. If only trans and/or intersex people can access that third category, or if they are compulsively assigned a third sex, then the gender binary gets stronger, not weaker”<ref name="coe" />}} == Hakkokin tsakanin jima'i ta hanyar hurumi == Karanta takamaiman shafuka na ƙasa akan haƙƙin jima'i ta hanyoyin haɗin kan sunan ƙasar, inda akwai.<section begin="bycountry" /></link> === Afirka === {| class="wikitable" ! width="12.5%" |Ƙasa / hukumci ! width="12.5%" | Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa ! width="12.5%" | Kariyar nuna wariya ! width="12.5%" | Samun dama ga takaddun shaida ! width="12.5%" | Samun damar samun haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya kamar sauran maza da mata ! width="12.5%" | Canza takaddun shaida M/F ! width="12.5%" | Rabe-raben jinsi ko jinsi na uku ! width="12.5%" | Ƙarshen rarraba hukuma ta hanyar jima'i ko jinsi ! width="12.5%" | Bambance-bambancen jima'i da jinsi ! width="12.5%" | Sanya jarirai da yara ga namiji ko mace |- |{{Flagicon|Kenya}}</img> [[Hakkokin jima'i a Kenya|Kenya]] | Tun daga 2022[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> <ref name="kenya intersex law">{{Cite web |last=Kisika |first=Sam |date=8 August 2022 |title=Landmark Kenya intersex rights law takes effect |url=https://www.losangelesblade.com/2022/08/08/landmark-kenya-intersex-rights-law-takes-effect/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Los Angeles Blade: LGBTQ News, Rights, Politics, Entertainment}}</ref> <ref name="chigiti2016">{{Cite web |last=Chigiti |first=John |date=September 14, 2016 |title=The plight of the intersex child |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/09/14/the-plight-of-the-intersex-child_c1419560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129234516/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/09/14/the-plight-of-the-intersex-child_c1419560 |archive-date=2017-01-29 |access-date=2017-05-13 |website=The Star, Kenya}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> | | | Tun daga 2022[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> <ref name="kenya children act">{{Cite web |title=The Children Act 2022 |url=https://www.liftthechildren.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/The-Children-Act-2022.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726094411/https://www.liftthechildren.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/The-Children-Act-2022.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|South Africa}}</img> [[Hakkokin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee on the Rights of the Child |date=October 27, 2016 |title=Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/ZAF/CO/2&Lang=En |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170949/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FZAF%2FCO%2F2&Lang=En |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> <ref name="zagaz"/> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2000 |title=Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603050532/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2011 |access-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img>Dangane da rahotannin likita da zamantakewa | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Uganda}}</img> [[Hakkokin jima'i a Uganda|Uganda]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaggwa |first=Julius |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda |url=http://intersexday.org/en/understanding-stigma-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408064123/http://intersexday.org/en/understanding-stigma-uganda/ |archive-date=2017-04-08 |access-date=2016-10-26 |website=[[Intersex Day]]}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Ee]]</img> | | | | |- |} === Amurkawa === {| class="wikitable" ! width="12.5%" |Country/jurisdiction ! width="12.5%" |Physical integrity and bodily autonomy ! width="12.5%" |Anti-discrimination protection ! width="12.5%" |Access to identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Access to same rights as other men and women ! width="12.5%" |Changing M/F identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Third gender or sex classifications ! width="12.5%" |Ending official classification by sex or gender ! width="12.5%" |Sex and gender distinctions ! width="12.5%" |Assign infants and children to male or female |- |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Intersex rights in Argentina|Argentina]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="justicia2017">{{Cite web |last=Justicia Intersex |last2=Zwischengeschlecht.org |author-link2=Zwischengeschlecht |date=2017 |title=NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention against Torture (CAT) |url=http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2017-CAT-Justicia-Intersex-Zwischengeschlecht-IGM.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104121215/http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2017-CAT-Justicia-Intersex-Zwischengeschlecht-IGM.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-04 |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="Global Action for Trans Equality">{{Cite web |last=[[Global Action for Trans Equality]] |date=14 May 2012 |title=Gender identity Law in Argentina: an opportunity for all |url=http://sxpolitics.org/around-the-world-259/7556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329213119/http://sxpolitics.org/around-the-world-259/7556 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=Sexuality Policy Watch}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Since July 2021, gender X became available and implemented<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/22/argentina-recognizes-non-binary-identities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724151515/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/22/argentina-recognizes-non-binary-identities |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Intersex rights in Canada|Canada]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Intersex rights in Chile|Chile]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Circular 15/2023 Chile">{{Cite web |title=Circular 15 |url=https://www.movilh.cl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Circular-No-15-Intersex.pdf |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="circular7">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Complementa circular 18 que instruye sobre ciertos aspectos de la atencion de salud a niños y niñas intersex |url=http://normativas.minsal.cl/CIRCULARES/CIRCULAR_7_16_SP.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102223146/http://normativas.minsal.cl/CIRCULARES/CIRCULAR_7_16_SP.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Ministerio de Salud}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Chile childhood law"/><ref name="diptados2017">{{Cite web |title=Proyectos de Ley Sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez |url=https://www.camara.cl/pley/pley_detalle.aspx?prmID=10729&prmBoletin=10315-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165747/https://www.camara.cl/pley/pley_detalle.aspx?prmID=10729&prmBoletin=10315-18 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=www.camara.cl |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de Chile |language=es-LA}}</ref><ref name="comision2017">{{Cite web |title=Comisión de la Cámara aprueba que niñas y niños trans tengan derecho a desarrollar su identidad de género |url=http://www.movilh.cl/comision-de-la-camara-aprueba-que-ninas-y-ninos-trans-tengan-derecho-a-desarrollar-su-identidad-de-genero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730112922/https://www.movilh.cl/comision-de-la-camara-aprueba-que-ninas-y-ninos-trans-tengan-derecho-a-desarrollar-su-identidad-de-genero/ |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=www.movilh.cl |language=es-LA}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="Civil Registry Chile">{{Cite web |date=July 2017 |title=Datos Registrales con Enfoque de Género |url=http://www.registrocivil.cl/transparencia/DatoInteresCiudadano/Datos_Registrales_por_Genero_2017_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152027/http://www.registrocivil.cl/transparencia/DatoInteresCiudadano/Datos_Registrales_por_Genero_2017_1.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |language=es}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Civil Registry Chile" /> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Intersex rights in Colombia|Colombia]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] No, but restricted in children aged over 5. |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Intersex rights in Mexico|Mexico]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="inter2015">{{Cite journal |last=Inter |first=Laura |date=2015 |title=Finding My Compass |journal=Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=95–98 |doi=10.1353/nib.2015.0039 |pmid=26300133 |s2cid=20101103}}</ref><ref name="inter2016">{{Cite web |last=Inter |first=Laura |date=October 2016 |title=The situation of the intersex community in Mexico |url=http://intersexday.org/en/situation-mexico/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024812/https://intersexday.org/en/situation-mexico/ |archive-date=2018-10-21 |access-date=2017-05-13 |website=[[Intersex Day]]}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="inter2016" /> | | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Since May 2023, a gender X option formally became available on Passports within Mexico - alongside male and female options.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprayregen |first=Molly |date=May 27, 2023 |title=Mexico adds nonbinary option to passports in "great leap" for the "dignity of people" |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2023/05/mexico-adds-nonbinary-option-to-passports-in-great-leap-for-the-dignity-of-people/ |website=LGBTQ Nation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balevic |first=Katie |title=Mexico introduced a non-binary passport, allowing people to write their gender as 'x' instead of male or female |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mexico-introduces-non-binary-passport-allowing-gender-written-x-2023-5 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Intersex rights in the United States|United States]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="interactcat" /> |Partial, in healthcare<ref name="interact">{{Cite web |last=[[Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth|interACT]] |date=2016 |title=Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care |url=http://interactadvocates.org/federal-government-bans-discrimination-against-intersex-people-in-health-care/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528104341/http://interactadvocates.org/federal-government-bans-discrimination-against-intersex-people-in-health-care/ |archive-date=2016-05-28 |access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> | |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]/[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] Opt in only for Washington D.C., California, New York City, Ohio (with a court order only), New Mexico,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2019 |title=New Laws Take Effect in New Mexico |url=https://www.kob.com/new-mexico-news/new-laws-take-effect-in-new-mexico/5389614/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023332/https://www.kob.com/new-mexico-news/new-laws-take-effect-in-new-mexico/5389614/ |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=KOB4}}</ref> Nevada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ID Documents Center - Nevada |url=https://transequality.org/documents/state/nevada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117162034/https://transequality.org/documents/state/nevada |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref> Oregon, Utah (with a court order only),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Taylor |date=October 8, 2018 |title=Utahn Becomes One of the First in the State to Receive Nonbinary 'X' Markers on Birth Certificate and Driver License |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/10/08/male-female-x-utahn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030902/https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/10/08/male-female-x-utahn/ |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> Washington State, New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gunz |first=Rafaella |date=January 6, 2019 |title=New Jersey to Introduce Gender-neutral Birth Certificates in February |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/new-jersey-introduce-gender-neutral-birth-certificates-february-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060237/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/new-jersey-introduce-gender-neutral-birth-certificates-february-2019/ |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Gay Star News}}</ref> Colorado, and Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth Certificates |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/birth-certificates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033044/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/birth-certificates |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment}}</ref><ref name="leginfo.legislature.ca.gov">{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2017 |title=California Senate Bill "SB-179 Gender identity: female, male, or nonbinary" to enact the Gender Recognition Act, to authorize the change of gender on the new birth certificate to be female, male, or nonbinary. |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616164149/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179 |archive-date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |website=California Legislative Information}}</ref><ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=September 26, 2016 |title=Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204210/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=September 26, 2016 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="ohara2016">{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nation-s-first-known-intersex-birth-certificate-issued-nyc-n701186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509171125/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nation-s-first-known-intersex-birth-certificate-issued-nyc-n701186 |archive-date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2016-12-30 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> In October 2021, the very first US Passport with a gender X was issued by a court order for an individual. From April-11-2022, gender X becomes officially available and recognised for any validly issued US Passport holder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selecting your Gender Marker |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=travel.state.gov |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307133536/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2022-04-04 |title=Nearly 17K Americans may request gender 'X' passport this year |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/3258443-nearly-17000-americans-may-request-gender-x-passport-this-year/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-10-27 |title=US issues its first passport with X gender designation to reflect 'lived reality' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/27/us-passport-x-gender-designation-first |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103191238/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/27/us-passport-x-gender-designation-first |archive-date=2021-11-03 |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Intersex rights in Uruguay|Uruguay]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="uru">{{Cite web |title=Ley N° 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en género |url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19580-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410091046/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19580-2017 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=21 October 2018 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=Prohíben las operaciones de definición de sexo en la niñez |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/prohiben-operaciones-definicion-sexo-ninez.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021233842/https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/prohiben-operaciones-definicion-sexo-ninez.html |archive-date=21 October 2018 |access-date=21 October 2018 |website=Diario EL PAIS Uruguay |language=es-UY}}</ref> | | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="uruguay trans law">{{Cite web |title=Ley Integral Para Personas Trans |url=http://www.mides.gub.uy/innovaportal/file/77785/1/proyecto-de-ley-integral-para-personas-trans.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023063009/http://www.mides.gub.uy/innovaportal/file/77785/1/proyecto-de-ley-integral-para-personas-trans.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018 |publisher=Uruguay Ministry for Social Development}}</ref> | | | |- |} === Asiya === {| class="wikitable" ! width="12.5%" |Country/jurisdiction ! width="12.5%" |Physical integrity and bodily autonomy ! width="12.5%" |Anti-discrimination protection ! width="12.5%" |Access to identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Access to same rights as other men and women ! width="12.5%" |Changing M/F identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Third gender or sex classifications ! width="12.5%" |Ending official classification by sex or gender ! width="12.5%" |Sex and gender distinctions ! width="12.5%" |Assign infants and children to male or female |- |{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Intersex rights in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]]<ref name="Bangladesh Gender Identity" />{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Better source needed due to contradictory information|date=May 2017}} |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Bangladesh Gender Identity">{{Cite journal |last=UK Home Office |date=December 2016 |title=Bangladesh: Sexual orientation and gender identity |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/580345/Bangladesh_-_CPIN_Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_-_December_2016.pdf |url-status=live |journal=UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425092521/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/580345/Bangladesh_-_CPIN_Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_-_December_2016.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Better source needed due to contradictory information|date=May 2017}} | | | |- |{{Flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Intersex rights in China|China]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="cat2015cn">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee against Torture |date=2015 |title=Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052456/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FCHN%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en |archive-date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-15 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="cat2015hk">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee against Torture |date=2015 |title=Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN-HKG%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051947/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FCHN-HKG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en |archive-date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-15 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="eoc2017">{{Cite web |last=Equal Opportunities Commission |author-link=Equal Opportunities Commission (Hong Kong) |date=March 9, 2017 |title=EOC & GRC of CUHK Issue Statement Calling for the Introduction of Legislation against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status |url=http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/ShowContent.aspx?ItemID=14332 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230621/http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/ShowContent.aspx?ItemID=14332 |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Intersex rights in India|India]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Supreme Court of India 2014" /> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Supreme Court of India 2014">{{Cite web |last=Supreme Court of India 2014 |title=Supreme Court recognises the right to determine and express one's gender; grants legal status to 'third gender' |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105348/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc40012.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-27 |access-date=2017-05-25}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Intersex rights in Japan|Japan]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[Fayil:Warning_icon.svg|15x15px|Warning]] Requires surgery | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Intersex rights in Nepal|Nepal]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Supreme Court of Nepal 2014" />[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Supreme Court of Nepal 2014">{{Cite journal |date=April 2007 |title=Sunil Babu Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal |url=http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf |journal=National Judicial Academy Law Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011064131/http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sunil-Babu-Pant-and-Others-v.-Nepal-Government-and-Others-Supreme-Court-of-Nepal.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Intersex rights in Pakistan|Pakistan]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="trans act pk" /> | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="trans act pk">{{Cite web |title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 |url=http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1528787262_286.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204105950/http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1528787262_286.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="trans act pk" /> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Intersex rights in South Korea|South Korea]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2018}} | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Intersex rights in Thailand|Thailand]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[Fayil:Warning_icon.svg|15x15px|Warning]] Requires surgery | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Intersex rights in Vietnam|Vietnam]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[Fayil:Warning_icon.svg|15x15px|Warning]] Requires surgery | | | | |- |} === Turai === {| class="wikitable" ! width="12.5%" |Country/jurisdiction ! width="12.5%" |Physical integrity and bodily autonomy ! width="12.5%" |Anti-discrimination protection ! width="12.5%" |Access to identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Access to same rights as other men and women ! width="12.5%" |Changing M/F identification documents ! width="12.5%" |Third gender or sex classifications ! width="12.5%" |Ending official classification by sex or gender ! width="12.5%" |Sex and gender distinctions ! width="12.5%" |Assign infants and children to male or female |- |{{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Intersex rights in Albania|Albania]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Albania approves protocol to stop medical intervention on intersex babies |url=https://exit.al/en/2020/06/27/albania-approves-protocol-to-stop-medical-intervention-on-intersex-babies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126184151/https://exit.al/en/2020/06/27/albania-approves-protocol-to-stop-medical-intervention-on-intersex-babies/ |archive-date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2020-06-27 |website=www.exit.al}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Amends Its Law for Protection From Discrimination: HIV Status and Sex Characteristics Are Now Protected Grounds |url=https://www.lgbti-era.org/news/albania-amends-its-law-protection-discrimination-hiv-status-and-sex-characteristics-are-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503105655/https://www.lgbti-era.org/news/albania-amends-its-law-protection-discrimination-hiv-status-and-sex-characteristics-are-now |archive-date=2021-05-03 |access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Intersex rights in Austria|Austria]] | | | | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Intersex persons have the right to adequate designation in the civil register |url=https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Civil_register_-_Intersex_persons.en.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213731/https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Civil_register_-_Intersex_persons.en.php |archive-date=2018-07-04 |access-date=2018-07-04 |website=www.vfgh.gv.at}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Bosnia-Herzegovina}} [[Intersex rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="ilgaeurope"/> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Intersex rights in Belgium|Belgium]] | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref>{{Cite web |title=– Belgium – New Gender Recognition Law with obstacles |url=https://tgeu.org/belgium-new-gender-recognition-law-with-obstacles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211200638/https://tgeu.org/belgium-new-gender-recognition-law-with-obstacles/ |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2018-05-14 |website=tgeu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Belgian Gender Recognition Act: shouldn't self-determination also include non-binary people? |url=https://iacl-aidc-blog.org/2018/03/20/new-belgian-gender-recognition-act-shouldnt-self-determination-also-include-non-binary-people/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213913/https://iacl-aidc-blog.org/2018/03/20/new-belgian-gender-recognition-act-shouldnt-self-determination-also-include-non-binary-people/ |archive-date=2018-05-14 |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Intersex rights in Denmark|Denmark]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="amnesty2017post"/> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Intersex rights in Finland|Finland]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghattas |first=Dan Christian |author-link=Dan Christian Ghattas |last2=ILGA-Europe |author-link2=ILGA-Europe |date=2016 |title=Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help? |url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/how_to_be_a_great_intersex_ally_a_toolkit_for_ngos_and_decision_makers_december_2015_updated.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327095320/http://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/how_to_be_a_great_intersex_ally_a_toolkit_for_ngos_and_decision_makers_december_2015_updated.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-27}}</ref> | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Intersex rights in France|France]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guillot |first=Vincent |last2=Zwischengeschlecht |author-link2=Zwischengeschlecht |date=April 3, 2016 |title=NGO Report to the 7th Periodic Report of France on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) |url=http://intersex.shadowreport.org/post/2016/04/03/2016-CAT-France-Thematic-Intersex-NGO-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201559/http://intersex.shadowreport.org/post/2016/04/03/2016-CAT-France-Thematic-Intersex-NGO-Report |archive-date=2017-03-25 |access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Intersex rights in Germany|Germany]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] with exceptions<ref name="Intergeschlechtliche Menschen"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung" |url=https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Stellungnahme-OII-Germany-Nov-2020_.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811130235/https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Stellungnahme-OII-Germany-Nov-2020_.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=OII Germany |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen |url=https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Presseerkla%CC%88rung-Internationale-Vereinigung-Intergeschlechtlicher-Menschen_3_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508105832/https://oiigermany.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Presseerkla%CC%88rung-Internationale-Vereinigung-Intergeschlechtlicher-Menschen_3_2021.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=OII Germany}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option |url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-095.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083403/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-095.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2017-11-14 |website=www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Intersex rights in Greece|Greece]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="et.gr"/> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Intersex rights in Iceland|Iceland]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="shame" /><ref name="applauded" /><ref name="over" /> |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="shame">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Owl |date=June 21, 2019 |title=On Trans Issues, Iceland has just put Britain to Shame |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/21/trans-issues-britain-iceland-law-intersex-rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624153236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/21/trans-issues-britain-iceland-law-intersex-rights |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="applauded">{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=Gender Autonomy Act Applauded |url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2019/06/21/gender_autonomy_act_applauded/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622145800/https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2019/06/21/gender_autonomy_act_applauded/ |archive-date=June 22, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Iceland Monitor}}</ref><ref name="over">{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2019 |title=Iceland Passes Major Gender Identity Law: "The Fight Is Far From Over" |url=https://grapevine.is/news/2019/06/19/iceland-passes-major-gender-identity-law-the-fight-is-far-from-over/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625212543/https://grapevine.is/news/2019/06/19/iceland-passes-major-gender-identity-law-the-fight-is-far-from-over/ |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Grapevine}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="shame" /><ref name="applauded" /><ref name="over" /> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Intersex rights in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref name="zwisch2015ie">{{Cite web |last=Zwischengeschlecht.org |author-link=Zwischengeschlecht |date=December 2015 |title=Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Ireland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) |url=http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2015-CRC-Ireland-NGO-Zwischengeschlecht-Intersex-IGM.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321163000/http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2015-CRC-Ireland-NGO-Zwischengeschlecht-Intersex-IGM.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-21 |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref name="uncrc2016ie">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee on the Rights of Child |date=February 4, 2016 |title=Concluding observations on the combined third to fourth periodic reports of Ireland (advance unedited version) |url=http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/public/Ireland_Concl-Obs_CRC_C_IRL_CO_3-4_22988_E.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315201503/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/public/Ireland_Concl-Obs_CRC_C_IRL_CO_3-4_22988_E.doc |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |access-date=May 15, 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="guar-irl" /> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Jersey}} [[Intersex rights in the United Kingdom|Jersey]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="jersey">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Discrimination (Sex and Related Characteristics) (Jersey) Regulations 2015 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5chtm%5cROFiles%5cR%26OYear2015%2fR%26O-061-2015.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314160222/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5chtm%5cROFiles%5cR%26OYear2015%2fR%26O-061-2015.htm |archive-date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Intersex rights in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] | |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="luxtimes.lu">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2018 |title=Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier |url=https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34530-luxembourg-makes-status-change-for-transgender-people-easier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054648/https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34530-luxembourg-makes-status-change-for-transgender-people-easier |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Intersex rights in Malta|Malta]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Legislated{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="guar-irl" /> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="Dalli">{{Cite web |last=Dalli |first=Miriam |date=3 February 2015 |title=Male, Female or X: the new gender options on identification documents |url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/49185/male_female_or_x_the_new_gender_options_on_identification_documents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215153103/http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/49185/male_female_or_x_the_new_gender_options_on_identification_documents |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=[[Malta Today]]}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Intersex rights in Montenegro|Montenegro]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije {{!}} Crna Gora {{!}} Paragraf Lex |url=https://www.paragraf.me/propisi-crnegore/zakon-o-zabrani-diskriminacije.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804001221/https://www.paragraf.me/propisi-crnegore/zakon-o-zabrani-diskriminacije.html |archive-date=2020-08-04 |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=www.paragraf.me |at=Article 19 ("Any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and / or intersex characteristics is considered discrimination.")}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Intersex rights in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Intersex rights in Norway|Norway]] | |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway |url=https://rainbow-europe.org/#8652/0/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055156/https://rainbow-europe.org/#8652/0/0 |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=Rainbow Europe}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway becomes fourth country in Europe to introduce model of self-determination - ILGA-Europe |url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/norway-introduces-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429011115/https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/norway-introduces-self-determination |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2018-08-30 |website=www.ilga-europe.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/#gs.1sGX2OA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830113258/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/norway-becomes-fourth-country-world-allow-trans-people-determine-gender/#gs.1sGX2OA |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Norway: Historic breakthrough for transgender rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/03/norway-historic-breakthrough-for-transgender-rights/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116092855/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/03/norway-historic-breakthrough-for-transgender-rights/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=www.amnesty.org}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Emblem-question.svg|15x15px]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Intersex rights in Portugal|Portugal]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|No]] Legislated |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref name="ABS-CBN" /><ref name="DW-Portugal" /> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] | | | |- |- |{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Intersex rights in Serbia|Serbia]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]]<ref name="XY Spectrum"/> | | | | | | | |- |{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Intersex rights in Switzerland|Switzerland]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwischengeschlecht.org |date=March 2014 |title=Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) |url=http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2014-CRC-Swiss-NGO-Zwischengeschlecht-Intersex-IGM_v2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506100038/http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2014-CRC-Swiss-NGO-Zwischengeschlecht-Intersex-IGM_v2.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-06 |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee on the Rights of Child |date=February 26, 2015 |title=Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fCHE%2fCO%2f2-4&Lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725094346/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FCHE%2FCO%2F2-4&Lang=En |archive-date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee on the Rights of Child |date=September 7, 2015 |title=Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Switzerland |url=https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/data/bj/staat/menschenrechte/antifolterkonvention/cat-ber-7-schlussfolgerungen-e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210164039/https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/data/bj/staat/menschenrechte/antifolterkonvention/cat-ber-7-schlussfolgerungen-e.pdf |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] Self-determination<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2021 |title=Switzerland to allow simple gender identity change next year |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/12/switzerland-to-allow-simple-gender-identity-change-next-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228104455/https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/12/switzerland-to-allow-simple-gender-identity-change-next-year/ |archive-date=2021-12-28 |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Intersex rights in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=Committee on the Rights of Child |date=June 2016 |title=Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGBR%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507180512/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGBR%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en |archive-date=2017-05-07 |access-date=2017-05-15 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="zwischen2016uk">{{Cite book|last4=Organisation Intersex International}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria<ref name="pink-uk">{{Cite web |last=Payton |first=Naith |date=July 23, 2015 |title=Comment: Why the UK's gender recognition laws desperately need updating |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/07/23/comment-why-the-uks-gender-recognition-laws-desperately-need-updating/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126104707/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/07/23/comment-why-the-uks-gender-recognition-laws-desperately-need-updating/ |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=The Pink Paper}}</ref> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] | | | |- |} === Oceania === {| class="wikitable" ! width="12.5%" |Ƙasa / hukumci ! width="12.5%" | Mutuncin jiki da cin gashin kansa ! width="12.5%" | Kariyar nuna wariya ! width="12.5%" | Samun dama ga takaddun shaida ! width="12.5%" | Samun damar samun haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya kamar sauran maza da mata ! width="12.5%" | Canza takaddun shaida M/F ! width="12.5%" | Rabe-raben jinsi ko jinsi na uku ! width="12.5%" | Ƙarshen rarraba hukuma ta hanyar jima'i ko jinsi ! width="12.5%" | Bambance-bambancen jima'i da jinsi ! width="12.5%" | Sanya jarirai da yara ga namiji ko mace |- |{{Flagicon|Australia}}</img> [[Hakkokin jima'i a Ostiraliya|Ostiraliya]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> <ref name="darlington2017">{{Citation|last2=Organisation Intersex International Australia}}</ref> <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation"/> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img> A matakin tarayya <ref name="oiiau2013">{{Cite web |date=21 February 2013 |title=We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012 |url=http://oii.org.au/21774/welcome-senate-inquiry-anti-discrimination/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101205811/http://oii.org.au/21774/welcome-senate-inquiry-anti-discrimination/ |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]}}</ref> | |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> Keɓance game da wasanni da kaciyar mata <ref name="oiiau2013" /> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img> Manufofin sun bambanta dangane da hukumci <ref name="oiiau2009" />[[Fayil:Warning_icon.svg|alt=Warning|15x15px|Gargadi]]</img> Yana buƙatar tiyatar sake aikin jima'i da izini daga aƙalla likitocin likita 2 a cikin NSW da QLD kawai. Maganin da ya dace (ko izinin likitoci 1) a cikin WA, SA, NT da ACT. "Ƙaddamar da kai" a cikin TAS da VIC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Now That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal, States Must Abolish Transgender "Forced Divorce" Laws |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/australian-states-have-one-year-to-repeal-transgender |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103085902/https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/australian-states-have-one-year-to-repeal-transgender |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img> (Fasfo)[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img> Shiga a matakin tarayya, manufofin jiha/yanki sun bambanta <ref name="oiiau2009">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2009 |title=On intersex birth registrations |url=http://oii.org.au/4856/on-birth-registrations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042843/https://oii.org.au/4856/on-birth-registrations/ |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=OII Australia}}</ref> <ref name="ausag">{{Cite web |title=Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013 |url=http://www.ag.gov.au/Publications/Pages/AustralianGovernmentGuidelinesontheRecognitionofSexandGender.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701084543/http://www.ag.gov.au/Publications/Pages/AustralianGovernmentGuidelinesontheRecognitionofSexandGender.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> | | | |- |{{Flagicon|New Zealand}}</img> [[Hakkin jima'i a New Zealand|New Zealand]] |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> <ref name="darlington2017" /> |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img> | |[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|A'a]]</img>Keɓance game da kaciyar mata |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img>Daga Yuli 2023, ta hanyar cin gashin kai <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=New Zealand passes law allowing citizens to self-identify sex on birth certificates |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/12/new-zealand-passes-law-allowing-citizens-to-self-identify-sex-on-birth-certificate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213110035/https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/12/new-zealand-passes-law-allowing-citizens-to-self-identify-sex-on-birth-certificate/ |archive-date=2022-02-13 |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[File:Yes_check.svg|alt=Yes|15x15px|Haka ne,]]</img>(Fasfo)[[Fayil:Warning_icon.svg|alt=Warning|15x15px|Gargadi]]</img> (Za a iya amfani da takardar shaidar haihuwa ta uku idan an ƙayyade lokacin haihuwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Internal Affairs |title=General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates |url=http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/Files/GeninfoDeclarationsofFamilyCourt/$file/GeninfoDeclarationsofFamilyCourt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430193249/http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/Files/GeninfoDeclarationsofFamilyCourt/$file/GeninfoDeclarationsofFamilyCourt.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-30 |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> ) | | | |- |} == Duba sauran bayanai == * Ranar Fadakarwa tsakanin Jima'i * Intersex mutane da aikin soja * Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam Intersex * Intersex likita shisshigi * Wariya ga masu jima'i * Amincewa da shari'a na mutane masu jima'i == Bayanan kula == *   * {{Cite web |last=Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia |author-link=Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia |last2=Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand |author-link2=Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand |last3=Organisation Intersex International Australia |author-link3=Organisation Intersex International Australia |last4=Black |first4=Eve |last5=Bond |first5=Kylie |last6=Briffa |first6=Tony |author-link6=Tony Briffa (politician) |last7=Carpenter |first7=Morgan |author-link7=Morgan Carpenter |last8=Cody |first8=Candice |last9=David |first9=Alex |date=March 2017 |title=Darlington Statement |url=https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204013/https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/ |archive-date=2017-03-22 |access-date=March 21, 2017}} * {{Cite book|last3=Asia Pacific Forum}} * {{Cite web |last=Council of Europe |author-link=Council of Europe |last2=Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link2=Commissioner for Human Rights |date=April 2015 |title=Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper |url=https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original}} * {{Cite book|last3=Georgiann Davis}} * {{Cite web |last=Elders |first=M Joycelyn |author-link=Joycelyn Elders |last2=Satcher |first2=David |author-link2=David Satcher |last3=Carmona |first3=Richard |author-link3=Richard Carmona |date=June 2017 |title=Re-Thinking Genital Surgeries on Intersex Infants |url=http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Re-Thinking-Genital-Surgeries-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412134957/http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Re-Thinking-Genital-Surgeries-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-12 |access-date=2017-07-28 |publisher=[[Palm Center]]}} *   *{{Cite book|last3=Katrina Karkazis}} * Malta declaration (International Intersex Forum), {{Cite web |date=December 2, 2013 |title=Statement of the Third International Intersex Forum |url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073813/http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=ILGA Europe Creative Commons statement}}<cite class="citation web cs1">''ILGA Europe Creative Commons statement''. December 2, 2013. Archived from [http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073813/http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 |date=2013-12-04 }} on December 4, 2013.</cite> *   * {{Cite web |last=OII Europe |last2=Bilitis |last3=Intersex Belgium |last4=Intersex Iceland |last5=Intersex Russia |last6=Intersex Scandinavia |last7=NNID |last8=OII Germany |last9=OII-Italia |date=April 20, 2017 |title=Statement of the 1st European Intersex Community Event (Vienna, 30st - 31st of March 2017) |url=https://oiieurope.org/statement-1st-european-intersex-community-event-vienna-30st-31st-march-2017/ |access-date=2017-05-26 |website=OII Europe}} * {{Cite book|last3=Esan Regmi}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Anne Tamar-Mattis}} * {{Cite web |last=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=2015 |title=Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex |url=https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf}} * {{Cite web |last=UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment |date=February 2013 |title=Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf |website=[[Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}} * {{Cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E |access-date=7 October 2018 |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}} *   *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == imnbcusny0phw47wtile1bn5yt4woz4 0 81319 890599 853344 2026-08-02T12:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Education Freedom Day, Tunisia 2015DSC 9015.jpg|thumb|Ƴancin Ilimi]] [[Fayil:Torch of Academic Freedom as relights.jpg|thumb]] ''''Yancin dailimi''' haƙƙin malami ne na koyarwa da kuma haƙƙin ɗalibi don koyo a fagen [[ilimi]] ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba.<ref name="Lerch-20242">{{Cite journal |last1=Lerch |first1=Julia C. |last2=Frank |first2=David John |last3=Schofer |first3=Evan |date=2024 |title=The Social Foundations of Academic Freedom: Heterogeneous Institutions in World Society, 1960 to 2022 |journal=American Sociological Review |language=en |volume=89 |pages=88–125 |doi=10.1177/00031224231214000 |issn=0003-1224 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAQs on Academic Freedom |url=https://www.aaup.org/programs/academic-freedom/faqs-academic-freedom |website=AAUP |publisher=American Association of University Professors |access-date=18 November 2024 |language=en |date=14 July 2021}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da haƙƙin malamai don shiga cikin zargi na zamantakewa da siyasa.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> 'Yancin ilimi sau da yawa ana dogara ne akan tabbacin cewa 'yancin yin bincike ta membobin [[Malami|malamai]] yana da mahimmanci ga manufar makarantar da kuma ka'idodin ilimi, kuma malamai su sami 'yancin koyarwa ko sadar da ra'ayoyi ko gaskiya (ciki har da waɗanda ba su dace ba). zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin siyasa na waje ko ga hukumomi) ba tare da fargabar an danne su ba, rasa aikinsu ko a ɗaure su. Yayin da jigon ƴancin ilimi ya ƙunshi masana da ke aiki a fagen ilimi - a matsayin malamai ko masu bincike waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyin masana sosai -, faffadar fassarar tana faɗaɗa waɗannan kariyar sana'o'i zuwa maganganun malamai kan batutuwan da ba su da ƙwarewar ƙwararrunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andreescu |first=Liviu |date=2009 |title=Individual academic freedom and aprofessional acts |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229629261 |journal=Educational Theory |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=559–578 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5446.2009.00338.x}}</ref> <ref>Van Alstyne, William (1975). ''The Specific Theory of Academic Freedom and the General Issue of Civil Liberty''. In The Concept of Academic Freedom, ed. Edmund Pincoffs. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975.</ref> Zaman ilimi yana kare 'yancin ilimi ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa za a iya korar malamai kawai saboda dalilai kamar babban rashin cancantar ƙwararru ko ɗabi'a da ke haifar da la'anci daga ƙungiyar ilimi da kanta.<ref name="American Association of University Professors and of the Association of American Colleges-2006">{{citation|title=1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure|date=10 July 2006|url=http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/policydocs/contents/1940statement.htm|page=4|publisher=American Association of University Professors and of the Association of American Colleges|access-date=18 October 2007|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016095124/http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/policydocs/contents/1940statement.htm|url-status=live}}.</ref><ref name="j182">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Cory J. |last2=Fjeldmark |first2=Matias |last3=Lu |first3=Louise |last4=Baumeister |first4=Roy F. |last5=Ceci |first5=Stephen |last6=Frey |first6=Komi |last7=Miller |first7=Geoffrey |last8=Reilly |first8=Wilfred |last9=Tice |first9=Dianne |last10=von Hippel |first10=William |last11=Williams |first11=Wendy M. |last12=Winegard |first12=Bo M. |last13=Tetlock |first13=Philip E. |date=2025 |title=Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=941–957 |doi=10.1177/17456916241252085 |issn=1745-6916 |pmc=12408927 |pmid=38752984}}</ref> A tarihi, 'yancin ilimi ya fito ne a hankali, kamar yadda masana ilimi a tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai da farkon zamani na Turai za su iya fuskantar matsin lamba don yin aiki ta hanyoyin da hukumomin addini ko gwamnatoci ke ganin ba su da kyau.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> Malamai suna da alaƙa da haɓaka haɓakar 'yancin ilimi zuwa haɓakar jami'ar bincike ta zamani da ƙirar Humboldtian na manyan makarantu daga ƙarni na 19.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> Ta hanyar ƙiyasin ɗaya, 'yancin ilimi ya ƙaru sosai a duk duniya tun daga shekarun 1960. ’Yancin ilimi ya fi yiyuwa a cikin jahohin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra’ayi, yayin da ya fi takurawa a cikin jahohin masu mulki, da jahohin da ba su da sassaucin ra’ayi, da jahohin da ke fama da rikicin soji.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> == Ma'anarsa == Karamin ma'anar 'yancin ilimi shine malami yana da 'yancin koyarwa kuma dalibi yana da 'yancin koyo a fagen ilimi ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/academic-freedom Britannica website, ''academic freedom'', article dated Mar 25, 2024]</ref> Sauran ma'anar sun haɗa da 'yancin malamai na shiga cikin zargi na zamantakewa da siyasa.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> Faɗin ma'anar ƴancin ilimi ya haɗa da daidaikun mutane, abubuwan ban mamaki da na hukuma. Ƙarƙashin wannan ma'anar mai faɗi, malami yana da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba, amma wannan ƴancin yana kewaye da ƙwarewar ilimi da matsayi. Don haka 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ya fi kunkuntar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Misali, wanda ba malami ba yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki don sukar ingancin alluran rigakafi, amma yana da 'yancin yin hakan ne kawai idan sun mallaki abubuwan da ake bukata na ilimi don yin hakan. Ba kamar maganganun jama'a ba, maganganun ilimi kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar ingancin takwarorinsu na ilimi, alal misali ta hanyar nazarin takwarorinsu.<ref name="Lerch-20242" /> An bayyana ra'ayi daban a kasashe da dama a Jami'o'in Burtaniya sun ayyana shi a matsayin kare yancin kai na ilimi na masana kimiyya don yin tambaya da gwada ra'ayoyi da hikimar da aka karɓa, da kuma gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa ko rashin amincewa, ba tare da sanya kansu cikin haɗari na rasa ayyukansu ko gata ba",<ref>[https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/latest/news/higher-education-sector-statement Universities UK website, ''Higher education sector statement on promoting academic freedom and free speech'', article dated 20 Dec 2022]</ref> yayin da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Malamai ta Amirka ta gan shi a matsayin "bisa ra'ayin cewa musayar ra'ayi na kyauta a harabar yana da mahimmanci ga ilimi mai kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=American Federation of Teachers website, ''Academic Freedom'' |url=https://www.aft.org/position/academic-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194502/https://www.aft.org/position/academic-freedom |archive-date=2024-04-27 |access-date=2024-04-27}}</ref> Ilimin Yaren mutanen Norway yana ganin shi a matsayin tabbacin cewa bincike da koyarwa yana da "hankali da ɗabi'a mai zaman kansa ba tare da duk wani bukatu na siyasa da tattalin arziki", wanda ke haifar da buɗewa, bincike na kyauta da muhawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegian Directorate for Higher Education and Skills website, ''Academic freedom'', article dated November 28, 2023 |url=https://hkdir.no/en/guidelines-and-tools-for-responsible-international-knowledge-cooperation/academic-values-and-research-ethics/academic-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194501/https://hkdir.no/en/guidelines-and-tools-for-responsible-international-knowledge-cooperation/academic-values-and-research-ethics/academic-freedom |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=April 27, 2024}}</ref> == Bayanan tarihi == A tarihi, ’yancin ilimi ya fito a hankali.<ref name="American Association of University Professors and of the Association of American Colleges-2006" /> A Turai ta tsakiya, malaman makaranta da suka soki koyarwar coci ko kuma suka aikata ta hanyoyin da Ikilisiya ta ɗauka cewa ba za su iya fuskantar zalunci ba. Hakazalika a lokacin da ake samun bunkasuwar jihohi, malaman jami'a na iya fuskantar takunkumi saboda aikata sabanin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hofstadter|first1=Richard|url=http://archive.org/details/developmentofaca00hofs|title=The development of academic freedom in the United States|last2=Metzger|first2=Walter P.|date=1955|publisher=New York, Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|publication-date=1955}}</ref><ref>Ralph E. Fuchs (1969). "Academic Freedom—Its Basic Philosophy, Function and History," in Louis Joughin (ed)., ''Academic Freedom and Tenure: A Handbook of the American Association of University Professors.''</ref> 'Yancin ilimi ya fara samun gindin zama na hukuma tare da bullar jami'ar bincike ta zamani. Misalin Humboldtian na manyan makarantu daga karni na 19 ya tanadi ainihin ra'ayoyin 'yancin ilimi kuma ya watsa su zuwa wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-19 |title=Egyptian Scholar Gives U.S. Universities a Lesson in Academic Freedom {{!}} The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression |url=https://www.fire.org/news/egyptian-scholar-gives-us-universities-lesson-academic-freedom |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.fire.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Town and gown: Authentica habita and the Privilegium scholasticum {{!}} cabinet |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/town-and-gown-authentica-habita-and-privilegium-scholasticum |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk |archive-date=2026-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518003220/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/town-and-gown-authentica-habita-and-privilegium-scholasticum |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wilhelm von Humboldt masanin falsafa ne kuma masanin ilimin harshe wanda aka ba shi ikon ƙirƙirar sabuwar jami'a a Berlin a farkon karni na 19. Sannan ya kafa jami'a da ke bin ka'idoji guda biyu na 'yancin ilimi: 'yancin binciken kimiyya da hadin kai tsakanin bincike da koyarwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Hofstadter|first1=Richard|url=http://archive.org/details/developmentofaca00hofs|title=The development of academic freedom in the United States|last2=Metzger|first2=Walter P.|date=1955|publisher=New York, Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|pages=11}}</ref> A cewar Humboldt, babban abin da ke tattare da ka'idojin 'yancin ilimi shi ne tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa kimiyya ba wani abu ba ne da aka riga aka samo shi amma a matsayin ilimin da ba za a taba gano shi sosai ba kuma, duk da haka, yana bukatar a nema ba tare da tsayawa ba. Jami'ar da ya kafa daga baya ta zama abin koyi da zaburarwa ga kwalejoji na zamani a Jamus da jami'o'in yammacin duniya.<ref name=":2" /> Hakanan an tsara manufar 'yancin ilimi a fili don mayar da martani ga cin zarafi na kasa-da-kasa kan kimiyya da ilimi gabaɗaya don ci gaban manufofinta. Alal misali, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, binciken kimiyya ya kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar siyasa mai tsanani a cikin 1930s. An bayyana wuraren bincike da dama " bourgeois pseudoscience " kuma an haramta, musamman [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Bentley |date=May 1962 |title=Scientists in Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgkAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=18 |issue=5 |page=3 |bibcode=1962BuAtS..18e...2G |doi=10.1080/00963402.1962.11454353}}</ref> (duba " Lysenkoism ") da ilimin zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenfeld |first=Liah |date=1988-01-01 |title=Soviet Sociology and Sociology in the Soviet Union |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=14 |pages=99–123 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.14.1.99 |jstor=2083312}}</ref> Halin da ake nufi da ƙaddamar da kimiyya ga bukatun jihar kuma yana da masu goyon baya a Yamma, ciki har da John Desmond Bernal, wanda ya buga ''The Social Function of Science'' a 1939. [[Fayil:Michael_Polanyi.png|thumb| Michael Polanyi ya bayar da hujjar cewa 'yancin ilimi shine muhimmin mahimmanci don samar da ilimin gaskiya.]] [[Fayil:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 6 19 - School for adults in Guinea-Bissau - 1974.tiff|thumb|Ƴancin na ilimi]] Ya bambanta da wannan hanya, Michael Polanyi ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin 'yanci yana da mahimmanci don ci gaban kimiyya - cewa 'yancin bin kimiyya don kansa shi ne abin da ake bukata don samar da ilimi ta hanyar nazarin takwarorinsu da kuma hanyar kimiyya . A cikin 1936, sakamakon gayyata don ba da laccoci ga ma'aikatar masana'antu mai nauyi a cikin USSR, Polanyi ya sadu da Bukharin, wanda ya gaya masa cewa a cikin al'ummomin gurguzu, duk binciken kimiyya ana ba da umarnin dacewa da bukatun sabon shirin shekaru biyar. . Bukatu a Biritaniya don binciken kimiyya na tsakiya da aka tsara ya jagoranci Polanyi, tare da John Baker, don gano ƙungiyar da ke da tasiri don 'Yanci a Kimiyya . Al'umma sun haɓaka ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kimiyya a matsayin bincike na kyauta a kan ra'ayin kayan aiki cewa ya kamata kimiyya ta kasance da farko don biyan bukatun al'umma. A cikin jerin kasidu, wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin The Conmpt of Freedom (1940) da The Logic of Liberty (1951), Polanyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa haɗin kai tsakanin masana kimiyya ya yi daidai da hanyar da wakilai ke haɗa kansu a cikin kasuwa mai kyauta. . Kamar yadda masu amfani a cikin kasuwa mai kyauta ke tantance ƙimar samfuran, kimiyya tsari ne na kwatsam wanda ya taso sakamakon buɗaɗɗen muhawara tsakanin kwararru. Saboda haka kimiyya na iya bunƙasa ne kawai lokacin da masana kimiyya suka sami 'yancin bin gaskiya a matsayin ƙarshen kanta: {{Blockquote|[S]cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co-operating as members of a closely knit organization. Such self-co-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about. Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co-operation.}} == Dalilai == Magoya bayan 'yancin ilimi sun yi imanin cewa 'yancin yin bincike daga ɗalibai da membobin malamai yana da mahimmanci ga manufar makarantar. Suna bayar da hujjar cewa ana yawan kai wa al'ummomin ilimi hari don danniya saboda iyawar su na tsarawa da sarrafa kwararar bayanai. Lokacin da malamai suka yi ƙoƙarin koyarwa ko sadar da ra'ayoyi ko hujjoji waɗanda ba su dace da ƙungiyoyin siyasa na waje ko ga hukuma ba, ƙila su sami kansu a kai ga cin mutuncin jama'a, asarar aiki, ɗauri, ko ma mutuwa. Misali, a Arewacin Afirka, wani farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya gano cewa adadin mace-macen jarirai a kasarsa ya zarce alkaluman gwamnati. Ya rasa aikinsa kuma aka daure shi.<ref>Robert Quinn (2004). " Items and Issues: [http://www.ssrc.org/workspace/images/crm/new_publication_3/%7B5cebcead-2d60-de11-bd80-001cc477ec70%7D.pdf Defending 'Dangerous Minds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626011312/http://www.ssrc.org/workspace/images/crm/new_publication_3/%7B5cebcead-2d60-de11-bd80-001cc477ec70%7D.pdf|date=2010-06-26}}.'" [[Social Science Research Council]]. Vol. 5 No. 1-2.</ref> Jasper Becker ya bayyana makomar ilimin halitta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin dalilin da yasa al'umma ke da sha'awar kare 'yancin ilimi. Masanin ilimin halittu na Soviet Trofim Lysenko ya ƙi kimiyyar Yammacin Turai - sannan ya mayar da hankali da farko don samun ci gaba a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu, bisa ga bincike tare da 'ya'yan itace ( Drosophila melanogaster ) - kuma ya ba da shawara ga tsarin noma wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin tarawa na jari-hujja . (Lysenko ya kira wannan "Michurinism", amma an fi sani da shi a yau da sunan Lysenkoism .) Ra'ayoyin Lysenko sun yi kira ga jagorancin Soviet, a wani ɓangare saboda darajar su a matsayin farfaganda, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama darektan Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Daga baya, Lysenko ya ba da umarnin kawar da masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da'awar "ra'ayoyi masu cutarwa", wanda ya haifar da korar, ɗaure, ko mutuwar daruruwan masana kimiyyar Soviet. Daga nan aka aiwatar da ra'ayoyin Lysenko akan gonakin da aka tattara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da China. An yi imanin cewa yunwar da ta haifar da wani bangare na tasirin Lysenko ta kashe mutane miliyan 30 a China kadai.<ref>[[Jasper Becker]] (1996). ''[[Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine]]''. New York: Free Press. Chapter 5: False science, false promises. "All over China in 1958...real scientists were imprisoned or sent to do manual labor. In their place, thousands of untrained peasants carried out 'scientific research.'" (p. 63). "For twenty-five years, Trofim Denisovitch Lysenko ruled over Soviet agricultural scientists list a dictator. Those who opposed him were shot or perished in labor camps..." (p. 64)</ref> Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Ruth Pearce ta yi iƙirarin cewa manufar 'yancin ilimi ta wanzu don kare malanta daga zargi daga hukumomi ko na addini,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pearce |first1=Ruth |date=2021 |title=Academic freedom and the paradox of tolerance |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/252353/2/252353.pdf |journal=[[Nature Human Behaviour]] |volume=5 |issue=11 |page=1461 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01214-5 |pmid=34795420 |s2cid=244409335}}</ref> kuma ba don kare rashin haƙuri ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Ruth |date=2021 |title=Academic freedom and the paradox of tolerance |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/252353/2/252353.pdf |journal=[[Nature Human Behaviour]] |volume=5 |issue=11 |page=1461 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01214-5 |pmid=34795420 |s2cid=244409335}}</ref> Wani babban bincike mai zurfi, wanda ya rufe fiye da ƙasashe 157 a cikin lokacin 1900-2015, ya danganta 'yancin ilimi zuwa inganci da adadin haƙƙin mallaka da aka shigar a cikin wata ƙasa. David Audretsch da abokan aikinsa sun kiyasta cewa 'yancin ilimi ya ragu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata a karon farko a tsawon lokacin lura da su na tsawon karni, wanda ya haifar da aƙalla 4% ƙananan takardun shaida. Binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya danganta 'yancin ilimi zuwa haɓakar tattalin arziki ta hanyar haɓakawa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Audretsch |first1=David B. |last2=Fisch |first2=Christian |last3=Franzoni |first3=Chiara |last4=Momtaz |first4=Paul P. |last5=Vismara |first5=Silvio |date=2023 |title=Academic freedom and innovation: A research note |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4384419 |url-status=live |journal=[[SSRN]] |page=1 |arxiv=2303.06097 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4384419 |s2cid=257482554 |ssrn=4384419 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326201113/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4384419 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> == Fihirisar 'Yancin Ilimi == [[Fayil:2024_Academic_Freedom_Index_map.png|alt=Blue = more academic freedom, red = less academic freedom|border|right|frameless|440x440px| Fihirisar 'Yanci na Ilimi kamar na Disamba 2023]] Janika Spannagel da Katrin Kinzelbach sun kira Fiididdigar 'Yancin Ilimi ta cikakkiyar ma'aunin 'Yancin Ilimi na farko a duniya,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laakso |first=Liisa |date=2022-08-17 |title=Academic freedom and democracy in African countries: the first study to track the connection |url=https://theconversation.com/academic-freedom-and-democracy-in-african-countries-the-first-study-to-track-the-connection-186579 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> tare da kima na koma baya ga kasashen da ke komawa zuwa 1900 wadanda kuma ake sabunta su duk shekara. Fihirisar ta ƙididdige 'yancin ilimi ta amfani da rukuni biyar:<ref name=":1" /> * 'yancin yin bincike da koyarwa * 'yancin musayar ilimi da yadawa * cin gashin kansa na hukumomi * mutuncin harabar * 'yancin faɗar ilimi da al'adu Tun daga 2023, 'yancin ilimi gabaɗaya a duniya yana cikin ja da baya tun 2013. <ref name="Lott-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Lott |first=Lars |date=2023-12-18 |title=Academic freedom growth and decline episodes |journal=Higher Education |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10734-023-01156-z |issn=0018-1560 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalilan da aka ambata sun haɗa da mulkin mallaka <ref name="Lott-2023" /> da kuma siyasar siyasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Packer |first=Helen |date=2024-03-07 |title='Stark decline' in academic freedom: four in 10 face restrictions |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/stark-decline-academic-freedom-four-10-face-restrictions |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=[[Times Higher Education]] (THE) |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Friedrich-Alexander-Universität]] Institute of Political Science |last2=V-Dem Institute |author-link2=V-Dem Institute |date=March 7, 2024 |title=Academic Freedom Index: Update 2024 |url=https://academic-freedom-index.net/research/Academic_Freedom_Index_Update_2024.pdf |publisher= |type= |via=}}</ref> da populism . <ref>{{Cite web |last=California |first=University of |last2=Irvine |title=Study highlights key social forces shaping worldwide academic freedom trends |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-02-highlights-key-social-worldwide-academic.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙasashe na musamman == [[Fayil:Academic_freedom_in_china_chart_1900_2023.png|thumb|300x300px| 'Yancin Ilimi a China (1900-2023) <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2024 |title=Country Graph |url=https://v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/ |website=[[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] |postscript=. To reproduce, select Country=china, Indicators=Academic Freedom Index}}</ref>]] === China === [[Fayil:Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png|thumb|300x300px| Takaddar kai a cikin wata jarida ta ilimi ta kasar Sin: wani edita ya tambayi marubucin labarin ya cire jumla game da toshe Wikipedia a babban yankin kasar Sin saboda yana iya haifar da matsala tare da "hukuma".]] An iyakance 'yancin ilimi a China sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2002 |title=Academic freedom in China |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/bb6bb1425bcbf5404ec07c5746fe9395/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41824 |website=Academe (magazine) by the [[American Association of University Professors]] |page=Vol. 88, Iss. 3, : 26-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137040107_14|doi=10.1057/9781137040107_14|chapter=Intellectuals, Academic Freedom, and University Autonomy in China|title=University Governance and Reform|year=2012|last1=Zha|first1=Qiang|pages=209–224|isbn=978-1-349-34276-1|archive-date=2023-04-07|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053445/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137040107_14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zha |first=Qiang |last2=Shen |first2=Wenqin |year=2018 |title=The Paradox of Academic Freedom in the Chinese Context |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=447–452 |doi=10.1017/heq.2018.22 |s2cid=149712417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun lura da wani abin ƙarfafawa na rashin bayyana ra'ayoyin 'marasa daidai' game da batutuwan da suka shafi gwamnatin kasar Sin da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP).<ref name="The New Republic 2018">{{cite magazine|last1=Fish|first1=Isaac Stone|date=2018-09-04|title=America's Elite Universities Are Censoring Themselves on China|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013133443/https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Redden 2018">{{Cite web |last=Redden |first=Elizabeth |date=2018-01-03 |title=Scholars and politicians raise concerns about the Chinese government's influence over international academe |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/01/03/scholars-and-politicians-raise-concerns-about-chinese-governments-influence-over |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun yi tasiri wajen haifar da masana ilimi don tantance kansu da canza maganganun ilimi. <ref name="The Harvard Crimson 2015">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Matteo N. |date=2020-04-23 |title=The End of the Harvard Century – Magazine |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/4/23/harvard-china-scrutiny/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa, kasar Sin tana sarrafa binciken kimiyya kan [[Binciken Asali na Korona|tushen COVID-19]] bisa umarnin kai tsaye daga babban sakataren CCP [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ting |first=Gu |date=2024-01-18 |title=China's ruling party takes direct control of country's universities |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/china-universities-01182024160231.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=[[Radio Free Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=What Will Newly Increased Party Control Mean for China's Universities? |url=https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/what-will-newly-increased-party-control-mean-chinas-universities |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ChinaFile |publisher=[[Asia Society]] |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce, umarnin da majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin ta bayar ya bukaci kwamitin da ke gudanar da aikin ya amince da duk wani bincike da aka gudanar, yana mai cewa kamata ya yi a tsara buga littattafan kimiyya kamar "wasan dara", inda ya yi gargadin cewa za a tuhumi wadanda suka buga ba tare da izini ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721091909/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> === Faransa ===  Ana sa ran farfesoshi a jami'o'in Faransanci na jama'a da masu bincike a dakunan binciken jama'a, kamar yadda duk ma'aikatan gwamnati, su kasance cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma kada su fifita kowane ra'ayi na siyasa ko addini yayin gudanar da ayyukansu. Duk da haka, 'yancin ilimi na malaman jami'a muhimmin tushe ne da dokokin Jamhuriyar Jama'a suka amince da su, kamar yadda Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta ayyana; Bugu da ƙari, dokar doka ta bayyana game da manyan makarantu cewa "malamai-masu bincike (Farfesa na jami'a da mataimakan farfesoshi), masu bincike da malamai suna da cikakken 'yancin kai kuma suna jin daɗin cikakken 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin ayyukan bincike da koyarwa, idan sun mutunta, bin al'adun jami'a. da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan ka'idar, ka'idodin haƙuri da haƙƙin mallaka". Nadin nadi da haɓaka farfesoshi ana yin su ne ta hanyar bitar abokan zamansu maimakon ta hanyoyin gudanarwa na yau da kullun. 'Yancin ilimi a Faransa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe na Tarayyar Turai (EU). A cewar Maassen et al. (2023) " Tattaunawa na baya-bayan nan game da 'yancin ilimi a Faransa sun kasance, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, an mayar da hankali kan tsarin gwamnati na abin da ake kira " Islamic-Leftism " a cikin ilimin kimiyya ". Don ta'addancin Musulunci "; wannan dangantakar da ake zargin ta zama wani abu na siyasa a Faransa. An yi muhawara kan ƙungiyoyin "Islamo-Leftism" a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2022. Duk da haka, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (CNRS) ta musanta duk wani kasancewarsa. abin da ake kira "Islamo-Leftism" a hakikanin gaskiya (shafi na 3). 76). Maassen et al. (2023) ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa "muhawarori a Faransa sun nuna cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata mafi girma ilimi da al'umma a cikin EU Membobin Tarayyar Turai da kuma sauran wurare sun ɓullo da wata sabuwar dangantaka, inda al'ada iyakoki da bambance-bambance sun zama kasa shahara" (shafi. 76-77). A cewar Maassen et al. (2023) a cikin 2020, gyara musamman magana game da "'yancin ilimi ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin al'ummar ilimi". Gyaran da ya shafi ya bayyana cewa "Ana amfani da 'yancin ilimi tare da mutunta dabi'un jamhuriyar" ba tare da wani karin bayani kan wadancan dabi'u ko gazawar wadannan dabi'u ba. Daga baya, "kimanin cibiyoyin bincike na ilimi 40, ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi, da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa, ban da kusan mujallu na ilimi 100" sun sanya hannu kan buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa don yin watsi da gyaran (shafi na 15). 77). Wannan ya nuna rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Turai (EU) game da 'yancin ilimi da kuma isar da jam'iyyun siyasa don iyakance 'yancin karatun. Barazana iri-iri ga "'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa" wanda Beaud (2022) ya bayyana kuma Maassen et al. (2023, shafi. 77-78) a cikin labarin Tarayyar Turai kamar haka. Nau'in farko na "barazanar gargajiya" na faruwa ne saboda tsoma bakin "Hukumomin siyasa", saboda yawancin jami'o'in Faransa "Jami'o'in Jama'a" ne kuma suna karkashin kulawar siyasa. Beaud (2022, para.31) yana nufin shari'ar " Erneth Renan da Louis-Napolean " don nuna yadda jam'iyyun siyasa a Faransa suka kasance masu iyaka ga 'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa na dogon lokaci yanzu. Hukumar da ke mulki, Louis-Napolean, ta dakatar da kwas na Ernest Renan daga " College de France " bayan laccarsa inda "ya gabatar da manyan jigogin littafinsa a kan Rayuwar Yesu, tarihin "kimiyya" na Yesu Almasihu. dakatarwa, Ernest Renan kuma an cire shi daga "jiki na College de France", tare da "zargin" na rashin "bi" ka'idar kada a hada da wani "ra'ayi na sirri" a kan "tushen Addinin Kirista " Na biyu shi ne saboda tsoma baki da "ayyukan jama'a a matakin kasa (Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi)" Tare da "barazanar gargajiya" da aka ambata a sama, Beaud (2022) ya kuma yi nuni ga "sabbin barazanar" na "'yancin ilimi". "Sabuwar barazanar farko a cewar Beaud (2022) wanda Maassen et al ya gano. (2023, shafi na 78) Hukumar jami'a ce ta kafa (wanda ake kira 'kusa da gwamnati'), da masana ilimi suka kafa a mukaman jagoranci, da kuma ofishin hukuma. An yi iƙirarin cewa jami'o'in Faransa sun fuskanci bullar "hanyar da za a yi wa lakabin matsayi" wanda Maassen et al. (2023, shafi. 78) yana nufin (Legrand 2008, p. 2242). Ana fassara na ƙarshe a matsayin barazana ga 'yancin 'yan ilimi don bin tsarin binciken su da koyarwa". Sauran "sabuwar barazanar" ita ce " Tsarin kararraki game da shigar jama'a (SLAPP)". An yi wannan karar ne don "kushe masu sukar da ke dora su kudin kariya na shari'a har sai sun yi watsi da suka ko adawa". Ƙara amfani da wannan ƙarar yana jefa " 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki " da "'yancin ilimi". Wani "sabon barazana bisa ga Beaud (2022, para.50)" Maassen et al. (2023, p. 78) zai kasance game da "dalibi da kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar ilimi". A cewar wannan sabuwar barazanar, malaman ba za su ji tsoro ne kawai daga hukumomin da suka fi su a cikin manyan mukamai ba, har ma suna bukatar su ji tsoro daga "dalibai" da "kungiyoyin masu fafutuka", saboda za su yanke shawara idan wani abu ya koyar da su. malami ya zagi ko a'a. Wannan ya shafi lamarin “Islamo-Leftism” kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Barylo (2021, sakin layi na 9-10), ya bayyana cewa, "bangaren wannan matsala shine rashin haɗin kai na tarihi tsakanin manufofi da bincike a Faransa" shine "rashin al'adun tunani na ƙasar", wanda ke toshe kwararar "ƙwarewar ilimi" cikin "siyasa gwamnati". Sauran ƙasashe kamar "US", "Kanada" da "Birtaniya" na iya raba waɗannan kurakuran tare da Faransa amma aƙalla suna da "dokokin daidaito" waɗanda ke ba mutane damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kuma suna da kafa "tsarin gwamnati" wanda ke ɗaukar waɗannan maganganun. Wannan rashin "'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa" yana sa malaman ilimi ficewa daga Faransa, kamar yadda marubucin wannan labarin ya yi. "Na firgita don yin tunanin inda wannan zai iya ƙare, amma yana da akalla tabbatar mani cewa na yanke shawara mai kyau lokacin da na shiga dukan waɗanda suka yi hijira kuma na bar Faransa zuwa Birtaniya" in ji marubucin, Barylo (2022, para.11). Kudirin farko zai haramta tarurrukan harabar da ke damun tsarin kafa; Hukuncin karya wannan zai zama tarar $45,000 da/ko shekaru 3 a gidan yari. Kudirin doka na biyu shine kudirin tsaro na duniya wanda ke da nufin taimakawa jami'an tsaro a yanayi irin na kisan kai na Paty. Koyaya, ɗimbin cikakkun bayanai/ tanade-tanade na wannan lissafin sun sa ƴan ƙasar Faransa haushi. Daya daga cikin wadannan tanade-tanaden shi ne, wannan kudirin doka zai haramta buga/ raba hotuna na jami’an ‘yan sanda sai dai in ba a tozarta su ba. Wannan kudiri ya kuma bayyana cewa a yanzu jami'an tsaro za su iya amfani da jirage marasa matuka don yin fim ga 'yan kasa a bainar jama'a, tare da ba da damar daukar hotunan kamara daga jami'an 'yan sanda kai tsaye zuwa ga hukumomin Faransa. A ƙarshe, wannan lissafin zai kuma yanke hukunci ga mutanen da ake tuhuma da cin zarafin ɗan sanda. Manufar kudirin doka ta uku ita ce karfafa mutunta ka’idojin Jamhuriyar ta hanyar yin gyare-gyaren tsarin ilimi ta hanyoyi da dama. Gwamnatin Faransa ta bayyana wannan kudiri a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun shugaba Macron na dakile yunkurin masu tsatsauran ra'ayin Islama na yin tasiri ga al'ummar Faransa ta wata hanya mara kyau. Za ta baiwa kowane ɗan Faransa lamba lambar bin diddigi don tilasta halartar kowane yaro a makarantun da gwamnati ta amince da su. Wannan zai kawo karshen mafi yawan ayyukan karatun gida da makarantu masu zaman kansu na addini a Faransa, wanda ke nufin cewa iyayen Faransa a yanzu ba za su iya jagorantar tafarkin ilimin ƴaƴansu don dacewa da bukatunsu ba. Za a ba da izini ga ilimi daga gida, kuma za a amince da shi ne kawai idan doka ta bayyana takamaiman yanayin yaron. Hakan kuma zai baiwa gwamnatin Faransa ikon kula da inganci da adadin ilimin da yaron Faransa ke samu, tare da tabbatar da cewa dukkan yaran Faransa sun sami ilimin kimar Jamhuriyar Faransa. Dokar za ta kuma haramta musayar bayanan da aka gano game da ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda za a iya amfani da shi don cutar da shi tare da " tsoratarwa / barazanar tashin hankali ga jami'in gwamnati daga dalilai da aka samo daga hukunci ko imani." Jim kadan bayan kashe-kashen, Macron ya kuma fara neman wani kudirin dokar yaki da tsattsauran ra'ayi da zai tilasta wa limamai horo a Faransa tare da murkushe kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke yada akidar tsatsauran ra'ayi da 'yan aware. Har ila yau, wannan kudiri zai kara yawan kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa don karatun addinin musulunci tare da samar da kudade don samar da gidaje masu karamin karfi a cikin banlieues da ke kusa da birnin Paris, wanda ya kasance yankin da ya yi kaurin suna wajen tashin hankali. Tsarin Mulkin Jamus ( German: </link> ) musamman yana ba da 'yancin ilimi: "Aiki da kimiyya, bincike da koyarwa suna da 'yanci. 'Yancin koyarwa ba ya kawar da aminci ga tsarin mulki" (Art. 5, sakin layi na 3). A cikin al'adar da ta dawo zuwa karni na 19, ikon hukuma ya fahimci wannan hakkin a matsayin wanda ya koyar ( ''{{Lang|de|Lehrfreiheit}}'' . ), karatu ( ''{{Lang|de|Lernfreiheit}}''</link> ), da kuma gudanar da bincike ( ''{{Lang|de|Freiheit der Wissenschaft}}''</link> ) da yardar kaina, ko da yake an ɗauki ra'ayi na ƙarshe a wasu lokuta azaman lokacin rufewa na biyun farko. ''{{Lang|de|Lehrfreiheit}}''</link> ya rungumi yancin farfesoshi na tantance abubuwan da ke cikin laccocinsu da buga sakamakon binciken da suka yi ba tare da izini ba. Tunda farfesa ta hanyar ''Habilitation'' ɗinsu suna samun yancin koyarwa ( Latin ) a wani fanni na ilimi, ana ganin yancin ilimi ya ƙunshi aƙalla gabaɗayan wannan fannin. ''{{Lang|de|Lernfreiheit}}'' yana nufin haƙƙin ɗalibi na ƙayyade tsarin karatun mutum ɗaya. A ƙarshe ya ba da izinin gudanar da harkokin ilimi da kuma baiwa jami'a damar kula da harkokin cikin gida. === Ireland === Kariya don 'yancin ilimi don bincike, koyarwa da sauran ayyuka "don tambaya da gwada hikimar da aka karɓa, don gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin masu jayayya ko rashin jin dadi" ba tare da rashin jin daɗi ba, an bayar da su a Sashe na 14 na Dokar Jami'o'in 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-05-14 |title=Universities Act, 1997 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1997/en/act/pub/0024/index.html |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Irishstatutebook.ie}}</ref> === Isra'ila === Ana ɗaukar 'yancin ilimi a Isra'ila daga "Dokar Majalisar don Ilimi mafi girma ". <ref>[https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%94 The Law of the Councile for Higher Education], 1958: Paragraph 15 (he).</ref> Sakin layi na 15 wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa "ma'aikatar da aka sani tana da 'yanci ga dukkan al'amuranta na ilimi da gudanarwa, a cikin tsarin kasafin kudinta, kamar yadda ta ga dama. A cikin wannan sakin layi, 'al'amuran ilimi da gudanarwa' - ya hada da: ƙayyade bincike da bincike . shirin koyarwa, nada mahukuntan cibiyar, nada malamai da inganta su, tantance hanyar koyarwa da nazari, da duk wani aiki na kimiyya, ilimi ko tattalin arziki”. Da alama an faɗi sakin layi a bayyane kuma a fahimce ta har ga ƴan ƙasa. Hukumar da ya kamata ta kiyaye 'yancin ilimi, da kuma kula da ingantaccen matakin ilimi a manyan makarantun ilimi, ita ce majalisar ilimi mai zurfi - a nan gaba "Majalisar". Wannan majalisa ta kunshi malamai da suke aiki a matsayin farfesoshi a jami'o'i, da jiga-jigan jama'a, tare da ministan ilimi a matsayin shugaban majalisar. A karkashin "Majalisar" ita ce hukumar zartarwa mai suna " [[Kwamiti|Kwamitin]] Tsare-tsare da Kasafin Kudi", wanda galibi ya shafi batun kasafin kudi na jami'o'i da kafa hanyoyin da suka dace da ka'idojin kasafin kudi da albashi. Wani kwamitin da ya kamata ya kiyaye 'yancin ilimi shine "Kwamitin Shugabannin Jami'o'i", wanda ke da aikin sa kai, amma yana da tasiri a kan ayyukan majalisa da "Majalisar". Ta hanyar kwamitocin ma'aikatan su, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan kowane ɗayansu, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi za su iya gwadawa da tasiri wajen kiyaye 'yancin ilimi. Gabaɗaya, ana iya cewa mahimman 'yancin ilimi, wanda aka yi niyya ga' yancin koyarwa da bincike, an kiyaye shi, kuma gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin tsoma baki cikin waɗannan abubuwan ba. Hanyar da take rinjayar wannan al'amari ita ce ta hanyar samar da ƙarfafawa don koyarwa ta wannan hanyar, ko don bincike a wasu fannoni, kuma wannan ta hanyar tallafi. Gaskiyar cewa gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi mai yawa na kasafin kuɗin jami'o'i na yanzu (kimanin kashi 70% ko fiye), kuma tana bawa gwamnati damar yanke shawarar abin da zai zama kuɗin karatun ga dalibi a jami'oʼin da aka tsara a Isra'ila.<ref>Gori Zilka, [https://www.neaman.org.il/Files/6-230.pdf Tuition policy in higher education institutions in Israel], Shmuel Na'aman Institute, Technion, 2006 (in Henrew)</ref> Amma, A cikin 2021, kwamitin ilimi na babbar lambar yabo ta Isra'ila ta yanke shawarar bayar da Kyautar Isra'ila a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta ga Farfesa Oded Goldreich daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann. Ministan Ilimi bai yarda da shawarar kwamitin ba a kan dalilin da ya sa Goldreich ya sanya hannu kan takardar neman takardar neman za a dakatar da Jami'ar Ariel, wacce ke cikin yankunan Yahudiya da Samariya, waɗanda ke cikin Yankin da aka mamaye, da kuma yin kira ga Gwamnatin Jamus ta soke shawarar da ta yanke cewa ƙungiyar BDS ƙungiya ce mai adawa da Yahudawa. Kwamitin bayar da kyautar ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli saboda keta 'yancin ilimi, kuma kotun ta soke shawarar, kuma ta umarci Ministan Ilimi da ya ba Goldreich kyautar. Godreich ya karbi kyautar shekara guda bayan haka. Dukkanin jami'o'in bincike a Isra'ila suna da Babban mai binciken ciki, mai zaman kansa. Wannan batun na hulɗa tsakanin binciken ciki a cikin jami'o'i da ka'idar 'yancin ilimi an tattauna shi dalla-dalla a cikin wata kasida da ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi da aka bayar a madadin jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev - wanda kawai kamar yadda aka ambata wanda ke da ka'idojin ilimi na ɗabi'a.<ref>Ron Avni. [https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AEuuUf8NTNwb9%5Fg&cid=06073481DD0858A3&id=6073481DD0858A3%2111445&parId=6073481DD0858A3%213097&o=OneUp The Internal Audit at the University and Academic Freedom – Between Conflict and Harmony]. In: J. Grados and Y. Nevo (editors), Science and Spirit in the Negev: pp. 581 – 589, BGU, 2014 (in Hebrew).</ref> A cikin wannan al'amari akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin jami'o'i. Ikon mai binciken jami'a don sake duba batutuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar dattijai ta jami'a (musamman batutuwan ilimi da nadin ilimi) yana da iyaka a duk jami'o'i, ban da Jami'ar Ben-Gurion a Negev. A can an rubuta shi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta da kuma cikin ka'idojin gaba ɗaya: "Babu iko a kan Mai Binciken Jami'ar ciki sai dai doka, kundin tsarin mulki (na jami'a) da ka'idoji gaba ɗaya", kuma bisa ga ka'idojojin gaba ɗaya mai Bincike dole ne (kawai) "yi mutunta 'yancin ilimi da aka ba jami'ar, gami da membobinta". Tambayar nan da nan ta taso: wanda zai tantance wane al'amari ne ke jin daɗin 'yancin ilimi kuma wanda ba haka ba. A cewar labarin, Babban mai binciken ciki ne kawai zai tantance wannan kuma a cikin hasken dokoki 2: 1.<ref>Adir Yanko. [https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5194524,00.html Academia Without Political Opinions: on the way to the approval of the ethical code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909142634/https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5194524,00.html|date=2022-09-09}}., [[Ynet]], March 2018 (in Hebrew).</ref> Duk wani batun da ka'idojin ilimi suka tsara doka ba ya jin daɗin 'yancin ilimi, saboda membobin ƙungiyar dole ne suyi aiki bisa ga abin da aka tsara a cikin ka'idoji; 2. Mai binciken jami'a zai guji fara binciken a yankunan da suka bayyana a sakin layi na 15, wanda aka ambata a sama, na Dokar Majalisar Ilimi ta Sama. Marubucin labarin ya ci gaba da cewa gaskiyar cewa sakin layi da ke nuna ikon mai binciken jami'a ta hanyar "Dokar Audit ta ciki ta 1992" a cikin Dokar Majalisar Ilimi ta Sama ya bayyana a matsayin karamin sakin layi a sashi na 15, wanda ke ba da jami'o'i da membobinsu 'yancin ilimi, yana ƙara inganci ga tsarinsa. Don a ce: 'yancin ilimi a gefe guda, amma ba marar iyaka ba, kuma yana ƙarƙashin binciken a gefe guda.<ref>Ron Avni. [https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AEuuUf8NTNwb9%5Fg&cid=06073481DD0858A3&id=6073481DD0858A3%2111445&parId=6073481DD0858A3%213097&o=OneUp The Internal Audit at the University and Academic Freedom – Between Conflict and Harmony] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517052309/https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AEuuUf8NTNwb9_g&cid=06073481DD0858A3&id=6073481DD0858A3%2111445&parId=6073481DD0858A3%213097&o=OneUp|date=2020-05-17}}. In: J. Grados and Y. Nevo (editors), Science and Spirit in the Negev: pp. 581 – 589, BGU, 2014 (in Hebrew).</ref> === Mauritius === A cikin Babi na II Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mauritius, masana suna da 'yancin 'yanci na lamiri, kariya ga' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kariya ta' yancin majalisa da tarayya, kariya daga' yanci don kafa makarantu da kariya daga nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Comparative Higher Education Law|last=Russo|first=Charles J.|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4758-0405-8|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=191–207}}</ref> Tsarin mulki na ma'aikata da dogaro da jihar don kudade sun ƙuntata 'yancin malamai don sukar manufofin gwamnati.<ref name="Ramtohul-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Ramtohul |first=Ramola |date=2012 |title=Academic Freedom in a State-Sponsored African University: The Case of the University of Mauritius. |url=https://www.aaup.org/JAF3/academic-freedom-state-sponsored-african-university-case-university-mauritius |journal=AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom |volume=3 |pages=1–17 |via=American Association of University Professors}}</ref> Dokta Kasenally, malami a Jami'ar Mauritius ya bayyana cewa a cikin 1970s zuwa 1980s jami'ar ta kasance a kan gaba a cikin muhawara mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin 1990s jami'a ta fice bayan an rage 'yancin ilimi don kada su bayyana ra'ayoyi ko ra'ayoyin musamman idan sun yi adawa da na gudanarwa ko gwamnati.<ref name="Ramtohul-2012" /> A cikin wata takarda ta 2012 a kan Jami'ar Mauritius marubucin ya bayyana cewa kodayake babu rubuce-rubuce na cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ko 'yancin jihar "barazanar da aka yi wa' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta wanzu, musamman game da zargi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu mulki da shugabanninsu da kuma kungiyoyin addinai". Duk da cewa babu shari'o'in kamawa ko tsare-tsare na musamman a matakin ci gaba don haka, masana suna ƙoƙarin kauce wa shiga cikin muhawara mai rikitarwa.<ref name="Ramtohul-2012"/> 'Yancin ilimi ya zama batun jama'a a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 lokacin da Jami'ar Mauritius ta yi magana game da mataimakin shugaban kasar na baya Farfesa I. Fagoonee, wanda ya aika da wata sanarwa da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta aika wa masana kimiyya.<ref name="Ramtohul-2012" /> Wannan zagaye ya yi niyya ga jami'an gwamnati kuma ya buƙaci su tuntubi shugabanninsu kafin su yi magana da manema labarai. Wannan koma baya ya haifar da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa ya sauka, tare da marubucin yana hasashen cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin mai cin zarafi don shawararsa da ba a yarda da ita ba don tabbatar da 'yancin ilimi.<ref name="Ramtohul-2012" /> === Netherlands === A cikin Netherlands 'yancin ilimi yana da iyaka. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1985 Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Dutch ta wallafa takardar manufofi mai taken ''Ilimi mafi girma:<ref name="Russo-2013">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Comparative Higher Education Law|last=Russo|first=Charles J.|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4758-0405-8|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=207–229}}</ref> Gudanarwa da Inganci''. Wannan takarda tana da wani tsari wanda ya kauce daga ilimin gargajiya kuma ya sanar da cewa makomar bangaren ilimi mafi girma bai kamata gwamnatin tsakiya ta tsara shi ba. A cikin 1992 an buga Dokar Ilimi da Bincike (Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk Post, labarin 1.6) kuma ya zama mai tasiri a cikin 1993.Koyaya, wannan dokar tana mulkin wasu cibiyoyi kawai. Bugu da ƙari, tanadin da ke sama wani ɓangare ne na doka ta yau da kullun kuma ba shi da matsayin tsarin mulki, don haka ana iya canza shi a kowane lokaci ta hanyar mafi rinjaye a cikin majalisa.''<ref name="Russo-2013" />'' === New Zealand === Dokar Ilimi ta 1989 (s161 (2)) ta bayyana 'yancin ilimi kamar haka: a) 'Yanci na ma'aikatan ilimi da dalibai, a cikin doka, don yin tambayoyi da gwada hikima da aka karɓa, don gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba a yarda da su ba; b) 'yancin ma'aikatan kimiyya da dalibai don shiga cikin bincike; c) 'yanci na jami'aikatar da ma'aikatanta don koyarwa da kuma tantancewa da kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 161 Academic freedom – |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM183665.html |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=[[New Zealand Legislation]]}}</ref> === Philippines === Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Philippine na 1987 ya ce, "Za a ci moriyar 'Yancin Ilimi a duk manyan makarantu." Filin shari'a da kotunan shari'a, gami da Kotun Koli ta Philippine suna da ra'ayi a hankali ga cin gashin kansa na hukumomi na manyan cibiyoyin koyo a cikin yanke hukunci na ilimi game da sakamakon shari'o'in mutum guda da aka shigar a kotuna game da cin zarafin 'Yancin Ilimi. da farfesoshi, duk da daidaikun cancanta ko rashin cancantar kowane lamari. Wani shari'ar da aka sanya ido sosai ita ce ta cece-kuce na Jami'ar Philippines a Diliman Sociology Farfesa Sarah Raymundo wanda ba a ba shi damar zama ba saboda karar da 'yan tsiraru masu adawa da zaben suka yi a cikin sashen Sashen ilimin zamantakewa. Wannan shawarar ta ci gaba da daukaka kara daga malamai masu adawa da Farfesa Raymundo zuwa Jami'ar Philippines a Diliman Chancellor Sergio S. Cao; kuma ko da yake an daukaka karar zuwa Jami'ar Philippines System Shugaba Emerlinda R. Roman, Roman ta ki amincewa da karar da Farfesa Raymundo ya daukaka zuwa kwamitin gudanarwa na jami'ar don yanke shawara kuma BOR ta amince da bukatar ta na tsayawa. Wani babban kashin da ke tsakanin magoya bayan Farfesa Raymundo shi ne, ba su yi tambaya kan ‘Yancin Ilimi na Sashen na rashin ba ta mukamin ba, sai dai a nemi a yi fayyace yadda aka yi amfani da ‘Yancin Ilimin Sashen, bisa ga al’adu a cikin sashen. Jami'ar Philippines a cikin samar da tushen da zai iya zama batun bitar takwarorinsu, don yanke shawara na Ilimi da aka yanke a ƙarƙashin taken 'Yancin Ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 161 Academic freedom – |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM183665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607040942/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM183665.html |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=[[New Zealand Legislation]]}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu na 1996 yana ba da kariya ga ƴancin ilimi da ƴancin bincike na ilimi. <ref name="South African Journal of Science-2010">{{Cite journal |date=16 April 2010 |title=Academic Freedom statement from the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) |url=http://archive.sajs.co.za/index.php/SAJS/article/view/202 |journal=[[South African Journal of Science]] |volume=106 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408202039/https://archive.sajs.co.za/index.php/SAJS/article/view/202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yancin ilimi ya zama babban ka'ida don ilimi mafi girma ta 1997. <ref name="South African Journal of Science-2010" /> An yi imanin cewa manyan barazana guda uku za su kawo cikas ga 'yancin ilimi: dokokin gwamnati, wuce gona da iri na masu daukar nauyin kamfanoni a jami'a, da iyakance 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a jami'o'i. <ref name="South African Journal of Science-2010" /> An yi ta tafka kura-kurai game da tauye 'yancin karatu a wasu jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="Lindow-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Lindow |first=Megan |date=25 May 2007 |title=Academic Freedom Is Eroding in South Africa, Critics Say |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Academic-Freedom-Is-Eroding-in/5961 |url-status=live |journal=Chronicle of Higher Education |volume=53 |issue=38 |page=A50 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819144659/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Academic-Freedom-Is-Eroding-in/5961 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal ta yi suna kan tauye 'yancinta na ilimi da kuma abin kunya da ya faru a 2007.<ref name="Lindow-2007" /> A cikin wannan abin kunya wani malamin ilimin zamantakewa, an kori Fazel Khan a watan Afrilun 2007 saboda "kayar da jami'ar cikin mutunci" bayan ya fitar da bayanai ga kafafen yada labarai. A cewar Khan, an goge shi daga wani hoton da aka buga a harabar makarantar saboda yajin aikin da ma’aikatan suka yi a watan Fabrairun da ya gabata. Dangane da wannan badakala ne majalisar kula da harkokin ilimi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke cewa jihar na yin tasiri ga 'yancin karatun boko. Musamman jami'o'in gwamnati sun fi fuskantar matsin lamba na siyasa saboda suna karbar kudade daga jama'a.<ref name="Lindow-2007" /> === Ƙasar Ingila === Rahoton Robbins game da Ilimi mafi girma, wanda gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a cikin 1963, ya keɓe cikakken babi, Babi na XVI, ga 'yancin Ilimi da iyakarsa. Wannan yana ba da cikakken bayani game da mahimmancin da ke tattare da 'yancin ɗayan malamai da na cibiyar kanta. A cikin duniya, a wancan lokacin da kuma yanzu, inda gwamnatocin marasa sassaucin ra'ayi duk a shirye suke su kai hari kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kwamitin Robbins ya ga (a lokacin) kariyar doka da aka ba wa 'yancin ilimi yana ba da kariya ga al'umma gaba daya daga duk wata fitina ta hauhawa. irin wadannan hare-haren. Lokacin da gwamnatin Margaret Thatcher ta nemi cire yawancin kariyar da aka kayyade na 'yancin karatun boko wanda Robbins ya dauka a matsayin masu muhimmanci, wani bangare na takaicin wani gyara da aka yi mata na rashin amincewa da kudirin ta a majalisar dattawa. Wannan ya haɗa cikin abin da ya zama Dokar sake fasalin Ilimi na 1988, haƙƙin doka na masana ilimi a Burtaniya 'don yin tambaya da gwada hikimar da aka samu da gabatar da sabbin dabaru da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa ko rashin yarda ba tare da sanya kansu cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu ko gata da suka samu ba. iya iya'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1988 Education Reform Act |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/40/contents |website=The National Archives}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙa'idodin 'yancin ilimi don haka ana bayyana su a cikin ƙa'idodin yawancin jami'o'in Burtaniya. Farfesa Kathleen Stock tsohuwar Jami'ar Sussex ta yi murabus daga aikinta saboda cece-kuce daga dalibai da kafofin watsa labarai game da ra'ayoyinta na transphobic. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burns, A. |date=2019 |title=The rise of anti-trans "radical" feminists, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/5/20840101/terfs-radical-feminists-gender-critical |website=Vox}}</ref> Dangane da irin wannan damuwa, [[Hukumar Daidaito da Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|hukumar daidaita daidaito da kare hakkin dan Adam]] ta ba da jagora. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Freedom of expression: a guide for higher education providers and students' unions in England and Wales |url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/freedom-expression-guide-higher-education-providers-and-students-unions-england |website=Equality and Human Rights Commission |access-date=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714055238/https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/freedom-expression-guide-higher-education-providers-and-students-unions-england |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jagorar ta ba da cikakkun hanyoyin da jami'o'i za su yi la'akari da su wajen tantance ko takamaiman abubuwan da za su iya ci gaba ko a'a. Hakanan yana ba da hanyoyin da za a rage duk wani shingen da zai iya hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki dangane da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Jagoran ya kuma bayyana ƙa'idodin doka na jami'o'i don tabbatar da cewa sun kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a harabar har ila yau tare da bin ka'idodin Rigakafi da Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2010. A cikin 2016 da Warden na Wadham College Oxford, wani lauya a baya Darakta na Public Prosecucution, ya nuna cewa Conservative gwamnatin anti-ta'addanci "Hana" dabarun doka ya sanya a kan jami'o'i 'wani aiki na musamman enforceable.&nbsp;... don hana bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka dace gaba ɗaya da dokar laifuka'. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Macdonald |first=Ken |date=February 2016 |title=PREVENT: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom |url=https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/february/prevent-in-the-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212619/https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/february/prevent-in-the-academy |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=15 July 2019 |website=Wadham College, University of Oxford}}</ref> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, ana ɗaukar 'yancin ilimi gabaɗaya a matsayin ra'ayi na 'yancin ilimi da aka ayyana ta "Bayanan Ƙa'idodin Ka'idoji akan 'Yancin Ilimi da Tsawon Zamani" na 1940, tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jami'o'i ta Amirka (AAUP) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka (AAUP) suka rubuta. yanzu Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Amurka ). Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun bayyana cewa "Malamai suna da 'yanci a cikin aji don tattauna batun su." Sanarwar ta kuma ba wa cibiyoyi damar sanya "iyaka na 'yancin ilimi saboda addini ko wasu manufofi", muddin "an bayyana su a rubuce a lokacin nadin". Ka'idar kuma tana nufin iyawar malamai, ɗalibai, da cibiyoyin ilimi don neman ilimi ba tare da tsangwama na siyasa ko gwamnati ba. Ka'idodin suna da halayen maganganun sirri kawai, ba na doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Free Speech and Academic Freedom |url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/free-speech-and-academic-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101015602/https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/free-speech-and-academic-freedom |archive-date=2023-11-01 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=www.law.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref> Masu ba da izini na yanki bakwai suna aiki tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka, gami da masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin addini, don aiwatar da wannan ma'auni. Bugu da ƙari, AAUP, wanda ba ƙungiyar da ta ba da izini ba, tana aiki tare da waɗannan cibiyoyin. AAUP ba koyaushe ta yarda da ƙungiyoyi masu ba da izini na yanki kan ƙa'idodin kariyar ƴancin ilimi da zaman aiki ba. <ref group="Note">For example, the [[Northwest Association of Schools and of Colleges and Universities]] reviewed [[Brigham Young University]]'s academic freedom statement and found it in compliance with the 1940 statement, while AAUP has found Brigham Young University to be in violation</ref> Hukumar ta AAUP ta lissafo (censure) waɗancan kwalejoji da jami'o'in da ta gano, bayan binciken nata, don karya waɗannan ƙa'idodin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=Censure List |url=http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/about/censuredadmins/ |access-date=3 May 2015 |publisher=AAUP}}</ref> Nan da shekarar 2022, kashi 88 cikin 100 na kwalejoji da jami'o'i na shekaru hudu za su takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, tare da juyar da yanayin shekaru 15, bisa ga rahoton shekara-shekara na Lambobin Magana na Kwalejin. Gidauniyar Haƙƙin Mutum da Bayyanawa (FIRE) ta ba da rahoton cewa 426 daga cikin cibiyoyi 486 suna da aƙalla manufofin da ke hana maganganun ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salai |first=Sean |date=2022-12-17 |title=More and more U.S. universities limiting students' free expression |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/dec/17/88-four-year-colleges-restrict-students-free-expre/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-31 |title=New FIRE report finds 85% of top colleges have restrictive speech codes |url=https://www.thefire.org/news/new-fire-report-finds-85-top-colleges-have-restrictive-speech-codes |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]] |language=en}}</ref> Wani yanki ne da ɗalibai ke da 'yancin yin tunani mai zurfi game da bayanan da suka ci karo da su, da kuma inda za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyi a cikin wani batu mai girma a cikin fage. Hakanan yana buɗe damar waɗancan ɗaliban su tattauna har ma da tambayar wasu sassan aiki don ci gaba da fa'idodinsu. Irin wannan yanayi ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar kwararru na irin waɗannan fannoni ta hanyar farfesa(s) ɗalibai. Wadannan mutane suna taimakawa wajen jagorantar tsarin samar da yanayi mai faɗi wanda ke kare ra'ayoyi da ƙarfafa tunani. Suna amfani da ainihin kariyar da ra'ayoyi a cikin 'yancin ilimi don daidaita wannan tsari na ƙirƙirar yanayi. Saboda haka, furofesoshi, suna ƙarfafa tattaunawa da bincike ta hanyar gabatar da tsari mai yawa a cikin bayanan da suke koyarwa. Farfesoshi suna zana daga ainihin bayanan da filinsu ya samo asali, amma suna bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban don ba wa ɗalibai hanyar tattaunawa da kwatanta bayanan da suka karɓa.<ref name="Kraft-20242">{{Cite web |last1=Kraft |first1=Emilie S. |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Academic Freedom |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/17/academic-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407050017/https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/17/academic-freedom |archive-date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Free Speech Center at [[Middle Tennessee State University]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan hanyar ƙarfafa tattaunawa da bincike mai mahimmanci yana haɓaka ƙarin cikakkiyar fahimtar batun. Irin wannan faɗaɗa a cikin fahimta kuma yana ba da damar fage don dawo da bayanan da aka “yi haske” waɗanda suka shafi nasarorin da al’ummomin da ba na Turai ba suka yi a zamanin da da kuma fasa ainihin ra’ayi na Turai na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veléz |first=Manuel |last2=Curry |first2=Stephanie |date=November 2020 |title=Academic Freedom and Equity {{!}} ASCCC |url=https://www.asccc.org/content/academic-freedom-and-equity |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Academic Senate for [[California Community Colleges]]}}</ref> 'Yancin ilimi ya fara ne a Amurka bayan [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka|yakin basasa]] ya tarwatsa tsarin manyan makarantun da suka tsaya cik a baya. Jami'o'i sun yi nazari kan tsarin ilimi da Jamus ta samu don ci gaban fagagen bincike. Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ce ta fara amfani da wannan tsarin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Free Speech and Academic Freedom |url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/free-speech-and-academic-freedom |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=www.law.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref> Kafin zuwan karni na ashirin, wani farfesa mai suna Edward Ross ya buga takardan tallafawa motsin azurfa kyauta wanda aka sani da ''Dalar Gaskiya.'' Takardar ta sanya farfesa cikin rashin jituwar siyasa da masu [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Iyalin Stanford sun sami kuɗinsu daga masana'antar titin jirgin ƙasa da farfesa ya yi wa ba'a a bainar jama'a. A cikin 1900, farfesa ya bayyana kalamai na siyasa da suka yi kira da a kori bakin haure na Japan daga kasar wanda zai kai ga dakatar da shi daga jami'a. Wannan shawarar ta biyo bayan wasu farfesoshi bakwai da suka yi murabus daga jami’ar tare da daukaka al’amarin zuwa bin diddigin kasa. Wannan taron zai sa a kafa AAUP don samar da tsaro na kudi da na doka, tare da cike gibin da ke tattare da yawancin kwangilolin su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2023-05-01 |title=Academic freedom's origin story |url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/05/01/origin-story-academic-freedom/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Stanford Report |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1957, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta fara ɗaukar lamarin da ya fara da shari'ar ''Sweezy v. New Hampshire'' . A cikin ''Keyishian v. Board of Regents'' (1967), Kotun Koli ta yi haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gyaran Farko da 'yancin ilimi a matsayin kariya ta musamman a kan cewa yana da mahimmanci ga kowa. Irin wannan kariyar na Farko ana amfani da su ne kawai ga cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma 'yancin ilimi yana ƙunshe da kariya a wajen Gyaran Farko kamar yadda Kotu ba ta taɓa bayyana a sarari cewa tana ɗauke da 'yancin ilimi ba. <ref name="Kraft-2024">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Emilie S. |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Academic Freedom |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/17/academic-freedom |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Free Speech Center at [[Middle Tennessee State University]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Domin cibiyoyi ==== Babban fasalin manufar jami'ar Ingilishi shine 'yancin nada malamai, saita ma'auni da shigar da ɗalibai. Wannan manufa za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin cin gashin kansa na cibiyoyi kuma ya bambanta da kowane irin 'yancin da cibiyar ta ba wa ɗalibai da malamai. <ref>Kenneth W. Kemp (15 November, 2000) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040625233457/http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/kwkemp/Papers/AF.pdf What is Academic Freedom?], p. 7 - [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]]</ref> # wanda zai iya koyarwa, # abin da za a iya koya, # yadda ya kamata a koyar da shi, da # [ za ] iya shigar <ref name="Sweezy" group="Note">''[[Sweezy v. New Hampshire]]'', 354 U.S. 234, 262–263 (1957) ([[Felix Frankfurter]], Justice).</ref> <ref group="Note">''[[Regents of the University of California v. Bakke]]'', 438 U.S. 265, 312 (1978).</ref> <ref name="Stronach" group="Note">''Stronach v. Virginia State University'', civil action 3:07-CV-646-HEH (E. D. Va. Jan. 15, 2008).</ref> <ref name="AAUP_AF">{{Cite web |date=May 2002 |title=Academic Freedom of Professors and Institutions – AAUP |url=https://www.aaup.org/issues/academic-freedom/professors-and-institutions |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=www.aaup.org}}</ref> karatu. A cikin shari'ar 2008, wata kotun tarayya a [[Virginia]] ta yanke hukuncin cewa furofesoshi ba su da 'yancin ilimi; ''duk'' 'yancin ilimi yana zaune tare da jami'a ko kwaleji. <ref name="Stronach" group="Note">''Stronach v. Virginia State University'', civil action 3:07-CV-646-HEH (E. D. Va. Jan. 15, 2008).</ref> A wannan yanayin, ''Stronach v. Jami'ar Jihar Virginia'', wani alkalin kotun gunduma ya ce "babu wani hakki na kundin tsarin mulki na 'yancin ilimi wanda zai hana manyan jami'an (jami'a) canza darajar da ( farfesa ) ya ba daya daga cikin dalibansa." <ref name="Stronach" group="Note" /> Kotun ta dogara ne da ƙa’idar da ta dace na shari’ar [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] na ''Sweezy da New Hampshire'' <ref name="Sweezy" group="Note">''[[Sweezy v. New Hampshire]]'', 354 U.S. 234, 262–263 (1957) ([[Felix Frankfurter]], Justice).</ref> da kuma ƙara daga kotun da’ira ta huɗu. <ref name="Stronach" group="Note" /> <ref group="Note">See ''[[Urofsky v. Gilmore]]'', 216 F.3d 401, 414, 415 (4th Cir. 2000). (Noting that "cases that have referred to a First Amendment right of academic freedom have done so generally in terms of the institution, not the individual ...." and "Significantly, the court has never recognized that professors possess a First Amendment right of academic freedom to determine for themselves the content of their courses and scholarship, despite opportunities to do so".</ref> Kotun ''Stronach'' ta kuma dogara da shari'o'i masu gamsarwa daga da'irori da yawa na kotunan ƙararraki, ciki har da na farko, <ref group="Note">''Lovelace v. S.E. Mass. University'', 793 F.2d 419, 425 (1st Cir. 1986) ("To accept plaintiff's contention that an untenured teacher's grading policy is constitutionally protected ... would be to constrict the university in defining and performing its educational mission".)</ref> na uku, <ref group="Note">''Edwards v. California University of Pennsylvania'', 156 F.3d 488, 491 (3d Cir. 1998) ("In Edwards v. Cal. Univ. of Pa., The court held that the First Amendment does not allow a university professor to decide what is taught in the classroom but rather protects the university's right to select the curriculum," as cited in ''Stronach''.)</ref> <ref group="Note">''Brown v. Amenti'', 247 F.3d 69, 75 (3d Cir. 2001). (Holding "a public university professor does not have a First Amendment right to expression via the school's grade assignment procedures".)</ref> da kuma na bakwai <ref group="Note">''Wozniak v. Conry'', 236 F.3d 888, 891 (7th Cir. 2001). (Holding that "No person has a fundamental right to teach undergraduate engineering classes without following the university's grading rules ...." and that "it is the [u]niversity's name, not [the professor]'s, that appears on the diploma; the [u]niversity, not [the professor], certifies to employers and graduate schools a student's successful completion of a course of study. Universities are entitled to assure themselves that their evaluation systems have been followed; otherwise their credentials are meaningless".)</ref> . Kotun ta bambanta yanayin lokacin da wata jami'a ta yi ƙoƙari ta tilasta wa farfesa canza maki, wanda a fili ya saba wa Dokar Farko, daga lokacin da jami'an jami'a, bisa ga ikonsu, za su canza maki idan dalibi ya daukaka kara. <ref name="Stronach" group="Note" /> <ref group="Note">See ''Parate v. Isibor'', 868 F.2d 821, 827–28 (6th Cir. 1989). (Holding that "a university professor may claim that his assignment of an examination grade or a final grade is communication protected by the First Amendment ... [t]hus, the individual professor may not be compelled, by university officials, to change a grade that the professor previously assigned to her student".</ref> Shari'ar ''Stronach'' ta sami kulawa sosai a cikin al'ummar ilimi a matsayin muhimmin abin koyi. <ref>White, Lawrence, "CASE IN POINT: STRONACH V. VIRGINIA STATE U. (2008): Does Academic Freedom Give a Professor the Final Say on Grades?", ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]'', found at [http://chronicle.com/weekly/v54/i33/33a03901.htm Chronicle web site] and [http://chronicle.com/review/brainstorm/fendrich/the-secretary-to-the-rescue Chronicle Review commentary and blog]. Accessed May 20, 2008.</ref> ==== Dangantaka da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ==== 'Yancin ilimi da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ba su da yawa, ko da yake an kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi da aka yarda da shi ta hanyar hangen nesa na "masu ci gaba" a kan Gyaran Farko. <ref>See, for instance, Paul Horwitz, "Universities as First Amendment Institutions: Some Easy Answers and Hard Questions, 54 ''[[UCLA Law Review]]'' 1497 (2007)</ref> 'Yancin ilimi ya ƙunshi fiye da haƙƙin magana; misali, ya haɗa da yancin tantance abin da ake koyarwa a cikin aji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=1982 |title=Testing the Limits of Academic Freedom |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol130/iss3/6 |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=712–743 |doi=10.2307/3311840 |jstor=3311840 |access-date=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305032636/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol130/iss3/6/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> AAUP tana ba malamai tsarin jagororin da za su bi lokacin da aka ɗauki ra'ayoyinsu na barazana ga manufofin addini, siyasa, ko zamantakewa. Lokacin da malamai ke magana ko rubutu a cikin jama'a, ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun ko a cikin mujallu na ilimi, suna iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da tsoro daga ƙuntatawa ko hukunci ba, amma an ƙarfafa su su nuna kamewa kuma suna bayyana a fili cewa ba su yi magana ba. cibiyar su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AAUP. 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure |url=http://www.aaup.org/file/1940%20Statement.pdf |website=AAUP |access-date=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929110515/https://www.aaup.org/file/1940%20Statement.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A aikace, 'yancin ilimi yana da kariya ta dokoki da ka'idoji na hukumomi, wasiƙun alƙawari, littattafan koyarwa, yarjejeniyoyin ciniki na gamayya, da al'adar ilimi. A cikin Amurka, an ba da garantin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] ta hanyar Kwaskwarimar Farko, wanda ke cewa "Majalisa ba za ta yi wata doka ba ... da ke tattare da 'yancin yin magana, ko na 'yan jarida ..." Ta hanyar tsawaitawa, Kwaskwarimar Farko ta shafi duk cibiyoyin gwamnati, ciki har da jami'o'in gwamnati. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun kolin]] Amurka a tarihi ta rike cewa 'yancin ilimi dama ce ta Farko a cibiyoyin ''jama'a'' . <ref group="Note">Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957); Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U.S. 589 (1967); Regents of Univ. of Michigan v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214 (1985).</ref> Duk da haka, an yi gyare-gyaren Farko na Amurka gabaɗaya don '''kada''' ya shafi cibiyoyi ''masu zaman kansu'', gami da cibiyoyin addini. Waɗannan cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu na iya girmama 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin ilimi bisa ga ra'ayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics |url=https://campusfreespeechguide.pen.org/the-law/the-basics/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[PEN America]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=State of the Law: Speech Codes |url=https://www.thefire.org/research-learn/state-law-speech-codes |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Rigingimu ==== ===== Muhawarar Juyin Halitta ===== 'Yancin ilimi kuma yana da alaƙa da motsi don gabatar da ƙira mai hankali azaman madadin bayani ga juyin halitta a makarantun jama'a na Amurka. Magoya bayan sun yi iƙirarin cewa cibiyoyin ilimi suna buƙatar yin adalci ga kowane bayani mai yuwuwa game da bambancin halittun da aka lura a duniya, maimakon nuna cewa babu wata hanyar ka'idar juyin halitta ta wanzu, kodayake a aikace suna da sha'awar yuwuwar bayani daga ɗaya daga cikin al'adun addini na duniya, [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]] . Masu sukar wannan motsi suna da'awar ƙira ta hankali ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya ce ta addini kuma ba za a iya ba da izinin shiga cikin manhajar makarantun jama'a na Amurka ba saboda Kwaskwarima na Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, galibi suna ambaton ''Gundumar Makarantun yankin Kitzmiller v. Dover'' a matsayin misali na doka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynn |first=Leon |date=Winter 1997–1998 |title=Creationists Push Pseudo-Science Text |url=http://rethinkingschools.aidcvt.com/restrict.asp?path=archive/12_02/panda.shtml |url-access=subscription |website=Rethinking Schools Online |access-date=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2022-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317160405/http://rethinkingschools.aidcvt.com/restrict.asp?path=archive/12_02/panda.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>[http://ncse.com/creationism/legal/intelligent-design-trial-kitzmiller-v-dover Intelligent Design on Trial: Kitzmiller v. Dover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513185036/http://ncse.com/creationism/legal/intelligent-design-trial-kitzmiller-v-dover |date=2016-05-13 }}. National Center for Science Education. October 17th, 2008</ref> Sun kuma yi watsi da zarge-zargen nuna wariya ga masu goyon bayan tsara zane, wanda bincike ya nuna babu wata shaida. ===== ALFP debate (2014) ===== A cikin 1940, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jami'ar Amirka (AAUP) ta ba da ma'anar 'yancin kai na ilimi wanda ke tafiya kamar haka: "masu ilimi suna da gata don neman gaskiya da ilimi da 'yancin ba da gaskiya da ilimin ga wasu, ciki har da dalibai. makarantar, da sauran jama’a, ba tare da la’akari da matsin lamba na siyasa ko akida ba”. <ref name="Aarrevaara-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Aarrevaara |first=Timo |date=May 2010 |title=Academic Freedom in a Changing Academic World |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=18 |issue=S1 |pages=S55–S69 |doi=10.1017/S1062798709990317 |issn=1474-0575 |s2cid=146443318 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tsara wannan ma'anar, an yi gyare-gyare biyu a cikin 1970 da 1999 bi da bi. Bita na 1970 ya ayyana cewa kariyar 'yancin ilimi "ba ta shafi ma'aikacin gwaji na cikakken lokaci da malamin da ke da aiki ba, har ma ga duk wasu, kamar malamai na lokaci-lokaci da mataimakan koyarwa, waɗanda ke aiwatar da ayyukan koyarwa". <ref name="Aarrevaara-2010"/> Bita na 1999 ya ba da fifiko kan ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bitar bayan zaman ta hanyar da ta mutunta 'yancin ilimi da tsarin da ya dace. ===== Kwaminisanci ===== A cikin karni na 20 kuma musamman 1950s a lokacin McCarthyism, akwai kwanan wata da yawa na jama'a da aka buga game da rawar Kwaminisanci a cikin 'yancin ilimi, misali, Sidney Hook 's ''Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No'' <ref name="HYCN-book"> {{Cite book|last3=Sidney Hook}}</ref> da Whittaker Chambers <nowiki>'' Shin '</nowiki>Yancin Ilimi ne a Hadari?" <ref> {{Cite magazine|url-status=91}}</ref> a tsakanin sauran littattafai da labarai da yawa. ===== Shirye-shiryen iri-iri ===== Tun da 2014, Harvard Medical School Dean Jeffrey Flier, <ref name="CHE 2019">{{Cite web |last=Flier |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Flier |date=2019-01-03 |title=Against Diversity Statements |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/against-diversity-statements/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> <ref name="Inside Higher Ed 2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-12 |title=Former Harvard dean's tweet against required faculty diversity statements sets off debate |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/11/12/former-harvard-deans-tweet-against-required-faculty-diversity-statements-sets-debate |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> da Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka Abigail Thompson <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abigail Thompson |title=A word from |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201911/rnoti-p1778.pdf |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=66 |issue=11}}</ref> sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana neman malaman ilimi don tallafawa manufofin bambancin, kuma an hana su bayyana adawa ga daidaito da haɗawa ta hanyar kai tsaye. -tace hatsaniya, da kuma ingantawa, daukar aiki, da kora. <ref name="Friedersdorf 2016">{{Cite web |last=Friedersdorf |first=Conor |date=2016-05-26 |title=The Perils of Writing a Provocative Email at Yale |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/the-peril-of-writing-a-provocative-email-at-yale/484418/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> ==== Ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa ==== Yayin da wasu rigingimu na 'yancin ilimi ke nunawa a cikin dokokin da aka tsara waɗanda za su shafi ɗimbin ɗalibai a duk yankuna, yawancin lokuta sun haɗa da ɗaiɗaikun malamai waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba sa so ko raba bayanan siyasa mara kyau. Waɗannan shari'o'in guda ɗaya na iya samun kulawa da yawa kuma lokaci-lokaci suna gwada iyakokin, da goyan baya, 'yancin ilimi. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in kuma sune tushen yin dokoki na gaba. A cikin 1929, Farfesa Farfesa Psychology Max Friedrich Meyer da mataimakin farfesa ilimin zamantakewa Harmon O. DeGraff an sallame su daga mukamansu a Jami'ar Missouri don ba da shawara ga ɗalibi Orval Hobart Mowrer game da rarraba tambayoyin da ke tambaya game da halayen halayen jima'i na abokan tarayya, ra'ayoyin zamani. na aure, saki, jima'i na waje, da zama tare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Broadwell |first=Percy |date=February 2, 1930 |title=Academic Freedom at the University of Missouri: Report on the Dismissal of Professor DeGraff and the Suspension of Professor Meyer |url=http://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/files/1930.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320120427/http://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/files/1930.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2015}}</ref> Daga baya Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jami'o'i ta Amirka ta tsawatar da jami'ar a wani lamari na farko game da 'yancin ilimi saboda wani farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A.J. Carlson |date=February 1930 |title=Report on the Dismissal of Professor DeGraff and the Suspension of Professor Meyer |journal=Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors |volume=XVI |issue=2 |pages=2–35 |doi=10.2307/40218216 |jstor=40218216}}</ref> A cikin 2006, Lawrence Summers, yayin da shugaban Jami'ar Harvard, ya jagoranci tattaunawa da aka yi niyya don gano dalilan da yasa mata kaɗan suka zaɓi nazarin kimiyya da lissafi a matakan ci gaba. Ya ba da shawarar cewa, ya kamata a yi la’akari da yiwuwar samun bambance-bambancen jinsi na asali ta fuskar basirar kimiyya da lissafi. Ya zama abin da jama'a ke yi masa yawa. Su kuma masu sukarsa, an zarge su da yunƙurin danne ’yancin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thernstrom |first=Stephan |title=In Defense of Academic Freedom at Harvard |url=http://hnn.us/articles/10963.html |publisher=[[History News Network]], [[George Mason University]]}}</ref> Sakamakon rashin tarbar da aka yi masa, ya yi murabus bayan ya shafe shekaru biyar yana aiki. Wani muhimmin al'amari na murabus din nasa shi ne kuri'u da dama na rashin amincewa da shugabannin makarantu suka ba su, musamman malaman farfesa da dama a Sashen Fasaha da Kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finder |first=Alan |date=February 22, 2006 |title=President of Harvard Resigns, Ending Stormy 5-Year Tenure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/education/22harvard.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 Thio Li-ann ta janye daga wani alƙawari a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York bayan da aka samu cece-kuce game da wasu kalamai na nuna adawa da 'yan luwaɗi da ta yi, wanda ya haifar da tattaunawa game da 'yancin ilimi a cikin makarantar lauya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=8 June 2009 |title=Rights for some people |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/07/08/nyu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807071140/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/07/08/nyu |archive-date=August 7, 2009 |access-date=11 June 2009 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]]}}</ref> Daga baya, an nemi Li-ann ta sauka daga matsayinta a Makarantar Shari'a ta NYU. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hu |first=Winnie |date=July 22, 2009 |title=Citing Opposition, Professor Calls off NYU Appointment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/education/23nyu.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A cikin 2009 Jami'ar California da ke Santa Barbara ta zargi William I. Robinson da nuna kyama bayan ya yada sakon imel zuwa ajinsa mai dauke da hotuna da sakin layi na Holocaust da aka yi wa na Zirin Gaza. An kori Robinson daga jami'ar, amma daga baya aka janye zargin bayan wani gangamin yaki da mahukuntan jami'ar a duniya. <ref>[http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=5691 SPME Statement on the Disposition of the Case of William Robinson at UCSB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729154853/http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=5691 |date=2012-07-29 }}, SPME Board of Directors, June 29, 2009</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai kuma == * [[Ƴancin ilimi|'Yancin ilimi]] * An rufe jerin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin 2016 na tsarkakewar Turkiyya * Cibiyar sadarwa don Ilimi da Haƙƙin Ilimi * Ilimin koyarwa * Siyasar kimiyya * [[Yancin Kimiyya da Al'adu|Haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu]] * [[Masana A Hadarin (SAR)|Malamai Masu Hatsari]] * Lambar magana [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta== <references /> 4et6ztcevlsxjnhu75t7xmm5hziy0hv 0 81330 890701 824761 2026-08-02T16:40:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nkwobi.jpg|thumb| Nkwobi]] [[Fayil:Igbo_cuisine,_ofe_nsala.jpg|thumb|Sopo na Nsala da eba]] [[Fayil:LocationNigeria.svg|thumb|Yanayin Najeriya]] [[Fayil:Yam_pottage.jpg|thumb|[[Doya|Yam]] pottage / yam porridge ko asaro]] [[Fayil:Nigeria beans.jpg|thumb|Danyan abicin nijeriya]] [[Fayil:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|Two da mƙunshi iya]]Bukukuwan [[Najeriya]] na iya zama masu launi da wadata, yayin da kƙabilun anshi da kayan lambu na gefen hanya da aka dafa a kan barbecues ko soya a cikin mai suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamara |date=2019-12-25 |title=Nigeria cuisines |url=https://tamcuties.wordpress.com/2019/12/25/nigeria-cuisines/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Tamcuisine |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma cinye nama a Najeriya. Porcupine da beraye masu wutsiya sune mafi mashahuriyar nau'in nama a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friant |first=Sagan |last2=Paige |first2=Sarah B. |last3=Goldberg |first3=Tony L. |date=2015-05-22 |title=Drivers of Bushmeat Hunting and Perceptions of Zoonoses in Nigerian Hunting Communities |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e0003792 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4441483 |pmid=26001078 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamgaing |first=Towa Olivier William |last2=Dzefack |first2=Zeun's Célestin Brice |last3=Yasuoka |first3=Hirokazu |date=2019 |title=Declining Ungulate Populations in an African Rainforest: Evidence From Local Knowledge, Ecological Surveys, and Bushmeat Records |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00249 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abincin Najeriya, kamar yawancin abincin Afirka ta Yamma, an san shi da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗwano. == Shigarwa == === Tushen shinkafa === * Shinkafa ta kwakwa shinkafa ce da aka yi da madarar kwakwa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Coconut Milk Rice Recipe |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/coconut-milk-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Swasthi's Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> da sauran kayan yaji. * [[Dafa-duka|Jollof shinkafa]] abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da tumatir mai tsabta da sauce na Scotch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jollof Rice |url=https://healthiersteps.com/recipe/jollof-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Healthier Steps |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=Jollof Rice Recipe |url=https://www.chilipeppermadness.com/recipes/jollof-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Chili Pepper Madness |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jollof Rice Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018069-jollof-rice |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NYT Cooking |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imma |date=2022-03-01 |title=Jollof Rice |url=https://blackpeoplesrecipes.com/jollof-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=blackpeoplesrecipes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Shinkafar Ofada|Ofada shinkafa]] sanannen nau'in shinkafa ne na Kudu maso Yamma Najeriya. Ana cinye shi tare da sauce na Ayamase ko Ofada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=Ofada rice, unripe plantain, Oha soup, other African food that aid weight loss |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/ofada-rice-unripe-plantain-oha-soup-other-african-food-that-aid-weight-loss/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-12 |title=What is 125T Ofada Rice? |url=https://www.dayoadetiloye.com/what-is-125t-ofada-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Youth Entrepreneurship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=How To Cook Ofada Rice |url=https://sisijemimah.com/2015/12/08/ofada-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Sisi Jemimah |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Where is ofada rice grown in Nigeria? |url=https://flairng.com/bez-rubriki/where-is-ofada-rice-grown-in-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Across the Sahara |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Shinkafa mai cin ganyayyaki ne mai wadata da aka yi da kayan lambu (kayan kwalliya, karoshi, wake), nama, kaji ko prawns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Nigerian Fried Rice |url=https://www.mydiasporakitchen.com/authentic-nigerian-fried-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=My Diaspora Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Killeen |first=Breana |date=May 1, 2020 |title=How to Cook Fried Rice: A Step-by-Step Guide |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/283627/perfect-fried-rice-in-5-steps/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=EatingWell |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517154546/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/283627/perfect-fried-rice-in-5-steps/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Osinkolu |first=Lola |date=2018-12-30 |title=Nigerian fried Rice {{!}} Chef Lola's Kitchen (Video) |url=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/nigerian-fried-rice-recipe/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Chef Lola's Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ana yin Pate da masara mai bushe, shinkafa ko acha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-20 |title=11 Foods And Soups You Have To Try If You Find Yourself In Kaduna |url=https://ec2-52-18-66-154.eu-west-1.compute.amazonaws.com/chopist/11-foods-and-soups-you-have-to-try-if-you-find-yourself-in-kaduna/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=How to Make Nigerian Pate (Braised Maize Porridge) ~ Dee's Mealz |url=https://www.deesmealz.com/how-to-make-nigerian-pate-braised-maize-porridge/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.deesmealz.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531181723/https://www.deesmealz.com/how-to-make-nigerian-pate-braised-maize-porridge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawancin lokaci an haɗa su da kayan lambu (spinach), tumatir, albasa, albasa (tsire-tsire), wake, groundnuts, ƙasusuwan biscuit da nama da aka yanka sun zama ruwan dare a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, kamar [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Nasarawa (Nasarawa)|Nassarawa]] da Plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=how to make Tuwo Shikanfa and how it can be eaten |url=https://guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-tuwo-shikanfa-and-how-it-can-be-eaten/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adido |first=Terry |date=2014-07-13 |title=Fonio Pottage (Pate Acha) |url=http://www.gratednutmeg.com/?p=3115 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Grated Nutmeg |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwete Recipe by Henrietta Jumai Danuk |url=https://cookpad.com/ng/recipes/5905842-gwete |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Cookpad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=Pate is a traditional porridge type of food that is eaten |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/life/pate-cooking-the-hausa-traditional-meal/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531164438/https://editor.guardian.ng/life/pate-cooking-the-hausa-traditional-meal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple Way to Make Quick How to Make Nigerian Pate (Braised Maize Porridge) {{!}} Fine Recipes |url=https://mifood.web.app/169-simple-way-to-make-quick-how-to-make-nigerian-pate-braised-maize-porridge/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=mifood.web.app}}</ref> * ''[[Tuwon masara|Tuwo masara]]'' abinci ne na gari da ake ci a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SimakTerus » SimakTerus |url=https://simakterus.com/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |language=id-ID |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526110834/https://simakterus.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lete |first=Nky Lily |date=2013-03-30 |title=Tuwo Masara (Tuwon Masara){{!}} Nigerian Corn meal |url=https://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/tuwo-masara-tuo-masara-nigerian-corn/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Nigerian Food TV |language=en-us}}</ref> * ''[[Tuwon shinkafa|Tuwo shinkafa]]'', shinkafa mai kauri yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ''[[Miyar kuka|miyan kuka]]'' (mai kauri mai kauri) da naman awaki ko ''Miyan taushe'', naman alade da aka yi da spinach, nama (yawanci awaki ko ragon) da kifi mai hayaki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-21 |title=Tuwo Shinkafa (Rice Meal) And Miyan Taushe (Pumpkin Soup) |url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/food/tuwo-shinkafa-rice-meal-and-miyan-taushe-pumpkin-soup/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi amfani da shi da farko a arewacin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Ed |date=2020-03-30 |title=How to Prepare Tuwo Shinkafa and Miyan Taushe |url=https://www.royacshop.com/2797-how-to-prepare-tuwo-shinkafa-and-miyan-taushe.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Royac Shop |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Farar shinkafa|Farin shinkafa]] - Farin shika da shinkafa na gida galibi ana ba da su tare da stews, sopper da sauces. Ana ba da shi a ko'ina tare da tumatir mai kauri da stew na albasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title=Nigerian Pepper Sauce - Ata dindin |url=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/nigerian-pepper-sauce-ata-dindin/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Chef Lola's Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref> * <nowiki><i id="mwqw">Banga</i></nowiki> shinkafa girke-girke ne na gargajiya na Najeriya wanda aka yi da kwai da shinkafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=How To Prepare Banga Rice |url=https://www.whatsdalatest.com/how-to-prepare-banga-rice/ |publisher=whatsdalatest.com}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare a kudancin (Delta State) da gabashin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banga Rice |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/rice/banga-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Banga Rice - African Food Network |url=https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/banga-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-24 |title=How To Make Banga Rice |url=https://guardian.ng/life/food/how-to-make-banga-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625011454/https://guardian.ng/life/food/how-to-make-banga-rice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sau da yawa ana kiran shinkafa mai na dabino a matsayin 'shinkafa na gida' ko 'shinkafar rawaya'; yawanci ana shirya shi da [[Manja|Man dabino]], kifi iri-iri (kifi da kifi mai hayaki), an yi masa ado da kayan yaji na gida kamar wake ('okpeyi' ko 'dawa dawa'), albasa da albasa. Ana iya yin shi azaman jollof ko azaman farin shinkafa tare da man dabino a matsayin sauce daban. * Shinkafa mai laushi shinkafa ce da aka yi da sabo turmeric ko curry foda, albasa, gishiri da kayan yaji don dandana sannan kuma ana yin kayan lambu don tafiya tare da shi. * Ana yin Masa daga shinkafa 'tuwo shinkafa' wanda aka gauraya bayan an lalata shi (an saka ionions da sauran kayan yaji a ciki). Sa'an nan kuma, ana ƙara yisti, kuma an ba shi izinin tashi. Daga baya an dafa shi da ƙananan zafi a cikin tukunyar masa da aka yi da al'ada. * Danbu shinkafa kuma wani nau'in shinkafa ne wanda aka saba yi a Arewa. An yi amfani da shi kuma an gauraye shi da albasa. * Ana shirya shinkafa mai na groundnut tare da man groundnut, ta amfani da kifi (ya bushe ko sabo), sabon tumatir, albasa, sabon albasa da yawa na crayfish. === Tushen wake === * ''[[Ƙosai|Akara]]'', wanda aka fi sani da 'keke na wake', wani nau'in fritter ne da aka yi daga wake. * ''Gbegiri'', wani miya ne na wake daga Kudu maso Yammacin [[Najeriya]]. * Abincin abinci na Abula * Moi moi, wani nau'in wake na Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya wanda aka yi da cakuda wake mai baƙar fata, wanda aka haɗa tare da albasa da sabon jan albasa. * ''[[Ekuru]]'', abincin wake mai ɗanɗano daga Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. * [[Ewa Aganyin|''Ewa aganyin'']], wake da aka dafa tare da sauce na albasa daga Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. * ''[[Okpa]]'', abincin karin kumallo na yau da kullun da aka yi da garin kwai na Bambara a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. * ''Adalu'', wake da tukunyar masara mai zaki daga Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. === Tushen masara === * ''Egbo'', wani kayan Yoruba na musamman wanda za'a iya cinye shi kaɗai tare da sauce na albasa ko a haɗa shi da wake. == Nama == [[Fayil:Woman_selling_ponmo.jpg|thumb|Mace da ke sayar da ''ponmo'' (fatar saniya).]] Ana amfani da nama a yawancin abincin Najeriya. * Suya, daga arewacin Najeriya, nama ne da aka gasa da aka rufe da gurasar chili, man shanu foda, da sauran kayan yaji na gida. An shirya shi a cikin salon barbecue ta amfani da sanda. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abincin Najeriya kuma ana iya samun saukin isa a duk faɗin ƙasar. * ''[[Kyinkyinga|Tsire]]'' yana nufin musamman ga nama wanda ke da murfin man shanu / chili foda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Epicentre |title=Tsire: Tsire spice powder |url=http://theepicentre.com/spice/tsire/}}</ref> Naman na iya kasancewa ko a'a a kan skewer. * Kilishi yayi kama da naman sa. An yi shi ne daga nama da aka yanka cikin ƙananan sassan, wanda aka shimfiɗa don bushewa. Ana shirya dafa abinci na chili, kayan yaji da ganye na gida a cikin wani abu wanda aka shafa a bangarorin biyu. Ana gasa wannan a takaice. * ''Balangu'' yana nufin nama da aka gasa a kan itace / wuta. Musamman, ba a yi amfani da kayan yaji don fitar da dandano na halitta na wani nau'in nama wanda zai iya zama [[Akwiya|Goat]], ragon ko naman sa. Za'a iya ƙara [[Gishiri]] da kayan yaji daga baya bisa ga dandano.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=The Arewa Kitchen: Specialty Meats (or Suya Plus) |url=https://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2017/the-arewa-kitchen-specialty-meats-or-suya-plus/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Kitchen Butterfly |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''[[Ƙafafun saniya mai yaji|Nkwobi]]'' ya kunshi ƙafafun saniya da aka dafa da aka shafa a cikin wani nau'i mai mai mai tsami, abincin gargajiya wanda ya samo asali ne daga kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>Okafor, C. (2014, April 14). Popularising African Delicacies. Realnews Magazine.</ref> * ''Asun'' yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yanka a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin, tare da dandano mai ƙanshi mai ƙanshi daga albasa, Habanero, [[Tafarnuwa|Garlic]] da ƙaho.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkewa |first=Guylene |title=Asun (Spicy Roast Goat) By Sisi Jemimah |url=https://www.africanvibes.com/recipes/asun-spicy-roast-goat-by-sisi-jemimah/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=African Vibes Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yan asalin mutanen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na Ondo Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=DestinationOndo: Ondo Celebrates Biggest And First Ever Asun Carnival.. |url=https://agogoide.com/destinationondo-ondo-celebrates-biggest-and-first-ever-asun-carnival/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=First Yoruba Indigenous Community News Platform |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208175335/https://agogoide.com/destinationondo-ondo-celebrates-biggest-and-first-ever-asun-carnival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ana kiran nama mai bushewa mai gishiri da aka yi da ita Eran Oniyo a cikin yaren Yoruba. Rice Risotto tare da Salted Sun-Dried Ram Meat abinci ne na yau da kullun ga Musulmai a Jihar Legas. Yawancin lokaci ana shirya shi da nama na rago da aka yi amfani da shi don bikin Eid-el Kabir . Ana wanke yankan farko daga nama kamar cinya, haƙarƙari da wasu sassan mai a cikin ruwan lemun tsami don fitar da jini, an rufe nama da gishiri kuma an bushe shi da rana na 'yan kwanaki. == Soya da stew == * ''Maafe'', stew da aka yi da groundnuts (peanuts), tumatir da albasa a matsayin tushe, ana iya bambanta shi da kaza, naman sa ko kifi da kayan lambu daban-daban don dandano mai laushi. Ana yin stew na groundnut tare da busassun ƙasa da kayan lambu, kifi, nama, kayan yaji na gida da man dabino ta Mutanen Etsakor a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]. * Buka stew, stew ne na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da aka yi da awaki, naman sa ko kaza kuma galibi ana dafa shi da tumatir, albasa, da albasa. * Ana yin miya na ''Ogbono'' tare da tsaba na ogbono, tare da ganye, wasu kayan lambu, kayan yaji, da nama. Ana kuma cin ''Ogbono'' tare da jita-jita da yawa kamar yam, ''Amala'', ''fufu'', da dai sauransu. * Farin miya, wanda kuma ake kira ofe nsala, an yi shi da ganye na <nowiki><i id="mwAaA">Utashi</i></nowiki>. * Ana yin miya mai ƙwayoyi (ofe onugbu) tare da cocoyam, man dabino, kifi da nama da kayan yaji iri-iri. * ''Ofada'' stew (''Ayamase'') stew ne na dabino wanda aka samo asali ne daga mutanen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. An yi shi da man dabino, albasa da tumatir, naman sa, ciki, fatar saniya da wake. Abincin shinkafa ne na gida, wanda kuma ake kira shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa, yawanci ana ba da shi a cikin 'ewe' (flat, fadi). * Efo Elegusi miya ce ta Yoruba da aka yi da cakuda Efo da Egusi, wanda ake kira Egusi. * Egusi tare da Ewedu, wannan miya ne da aka yi daga Egusi da aka dafa tare da Evedu. * Soya mai laushi (soya mai launi) ana yin sa ne daga sabon man shanu don shafawa, (ko da yake wasu na iya dafa man shanu), an dafa shi a cikin man dabino tare da albasa sannan a tafasa shi a cikin kaya. * Ana yin miya na ''Ora'' (''Oha'') tare da cocoyam wanda aka saba dafa shi kuma a buga shi, man dabino da kayan yaji * ''Edo esan'' (baƙar sopo) * Ana shirya [[Ofe Owerri|Ofe owerri]] tare da nau'ikan ganye huɗu; okazi, ugu, uziza da oha. Ana amfani da wani nau'in cocoyam a matsayin mai kauri don yin kauri. Wannan abincin kayan lambu ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin igbos na gabashin Najeriya. 'Ofe' na nufin miya a cikin harshen igbo kuma 'Owerri' babban birnin jihar Imo ne a gabashin Najeriya. * ''Achara'' soup, galibi ana samunsa a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]- Ndiwo, Ngwa, Umuahia, Itumbauzo. * Okazi soup, an yi shi da Spinach na daji, achi (mai kauri), nama da kifi iri-iri. * Sopo na kwai, ana yin shi da ƙwai, ganye masu ƙanshi, sabo da man dabino. [[Fayil:Mafe_SN.JPG|right|thumb|''Maafe'']] [[Fayil:Egburegbu.jpg|right|thumb|Sopo na Egburegbu yawanci ana shirya shi ne ta hanyar 'yan asalin jihar Ebonyi]] * ''[[Miyan Kwakwa|Banga]]'' soup is made from palm nuts and is eaten primarily in the south and mid-western<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banga Soup (Ofe Akwu) |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/banga-soup/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> parts of Nigeria. It is also known as Atama soup by the Cross River and Akwa Ibom indigenes. This soup is usually made through extracting the juice from the palm nuts. It’s usually served with any kind of swallow (garri, semo and pounded yam). * ''Ofe akwu'' is also made from palm nuts, but prepared more like a stew meant to be eaten with rice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Look at good pictures of Nigerian dishes |url=https://news-af.feednews.com/news/detail/df036b20416a5b43776bb0cd2d65feeb?client=news |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=news-af.feednews.com}}</ref> * ''[[Miyar kuka|Miyan kuka]]'', very common among the [[Hausawa|Hausa people]], it is made from powdered [[Kuka|baobab leaves]] and dried [[Kuɓewa|okra]]. * ''Miyan yakuwa'' is a famous [[Hausawa|Hausa]] soup. * ''Ewedu'' soup, is popular amongst the [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] people of south-western Nigeria, [[Miyar Ewedu|Ewedu soup]] is usually prepared with jute leaves and there are cooked by pureeing the leaves with a blender or special broom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-18 |title=Ewedu soup, best delicacy for toddlers |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/ewedu-soup-best-delicacy-toddlers/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ila alasepo, an Okro soup dish of the Yoruba people. It usually has a lot of meat, fish and seafood varieties. * Eka soup (beniseed soup) is a popular dish among the Idomas of [[Benue (jiha)|Benue State]], the Ogojas in [[Cross River]] and the Ibirams of [[Jihar Kogi|Kogi State]]. Eka is a blend of sesame seeds, roasted groundnut and palm kernel puree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Eka Soup (Beniseed Soup) Recipe |url=https://guardian.ng/life/eka-soup-beniseed-soup-recipe/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035908/https://guardian.ng/life/eka-soup-beniseed-soup-recipe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Margi special'' is common in the northeastern part of Nigeria, Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states. The soup comes from the Margi people who live in riverine areas. It is prepared with fresh fish of any kind and African soreal (''yakuwa'' in Hausa or ''omblanji'' in [[Marghi|Margi]]). * ''Edikang-ikong'' is a vegetable soup made from ''ugu'' (pumpkin) leaves and waterleaf which originated from the [[Mutanen Anaang|Annang]], [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio]] and [[Mutanen Efik|Efik people]]. * ''Gbegiri'' is a bean-based stew from southwest Nigeria. * Orunla is a soup made from dried okra, roughly chopped and sun-dried. It is common among the [[Yarbawa|Yorubas]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Pepper soup is a light soup made from a mix of meat and fish with herbs and spices. This is one of the few soups in Nigerian cuisine that can be eaten alone and is not used as a sauce for a carbohydrate main dish such as ''[[fufu]]'' or pounded [[Doya|yam]]. It can also be made with nutmeg and chili peppers. It can be garnished with fish, beef, goat meat or chicken. Pepper soup is sometimes an appetizer at official gatherings; however, it is consumed also in the evening at pubs and social gatherings. * ''Afang'' is a vegetable soup which originated with the [[Mutanen Efik|Efik people]], [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio people]] and [[Mutanen Anaang|Ananng people]] in southeast Nigeria. It is prepared with waterleaf, afang (wild spinach), kpomo, periwinkles and lots of assorted meat and fish. * Corn soup, also known locally as ''omi ukpoka'', is made with grounded dry corn and blended with smoked fish. It is a common food of the [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]], especially people from [[Agenebode]] in northern [[Edo|Edo state]]. * [[Miyar Draw|Okro soup]] (or ''okoroenyeribe or draw soup'') is made from [[Kuɓewa|okra]] and cooked until there are thicken.<ref name="Rough Guide" /> * ''[[Efo riro]]'', a stew made from leafy vegetables, pepper, palm oil and other ingredients, It is common amongst the [[Yarbawa|Yorubas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-18 |title=How To Make Efo Riro |url=https://guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-efo-riro/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010074104/https://guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-efo-riro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Egusi|''Egusi'' soup]] is thickened with grounded melon seeds and contains leafy vegetables, seasonings, and meat.<ref name="Rough Guide" /> It is often eaten with dishes like [[Amala|''amala'']], pounded yam (''iyan''), ''fufu'', etc. * ''[[Miyar taushe|Miyan taushe]]'', a great blend of groundnut and pumpkin leaves spiced with pepper, ''dawadawa'' or ''[[Iru (abinci)|iru]]'', & bouillon cubes. It is enjoyed best with ''[[Tuwon shinkafa|tuwo shinkafa]]''. == Breakfast == [[Fayil:Agidi.jpg|thumb|Agidi ko Eko]] * ''{{Interlanguage link|Masa (Nigerian food)|ha|Masa}}'' ya samo asali ne daga arewa kuma ana cin abinci duka a matsayin abincin rana da kuma karin kumallo. Ana jika shinkafa sannan a nika. Ana zuba yoghurt, sai a yi wani kauri mai kauri, a bar shi ya dahu, ko kuma a zuba yeast da sukari a dandana. An zuba shi a cikin nau'i na yumbu kuma a yi zafi daga ƙasa, ana amfani da spatula don jujjuya shi da fitar da ''masa'' daga cikin tsari. A al'adance ana hadawa da ''miyan taushe'' (stew kabewa) ko zuma. * ''[[Sinasir]]'' ''masara'' ce mai lebur, ana yin ta ne ta hanyar zuba gurasar shinkafar da aka shirya a cikin kaskon soya, don haka ana guje wa jujjuya shi kamar yadda ake bukata da ''masa'' . Wannan abincin Hausawa ne. * ''Alkubus'' shine burodin Hausa-Fulani da ake dafawa da alkama, gari, yisti da ruwa, ana sanyawa a cikin gyale ana tari. Ana hadawa da ''miyan taushe'' . * Dawa tare da jan stew ko ƙwai da aka yanka tare da yankakken tumatir da albasa. * ''Eko'' kuma aka fi sani da ''agidi'' ta mutanen Yarbawa na Kudu maso Yamma, sanannen abincin karin kumallo ne a Najeriya. Ana hada shi da sauran abinci irin su [[Ƙosai|Akara]] (soyayyen wainar wake), wake, barkono, da sauran miya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Agidi or Eko |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/breakfast-recipes/agidi-eko/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[Ogi (abinci)|Ogi]]'' ko ''akamu'' shi ne masarar masara da aka yi ta zama ruwan dare a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]], wanda [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] ke kiransa ''ogi'' da kuma ''akamu'' ta [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-26 |title=Process of making Ogi (pap, akamu) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/process-making-ogi-pap-akamu/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ana ci da burodi, akara ko wake * [[Egbo (abinci)|Egbo]] abinci ne da aka yi da masara. * Mosa abinci ne na Yarbawa da ake yi da ayaba mai matuƙar tsami ko masara, da ƙwai, da barkono, da kayan yaji. krmsfjqovv7437ripk0om4gr4nsouq5 0 81489 890850 567260 2026-08-03T07:11:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890850 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''''Lacandola''''' ko (Baybayin) shi ne taken ''lakan'' na karshe ko mai mulki yanki Tondo [[Philadelphia|Philippines]] ( da ga 900 zuwa 1521)">kafin mulkin mallaka lokacin da Mutanen suka fara cinye kasashen Kogin Pasig a cikin Philippines a cikin shekarun ta 1570. <ref name="JoaquinManila">{{Cite book|last3=Nick Joaqiun}}</ref>  Labarin farko na Mutanen Espanya Royal Notary Hernando Riquel : 13 ya ce ya gabatar da kansa ga Mutanen Espanya a matsayin "'''Sibunao Lacandola'''". Duk da yake an fassara sunansa da aka ba shi a matsayin "Bunao", ma'anar tarihi na kalmar Lakan, lakabi ne daidai da yarima ko mai mulki, ma'ana shi ne babban Datu ko Yarima na mulkinsa. Tare da Rajah Matanda da Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Bunao Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo), yana daya daga cikin sarakuna uku wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Mutanen Espanya na siyasar Delta na Kogin Pasig a farkon kwanakin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya. Tare da Rajah Matanda da Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Bunao Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo), yana daya daga cikin sarakuna uku wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Mutanen Espanya na siyasar Delta na Kogin Pasig a farkon kwanakin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya. da yake yana da shakku ko "Lakandula" ya wakilci sunan guda daya a lokacin rayuwarsa, wasu daga cikin zuriyarsa a cikin karni na farko bayan mutuwarsa sun zo su kira kansu "Lakakandula na Tondo", suna ɗaukar wannan sunan a matsayin lakabi mai daraja.<ref name="Santiago">{{Cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Luciano P.R |author-link=Luciano P.R Santiago |date=March 1990 |title=The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=39–73 |jstor=29791998}}</ref> == Sunan da taken == A tsawon lokaci, an rubuta sunan Lakandula a hanyoyi da yawa. Koyaya, bisa ga labarin farko da Hernando Riquel ya rubuta a cikin Mutanen Espanya, mai ba da izini na sarauta wanda ya bi Miguel López na Legazpi, Ubangiji na Tondo ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "''Sibunao Lacandola, ubangijin garin Tondo''" lokacin da ya shiga jirgin Legazpi tare da iyayengijin [[Manila]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1571. A cewar Riquel, iyayengiji na Manila sun gabatar da kansu a matsayin "Rajah Ache Tsohon da Rajah Soliman Matashi, iyayengiyi da shugabanni na garin Manila" <ref name="scottparchment" /> A shafi na 13 na "Cracks in the Parchment Curtain", masanin tarihi William Henry Scott ya nakalto rubutun asali na Riquel, wanda ya samu a cikin tarihin Mutanen Espanya a karkashin "Archivo General de Indias Seccion Patronato leg. 24, no. 24." Sashe mai dacewa na rubutun ya karanta: <blockquote>... ya bayyana cewa ana kiransa Raha Ache el Viejo da Raha Solimane el Mozo, dattawa da manyan mutanen Manila, da Sibunao Lacandola, shugaban mutanen Tondo. (an kara da hankali) </blockquote>Masana tarihi na zamani suna cire kalmar Filipino "si", wani labarin ilimin lissafi wanda ke gaba da sunayen mutum, daga sunayen da aka rubuta a wannan zamanin saboda marubutan Mutanen Espanya ba su riga sun koyi harsunan yankin ba kuma galibi sun hada da "si-" a cikin sunayen Filipino. ''Sibunao'' don haka ya kamata a fassara shi a matsayin "[Ako] si Bunao" = "[Ni ne] Bunao". Don haka masana tarihi suna daukar wannan yana nufin cewa Lakan ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin "Bunao Lakandula. " A lokacin, an dauka Lakandula Sunan sarauta ne, amma kamar yadda aka lura a kasa, hakika sunansa ne. === Asalin asalin "Lakandula" === Taken sa "Lakan" yana nuna "babban mai mulki" (ko kuma mafi mahimmanci, "''Babban Datu''") na daya daga cikin manyan kauyuka na bakin teku (wanda aka sani da "bayan" ko "babban Barangay") na Mutanen Tagalog.<ref name="PCDSPO2015">{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2015 |title=Pre-colonial Manila |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/ |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |website=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library |series=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers |publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office}}</ref><ref name="ScottBarangay">{{Cite book|last3=William Henry Scott (historian)}}</ref> A cikin nau'in [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] na yanzu, yana nufin "mutum". Wani bambancin da aka saba amfani da shi na sunan shine '''Gat Dula''' (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin kalma daya, Gatdula). <ref name="ScottLooking">{{Cite book|last3=William Henry Scott (historian)}}</ref> A tarihi, prefix ''Gat'', wani gajeren sigar girmamawa na [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] ''"Pamagat"'', yana nufin "mai daraja. " Saboda haka, Gatdula zai karanta "Mai daraja na Fadar", ma'ana ainihin abu ɗaya da sigar Kapampangan, Lakandula . <ref name="ScottLooking" /> Wannan ya bar batun karin "dula" don a warware shi. Duk da yake wannan ba zai iya zama sunan iyali kamar yadda Filipinos ke amfani da shi a yau ba, wannan bazai zama bayani mai gamsarwa ba, tunda an gabatar da sunayen iyali ga al'adun Filipino daga baya, ta hanyar dokar da Gwamna Janar Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa ya bayar a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1849. <ref name="Jernegan">Jernegan, Prescott Ford (1905) [[iarchive:ashorthistoryph00jerngoog|"A short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools"]]. pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.</ref> A madadin haka, maimakon sunan mahaifi, Dula na iya nufin kungiyar iyali ko dangi, amma babu wata shaida ta tarihi don tallafawa wannan ka'idar.Masanin tarihi Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino, ya yi la'akari da cewa "Dula" ba sunan mutum ba ne kwata-kwata, amma kalma ce ta gida wacce ke nufin wani abu mai kama da "Fadar. " Duk da yake yana iya yin mulki daga fadar zahiri, wannan zai nuna wurin zama na Lakan. Saboda haka, "Lakandula" zai kasance taken yaren gida ga "Ubangiji na Fadar" kuma mai mulkin Tondo.<ref name="Sevilla">{{Cite book|last3=Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino}}</ref> Hakazalika, ana kiran Rajah Ache na zamani da Rajah Matanda (Tsohon Rajah), yayin da ake kiran Rajah Sulayman wani lokacin da Rajah Muda ko Rajamora (Young Rajah).<ref name="JoaquinManila"/><ref name="ScottLooking"/><ref name="ScottBarangay"/> Masana tarihi irin su Dery da Scott sun bayyana cewa sunansa Banaw ne, amma kuma suna ci gaba da ambaton shi da taken, Lakandula ko "the" Lakandula . <ref name="ScottLooking"/> A gefe guda, Joaquin ya bayyana cewa sunan da aka ba Lakan shine Banaw, kuma ya ci gaba da kiransa Lakan Dula (kalmomi daban-daban) ko "Lakan Dula" a cikin rubutun "Manila, My Manila".<ref name="JoaquinManila"/> A kowane hali, yawancin masana tarihi na zamani suna ci gaba da yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa Lakandula lakabi ne, kuma suna magana da Lakan na karshe na Dula (ko Lakan na Tondo) a matsayin "Lakandula" kamar sunansa ne. Duk abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su, hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tsara sunan mutum na tarihi da taken zai zama "Bunau, Lakan Dula" ko "Lakan na Tondo". === "Lakan" maimakon "Rajah" === Duk da yake an kira shi da kuskure a matsayin '''Rajah Lakandula''', kalmomin "Rajah" da "Lakan" a zahiri suna da ma'ana iri daya. A cikin Tondo, an yi amfani da taken Lakan na asali, yana yin amfani da "Rajah" da "Lakandula" a lokaci guda duka ba su da amfani da kuskure.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/><ref name="laput">{{Cite web |last=Laput |first=Ernesto J. |title=Buhay sa Nayon |url=http://www.elaput.org/pinsnyon.htm |website=Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan |publisher=Ernesto J. Laput |language=tl}}</ref> kuma masanin tarihin Filipino kuma mai zane-zane na kasa don wallafe-wallafen Nick Joaquin yana da wahala don nuna cewa kalmar Lakan, ba ''Rajah'' ba, sarakunan Tondo ne suka yi amfani da ita.<ref name="JoaquinManila" /> == Rayuwa kafin zuwan Mutanen Espanya == Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Banaw ba, Lakan Dula, kafin zuwan Legazpi. A cewar National Artist Nick Joaquin "an dauka cewa shi dan asalin ne," tare da halin Sinaunang Tagalog (Dumagat) da kakannin Kapampangan. Joaquin ya kara da cewa "''An ce shi zuriyar Sarki Balagtas ne.''".<ref name="JoaquinManila"/> Joaquin ya ci gaba da yin hasashe game da imanin addini na Lakan Dula: <ref name="JoaquinManila"/><blockquote>"Lakan Dula na Tondo na iya zama baƙo ba ne ko Musulmi. Wannan ya nuna ta hanyar amfani da kalmar asalin Lakan maimakon taken Rajah na waje [Musulmi]. Ana iya dauka cewa an haife shi a cikin addinin anito. Ɗaya daga cikin zato shine ya tuba zuwa Islama, sannan ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya koma ga bangaskiyarsa ta asali. "</blockquote>Joaquin ya kuma bayyana game da yanayin tattalin arziki na mulkin Lakan Dula a kan Tondo: <ref name="JoaquinManila"/><blockquote>"Tondo ya maye gurbin Namayan a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na shiga Manila Bay. Tondo yana da dama a bakin tekun. Wannan shi ne fa'idar da yake da ita a kan Namayan, wanda ke cikin kogin. Don haka jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa da suka zo cikin bay sun fi son sauke kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwan Tondo. Kuma yanzu shine sarkin Tondo wanda ke da alhakin sayar da kayayyaki a kan kogin zuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da tafkin, don yin ciniki don kayayyaki na gida. Tondo shine cibiyar rarrabawa, ko Entrepot, a lokacin Tondo a tsakanin Tondo a kan Delta na karshe na Tondo </blockquote>A cewar Scott (1982), lokacin da jiragen ruwa daga China suka isa Manila Bay, Lakan Dula za su cire sails da rudders na jiragensu har sai sun biya shi ayyuka da kudaden ratayewa, sannan kuma zai sayi duk kayansu da kansa, ya biya rabin darajarsa nan da nan sannan ya biya sauran rabin bayan dawowarsu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, zai yi ciniki da waɗannan kayayyaki tare da mutanen da ke gaba, sakamakon ƙarshe shine cewa wasu mazauna ba su iya siyan komai daga Sinawa kai tsaye ba, amma ta hanyar Lakan Dula, wanda ya sami riba mai yawa a sakamakon haka.<ref name="Santiago"/><ref name="Sevilla"/> William Henry Scott ya lura cewa Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi ya ba da rahoton cewa Tagalogs sun kasance "mafi yawan 'yan kasuwa fiye da mayaƙa", kuma a wasu wurare ya lura cewa jiragen Maynila sun sami kayansu daga Tondo sannan suka mamaye kasuwanci ta sauran tsibirin. Mutanen da ke wasu sassan tsibirin galibi suna kiran jiragen ruwa na Maynila a matsayin "Sinanci" (Sina ko Sinina) saboda sun zo dauke da kayan kasar Sin. == Zuwan Legazpi, Mayu 1571 == Lokacin da Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ya isa Manila Bay a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1571, Lakan Dula ya kasance a can don saduwa da shi. Su biyu sun fara haduwa a ranar 17 ga Mayu, ranar da suka isa Legazpi a bakin teku, lokacin da Rajah Matanda da Lakan Dula suka shiga jirgin Legazpi don tattauna sharuddan tare da shi. Wani bangare na wadannan tattaunawar ya kayyade cewa Mutanen Espanya ba za su sauka a Tondo ba, kuma a maimakon haka za su sauko a Manila, wanda aka ƙone shi zuwa kasa a shekarar da ta gabata. Joaquin ya ba da shawarar cewa Lakan Dula zai "gayi cewa Legaspi yana da amfani. An kone shi kuma ya kwashe shi, Maynila zai zama wuri mafi kyau don karfafawa, kasancewa mafi dabarun. " <ref name="JoaquinManila"/> A zahiri, ba a ci Manila ba, amma an mamaye ta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta hadu da Legazpi da sarakuna uku: Lakan Dul, (babban) Rajah Ache da (yaci) Rajah Sulayman . <ref>[http://ffemagazine.com/lakandula-peaceful-king-takes-stand/Lakandula: the peaceful king takes his Stand] Retrieved on January 8, 2018</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="&quot;Source is a tertiary source with no claim to expertise within the field. Editorial processes of the source material is unclear, and the publisher/editors are not named. More solid scholarly sources are needed, especially as this seems an oversimplified take on a historical event with very nuanced implications.&quot; (January 2018)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1571, 'yan asalin ƙasar daga gidan Dula na Lakanate na Tondo - Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, da Lakan Dula - sun amince da ikon mallakar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a kan tsibirai kuma sun ayyana kansu a matsayin magoya bayan Spain. Kashegari, ranar 19 ga Mayu, Legazpi ya sauka a Manila kuma ya mallaki ƙasar a gaban Soliman, Matanda, da Lakan Dula. <ref name="JoaquinManila"/> <ref name="ScottBarangay"/> Lakan Dula ya taimaka wajen kafa gida ga Legazpi kuma ya gina sansani ga Mutanen Espanya, ya ba su bindigogi goma sha huɗu da kwalba goma sha biyu na gunpowder, kyautar da Mutanen Espanya suka yaba da ita sosai, waɗanda ke fama da karancin harsashi.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/> Ba da daɗewa ba, an yi wa Lakan Dula da 'ya'yansa maza baftisma a matsayin Katolika. Bunao Lakan Dula ya ɗauki sunan "Don Carlos Lacandola" bayan Charles I na Spain.<ref name="Tonda">''A history of Brunei'', Graham E. Saunders, Routledge, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC&pg=PA54 p. 54]</ref> Don bikin taron, Mutanen Espanya sun fitar da bindigogi da arquebuses na Manila a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/> == Yaƙin Bangkusay, Yuni 1571 == Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka fara zuwa Manila an karbe su da alheri, amma a tsawon lokaci 'yan asalin sun fahimci cewa yana nufin biyayya da su. Ba da daɗewa ba aka kalubalanci ikon Mutanen Espanya a Luzon. Yaƙin farko ya faru ne a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1570, inda aka ci 'yan asalin.<ref>[http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-battle-of-bangkusay-a-paradigm-of-defiance-against-colonial-conquest/The Battle of Bangkusay: A Paradigm of Defiance against Colonial Conquest]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on January 8, 2018</ref> Wata daya bayan haka, Tarik Sulayman na Macabebe ya kai hari Manila, ya shawo kan Rajah Sulayman ya shiga yakin da Legazpi. An ci sojojin Macabebe da Sulayman, kuma an kashe Datu na Macabebe a cikin abin da tarihi zai yi rikodin a matsayin Yakin Bangkusay Channel . (Kamanin sunayen ya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan shugabannin biyu, amma Tarik Sulayman da Rajah Sulayman mutane ne daban-daban - ɗayan ya tsira daga yakin, bayan kuma bai yi ba.) <ref name="JoaquinManila"/> Lakandula ya ki shiga hadin gwiwar Macabebe da Sulayman, amma daga cikin fursunonin da Mutanen Espanya suka kama bayan yakin akwai 'yan uwansa biyu da wasu jami'ansa. Lokacin da aka tambaye su, sun ce sun kasance a wurin ne kawai a matsayin masu kallo, ba a matsayin mayakan ba. Legazpi ya bar su su tafi don nuna amincewarsa ga Lakandula.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/> Joaquin ya lura cewa wannan zabi ne mai hikima a bangaren Legaspi: <ref name="JoaquinManila"/><blockquote>"''Idan ya kasance yana wasa wasa sau biyu a baya, Lakan Dula yanzu ya zama mai himma wajen tallafawa Mutanen Espanya. Wataƙila shi ne wanda ya shawo kan Soliman mai gudu ya mika wuya kuma ya koma ga kyawawan halaye na Legazpi.'' "</blockquote> == Tafiyar zuwa Pampanga da Bulacan, ƙarshen 1571 == Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Legaspi ya aika Martin de Goiti don yada mulkin Mutanen Espanya ga mutanen da ke yanzu lardunan Bulacan da Pampanga, musamman yankunan Lubao tare da Macabebe, Guagua a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1571. Wata daya bayan haka sun ci Calumpit da Malolos a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Legazpi ya ba da waɗannan ƙauyuka a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya. Ya aika Lakandula da Sulayman tare da shi, saboda, kamar yadda wani asusun ya nuna, "idan babban shugaba ya tafi tare da shi. "<blockquote>"''Lacandola ya yarda ya tafi, kuma ya yi aiki tare da jiragen ruwa biyu da aka bayar a farashinsa, kuma ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar yin hidima mai yawa ga Mai Girma, kuma ya tafi tare da haka Pampangos da aka fada zai ba shi biyayya, kamar yadda a zahiri suka yi.'' "</blockquote>Wadannan jiragen ruwa sun kasance (''karakoa''), wani nau'in jirgin ruwa wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 300 kowannensu, <ref name="ScottBarangay"/> wanda, kamar yadda Dery <ref name="inarticulate" /> ya nuna, ya zama ruwan dare a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. == Harin da Limahong ya kai, 1574 == Haɗin kusa da Lakandula da Mutanen Espanya ya ci gaba duk da mutuwar Legaspi a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1572, kuma Guido de Lavezares ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin gwamna, wanda ya kasance mai ba da kuɗin mulkin mallaka. Wani balaguron abokin hamayya a karkashin umurnin Limahong, ɗan fashi na kasar Sin, wanda Sarkin Sama na kasar Sin ya haramta shi, ya yi jayayya da mallakar tsibirin. Lakandula ya kasance a hannunsa don taimakawa wajen kawar da Limahong lokacin da ya zo ya yi ƙoƙari ya kori Manila a shekara ta 1574. <ref name="JoaquinManila"/> Lakandula ya sami damar tayar da tawaye a kan Mutanen Espanya. 'Yan asalin tsibirin Mindoro ma sun tayar da kayar baya amma duk waɗannan rikice-rikice an warware su ta hanyar sojoji.<ref>[https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1319/the-story-of-limahong-and-his-failed-attempt-to-conquer-manila-in-1574/The story of Li-ma-hong and his failed attempt to conquer Manila in 1574]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on January 8, 2018</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="&quot;Source is a blog (tertiary literature), and should be supported with reliable secondary sources.&quot; (January 2018)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mutuwa == Magana game da mutuwar Lakandula kaɗan ne, amma Scott ya nuna cewa ya mutu a shekara ta 1575, "shekaru uku bayan" Legazpi da Rajah Matanda, waɗanda dukansu suka mutu a shekara de 1572. <ref name="ScottBarangay"/>{{Rp|192}} Matsayin Lakandula a matsayin mai mulkin Tondo ya zama jikansa, da kuma dan karbar Rajah Soliman, Agustin na Legazpi . <ref name="ScottBarangay"/>{{Rp|192}} Agustin de Legazpi, wanda ya auri dan uwan Sultan Bolkiah, zai jagoranci Tondo a matsayin yanki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya har sai da ya tashi tsaye a kansu a cikin 1587-1588 Revolt of the Lakans, kuma an tsige shi kuma an kashe shi a sakamakon haka.<ref name="ScottBarangay"/>{{Rp|192}} A cewar Fray Gaspar de San Agustin a cikin "Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1565-1615", kamar yadda Kimuell-Gabriel ya ambata (2013), Lakandula ya mallaki Tondo daga wani wuri mai tsawo kusa da Manila bay, yana fuskantar bakin teku kuma yana gaban gidajen masunta.<ref name="SanAgustin1998">{{Cite book|last3=Gaspar de San Agustin}}</ref> Dangane da tarihin baki na gida, wannan shafin ya zama shafin Sto Niño na cocin Tondo Parish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tondo, Manila |url=http://www.manila-map.com/parish_history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701181357/http://www.manila-map.com/parish_history.html |archive-date=July 1, 2007}}</ref> == Tushen rubuce-rubuce == Tushen asali game da Lakandula ba su da yawa, har ya zama muhawara game da ainihin sunan Lakan. Dery ya gano nau'ikan tushe guda uku game da Lakandula: * Bayanan kai tsaye na nasarar Legaspi ta 1571, da kuma nassoshi na kai tsaye daga wasu takardu na lokacin; * rukuni na rikodin a cikin Tarihin Kasa na Philippines wanda ake kira "Tattafan Lacandola" wanda ke dauke da mafi yawan takardun asali na karni na 18; da * al'adun gargajiya, wanda "ya ba da shawarar asalin da ya gabata inda takardun suka nuna kawai zuriya". === Asusun kai tsaye da nassoshi daga takardun lokaci === A cikin "Bibliographic Essay" a ƙarshen littafinsa "Barangay:Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society", William Henry Scott <ref name="ScottBarangay"/>:{{Rp|284}} ya gano asusun uku kai tsaye da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar Lakandula: * Wani labarin da Miguel Lopez de Legazpi da kansa ya rubuta; * Wani labarin da aka yi wa Hernando Riquel wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron Legazpi; kuma * labarin na uku wanda ba a san shi ba, amma wanda Scott ya ba da shawarar mai yiwuwa ne ya rubuta shi ta hanyar masanin sarauta Hernando Riquel.'''mai yiwuwa ne marubucin sarauta Hernando Riquel ya rubuta shi.''' Scott ya nuna wannan asusun na uku a matsayin mai amfani sosai, saboda '''ya haɗa da lura da hankali game da tsibirai da mutanen da aka tuntuba'''.<ref name="ScottBarangay"/>{{Rp|284}} Scott ya kuma gano wasu asusun da ba sa magana kai tsaye game da wannan lokacin, amma suna ba da karin bayani game da yanayin a lokacin. Wadannan sun hada da asusun biyu na tafiyar Magellan, rahotanni daga hare-haren da aka kai wa [[Borneo]] a cikin 1578-79, wasiku zuwa ga sarki daga mai binciken sarauta Melchor de Avalos, Rahotanni daga Gwamnoni Janar daga baya, suna ba da cikakkun bayanai a cikin shaidar da aka rantse game da ayyukan Augustinian (na biyun da aka rubuta a cikin Blair da Robertson), Wasikun Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada, asusun Dangantaka na [[Miguel de Loarca]] da Juan de Plasencia, da Boxer Codex, wanda "za a kwanan wata zuwa 1590 akan shaidar ciki" <ref name="ScottBarangay"/>:{{Rp|284}} == Zuriyarsu == === Yara === Lakan Dula shi ne shugaban gidan Dula kuma mafi yawan sarakunan Luzon na dā. Zuriyarsa sun bazu a duk fadin yankin Kapampangan a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya.<ref name="Santiago"/> Binciken asali na masanin tarihin Filipino Luciano P.R. Santiago ya nuna cewa Lakan Dula ya haifi akalla yara biyar: <ref name="Santiago" /> ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] im690nv0q7pc6w83yx3rehywiocqqwt 0 82203 890790 532032 2026-08-02T22:02:28Z Baffa ali 47435 890790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Treasure House School''' wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekara ta dubu biyu (2000 ) harzuwa ta dubu da bakwai (2007) a [[Ilupeju]], unguwar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Kudu maso Yamma [[Najeriya]]. == Tarihin == Treasure House School tana shigar da dalibai tsakanin watanni biyu zuwa shekaru sha days a cikin makarantar sakandare, jariri da makarantar firamare. Makarantar tana aiki da ƙarin tsarin karatu wanda ya haɗa da Cub Scout, Cockery, Redcross da sauransu. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} q42zkh75g9p2jxeqk2mc5ync9cnyv5j 0 85087 890688 640164 2026-08-02T16:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdur Rashid Kardar''' (a shekarar 1904 zuwa shekara ta alif 1989) babban dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai a kasar Indiya, kuma darektan kuma ya kasance furodusa. Ana yaba masa sosai a kafar masana'antar fina-finai a yankin Bhati Gate na [[Lahore]], a kasar Indiya da Burtaniya har dama kasar [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="CITEREFOurFounders">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Our Founders (scroll down for Kardar profile) |url=http://www.filmtvguildindia.org/founders.html#apkardar|url-status=dead {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330062416/http://www.filmtvguildindia.org/founders.html#apkardar{{!}}url-status=dead |date=2015-03-30 }} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330062416/ |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=The Film and TV Producers Guild of India website}[https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/a-r-kardar?ctr=228&filterBy=&search=&people= A. R. Kardar (a profile)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921221707/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/a-r-kardar?ctr=228&filterBy=&search=&people= |date=2024-09-21 }}. Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation website. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</ref> == Rayuwar shi ta farko da aiki == An haifi AR Kardar a cikin sanannen iyalin Arain Zaildar na Bhaati Gate a Lahore da ake kira Kardars . Labarin wasan kurket kuma kyaftin din farko na kungiyar wasan kurket ta kasar Pakistan [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]] . Kardar masani ne a bangaran zane-zane kuma mai zane-zane yana yin hotunan {{Cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Our Founders (scroll down for Kardar profile) |url=http://www.filmtvguildindia.org/founders.html#apkardar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330062416/http://www.filmtvguildindia.org/founders.html#apkardar |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=The Film and TV Producers Guild of India website}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> don samar da fina-finai na kasashen waje <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beginning |url=http://www.vijaybhatt.net/beginning.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=Vijay Bhatt's official site |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401081823/https://www.vijaybhatt.net/beginning.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da rubutu don jaridu na farkon shekarun 1920. Ayyukansa sau da yawa zasu kai shi ga saduwa da Masu shirya fina-finai a kasar Indiya. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta== flzl5s75ztiv6k3flozasx0sh1p80ao 3 86935 890671 538465 2026-08-02T15:35:14Z Pathoschild 121 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 890671 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 0 87492 890651 612118 2026-08-02T13:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''100 Proof''' fim ne mai ban tsoro na Amurka na 1997 wanda Jeremy Horton ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.  {{Ref label|A|a|none}} An harbe shi a wurin a [[Kentucky]], ya dogara ne akan labarin gaskiya na kisan kai da ya faru a Lexington a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alspector, Lisa |date=26 October 1985 |title=''100 Proof'' |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/100-proof/Film?oid=1062901 |access-date=2010-02-26 |website=Chicago Reader |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609011448/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/100-proof/Film?oid=1062901 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Ref label|A|a|none}}Mata biyu, LaFonda Fay Foster da Tina Hickey Powell, sun kashe mutane biyar a cikin abin da ya faru na ainihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz, Brandon |date=2008-07-18 |title='Drunk Defense' Works in Two Big Cases |url=http://www.kentucky.com/2008/07/18/464327/no-trend-seen-in-drunkenness-defense.html |access-date=2010-02-26 |website=Lexington Herald-Leader}}</ref> Masu goyon bayan fim din sun hada da Jim Varney, wanda ke nuna mahaukaci, mai tashin hankali, mahaifin daya daga cikin mata biyu a tsakiyar labarin. Matsayin Varney ya bambanta da halin Ernest P. Worrell wanda aka fi sani da shi.<ref name="Leydon">{{Cite web |last=Leydon, Joe |date=1997-03-02 |title=''100 Proof'' |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117432607.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224080359/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117432607.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |access-date=2010-02-26 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Farko == Abokai na kusa Rae da Carla suna rayuwa cikin talauci a cikin wani gari mai nutsuwa, mai baƙin ciki na Kudancin. Suna biyan kuɗin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa ta hanyar ayyuka marasa kyau, zane-zane, da kuma karuwanci na lokaci-lokaci. Rae tana da haɗuwa mai ban tsoro tare da mahaifinta mai cin zarafi, mai shaye-shaye a wani mashaya na gida. Abokan biyu sai suka tafi ƙauyuka don samun cocaine kuma mummunan tashin hankali ya biyo baya. == Yan Wasan Fim == * Pamela Stewart a matsayin Rae * Tara Bellando a matsayin Carla * Jack Stubblefield Johnson a matsayin Arco * Minnie Bates Yancy a matsayin Sissy * Larry Brown a matsayin Eddie * Kevin Hardesty a matsayin Roger * Jim Varney a matsayin Uba na Rae * Loren Crawford a matsayin Trudy * Joe Ventura a matsayin Ted * Warren Ray a matsayin Tommy * Jeff Lycan a matsayin R.T. * Bobby Simmons a matsayin Toby * Peter Smith a matsayin Fryman * Buck Finley a matsayin Chester * Joe Gatton a matsayin Owen == Samun Karɓuwa == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Sundance a watan Janairun 1997 kuma an sake shi a kasuwanci a wannan watan Satumba. Mai bita iri-iri Joe Leydon ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon - musamman na Stewart da Varney - kuma ya kira fim din "lu'u-lu'u a cikin tsananin, ko aƙalla wani ɗan haske na rhinestone. " <ref name="Leydon"/> Stephen Holden na The New York Times ya yaba da "amin" fim ɗin da kuma ainihin kwatancin talauci da tashin hankali, amma ya sami wahalar ɗaukar: "Fim ɗin ɗin yana da rashin tausayi a cikin ni'ima ... kawai ya fara da ƙiyayya da yawa don ka fara da ku kasance ba za ku iya shiga cikin wannan ba za ku da rai ba za ku yiwu ba.[it]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holden, Stephen |date=1997-09-24 |title='100 Proof': Sullen Slice of Sullen Lives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/proof-film-review.html |access-date=2010-02-26 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ken Fox na TV Guide ya kalli shi a matsayin "mai zalunci" kuma mai ban sha'awa: "Fim din ya kai ga datti, hyperrealism na wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na gaskiya, amma tare da ban mamaki na tausayi mai natsuwa. ... A ƙarshe, tashin hankali ba ya tsaftacewa, fansa ko ƙarfafawa; yana da tausayi kuma yana da mummunan gaske. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox, Ken |date= |title=''100 Proof'': Review |url=http://movies.tvguide.com/100-proof/review/132519 |access-date=2010-02-26 |publisher=TVGuide.com |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131074449/http://movies.tvguide.com/100-proof/review/132519 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=0124268|title=100 Proof}} * 100 ProofaAllMovie * 100 ProofaTumatir da ya lalace [[Category:Fim]] 2r64dbogwklpfcx4xpolboeh0r0vrji 0 87534 890724 700276 2026-08-02T17:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abunuabunu''' miya ce daga [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|yankin Brong Ahafo]] na [[Ghana|ƙasar Ghana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-16 |title=Going green with Abunuabunu |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/food-travel/efie-aduane-series-going-green-with-abunuabunu/qz6353b |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091950/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/food-travel/efie-aduane-series-going-green-with-abunuabunu/qz6353b |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulse Tv- Efie Aduane Episode 7- How To Prepare Abunuabunu {{!}} WatsupAfrica - Africa's Latest News & Entertainment Platform |url=http://ghana.watsupafrica.com/news/pulse-tv-efie-aduane-episode-7-how-to-prepare-abunuabunu/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana yin ta daga ganyen cocoyam (wanda ake kira kontomire) tare da sauran sinadarai ([[tumatir]], katantanwa, kyafaffen kifi, albasa, barkono kore, berries na turkey ([[Yaren Asante|Asnte]] -twi ''kwahu nsusua)'' da gishiri). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-01 |title=How to prepare 'Ebun ebunu' (Kontomire soup) |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Prepare The Green Soup called Ebunubunu. |url=https://www.naaoyooquartey.com/ganyobinaa/the-green-soup-called-ebunubunu/8/16/2015 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Naa Oyoo Quartey |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-07 |title=Nanaaba's Kitchen-how to make ebunuebunu soup (green soup) |url=https://www.afrotide.com/nanaabas-kitchen-how-to-make-ebunuebunu-soup-green-soup/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=AfroTide |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Infobox food|name=Abunuabunu|image=|caption=}} An fi samunta kuma ana shirya ta a tsakanin mutane a [[Kumasi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=davidmawuligh |date=2016-07-19 |title=5 delicious meals you will surely get to enjoy in Kumasi |url=https://ghanafuo.com/2016/07/5-delicious-meals-you-will-surely-ge.html |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Ghanafuo.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> wani lokaci tare da [[fufu]] ko banku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=JOSELYN DUMAS SPOTTED ENJOYING FUFU AND ABUNUABUNU |url=http://www.nkonkonsa.com/celebs-photos/joselyn-dumas-spotted-enjoying-fufu-and-abunuabunu/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Nkonkonsa |language=en |archive-date=2019-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624062203/http://www.nkonkonsa.com/celebs-photos/joselyn-dumas-spotted-enjoying-fufu-and-abunuabunu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kayan abinci na Ghana|Abincin Ghana]] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzlNAJGQ3Pw&t=44s Bidiyo: Mu yi Ebunuebunu] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vBo-S3s8Gw Video:Yadda ake shirya Abunubunu] == Manazarta == 056ddth65s8kzoo9ds4z1weehuh5xmy 0 88749 890650 624542 2026-08-02T13:44:52Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 890650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Magwaza Alfred Maphalala''' (6 Afrilu 1948 - 5 ga watan Fabrairu 2003) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma [[Kungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu|ɗan ƙungiyar kasuwanci]] daga KwaZulu-Natal. Ya wakilci jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin kasar daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2003. Ya kuma kasance jigo a jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) a KwaZulu-Natal. Maphalala ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata a Durban a matsayin memba na karkashin kasa na SACP da ANC. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren kungiyar ma’aikata ta kasa (NFW) daga shekarar 1983, sannan daga 1986 zuwa 1990 ya yi aikin gudun hijira a hedikwatar kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU). Ya kasance sakataren lardi na jam'iyyar SACP a KwaZulu-Natal daga 1995 zuwa 1998 sannan ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na jam'iyyar daga 1998 har zuwa rasuwarsa. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Maphalala a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1948 a Bergville a tsohuwar Lardin Natal . Yaro tilo, ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Bergville kafin ya koma [[Durban]] don neman aiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> == Ƙaunar ƙungiyar == Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ne bayan yajin aikin Durban a shekarar 1973, kuma a lokacin ne aka dauke shi aiki a karkashin jam'iyyun ANC da SACP, wadanda a lokacin kungiyoyin yaki da wariyar launin fata ne ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> Ya kasance mai aiki a Kungiyar Sufuri da Janar ma'aikata kuma a cikin 1980 Sam Kikine na Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu ya dauke shi aiki a karkashin kasa na haramtacciyar kungiyar ANC mai kawance da SACTU. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/magwaza-alfred-maphalala |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> A cikin aikinsa sachi, ya ba da rahoto ga Mika Mabhida a kasashen waje, kuma ya wakilci Sactu a kungiyar kwadago ta duniya da sauran dandalin duniya. <ref name=":0" /> An zabi Maphalala babban sakatare na NFW a 1983. Karkashin jagorancin Maphalala, NFW ta shiga cikin tattaunawar hadin kan kungiyar da ta kai ga kafa [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu]] (COSATU), wacce ta mamaye NFW. A watan Satumban 1985, jim kadan kafin kaddamar da COSATU, an kama Maphalala a Durban saboda harkokin siyasarsa, kuma an tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba har tsawon shekara guda. Bayan an sake shi, shi da iyalinsa sun tafi gudun hijira a [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]], inda ya yi aiki a hedkwatar SACTU. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma halarci kwas din jagoranci na kungiyar kwadago a [[Moscow|birnin Moscow]], kafin ya dawo ya zama sakataren gudanarwa na SACTU, mukamin da ya rike daga shekarar 1987 har zuwa lokacin da SACTU ta wargaza. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata == A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Maphalala ya tashi ta cikin matsayi na Tripartite Alliance. An zabe shi sakataren yanki na reshen Kudancin Natal na SACP a shekarar 1994 sannan ya zama sakataren lardin SACP a KwaZulu-Natal daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Yayin da yake rike da wannan mukami, a shekarar 1997, an zabe shi a matsayin sakatare na lardi na kungiyar ilimi, lafiya da hadin gwiwar ma’aikata a KwaZulu-Natal. Ya kuma kasance mai shirya jam’iyyar ANC kuma an nada shi jagorantar yakin neman zaben jam’iyyar a zaben kananan hukumomi na 1995. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> A babban taron jam'iyyar SACP a shekara ta 1998, an zabi Maphalala a matsayin mamba na kwamitin zartarwa na lardin SACP, inda ya samu kuri'u mafi rinjaye na kowane dan takara. Ya kasance memba a kwamitin har zuwa rasuwarsa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> A babban zaben shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal na majalisar dokokin kasar, <ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine|url-status=}}</ref> inda ya yi aiki har zuwa rasuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == Maphalala ta auri Nombuso Maphalala kuma tana da yara biyar. Ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2003 a [[Cape Town]] bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=SACP Mourns Magwaza Alfred Maphalala |url=https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419223608/https://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=1631 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=South African Communist Party}}</ref> A cikin 2008, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality ya sake suna Durban's Gale Street don girmama Maphalala. Wani reshe na SACP a kudancin eThekwini kuma ana kiransa da sunan sa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wicks |first=Jeff |date=24 November 2016 |title=The ANC is sidelining us – KZN SACP |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/the-anc-is-sidelining-us-kzn-sacp-20161124 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] ikz5jo0otzy0z9z8734w38mfx7esu6d 0 89231 890825 605002 2026-08-03T04:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angela Tomasa Bofill''' (Mayu 2, 1954 - Yuni 13, 2024) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ce, marubuciya kuma mawaƙin asalin Cuban-Puerto Rican. 'Yar asalin [[New York]], ta fara sana'arta a tsakiyar 1970s<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1980/02/22/archives/pop-music-angela-bofill.html</ref> kuma an fi saninta da mawaƙa irin su "Wannan Lokaci Zan Zama Mai Dadi", "Mala'ikan Dare", da "Na Gwada". Aikinta ya kai sama da shekaru arba'in. ==rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Angela Tomasa Bofill a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1954, a yankin Brooklyn na birnin [[New York]]<ref>Smooth Jazz New York Angela Bofill Experience Concert with Maysa, Alex Bugnon and Kim Waters</ref> ga mahaifin Cuban da mahaifiyar Puerto Rican.<ref>http://www.soultracks.com/unsung-angela-bofill</ref> Bofill ya girma a cikin The Bronx, Bofill ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Latin kuma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka ma ya samu kwarin gwiwa. A lokacin ƙuruciyar Bofill, an ɗau ƙarshen ƙarshenta karatun kiɗan gargajiya da rera waƙa a cikin New York City's All City Chorus, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun mawaƙa daga dukkan manyan makarantun sakandare a gundumomi biyar.<ref>http://newsone.com/2448875/angela-bofill/</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hunter, ta kammala karatunta a 1972.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/05/arts/pop-jazz.html</ref> Bofill daga baya ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Manhattan, yana samun digiri na Kiɗa a 1976. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Angela Bofill.jpg|thumb]] Bofill ta fara sana'arta, tana rera waƙa a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Bofill ya yi tare da Ricardo Marrero & the Group and Dance Theatre of Harlem chorus kafin a gabatar da shi ga Dave Grusin da Larry Rosen na jazz lakabin GRP Records ta Dave Valentin, abokinta kuma dan wasan jazz.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121110125254/http://www.soulmusic.com/index.asp?S=3&T=3&ART=2247</ref> Grusin da Rosen sun rattaba hannu kan Bofill kuma suka samar da kundi na farko, Angie, a cikin 1978. Angie ta sami karbuwa sosai a kasuwa da [[kasuwanci]] kuma ta hada da ginshiƙi guda “Wannan Lokaci Zan Kasance Mai Dadi” (wanda Gwen Guthrie da Haras Fyre suka rubuta), da Bofill's sprawling jazz abun da ke ciki, "Karƙashin Wata da Sama". Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, albam na biyu, Angel of the Night ya fito kuma ya fi wanda ya gabace shi. Kundin ya haɗa da ginshiƙi guda "Abin da Ba zan Yi ba (Don Ƙaunar ku)" da kuma waƙar taken lokaci, da kuma waƙar "Na gwada", wanda Bofill ya rubuta kuma Will Downing ya rufe a 1991. Kundin ya haɗa da ginshiƙi guda "Abin da Ba zan Yi ba (Don Ƙaunar ku)" da kuma waƙar taken lokaci, da kuma waƙar "Na gwada", wanda Bofill ya rubuta kuma Will Downing ya rufe a 1991. The album included the chart single "What I Won't Do (For Your Love)" and the title track of the season, as well as the song "I Tried", written by Bofill and covered by Will Downing in 1991. Kundin ya haɗa da ginshiƙi guda "Abin da Ba zan Yi ba (Don Ƙaunar ku)" da kuma waƙar take na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma waƙar "Na gwada", wanda Bofill ya rubuta kuma Will Downing ya rufe a 1991. The album includes the chart single "What I Won't Do (For Your Love)" and the occasional title track, as well as the song "I Tried", written by Bofill and covered by Will Downing in 1991. liyafar waɗannan kundi sun sanya Bofill a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Latina na farko don samun nasara a kasuwannin R&B da jazz.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/05/arts/pop-jazz.html</ref> Bofill ya yi wani wasan kide-kide da aka sayar a Avery Fisher Hall a zaman wani bangare na bikin Newport Jazz a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1980. Daraktan kiɗanta shi ne Onaje Allen Gumbs, maɓallan madannai, Sammy Figueroa, wasan kaɗa, ƙungiya guda 9 da baƙi ciki har da Steve Khan. guitar, Eddie Daniels, tenor sax da sarewa, da mawaƙa mai murya 24.<ref>https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/80s/1980/BB-1980-07-19.pdf</ref> Clive Davis, shugaban Arista Records, ya nuna sha'awar Bofill. Arista yana da yarjejeniyar rarrabawa tare da GRP. Bofill ta canza lakabi don kundi na gaba, Wani abu Game da ku (1981). Narada Michael Walden ne ya yi shi, kundin yunƙuri ne na motsa Bofill zuwa R&B na al'ada da kiɗan pop. Bai yi daidai da fitowar da aka yi a baya ba, duk da waƙoƙin "Holdin' Out for Love" da waƙar take, waɗanda duka suka kai R&B Top 40.<ref>http://www.soultracks.com/angela_bofill.htm</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Bofill da Walden sun sake haduwa don Tough. Waƙar take ya kai lamba 5 akan ginshiƙi na R&B kuma ya shafe makonni huɗu a lamba 2 akan ginshiƙin rawa. Waƙar da ta biyo baya, "Yau Daren Na Bada", ya kai Top 20.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121104231327/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/angela-bofill-mn0000755570/awards</ref> Bayan watanni da yawa, Bofill ta saki haɗin gwiwarta na ƙarshe tare da Walden, Teaser. Kundin ya kasa yin daidai da nasarar Tough amma ya fitar da mafi kyawun R&B guda 20, "Ina kan Gefenku", wanda masu fasaha da yawa suka rufe, musamman Jennifer Holliday, wanda ya sami Top 10 tare da shi a ciki. 1991.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121104231327/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/angela-bofill-mn0000755570/awards</ref> Bofill ya rubuta ƙarin kundi guda biyu don Arista tare da taimakon The System da George Duke kafin barin lakabin a tsakiyar 1980s. Bayan haihuwar 'yarta, ta koma Capitol Records da furodusa Norman Connors for Intuition (1988), wanda ya samar da nasarar ta na ƙarshe na ginshiƙi, murfin Gino Vannelli's "I Just Wanna Stop", wanda ya kai lamba 11 a kan layi. Tsarin R&B. Ta sake yin wasu ƙarin kundi guda uku a cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa kuma ta ba da waƙoƙin goyan baya akan kundi na Diana Ross da Kirk Whalum da na Connors's Eternity (2000). Ta yi wasa kai tsaye (tare da ɗimbin jama'a a duniya, musamman a Asiya) kuma ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Allah Ba Ya Son Mummuna da Abin da Mutum Yake So, Abin da Mutum Ke Bukata. Ta kuma zagaya Amurka da Turai a cikin wasannin jazz masu fasaha da yawa.<ref>http://www.soultracks.com/angela_bofill.htm</ref> Bofill ya koma mataki, bisa shawarar Engel, don "The Angela Bofill Experience" bayan da ta rasa ikon rera waƙa bayan bugun jini na biyu a 2007. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon, Bofill ya ba da labarin rayuwarta da aikinta kuma Maysa Leak, Phil ya shiga tare da shi. Perry, da Melba Moore, waɗanda suka yi manyan waƙoƙinta da waƙoƙin sa hannu. A cikin 2012, Bofill an ba da bayanin martaba kuma an yi hira da shi don jerin shirye-shiryen TVOne, Unsung.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/31/AR2011013105315.html</ref><ref>Angela Bofill profile". Soultracks.com. May 5, 2007. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.</ref> A cikin 2023, an shigar da Bofill a cikin Dandalin Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Mata.<ref>https://www.kron4.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/627842835/3rd-annual-women-songwriters-hall-of-fame-awards-celebrates-icons-jan-daley-angela-bofill-ann-hampton-callaway/{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Bofill ya auri manomi Richard Vincent daga 1984 har zuwa 1994 kuma tare suna da diya mace mai suna Shauna, an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1984.<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Angela-Bofill-benefit-to-feature-Bonnie-Raitt-3233163.php</ref> ==Matsalolin lafiya da mutuwa== Bofill ta sami bugun jini a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2006, kuma ta shanye a gefenta na hagu. Ta yi jinya a Asibitin Sutter da ke Santa Rosa, California, kuma an sake ta daga kulawa mai zurfi a ranar 15 ga Janairu, tana buƙatar magana da jiyya. Bofill ba ta da inshorar lafiya, kuma an shirya wani shagali don biyan kuɗin asibiti. Rich Engel, manajanta, da gidajen rediyon New York Kiss FM da WFAN-FM ne suka shirya shirin. An yi shi ne a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2006, a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Bergen a Englewood, New Jersey. Irin waɗannan abubuwan sun biyo baya, kuma an nemi wasu taimako daga Gidauniyar Rhythm da Blues. Kundin nata Live daga Manila (an yi rikodin a watan Satumba 2004) an fitar da shi a wannan lokacin. Bofill ta yi fama da bugun jini na biyu a cikin Yuli 2007, wanda ya buƙaci magani kuma ya bar duka maganganunta da motsin su. Ta mutu a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2024, tana da shekaru 70 a gidan 'yarta a Vallejo, California. An gudanar da taron jana'izar Bofill a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2024 a Cocin Katolika na St. Dominic a Benicia, California.<ref>https://foxync.com/playlist/angela-bofill-death/</ref><ref>https://deadline.com/2024/06/angela-bofill-dead-obituary-1235974373/</ref> ==Labarai== ===Albums na studio=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan = "2" | Shekara ! rowspan = "2" | Album ! colspan = "4" | Matsayin jadawalin ! rowspan = "2" | Alamar rikodin |- style="font-size:maller;" ! nisa = "40" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref name="allmusic charts">{{cite web|website=AllMusic|title=Tsarin Amurka > Angela Bofill|access-date=20 ga Oktoba, 2011|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/angela-bofill-mn0000755570/awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128121719/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/angela-bofill-mn0000755570/awards|archive-date=2012-11-28|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ! nisa = "40" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br>R&B]]<br><ref name="allmusic charts"/> ! nisa = "40" | [[Billboard charts|US<br>Jazz]]<br><ref name="allmusic charts"/> ! nisa = "40" | [[RPM (mujallar)|Kanada]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.4743b.pdf| title=RPM Manyan Albums 100 - Mayu 26, 1979}}</ref> |- | rowspan = "1" | 1978 | align = "hagu" | ''[Angie (album)|Angie]]" | 47 | 20 | 5 | 69 | rowspan = "2" | [[GRP Records|GRP]]/[[Arista Records|Arista]] |- | rowspan = "1" | 1979 | align = "hagu" | ''[Mala'ikan Dare]]'' | 34 | 10 | 2 | - |- | rowspan = "1" | 1981 | align = "hagu" | ''[Wani Abu Game da Kai (Albam Angela Bofill)|Wani Abu Game da Kai]]" | 61 | 13 | 4 | - | rowspan = "5" | Arista |- | rowspan = "2" | 1983 | align = "hagu" | ''[Mai Tauri]'' | 40 | 6 | - | - |- | align = "hagu" | ''[Teaser (Angela Bofill album)|Teaser]]'' | 81 | 20 | 21 | - |- | rowspan = "1" | 1984 | align = "hagu" | ''[Bari Ni Daya (album)|Bari Ni Daya]]'' | - | 39 | - | - |- | rowspan = "1" | 1985 | align = "hagu" | ''[Ka Fada Mani Gobe (album)|Ka Fada Mani Gobe]]'' | - | 53 | - | - |- | rowspan = "1" | 1988 | align = "hagu" | ''[Intuition (Albam Angela Bofill)|Intuition]]'' | - | 38 | - | - | rowspan = "1" | [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] |- | rowspan = "1" | 1993 | align = "hagu" | ''[Ina son wani mutum]'' | - | 51 | - | - | rowspan = "1" | [[Jive Records | Jive]] |- | rowspan = "1" | 1996 | align = "hagu" | ''[Love in Slow Motion (album)|Love in Slow Motion]" | - | - | - | - | rowspan = "1" | [[Shanachie Records | Shanachie]] |- | align = "tsakiyar" colspan = "7" | <small>"-" yana nufin kundin ya kasa tsarawa</small> |} == Albums Live === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan = "2" | Shekara ! rowspan = "2" | Album ! colspan = "2" | Matsayin jadawalin ! rowspan = "2" | Alamar rikodin |- style="font-size:maller;" ! nisa = "40" | [[Billboard 200|US]] ! nisa = "40" | [[Mafi Girman Albums na R&B/Hip-Hop|US<br>R&B]] |- | rowspan = "1" | 2006 | align = "hagu" | ''[Layyo daga Manila]'' | - | - | rowspan = "1" | Black Angel |- | align = "tsakiyar" colspan = "7" | <small>"-" yana nufin kundin ya kasa tsarawa</small> |} ==Kyaututtuka== *Kyaututtukan Kiɗa na Amurka: 1984 - Mafi kyawun R&B/Mace Mawaƙin Soul (wanda aka zaɓa) *Kyaututtukan Kiɗa na Yankin Bay (Bammies): 1984 Fitattun Mawaƙi/Ƙungiya na Baƙi na Zamani ==Sauran bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai== *Abokai a Soyayya, 1983 Fim ɗin Philippine inda ta rera waƙa "Wannan Lokaci Zan Zama" tare da Sharon Cuneta. Sun sami duet na haɗuwa kuma sun rera waƙa guda ɗaya a cikin 2000, yayin da Bofill ke haɓaka wani wasan kwaikwayo na Manila.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-pat-sajak-show/january-26-1989-1345143/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-17 |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810230430/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-pat-sajak-show/january-26-1989-1345143/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Jirgin Soul, Asabar 28 ga Mayu, 1983<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/soul-train/angela-bofill-con-funk-shun-114430/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-17 |archive-date=2016-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214080315/http://www.tv.com/shows/soul-train/angela-bofill-con-funk-shun-114430/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Nunin Pat Sajak, Janairu 26, 1989 ==Manazarta== asiftvi4mebgjxfmry24oafqg0b1qdf 0 89368 890802 838926 2026-08-03T01:15:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alina Machejane Rantsolase''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 Maris 1954 - Nuwamba 2010) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|kungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu]] (COSATU) daga 1999 zuwa 2009. Ta bar ofishin kungiyar ne a shekarar 2009 don wakiltar jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda ta jagoranci taron jam'iyyar ANC har zuwa rasuwarta a watan Nuwamban 2010. Rantsolase ya tashi ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi bayan ya shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta kasuwanci (CCAWUSA, daga baya SACCAWU) a cikin 1978. Ta hade wurin aikinta, reshen Checkers a Vereeniging, Transvaal, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kasa na CCAWUSA daga 1999 har zuwa 2009, lokacin da aka zabe ta ta rike wannan ofishi a COSATU. == Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar == An haifi Rantsolase a ranar 15 ga Maris 1954 a wani kauye na tsohuwar Jihar Orange Free State . <ref name=":0"/> Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar gona ce, kuma karatun Rantsolase ya sha wahala a lokutan rikicin siyasa na zamanin wariyar launin fata ; Ita da kanta ta shiga harkar yaki da wariyar launin fata a lokacin da take makaranta. Bayan barin makaranta ba tare da yin digiri ba, <ref name=":0" /> ta fara aiki a Checkers a Arcon Park a Vereeniging, wani ɓangare na triangle Vaal a cikin tsohon Transvaal . A cikin 1978, an ɗauke ta aiki zuwa reshen Orange Vaal na Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata (CCAWUSA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=Why must I work under a police state': COSATU's outspoken Alian Rantsolase |url=https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Why-must-I-work-under-a-police-state.-Cosatus-outspoken-Alina-Ranstolase-by-Kally-Forrest_0.pdf |journal=SA Labour Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=58-60 |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806181341/https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Why-must-I-work-under-a-police-state.-Cosatus-outspoken-Alina-Ranstolase-by-Kally-Forrest_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na ɗan lokaci bayan haka, Rantsolase ita ce kaɗai memba a wurin aikinta. Ta zama ma'aikaciyar shago na yau da kullun sannan ta wakilci ma'aikata a tattaunawa da Checkers game da amincewar ƙungiyar, daga 1983, sannan a cinikin albashi, daga 1985; daga 1984, ta kasance mai sasantawa ta ƙasa a cikin manyan tattaunawa tsakanin Checkers da CCAWUSA. An zabe ta a matsayin ma'ajin yanki na CCAWUSA a shekarar 1987 sannan kuma a matsayin shugabar yanki a shekarar 1993 - ko da yake a lokacin an fadada kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACCAWU). Daga baya a cikin 1993, an zabe ta a matsayin ma'ajin kasa na SACCAWU, kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1999. == COSATU: 1999-2009 == CCAWUSA wata kungiya ce ta kafa [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of African Trade Unions]] (COSATU), babbar kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Rantsolase ya kasance mai fafutuka a shugabancin yankin COSATU tun a shekarun 1980. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bio: Alina Rantsolase |url=https://mediadon.co.za/bio-alina-rantsolase/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=COSATU |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427204248/https://mediadon.co.za/bio-alina-rantsolase/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumban 1999, an zabe ta a matsayin ma'ajin kasa na COSATU, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukami. <ref name=":1"/> An sake zaɓe ta a taron COSATU na gaba a 2003 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-19 |title=Call for unity at close of Cosatu meeting |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-09-19-call-for-unity-at-close-of-cosatu-meeting/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> kuma a ƙarshe ta ci gaba da zama a ofishin har zuwa 2009. Tana da ilimin lissafin da ta koya da kanta kuma an santa da tsauraran horon kasafin kuɗi. <ref name=":0"/> Lokaci guda, Artican wasan Rantslasse ya yi aiki a cikin Jikin Shawarar Kwadago da daban-daban, gami da kwamitin kungiyar na kasa da kasa kan ka'idojin aiki da kuma aikin zamantakewa na [[Tarayyar Afrika|kasar Amurka]] da na jama'a. <ref name=":1"/> Ta kasance mamba a jam'iyyar ANC ta Afirka kuma ta kasance shugabar kwamitin ladabtarwa a reshen jam'iyyar na yankin Vaal. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2"/> A shekara ta 2007, gabanin babban taron jam'iyyar ANC karo na 52, ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan kungiyar kwadago da dama da COSATU ta gabatar a matsayin mai yuwuwar 'yan takara a zaben kwamitin gudanarwa na jam'iyyar ANC na kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-30 |title=Cosatu ups NEC demands |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-11-30-cosatu-ups-nec-demands/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Majalisa: 2009-2010 == A babban zaben shekara ta 2009, an zabi Rantsolase a matsayin wakilin jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokoki ta kasa, 'yan majalisar dokokin Afrika ta Kudu . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin jagororin COSATU da aka haɗa cikin ƙungiyar ANC don manufar ƙarfafa wakilcin ƙungiyar a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar Tripartite . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-02 |title=Cosatu clamours for jobs |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-05-02-cosatu-clamours-for-jobs/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cewar jaridar ''Sunday Times'', ta yi jinkirin daukar kujerar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2010 |title=Alina Rantsolase: MP and former unionist with head for accounting |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-11-07-obituary-alina-rantsolase-mp-and-former-unionist-with--head-for--accounting/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ta sauka daga mukamin ma'ajin COSATU domin ta cika aikinta na majalisa, kuma a taron COSATU na kasa a watan Satumba na 2009, Freda Oosthuysen ya gaje ta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-22 |title=Cosatu debates policy direction at national congress |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-09-22-cosatu-debates-policy-direction-at-national-congress/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan zaben, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin kasar <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2009 |title=ANC unveils who it wants to lead Parliament’s portfolio committees |url=https://ewn.co.za/2009/05/21/ANC-unveils-who-it-wants-to-lead-Parliaments-portfolio-committees |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> sannan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin bulala na jam'iyyar a kwamitin Fayil kan Lada . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2010 |title=Parliament marks deaths of two MPs |url=https://www.gov.za/parliament-marks-deaths-two-mps |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=South African Government}}</ref> A matsayinta na shugabar, hankalinta ga dokokin majalisa da kuma rashin yarda da "tsari na ANC" ya haifar da rashin jituwa tare da Mathole Motshekga, babban jigon jam'iyyar ANC. <ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 2010, Rantsolase ya fito a matsayin wanda zai iya tsayawa takara a matsayin ma'ajin lardi na jam'iyyar ANC reshen lardin Gauteng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2010 |title=Factions gang up against premier |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-03-24-factions-gang-up-against-premier/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Lokacin da aka gudanar da taron lardunan jam'iyyar a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, ta sha kaye a zaben da Ntombi Mekgwe, wanda ya tsaya kan takarar dan takarar shugaban lardin, Paul Mashatile . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2010 |title=The return of the Alex mafia |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/the-return-of-the-alex-mafia-20150429 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == Rantsolase yana da 'ya daya, wacce akawu ce. <ref name=":0"/> Ta rasu a watan Nuwamba 2010 a Vereeniging bayan ta yi fama da rashin lafiya. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 9dhimcw749fw6thbzkmh7ind5aqmn46 0 89760 890686 732381 2026-08-02T16:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890686 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Abdulrazzaq Eid''', ko '''Abd al Razzaq 'Id''' ( [[Larabci|Arabic]] :عبد الرزاق عيد ; An haife shine a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1950) marubucin ne a ƙasar Siriya ne kuma mai tunani kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kawo sauyi a ƙasar Siriya. . Ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Siriya, ya tsara Bayanin 1000 kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara sanarwar Damascus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-16 |title=The Damascus Declaration for Democratic National Change |url=http://www.demdigest.net/damascusdeclaration.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182318/http://www.demdigest.net/damascusdeclaration.html |archive-date=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Saboda rubuce-rubucensa na adawa da ayyukan siyasa, an kama shi sau da yawa a [[Siriya]], an hana shi aiki da tafiye-tafiye, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachelle Kliger, The Media Line |date=2010-02-21 |title=Syria bans activists from leaving |url=http://www.themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID=28097}}</ref> sojojin leken asirin Siriya sun yi garkuwa da shi, kuma an yi masa barazanar kashe shi. Ya tsere daga Siriya a shekara ta 2008 don gudun hijira a Turai inda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Damascus a gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnegie Middle East Center |title=The Damascus Declaration |url=http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48514}}</ref> == Yarantaka da ilimi == An haifi Idi ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1950, a wani karamin garin Ariha na ƙasar Siriya, inda ya shafe shekaru biyar na farkon kuruciyarsa kafin ya koma [[Aleppo]] tare da iyalinsa. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin Adabin Larabci a Jami'ar Aleppo a shekarar 1974. A cikin 1978, ya tafi Faransa don ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a cikin Criticism na Adabin Zamani daga Sorbonne (Paris III) a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1981. A shekarar 1983 ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a irin wannan fanni a sashin nazarin addinin musulunci da ke Sorbonne. == Aiki == Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na uku, Eid ya koma ƙasar Siriya inda ya koyar a jami'ar Aleppo, inda ya koyar da adabin zamani a bangaren fasaha da kimiyar Ɗan Adam a shekarar 1983. Dakarun tsaron leken asirin Siriya Mukhabarat sun kore shi bayan watanni 2 saboda dalilai na siyasa. An dakatar da shi daga duk wani aiki na sana'a tsawon rayuwarsa saboda ra'ayinsa na siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken mai bincike a Cibiyar Falasdinawa ta "Ibal 1989-1992", inda ya taimaka wajen buga Jaridar ''Kadaya wa Shahadat'' kuma ya buga daya daga cikin littattafansa a wannan cibiyar. Ya koyar a Faculty of Education, Arts and Sciences a Aden University, [[Yemen]], a cikin shekaru ilimi 1991-1994. Idi ya shafe mafi yawan lokutansa yana karantawa da rubuta littattafai. Ya wallafa littattafai sama da 30 kuma ya rubuta da kuma buga labaran bincike da dama. Babban karatun Idi ya kasance a fannin sukar litattafai, don haka ya rubuta littafai game da sukar littafan Larabawa da Sham. Amma duk da haka babban aikinsa shi ne ilimin zamantakewa, falsafa, da falsafar Musulunci . Littafinsa ''na rikicin Haskakawa,'' marubutan Larabci da yawa suna daukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman litattafai a dakin karatu na fadakarwa. Daga 1999 zuwa 2010 ya yi aiki wajen sukar tunanin Musulunci, ya kuma rubuta littattafai guda biyu mai suna ''The Cstodians of the Delusion Temples / Critic of the ruksinty'', inda ya tattauna tare da sukar ayyukan malaman addinin Musulunci guda biyu, Muhammad Sa. 'id Ramadan al-Buti and [[Yusuf Alkaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] . == Rayuwar Siyasa == Idi dai ya kasance mai adawa da gwamnatin Siriya a tsawon rayuwarsa. An dakatar da shi daga aiki, an kama shi sau da yawa, Kotun Soja ta yi masa shari’a kan labaransa, an yi garkuwa da shi da kuma yi masa barazanar kisa saboda mukamai da rubuce-rubucensa. Babban aikinsa na siyasa ya fara ne a shekara ta 2000, bayan mutuwar Hafez Assad, a lokacin da ya shiga tare da wasu masanan Siriya 98 wajen fitar da wata sanarwa mai suna 99, da ke kira da a sake fasalin demokradiyya a Siriya. A cikin 2001, shi da wasu marubutan Siriya, masu tunani da haziƙai sun kafa kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Siriya ta hanyar fitar da Bayanin 1000, wanda ya tsara, yana kira ga kawo sauyi da demokradiyya a Siriya. An sanya sunan ta ne saboda masu ilimin Siriya 1000 sun sanya hannu. A cikin wannan lokaci, wanda ake kira da Damascus Spring, Idi ya taimaka wajen kafa tarukan al'adu da dama a kusa da Siriya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da shi shi ne dandalin Jamal al-Atassi da ke Damascus, inda Idi ya gabatar da lacca ta farko mai taken "Al'adun tsoro". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-13 |title=Al-Atasi Forum and the culture of fear |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/010313/2001031316.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011175222/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/010313/2001031316.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008}}</ref> An kawo karshen wannan yunkuri na dimokuradiyya ta hanyar rufe dukkanin dandalin tattaunawa tare da kama abokan adawa 12, wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin daurin shekaru 5-12. Shekara hudu Idi ya yi ta rubuce-rubuce lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin jaridar ''An-Nahar'', wadda ta zama babban mai wallafa labaransa na suka da adawa. An buga waɗannan labaran daga baya a cikin littafinsa ''Tambayoyi game da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a'' . An gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Soja a Aleppo a watan Yunin 2004 saboda su. === Jawabin Waje === A cikin tsakanin 15 ga Nuwamba, 2002 da 15 ga Janairu, 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Faransa ta gayyaci Idi don gudanar da binciken kimiyya a Sorbonne. Wannan gayyata ta biyo bayan hare-haren da kafafen yada labarai suka kai masa saboda daya daga cikin labaransa a jaridar ''An-Nahar'' ta ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2002. Wani dan majalisar dokokin kasar Syria ya yi kira da a tuhumi Eid bisa laifin cin amanar kasa, yana mai cewa Idi ya bukaci kasashen duniya su shiga cikin Syria irin wanda aka yi a Iraki. A shekara ta 2005, Cibiyar Goethe ta tilasta soke wata lacca da Eid ta gabatar kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin Iraki na Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US embassy cable |date=2009-12-14 |title=cancellation of Abdul Razzaq Eid's Lecture |url=http://cables.mrkva.eu/cable.php?id=47633 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402215308/http://cables.mrkva.eu/cable.php?id=47633 |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref> A cewar wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Jamus, gabatar da Idi ya yi amfani da kalaman lullube game da jam'iyyar Baath ta Iraki wajen sukar jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Siriya . A wannan shekara da kuma bayan kisan Rafic Hariri, Idi da sauran masanan Siriya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun bukaci janye sojojin Siriya daga Lebanon <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Star :: Lebanon News |date=2005-02-23 |title=Syrian intellectuals and human rights activists urge withdrawal from Lebanon |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/Feb/23/Syrian-intellectuals-and-human-rights-activists-urge-withdrawal-from-Lebanon.ashx#axzz2BQsO6cxF}}</ref> === Yin garkuwa da mutane === A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2007 ne ‘yan uwa Mukhbarat suka yi garkuwa da shi a titi da tsakar dare, saboda labarin da jaridar ''As-Safir'' ta buga inda ya caccaki [[Hezbollah|kungiyar Hizbullah]] da kawancenta da Syria da Iran. <ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of State |title=Syria - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100606.htm}}</ref> Washegari aka sake shi bayan sun yi barazanar yanke harshensa idan ya sake yin magana kan Hizbullah. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka dakatar da shi daga tafiya zuwa Faransa don neman magani bayan an gano shi yana da ciwon daji na prostate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NOHR |title=National Organization for Human Rights - Annual Report 2007 |url=http://nohr-s.org/other-reports/annual%20report%202007-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620000205/http://nohr-s.org/other-reports/annual%20report%202007-2008.pdf |archive-date=June 20, 2010}}</ref> Daga karshe an ba shi izinin tafiya bayan wani gagarumin yakin neman tallafi na watanni biyu. Bayan tiyatar prostate da aka yi masa, ya dage ya koma Syria, inda jami’an tsaro suka yi masa barazanar kashe shi. Barazanar ta ce za a yi kama da ‘ [[Salafiyya|yan Salafawa]] sun kashe shi ne domin daukar fansar kisan da aka yi wa shugabansu Abul-Kaka, wanda Neil MacFarquhar ya ambata a cikin wata kasida ta ''[[New York Times]]'', wadda aka yi hira da ita a Idi. A watan Fabrairun 2008, jami'an tsaro sun yi wa gidansa kawanya domin kama shi, amma ya tsere zuwa [[Lebanon]] bayan wata daya da ya boye a Syria. Ya yi wata biyu a [[Beirut]], sannan ya tafi da iyalinsa gudun hijira a [[Faransa]] . Tun daga wancan lokacin yake zama a wurin a matsayin dan gudun hijira na siyasa, wanda kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama kamar su [[Amnesty International]] da Revivre ke tallafawa. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Damascus a gudun hijira a watan Oktoban 2010. Yana daya daga cikin jiga-jigan 'yan adawar Siriya kuma yana taka rawa sosai  a cikin 2011-2012 tawayen Siriya . A cikin watan Mayun 2011, Eid ya gayyaci 'yan adawar Siriya da jiga-jigan 'yan adawa zuwa taron Antalya don kawo sauyi a Siriya, irinsa na biyu tun farkon tashin hankalin, wanda ya shirya tare da Ammar al-Qurabi . A lokacin da Burhan Ghalioun, shugaban farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Siriya, ya soki taron Antalya a matsayin "bautar ajandar kasashen waje," Eid ya zargi Ghalioun da yunkurin faranta wa gwamnatin kasar rai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basheer al-Baker |date=13 September 2011 |title=Burhan Ghalioun: Opposition from Exile or at Home? |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/burhan-ghalioun-opposition-exile-or-home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222013921/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/burhan-ghalioun-opposition-exile-or-home |archive-date=December 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]}}</ref> A ranakun 26-27 ga Maris, 2012, ya jagoranci yunƙurin haɗa kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan adawar Siriya da jiga-jigan a ''taron [[Istanbul]] na ' yan adawar Siriya'' . == Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki – Zaɓaɓɓen Ayyuka a cikin Larabci == An buga Eid a cikin mujallu, mujallu, da jaridu da yawa tun 1975. Ya buga kusan littattafai 30 tun 1979: * ''Duniyar Labarin Hanna Mina'' - Dar el Adab - Beirut, 1979. * ''Al'adu, Aesthetic, da Akida'' - Dar El Hewar - Latakia, 1988 * ''A cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Rubutun Novel'' - Dar El Ahali - Damascus, 1988 * ''Labarin Duniya na Zakaria Tamer'' - Dar El Farabi - Beirut, 1990 * ''Gabatarwa ga Tunanin Raif Khouri'' - Cibiyar Ibal - Cyprus, 1990. * ''Mu da Bureaustroika'' – Dar El Hewar – Latakia, 1991. * ''Taha Hussein : Hankali da addini "Tsarin Matsalolin Hanyar Hanya"'' - Cibiyar Inmaa Hadari - Aleppo, 1995 - An buga shi a cikin wani tsawaita kuma edita ta Roya a Alkahira, 2009. * ''Yassin el-hafez: Mai sukar zamani na baya-bayan nan'' - Dar El Sadaka - Aleppo, 1996 * ''Rikicin Fadakarwa'' - Dar El Ahali - 1st Ed Damascus, 1997 - 2nd Ed Inmaa Hadari Center, 2005. * ''Dimokuradiyya Tsakanin Secularism da Islam'' - Dar El fikr - Damascus, 1999 * ''Abū Hayyan al-Tawhīdī (Separation of Religion and State/ Separation of religion and philosophy)'' – Dar El ahali – Damascus, 2001 * ''Hankalin Hani'' - Dar El hewar - Latakia - bugu na farko, 2001 - Bugu na biyu na Roya a Alkahira, (2009). * ''Masu kula da Temples na yaudara / Masu sukar tunanin koyarwa: Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti a matsayin misali'' - Dar El Talia'a - Beirut, 2003. * ''Tambayoyi game da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a (binne rafin Damascus da rai)'' - Dar El Tanweer - Beirut da Dar El inmaa hadari a Alkahira, 2003 (1st ed) 2005 (2nd ed). * ''Masu kula da Temples na yaudara / Mai sukar tunanin koyarwa: [[Yusuf Alkaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] tsakanin Haƙuri da Ta'addanci'' - Ƙungiyar Larabawa Rational Arab ta Buga - Dar El Taliaa - Beirut, 1st ed. 2005 - 2nd ed. 2007 * ''[[Muhammad Abduh]] : [[Liman|Imamin]] Kundin Tsarin Mulki'' - Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Iraki - Beirut da Baghdad, 2006. * ''Musulunci da [[Modernism (Zamani)|Zamani]] – Kwarewar [[Muhammad Abduh]]'' – Cibiyar Binciken Dabarun Iraqi – Beirut da Baghdad, 2006. * ''Masu sukar ra'ayin Siyasa da na uba'' : Ƙungiyar Larabawa Rational Arab ta buga - Dar El Talia - Beirut, 2007 == Taro == Idi ya halarci taruka da yawa tun 1975. Manyan su ne: * Taron Marubuta a Aljeriya – 1975. * Taron Jami'ar Aden - 1991. * Taron da Kungiyar Marubuta Kuwaiti ta gudanar a Kuwait – 1994. * Taron Ausha Bint Hussien a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] - 1995. * Taron wanda Sharjah Writers Union ya gudanar - 1995. * Taron Cibiyar Bincike da Nazarin Masar - 1995 * Conference Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī - Majalisar Al'adu, adabi da fasaha mafi girma ta shirya a Alkahira, Masar - 1995. * Taron tunawa da bugu na 1 na littafin ' ''Yantar da Mata'' na Littafin Qasim Amin, wanda Babban Majalisar Al'adu, adabi da fasaha ta shirya a Alkahira - 1999 * Taron kasa da kasa na Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Faransa a Damascus - 2000 * Taro game da Nazarin zamantakewa: Jami'ar Algeria - 2001. * Taron kasa da kasa kan Adabin Larabawa na Zamani, Sorbonne Paris 3 – 2003. * Taron kasa da kasa na biyu game da 'Yancin Magana a cikin Laburare na Alexandria Masar - 2004. * Taron kafa cibiyar Larabawa don zamanantar da tunanin Larabawa [[Beirut|a Beirut]] - 2004. * Gayyata daga Cibiyar Aspen da ke [[Berlin]] don yin bayani game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam a ƙasashen Larabawa da Siriya a cikin shekaru 2005 da 2006. * Taron Cibiyar Hudson akan Siriya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson Institute |date=2009-03-25 |title=Hudson Institute Holds Conference on Syria |url=http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=6125&pubType=HI_PressReleases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402164929/http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=6125&pubType=HI_PressReleases |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2011}}</ref> Saboda ayyukansa na farar hula da dimokuradiyya a tarukan kasa da kasa da kuma rubuce-rubucensa da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na siyasa da cece-kuce, an hana Idi daga tafiye-tafiye tare da hana shi halartar taruka da dama. An hana shi tafiya zuwa [[Doha]] [[Qatar|na kasar Qatar]] don halartar wani taro kan "Dimokradiyya da 'yancin Dan Adam a kasashen Larabawa" da Cibiyar Aspen ta shirya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Syrian Monitor |date=2006-03-26 |title=New Arrests, Releases, and Travel Bans |url=http://syriamonitor.typepad.com/news/2006/03/new_arrests_rel.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226110612/https://syriamonitor.typepad.com/news/2006/03/new_arrests_rel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Maris ne dai aka dawo da Idi a kasar Siriya bayan halartar wani taro a birnin Paris (wanda cibiyar Aspen kuma ta shirya), wanda ya samu halartar kungiyoyin adawa daban-daban daga ciki da wajen kasar ta Siriya. An hana shi halartar wani taro da Cibiyar Aspen ta shirya a Istanbul a lokaci guda. == manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/24/world/syria-long-ruthlessly-secular-sees-fervent-islamic-resurgence.html Siriya, Mai Dogon Zamantakewa, Yana Ganin Faruwar Musulunci] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120613190936/http://www.metransparent.com/old/texts/anwar_bunni_to_louise_arbour_english.htm An kaddamar da gangamin ta'addanci ta hanyar kiran masu fafutuka domin yi musu tambayoyi, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne Dr.Abdul-Razaq Eid.] * [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=syrian-opposition-dismiss-assad8217s-amnesty-discuss-regime-change-in-antalya-2011-06-01 'Yan adawar Syria sun yi watsi da afuwar, sun tattauna batun sauya tsarin mulki.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102010312/http://www.movements.org/blog/entry/online-activists-lament-syrian-chemical-weapons-as-red-line/ Abdulrazak Eid yana gabatar da wasika zuwa ga Shugaba Barack Obama] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayopmf4u8vp3z37nv3d81hoszy9c30h 0 89860 890814 708138 2026-08-03T03:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amy Rose Allen''' marubuciya ce ta Ba’amurke, mai shirya rikodi, kuma mawaƙa. An ƙididdige ta tare da aikin rubutun waƙa a kan tallace-tallace da aka samu ta hanyar masu fasaha da suka haɗa da [[Sabrina Carpenter]], [[Harry Styles]], Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Tate McRae, Halsey, Rosé, da Shawn Mendes, da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=Maine native Amy Allen signs record deal with Warner Music |url=https://www.wmtw.com/article/maine-native-amy-allen-signs-record-deal-with-warner-music/28474639 |access-date=2020-01-01 |publisher=WMTW |language=en}}</ref> An zaɓi Allen don lambar yabo ta Mawallafin Mawaƙa ta Shekara a 65th Annual Grammy Awards don aikinta na sakewa ta Sarki Princess, Alexander 23, [[Lizzo]], Charli XCX, [[Sabrina Carpenter]] da [[Harry Styles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Nominees For Songwriter Of The Year, Non-Classical At The 2023 GRAMMYs |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/songwriter-of-the-year-non-classical-2023-grammy-nominations-65th-awards |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Grammy.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan bikin, ta ci Album of the Year saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ''gidan Harry'' na ƙarshe (2022). An zabe ta don Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara a karo na biyu a 67th Annual Grammy Awards saboda aikinta na sakewa ta Leon Bridges, [[Sabrina Carpenter]], Koe Wetzel, Jessie Murph, Tate McRae, Olivia Rodrigo, da [[Justin Timberlake]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amy Allen ta girma a Windham, Maine, tare da iyayenta da yayyenta mata biyu. Yayin da take makarantar firamare, Allen ta buga bass a ƙungiyar 'yar uwarta Jerks of Grass, kuma tun tana matashiya, ta buga kiɗan gargajiya da bluegrass a mashaya da mashaya. Allen ya halarci Kwalejin Boston kuma daga baya ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Berklee a [[Boston]] . Yayin da yake Berklee, mawaƙi kuma mai gabatarwa Kara DioGuardi ya koyar da Allen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Katie |title=Amy Allen Scores No. 1 Hit with Halsey's 'Without Me' |url=https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/amy-allen-15-scores-no-1-hit-without-me |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Berklee |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191830/https://www.berklee.edu/news/berklee-now/amy-allen-15-scores-no-1-hit-without-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 2015, Allen ya kasance a cikin ''Teen Vogue'', bayan ya saki EPs guda biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Firman |first=Tehrene |date=February 2, 2015 |title=Exclusive! Listen to Amy & the Engine's Brand-New Single "Last Forever" |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/amy-and-the-engine-last-forever-exclusive-premiere |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en}}</ref> Allen ta fara aikinta ne ta hanyar yin ayyuka da yawa na solo kuma ta kafa Amy & The Engine, ƙungiyar indie pop rock guda huɗu, kafin ta ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|New York]] na shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This Maine native just got her first No. 1 hit as a songwriter |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/music/2019/01/09/amy-allen-halsey |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=The Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta fito da ɗayansu na farko "Last Forever" a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2015. ''TandeMania'', farkon su na EP, an sake shi a kan Satumba 22, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bialas |first=Michael |date=2015-09-01 |title=Premiering New Video, Amy and the Engine Want You to Join the 'A' Team |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/premiering-new-video-amy_b_8068804 |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Amy & Injin sun sanar da EP ''Get Me Outta Nan!'' a cikin shekarar 2017 da yawon shakatawa na Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin rani na 2017 da yawon shakatawa na Amurka a 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=Amy Allen: Finding Balance & Forlorn Love |url=http://www.lemonademagazine.net/interviews/amy-allen-finding-balance-forlorn-love/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Lemonade Magazine |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Allen ya bayyana sautin Get Me Outta Nan! kamar yadda yake "dan duhu da nauyi fiye da na farko". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musicmusingsandsuch |date=2016-10-29 |title=INTERVIEW: Amy Allen of Amy & the Engine |url=https://musicmusingsandsuch.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/interview-amy-allen-of-amy-the-engine/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=musicmusingsandsuch |language=en}}</ref> Amy & The Engine sun fitar da jagorar EP ta "Chasing Jenny" a cikin Janairu 2017. Allen ya ƙaura zuwa [[Los Angeles]] a watan Nuwamba 2017, inda ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Scott Harris kuma daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu zuwa Ƙungiyar Buga Mawaƙa . Daga baya Allen ya fara rubutu da samar da kiɗa tare da wasu mawaƙa, gami da Glades da JELLO. A cikin 2018, Allen ya rubuta " Komawa zuwa gare ku " tare da Selena Gomez, da " Ba tare da Ni " tare da Halsey wanda ya kai No. 1 akan Billboard's Hot 100 . A cikin 2019, Allen ya sanya hannu zuwa Warner Records, kuma ana tsammanin za a fitar da kundin solo na farko a shekara mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarah |date=July 24, 2019 |title=Meet Maine's Next Huge Top 40 Music Star: Amy Allen |url=https://z1073.com/meet-maines-next-huge-top-40-music-star-amy-allen/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Z107.3 |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Allen ya haɗu tare da [[Harry Styles]] a kan waƙarsa " Adore You ", kuma ya haɗu tare da Halsey sau ɗaya a kan " Kabari ". Allen kuma ya haɗu tare da madadin dutsen band Pvris akan 2019 EP, ''Hallucinations'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PVRIS Announce EP; Drop New Single And Video, Hallucinations |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/pvris-announce-ep-drop-new-single-and-video-hallucinations/ |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=Kerrang!}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin ɗaya daga ''cikin'' {{'}} Yan Hitmakers na 2019 don waƙar "Ba tare da Ni". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-05 |title=The Hitmakers and Hitbreakers Who Defined the Sound of 2019 |url=https://variety.com/gallery/hitmakers-megan-thee-stallion-swae-lee/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2020, Allen ya fito a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwbg">Forbes</i></nowiki> 30 Under 30 a cikin Kiɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Allen, 27 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5dd5923be0af7b0006b1d7fd/amy-allen-27/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> An sanar da ita a matsayin mai ba da shawara don ƙwarewar ASCAP na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=ASCAP Experience Reveals First Set of Panelists: Dan Wilson, Poo Bear, Jason Mraz, More |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/ascap-experience-expo-dan-wilson-poo-bear-jason-mraz-1203494662/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2020, an sanar da cewa Allen zai yi wasan kwaikwayon shekara-shekara na St. Jude Songwriters Showcase don amfana da Asibitin Bincike na Yara na St. Jude, tare da Gretchen Peters . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Amy Allen and Gretchen Peters Join Lineup for 5th Annual Songwriters Showcase Benefiting St. Jude « American Songwriter |url=https://americansongwriter.com/amy-allen-and-gretchen-peters-join-lineup-for-5th-annual-songwriters-showcase-benefiting-st-jude/press-release/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=American Songwriter |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2020, an soke taron Experience na ASCAP saboda damuwa game da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] da ke gudana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-10 |title=ASCAP Experience Conference Canceled Due to Coronavirus Concerns |url=https://variety.com/2020/biz/news/ascap-experience-cancelled-coronavirus-1203528452/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Iri mai suna Allen a "2020 Hitmaker" don haɗin gwiwar rubutun Harry Styles'"Adore You". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-03 |title=Making the Cut: Variety's 2020 Hitmakers and Hitbreakers Revealed |url=https://variety.com/lists/hitmakers-2020-full-list/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi tare da Warner Records, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=After Writing Hits for Halsey and Selena Gomez, Amy Allen Finds Her Sound, and a Home at Warner Records |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/amy-allen-interview-warner-records-1234648551/ |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=After Writing for Harry Styles and Halsey, Amy Allen Goes Out on Her own |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/writing-harry-styles-halsey-amy-110051846.html/ |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=yahoo!life |language=en}}</ref> Allen ya saki 'yan wasa biyar a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa: "Sarauniyar Linings", <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Listen to 'Queen of Silver Linings' by Amy Allen |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/07/01/listen-to-queen-of-silver-linings-by-amy-allen/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=Portland Press Herald |language=en}}</ref> "Mai wuya", <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-31 |title=Amy Allen shares reflective new single 'Difficult' |url=https://celebmix.com/amy-allen-shares-reflective-new-single-difficult/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=CelebMix |language=en}}</ref> "Sama", <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Amy Allen Continues To Impress With "Heaven" |url=https://www.idolator.com/7914825/amy-allen-continues-to-impress-with-heaven |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=idolator |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> " Wane Lokaci ne Don Rayuwa" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=Jade Bird, Sech + J Balvin, Amy Allen + Pink Sweat$ and More Top Songs From a Bonkers Week |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jade-bird-sech-j-balvin-193931477.html |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Yahoo |language=en}}</ref> da "Ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=Amy Allen - One [Official Lyric Video] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSJNBUGoAo4 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> Na farko solo EP, ''AWW!'' , an sake shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Amy Allen Releases Debut EP 'AWW!' on Warner Records |url=https://popnerdlounge.com/read/amy-allen-releases-debut-ep-aww-with-warner-records |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Pop Nerd Lounge |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tare da wakoki "Duniyar Mace" da "Ƙarshen Zaman Duhu" da aka sake a cikin watanni biyu da suka gabata. A cikin 2024, Allen ya fito da sabbin wakoki "Yarinya mai Matsala," "Darkside," "Ko da Har abada," da "Don Son Ni" daga kundi na farko, ''Amy Allen'', wanda aka saki Satumba 6, 2024. Gabanin fitowar kundi nata, ta buɗe wa Bleachers a ziyararsu ta Turai ta 2024. Nasarar Allen tare da Tate McRae (" Gridy ") da [[Sabrina Carpenter]] (" Fushina ," " Espresso ," " Don Allah Don Allah ") ya hau saman Top 40 Rediyo Charts da "Don Allah Don Allah" buga lamba 1 a kan Billboard Hot 100. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=2024-06-24 |title=Sabrina Carpenter’s 'Please Please Please' Becomes Her First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/sabrina-carpenter-please-please-please-number-1-hot-100/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Billboard |language=en}}</ref> Allen ya rubuta kowace waƙa akan kundi na Carpenter's ''Short n' Sweet'' wanda aka yi muhawara a lamba 1 akan Billboard 200. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=2024-09-03 |title=Sabrina Carpenter’s ‘Short n’ Sweet’ Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/sabrina-carpenter-short-n-sweet-number-one-billboard-200-debut-1235765351/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Billboard |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Satumba 2024, ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' ta buga bayanin martabar nasarar Allen, gami da ambato daga masu haɗin gwiwa ciki har da Jack Antonoff da Julia Michaels . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=2024-09-03 |title=Sabrina Carpenter and Pop’s Next Gen Have a Secret Weapon: Amy Allen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/03/arts/music/amy-allen-sabrina-carpenter.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=New York Times |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan makon, Allen ya yi iƙirarin lamba ɗaya a kan ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100 Songwriters, tare da ƙididdige ƙididdiga na rubutattun waƙoƙi goma sha uku akan Billboard Hot 100 (ciki har da duk waƙoƙi goma sha biyu daga kundin Sabrina Carpenter's lamba ɗaya ''Short n ' Sweet'' ). Tare da wannan nasarar, Allen ta zama mace ta shida da ta kai lamba ɗaya akan ginshiƙi mai zafi na 100 na Mawaƙa a cikin shekara ta 2024. Har zuwa lokacin bugawa, Allen ya rubuta jimlar waƙoƙi 34 Hot 100 masu tsarawa, bakwai daga cikinsu sune manyan ginshiƙi 10. Shida daga cikin wakokinta kuma sun buga lamba daya akan ginshikin Pop Airplay. Allen ita ce mace ta uku kawai a cikin tarihin Hot 100 Songwriters ginshiƙi don ɗaukar lamba ɗaya ba tare da an yi mata cajin matsayin mai yin rikodi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zellner |first=Xander |date=2024-09-05 |title=Amy Allen Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 Songwriters Chart Thanks to Sabrina Carpenter Hits |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/amy-allen-number-1-songwriters-chart-sabrina-carpenter-hits-1235767998/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Billboard |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin lokacin kyaututtuka na 2024, Allen ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Iri-iri <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=2024-11-21 |title=Shaboozey, Benson Boone, Doechii, Daniel Nigro and Amy Allen to Be Honored at Variety’s Hitmakers Event; Jack Antonoff Named Producer of the Decade |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/shaboozey-benson-boone-doechii-variety-hitmakers-1236216376/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> . An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Top Hot 100 Songwriter a cikin 2024 Billboard Music Awards <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=2024-11-25 |title=Zach Bryan, Taylor Swift, Morgan Wallen & Sabrina Carpenter Are Top 2024 Billboard Music Awards Finalists: Full List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2024-billboard-music-awards-finalists-full-list-1235837820/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Billboard |language=en}}</ref> kuma an zabe ta a cikin nau'i hudu a lambar yabo ta Grammy Music Awards na 67th Annual Grammy Music Awards, ciki har da Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara (Ba na Musamman), Mafi kyawun Rubutun Waƙa. don Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin ("Mafi Kyau" Daga Trolls Band Tare), da kuma duka Album na Year ( ''Short n ' Sweet'' ) da Song of the Year ("Don Allah Don Allah Don Allah") lambobin yabo don aikinta tare da Sabrina Carpenter. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Routhier |first=Ray |date=2024-11-08 |title=Maine native Amy Allen up for 4 Grammy awards |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/11/08/maine-native-amy-allen-nominated-for-songwriter-grammy-again/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Portland Press Herald |language=en}}</ref> Allen yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa guda biyu kawai a cikin tarihi waɗanda aka zaɓa sau biyu a cikin rukunin Mawaƙa na Shekara a Kyautar Grammy. == Salo da tasiri == Allen ya ambaci makada kamar The Cranberries da Cure azaman tasiri akan Amy & Injin. <ref name=":1"/> A cikin wata hira da 2020 tare da <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">iri-iri</i></nowiki>, Allen ta bayyana cewa ta fi son rubuta waƙoƙi masu duhu, mafi mahimmanci kuma ta ji waƙar " Adore You " ita ce waƙarta ta farko "jin-kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=James Patrick |date=2020-02-24 |title=Hitmaker of the Month: Amy Allen on Her 'First Feel-Good Song,' Harry Styles' 'Adore You' |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/hitmaker-of-the-month-amy-allen-harry-styles-adore-you-1203510866/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> A cikin labarin [[New York Times|''New York Times'']] na 2024, Allen ya kuma bayyana cewa 'yan matan "90s" sun yi mata wahayi - Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, da Melissa Etheridge - da kuma Cocteau Twins da Edie Brickell . <ref name="NYT"/> == Hotuna == === Albums na Studio === {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin albums na studio tare da zaɓaɓɓun cikakkun bayanai ! Take ! Cikakkun bayanai |- | ''Amy Allen'' | * An sake shi: Satumba 6, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Josh |date=2024-07-17 |title=Amy Allen Shares New Single 'even forever' |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Amy-Allen-Shares-New-Single-even-forever-20240717 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Broadway World |language=en}}</ref> * Tag: AWAL * Tsarin: Zazzagewar dijital, yawo |} === Fadakarwa wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin wasannin da aka tsawaita tare da zaɓaɓɓun cikakkun bayanai ! Take ! Cikakkun bayanai |- | ''AWW!'' | * An sake shi: Nuwamba 5, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Amy Allen Unveils Her Debut EP, "AWW!" |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/11/05/new-noise-amy-allen/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Wonderland Magazine |language=en}}</ref> * Tag: Warner Records * Tsarin: Zazzagewar dijital, yawo |} === Ƙididdigar rubutun waƙa === {| class="wikitable" |+ List of singles, showing key details ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Artist ! colspan="3" |Peak Chart Positions ! rowspan="2" |Certifications |- !AUS !US !CAN |- | rowspan="13" |2024 |"Number One Girl" |Rosé |61 |— |63 |— |- |"Apt." |Rosé and Bruno Mars |1 |8 |2 |— |- |"Taste" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |1 |2 |4 |— |- |"Please Please Please" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |1 |1 |3 |— |- |"Espresso" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |1 |3 |4 |— |- |"Grieved You" |Skye Riley |— |— |— |— |- |"Selfish" |[[Justin Timberlake]] |82 |19 |22 |— |- |"Drown" |[[Justin Timberlake]] |— |— |— |— |- |"High Road" |Koe Wetzel |46 |22 |30 |— |- |"Sweet Dreams" |Koe Wetzel |— |35 |86 |— |- |"Caught in Your Love" |Boys World |— |— |— |— |- |"Chrome Cowgirl" |Leon Bridges |— |— |— |— |- |"Canopy" |Charlotte Day Wilson |— |— |— |— |- | rowspan="13" |2023 |"Feather" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |23 |21 |25 |— |- |"Better Place" |NSYNC |24 |25 |43 |— |- |"Greedy" |Tate McRae |2 |3 |1 |— |- |"Run for the Hills" |Tate McRae |54 |69 |34 |— |- |"Pretty Isn't Pretty" |Olivia Rodrigo |28 |30 |35 |— |- |"Scared of My Guitar" |Olivia Rodrigo |— |90 |83 |— |- |"Meltdown" |Niall Horan |— |— |— |— |- |"Strong Enough" |Jonas Brothers |— |— |— |— |- |"Texas" |Maren Morris and Jessie Murph |— |— |— |— |- |"Cut Me Down"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who wrote “Cut Me Down” by Blu DeTiger & Mallrat? |url=https://genius.com/Blu-detiger-and-mallrat-cut-me-down-lyrics/q/writer |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Genius}}</ref> |Blu DeTiger featuring Mallrat |— |— |— |— |- |"Cupid" |Fifty Fifty featuring [[Sabrina Carpenter]] |2 |17 |6 |— |- |"Heartbroken" |Diplo |— |64 |52 |— |- |"Forever" |Charlotte Day Wilson featuring Snoh Aalegra |— |— |— |— |- | rowspan="5" |2022 |"Vicious" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |— |— |— |— |- |"Opposite" |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |— |— |— |— |- |"10:35" |Tiesto featuring Tate McRae |13 |69 |18 | * Canada (Music Canada): Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=Gold/Platinum |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=10%3A35+%28ft.+Tate+Mcrae%29%20Tiesto |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Music Canada}}</ref> |- |"For My Friends" |King Princess |— |— |— |— |- |"My Mind &amp;amp; Me" |Selena Gomez |98 |83 |63 |— |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |"Cover Me in Sunshine" |Pink |6 |— |60 |— |- |"On the Ground" |Rosé |31 |70 |35 |— |- |"Lifestyle" |Jason Derulo featuring Adam Levine |— |71 |54 |— |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |"Be Kind"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshmello & Halsey - Be Kind Lyrics |url=https://genius.com/Marshmello-and-halsey-be-kind-lyrics |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=GeniusLyrics |language=en}}</ref> |[[Marshmello]] and Halsey |15 |33 |18 |— |- |"Forever"<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2020 |title=Fletcher is trying to find herself with new single, 'Forever' |url=https://www.readdork.com/news/fletcher-is-trying-to-find-herself-with-new-single-forever |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Dork |language=en}}</ref> |Fletcher |— |— |— |— |- | rowspan="9" |2019 |"Graveyard" |Halsey |24<ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com - Halsey - Graveyard |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Halsey&titel=Graveyard&cat=s |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> |34 |38<ref name="auto4" /> | * US (RIAA): Gold<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=American single certifications – Halsey – Graveyard |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-01-09 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Canada (Music Canada): Gold<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold/Platinum |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=Music Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> * Australia (ARIA): Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Aria Singles Chart |url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart |access-date= |website=ariacharts.com.au}}</ref> |- |"Undrunk" |Fletcher |— |61 |83 | * US (RIAA): Gold<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Canada (Music Canada): Gold<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold/Platinum |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Music Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Adore You" |[[Harry Styles]] |7<ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com - Harry Styles - Adore You |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Harry+Styles&titel=Adore+You&cat=s |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> |6 |10<ref name="auto3" /> | * Australia (ARIA): 7× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARIA Top 100 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2020/singles-chart |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=aria.com.au |language=en}}</ref> * Canada (Music Canada): 6× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2020 |title=Gold/Platinum |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=adore%20you |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=Music Canada}}</ref> * US (RIAA): 5× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=14 April 2021 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Hallucinations" |Pvris |— |— |— |— |- |"The First One" |Astrid S |— |— |— |— |- |"Long Way To Go" |Four of Diamonds |— |— |— |— |- |"Stick Around" |Rak-Su |— |— |— |— |- |"Proud" |Aaron Carpenter |— |— |— |— |- |"Criminal" |Grey (28) |— |— |— |— |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |"Without Me" |Halsey |2<ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com - Halsey - Without Me |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Halsey&titel=Without+Me&cat=s |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> |1 |2<ref name="auto4" /> | * US (RIAA): 6× Platinum<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Canada (Music Canada): 7× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold/Platinum |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/ |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=Music Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> * Australia (ARIA): 7× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-21 |title=ARIA CHART WATCH #556 |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/12/aria-chart-watch-556/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221063205/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/12/aria-chart-watch-556/ |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=auspOp |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |"Back to You" |Selena Gomez |4<ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com - Selena Gomez - Back To You |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Selena+Gomez&titel=Back+to+You&cat=s |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> |18 |4<ref name="auto2" /> | * US (RIAA): 2× Platinum<ref name="auto1" /> * Australia (ARIA): 2× Platinum<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ARIA Australian Singles Accreditations |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SinglesAccreds2018.htm |access-date= |website=aria.com.au}}</ref> |- |"Jello" |PRETTYMUCH |— |— |— |— |- |"Do Right" |Glades |51 |— |— | * Australia (ARIA): Gold<ref>{{Cite web |title=SinglesAccreds2018 |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SinglesAccreds2018.htm |access-date=2020-01-12 |website=aria.com.au}}</ref> |} === Siffofin === {| class="wikitable" |+ List of albums showing year, artist and label !Year !Title !Artist !Label !Credited as |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Short n' Sweet'' |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |[[Island Records]] | rowspan="13" |Writer |- |''Everything I Thought It Was'' |[[Justin Timberlake]] |RCA Records |- |- |''9 Lives'' |Koe Wetzel |Columbia Records |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |''Chemistry'' |Kelly Clarkson |Atlantic Records |- |''Guts'' |Olivia Rodrigo |Geffen Records |- |''Think Later'' |Tate McRae |RCA Records |- |''Snow Angel'' |Reneé Rapp |Interscope |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |''Emails I Can't Send'' |[[Sabrina Carpenter]] |Island Records |- |''Girl of My Dreams'' |Fletcher |Capitol |- |''Harry's House'' |[[Harry Styles]] |Columbia, Erskine |- |''Hold On Baby'' |King Princess |Zelig |- |''Special'' |[[Lizzo]] |Nice Life, Atlantic Records |- |''Crash'' |Charli XCX |Asylum Records, Atlantic Records, Warner |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |''Justice'' |Justin Bieber |Def Jam |Producer, writer |- |''Poster Girl'' |Zara Larsson |TEN, Epic | rowspan="5" |Writer |- |''Nurture'' |Porter Robinson |Mom + Pop |- |''-R-'' |Rosé |YG Entertainment |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Love Goes'' |Sam Smith | rowspan="2" |Capitol |- |''Heartbreak Weather'' |Niall Horan |- |''Rare'' |Selena Gomez |Interscope Records | rowspan="2" |Writer, backing vocals |- | rowspan="6" |2019 |''Fine Line'' |Harry Styles |Columbia, Erskine |- |''All the Feels'' |Fitz and the Tantrums |Elektra Records | rowspan="9" |Writer |- |''Hallucinations'' |Pvris |Warner |- |''It's Your Bed Babe, It's Your Funeral'' |Maisie Peters |Atlantic Records UK |- |''You Ruined New York City for Me'' |Fletcher |Capitol |- |''Romance'' |Camila Cabello |Epic, Syco |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |''13 Reasons Why: Season 2 soundtrack'' |Selena Gomez |Interscope |- |''One in a Million'' |Matoma |Parlophone, Warner |- |''Only Human'' |Calum Scott |Capitol |- |''Shawn Mendes'' |Shawn Mendes |Island |- |2015 |''Omnipresent'' |Old Soul | |Vocals |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qfgn4mpsrcxpftr1p6k5wwhgi67we6m 0 90123 890864 876909 2026-08-03T07:58:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A cikin Vietnamese, kalmar '''''bánh''''' ({{IPA|vi|ɓaʲŋ̟˧˥}}{{IPA|vi|ɓaʲŋ̟˧˥}} [] ko [ɓanʹ], Chữ Nôm: 餅) ana fassara ta ne a matsayin "keke" ko "gurasa", amma yana nufin abinci iri-iri da aka shirya wanda hannu ko katako zasu iya cinyewa cikin sauƙi. {{IPA|vi|ɓaʲŋ̟˧˥}}{{IPA|vi|ɓan˧˥}}Tare da ƙarin adjectives masu cancanta, ''bánh'' yana nufin nau'ikan nau'ikan mai daɗi ko mai ɗanɗano, kekuna daban-daban, buns, pastries, sandwiches, da sauran abubuwan abinci, waɗanda za a iya dafa su ta hanyar tururi, yin burodi, dafa abinci mai zurfi, ko tafasa. Abinci da aka yi daga garin alkama ko garin [[shinkafa]] ana kiransa ''bánh'', amma kalmar na iya nufin wasu nau'ikan abincin noodle da kifi, kamar ''bánh canh'' da bánh__ckb____ckb________ckb__. Kowane nau'in ''bánh'' ana sanya shi da kalma ko magana mai bayyanawa wanda ke bin kalmar ''bánh'', kamar ''bánh bò'' (lit. 'keke na shanu') ko ''bánh chuoi'' (lit. "keke na ayaba'). ''Bánh'' da aka lulluɓe a cikin [[ganye]] kafin tururi ana kiransu bánh lá (lit. 'kayan ganye').   A cikin Vietnamese, kalmar ''{{Lang|vi|bánh}}'' ba ta iyakance ga Abincin Vietnamese ba: tana aiki dai-dai da abubuwa daban-daban kamar kukis maiarziƙi (bánh may__wol____wol____wol__), Budding (''{{Lang|vi|bánh pudding}}, {{Lang|vi|bánh pútđinh}}''), caramel custard (''{{Lang|vi|bánh caramen}}, {{Lang|vi|bánh flan}}''), gurasar sacramental (Bánh Saint), Hamburger (bánh Hamburger, bánh Hămbgơ), da dai sauransu. A wasu lokuta, kalmar na iya nufin abubuwan da ba a ci ba waɗanda ke da siffar cake, kamar ƙafafun (''{{Lang|vi|bánh xe}}''), sabulu na wanka (bánh xà cruit, bánh xà bông), da ƙafafun taba da aka matsa (bánh__hau____hau____hau__). == Iri-iri == Akwai kusan nau'ikan jita-jita masu suna tare da prefix ''bánh'' . Abin da ke biyowa shine jerin nau'ikan gargajiya na ''bánh''. === Noodles === [[Fayil:Banh-Canh-Noodle-Soup.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Bánh canh'' soup]] * Bánh canh - tapioca noodles wanda aka yanke daga babban takarda. * Bánh Rita - noodles masu tsayi sosai waɗanda aka sa su cikin ƙuƙwalwa masu rikitarwa kuma galibi ana rufe su da scallions da aka yanka da kuma abincin nama * Bánh phở - Kayan kwalliya da aka yi da gari da ruwa kafin a yanke shi cikin sassan. Ba wai kawai ana kiran sassan Bánh phở ba har ma da "sợi phở" ko "cọng phở," kuma noodles ne da ake amfani da su a phở. Faɗin sassan yawanci yana kusa da 1 cm ko ƙasa da haka.&nbsp; === Rashin jituwa === [[Fayil:Banh_te_My_Duc.png|right|thumb|200x200px|''Bánh ya yi'']] * Bánh bá পাল ko bánh ú - kalmar Vietnamese don ''zongzi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Playing with My Food: Bánh Bá Trạng (Bak Chang Dumplings) |url=http://pwmf.blogspot.com/2006/05/bnh-b-trng-bak-chang-dumplings.html |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> * Bánh bao - gurasar da ke da siffar kwallon da aka cika da naman alade da / ko wasu sinadaran * Bánh bột cru - kek ɗin tapioca da aka cika da shrimp <ref name="Hue Dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Hue Dictionary |url=http://www.hue.vnn.vn/en/dict/2004/03/3560/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209132512/http://www.hue.vnn.vn/en/dict/2004/03/3560/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=24 September 2010 |website=NetCoDo}}</ref> ** Bánh bột航y trần - dumplings tare da wrappers da aka yi da tapioca starch ** Bánh bột航 lá - ƙananan burodi na shinkafa da aka cika da shrimp da naman alade kuma an lulluɓe shi cikin ganyen ayaba; daga Hue * Bánh cam - shinkafa mai tsami mai tsami da aka cika da gishiri mai tsami; daga kudancin Vietnam * Bánh ít - ƙananan ƙwallon shinkafa masu tsami ** Bánh ít dừa - kwakwa da aka cika da gurasar shinkafa ** Bánh ít trần - "[[tsuntsu]]" ƙananan ƙwayoyin shinkafa masu tsami * Bánh khúc - ƙwallon shinkafa mai ɗanɗano * Bánh nolu - gurasar shinkafa mai laushi daga Hue da aka cika da naman alade da naman aladi na katako, kuma an dafa shi da baƙar fata da kayan yaji; an lulluɓe shi cikin ganyen ayaba * <nowiki>Bánh phu thê - ({{lit__hau____hau____hau__ da kuma matar cake"; wani sweet cake da aka yi da shinkafa ko tapioca flour da gelatin, cike da mung bean paste; kuma rubuta </nowiki>''bánh xu xê'') ** Bánh phu thê bột bán (mutumin da matar da aka yi da lu'ulu'u na tapioca) * Bánh ran - shinkafa mai tsami mai tsami da aka cika da gishiri mai tsami; daga arewacin Vietnam * Bánh tẻ, karamin cake na shinkafa da aka lulluɓe tare da ganyen Lá dong a cikin dogon, siffar cylindrical, kuma an tafasa shi sosai. === Pancakes === [[Fayil:Bánh_xèo_2.jpg|right|thumb|284x284px|''Bánh shō'']] * Bánh bèo - ƙananan kekunan shinkafa masu ɗanɗano * Bánh Sugar - wani nau'i na musamman na kudancin da ya kunshi ƙananan pancakes da aka yi da shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin kananan yumbu pans * Bánh đúc, ana cin abincin shinkafa ko masara a matsayin kayan zaki ko abinci mai ɗanɗano * Bánh rế - gurasar da aka dafa sosai * Bánh khọt - wani nau'i na kudancin da ya kunshi kananan, gurasar shinkafa * Bánh xèo - kek na shinkafa da aka dafa tare da shrimp da naman alade * Bánh bột chiên - kekunan shinkafa da aka dafa tare da ƙwai === Rubutun da aka yi amfani da su === [[Fayil:Banhcuon.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Rashin jituwa'']] * Bánh Track - shinkafa mai tururi * Bánh tôm - ƙwayoyin shrimp ** Bánh tôm Hồ Tây - shrimp patty da aka yi da dankali mai zaki mai zaki - ƙwarewa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin da ke kusa da West Lake (Tay Ho), Hanoi === Takardar shinkafa === * Bánh tráng - takardar shinkafa * Bánh - takardar shinkafa da aka dafa === Gurasa da sandwiches === [[Fayil:Bánh_mì.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Bánh mì'']] * Bánh mì - yana nufin [[gurasa]] da baguette na Vietnam * Bánh mì Popp - baguettesandar * Bánh mì Việt Nam - musamman ma sandar Vietnamese === Abincin zaki === [[Fayil:Bánh_da_lợn_sầu_riêng.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Durian green leaf cake Bánh daợn sầu''Bánh da lợn ya yi'']] [[Fayil:Bánh_in_nhân_sầu_riêng.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Bánh a cikin nganda da aka yi da Sweet Rice Flour, Mung Bean da Durian Cake]] * Bánh bò - "keke na shanu," wanda aka yi da garin shinkafa da madarar kwakwa, tare da siffar zuma ** Bánh Bò Rễ Tre (Kayan shinkafa da aka yi amfani da su, Vietnamese Bak Tong Koh) ** Bánh Bò Khoai Lang (Sweet Potato Fatt Koh) ** Bánh Bò Lá D район - Pandan Coconut "Bak Tong Koh ** Bánh Bò Mã Lai - [[Hong Kong]] Style Malaysian Steamed Sponge Cake ** Bánh Bò Nướng - Kayan zuma na Vietnam ** Bánh Bò Nướng Chay - wani nau'in kayan lambu na bánh bò nướng * Bánh kay, kayan zaki mai siffar rectangular da aka yi ta hanyar gasa da niƙa shinkafa mai laushi da sauran sinadaran * Bánh daợn lợn - cake mai launi mai tururi wanda aka yi da tapioca starch, shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da / ko ruwa, sukari, da sauran sinadaran * Bánh đúc - kek na shinkafa ko kek na masara da ake ci a matsayin kayan zaki ko abinci mai ɗanɗano * Bánh chuoi - kek na ayaba * Bánh goi - wani nau'in burodi wanda ya samo asali ne daga burodi na kasar Sin * Bánh import - cake mai dadi da aka yi da garin shinkafa da sukari ** Bánh "Wani" - cake mai dadi da aka yi da garin shinkafa, sukari, da madara foda * Bánh khoai mì - cake mai zaki * Bánh khoai môn - cake na taro * Bánh consolid - donuts * Bánh trung thu - kek na wata === Abincin don lokatai na musamman === [[Fayil:Banhtet.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Farantin ''bánh tét'', tare da cikawa da naman alade]] * Bánh chưng - murabba'in murabba'i mai kama da shinkafa mai cike da shinkafar da aka lulluɓe a cikin ganye na Dong (lá dong) * Bánh tét - kek na shinkafa mai kama da katako, an lulluɓe shi cikin ganyen ayaba kuma an cika shi da nama ko kayan lambu * Bánh trôi (lit. 'keke na shinkafa mai iyo') - ana ba da shi tare da bánh chay''Abin da ya faru'' * Bánh a zahiri - zagaye, zinariya / taupe mai launi, cake mai mannewa da aka yi amfani da shi don sababbin shekaru. An yi shi da garin shinkafa, sukari, ruwa, da man soya. Kamar kek din sabuwar shekara ta kasar Sin, ''Niyan Gao'', ana yanka bánh a cikin sassan sassan sannan a tsoma shi cikin kwai sannan a soya shi kafin a ba da shi. Wannan abu ne mai ban mamaki kuma an ce siffar tana wakiltar motar. Wani lokaci ana yin ado da fararen tsaba na sesame da jan launi na abinci. (duba ''kue keranjang'' a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]) * Bánh stick - zagaye, asalin gundumar Hoài Đức, [[Hanoi]] === Sauran === * Bánh bông lan, wanda ake kira '''bánh gatô''' a arewacin [[Vietnam]] - cake ** Bánh Bông Lan Bơ - 'Ya'yan itace / Kakar ** Bánh Bông Lan Cuốn - Roll na SwitzerlandRubuce-rubucen Switzerland ** Bánh Bông Lan Phú Sĩ - Kakar Dutsen Fuji ** Bánh Bông Lan Rễ Tre - Kakar Sponge * Bánh chay - an yi amfani da shi tare da ''bánh trôi'' * Bánh jam - kek ɗin shinkafa mai kore da aka yi ta amfani da jam tare da cikawa da wake * Rashin jituwa * Bánh kay * Bánh ya karu * Bánh tour (Arewa) ko Bánh tráng nướng (Kudancin) - mai fashewar shinkafa * Bánh đ Mau - mai zaki mai zaki * Bánh dừa * Bánh gai - an yi shi ne daga ganyen itacen "gai" (''Boehmeria nivea'') ya bushe, ya tafasa, ya zama ƙananan ɓangarori, sannan ya gauraye shi da shinkafa mai laushi, an lulluɓe shi cikin ganyen ayaba. Ana cika shi ne daga cakuda kwakwa, wake, peanuts, melon na hunturu, sesame, da tsaba na lotus. * Bánh gi ڕێک, kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin bánh d ڕێک - fari, mai laushi, mai launi mai laushi tare da tsananin, mai lauri cike da wake ko kuma an yi amfani da sausage na Vietnamese (Giò lụa) * Bánh giò - siffar pyramid shinkafa dumplings cike da alade, shallot, da itace kunne mushroom da aka lulluɓe da itacen ayaba <ref name="Miss.Adventure">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2008 |title=Mom's Recipes: Bánh Giò |url=http://missadventureathome.blogspot.com/2008/11/moms-recipes-bnh-gi.html |access-date=21 September 2010 |website=Miss.Adventure @Home}}</ref> * Bánh hoa hồng - kek na shinkafa wanda aka tsara kamar furen kuma an yi shi da mung bean paste * Bánh k ? - Kukis na waffle na Vietnam da aka yi da garin shinkafa, kamar pizzelle ** Bánh ? ? ? * Bánh CATIO - Glutinous shinkafa mai sukari - cike da green bean paste ko groundnut * Bánh lá dừa - Kake da aka lulluɓe a cikin ganyen kwakwa * Bánh phồng tôm - crackers na prawn * Bánh Tin Line - kukis da aka yi daga garin tapioca, madarar kwakwa, da sukari * Chè lam Phủ Quảng * Bánh quế * Bánh tráng m * Bánh bà lai hoa hồng * Bánh mishe na Bột * Bánh mishe na Bột * Bánh bèo ngọt * Bánh da aka yi amfani da su * Bánh bèo xiêm * Ya zama kamar yadda ya kamata * Bánh bao ca dé - Coconut Custard Bao * Bánh pía - a Teochew Pastry * Bánh Chuoi Hнап - Kayan Banana da aka yi da tururi * Bánh Chuoi Nướng - Gurasar Banana * Bánh Cốm - Rice Flake Cakes * Bánh Đập - Tsuntsaye na shinkafa sun makale tare * Bánh Dẻo - Vietnamese Ping Pei Mooncakes * Bánh Dẻo Cu кәңәш - Ping Pei Rolls * Bánh Flan - cream caramel * Bánh Gan - "Liver" Cake * Bánh Hạnh Nhân - Almond / Peanut Cookies na Vietnam * Bánh Hoa Mai/Hoa Đào - Cherry/Plum Blossom Kukis * Bánh Hoa Sen - Kayan kwalliya na Lotus * Bánh a cikin - Cakes na bugawa * Bánh Men - Kyakkyawan yisti * Bánh Quai Vạc - Coconut / Hung Bean Puffs * Bánh Quế / Bánh K ? - Wasikun Soyayya na Vietnam * Bánh Sát Phu - Maza masu kisan kai * Bánh Thu inver Hнап - Cakes na Kofin Ruwa * Bánh Ú Sparn Tro - Ruwa Dumplings * Bánh Bao Nương Nhân Xá Xíu - burodi char siu bao * Bào Ngư Xào Nấm Đông Cô - Shitake Mushrooms tare da Abalone * Bánh Hoa Hồng - Rose Dumplings * Bánh Khoai Môn Tàn Ong - Dim sum Taro Puffs * Bánh Mì Chiên - Ƙarƙashin da aka dafa * Bánh Mì Hнап - Baguettes da aka yi amfani da su * Bánh patê sai - Abincin da aka cika da nama da Faransanci. An bayyana shi da ɓawon burodi da ko dai naman alade ko kaza a matsayin cikawa. * Bánh Phồng Tôm - Shrimp Crackers / Chips * Bánh trôi nước == Dubi kuma ==   * [[:vi:Thể loại:Bánh Việt Nam|''Bánh'' a cikin Wikipedia na Vietnamese]] * Bing (gurasa mai laushi na kasar Sin) * Mochi * Dutsen * Jerin abinci mai tururi * Abincin Vietnamese == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1w68njp9bjeps4zdvcllscqot17ai9a 0 91152 890862 581226 2026-08-03T07:54:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaki a daular musulunci''' Jihohi da yawa sun fara shiga tsakani a kan Daular Islama, a cikin yakin basasar Siriya da yakin Iraki (2013-2017), don mayar da martani ga saurin ci gaban yankunan da ta samu daga hare-haren Arewacin Iraki na 2014, hukuncin kisa na kasa da kasa, cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma fargabar sake barnar yakin basasar Siriya. Ana kiran waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce yaƙi da Daular Islama (ISIS) ko kuma shiga tsakani na soja na ƙasa da ƙasa kan Daular Islama (ISIS). A cikin shekarun baya, an kuma sami wasu ‘yan kananan matakan shiga tsakani da wasu jihohi suka yi kan kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da IS a Najeriya da Libya. Duk waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun ƙasƙantar da ƙarfin ikon Daular Islama a kusan 2019-2020. Yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabza fada a Syria, tun daga ‹Duba RfD› 2025, an ƙunshe ISIS zuwa wani ƙaramin yanki da za a iya sarrafa shi da ƙarfin ƙarfi. A tsakiyar watan Yunin 2014, [[Iran]], a cewar bayanan Amurka da Birtaniya, ta fara shawagi da jiragen sama marasa matuka a kan Iraki, kuma a cewar Reuters, sojojin Iran na Iraki suna yaki da IS. A lokaci guda kuma, Amurka ta umarci wasu tsirarun sojoji zuwa Iraki tare da fara jigilar jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a kan Iraki. A watan Yulin 2014, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru ta kasa da kasa, Iran ta aika da jirgin Sukhoi Su-25 zuwa Iraki, kuma ana zargin Hizbullah ta aike da masu horarwa da masu ba da shawara zuwa Iraki domin su taimaka wa mayakan [[Shi'a]] wajen sa ido kan motsin ISIL. A watan Agustan 2014, Amurka da Iran daban-daban sun fara kai hare-hare ta sama a kan mayakan ISIL a Iraki. Tun a wancan lokaci kasashe 14 da ke cikin kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta suma suka aiwatar da hare-hare ta sama kan kungiyar ISIL a Iraki da Siriya. Tun daga watan Satumba na shekarar 2014, Amurka ta fara hada kai da Saudiyya da Jordan don kai hare-haren bama-bamai ta sama a kan mayakan IS a fadin Iraki da Siriya.<ref>"FAQ on the Syrian Civil War" (PDF). ''Constitutional Rights Foundation''. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF)on 22 December 2022.</ref> A watan Satumban shekarar 2015 ne sojojin kasar Rasha suka kaddamar da shiga tsakani na soji a kasar Siriya domin tallafawa kasar da ke kawance da Bashar al-Assad a yakin da ake yi da kungiyar IS. Duk da cewa Moscow a hukumance ta bayyana tsoma bakinta a matsayin kamfen na yaki da IS tare da bayyana goyon bayanta ga "yan adawar Siriya masu kishin kasa", yawancin hare-haren bama-bamai sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan lalata sansanonin mayakan 'yan adawar Siriya na Free Syrian Army (FSA) da Kudancin kasar. Gaba.<ref>ctober 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</ref> A daya hannun kuma, Amurka da kawayenta na Yamma suna adawa da gwamnatin Ba'ath saboda zarginta na daukar nauyin ayyukan ta'addanci, da murkushe juyin juya hali na Siriya da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba. Gamayyar kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta ta horar da, samar da kayan aiki da kuma tallafawa mayakan sa kai na 'yan tawaye na Siriya da Kurdawa masu adawa da gwamnatin Assad a lokacin yakin da take yi da IS.<ref>FAQ on the Syrian Civil War" (PDF). ''Constitutional Rights Foundation''. pp. 4–6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 December 2022.</ref>A cikin watannin da aka fara kai hare-hare ta sama, ISIL ta fara rasa kasa a Iraki da Siriya. Mutuwar fararen hula daga hare-haren jiragen sama ya fara karuwa a cikin 2015 da 2016.A tsakiyar shekarar 2016, Amurka da Rasha sun shirya fara daidaita hare-haren da suke kaiwa ta sama; duk da haka, wannan haɗin kai bai samu ba.Ya zuwa watan Disambar 2017, an kiyasta cewa ISIL ba ta mallaki wani yanki a Iraki ba, da kuma kashi 5% na yankin Syria, bayan da aka dauki tsawon lokaci ana yi. A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017, Iraki ta ba da sanarwar nasara a yakin da ake yi da ISIL tare da bayyana cewa yakin Iraki ya kare.A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019, ISIL ta yi galaba a kan wasu yankuna a kasar Syria, bayan da ta sha kashi a yakin Baghuz Fawqani, bayan da aka tilasta wa kungiyar shiga cikin tawaye. Shugaban ISIL, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ya mutu a wani samame na musamman na Amurka a arewacin Siriya a watan Oktoban 2019 kuma Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi ya gaje shi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a watan Agustan 2020 cewa sama da mayakan ISIL 10,000 ne suka rage a Syria da Iraki, musamman a matsayin masu barci. ==Syria== ===Katsalandan karkashin jagorancin Amurka a Siriya=== A ranar 4 ga Yulin 2014, Amurka ta kai harin bam a sansanin soja na "Osama bin Laden" na ISIL a kauyen Uqayrishah na kasar Syria. Daga nan ne jami’an rundunar sojan Amurka ta Delta ta Amurka guda biyu suka isa wurin a kokarin ceto mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su, ciki har da James Foley. Ƙoƙarin ya ci tura, tare da ƙaura da waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su zuwa wani wurin kwanaki da suka wuce. A cikin jerin bidiyoyi, an kashe Foley, Steven Joel Sotloff, da kuma wasu da dama da aka yi garkuwa da su. ===Makamai da horar da 'yan tawaye=== Bisa jagorancin Shugaba Obama, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ta taka rawar gani tun farkon yakin basasar Siriya.Da farko dai Amurka ta ba wa sojojin da aka tantance na Sojojin Siriya na 'Yanci da agajin da ba na kisa ba amma nan da nan suka kara kaimi wajen ba da horo, da kudi da kuma bayanan sirri ga kwamandojin 'yan tawaye.A cikin watan Yuni 2014, Obama ya nemi izinin Majalisa na dala biliyan 0.5 don horarwa, makamai da goyan bayan da aka tantance 'yan bindigar Siriya masu 'yanci a matsayin masu adawa da gwamnatin Assad da IS. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2014, Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don ba da izini ga shawarar horarwa da ba da makamai masu goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Syria na Yamma, da manufar horar da sojoji 5,000-10,000.Hadaddiyar kungiyar 'yan adawa ta kasar Syria ta yi maraba da sanarwar da Obama ya yi na tsawaita kai hare-haren bama-bamai a Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa: Kasar Burtaniya ta sanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2015 cewa, za ta tura sojoji 75 da za su taimaka wajen horar da 'yan ta'addar 'yantar da 'yan ta'adda daga kasashen Yamma a kan amfani da kananan makamai, dabarun yaki da kuma kwararrun likitoci. Ya kamata a gudanar da horon a Turkiyya a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin da Amurka ke yi. A cewar ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka, Saudiyya ta ba da shawarar bayar da horo ga 'yan tawayen Siriya domin su koma Siriya su yi yaki da ISIL.Kokarin horar da dimbin dakarun ‘yan tawayen Syria daga bangarorin da ke adawa da Assad don yakar ISIL daga karshe ya ci tura, inda mayaka 54 ne kawai a cikin shiyya ta 30 suka samu horon da aka kama, an kashe ko kuma ba a fada ba. ===Hare-hare na kasa da kasa da dama=== Shugaban Amurka Obama ya sanar a ranar 10 ga Satumbar 2014 cewa zai fara tsawaita yakin jiragen sama zuwa Syria ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba. Yawancin Sanatoci sun yi adawa da manufofin Obama na shiga tsakani ba tare da neman izinin majalisa ba. da Obama ya amince da babban ra'ayi da jami'an leken asirin Amurka suka yi na cewa IS ba "barazana ba ce" ga Amurka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa IS barazana ce ga Amurka a nan gaba, yana mai nuni da kalaman kyamar Amirka na shugabancin IS.Jagorancin Pentagon ya fi son shigar da takalman Amurka don yakar IS, amma Obama ya ki amincewa da hakan, wanda a maimakon haka ya fi son yin aiki tare da sojojin Iraki Ground, Peshmerga da mayakan 'yan adawa na Syria.Tun daga ranar 22 ga Satumbar 2014, Amurka, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun fara kai hare-hare da yawa ta sama kan mayakan ISIL a Siriya tare da mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai, da makami mai linzami na Tomahawk na teku. Hare-haren dai shi ne hare-haren bama-bamai mafi girma da aka kaddamar kan mayakan IS tun bayan da Amurka ta kaddamar da yakinta na yaki da IS a watan Agustan 2014. Tun daga ranar 22 ga Satumbar 2014, Amurka, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun fara kai hare-hare da yawa ta sama kan mayakan ISIL a Siriya tare da mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai, da makami mai linzami na Tomahawk na teku. Hare-haren su ne hare-haren bama-bamai mafi girma da aka kaddamar kan mayakan IS tun bayan da Amurka ta kaddamar da yakinta na yaki da IS a watan Agustan 2014. Hadi al-Bahra shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa ta dakarun juyin juya hali da 'yan adawar kasar Syria ya bayyana cewa, hare-haren ya zama wajibi domin taimakawa al'ummar kasar Syria yakin da suke yi da kungiyar ISIL, ya kuma bukaci dakarun hadin gwiwa da su kaucewa hasarar rayukan fararen hula. Amurka ta yi watsi da duk wani hadin kai da Bashar al-Assad a yakin da ake yi da IS, a maimakon haka ta yi gargadi ga sojojin Syria da su fice daga cikin jiragen kawancen. Mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka Jen Psaki ta bayyana cewa, ba a bayar da sanarwa ga gwamnatin Assad dangane da ayyukan Amurka a sararin samaniyar Siriya ba. Bugu da kari, a daren farko, sojojin Amurka sun kuma kaddamar da harin makami mai linzami guda takwas kan Khorasan mai alaka da al-Qaeda.Yawancin hare-hare ta sama an mayar da hankali ne kan kwamandojin IS da wuraren sarrafawa, sansanonin horarwa, wuraren samar da kayayyaki, wuraren sojoji da sauransu a cikin Raqqa da kewaye. Ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare a Syria a kullum. A farkon watan Nuwamba a farkon Disamba na 2014, Amurka ta kaddamar da karin hare-hare ta sama a kan wannan rukuni. A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Maroko ta aika 3 F-16s da za a tura a UAE, don yakar ISIL a Iraki da Siriya karkashin jagorancin Amurka.A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2014, ISIL ta harbo wani jirgin yakin Jordan a kan Syria tare da kama matukinsa, Laftanar Muath Al-Kasasbeh. An yi tayin Al-Kasabeh ne domin musanya mayakan ISIL da aka kama. Jordan tayi tayin yin musayar, amma ta bukaci "tabbacin rayuwa" da farko. Duk da haka, an riga an kashe Al-Kasabeh ta hanyar lalata. A lokacin da aka fitar da bidiyon yadda matukin jirgin ya yi kisa, an dage dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a kasar Jordan, sannan aka zartar da hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kungiyar Al-Qaida, Sajida al-Rishawi da Ziad al-Karbouli. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2015, an kai hari tare da kashe mayakan ISIL uku, biyu da ke da ‘yan kasar Burtaniya a Raqqa, Syria, ta hanyar wani hari da wani jirgin saman Birtaniya na Royal Air Force MQ-9 Reaper ya kai. Firayim Minista [[David Cameron]] ya ba da sanarwa ga majalisar dokokin kasar cewa daya daga cikin 'yan Burtaniyan da aka kai hari yana shirya kai hare-hare a Burtaniya. An kashe wani dan kasar Birtaniya a wani hari ta sama da sojojin Amurka suka kai a Raqqa a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta. A watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2015, Amurka ta tsananta kai hare-hare ta sama a kan cibiyoyin mai da ISIL ke rike da su a wani aiki mai suna "Tidal Wave II", bayan yakin duniya na biyu kan man Axis a Romania. Dabarun na Amurka da nufin "kashe takamaiman kayan aiki na tsawon watanni shida zuwa shekara" ta hanyar mai da hankali kan wuraren da ke kusa da Deir el-Zour. Rijiyar mai na Omar, wadda ta samar da ganga 30,000 na mai a kowace rana da dala miliyan 1.7 zuwa dala miliyan 5.1 a duk wata na samun kudin shiga, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, wanda ya rage shi zuwa kusan kashi uku na karfinsa. Jiragen saman Faransa ma sun shiga cikin hare-haren.A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015, wani jirgin yakin Amurka na Operation Tidal Wave II ya lalata tankokin mai guda 116 na ISIL da ke kusa da Abu Kamal, wani birni da ke kan iyakar Syria da Iraki. Hudu A-10 Thunderbolt IIs da bindigogin AC-130 Specter guda biyu sun shiga cikin harin. Kafin kai farmaki kan manyan motocin, jiragen sun gudanar da wasu ƙananan matakai, 'nuna ƙarfi'. A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar amincewa (397 zuwa 223) don ba da izinin kai hare-hare ta sama a Siriya.A cikin sa'o'i kadan ne jiragen saman RAF Tornado suka kai hare-hare ta sama, inda suka kai hari kan rijiyoyin mai na Omar da ke gabashin Siriya, wadanda ke karkashin ikon ISIL. An yi amfani da jiragen sama na Tornado GR-4 don sa ido sannan kuma wasu guguwa guda shida sun bar RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland don hada karfi da karfe a RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus.A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2015 Jamus ta shiga tsakani don mayar da martani game da harin na Nuwamba 2015 na Paris ta hanyar aika jirgin ruwa na Augsburg (F213) da Panavia Tornado jirgin saman leken asiri zuwa yankin. Augsburg ta kammala aikinta na farko a cikin Maris 2016, ta sake turawa a watan Satumba kuma ta kammala aikinta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2016. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2016, Netherlands ta sanar da aniyarta na fadada ayyukanta na kai hare-hare ta sama zuwa Siriya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Yaƙi]] l6yjybfpenxovs6zo6s4ndppuell3ph 0 92758 890631 816002 2026-08-02T12:48:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Մարգարիտ_Բարանկիցե_(2).JPG|thumb|Barankitse in [[Yerevan]] at Matenadaran, a lokacin panel Aurora Dialogues, kafin bikin Aurora Prize bikin.]] [[Fayil:Marguerite_Barankitse_2017_stamp_of_Armenia.jpg|thumb|Barankitse akan tambarin Armenian 2017]] '''Marguerite "Maggie" Barankitse''' ( '''an haife ta''' a shekara ta 1957 a Ruyigi, lardin Ruyigi, a kasar [[Burundi]] ) 'yar gwagwarmayar ce, ta kasar Burundi ne da ke aiki don inganta jin dadin yara da kuma kalubalantar wariyar launin fata a [[Burundi]] . Bayan ceto yara 25 daga [[Kisan Kiyashi|kisan kiyashi]], an tilasta mata ta ga rigingimu tsakanin [[Hutu]] da [[Tutsi]] a kasarta a shekarar 1993. Ta kafa Maison Shalom, wani matsuguni da ke ba da damar kula da lafiya, ilimi, da al'adu ga yara marayu sama da 20,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/burundis-great-mother-mag_b_3813440 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Domin ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da wa'adi na uku ga shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza, tana gudun hijira . A cikin shekaru 26 da ta tana aiki a Burundi, Maison Shalom ya girma zuwa babbar hanyar sadarwa ta makarantu, asibitoci, da sabis na kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Manufarta ita ce inganta rayuwar yaran kasar Burundi, ta hanyar hada kai da ci gaba mai dorewa tare da babban burin samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa a kasar. Sai dai kuma a shekarar 2015 aka tilastawa Barankitse tserewa daga kasarta, kuma Maison Shalom ya fada cikin rikicin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Conflict Tracker l Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |language=en}}</ref> Nisa daga mika kai, Barankitse ta mayar da hankalinta kuma ta yanke shawarar sadaukar da dukkan karfinta don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi fiye da 90,000 a [[Ruwanda]] . A cikin 2017, ta buɗe Cibiyar Al'umma ta Oasis of Peace a [[Kigali]] don taimakawa 'yan makaranta, ba da tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga azabtarwa da fyade, da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, horar da sana'a, al'adu, da samun kudin shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kantengwa |first=Sharon |date=2017-09-03 |title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> Ta bayyana cewa hangen nesanta ita ce ta sanya [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] a cikin 'yan gudun hijira don ci gaba da burinsu: "Mugunta ba ta da kalma ta ƙarshe - Ƙauna kullum tana cin nasara." Barabkitse ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Juan Maria Bandres don 'Yancin Mafaka, da Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Gwamnatin Faransa (duka 1998), Kyautar Yara ta Duniya (2003), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maggy Barankitse - World's Children's Prize |url=https://worldschildrensprize.org/maggy-barankitse |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=worldschildrensprize.org}}</ref> Kyautar 'Yanci huɗu (Yanci Daga So), Kyautar Muryar Jajircewa na Hukumar Mata da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 40 ( <ref>{{Cite web |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards |url=http://rooseveltinstitute.org/fdr-four-freedoms-awards-1/}}</ref> Kyautar (2005), Kyautar Opus (2008), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marguerite "Maggy" Barankitse |url=http://www.opusprize.org/maggy-barankitse/}}</ref> Kyautar [[UNESCO]] (duka 2008), Kyautar Rigakafin Rikici (2011), da Kyautar Aurora don Farkawa Bil Adama (2016). == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Marguerite "Maggie" Barankitse a shekara ta 1957 a Ruyigi, Gabas-Burundi, daya daga cikin yankuna mafi talauci na kasar. A cikin al'adun Tutsi, ta kasance malama a makarantar sakandare ta yankin amma an kore ta saboda zanga-zangar da ta yi na nuna wariya tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi a fagen. Sai ta tafi aiki a matsayin sakatare na bishop na Katolika a Ruyigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nekita |date=2017-06-04 |title=Extraordinary Women: Celebrating Marguerite Barankitse 'Angel of Burundi' |url=https://nekitaink.wordpress.com/2017/06/04/extraordinary-women-celebrating-marguerite-barankitse-angel-of-burundi/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Nekita ink |language=en}}</ref> Duk da tashe-tashen hankula da ake ta fama da su, Barankitse ta yi mafarkin samun jituwar kabilanci ta hanyar daukar yara bakwai: Hutu hudu da Tutsi uku. Yayin da rikici ya barke tsakanin kabilun biyu bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa zababben shugaban kasar Burundi na farko ta hanyar dimokuradiyya, wata kungiyar Tutsi da ke dauke da makamai ta kai wa Ruyigi hari a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1993, don kashe 'yan kabilar Hutu da ke boye a gidan Bishop din. Barankitse ya yi nasarar boye yawancin yaran amma mayakan sun kama su. Sun yi mata dukan tsiya da wulakanci, suka tilasta mata kallon kisan ’yan Hutu 72, amma ta ki gaya musu inda aka boye yaran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Courage of Giving Refuge: Marguerite Barankitse |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/events/barankitse/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Contending Modernities |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarshe, an kare ta ne kawai saboda al'adun Tutsi. Bayan bala'in ne Barankitse ta tattara 'ya'yanta da ta yi reno da marayun da suka tsira ta boye su a wata makaranta da ke kusa. Yayin da yara ke neman matsuguni da ita, ta yanke shawarar kafa wata karamar kungiya mai zaman kanta : Maison Shalom, House of Peace. Gidanta yana buɗewa ga yara daga kowane ƙabila: Tutsi, Hutu, da Twa . Ta kira su "Ya'yana Hutsitwa", kuma suna kiranta ''Oma'' (ko "kaka" a Jamusanci). A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, Maison Shalom a Ruyigi yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare a Burundi inda Hutus da Tutsis suka zauna cikin jituwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-27 |title=Marguerite Barankitse, l'harmonie entre les peuples |url=https://www.psychologies.com/Planete/Portraits-de-femmes/Portraits/Marguerite-Barankitse-l-harmonie-entre-les-peuples |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Psychologies.com, psychologie, mieux se connaître pour mieux vivre sa vie {{!}} Psychologies.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Tun daga abubuwan da suka faru na 1993, yara da matasa sama da 20,000 sun amfana daga Maison Shalom. Kafin rikicin na Burundi a halin yanzu, kungiyar ta dauki sama da mutane 270 aiki, da suka hada da ma'aikatan jinya, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, da malamai wadanda suka aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman ga yaran. A watan Afrilun 2016, Barankitse ya yi magana game da wa'adi na uku na Shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza kuma ya shiga zanga-zangar matasa na yin tir da shi. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta mata ta ɓoye tsawon wata guda a ofishin jakadanci a [[Bujumbura]] . Daga ƙarshe, sai ta gudu; gwamnati na da sunanta a jerin wadanda suka mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-04-25 |title=George Clooney remet le prix Aurora à la Burundaise Marguerite Barankitse |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160425-armenie-humanitaire-burundi-barankitse-marguerite-prix-aurora-erevan-clooney |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Barankitse ta sami kanta 'yar gudun hijira. == Maison Shalom in Burundi == A cikin kaka na 1993, bayan kisan Melchior Ndadaye, zababben shugaban kasar Burundi na farko (dan Hutu), yakin basasar Burundi ya fara da kisan kiyashi a duk fadin kasar. A lardin Ruyigi, bala'i ya afku a ranar 24 ga Oktoba. Domin daukar fansa kan kisan da aka yi wa ‘yan kabilarsu, Tutsi na farautar ‘yan kabilar Hutu na garin, wadanda ke boye a gine-ginen cocin. Barankitse, ’yar Tutsi, ita ma tana can, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi shawara da ƙungiyar Tutsi don kada su yi tashin hankali. Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinta ya ci tura: Sun yanke shawarar ɗaure ta a kan kujera kuma suka tilasta mata kallon yadda aka kashe abokanta 72. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan kisan kiyashin, yaran wadanda aka kashe sun fara fitowa daga maboyarsu. A ranar, Barankitse ta ce, ta fahimci cewa aikinta zai kasance yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da ke addabar kasarta ta hanyar ba wa wadannan yaran, da kuma 20,000 da za su biyo baya, madadin kiyayya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=Fundadora de Maison Shalom pide a Europa que deje de pagar guerras en África |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180220/44938890469/fundadora-de-maison-shalom-pide-a-europa-que-deje-de-pagar-guerras-en-africa.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> A cikin bala'in da ke faruwa, labari ya bazu cikin sauri game da "mahaukaciyar mace ta Ruyigi" wacce ta kuskura ta dauki duk marayun da suka zo wurinta, ba ta hana kowa ba. Twa, Hutu, Tutsi: Barankitse bai bambanta ba. Barankitse ya fara tattara yara marayu 25 na kisan kiyashin Ruyigi. Tare da taimakon kawaye na Turai da Burundi, ta shirya wata hanyar sadarwa da ke ba da kulawa ga yawan yara. <ref>Christel Martin, La Haine n'aura pas le dernier mot : Maggy, la femme aux 10 000 enfants, Paris, Albin Michel, October 2005, 47-48-90-102 p. ({{ISBN|2-226158588}})</ref> A cikin watan Mayu 1994, bishop na Roman Katolika na Ruyigi, Bishop Joseph Nduhirubusa ya amince da canza tsohuwar makaranta zuwa wurin ajiyar yara da ake kira 'Maison Shalom'. Yaran sun sanya wa suna, don tunawa da wata waka da aka ji a gidan rediyo a lokacin, kuma saboda kalmar "zaman lafiya" a Kirundi ta kasance cikin kayan aiki da ƙazantar da su daga maharan daga bangarorin biyu na rikicin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom |url=https://www.peresblancs.org/maison_shalom.htm |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.peresblancs.org}}</ref> Maison Shalom ya fi mayar da hankali kan yara, ciki har da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara soja]], marayu, yara da aka yanke, da kuma yara kanana a kurkuku. Duk da haka, ayyukansa sun kasance ga al'umma baki daya, yana da tasiri ba kawai ga rayuwar marayu ba, har ma da duk yankin da zai iya samun damar yin amfani da shi. Ba da jimawa ba ayyukan Maison Shalom ya fadada zuwa wasu garuruwa kamar Butezi da Gizuru, inda Barankitse ya bude wasu matsugunan yara. A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, abin da kawai mafaka ne na neman kare marayu daga bangarorin biyu bayan yakin basasa, ya girma ya zama ƙauye gaba ɗaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-22 |title=Maggy Barankitse Built A Village And Saved Thousands of Children |url=https://www.africa.com/maggy-barankitse-built-a-village/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.africa.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya haɗa da banki, gidan cin abinci, Asibitin REMA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=20 ans de la Maison Shalom : « Aujourd'hui, nous célébrons la victoire de l'amour sur la haine ! » |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.iwacu-burundi.org |archive-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629085840/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ruyigi-maison-shalom-victoire-amour-sur-haine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> otal, kantin sayar da kayayyaki, cibiyar sarrafa kayan aiki don koyon dinki da lissafi, makarantar horar da kanikanci, wurin shakatawa, har ma da gidan sinima. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ActionAid International |url=https://actionaid.org/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=actionaid.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:REMA_Hospital_built_by_Maison_Shalom_in_Burundi.jpg|thumb|Asibitin REMA wanda Maison Shalom ya gina a Burundi]] Yawancin ayyukan sun kasance tsare-tsare na samar da kudaden shiga da matasan da kansu suka gudanar, kamar gidan bako, sinima, wurin bitar mota, da makamantansu. Lokacin da suka sami 'yancin kai, matasan da Maison Shalom ya tallafa musu sun sami ƙaramin gida da fili. A shekara ta 2004 kimanin yara 20,000 ne suka amfana da taimakon Barankitse, kai tsaye ko a fakaice. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maison des Anges le site de l'association en France pour la Maison Shalom au Burundi |url=http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101128/http://www.maison-des-anges.org/maisonshalom/historique/historique2004.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2006-02-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-27 |title=Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/burundis-great-mother-mag_b_3813440 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an gina sama da gidaje 300 na yara da matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 4 zuwa 20. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta kuma taimaka wa ‘yan gudun hijira na cikin gida da kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar Burundi da suka dawo don komawa Ruyigi tare da gano ‘yan uwansu da suka bace. Barankitse ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], inda ya kafa ayyukan ba da shawara don inganta rigakafin cutar kanjamau. Ita da ma’aikatanta sun kula da yara sama da 100 da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau da aka yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi marayu. Barankitse ya kuma fara wani shiri na taimaka wa matasan da ke daure. An haifi wasu yaran a gidan yari, kuma ta yi aikin nemo musu rayuwa mai inganci, ta hanyar ilimi da gida a wajen gidan yari. Tawagar ta ta ci gaba da inganta harkar noma tare da kafa aikin samar da kudi don baiwa iyaye damar bunkasa kananan sana’o’i. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MFC |date=2023-06-28 |title=Les maisons d'orphelins de Maggy |url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/2011/10/26/les-maisons-dorphelins-de-maggy-EYSPRYJDQJHS7BN325VNJSM2VY/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Libre.be |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2015, duk da haka, duk abin da ya fadi . Gwamnatin Burundi ta fara murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da shugaba Nkurunziza. Dubban 'yan Burundi sun fara gudu zuwa Rwanda, [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ko DRC. Barankitse ya yi zanga-zangar, ya kula da matasan da suka jikkata, ya kuma ciyar da wadanda ke kurkuku. Amma a watan Yunin 2015, Barankitse da kanta aka tilastawa guduwa. A Burundi, akwai farashi a kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-09-12 |title=Marguerite Barankitse, la « Maman nationale » du Burundi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/hebdo/20140912-burundi-portrait-marguerite-barankitse-maman-nationale-societe-civile |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> == Maison Shalom Rwanda da Cibiyar Al'umma Oasis of Peace == Barankitse ta ki yin zamanta a Turai cikin kwanciyar hankali, kuma ta yanke shawarar sadaukar da karfinta don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi fiye da 90,000 a Ruwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation Burundi Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=data2.unhcr.org}}</ref> Ta fara da gwaninta: ilimi. Ta yi gwagwarmayar neman ilimi ga yara da daliban jami'a a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-22 |title=Marguerite Barankitse: "Cuando perdonas, curas el mundo" |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180223/44984326969/marguerite-barankitse-burundi-maison-shalom.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Ta sanya yara 126 a makarantun gaba da sakandare, 160 a makarantar sakandare, kuma ta sami guraben karatu na 353 ga ɗaliban 'yan gudun hijira na matakin jami'a don shiga jami'o'in Rwanda, da guraben karatu 10 ga mafi kyawun ɗalibai don yin karatu a jami'o'i a ƙasashen waje. A watan Mayun 2017, Barankitse ya buɗe Cibiyar Aminci ta Community Center Oasis of Peace ga yaran makaranta, yana ba da tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga waɗanda aka azabtar da su da fyade, da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, horar da sana'o'i, al'adu, da samar da kuɗin shiga. Cibiyar tana ba da darussa iri-iri da suka haɗa da cikin harshen Ingilishi, fasahar dafa abinci, ɗinki, ɗinki, da zane. Har ila yau, yana da gidan cin abinci kuma yana da kayan aiki ta hanyar yanar gizo tare da kwamfutoci masu haɗin Intanet don bincike da horar da kwamfuta. Kimanin mutane 200 ne ke zuwa Cibiyar a kowace rana kuma suna amfana da ayyuka daban-daban da Maison Shalom ke bayarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kantengwa |first=Sharon |date=2017-09-03 |title=Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/143824/Lifestyle/oasis-of-peace-giving-burundian-refugees-new-lease-of-life |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> Maison Shalom ya nemi taimakon ‘yan gudun hijira musamman ma matasa da ke gudun hijira domin su rayu cikin mutunci, don amfani da lokacin gudun hijira wajen karfafawa da kuma gafartawa wadanda suka tilasta musu barin kasarsu ta asali. [[Fayil:Elite_Center_of_Maison_Shalom_at_Mahama_refugee_camp_in_Rwanda.jpg|thumb]] == Mahama Elite Center a Mahama Refugee Camp == Tun daga shekarar 2015, sama da 'yan Burundi 430,000 ne aka tilastawa yin hijira tare da neman mafaka a kasashe makwabta kamar Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation Burundi Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=data2.unhcr.org}}</ref> A cikin su, fiye da 90,000 suna Rwanda, wanda 58,000 ke zaune a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Mahama . Ana ɗaukar wannan sansanin a matsayin misali na kula da 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Don tallafawa 'yan gudun hijirar da ke zaune a wurin, Maison Shalom ya bude Cibiyar Mahama Elite a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018. Wannan cibiyar horarwa ta shirya don ba da horon sana'a da aikin yi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi a sansanin. Aikin zai baiwa matasa damar inganta rayuwarsu amma kuma za su karfafa sana’o’insu. == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == [[Fayil:Burgos_-_Murales_pacifistas_del_Colegio_Santa_María_la_Nueva_y_San_José_Artesano_03.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Graffiti na Marguerite Barankitse a Burgos, Spain]] Iyakar abin da ta yi, da kuma yadda ta kare dukkan yara ba tare da la'akari da asalinsu ba, [[Tutsi]] ko [[Hutu]], ya kawo yabo ga Maggy daga ko'ina cikin duniya: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gouby |first=Melanie |date=8 August 2016 |title=After rescuing 20,000 Burundian orphans, Marguerite Barankitse forges on in exile |url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/08/after-rescuing-20000-burundian-orphans-marguerite-barankitse-forges-on-in-exile/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW}}</ref> * 1998 : Kyautar 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi. – Liberté – Egalité – Fraternité * 2000 : Kyautar Arewa-Kudu daga Majalisar Turai * 2000 : kofin jarumta da kungiyar Africa International na wata-wata ke bayarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maggy et la Maison Shalom {{!}} Maison Shalom |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.maisonshalom.org/fr/34/maggy-et-la-maison-shalom#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> * 2003 : Kyautar Yara ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Yara * 2004 : Kyautar Muryar Jajircewa ta Hukumar Mata da Yara 'Yan Gudun Hijira * 2004 : lambar yabo ta Nansen 'yan gudun hijira * 2008 : Kyautar Opus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laureates – Champions for Faith-Filled Change |url=http://www.opusprize.org/laureates/ |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=Opus Prize}}</ref> * 2008 : Kyautar UNESCO * A cikin watan Yunin 2009, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa na Luxembourg, [[UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children|Babban Mashawarcin UNICEF ga Yara]], ya ziyarci Maison Shalom a ziyarar da ya kai Burundi. A cikin Oktoba 2011, Grand Duchess ya yi maraba da Marguerite Barankitse zuwa Luxembourg don buɗe nunin hoto don tallafawa Maison Shalom. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-02 |title=wort.lu {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Im Gefängnis wegen einer Ziege |url=http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102060301/http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/letzebuerg/artikel/2011/10/166114/im-gefaengnis-wegen-einer-ziege.php |archive-date=2012-01-02 |access-date=2023-06-29}}</ref> * A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2011, Barankitse <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marguerite Barankitse, Laureate of the 2011 the Fondation Chirac Prize |url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/10/laureate-of-the-2011-prize-for-conflict-prevention/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Fondation Chirac}}</ref> ya sami [[Fondation Chirac Prize for Conflict Prevention|lambar yabo ta rigakafin rikice-rikice]] daga hannun [[Kofi Annan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Marguerite Barankitse, 2011 Laureate of the Fondation Chirac Prize |url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/2011/11/video-marguerite-barankitse-2011-laureate-of-the-fondation-chirac-prize |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Fondation Chirac}}</ref> An ba da lambar yabo ta Rigakafin Rikici kowace shekara ta Fondation Chirac, wanda tsohon shugaban Faransa [[Jacques Chirac]] ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2008 . * A cikin 2011 Barankitse ya sami kyautar ɗan jarida ''Golden Doves for Peace'' wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Italiya Archivio Disarmo ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422180003/https://www.archiviodisarmo.it/images/pdf/list.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> * A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2016, Marguerite ya sami kyautar $ 1.1 miliyan Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity, lambar yabo da aka ba wa masu ba da agaji don tunawa da [[Armenian genocide|kisan kare dangi na Armenia]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Calling to Love |url=https://auroraprize.com/en/calling-love |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=auroraprize.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lk8ubo4xfwr0jj2049e5ou8so964obj 0 95691 890887 676138 2026-08-03T09:40:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Betty Jo "BJ" Casey''' Masaniyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce ta Amurka kuma gwana ce kan Ci gaban kwakwalwa matasa da kuma kula da kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Highlights Strengths Of Adolescent Brain |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/10/22/163378348/research-highlights-strengths-of-adolescent-brain |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce Christina L. Williams Farfesa na Neuroscience a Barnard College of Columbia inda take jagorantar Tushen Zuciya (FAB) Lab kuma Farfesa ce mai alaƙa da Justice Collaboratory a Yale Law School, Jami'ar Yale.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FABLAB {{!}} Barnard College |url=https://fablab.neuroscience.barnard.edu/ |access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> Casey ta yi aiki a kan allon ba da shawara na kasa da kasa da yawa kuma ta sami girmamawa da kyaututtuka da yawa don bincikenta na kimiyya waɗanda aka nuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa kamar National Geographic, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-01 |title=Teenage Brains |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/10/beautiful-brains/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510040603/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/10/beautiful-brains/ |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Time, da ''NPR''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding The Mysterious Teenage Brain |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/20/140637115/understanding-the-mysterious-teenage-brain |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Teen Brain: Half Baked or Well Done? |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/support-our-science/programs-events/teen-brain/ |access-date=2020-08-07 |website=Support our science |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters: Science And Religion, And The Teenage Brain |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/27/140849081/letters-science-and-religion-and-the-teenage-brain |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa. == An haifi Casey a Kinston, North Carolina kuma ta girma a wani karamin gonar iyali. Ita ce ta farko a cikin iyalinta da ta sami digiri na gaba, ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian da kuma digirin digirinta a fannin halayyar ɗan adam da halayyar halayyar mutum daga Jami'an Kudancin Carolina. A lokacin da ta yi aiki a postdoctoral fellowship a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa, Casey ta koyi game da hotunan magnetic resonance (fMRI), wanda ya ba da haske game da kwakwalwar mutum mai aiki ba tare da mamayewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=lukascorey |date=2019-10-28 |title=BJ Casey — Biography |url=https://proftalk.io/2019/10/28/bj-casey-biography/ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=ProfTalk |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929105834/https://proftalk.io/2019/10/28/bj-casey-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka yi amfani da fMRI a cikin yara, wanda ya kafa tushe don sabon filin karatu: ci gaban ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B.J. |last2=Cohen |first2=Jonathan D. |last3=Jezzard |first3=Peter |last4=Turner |first4=Robert |last5=Noll |first5=Douglas C. |last6=Trainor |first6=Rolf J. |last7=Giedd |first7=Jay |last8=Kaysen |first8=Debra |last9=Hertz-Pannier |first9=Lucy |last10=Rapoport |first10=Judith L. |date=September 1995 |title=Activation of Prefrontal Cortex in Children during a Nonspatial Working Memory Task with Functional MRI |journal=NeuroImage |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1006/nimg.1995.1029 |pmid=9343606 |s2cid=7257192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B.J. |last2=Davidson |first2=Matthew |last3=Rosen |first3=Bruce |date=August 2002 |title=Functional magnetic resonance imaging: basic principles of and application to developmental science |journal=Developmental Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=301–309 |doi=10.1111/1467-7687.00370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munakata |first=Yuko |last2=Casey |first2=B.J. |last3=Diamond |first3=Adele |date=March 2004 |title=Developmental cognitive neuroscience: progress and potential |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=122–128 |citeseerx=10.1.1.511.7524 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.005 |pmid=15301752 |s2cid=2628973}}</ref> Bayan ta postdoc, ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh kuma mai ba da gudummawa a Jami'ar Princeton. <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Casey CV 2020 |url=http://fablab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/cv/Casey.CV_.2020.pdf |access-date= |website= }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga nan ne Michael Posner ya dauki ta aiki don jagorantar Cibiyar Sackler don Ci gaban Ilimin Halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autobiographical Chapters |url=https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-neuroscience/autobiographical-chapters |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=www.sfn.org |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ta rike mukamin farfesa da farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a fannin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar kwakwalwa a Weill Cornell Medicine da kuma mai binciken ziyara a Jami'ar Rockefeller .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey, BJ |url=http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-bjc2002 |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=vivo.med.cornell.edu}}</ref> Casey ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Shirin Digiri na Neuroscience a Weill Cornell na tsawon shekaru biyar. A cikin 2016, Casey ya koma Jami'ar Yale a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Ilimin Halitta, farfesa mai alaƙa da Shirin Neuroscience na Yale School of Medicine kuma farfesa mai haɗin gwiwa na Justice Collaboratory a Yale Law School. Casey ta koma New York a 2022, a matsayin Farfesa Christina L. Williams na Neuroscience a Barnard College of Columbia inda a halin yanzu ke jagorantar Laboratory na Tushen Matasa (FAB). <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSB Department |url=https://neuroscience.barnard.edu/people |access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> Casey ya yi aiki a kan kwamitocin ba da shawara da yawa na kasa, gami da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH) Kwamitin Masu ba da shawara na Kimiyya da Majalisar NIMH, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Bincike kan Schizophrenia & Depression (NARSAD), Kwamitin Bawa don Shirin Haɗin Kai na Mutum - Nazarin Rayuwa, Kwamitin Bincike na Kasa kan Yara, da Kwamitin Bindun Kula da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa a Kwalejin Kasa kan Kimiyya ta Kasa, Yin Halin Matasa, Yin Yin Yin Yin Halin Shari'a da Halin Matashi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FABLAB {{!}} Barnard College |url=https://fablab.neuroscience.barnard.edu/ |access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-31 |title=BJ Casey, Ph.D. |url=https://www.bbrfoundation.org/about/people/bj-casey-phd |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Brain & Behavior Research Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike. ==   Casey yana daya daga cikin masana kimiyya da aka fi ambaton su a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:developmental_neuroscience |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> tare da littattafai sama da 235 da kuma fiye da 70,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BJ Casey, Ph.D. - Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=OQQzJnsAAAAJ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> A cikin aikinta, aikinta ya kunshi batutuwa da yawa a duk faɗin ci gaban ɗan adam daga kulawa ta gani a cikin jarirai, zuwa ci gaban matasa, da kuma canjin da ya biyo baya zuwa farkon balaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drew |first=Amy |date=2019-04-30 |title=Deficit or Development? |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/casey-keynote |journal=APS Observer |language=en-US |volume=32 |issue=5}}</ref> Baya ga amfani da fMRI don bincika kwakwalwa ta al'ada da kuma ci gaban halayyar, Casey ta yi nazarin mutane da beraye masu canza kwayar halitta a cikin bincikenta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soliman |first=F. |last2=Glatt |first2=C. E. |last3=Bath |first3=K. G. |last4=Levita |first4=L. |last5=Jones |first5=R. M. |last6=Pattwell |first6=S. S. |last7=Jing |first7=D. |last8=Tottenham |first8=N. |last9=Amso |first9=D. |last10=Somerville |first10=L. H. |last11=Voss |first11=H. U. |last12=Glover |first12=G. |last13=Ballon |first13=D. J. |last14=Liston |first14=C. |last15=Teslovich |first15=T. |date=12 February 2010 |title=A Genetic Variant BDNF Polymorphism Alters Extinction Learning in Both Mouse and Human |journal=Science |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=863–866 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..863S |doi=10.1126/science.1181886 |pmc=2829261 |pmid=20075215}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun nuna irin wannan alamu na halayyar da aikin kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga a cikin jinsuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattwell |first=Siobhan S. |last2=Duhoux |first2=Stéphanie |last3=Hartley |first3=Catherine A. |last4=Johnson |first4=David C. |last5=Jing |first5=Deqiang |last6=Elliott |first6=Mark D. |last7=Ruberry |first7=Erika J. |last8=Powers |first8=Alisa |last9=Mehta |first9=Natasha |last10=Yang |first10=Rui R. |last11=Soliman |first11=Fatima |last12=Glatt |first12=Charles E. |last13=Casey |first13=B. J. |last14=Ninan |first14=Ipe |last15=Lee |first15=Francis S. |date=2 October 2012 |title=Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=40 |pages=16318–16323 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10916318P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206834109 |pmc=3479553 |pmid=22988092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Casey ya ba da shawarar wani shahararren samfurin neurobiology na matasa da aka sani da rashin daidaituwa, ka'idar tushe don yawancin nazarin kimiyyar kwakwalwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B.J. |last2=Getz |first2=Sarah |last3=Galvan |first3=Adriana |date=March 2008 |title=The adolescent brain |journal=Developmental Review |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=62–77 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003 |pmc=2500212 |pmid=18688292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B.J. |last2=Jones |first2=Rebecca M. |last3=Levita |first3=Liat |last4=Libby |first4=Victoria |last5=Pattwell |first5=Siobhan S. |last6=Ruberry |first6=Erika J. |last7=Soliman |first7=Fatima |last8=Somerville |first8=Leah H. |date=2010 |title=The storm and stress of adolescence: Insights from human imaging and mouse genetics |journal=Developmental Psychobiology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=225–35 |doi=10.1002/dev.20447 |pmc=2850961 |pmid=20222060}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Teen Brain in a Grown-up World |url=https://www.brainfacts.org:443/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/childhood-and-adolescence/2019/the-teen-brain-in-a-grown-up-world-041919 |access-date=2020-08-07 |website=www.brainfacts.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya nuna cewa canje-canje masu ƙarfi a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa da aiki a lokacin ƙuruciya suna haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin yadda yankunan kwakwalwa ke sadarwa wanda ke tasiri ga halayen motsin rai da tsari a lokacin ƙwarewa, dangi ga matakan ci gaba na baya da na baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B. J. |date=3 January 2015 |title=Beyond Simple Models of Self-Control to Circuit-Based Accounts of Adolescent Behavior |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=295–319 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015156 |pmid=25089362}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar marigayi Walter Mischel, Casey ya yi nazarin mahalarta na asali na Mischel na 1972, Stanford Bing Nursery School "Marshmallow Experiment" shekaru 40 bayan haka. Binciken binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin kame kai da aka gani a farkon ƙuruciya na iya zama tsinkaya game da matakai na motsawa da sarrafa hankali a cikin manya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B. J. |last2=Somerville |first2=L. H. |last3=Gotlib |first3=I. H. |last4=Ayduk |first4=O. |last5=Franklin |first5=N. T. |last6=Askren |first6=M. K. |last7=Jonides |first7=J. |last8=Berman |first8=M. G. |last9=Wilson |first9=N. L. |last10=Teslovich |first10=T. |last11=Glover |first11=G. |last12=Zayas |first12=V. |last13=Mischel |first13=W. |last14=Shoda |first14=Y. |date=29 August 2011 |title=Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=36 |pages=14998–15003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1108561108 |pmc=3169162 |pmid=21876169 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin da Casey ta yi shekaru 15 a matsayin darakta na Cibiyar Sackler don Ci gaban Ilimin Halitta, ta haɓaka sanannen sunan cibiyar a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology {{!}} Weill Cornell Medicine |url=https://weill.cornell.edu/units/sackler-institute-developmental-psychobiology |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=weill.cornell.edu}}</ref> ta kawo horo da yawa da tallafin cibiyar daga Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, Asusun John Merck, Gidaunin Dana, da Gidauniyar MacArthur. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Casey CV 2020 |url=http://fablab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/cv/Casey.CV_.2020.pdf |access-date= |website=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Daga cikin wadannan akwai tallafin kusan dala miliyan 10 daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=New Sackler Foundation Gift Enhances Brain Research at Weill Cornell Medical College |url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2012/04/new-sackler-foundation-gift-enhances-brain-research-at-weill-cornell-medical-college |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=WCM Newsroom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Landmark Study Investigates Substance Use and Adolescent Brain Development |url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2015/10/landmark-study-investigates-substance-use-and-adolescent-brain-development |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=WCM Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> Daga 2008 zuwa 2013, daya daga cikin wadannan kyaututtuka ya ba da tallafi ga Cibiyar Nazarin Brain, Gene, da Behavioral (CBGB) Research Across Development, wanda ke da niyyar bincika yadda kwakwalwa-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ya rinjayi ilmantarwa da martani ga damuwa a duk ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CBGB |url=https://www.sacklerinstitute.org/cornell/CBGB/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526085255/http://sacklerinstitute.org:80/cornell/CBGB/ |archive-date=2008-05-26 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa sun ba da kuɗin Nazarin Ci gaban Zuciya (ABCD), mafi girman binciken dogon lokaci na lafiyar yara da matasa da ci gaban kwakwalwa a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABCD Study |url=https://abcdstudy.org/ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=ABCD Study |language=en-US}}</ref> An ba Casey tallafin sama da dala miliyan 20 a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike na shafin yanar gizon ABCD Nazarin Jami'ar Yale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yale University |url=https://abcdstudy.org/study-sites/yale/ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=ABCD Study |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-10-30 |title=Massive NIH Effort to Understand Substance Use in Adolescents |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/massive-nih-effort-to-understand-substance-use-in-adolescents |journal=APS Observer |language=en-US |volume=28 |issue=9}}</ref> == Jagora da horo. == Casey ta ba da umarnin Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta John Merck Fund a kan Biology of Developmental Disabilities daga 2001 zuwa 2010 sannan kuma Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Cibiyar Nazaren Halitta a kan Translational Developmental Neuroscience daga 2012 zuwa 2016, duka darussan horo na musamman a kimiyyar ci gaba ga ɗaliban digiri, postdocs, da kuma farkon aikin aiki. Casey ta ba da umarni a hukumance sama da masu horar da digiri 30 kafin da kuma bayan digiri.<ref name=":1"/> Masu horar da ita sun hada da Adriana Galván, Catherine Hartley, Leah Somerville, da Nim Tottenham . Ta sami kyaututtuka na rayuwa don binciken kimiyya da jagoranci, musamman mata a kimiyya daga Association of Psychological Science a cikin 2021 da kuma Society of Neuroscience a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleven Psychological Scientists Receive APS's 2021 Lifetime Achievement Awards: Association's Highest Honors Recognize Outstanding Contributions to Science |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/2021-lifetime-achievement-awards.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Society for Neuroscience 2023 Promotion of Women in Neuroscience Awards |url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest-news/2023/10/27/society-for-neuroscience-2023-promotion-of-women-in-neuroscience-awards}}</ref> == Haɗin jama'a. == Casey memba ce ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Gidauniyar MacArthur kan Shari'a da Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Network on Law and Neuroscience - MacArthur Foundation |url=https://www.macfound.org/networks/research-network-on-law-and-neuroscience/ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=www.macfound.org |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165542/https://www.macfound.org/networks/research-network-on-law-and-neuroscience/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an kira shi a matsayin gwani a ci gaban kwakwalwar matasa a fannonin kimiyya da shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthy brain development is a human right, argues Yale researcher |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/cp-hbd051619.php |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001142159/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/cp-hbd051619.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haɗa bincikenta a cikin amicus briefs da aka gabatar wa Kotun Koli ta Amurka don yin jayayya game da hukuncin kisa a cikin yara (Roper v. Simmons, 2005) da kuma rayuwa ta tilas ba tare da parole ba (''Graham v. Florida'', 2010; Miller v. Alabama, 2012). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=A. B. A. |title=Millions have been invested in the emerging field of neurolaw. Where is it leading? |url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/millions-have-been-invested-in-the-emerging-field-of-neurolaw.-where-is-it-leading |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=ABA Journal |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2014, Dokta na girmamawa, Jami'ar Utrecht <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Doctorates - Organisation - Universiteit Utrecht |url=https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/profile/tradition-and-history/awards-and-distinctions/honorary-doctorates |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=www.uu.nl |language=en}}</ref> * 2015, Kyautar Ruane don Kyakkyawan Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Binciken Kula da Lafiya na Yara da Matasa, Cibiyar Binciken Ciki da Halin <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-11 |title=Past Outstanding Achievement Prizewinners |url=https://www.bbrfoundation.org/grants-prizes/prizes-awards/past-outstanding-achievement-prizewinners |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Brain & Behavior Research Foundation |language=en}}</ref> * 2016, Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Rayuwa 50, mujallar Irish America <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-09 |title=BJ Casey |url=https://irishamerica.com/2016/08/bj-casey/ |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Irish America |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2017, Kyautar Masanin Masana'antu, Cibiyar Nazarin Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web |title=BJ Casey receives the Social Affective Neuroscience Society Distinguished Scholar Award {{!}} Department of Psychology |url=https://psychology.yale.edu/news/bj-casey-receives-social-affective-neuroscience-society-distinguished-scholar-award |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=psychology.yale.edu}}</ref> * 2019, Kyautar Flux Huttenlocher, The Society for Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web |title=B.J. Casey receives the 2019 the Flux Huttenlocher Award {{!}} Department of Psychology |url=https://psychology.yale.edu/news/bj-casey-receives-2019-flux-huttenlocher-award |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=psychology.yale.edu}}</ref> * 2021, Kungiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Halitta Kyautar Mai ba da Kyauta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleven Psychological Scientists Receive APS’s 2021 Lifetime Achievement Awards: Association’s Highest Honors Recognize Outstanding Contributions to Science |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/2021-lifetime-achievement-awards.html#:~:text=BJ%20Casey%2C%20Yale%20University%2C%20has,Harald%20L.G.J. |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Association for Psychological Science}}</ref> * 2022, Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Kimiyya ta Amirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: BJ Casey. |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-32731-002 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=APA PsychNet}}</ref> * 2022, Kyautar George A. Miller a cikin Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience Society <ref>{{Cite web |title=George A. Miller Award |url=https://www.cogneurosociety.org/george-a-miller-award/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Cognitive Neuroscience Society}}</ref> * 2023, Kyautar Mika Salpeter ta Rayuwa, Society for Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Society for Neuroscience Recognizes the Career Achievements of BJ Casey |url=https://www.wiareport.com/2023/12/the-society-for-neuroscience-recognizes-the-career-achievements-of-bj-casey/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=WIA Report}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Cohen |first2=JD |last3=Jezzard |first3=P |last4=Turner |first4=R |last5=Noll |first5=D |last6=Trainor |first6=R |last7=Giedd |first7=J |last8=Kaysen |first8=D |last9=Hertz-Pannier |first9=L |last10=Rapoport |first10=JL |date=September 1995 |title=Activation of PFC in children during a non-spatial working memory task with functional MRI. |journal=NeuroImage |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=221–9 |doi=10.1006/nimg.1995.1029 |pmid=9343606 |s2cid=7257192}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Castellanos |first2=FX |last3=Giedd |first3=JN |last4=Marsh |first4=WL |last5=Hamburger |first5=SD |last6=Schubert |first6=AB |last7=Vauss |first7=YC |last8=Vaituzis |first8=AC |last9=Dickstein |first9=DP |last10=Sarfatti |first10=SE |last11=Rapoport |first11=JL |date=March 1997 |title=Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234800 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=374–83 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199703000-00016 |pmid=9055518}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Trainor |first2=RJ |last3=Orendi |first3=JL |last4=Schubert |first4=AB |last5=Nystrom |first5=LE |last6=Giedd |first6=JN |last7=Castellanos |first7=FX |last8=Haxby |first8=JV |last9=Noll |first9=DC |last10=Cohen |first10=JD |last11=Forman |first11=SD |last12=Dahl |first12=RE |last13=Rapoport |first13=JL |date=November 1997 |title=A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Prefrontal Activation during Performance of a Go-No-Go Task. |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=835–47 |doi=10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.835 |pmid=23964603 |s2cid=10082889}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Giedd |first2=JN |last3=Thomas |first3=KM |date=October 2000 |title=Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development. |journal=Biological Psychology |volume=54 |issue=1–3 |pages=241–57 |doi=10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00058-2 |pmid=11035225 |s2cid=18314401}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Tottenham |first2=N |last3=Liston |first3=C |last4=Durston |first4=S |date=March 2005 |title=Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=104–10 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011 |pmid=15737818 |s2cid=6331990}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Getz |first2=S |last3=Galvan |first3=A |date=2008 |title=The adolescent brain |journal=Developmental Review |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=62–77 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003 |pmc=2500212 |pmid=18688292}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=BJ |last2=Somerville |first2=LH |last3=Gotlib |first3=IH |last4=Ayduk |first4=O |last5=Franklin |first5=NT |last6=Askren |first6=MK |last7=Jonides |first7=J |last8=Berman |first8=MG |last9=Wilson |first9=NL |last10=Teslovich |first10=T |last11=Glover |first11=G |last12=Zayas |first12=V |last13=Mischel |first13=W |last14=Shoda |first14=Y |date=6 September 2011 |title=Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=36 |pages=14998–5003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1108561108 |pmc=3169162 |pmid=21876169 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B. J. |date=3 January 2015 |title=Beyond Simple Models of Self-Control to Circuit-Based Accounts of Adolescent Behavior |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015156 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=295–319 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015156 |issn=0066-4308 |pmid=25089362}} * {{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=B.J. |last2=Simmons |first2=C. |last3=Somerville |first3=L.H. |author-link3=Leah Somerville |last4=Baskin-Sommers |first4=A. |date=13 January 2022 |title=Making the Sentencing Case: Psychological and Neuroscientific Evidence for Expanding the Age of Youthful Offenders |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-113250 |journal=Annual Review of Criminology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=321–343 |doi=10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-113250 |issn=2572-4568 |s2cid=238693956 |doi-access=free}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n0fm2mfm5l0g6pzw0nlisadksv8mev8 0 96089 890901 598066 2026-08-03T11:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bankin Faisal na Musulunci na Sudan''' bankin Musulunci ne a Sudan . Bankin ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai "tsarin Islama" da "fassan Sudanese".[1] Shafin yanar gizon Indiya na Siasat Daily ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi girman mai ba da rance" na Sudan, kuma wanda ya zuwa 2016 "ya fi son ƙananan haɗari, rance na gajeren lokaci da dawowa cikin sauri".[2] == Tarihi == A cewar bankin, an kafa shi ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1977, ta hanyar "masu kafa Sudanese da Saudiyya 86 da kuma wasu 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙasashen Musulunci" waɗanda "sun tsara kuma sun biya rabin babban birnin da aka ba da izini".<ref name="fibsudan">{{Cite web |title=Faisal Islamic Bank (Sudan) |url=http://www.fibsudan.com/en_3/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830072726/http://www.fibsudan.com/en_3/ |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Faisal Islamic Bank (Sudan)}}</ref> Bankin yana da hedkwata a [[Khartoum]] kuma ya lissafa rassa 65 galibi a Kharthum, Khartous North da [[Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank Branches |url=http://www.fibsudan.com/en_3/?bg=branches |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=fibsudan.com |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020409/http://www.fibsudan.com/en_3/?bg=branches |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bloomberg ya lissafa shi yana da Ma'aikata 1,288.<ref name="bloom1">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview of Faisal Islamic Bank (Sudan) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=21765578 |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cewar Chicago Tribune, bankin Al Shamal Islamic Bank da wasu jam'iyyun hudu ne suka kafa bankin. A cewar bayanan jama'a, kashi 19 cikin 100 na Bankin Musulunci na Faisal mallakar Dar Al-Maal Al-Islami Trust ne, ko kuma kawai DMI Trust, wanda Yarima Faisal ke jagoranta. An kafa DMI Trust na dala biliyan 3.5, wanda taken shi ne "Allah shine mai ba da nasara," a cikin 1981 don inganta yaduwar banki na Islama a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]]. Kwamitin daraktocinsa na mambobi 12 ya hada da Haydar Mohamed Bin Laden, ɗan'uwan [[Osama bin Laden]], a cewar mai magana da yawun DMI. Sauran masu hannun jari sun hada da: * [[Adel Batterjee]], kuma shugaban a kwanan nan a shekara ta 2002. * Kamfanin Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban Al Baraka Bankin ya kasance mallakar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. == Dubi kuma ==   * Jerin bankunan * Jerin bankunan a Sudan == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032502/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=al-shamal_islamic_bank Haɗin hadin gwiwa a kan Bankin Musulunci na Al-Shamal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008180131/http://www.mbendi.co.za/orgs/cliz.htm Bayanan Mbendi] [[Rukuni:Banki]] [[Rukuni:Bankuna]] jtgddm5gbq9a6br6hir2ehafh14yvrl 0 96108 890800 788710 2026-08-03T01:06:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alia Joy Crum''' masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda itace babbar mai bincike ta [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] Mind and Body Lab . Crum tayi bincike kan yadda tunani ke shafar halayyar ɗan adam da kuma sakamakon lafiyar jiki da tunani.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2018-06-11 |title=How the human mind shapes reality |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/11/four-ways-human-mind-shapes-reality/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami faɗakarwar kafofin watsa labarai game da aikinta. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Crum ta girma a Aspen, Colorado . Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a cikin rikice-rikice da damuwa kuma mahaifiyarta, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yara.<ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somani |first=Parul Deora |date=2019-12-09 |title=Mindsets: Q&A with Dr. Alia Crum, Stanford Psychology |url=https://www.parulsomani.com/post/mindsets-q-a-with-dr-alia-crum-stanford-psychology |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Silver Linings |language=en}}</ref> Crum tana da sha'awar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan motsa jiki tun tana yarinya kuma daga baya ta buga wasan hockey a kankara a [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]].<ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Robson |first=David |title=How a positive mind really can create a healthier body |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931920-600-how-a-positive-mind-really-can-create-a-healthier-body/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> An jawo ta zuwa ilimin halayyar dan adam daga kwarewarta a wasanni, ta lura cewa abubuwan tunani da motsin rai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan motsa jiki. Ta sami B.A. daga Jami'ar Harvard a 2005 da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Yale a 2012. Rubutun karatun sakandare shine Ka yi tunani kuma ka girma daidai: haɗin hankali-jiki tsakanin motsa jiki da kiwon lafiya, wanda Ellen J. Langer ke kula da shi. Takardar jarabawarta ta Ph.D. tana da taken ReThinking Stress: Matsayin Mindsets a Tabbatar da Amsar Tashin hankali. Mai ba da shawara shi ne Peter Salovey . == Ayyuka da bincike == Daga 2012 zuwa 2014, Crum ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin aikin postdoctoral a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PEOPLE {{!}} Mind & Body Lab |url=https://mbl.stanford.edu/people |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=mbl.stanford.edu}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ita ce mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] inda take jagorantar Stanford Mind and Body Lab . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2018-06-11 |title=How the human mind shapes reality |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/11/four-ways-human-mind-shapes-reality/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUniversity2018">University, Stanford (2018-06-11). </cite></ref> Crum ta kasance babban mai magana a taron Mindset 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Omada Health Announces Mindset 2021, a Digital Care Summit on Behavior Science & Transformational Health Outcomes |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210303005241/en/Omada-Health-Announces-Mindset-2021-a-Digital-Care-Summit-on-Behavior-Science-Transformational-Health-Outcomes |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta yi magana a taron shekara-shekara na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Davos . <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Robson |first=David |title=How a positive mind really can create a healthier body |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931920-600-how-a-positive-mind-really-can-create-a-healthier-body/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRobson">Robson, David. </cite></ref> Ta kuma ba da jawabin TED. Crum tana nazarin yadda tunanin tunani da fahimta game da abubuwan da suka faru zasu iya canza martani na jiki ga waɗannan abubuwan. Manufar wannan aikin ita ce amfani da binciken ga kiwon lafiya don inganta lafiya da haɓaka jiyya.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2018-06-11 |title=How the human mind shapes reality |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/11/four-ways-human-mind-shapes-reality/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUniversity2018">University, Stanford (2018-06-11). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2017-02-27 |title=Experts urge more research on people's mindsets |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/02/27/experts-urge-research-peoples-mindsets/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin bincikenta sun samo asali ne daga Tasirin placebo da kuma yadda imani game da magani zai iya inganta tasirinsa.<ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PEOPLE {{!}} Mind & Body Lab |url=https://mbl.stanford.edu/people |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=mbl.stanford.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mbl.stanford.edu/people "PEOPLE | Mind & Body Lab"]. </cite></ref> Ko da shan placebo da gangan na iya zama mai fa'ida, yana nuna cewa ba sa buƙatar yaudarar mutane don waɗannan tasirin su faru. Da gangan kiyaye kyakkyawan tunani na iya ba da taimako. === Tunanin tunani da magani === Crum ta bincika yadda canza tunanin [[Sankara|Marasa lafiya na ciwon daji]] zai iya tasiri ga lafiyar hankali, daga ganewar asali zuwa raguwa. Binciken ciwon daji yana wakiltar matsanancin damuwa ga marasa lafiya da iyalai, wanda ke haifar da matsanancin damuwa da damuwa. Ta hanyar fahimtar ganewar asali a matsayin mai sarrafawa maimakon bala'i da kuma mai da hankali kan yadda jiki zai iya zama mai jimrewa, marasa lafiya na iya inganta lafiyar hankalinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empowering cancer patients to shift their mindsets could improve care, researchers argue |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190923111233.htm |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Cancer Patients' Mindsets Could Enhance Their Care |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/919638 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Medscape}}</ref> A cikin yanayin maganin rigakafi na baki don magance rashin lafiyan abinci, marasa lafiya suna fuskantar ƙananan allurai na allergens don rage musu. Ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarancin cuta ba shi da kyau, kuma marasa lafiya suna damuwa game da kammala jiyya. Idan ana ganin alamun a matsayin alamun cewa jiki yana amsawa da kyau don gina haƙuri, tsarin magani yana tafiya cikin sauƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De Witte |first=Melissa |date=8 March 2017 |title=Positive mindset about side effects of peanut-allergy treatment improves outcomes |url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/02/positive-mindset-about-side-effects-of-peanut-allergy-treatment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309194451/http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/02/positive-mindset-about-side-effects-of-peanut-allergy-treatment.html |archive-date=2019-03-09 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=News Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Could Your Mindset Affect How Well A Treatment Works? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/01/699399504/could-your-mindset-affect-how-well-a-treatment-works |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, Crum yana ba da shawara don ingantaccen hulɗar likita da mai haƙuri da kuma shiga tsakani na zamantakewa yayin magani kamar yadda waɗannan zasu iya inganta abubuwan haƙuri ta hanyar amincewa, wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan tunani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shashkevich |first=Alex |title=Patient mindset matters in healing and deserves more study, experts say |url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/03/health-care-providers-should-harness-power-of-mindsets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321080211/http://med.stanford.edu:80/news/all-news/2017/03/health-care-providers-should-harness-power-of-mindsets.html |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=News Center |language=en}}</ref> Marasa lafiya waɗanda likitocin su ke ba da tabbacin dumi suna samun warkewa mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Placebo effect may be harnessed to produce better care outcomes |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/placebo-effect-may-be-harnessed-produce-better-care |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> Kasancewa da sanin maganin da ke faruwa da kuma sanin sakamakon da za a yi tsammani yana taimakawa marasa lafiya warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-18 |title=Changing your mindset could change your life. Science says so |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2017-07-19/change-your-mindset-to-change-your-life/8719546 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> === Tunanin tunani da lafiyar jiki === Binciken ta ya gano cewa sake tsara ayyukan aiki na yau da kullun ko ayyukan gida a matsayin [[motsa jiki]] ya haifar da mafi kyawun matakan lafiya tsakanin mahalarta, koda kuwa sauran salon rayuwarsu ba su canza ba.<ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Want to Burn More Calories and Improve Your Health? Modify Your Words |url=https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/want-to-burn-more-calories-and-improve-your-health-modify-your-words/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Great Courses Daily |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Crum ya kuma sake nazarin bayanan binciken kasa daga tsakanin 1990 da 2011 wanda ke dauke da bayanai game da ayyukan jiki kuma ya gano cewa fahimtar kansa yana aiki na iya danganta da tsammanin rayuwa mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2017-07-20 |title=Self-perceptions linked to shorter lifespans |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/self-perceptions-linked-shorter-lifespans/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da karuwar shahararren Gwajin DNA, Crum ta bincika yadda koyo game da abubuwan haɗarin [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]] don batutuwan kiwon lafiya guda biyu, [[kiba]] da ikon motsa jiki, a zahiri ya rinjayi yiwuwar batutuwan da ke tasowa. Wadanda suka yi imanin cewa suna cikin haɗari sosai sun sami sakamako mafi muni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2018-12-10 |title=Receiving genetic information can change risk |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/12/10/receiving-genetic-information-can-change-risk/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Damuwa ita ce sakamakon Gwajin DNA na iya zama Annabce-annabce masu cika kansu idan ba a isar da su a hanyar da ta dace ba. Sauran binciken suna kimanta yiwuwar Gwajin kwayar halitta don motsa sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Sarah |date=2018-12-13 |title=What Happens When You're Convinced You Have Bad Genes |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/12/placebo-effect-dna-tests/577861/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> === Tunanin da abinci mai gina jiki === Crum ta ƙaddara cewa fahimtar wani abu na abinci kamar yadda ya fi ko žasa mai gamsarwa na iya rinjayar samar da hormone ghrelin.<ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Want to Burn More Calories and Improve Your Health? Modify Your Words |url=https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/want-to-burn-more-calories-and-improve-your-health-modify-your-words/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Great Courses Daily |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/want-to-burn-more-calories-and-improve-your-health-modify-your-words/ "Want to Burn More Calories and Improve Your Health? Modify Your Words"]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. </cite></ref> Hakazalika, gaskata cewa abin sha yana dauke da caffeine na iya kara Hawan jini.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2018-06-11 |title=How the human mind shapes reality |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/11/four-ways-human-mind-shapes-reality/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUniversity2018">University, Stanford (2018-06-11). </cite></ref> Crum ta kuma bincika fina-finai masu yawa don rarraba nau'ikan abinci da aka nuna, yana mai lura da cewa yawancin abubuwan da aka fi sani ba su da lafiya kuma ba sa ƙarfafa halaye masu kyau na cin abinci. Har ila yau, abin lura shi ne cewa idan aka kwatanta da ka'idodin Burtaniya, tsarin ƙididdigar fina-finai na Amurka ya fi sauƙi a cikin ƙa'idodinsa game da saƙon da aka yi niyya ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2020-11-23 |title=Most popular American movies depict an unhealthy diet |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/11/23/popular-american-movies-depict-unhealthy-diet/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Don karfafa dabi'un cin abinci masu lafiya, Crum ta yi aiki tare da zauren cin abinci na Stanford don gwaji tare da lakabi da gano abinci mai lafiya. Sun gano cewa tabbatacce, saƙon "mai ɗanɗano-gaba" ya haifar da ƙarin masu cin abinci da ke zaɓar kayan lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2019-10-02 |title=Leading with flavor encourages healthy eating |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2019/10/02/leading-flavor-encourages-healthy-eating/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> === Tunanin da damuwa === A lokacin annobar COVID-19, ƙungiyar bincike ta Crum ta bincika ra'ayoyin Norwegians da ke zaune sama da Arctic Circle game da hunturu da warewa da zai iya haifar da shi. Karɓar tunani mai kyau da kuma godiya ga damar da za a iya amfani da ita yana da alaƙa da farin ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2020-12-18 |title=Norwegian winter mindset might help in a COVID-19 world |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/12/18/norwegian-mindset-winter-might-help-covid-19-world/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya dace da aikin da Crum ta yi a baya game da damuwa da kuma yadda amincewa da shi, sannan yin aiki don ƙarfafa dabi'un da ake barazana, na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crum |first=Alia J. |date=26 April 2020 |title=The other side of stress: Adversity can make us stronger |url=https://www.inquirer.com/life/alia-crum-character-lab-20200426.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501125116/https://www.inquirer.com/life/alia-crum-character-lab-20200426.html |archive-date=2020-05-01 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sciencenews.org |first=Laura Sanders |date=25 May 2020 |title=How coronavirus stress may scramble our brains |url=https://www.anchoragepress.com/news/coronavirus/how-coronavirus-stress-may-scramble-our-brains/article_445a671c-9ec6-11ea-a806-a7ff5de5d061.html |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Anchorage Press |language=en |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727092633/https://www.anchoragepress.com/news/coronavirus/how-coronavirus-stress-may-scramble-our-brains/article_445a671c-9ec6-11ea-a806-a7ff5de5d061.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwarewar damuwa na iya haifar da ci gaban mutum idan an sarrafa shi sosai. Crum da Thomas Crum suna ba da shawarar hanyar matakai uku na gani, mallaka da amfani da martani na damuwa. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2020 Kyautar Ayyuka ta Farko, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPH Network – Conference |url=http://sphnetwork.org/conferences.html |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=sphnetwork.org |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414010358/http://sphnetwork.org/conferences.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2019 Kyautar Mai Bincike na Farko, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Jenny |title=2019 Award Recipients |url=https://www.ippanetwork.org/awards-and-scholarships/2019-award-recipients/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=International Positive Psychology Association |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kyautar Koyarwa ta Phi Beta Kappa ta 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phi Beta Kappa {{!}} Stanford Undergrad |url=https://undergrad.stanford.edu/opportunities-research/awards-and-graduation-honors/phi-beta-kappa |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=undergrad.stanford.edu}}</ref> * 2017 Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=CONGRATULATIONS 2017 APS RISING STARS |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-Rising-Stars.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230010559/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-Rising-Stars.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-30 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.psychologicalscience.org}}</ref> * 2016 NIH Sabon Kyautar Sabon Sabon <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=NIH Director's New Innovator Award Program - 2016 Award Recipients |url=https://commonfund.nih.gov/newinnovator/awardrecipients16 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=commonfund.nih.gov |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2005 Seymour E. da Ruth B. Harris Kyautar girmamawa a cikin Kimiyya ta Jama'a <ref> name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Faculty of Arts and Sciences 2004–2005 Student Prize Recipients |url=https://prizes.fas.harvard.edu/files/prize-office/files/2005_fas_student_prize_winners_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430211328/https://prizes.fas.harvard.edu/files/prize-office/files/2005_fas_student_prize_winners_01.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=prizes.fas.harvard.edu/prize-winners}}</ref> * 2005 Kyautar Thomas Temple Hoopes * 2005 Kyautar Gordon W. Allport <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thesis Prizes |url=https://undergrad.psychology.fas.harvard.edu/thesis-prizes |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=undergrad.psychology.fas.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415043325/https://undergrad.psychology.fas.harvard.edu/thesis-prizes |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Crum ya yi aure kuma yana da 'yar.<ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somani |first=Parul Deora |date=2019-12-09 |title=Mindsets: Q&A with Dr. Alia Crum, Stanford Psychology |url=https://www.parulsomani.com/post/mindsets-q-a-with-dr-alia-crum-stanford-psychology |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Silver Linings |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSomani2019">Somani, Parul Deora (2019-12-09). </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f5lzp4atw6j3f1dm9rn55do7kevm9l5 0 96139 890831 598356 2026-08-03T04:52:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annastacia Ndhlovu''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Zimbabwe daga [[ZANU-PF|Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe- Patriotic Front]] (ZANU-PF). Ta kasance [[Ma'aikatar Yawon Buɗe Ido (Zimbabwe)|mataimakiyar ministar yawon shakatawa da baƙi]] daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2019. Annastacia ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatar da majalisa da kuma jam'iyya mai mulki da ke sa ido kan albarkatun jama'a da gudanarwa a cikin ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido da masana'antar baƙi. Ndhlovu ta fara harkar siyasa ne a shekarar 2000 lokacin da ta shiga jam'iyyar ZANU-PF a jami'ar jihar Midlands inda ta yi aiki a kwamitin tsakiya da kuma kungiyar matasa a matsayin sakatariyar hulɗa da ƙasashen waje. A shekarar 2004, ta shiga hukumar tattara kuɗaɗen shiga ta Zimbabwe (ZIMRA) da ke da hedikwata a babban ofishinsu, inda ta tsara manufofin albarkatun ɗan Adam, hulɗar masana'antu, da manufofin raya jarin jama'a ga hukumar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Maravi Post |date=2016-08-19 |title=Comrade Robert Mugabe Resorts to God to Grow Tourism, Prophet TB Joshua |url=https://www.maravipost.com/comrade-robert-mugabe-resorts-god-grow-tourism-prophet-tb-joshua/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=The Maravi Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Generation 40.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mambo |first=Elias |date=8 January 2016 |title=Ministers face Zanu PF axe |work=Zimbabwe Independent |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2016/01/08/ministers-face-zanu-pf-axe/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040204/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2016/01/08/ministers-face-zanu-pf-axe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Ta yi digiri a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Jihar Midlands a Gweru, Zimbabwe (Bachelor of Science- Human Resource Management) da Jami'ar Mata a Afirka da ke Harare, Zimbabwe (Master of Science in Development Studies). Ƙarin takaddun shaida sun haɗa da cancanta a matsayin mai gudanarwa na DACUUM & SAP Super User da Albarkatun Ɗan Adam. Ndhlovu ta kuma riƙe takardar shedar hulɗar aiki daga Cibiyar kula da ma'aikata a ƙasar Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Midlands State University Alumni Office |url=https://ww5.msu.ac.zw/msu_alumni/member/honourable-anastancia-ndhlovu-mp/ |website=Midlands State University}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ssy2ivob00d733k9c3f9m7nvwqgskao 0 97547 890815 618209 2026-08-03T03:22:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amy C. Smith''' ita ce mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya na Ure na ilimin kimiyyar Girka kuma Farfesa na ilimin kimiyi na gargajiya a Jami'ar Karatu.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Professor Amy Smith |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/classics/about/staff/a-c-smith.aspx |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=}}</ref> An san ta da aikinta a kan hotuna, tarihin tarin, da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na dijital. == Ayyuka == Smith ta sami BA daga Kwalejin Dartmouth da MA, MPhil, da PhD (1997) daga Jami'ar Yale, duk a cikin ilimin kimiyyar gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Amy C. Smith |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/classics/about/staff/a-c-smith.aspx |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=}}</ref> Rubutun digirin ta ya kasance a kan batun mutum-mutumi na Girka kuma an buga wannan aikin a matsayin littafi a cikin 2011. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stafford |first=Emma |date=April 2016 |title=Review of: Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art. Monumenta Graeca et Romana, 19 |url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-04-32.html |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review |issn=1055-7660}}</ref> Smith ya koyar a Jami'ar Tufts, Kwalejin [[Boston]], da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts kuma ta yi aiki a Yale University Art Gallery kafin ya koma Jami'ar Reading.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Professor Amy Smith |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/classics/about/staff/a-c-smith.aspx |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=}}</ref> A Reading, Smith ya jagoranci sake gina Gidan Tarihi na Ure na Archaeology na Girka a cikin 2004-05 kuma ta yi aiki a kan tarin tukwane na jami'ar da ke buga fascicule na 23 na Burtaniya na aikin ''Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum'' a cikin 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CVA - Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum |url=http://www.cvaonline.org/cva/ |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.cvaonline.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum {{!}} British Academy |url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/corpus-vasorum-antiquorum |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=British Academy |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kan hotuna sun haɗa da bincike kan kwatancin Aphrodite da siffofi a cikin fasahar Girka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smith |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/amysmith.htm |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.roman-emperors.org |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528024014/http://www.roman-emperors.org/amysmith.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukan Smith na yanzu suna kan bikin cika shekaru na 2017/18 na Johann Joachim Winckelmann . Ita memba ce ta Kwamitin Duniya na Winckelmann-Gesellschaft wanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru don bikin cika shekaru 300 da haihuwar Winckelminn. Smith ta kasance mai shirya jerin tarurruka don yin bikin ranar tunawa kuma ita ce mai kula (tare da Katherine Harloe) na baje kolin Winckelmann a Italiya: Curiosity da connoisseurship a cikin karatun mutum na ƙarni na 18 a Christ Church Upper Library daga 29 Yuni zuwa 26 Oktoba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winckelmann in Italy {{!}} Christ Church, Oxford University |url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/library-and-archives/winckelmann-italy |access-date=2018-06-18 |website=www.chch.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a da ƙungiyoyi == Mahalicci (tare da Brian Fuchs) na Virtual Lightbox don Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Classicist: wip wip2006 |url=http://www.digitalclassicist.org/wip/wip2006.html |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.digitalclassicist.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brian |first=Fuchs |last2=Leif |first2=Isaksen |last3=Amy |first3=Smith |date=2005 |title=The virtual lightbox for museums and archives: a portlet solution for structured data reuse across distributed visual resources |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/204539/ |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=eprints.soton.ac.uk}}</ref> Wadda ta kafa a cikin 2011 na Pottery in Context Research Network (ICS, London).<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Annual Report 64 Institute of Classical Studies |url=https://ics.sas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/ICS%20AnnualReport_64_2016-17.pdf |access-date=2018-06-07 |website= |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141027/https://ics.sas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/ICS%20AnnualReport_64_2016-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> memba ce ta Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Digital ClassICS, 2016-18 (ICS, London). Wadda ta kafa kungiyar International Network of Classical Archaeology University Collections . Abokin bincike na Beazley Archive, Jami'ar Oxford . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beazley Archive - The Classical Art Research Centre |url=https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/archive/default.htm |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.beazley.ox.ac.uk |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> memba ce ta Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Makarantar Nazarin gargajiya ta Amurka a [[Athens]], 2015-16; an tono shi a binciken da suka yi a Girka (Agora da Koranti na Athens) da [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (Pollentia). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Managing Committee |url=http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/about/mc-listing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143735/http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/about/mc-listing |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=}}</ref> memba ce ta kwamitin ba da shawara ta Cibiyar a cikin Tsohon Itineraries: The Digital Lives of Art History wadda ke zaune a Kwalejin Sarki, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London - Call for members: Major new Institute opens at King's College London with Getty Foundation support |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/archive/news/ddh/2018/call-for-members-getty-foundation-institute-at-kings-college-london |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.kcl.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Daraja == 2016 Gertrude Smith Farfesa mai ziyara, Makarantar Nazarin gargajiya ta Amurka a Athens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Positions at the ASCSA / About / The American School of Classical Studies at Athens |url=http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/about/position#Gertrude%20Smith%20Professors,%202018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141314/http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/about/position#Gertrude%20Smith%20Professors,%202018 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.ascsa.edu.gr}}</ref> Smith ta kasance mai ba da bincike na 2017/2018 a Cibiyar Binciken Humanities ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] kuma an gayyace shi don ba da Labarin Trendall na 2017 a Jami'ar La Trobe da ke [[Melbourne]] mai taken 1766 da All That! ''1766 da Duk Wannan! Winckelmann da Nazarin Gilashin Girka''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=La Trobe |title=2017 Trendall Lecture |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/events/all/2017-trendall-lecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142451/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/events/all/2017-trendall-lecture |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=www.latrobe.edu.au |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * tare da K Harloe da C Neagu (eds), Winckelmann da Curiosity: A cikin ɗakin karatu na Gentleman na ƙarni na 18 (Librari na Ikilisiyar Kristi, Oxford da Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology, Jami'ar Reading; 2018) * Winckelmann, manyan ayyukan Girka, da zane-zane na gine-gine. Prolegomena zuwa tarihin ilimin kimiyyar gargajiya a cikin gidajen tarihi (Studies in Classical Archaeology, 1. 2017) (Bincike a cikin Archaeology na gargajiya, 1. 2017) * ''Polis da mutumci a cikin fasahar gargajiya ta Athens'' (Monumenta Graeca da Romana, 19. Brill, Leiden 2011) * tare da S Pickup (eds), Abokin Brill zuwa Aphrodite (Abokan Brill a Nazarin gargajiya. * ''Corpus vasorum antiquorum, Babban Britiain fascicule 23. Ayyukan Gidan Tarihi na Karatu'' (Oxford University Press, 2007) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 039jg4eycw2ej1or8f8pho16xymkvwe 0 97939 890920 608772 2026-08-03T11:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbara Nekesa Oundo''' 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce]] kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya '[[Uganda|yar ƙasar Uganda]], wacce ke aiki a matsayin babbar jami'ar Uganda a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wacce ke da hedikwata a [[Pretoria]]. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Bwire |first=Job |date=27 January 2017 |title=Museveni appoints Dr Kiyonga Uganda's ambassador to Beijing |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-appoints-Dr-Kiyonga-Uganda-s-ambassador-Beijing/688334-3789164-l1e8sgz/index.html |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> A wannan matsayi, ta kuma wakilci ƙasarta, zuwa ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu, [[Botswana]], [[Namibiya]], [[Lesotho]] da [[Eswatini|Swaziland]]. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Barbara Nekesa Oundo (High Commissioner) |date=2017 |title=Welcome to the Website of Uganda High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa |url=http://www.ugandahighcommissionpretoria.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629123210/http://www.ugandahighcommissionpretoria.com/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=27 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda High Commission to South Africa}}</ref> Ta taɓa riƙe muƙamin ministar harkokin Karamoja a majalisar ministocin ƙasar Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 2011. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=28 May 2011 |title=Museveni Names New Cabinet |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1010930/museveni-names-cabinet |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> Ta maye gurbin [[Janet Museveni]], wacce aka naɗa ministar harkokin Karamoja. Oundo ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar mata na gundumar Busia a majalisa ta 9 (2011 zuwa 2016). <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=6 July 2013 |title=Barbara Nekesa Oundo: Enter Into the 29-year-old Minister's World |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/Barbara-Nekesa-Oundo/689842-1906046-5i6ffq/index.html |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife ta ne a gundumar Busia da ke yankin Gabas a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 1984 ɗiya ce ga Mary Hadudu, mahaifiyar wasu 'yan mata tara da Edward Wabudi, ɗan majalisar ƙaramar hukumar. <ref name="4R"/> Ta halarci makarantar ’yan mata ta Bubulo da ke Mbale don karatun sakandaren ta (O-Level) da makarantar Mbogo da ke Kawempe don karatun sakandarenta (A-Level). <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Mwesigye |first=Shifa |date=20 July 2011 |title=Young, bubbly Oundo tells of rise to cabinet |url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14368:young-bubbly-oundo-tells-of-rise-to-cabinet |access-date=10 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2009, ta sauke karatu daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] da ke Uganda da digirin farko na Gudanar da Albarkatun Ɗan Adam. <ref name="4R" /> == Aiki da iyali == Tun shekarar 2007, ta auri Charles Oundo, jami’in hidimar ƙasashen waje, wanda ta haɗu da shi a lokacin da take karatun digiri na farko a jami’ar Makerere. Iyayen 'ya'ya biyu ne. A shekara ta 2011, ta yi nasarar tsayawa takarar jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement (NRM) na kujerar mazaɓar mata ta mazaɓar Busia ta majalisar dokoki. A cikin watan Mayun 2011, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin Karamoja, tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga [[Janet Museveni]], uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Uganda kuma, a lokacin, ministar harkokin Karamoja. <ref name="4R"/> A cikin shekarar 2017, ta saki mijinta na farko, Charles Oundo. A watan Disamba 2018, ta yi aure da Hajji Suleiman Lumolo Mafabi, wani ɗan kasuwa, wanda ke zaune a Mbale, a yankin Gabashin Uganda. Bikin na sirri ya gudana ne a gidansu da ke Muyenga, wata babbar unguwa a Kampala, babban birnin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esther Nantambi |first=and Philip Wafula |date=24 December 2018 |title=Why Barbara Nekesa left Charles Oundo to marry NRM tycoon, Suleiman Lumolo |url=http://www.mywedding.co.ug/real-stories/201812/why-barbara-nekesa-left-charles-oundo-to-marry-nrm-tycoon-suleiman-lumolo.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=My Wedding Uganda}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshua Walakira |date=17 December 2018 |title=After Years of Cohabiting NRM Boss Lumolo Finally Weds Uganda's Ambassador To South Africa, Barbara Nekesa |url=https://mulengeranews.com/after-years-of-cohabiting-nrm-boss-lumolo-finally-weds-amb-barbra-nekesa-south-africa/ |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=Mulengera News}}</ref> Ita ce Ma’ajin Ƙasa na Jam’iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) mai mulki da aka naɗa a yanzu Amb. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NEW NRM PARTY NATIONAL TREASURER, AMB NEKESA READY FOR THE NEW TASK |url=https://www.nrm.ug/news/new-nrm-party-national-treasurer-amb-nekesa-ready-new-task |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=NEW NRM PARTY NATIONAL TREASURER, AMB NEKESA READY FOR THE NEW TASK {{!}} National Resistance Movement |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115150606/https://www.nrm.ug/news/new-nrm-party-national-treasurer-amb-nekesa-ready-new-task |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Asarar muƙamai na siyasa == A watan Nuwambar 2015 a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar NRM, Oundo mai ci ta samu kuri'u 28,750 yayin da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta Nina Irene Nekesa Wandera ta samu kuri'u 25,443. Daga nan sai Wandera ta kai ƙarar hukumar zaɓen jam’iyyar da hujjojin da ake zargin Oundo na tafka maguydi a zaɓen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabuzire |first=Linda |date=7 November 2016 |title=Minister Barbra Oundo Accused of Gross Election Malpractice |url=http://www.chimpreports.com/minister-barbra-oundo-accused-of-gross-election-malpractice/ |access-date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Chimpreports.com}}</ref> A lokacin zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2016, Oundo ta sha kaye a hannun shugaba mai ci [[Jane Nabulindo Kwoba]], wacce ta yi takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tushabe |first=Nasa |date=19 February 2016 |title=Winners and Losers of Uganda Member of Parliament (MPs) elections: Parliament winners, Uganda Decides 2016 |url=http://ugblizz.com/winners-and-losers-of-uganda-member-of-parliament-mps-elections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606032019/http://ugblizz.com/winners-and-losers-of-uganda-member-of-parliament-mps-elections/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Ugblizz.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walusimbi |first=Deo |date=24 February 2016 |title=Uganda: Top MP Election Losers Speak Out |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602240463.html}}</ref> A cikin jerin majalisar ministocin da ofishin shugaban ƙasa ya fitar a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, Oundo ba a saka ta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=8 June 2016 |title=New Cabinet: Dropped ministers speak out: Barbara Nekesa Oundo: State for Karamoja Affairs |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/New-Cabinet--Dropped-ministers-speak-out/688334-3237132-su0ai6/index.html |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1fft00xpk6ob9gy1kqq4o9hcoy6p5gw 0 98789 890737 824797 2026-08-02T18:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adowarim Lugu Zuri''' wata 'yar kasuwa ce [[Ghana|'yar ƙasar Ghana]] wacce ke sana'ar sayar da kwakwa, filin da maza suka mamaye a Ghana. Ita ce ta kafa kuma manaja ta Wazuri Ghana Limited, kamfanin da ke kera da sayar da kwakwa a babban sikeli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Adowarim Theory: Message from the Morning Man |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2015/January-29th/the-adowarim-theory-message-from-the-morning-man.php |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220103/https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2015/January-29th/the-adowarim-theory-message-from-the-morning-man.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-15 |title=Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconut |url=https://www.risingafrica.org/success-stories/ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts/ |access-date=2019-09-10 |website=RisingAfrica.org |language=en |archive-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323111117/http://www.risingafrica.org/success-stories/ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconuts |url=https://www.solutions4africa.com/index.php/ghana-publisher/1636-ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts |access-date=2019-09-10 |website=solutions4africa.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630172754/http://solutions4africa.com/index.php/ghana-publisher/1636-ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kasuwa mata 100 mafi fice a Ghana a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 – 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs In Ghana |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904210133/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/ |archive-date=2019-09-04 |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=WomanRising |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Zuri a Paga a [[Yankin Upper East|yankin Upper Gabas]] ta [[Ghana]] amma daga baya ta koma Accra tare da danginta. Ta yi babbar makarantar sakandare ta Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School a Tarkoradi, kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] a shekarar 2016 tare da digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpah |first=Prince |title=Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana |url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=The African Exponent |language=en |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tetteh |first=Kennedy |title=Adowarim Lugu-Zuri …the lady who brought pride to coconut selling {{!}} Business & Financial Times Online |url=https://thebftonline.com/2018/business/companies/adowarim-lugu-zuri-the-lady-who-brought-pride-to-coconut-selling/ |access-date=2019-09-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053949/https://thebftonline.com/2018/business/companies/adowarim-lugu-zuri-the-lady-who-brought-pride-to-coconut-selling/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekararta ta farko a makarantar sakandare, Zuri tana da shekara 18 ta haɗa karatunta da sana’ar sayar da [[Jirgin ruwa|ruwan]] leda. Daga baya ta faɗaɗa harkokinta na kasuwanci har da sayar da tufafi ga ɗaliban makarantarta. Ganawar da wata mai sayar da kwakwa da ta yi aiki a kusa da ofishin mahaifinta ne ya sa ta koma sana’ar sayar da kwakwa, wanda ta gano yana da riba. Daga baya Zuri ta kafa Wazuri Enterprise kafin ta cika shekara 20. Kawo yanzu dai Kamfanin Wazuri ya samar da aikin yi ga matasan Ghana fiye da ashirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpah |first=Prince |title=Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana |url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=The African Exponent |language=en |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 09jy5odpff4pjy5y3mhuel7jtwkpfs3 0 100299 890866 804806 2026-08-03T07:59:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mbuyiseni Quintin Ndlozi MP''' (an haife shi 9 ga Mayu 1985) ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne, mai gidan rediyo <ref>Mbele, Thulani. "Radio vets give Ndlozi a warm welcome on his first day into broadcasting". Sowetan Live. Retrieved 7 March 2025</ref> kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa, mai wakiltar masu fafutukar ‘yancin tattalin arziki, daga shekarar 2014 har ya yi murabus a watan Janairun 2025.<ref>Makinana, Andisiwe. "Mbuyiseni Ndlozi resigns as EFF MP". News24. Retrieved 9 January 2025</ref> Ya kuma kasance kakakin jam’iyyar na farko a hukumance har sai da ya yi murabus a shekarar 2020. Wani dan kungiyar ‘yan ta’adda ta Economic Freedom Fighters, mai fafutukar matasa Vuyani Pambo ne ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin kakakin jam’iyyar. A cikin Fabrairu 2025 Ndlozi ya yi murabus a hukumance daga EFF a matsayin memba da siyasar jam'iyya.<ref>Erasmus, Des (10 February 2025). "Mbuyiseni Ndlozi resigns from EFF". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2025</ref><ref>Motabogi, Milton (10 February 2025). "Mbuyiseni Ndlozi Quits Politics Following EFF Exit". POWER 98.7. Retrieved 10 February 2025</ref><ref>Zulu, Sifiso. "Mbuyiseni Ndlozi resigns as member of EFF". EWN. Retrieved 10 February 2025</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Ndlozi ya girma a Gauteng a yankin Vaal na Evaton. An shigar da shi saniyar ware a siyasance a shekarar 1992 lokacin da rundunar ‘yan sandan wariyar launin fata ta daure kawun nasa saboda hannu a cikin ayyukan fafutukar ‘yantar da kasa.<ref>MacG (13 February 2025). MBUYISENI NDLOZI on EFF, FLOYD SHIVAMBU, JULIUS MALEMA, DONALD TRUMP, GNU, VBS BANK I EPISODE 636. Retrieved 9 April 2025 – via YouTube</ref> Shigar da kansa a cikin harkokin siyasa na yau da kullum ya zo ne ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. Ndlozi ya yi aiki a ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Falasdinu da [[Cuba]].<ref>MacG (13 February 2025). MBUYISENI NDLOZI on EFF, FLOYD SHIVAMBU, JULIUS MALEMA, DONALD TRUMP, GNU, VBS BANK I EPISODE 636. Retrieved 9 April 2025 – via YouTube</ref> A cikin 2013, ya shiga cikin "Babu Obama Campaign" wanda wasu taron siyasa na matasa suka kaddamar a kasar. A cikin 2017, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na uku a fannin siyasa a Jami'ar Witwatersrand.<ref>MacG (13 February 2025). ''MBUYISENI NDLOZI on EFF, FLOYD SHIVAMBU, JULIUS MALEMA, DONALD TRUMP, GNU, VBS BANK I EPISODE 636''. Retrieved 9 April 2025 – via YouTube</ref> == Sana'ar siyasa == Da yake shiga majalisar ta biyar a matsayin sabon dan majalisa, ya ce: "Ina fatan tabbatar da cewa an farfado da cikakken lissafi ga bangaren zartarwa, majalisar ta koma ga jama'a - cewa jama'a suna bin ci gaban majalisar da kuma cewa a matsayinmu na 'yan majalisa muna wakiltar 'yan kasa da bukatunsu da kyau. Ina fatan nan da shekaru biyar masu zuwa, don fallasa cewa jam'iyya mai mulki ba ta da tsarin akida don ɗaukar Afirka ta Kudu fiye da 'yancin kai na siyasa, maimakon haka za ta yi nasara a karkashin wannan 'yancin siyasa. 'Yanci. Sama da duka, ina so in nuna cewa ajandar, bisa manyan ginshiƙai bakwai na EFF, na iya ɗaukar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa 'yancin tattalin arziki da ci gaba mai dorewa."<ref>Africa, Contact us People's AssemblyTel:465 8885 Fax:465 8887 2nd Floor 9 Church Square Parliament Street Cape Town 8001 South (26 January 2015). "Mr Mbuyiseni Ndlozi - EFF". People's Assembly. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <nowiki>{{cite web}}</nowiki>: |first= has generic name (help)</ref> An kori Ndlozi, Julius Malema kuma dan jam'iyyar MK a yanzu Floyd Shivambu, tare da sauran 'yan majalisar dokoki na Economic Freedom Fighters, daga majalisar saboda rashin mutunta shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] a jawabinsa na kasa a shekarar 2015 da 2016. Bayan haka, a sauran zaman majalisar, an cire su daga majalisar wakilai ta kasa. Korar da EFF ta yi daga Majalisar Dokokin kasar ya shafi Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Kudu da ta gano cewa Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya gaza mutuntawa da kuma mutunta kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu. A zaman majalisar dokokin kasar da aka kori EFF daga cikin hargitsin da hukumar ta EFF ta yi, shi ne rashin cancantar shugaba Jacob Zuma yin jawabi ga majalisar dokokin kasar kamar yadda hukumar ta EFF ta yi amanna da hukuncin da kotun tsarin mulkin kasar Afrika ta Kudu ta yanke ya nuna rashin amincewa da rantsuwar da aka yi wa shugaban kasar, don haka ya tsaya a majalisar dokokin kasar. Bayan nasarar da ‘yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu suka samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 2019 ya bayyana cewa ‘yan wasa bakaken fata ne kawai suka cancanci yabo saboda wannan nasara kuma ‘yan wasan farar fata za su iya neman yabo daga kasar Ingila.<ref>EFF interrupts Zuma at opening of Parliament". The Citizen. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</ref> == Rigima == Ndlozi da shugaban EFF Julius Malema na da hannu a wani hari da ake zargin jami’in ‘yan sanda da aka yi a jana’izar Winnie-Madikizela-Mandela a shekarar 2018. Hukumar gabatar da kara ta kasa ta gabatar da cewa a shirye suke ta ci gaba da tuhumar Ndlozi da Malema na gama-gari. Ndlozi ta kare abin da mambobin EFF suka yi a lokacin zanga-zangar Clicks, inda kungiyar EFF ta maza ta tursasa wata mata da ta yi hira da ita a lokacin da ta yi yunkurin yin hira da masu zanga-zangar. Ƙungiyar Editocin Afirka ta Kudu (Sanef) ta soki ayyukan membobin EFF da cewa "abin ban tsoro" da "misogynistic". Hukumar da ke kula da daidaiton jinsi (CGE) ta bayyana cewa za ta binciki korafin da ta shigar bayan Ndlozi ya kare cin zarafin wata ‘yar jarida. Ndlozi ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin "mai tabawa kawai" mai tambayoyin, amma a takaice ya janye maganar bayan da jama'a suka koka kan GBV da kuma bayan an shigar da kara a CGE. CGE ta lura da uzurin Ndlozi. A watan Nuwambar 2024, an samu rahotannin cewa an hana Nldozi halartar taron zaɓe na EFF na uku a wata mai zuwa; Sakatare-Janar na EFF Marshall Dlamini ya yi watsi da wadannan rahotanni. Duk da haka, Ndlozi bai halarci taron ba, wanda ya haifar da cece-ku-ce kan makomarsa a jam'iyyar. A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2025, EFF ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta bayyana cewa Ndlozi ya yi murabus a matsayin dan majalisa.<ref>Lindeque, Mia. "Malema and Ndlozi due in court over assault charges". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 13 October 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1985]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ksz2atr5t29ib2xwx7qe8hvk3kjmtds 0 100853 890868 622668 2026-08-03T08:08:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yarjejeniyar Moresby''' yarjejeniya ce ta yaki da bauta tsakanin Sayyid Said, Sultan na Muscat da [[Oman]] da Fairfax Moresby, babban jami'in Mauritius,<ref>Nicolini, B., & Watson, P. (2004). ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean'', 1799–1856. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub., p 132</ref> a madadin Biritaniya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1822.<ref name="Mc">McIntyre, C., & McIntyre, S. (2009). ''Zanzibar''. Guilford: Bradt Pubns.</ref><ref name="Nwulia">Nwulia, Moses D. E. "The Role of Missionaries in the Emancipation of Slaves in Zanzibar." ''Journal of Negro History''. 60.2 (1975): 268–287.</ref> Da farko wanda ya ƙunshi kasidu shida, manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce iyakance [[Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya|cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya]] ta hanyar hana shigo da bayi zuwa hannun Birtaniyya a Indiya da [[Tekun Indiya]] daga ƙasar da Larabawan Omani ke mulki a Gabashin Afirka. Yarjejeniyar ta hana sayar da bayi ga Kiristoci na kowace ƙasa, ta amince da ikon sarkin kan ruwa kusa da gaɓar tekun gabashin Afirka, ya ba da izinin shigar da wani jami'in Birtaniya a [[Zanzibar]] ko babban yankin, <ref name="Nwulia" /> kuma ya haifar da Moresby Line. == Layin Moresby == Daga cikin sharuɗɗan har da samar da layin Moresby. Layin ya taso ne daga kudu maso kudu na yankin Sarkin Musulmi a Afirka-Cape Delgado a Mozambique ta tekun Indiya zuwa birnin Diu da ke gaɓar tekun Indiya.<ref>Nicolini, B., & Watson, P. (2004). ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean'', 1799–1856. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub., p.133</ref> Harkokin sufurin bayi a yammacin layin da aka kafa, yankin musulmi na farko na Tekun Indiya, a wannan lokacin an ɗauke shi doka amma an haramta shi a gefen gabas. Don aiwatar da wannan doka, an bai wa jiragen ruwan yaƙi ikon kwace jiragen ruwa da ke ɗauke da bayi a cikin haramtacciyar ruwa da ke gabashin layin tare da hukunta kyaftin ɗin kamar yadda 'yan fashin teku suka yi, ta hanyar "mutuwa ba tare da taimakon malamai ba". <ref name="Nicolinithirtyfour" /> Keɓance kawai ga wannan ƙa'ida ya tanadi jiragen ruwa da suka wuce layi saboda yanayin da ya wuce ikonsu ciki har da matsanancin yanayi.<ref name="Nicolinithirtyfour">Nicolini, B., & Watson, P. (2004). ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean'', 1799–1856. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub., p.134</ref> An sami ruɗani game da wanene ainihin wanda zai aiwatar da wannan ɓangare na yarjejeniyar yayin da fassarar Turanci ta ɗora alhakin Oman yayin da rubutun Larabci ya ɗora alhakin Birtaniyya. <ref name="Nicolinithirtyfour" /> == Gyara == A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba,<ref name="Nicolinifortythree">Nicolini, B., & Watson, P. (2004). ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean'', 1799–1856. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub., p. 143</ref> 1839 yarjejeniyar ta faɗaɗa iyakarta, ta ƙara wasu labarai guda uku zuwa ainihin yarjejeniyar.<ref>Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC Islam and the abolition of slavery]''. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.</ref> Tsawaitawa ya ƙaru wurin da ake ɗaukar safarar bayi a matsayin doka ta hanyar ƙaura ƙarshen layin Moresby zuwa yamma zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Pasni a kan Tekun Makran. <ref name="Nicolinifortythree" /> Bugu da ƙari, gyare-gyaren ya haramta sayar da Somaliyawa a matsayin bayi domin, a matsayinsu na [[Musulmi|Musulmai]], Sarkin Omani wanda shi kansa musulmi ne ya ɗauke su a matsayin 'yantattu.<ref>Gilbert, E., & Reynolds, J. T. (2008). ''Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson College Div., p. 233</ref> Yarjejeniyar Hamerton ta biyo baya a shekarar 1845.<ref>Gilbert, E., & Reynolds, J. T. (2008). ''Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson College Div., p. 233</ref> == Manazarta == m9y6yt32k50o246x1uohs7h0wdzinr2 0 101193 890752 624362 2026-08-02T20:18:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dam din Ain Zada wani madatsar ruwa ne mai nisan kilomita {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} (6 a gabashin Khelil a kan Kogin Bou-Sellam a Lardin Bordj Bou Arréridj, Aljeriya. An gina dam din tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1986, ainihin manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga Setif, wanda ke da nisan kilomita {{Convert|24|km|mi|0}} () zuwa yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ain Zada |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/ain-zada/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513123119/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/ain-zada/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Dam]] 9fdxyiuzz5bs7fu32ewqdfgr69fc4pu 0 101364 890739 690385 2026-08-02T19:21:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Agnes Igoye''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1972) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewar jama'a ce ta Uganda kuma mai fafutuka game da fataucin mutane. Tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasuwanci na Kasa - Uganda ban da kasancewa Manajan Horarwa a Darakta na Citizenship da Shige da Fice na ƙasar. Ita ce kuma ta kafa Huts for Peace and Coming Home, cibiyar farfadowa da ke ba da taimako ga yara marayu, wasu daga cikinsu an sace su kuma an yi musu fataucin. == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Igoye ta uku cikin yara takwas ga malamai Odet Francis da Regina Ariokot Odet a gabashin Uganda a ƙauyen Kaboloi, gundumar Pallisa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Muwanguzi |first=Samuel |date=24 August 2017 |title=Harvard's 2017 Star Grad, Uganda's Agnes Igoye Wins Oval Office Award |url=http://www.eadm.news/32-popular/290-harvard-s-2017-star-grad-uganda-s-agnes-igoye-wins-oval-office-award |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=www.eadm.news |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealy |first=Shaina |date=8 March 2018 |title=If A Man Cooks For You, That's ... Progress |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/08/592012456/international-womens-day-in-uganda-if-a-man-cooks-for-you-thats-progress |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Saboda ta'addanci kuma mahaifinta yana sauyawa akai-akai, ta halarci makarantun firamare da yawa ciki har da Makarantar Firamare ta Pallisa Girl, Makarantar Firimare ta Kitante, da Makarantar firamare ta Nagalama. <ref name=":0" /> Daga baya aka shigar da ita a [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo]] don ilimi na yau da kullun da na ci gaba.<ref name=":0" /> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya ta Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] a 1996 kuma ta sami digiri na biyu daga baya daga wannan ma'aikatar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Immigration Officer Agnes Igoye stands out at 2017 Harvard Graduation {{!}} Directorate of Citizenship and Immigration Control |url=https://www.immigration.go.ug/media/ugandan-immigration-officer-agnes-igoye-stands-out-2017-harvard-graduation |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=www.immigration.go.ug }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Grad brings fight to end human trafficking from Uganda to Kennedy School |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/grad-brings-fight-to-end-human-trafficking-from-uganda-to-kennedy-school/ |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Gabashin Afirka Diaspora Media Watch, daga baya ta yi karatun gudanarwa a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda kafin ta lashe Fulbright / Hubert Humphrey Fellowships. Tsakanin 2010 da 2011, Igoye ta halarci [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a Burtaniya a matsayin Fulbright / Hubert Humphrey Fellow a cikin nazarin ƙaura da aka tilasta kuma a lokaci guda ta shiga cikin Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship a Jami'ar Minnesota a Amurka inda ta yi karatun fataucin mutane, Manufo da Rigakafi.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=Agnes Igoye |url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/agnes-igoye |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a kan cikakken tallafin karatu don neman digiri na Mid-Career Masters a cikin Gwamnatin Jama'a (MC / MPA) a cikin shirin Edward S. Mason a Makarantar Kennedy . Ta kammala karatu a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin Mason Fellow a cikin Mid-Career / Master in Public Administration Program. <ref name=":0"/> Bayan kammala karatunta ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Uganda a 1996 a matsayin Jami'in shige da fice kuma daga baya aka kara mata matsayi na Babban Jami'in Shife A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Horarwa a Darakta na Citizenship & Shige da fice kuma ita ce Mataimakin Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Dan Adam.<ref name=":1"/> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Uganda a 1996 a matsayin Jami'in shige da fice kuma daga baya aka kara mata matsayi na Babban Jami'in Shife A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Horarwa a Darakta na Citizenship & Shige da fice kuma ita ce Mataimakin Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Dan Adam na Kasa.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2015 |title=The woman freeing 10 trafficked people a day in Uganda |url=https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/the-woman-freeing-10-trafficked-people-a-day |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Apolitical |language=en}}</ref> Igoye ta bayyana cewa a matsayin mai shekaru 14, ta tsere wa masu fataucin mutane wanda ke motsa yanayin aikin da take ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Igoye {{!}} Aspen Ideas |url=https://www.aspenideas.org/speakers/agnes-igoye |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Aspen Ideas Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana ci gaba da yin magana a kai a kai don wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=A Fierce Faith: Agnes Igoye MC/MPA 2017 is the loud, unwavering voice of the victims of trafficking |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/human-rights/fierce-faith-agnes-igoye-mcmpa-2017-loud |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa shirin Huts for Peace, a Gundumar Gulu wanda ke taimakawa wajen gina gidaje musamman ga mata waɗanda ta'addanci suka kori a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=Countering Human Trafficking in Uganda {{!}} Program for African Thought |url=http://worldpolicy-africa.org/2015/06/countering-human-trafficking-in-uganda/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2015 |title=Huts for Peace – Women With the Ability to Help Themselves |url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/agnes-igoye/posts/37080 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=World Pulse |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Igoye ta kasance mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa kamar 2016 Diller-Diane von Furstenberg International Award, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The DVF Awards |url=https://www.dvf.com/dvf-awards.html |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=www.dvf.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129050503/http://www.dvf.com/dvf-awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar Minnesota ta Distinguished Leadership Award for Internationals a cikin shekara ta 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 : Igoye : Distinguished Leadership Award : Global Programs and Strategy Alliance : University of Minnesota |url=https://global.umn.edu/awards/dlai/14_igoye.html |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=global.umn.edu |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301163046/https://global.umn.edu/awards/dlai/14_igoye.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Humphrey Fellow Agnes Igoye awarded UMN's Distinguished Leadership Award for Internationals |url=https://globalnotes.hhh.umn.edu/2014/06/former-humphrey-fellow-agnes-igoye_44.html |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> kuma ta sanya 2017 Clinton Global Initiative University Alumni Honor Roll. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2018 |title=The Honor Roll: After Surviving a Brutal Civil War, a Student Takes Human Trafficking Head On |url=https://stories.clintonfoundation.org/the-honor-roll-after-surviving-a-brutal-civil-war-a-student-takes-human-trafficking-head-on-9468080ef21b |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Medium |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620141241/https://stories.clintonfoundation.org/the-honor-roll-after-surviving-a-brutal-civil-war-a-student-takes-human-trafficking-head-on-9468080ef21b |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Fataucin Mutane a Afirka]] 3cff9nqw0hni1s3vykc6erkjyyh55fv 0 101434 890605 653950 2026-08-02T12:35:25Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin''' '''Zaian''' (ko '''Zayan''' ) an yi shi ne tsakanin Faransa da Gamayyar ƙabilun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na Zaian a [[Moroko|Maroko]] tsakanin shekarun 1914 zuwa 1921 lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Maroko. Ƙasar Maroko ta zama ƙasar Faransa a shekarar 1912, kuma shugaban ƙasar Louis-Hubert Lyautey ya nemi faɗaɗa tasirin Faransa zuwa gabas ta tsaunukan Atlas na tsakiya zuwa ƙasar Aljeriya. Wannan ya samu adawa da Zaiyan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mouha ou Hammou Zayani. Yaƙin ya fara da kyau ga Faransawa, waɗanda suka ɗauki manyan garuruwan Taza da Khénifra da sauri. Duk da asarar tushen su a Khénifra, Zaians sun yi hasara mai yawa a kan Faransa, wanda ya amsa ta hanyar kafa ''ƙungiyoyin wayar hannu'', haɗa nau'o'in makaman da suka haɗu da na yau da kullum da na yau da kullum, mayaƙan doki da bindigogi a cikin karfi guda. Ɓarkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]] ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci, tare da janye sojojin da aka yi don hidima a Faransa tare da asarar fiye da Faransawa 600 da aka kashe a yakin El Herri. Lyautey ya sake tsara rundunan da yake da su zuwa wani “shinge mai rai”, wanda ya kunshi sansanonin da sojojinsa mafi kyawu ke kula da su da ke kare kewayen ƙasar Faransa tare da dakaru masu ƙaramin karfi da ke riƙe da mukaman gadin baya. A cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa Faransawa sun ci gaba da riƙe mafi yawan yankunansu duk da bayanan sirri da tallafin kudi da gwamnatin tsakiya ta baiwa kungiyar ta Zaian da ci gaba da kai hare-hare da faɗace-faɗac na rage ƙarancin ma'aikatan Faransa. Bayan rattaba hannu kan Sojan Sama da Jamus a watan Nuwamba 1918, manyan dakarun kabilu sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Faransa. Faransawa sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankin Khénifra a cikin t 1920, inda suka kafa jerin gidaje don iyakance 'yancin walwala na Zaiians. Sun buɗe tattaunawa da ’ya’yan Hammou, inda suka shawo kan uku daga cikinsu, tare da da yawa daga cikin mabiyansu, su miƙa wuya ga mulkin Faransa. Rarraba a cikin kungiyar ta Zaian tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan mika wuya da waɗanda har yanzu suke adawa da shi ya haifar da faɗace-faɗace da kuma mutuwar Hammou a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1921. Faransawa sun mayar da martani da kakkausan kai hari mai matakai uku a cikin tsakiyar Atlas wanda ya ɗaiɗaita yankin. Wasu 'yan ƙabilar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Moha ou Said, sun gudu zuwa High Atlas kuma suka ci gaba da yakin basasa da Faransa a cikin shekarar 1930s. == Asali == [[Fayil:Mangin_enters_Marrakesh_(September_1912).jpg|alt=A photograph of General Mangin entering Marrakesh through a large gate at the head of a column of French horsemen|thumb| Janar Mangin ya shiga Marrakesh a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1912]] Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fez a cikin shekarar 1912 ya kafa kariyar Faransa a kan Maroko. <ref name="burke439">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Burke|1975}}.</ref> Rikicin Agadir na shekarar 1911 ne ya haifar da wannan yarjejeniya, inda aka tura sojojin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]] zuwa Maroko don kawar da tawaye ga Sultan Abdelhafid. Wani babban mazaunin ƙasar, Louis-Hubert Lyautey ne ya jagoranci sabuwar kariyar Faransa, kuma ta ɗauki hanyar gargajiya ta Moroccan na gudanar da mulki ta tsarin ƙabilanci. <ref name="burke439" /> Bayan ya ɗauki muƙaminsa Lyautey ya maye gurbin Abdelhafid da ɗan'uwansa, Yusef. <ref name="Bimberg7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Ƙabilun sun yi fushi da wannan, inda suka kafa Sultan nasu, [[Ahmed al-Hiba]], a [[Marrakesh]] kuma suka kama turawa takwas. <ref name="Bimberg7" /> Lyautey ya yi gaggawar nuna adawa da tawayen, inda ya aika Janar Charles Mangin da sojoji 5,000 domin su kwato garin. Mutanen Mangin sun yi nasara sosai, inda suka kuɓutar da mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su tare da yi musu mummunar btarna a kan alkaluman ƙabilu masu tarin yawa saboda asarar mutane 2 da aka kashe da 23 suka jikkata. <ref name="Bimberg7" /> Al-Hiba ya tsere zuwa tsaunukan Atlas tare da wasu tsirarun mabiyansa kuma suna adawa da mulkin Faransa har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1919. <ref name="katz253">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Katz|2006}}.</ref> [[Fayil:General_Lyautey-Pirou-img_3150.jpg|alt=A portrait of General Lyautey in military uniform, seated at a small table|left|thumb| Louis-Hubert Lyautey c.&nbsp;1908]] Shahararriyar ra'ayi tsakanin jama'a a Faransa shi ne mallakar wani yanki mai nisa daga [[Tunis]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], gami da fadada hanyar " Taza corridor" a cikin cikin Moroccan. <ref name="Gershovich100">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gershovich|2005}}.</ref> Lyautey ya goyi bayan wannan kuma ya ba da shawarar mamaye tsaunukan Atlas na tsakiya kusa da Taza, ta hanyar lumana inda zai yiwu. <ref name="Bimberg9">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Wannan faɗaɗa Faransa zuwa tsakiyar Atlas ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da "mafi karfi na Berber Trinity" na Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, shugaban kungiyar Zaian; Moha ou Said, shugaban kungiyar [[Aït Ouirra]]; da Ali Amhaouch, shugaban addini na Darqawa bambancin Musulunci da ke da yawa a yankin. <ref name="hois63">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> <ref name="camb290">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Fage|Roberts|Oliver|1986}}.</ref> Hammou ya ba da umarni tsakanin tantuna 4,000 zuwa 4,200 {{Refn|A tent is the traditional unit of measure for Berber tribes and holds approximately five persons.<ref name="trout78">{{Harvnb|Trout|1969|p=78}}.</ref>}} na mutane kuma ya jagoranci Zaians tun a shekarar 1877, yana adawa da Faransawa tun farkon shigarsu a Maroko. <ref name="hois65">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Wani makiyin Faransawa bayan hambarar da Sultan Abdelhafid, wanda ya auri 'yar Hammou, ya shelanta yaki mai tsarki a kansu, ya kuma tsananta hare-haren ƙabilar sa a kan ƙabilu masu goyon bayan Faransa (ko "masu mika wuya") da ayarin sojoji. <ref name="hois65" /> <ref name="slavin119">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Slavin|2001}}.</ref> Said wani dattijo ne, wanda ’yan ƙabilar da ke faɗin wannan yanki suka riƙe shi da kyau, kuma a da ya kasance caïd (gwamnan ƙaramar hukuma da ke da cikakken iko) ga gwamnatin Moroko, har ma ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Sultan Abdelaziz a kan wani mai fafutuka a Taza a shekarar 1902. <ref name="hois59">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> <ref name="singer196">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Singer|Langdon|2004}}.</ref> <ref name="bidwell75">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bidwell|1973}}.</ref> Duk da cewa da farko ya kasance a shirye don tattaunawa da Faransa, matsin lamba daga shugabannin da ke goyon bayan yakin da kuma tsoron ba'a daga 'yan ƙabilar sa ya sa ya yanke shawara. <ref name="hois59" /> <ref name="singer197">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Singer|Langdon|2004}}.</ref> <ref name="bidwell34">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bidwell|1973}}.</ref> Amhaouch mutum ne mai karfi kuma mai tasiri, wanda jami'in Faransa kuma mai bincike René de Segonzac ya bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "manyan jagororin ruhaniya na Maroko" kuma "mafi girman halayen addini na kudu maso gabas". <ref name="hois63">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Faransawa sun yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan Zaians su mika wuya tun a shekarar 1913 ba tare da nasara ba; yawancin ƙabilun da ke cikin tarayyar sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Faransa. <ref name="Gershovich101">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gershovich|2005}}.</ref> Shirye-shiryen Lyautey na ɗaukar Taza kuma ya ƙara zuwa kama Khénifra, hedkwatar Hammou. Jami’in siyasarsa, Maurice Le Glay, ya ba shi shawarar cewa yin hakan zai “kare shi da gaske” kuma ya yanke Za’awa daga goyon bayan wasu ƙabilu. <ref name="hois63">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Kwanan nan Said ya kai wa sansanin Faransa hari a Kasbah Tadla, kuma tattaunawar zaman lafiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban leken asirin Lyautey, Kanar Henri Simon, bai cimma komai ba. <ref name="Bimberg8">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Sakamakon haka, an ba Mangin izinin jagorantar harin ramuwar gayya zuwa sansanin Said da ke El Ksiba amma, duk da cewa ya yi munanan raunuka, an tilasta masa janyewa tare da asarar rayuka 60, 150 da suka samu raunuka, an kuma yi watsi da kayan aiki da yawa. <ref name="Bimberg8" /> Bayan da ya ƙasa yin wani ra'ayi a kan Zaians ta hanyar yin shawarwari a watan Mayu 1914, Lyautey ya ba Janar Paul Prosper Henrys izini ya jagoranci dukan sojojin Faransa a yankin da kuma kaddamar da hari a Taza da Khénifra. <ref name="hois65">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> <ref name="Bimberg9">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Henrys ya kama Taza a cikin 'yan kwanaki ta hanyar amfani da sassan da aka zana daga garrisons a Fez, [[Ameknas|Meknes]], Rabat da Marrakesh sannan ya mai da hankalinsa ga Khénifra. <ref name="Gershovich101">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gershovich|2005}}.</ref> <ref name="hois64">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> == Manazarta == == Kamfen na Khénifra == Henrys ya shirya hari akan Khénifra a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1914 tare da aika ginshiƙan sojoji guda uku, jimlar dakaru 14,000 sanye take da rediyo mara waya da goyan bayan jirgin sama . <ref name="Bimberg9">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Daya daga cikin ginshiƙin dakarun Meknes a karkashin jagorancin Laftanar-Kanar Henri Claudel, wani daga Rabat karkashin Laftanar-Kanar Gaston Cros da na uku daga Kasbah Tadla a karkashin Kanar Noël Garnier-Duplessix . <ref name="hois66">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Henrys ya samu damar jagoranci don bada umarni, yana jagorantar sojojin daga motar sulke a cikin ginshiƙin Claudel. <ref name="hois66" /> Da sanin cewa kadan daga cikin ƙasa ko kuma yarda da ƙabilun gida Henrys ya ba da ƙayyadaddun sharuddan karimci ga 'yan kabilar da suka mika wuya ga mulkin Faransa: dole ne su mika wuya kawai bindigoginsu na harbe-harbe da duk wani kayan Faransa da aka kama, kuma su biya wani karamin haraji don kariya. <ref name="hois66" /> Ya kuma ware makudan kuɗaɗe domin baiwa masu yaɗa labarai da shugabannin ƙabilu cin hanci. <ref name="hois66" /> Duk da cewa an ɗauki waɗannan matakan, ginshiƙin Claudel ya fuskanci harin kafin ma ya bar Meknes, ko da yake shi ne mafi girma kuma an yi niyya a matsayin karkatarwa. <ref name="hois67">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Dakarun Hammou sun kai hari sansanin nasu ne a cikin kwanaki uku, inda suka yi sanadin asarar akalla jami'i guda ɗaya da wasu mutane hudu tare da raunata goma sha tara, amma sauran ginshikan biyun ba a samu hatsaniya ba. <ref name="hois67" /> Claudel ya ƙaddamar da farmaki a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni yayin da Hammou ke shirin kai hari na hudu, inda ya kori 'yan Zaian da makamai tare da tabbatar da turjiya kadan ga tattakinsa zuwa Khénifra a washegari. <ref name="hois67" /> Bayan sun dake da dogewa a wasu hare-haren sari-ka-nokƙe a Teguet, sojojin dawakan Claudel sun tsallaka Oum er Rbia a [[El Bordj, Morocco|el Bordj]] suka wuce zuwa wajen Khénifra. <ref name="hois67" /> Sauran ginshiƙan sun haɗu da su a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, suna yaƙi da kare dukkan hare-haren da Zaian ke kai musu a hanya tare da haɗuwa da sauran ginshiƙai biyu, sun gano garin ba kowa da kowa tare da daga tutar Faransa. <ref name="hois67" /> Rukunin ya rasa mutane biyu da aka kashe a halin tafiya. <ref name="hois67" /> [[File:Khénifra_landscape.jpg|alt=Rolling hills with mountains in the background, a road and electricity pylons cross the image from left to right. The ground is stony with some browned grass, a few bushes and scattered trees. A small farm is in the right mid-ground with some fields used for hay and grazing of sheep.|left|thumb|Hoton zamani yana nuna shimfiɗar wuri kusa da Khénifra]] ginshikan sunyi fama da hare-hare mai tsanani daga 'yan kabilar Zaian a wannan rana, wadanda suka fatattake su da yammacin rana a kan kashe mutane biyar da jikkata mutum goma sha tara. <ref name="hois67">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> An sake dakile hare-haren da aka kai a daren 14 da 15 ga watan Yuni ta hanyar harbin bindigu da bindigu, wanda mayaƙan bincike suka jagoranta. <ref name="hois69">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Daga nan sai Henrys ya aika da ginshiƙai biyu a kudu zuwa sansanin [[Adersan]] na Zaian don kona gidaje, yana tabbatar da kwarewarsa na soja amma bai haifar da mummunar arangama ga kabilun ba, waɗanda suka koma dabarun yaƙin tawaye. <ref name="hois69" /> A martanin da aka mayar da dukkan kasuwannin da Faransa ke iko da su, an rufe su ga 'yan Zayyan kuma an dakatar da ayarin motocinsu na kasuwanci. <ref name="hois69" /> Henrys ya fahimci kasancewar Zaian a el Bordj kuma ya aika da wata ginshiƙin soji don kai musu hari a ranar 31 ga Yuni. Kudancin el Bordj Faransawa sun fuskanci mummunar martanai daga 'yan kabilar da ke dauke da bindigu na zamani kuma suka kai karar bayonet don share hanya. <ref name="hois69">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Ganawar ita ce babbar haɗin gwiwa ta farko da Henrys ya yi tare da Zaians kuma asararsa ta yi yawa, an kashe jami'in 1 da maza 16 sannan wasu jami'ai 2 da mutane 75 suka jikkata. <ref name="hois70">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Asarar Zaian ta fi girmama: Faransawa sun ƙidaya aƙalla matattu 140 da suka rage a fagen fama, kuma sun ɗauki yaƙin a matsayin nasara. <ref name="hois70" /> Henrys ya yi tsammanin za a dakata a cikin ayyukan yayin da yan Zaians suka murmure, amma a maimakon haka Hammou ya kara kai hari kan Faransawa. <ref name="hois70" /> Kwanaki hudu kacal bayan gabatar da harin da wasu kabilu 500 suka kai kan ayarin motocin Faransa, an dakile harin bayan wasu sa'o'i da dama da ake zargin bayonet. <ref name="hois70" /> Faransa ta sake yin yawa tare da kashe jami'ai guda da maza goma da kuma raunata mutane talatin. <ref name="hois70" /> === ''Wayoyin hannu'' === [[File:Senegalese_troops_en_route_to_Morocco_1908.png|alt=A painting of a column of black soldiers and porters accompanied by a white French officer|thumb|Hoton da ke sama na nuna atisaye da tattakin sojojin Senegal a kan hanyar zuwa Maroko]] Dangane da karuwar hare-hare a yankin Khénifra Henrys ya kafa ''wayoyin hannu'' guda uku, wadanda suka kunshi dakarun sojoji akasari daga [[Sojojin Afirka na Faransa|Sojojin Afirka]] . <ref name="Bimberg10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Kowane ''rukuni'' an tsara shi don zama mai cikin cikakken tsaro kuma yawanci ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin sojoji na yau da kullun ( Tirailleurs na Algeria da [[Senegal]] ko sojojin Faransa na Faransa ), ƙungiyar mayaƙan doki (Algerian Spahis ), ƴan batura na manyan bindigogi ( filin ko dutse ), wani sashe na Hotchkiss bindigogin injuna da kuma jirgin alfadari na kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin babban jami'in Faransa. <ref name="Bimberg7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> <ref name="Bimberg5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Bugu da kari kowane ''rukuni na Dakaru'' zai sami ''goums'' ɗaya ko biyu (ƙungiyoyin da ba na yau da kullun na kusan maza 200) na ''goumiers'', ƙabilun ƙabilanci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in leken asirin Faransa. <ref name="Bimberg6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> An yi amfani da ''goum ɗin'' don ayyukan tattara bayanan sirri da kuma wuraren da ke da wahalan shaani. <ref name="Bimberg6" /> An kafa ''rukunin Dakaru'' mai ƙarfi na battalion huɗu a Khénifra, ƙarƙashin Laftanar-Karnar René Laverdure ; daya dogara zuwa yamma karkashin Claudel daya kuma zuwa gabas karkashin Garnier-Duplessix. <ref name="hois70">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Bugu da kari an kafa sansanonin goumier a M'Rirt da Sidi Lamine tare da yankunan da ke tsakanin ''jami'an goumiers'' na sintiri don kare ayarin motocin da kuma mika kabilanci daga harin. <ref name="Bimberg10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bimberg|1999}}.</ref> Hare-haren da ake kaiwa Khénifra a cikin watan Yuli, wanda aka mayar da su kawai ta hanyar amfani da manyan bindigu da harbe-harbe, ya sa Henrys ya damu da cewa haɗin gwiwar 'yan kabilar na iya barazana ga garin da kuma kabilun da aka sallamar. <ref name="hois72">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> Wannan bangaren na fargabar cewa an kawar da shi ta hanyar cin nasara daban-daban na Hammou da Amhaouch da ''kungiyoyin wayar hannu'' na Claudel da Garnier-Duplessix suka yi da kuma ta hanyar karuwar adadin masu taimaka wa sabbin kabilun da aka mika ta hanyar tsarin haraji . <ref name="Bimberg10" /> Claudel da Garnier-Duplessix an umurce su da su yi sintiri a bankin Faransa na Oum er Rbia da yunƙurin raba Zaians daga Chleuh zuwa kudu yayin da Henrys ya shirya ci gaba ta Tsakiyar Atlas zuwa kogin Guigou . <ref name="hois73">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hoisington|1995}}.</ref> An dakatar da waɗannan ayyuka ne saboda raguwar dakarun sojojin dake ƙarƙashin kulawarsa sakamakon aukuwar yakin duniya na farko a Turai. <ref name="hois73" /> fs4hzh5hx6kugk1zv5y1lbra10q238t 0 101830 890609 629965 2026-08-02T12:37:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saitin Happy Valley''' rukuni ne na galibin 'yan [[Daular Biritaniya|Burtaniya]] da Anglo-Irish da ƴan kasada waɗanda suka zauna a yankin "Happy Valley" na kwarin Wanjohi, kusa da tsaunin Aberdare, a ƙasar Kenya ta mulkin mallaka tsakanin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1940. A cikin shekarun 1930s, ƙungiyar ta zama sananne saboda [[Hedonism|rashin jin daɗi]], salon rayuwa mara kyau da cin nasara a cikin rahotannin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da lalata. Yankin da ke kusa da garin [[Naivasha]], a bakin tafkin Naivasha, 92.8&nbsp;km (57.7 mi) arewa maso yammacin [[Nairobi]], yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da Turawa suka fara zama a Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren farauta na 'saitin'. Garin Nyeri na mulkin mallaka, a gabas da Range Aberdare, shine babban garin mazauna Happy Valley. A tsakiyar 2000s, zuriyar Happy Valley kafa sun fuskanci talla saboda matsalolin shari'a na Tom Cholmondeley, babban jikan Lord Delamere . Wasu daga cikin fitattun mambobi na saitin Happy Valley sune: Hugh Cholmondeley, Baron Delamere na 3 da ɗansa da magaji Thomas Cholmondeley, Baron Delamere na 4 ; Denys Finch Hatton, masoyinsa [[Karen Blixen]] ; Bror von Blixen-Finecke ; Sir Jock Delves Broughton da matarsa Diana Delves Broughton ; Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll ; Lady Idina Sackville ; Alice de Janzé (dan uwan J. Ogden Armor ) da mijinta Count Frederic de Janzé . == Tarihi == A cewar Ulf Aschan, "Witty, mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka haifa, da kuma karantawa sosai, Happy Valleyites sun jajirce wajen neman abin sha'awa, sau da yawa suna samun wannan ta hanyar sha, kwayoyi, da jima'i." [1] Babban lokacin shaharar Kwarin Happy Valley shine a ƙarshen 1920s. Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin da rikicin kasuwannin hannayen jari na shekarar 1929 ya haifar ya ragu matuka da yawan masu shigowa kasar Kenya da kuma kwararar babban birnin kasar. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1939 Kenya tana da al'ummar Turai mai mutane 21,000. == Wuri == Yankin da ke kusa da garin [[Naivasha]] yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da Turawa suka zauna kuma ɗaya daga cikin wuraren farauta na hedonistic Happy Valley. Yankin kuma ya haɗa da Thomson's Falls . Geoffrey Buxton, manomi na farko da ya yi mulkin mallaka a yankin, ya ƙaura daga ɓarkewar Rift Valley tare da ƙananan kogunansa da iska mai ƙura da ta ba Gilgil suna. Sabili da haka, bayan gano ƙasarsa ta noma mai kyau, sai ya sanya wa wannan sabuwar wurin suna 'Happy Valley'. Wasu mambobin Kwarin Happy sun zauna a Gilgil, Kenya, kusa da tafkin Elementaita . Garin Nyeri a Lardin Tsakiya, zuwa gabas da Range Aberdare, wani gari ne a kusa da Happy Valley. Garin yana da sanyin iska da hazo na safiya. <ref name="MKnyeri" /> A waje da Nyeri ne Outspan Hotel, wanda shine gidan karshe na Lord Baden-Powell da matarsa, wadanda suka kafa Boy and Girl Scouting, kuma an binne shi a wajen Nyeri. Gidan yana da ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe don rayuwar Baden-Powell da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. <ref name="MKnyeri" /> == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == Littattafai da fina-finai irin su ''White Mischief'' sun ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na Happy Valley saitin, <ref name="HotS">{{Cite web |last=Zurawik |first=David |date=28 January 1999 |title=Life and sybaritic times in Happy Valley |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602093546/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=24 April 2016 |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji na Jock Delves Broughton don kisan Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll ; da ''The Happy Valley'', Juanita Carberry 's asusun na samartaka da kuma daga baya hannu tare da Delves Broughton case. Tarihin Idina Sackville, ''The Bolter'', ta Frances Osborne, ya haɗa da labarun asalin saitin Happy Valley kuma yana nuna yawancin manyan halayensa. Sackville ya auri Lord Erroll na shekaru da yawa, kuma sun haifi ɗa tare. 1999 ƙaramin jerin talabijin na Burtaniya ''Heat of the Sun'' ya bayyana rayuka da laifuka na wasu ƙagaggun mazauna Happy Valley. <ref name="HotS">{{Cite web |last=Zurawik |first=David |date=28 January 1999 |title=Life and sybaritic times in Happy Valley |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602093546/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=24 April 2016 |website=The Baltimore Sun}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZurawik1999">Zurawik, David (28 January 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160602093546/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald "Life and sybaritic times in Happy Valley"]. ''The Baltimore Sun''. Archived from [http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-01-28/features/9901280284_1_tyburn-nairobi-emma-fitzgerald the original] on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2019, marubucin Ba’amurke Ba’amurke Rhys Bowen ya buga wani sirrin kisan kai mai suna ''So da Mutuwa Daga cikin Cheetahs'' da aka saita a cikin kwari. wanda shine kashi na 13 na jerin jerin ta ''A Royal Spyness Mystery'' . A cikin 2019, marubucin Irish Lucinda Riley ya ƙirƙira rayuwar wasu sanannun membobin Kwarin Happy da aka saita a cikin littafinta ''The Sun Sister'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HAPPY VALLEY {{!}} Lucinda Riley |url=http://lucindariley.co.uk/seven-sisters-series/the-sun-sister/happy-valley/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fitattun mutane == [[File:HappyValley.jpg|right|thumb|348x348px| Wasu fitattun membobin Kwarin Happy da aka kafa a Kenya, 1926. Daga hagu zuwa dama: Raymond de Trafford, Frédéric de Janzé, Alice de Janzé da Lord Delamere.]] Kodayake babu ainihin ma'anar abin da ya ƙunshi memba na saitin Happy Valley, gabaɗaya marubuta sun yarda cewa yana nufin turawan mulkin mallaka da ke cikin ko kusa da yankin kwarin Wanjohi, waɗanda suka yi fice a lokacin 1920s-1940s don yawan abin kunya, yawanci game da kafirci da cin zarafin kwayoyi ko barasa. Wasu daga cikin fitattun ma’abota wannan qungiya sune kamar haka: === Hugh Cholmondeley, Baron Delamere na 3 === Daya daga cikin mazaunan Burtaniya na farko a Gabashin Afirka, Hugh Cholmondeley, Baron Delamere na 3 (1870–1931), KCMG, an yaba da taimakawa wajen samar da saitin Happy Valley. Lord Delamere ya fara tafiya gabashin Afirka ne a shekarar 1891 don farautar zaki kuma ya dawo duk shekara don ci gaba da farautar. A cikin 1894, zaki ya yi masa lalata. Hakan yasa ya rame har karshen rayuwarsa. Ana kuma yaba masa da kirkiro kalmar " farar farauta ". A cikin 1896, ya ƙaura zuwa Afirka kuma daga ƙarshe ya zauna a Kenya. A cikin 1906, ya sami babban gona mai suna Soysambu Ranch, wanda a ƙarshe zai tashi zuwa {{Convert|200000|acre|km2}} . Ana kuma ganin Lord Delamere ya bayar da gudunmawa sosai wajen bunkasa aikin noma na kasar Kenya. Nan da nan ya zama sananne a tsakanin al'ummar Turai a Kenya. Ya kasance mai himma wajen daukar matsugunai zuwa Gabashin Afirka, kuma ya sha'awar al'adun [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] na gida. Akwai labarin yadda Delamere ya hau dokinsa zuwa dakin cin abinci na Otal din Norfolk na Nairobi yana tsalle kan teburi. su. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na daya, Delamere ya kasance mai kula da harkokin leken asiri a kan iyakar Maasai, da sa ido kan motsin sassan Jamus a [[Tanzaniya]] a yau. Ya auri Lady Charles Markham (née Gwladys Helen Beckett) a cikin 1928. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1931. ===Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl na Erroll=== {{main|Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl na Erroll}} Wani dan kasar Scotland kuma sanannen mai zaman kansa, Josslyn Victor Hay, 22nd Earl na Erroll (1901–1941) ya bar aikin diflomasiyya a Biritaniya kuma ya kunyata jama'a lokacin da ya gudu da wata matar aure, Lady Idina Sackville. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1923 kuma suka koma Kenya a 1924. Sun zama mafi shahararru a cikin 'Happy Valley' kuma gidansu, ''Slains'' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan tsohon gidan Iyalin Hay na Slains Castle), ya zama wurin rayuwar jama'a, wanda aka sani don al'adunsu. Idina, Countess na Erroll, ta saki shi a 1929, saboda yana cutar da ita ta fuskar kudi. Lord Erroll ya riga ya yi soyayya da matar aure Molly Ramsay-Hill. Ma'auratan sun gudu. Lokacin da mijin Ramsay-Hill ya gano, ya gano su kuma ya yi wa Lord Erroll bulala a bainar jama'a a Nairobi Railway Station. Erroll ya auri Molly a 1930. A 1934, Lord Erroll ya shiga British Union of Fascists (B.U.F.) na Sir Oswald Mosley kuma, bayan ya koma Kenya bayan shekara guda, ya zama shugaban Convention of Associations. A farkon 1939, matar Erroll Molly, Countess na Erroll, ta mutu daga illar shan wani hadin giya, morphine da heroin. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu a waccan shekarar, Lord Erroll ya zama kyaftin a Kenya Regiment kuma ya karbi mukamin sakataren soja na Gabashin Afirka a 1940.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} A karshen 1940, Lord Erroll ya sadu da Diana, Lady Delves Broughton, sabuwar, kyakkyawa kuma matashiyar matar Sir Jock Delves Broughton, 11th Baronet. Lord Erroll da Lady Delves Broughton ba da jimawa ba suka zama masoya. Soyayyarsu ta kasance a fili. Delves Broughton ya yarda cewa ya tattauna shi a fili da Lord Erroll. Duk da haka, a watan Janairu 1941, an sami Lord Erroll an harbe shi har lahira a cikin motarsa a wata mahadar hanya a wajen Nairobi. Ko da yake an tuhumi Delves Broughton kuma an yi masa shari'a, an wanke shi daga kisan kai. An rubuta littattafai da yawa, fina-finai (ciki har da ''White Mischief'') da labarai game da asirin kisan kai kuma an tattauna ra'ayoyi daban-daban; kisan kai na iya warware shi ta hanyar abin da aka gano a 2007 wanda ke nuna cewa Delves Broughton yana da laifi bayan komai.<ref name="abc 2025-01-24">{{cite news |last1=Armitage |first1=Rebecca |last2=Stein |first2=Lucia |title=A Cikin Happy Valley, salon rayuwa mai ban sha'awa na sarakuna ya kare da kisan daya daga cikinsu |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-01-25/the-wild-lifestyle-of-aristocrats-ended-in-murder/104852558 |access-date=27 January 2025 |publisher=ABC News|location=Australia |date=25 January 2025 |language=en-AU}}</ref> ===Lady Idina Sackville=== {{main|Idina Sackville}} Wata yar asalin Burtaniya, 'yar 8th Earl de la Warr<ref>{{usurped|1=The Genealogy of the Wallace Family}}</ref> kuma kani ga mawaki Vita Sackville-West, Myra Idina Sackville (1893–1955) ta kunyata jama'a lokacin da ta saki mijinta na farko Euan Wallace, inda ta rasa damar ganin 'ya'yanta maza biyu, waɗanda aka kashe daga baya yayin hidima a yakin duniya na biyu. Idina ta bar mijinta na biyu Kyaftin Charles Gordon don masoyinta Joss Hay, Earl na Erroll na gaba, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru takwas. Tare, sun koma Kenya a 1924 kuma sun fara rayuwar cin hanci da rashawa ta Happy Valley. Idina ta zama sananniya don shirya liyafa masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka haɗa da musayar mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. An kuma ba da labarai game da yadda ta kan maraba da baƙi a cikin baho da aka yi da kore onyx sannan ta ci gaba da yin ado a gabansu. Bayan ita da Erroll sun rabu, ta yi aure sau biyu. Ta mutu a 1955.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} ===Countess Alice de Janzé=== {{main|Alice de Janzé}} An haife ta Alice Silverthorne (1899–1941), ta kasance attajira mai arziki daga Chicago da Buffalo, New York, 'yar mai masana'antar felt mai shaye-shaye kuma kani ga attajiri J. Ogden Armour. Ta zauna a Paris tun farkon 1920s, tare da mijinta, Count Frédéric de Janzé. Ma'auratan sun fara saduwa da Joss Hay, Earl na Erroll da matarsa, Idina, lokacin da na biyun suka zauna a Paris a farkon 1920s. Bayan Hays sun koma Wanjohi Valley a Kenya, sun gayyaci de Janzés don farautar zaki, a 1925 da 1926. De Janzés sun zauna a wani gida kusa da Hays na tsawon watanni da yawa. Alice ta yi soyayya da Lord Erroll daga baya kuma da Raymond de Trafford. Lokacin da de Janzés suka koma Paris, Alice ta bar mijinta don Raymond.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Alice ta yi fice a duniya a 1927, lokacin da ta harbe Raymond a wani tashar jirgin kasa ta Paris sannan ta harbe kanta. An gano daga baya cewa ta yi hakan ne saboda damuwarta, bayan Raymond ya gaya mata cewa ba zai iya auren ta ba. Dukansu an kwantar da su a asibiti amma sun tsira; Alice an yi mata shari'a a kotun Paris kuma an wanke ta da tarar dala huɗu. Lokacin da ta koma Kenya a 1928, gwamnati ta tilasta mata barin kasar a matsayin baƙo mara kyau. A 1932, ita da Raymond sun yi aure a Faransa, amma sun rabu kusan nan da nan daga baya kuma suka sake. Alice daga baya ta koma Happy Valley a Kenya. Mai fama da baƙin ciki, mai shaye-shaye da kuma mai jaraba ga morphine, ta kasance a Kenya har sai da ta kashe kanta ta hanyar harbi a 1941. Kafin mutuwarta, an yi la'akari da Alice a matsayin mai laifi na kisan Lord Erroll.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} ===Count Frédéric de Janzé=== Wani bature dan asalin Faransa daga tsohon dangin sarauta na Brittany, Comte (Count) Frédéric de Janzé ya kuma shahara a Faransa saboda aikinsa a matsayin direban tsere. Bayan gayyata daga abokansu, Joss da Idina Hay, shi da matarsa, Alice, sun fara tafiya zuwa Wanjohi Valley, Kenya, a 1925 kuma sun yi watanni a can, suna farautar zakuna. Frédéric ya yi soyayya da Idina, yayin da Alice ke soyayya da Joss. Frédéric ya rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwa, ''Vertical Land'',<ref name=vert/> wanda ya ba da ra'ayoyinsa game da wasu manyan mutane na Happy Valley. Ya koma tare da Alice zuwa Happy Valley a 1926, a lokacin da Alice ta yi kokarin gudu da sabon masoyinta, Raymond de Trafford. De Janzés sun rabu a 1927, bayan fashewar harbin Alice. Frédéric ya mutu a 1933, saboda sepsis, yana da shekaru 37.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} ===Kiki Preston=== {{main|Kiki Preston}} An haife ta Alice Gwynne (1898–1946), ta kasance mai son jama'a ta Amurka, dangi ga manyan iyalai na Whitney da Vanderbilt. Kiki da mijinta na biyu, Jeromy "Gerry" Preston (1897–1934) sun fara komawa Kenya a 1926, bayan an ba su fili a gabar tafkin Naivasha ta wani aboki. Kiki da mijinta sun yi fice a matsayin manyan mafarauta. Kiki kuma ta shahara saboda amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, musamman jarabar ta ga cocaine da heroin, kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun abokan ciniki na Frank Greswolde Williams, babban dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi na yankin. An yi mata lakabi da "yarinya mai sirinji ta azurfa", saboda al'adar ta na ci gaba da ɗaukar sirinjinta a cikin jakar ta da kuma harbin miyagun ƙwayoyi a bainar jama'a ba tare da la'akari da masu kallo ba. Duk lokacin da ta rasa kayayyaki, ta kan aika da jirgin sama don samun sababbi. Kiki kuma ta yi soyayya da maza da yawa, ciki har da Prince George, Duke of Kent, wanda ta gabatar da shi ga miyagun ƙwayoyi, abin da ya sa iyalin gidan sarauta na Birtaniya sun hana su saduwa da juna. Kiki ana zargin ta da haihuwar ɗa ba bisa ka'ida ba daga soyayyarta da Prince George, wanda daga baya ya zama mai gudanar da harkokin bugawa Michael Temple Canfield, ɗan da Cass Canfield ya ɗauka.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Kiki a hankali ta bar gidan gona kuma ta koma Amurka. An kashe ɗanta, Ethan, a Normandy Landings. Kiki ta kashe kanta a 1946, ta tsalle daga taga gidanta a Stanhope Hotel a [[New York (birni)|New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|title="Mata ta N.Y. ta tsalle daga benaye biyar har lahira"|periodical=Lewiston Daily Sun|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hpggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=R2gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4430,7809765&dq=lillian+turner+preston&hl=en|date=24 December 1946}}</ref> ===Raymond de Trafford=== Dan Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 3rd Baronet, Raymond Vincent de Trafford (1900–1971) wani dan asalin Birtaniya ne daga tsohon dangin sarauta na Irish. Aikinsa ya fara ne a Grenadier Guards<ref name=Perth1927>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78742162 |title=Harbin Paris |newspaper=The Daily News |volume=XLVI |issue=16,243 |location=Western Australia |date=21 May 1927 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=2 (Final sporting edition) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> ko Coldstream Guards (1919–1924).<ref name=DM1941>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article271419523 |title=Raymond de Trafford ya fara rayuwa sabo. Tsohon jami'in Guards yanzu footslogger |newspaper=Daily Mirror |volume=1 |issue=155 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=7 November 1941 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=2 (Late Final Extra 2) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A karshen 1924 ko farkon 1925 a London don caca £50 ya yi gasar dambe zagaye biyar tare da wani dan kungiyar, Sir John Charles Peniston Milbanke mai shekaru 22.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117970568 |title=Baronet boxer |newspaper=The Evening News |issue=17955 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=6 January 1925 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article179454186 |title=Yan dambe na Ingila |newspaper=Daily Standard |issue=3759 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=24 January 1925 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Mai caca, mai son mata da mai shaye-shaye,<ref name=EastAfrica>{{cite web |title=DE TRAFFORD, Raymund Vincent |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/default.asp?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=3885 |website=Europeans in East Africa |publisher=Europeans in East Africa |access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref> de Trafford ya kasance sananne a cikin Happy Valley a lokacin 1920s, kuma yana da masoya da yawa, ciki har da Alice de Janzé da Kiki Preston. An ruwaito cewa yana da manyan kadarori a Kenya,<ref name=Tel1927>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180796379 |title="Wani Mutum Mai Bala'i" |newspaper=The Telegraph |issue=17,180 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=26 December 1927 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> na akalla kadada 20000.<ref name=Perth1927 /> Ya taɓa ƙoƙarin shawo kan Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, amma an hana shi. An taɓa ruwaito de Trafford yana cikin maye sosai, har ya kona wasu gidaje na 'yan Kenya wata rana.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} De Trafford iyayensa sun yi masa barazana da korar gadonsa idan zai auri Comtesse Alice de Janzé. A ranar Asabar 26 ga Maris 1927, bayan gano gaskiyar inda ya yi alƙawarin auren ta, de Janzé ta harbe shi sannan ta harbe kanta, bayan ya hau jirgin Calais a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Gare du Nord a Paris.<ref name=Tel1927 /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article136422541 |title=Harbin De TRAFFORD |newspaper=The Maitland Weekly Mercury |issue=1732 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1927 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=Perth1927 /> Dukansu sun tsira, 'yan sanda sun tuhume ta, kuma daga baya a matsayin shaida, ya yi ƙoƙarin kare de Janzé a shari'arta.<ref name=Tel1927 /> A ranar Litinin 22 ga Fabrairu 1932 a Neuilly-sur-Seine, ya auri de Janzé,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203182531 |title=Ƙarshen Farin Ciki |newspaper=The Age |issue=23,985 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=24 February 1932 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> amma kusan nan da nan<ref name=DM1941 /> ya watsar da ita (an zarge shi, saboda yana jin tsoronta){{Cn|date=January 2025}} a kan SS Orsova a watan Nuwamba 1932, kuma ya koma Ostiraliya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206126831 |title=Wata Countess ta harbe shi, wani jami'in Guards mai soyayya ya kwaikwayi don dubawa a Ostiraliya |newspaper=Truth |issue=1706 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=4 December 1932 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230576935 |title=Mai Iska |newspaper=The Sun |issue=7146 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=24 November 1932 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=19 (Final extra) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Ya ziyarci dukkan jihohin Ostiraliya, kuma ya shiga cikin da'irar zamantakewa ta wasanni ciki har da tsere na dawakai a Sydney da Kalgoorlie.<ref name=Miner1939>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article95050403 |title=Kyaftin de Trafford an yanke masa hukunci |newspaper=Kalgoorlie Miner |volume=45 |issue=11,531 |location=Western Australia |date=9 June 1939 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=DM1941 /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234616259 |title=Sako mai ban dariya |newspaper=Smith's Weekly |volume=XVII |issue=13 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=25 May 1935 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> De Trafford ya koma Ingila a watan Afrilu 1936, kodayake an nuna cewa zai koma Ostiraliya a watan Janairu 1937.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230791256 |title=Abubuwan Zamantakewa |newspaper=The Sun |issue=1763 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=10 January 1937 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=27 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> An ba de Janzé umarnin saki a watan Oktoba 1937.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244614338 |title=Sakin de TRAFFORD |newspaper=The Herald |issue=18,859 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=26 October 1937 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A ranar Juma'a, 3 ga Maris 1939, a Cheltenham, Ingila a kan wata hanyar karkara, de Trafford ya buge kuma ya kashe wani mai keke da motarsa<ref name=Miner1939 /> yayin da yake bugu. Yana tafiya zuwa farauta tare da 'yar uwarsa.<ref name=DM1941 /> Ya roƙi rashin laifi,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mutum mai girma ya yi tuki kamar mahaukaci ya sami shekaru uku a kurkuku |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000564/19390608/113/0007 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=Dundee Courier |date=8 June 1939 |page=7}}</ref> an yanke masa hukunci a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1939 na tsawon shekaru uku a kurkuku a Maidstone Gaol don kisan kai.<ref name=DM1941 /> Yana da shekaru 41 kuma kwanan nan aka sake shi daga kurkuku, a watan Nuwamba 1941 de Trafford ya nuna cewa an zarge shi da shiga a matsayin mai zaman kansa tare da King's Royal Rifle Corps.<ref name=DM1941 /> Tsohuwar matarsa de Janzé ta kashe kanta watanni kaɗan kafin nan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article271322303 |title=Countess mai ban sha'awa ta mutu a gona mai nisa |newspaper=Daily Mirror |volume=1 |issue=123 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=1 October 1941 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=1 (War News Edition) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A watan Agusta 1946 ya kasance a gaban Kotun Fatara ta London, saboda bashi na £1960.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article272797131 |title=Shari'ar fatara a kan mutumin Sydney |newspaper=Daily Mirror |issue=1641 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=30 August 1946 |access-date=26 January 2025 |page=16 (Late Final Extra 4) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> De Trafford ya auri Eve de Vere Drummond ('yar dan wasan [[kurket]] na Northamptonshire George Drummond) a watan Mayu 1951. Ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1971 a Northampton.<ref name=EastAfrica /> ===Sir John "Jock" Delves Broughton=== {{main|Jock Delves Broughton}} Wani bature dan asalin Biritaniya, Sir Henry John "Jock" Delves Broughton (1883–1942) ya koma Kenya, tare da sabuwar matarsa, Diana Caldwell, wadda ta fi shi ƙanƙanta da shekaru talatin. Diana nan take ta fara soyayya ta fili da Joss Hay, Earl na Erroll. Broughton daga karshe ya yarda da ra'ayin Diana ta watsar da shi kuma ta auri Erroll, saboda yarjejeniyar da suka yi kafin aure, cewa za ta iya watsar da shi idan ta yi soyayya da wani mutum.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Duk da haka, an kashe Erroll a watan Janairu 1941. An dauki Broughton a matsayin babban wanda ake zargi. 'Yan sanda sun kama shi kuma an yi masa shari'a don kisan Erroll. Saboda rashin isassun shaidu da la'akari da harsashi, an wanke shi. Juanita Carberry, 'yar John Carberry (10th Baron Carbery), ta tabbatar cewa Broughton ya furta kisan ga ta nan da nan bayan an wanke shi. Diana da sauri ta saki Broughton. Ya koma Ingila, inda ya kashe kansa ta hanyar barbiturate overdose a 1942.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} ===Diana, Lady Delamere=== {{Main|Diana Caldwell}} An haife ta Diana Caldwell (1913–1987), ta koma Happy Valley a karshen 1940, tare da sabon mijinta, Sir John "Jock" Delves Broughton, wani Baronet mai manyan kadarorin filaye a Ingila. Nan take ta fara soyayya ta fili da shahararren Joss Hay, Earl na Erroll. Ta shirya don saki Broughton da auri Erroll. Broughton da alama ya ba da albarkarsa.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} An gano Erroll an kashe shi a cikin motarsa a watan Janairu 1941. An tuhumi Broughton da kisan kai amma an wanke shi a shari'ar. Diana ta taimaka wa mijinta, amma bayan shari'ar ta zarge shi da kasancewa mai kisan kai kuma ta watsar da shi.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Bayan ta rabu da Broughton, ta auri Gilbert Colvile a shekarar 1943, daya daga cikin mafi arziƙi kuma mafi ƙarfi masu mallakar filaye a Kenya kuma ta gaji yawancin dukiyarsa. Sun ɗauki diya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage|publisher=Burke's Peerage}}</ref> A shekarar 1955, Diana ta auri Thomas Cholmondeley, 4th Baron Delamere, kuma ta ƙara arzikin filayenta. Tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin 1960s da 1970s kuma har zuwa mutuwar masoyiyarta mai luwaɗi, Diana ta zauna a cikin dangantaka uku tare da mijinta da Lady Patricia Fairweather (ɗiyar Kenneth Mackay, 2nd Earl na Inchcape).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norman|first=Jeremy|title=Babu Make-Up|year=2005|publisher=Elliott & Thompson|location=London|isbn=1904027504|pages=264–270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Farrant|first=Leda|title=Diana, Lady Delamere da Kisan Lord Erroll| year=1997|location=Kenya}}</ref>{{Cn|date=January 2021}} === Leone, Cavaliere Galton-Fenzi === Leone, Cavaliere Galton-Fenzi shine wanda ya kafa Royal East African Automobile Association, REAAA, a 1919 kuma sakataren girmamawa har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1937. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya tuka daga Nairobi zuwa Mombasa a watan Janairu 1926 a cikin motar Riley. Akwai wani abin tunawa da wannan a Kenyatta Avenue.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} A shekarar 1923, Galton Fenzi ya fara tattaunawa kan motocin lamuni domin a gwada su a yanayin Gabashin Afirka. Ya sami motoci da yawa, musamman ma Riley 12/50 daga Riley Motor Car Co. Ltd. na Coventry, wanda Fenzi da Kyaftin Gethin suka yi amfani da shi don buɗe hanya daga Nairobi zuwa Mombasa a watan Janairu 1926, nisan kilomita 480. Ya kuma buɗe hanyar Nairobi – Dar es Salaam zuwa Malawi, da kuma hanyar Nairobi-Khartoum.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} Sauran sun hada da Gilbert Colvile, Hugh Dickenson, Jack da Nina Soames, Lady June Carberry (mahaifiyar Juanita Carberry), Dickie Pembroke, da Julian Lezzard. Mawallafi Karen Blixen (Isak Dinesen) abokin membobin ƙungiyar ne, kuma marubuci kuma matukin jirgi Beryl Markham yana alaƙa akai-akai tare da saitin Happy Valley. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9whskrz7upa5i77i5phwu8v6ot1xz29 0 103432 890657 672919 2026-08-02T14:59:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba Isa Tijani''' farfesa ne a Najeriya Farfesa a fannin ilmin tarihi da sanin halayyar dan adam. A shekarar 2020 aka nada shi babban darakta na hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM).<ref name=Legit>{{cite news | author=Rahaman Abiola | title=Abbah Tijani appointed as new NCMM DG | newspaper=Legit | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.legit.ng/1368341-abbah-tijani-appointed-ncmm-dg.html | access-date=26 July 2025 | archive-date=4 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104015856/https://www.legit.ng/1368341-abbah-tijani-appointed-ncmm-dg.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyuka== Daga 2005 zuwa 2008 Tijani ya yi aiki a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar London a kan wani aikin bincike da Cibiyar Nazarin Arts and Humanities Research Council ta dauki nauyinsa. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami’ar Maiduguri, inda ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Ilimin Tarihi da Anthropology, Daraktan Riko na Cibiyar Nazarin da Ci Gaban Dorewar Al’adu, Shugaban Sashen Fine da kere-kere da kuma Mataimakin Darakta na Sashin Taswirar Jami’ar.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news | author=Gregory Austin Nwakunor | title= Experts set agenda for NCMM boss, Tijani | newspaper = [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] | date=20 September 2020 | url=https://guardian.ng/art/experts-set-agenda-for-ncmm-boss-tijani/ }}</ref> ===Darakta=== An naɗa Tijani darakta janar na NCCM a watan Satumba 2020.<ref name=Legit/> Ya taimaka wajen sasantawar dawo da tagulla na Benin daga jami'o'in Burtaniya guda biyu, Jami'ar Aberdeen da Kwalejin Jesus, Cambridge, a cikin Oktoba 2021.<ref>{{cite news | author=Vivienne Chow | title=After Years of Debate, Two Universities Have Become the First U.K. Institutions to Restitute Benin Bronzes | date=29 October 2021 | url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/uk-universities-restituted-benin-bronzes-2027670 }}</ref> ===Sauran ayyukan=== * ''Borrowing time: ethnoarchaeology at the Institute : exhibition catalogue''. London: Museum Studies Department, Institute of Archaeology, University College, 1994. * (with Mala M. Daura and Waziri A. Gazali) ''Access to land under derived rights arrangement in Lake Alau, north eastern Nigeria''. Maiduguri, Nigeria: Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Maiduguri, 2000. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] m35t2u2fincnao856ibn9cbkr9opy4z 0 104421 890871 790852 2026-08-03T08:10:13Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranakun 16 da 17 ga watan Janairun 2022, akalla fararen hula 65 ne sojojin hayar Rasha daga kungiyar Wagner da ke samun goyon bayan sojoji suka kashe a kauyukan Aïgbado da Yanga da ke kusa da Bria a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] yayin wani farmaki da 'yan tawaye daga kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Patriots for Change suka yi. == Kai hari == A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2022, jim kaɗan da tsakar rana, sojojin hayar Wagner Group dauke da muggan makamai sun bar Bria zuwa N'dele suka isa ƙauyen Aïgbado, mai tazarar kilomita 75 daga Bria. Da isowarsu al’ummar yankin suka fara firgita. Sojojin hayar sun fara harbi ba kakkautawa cikin jama'a. Sun kuma kona gidaje goma sha biyu. 'Yan tawaye daga kungiyar hadin kan samar da zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da suka kasance a yankunan da ke kusa da su, sun kai musu hari inda suka jikkata wasu sojojin haya hudu. Daga nan sai rukunin Wagner ya koma kauyen Yanga mai nisan kilomita 70 daga Aïgbado.<ref>"Une nouvelle attaque des mercenaires russes dans le nord fait une dizaine des morts et des blessés". CorbeauNews Centrafrique. 18 January 2022.</ref> 'Yan kungiyar Wagner biyu daga baya sun mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu, an kai gawarwakinsu zuwa [[Bangui]]. Sun kafa sansani a Aïgbado daga baya kuma an bayar da rahoton hana kowa shiga ko fita daga kauyen, yayin da wasu majiyoyi suka ce mata da kananan yara ne kawai aka ba su damar barin kauyukan. Bayan taron 'yan hayar Wagner sun binne nakiyoyi domin hana dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya isa kauyen. Ya zuwa karshen watan Fabrairu, har yanzu ma'aikatan agaji ba su iya shiga yankin ba.<ref>Central African Republic – Complex Emergency, 28 February 2022</ref><ref>Report of the Secretary-General on the Central African Republic (S/2022/119)</ref> Akalla mutane 65 aka kashe. Wasu daga cikinsu an harbe su da harsashi daga manyan makamai yayin harin yayin da wasu kuma aka kai su daji aka kashe su. Daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa har da mata da yara akalla biyu.<ref>Centrafrique : une opération des Faca et de leurs alliés russes suscite des interrogations". Radio France Internationale. 23 January 2022.</ref> Wasu mutanen da suka ji rauni sun iya isa Bria. A cewar wadanda suka tsira da ransu akwai gawarwaki da dama a cikin dajin<ref>Attaque du village Aïgbado : le bilan revu à la hausse, deux mercenaires russes sont morts". CorbeauNews Centrafrique. 20 January 2022</ref>. An ba da rahoton cewa, masunta na yankin sun kamo akalla gawarwaki 14 da suka hada da mata da yara daga kogin La Kotto. An tilastawa mutane 756 tserewa zuwa Boungou da ke gundumar. An wawashe gidaje tare da kona wuta a lokacin rikicin.<ref>West and Central Africa: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (18-24 January 2022), 26 January 2022</ref> == Martani == Rahotanni sun ce dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MINUSCA) sun tura kungiyoyin agaji zuwa yankin domin tantance halin da ake ciki da kuma binciken kashe-kashen da aka yi. Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a hukumance ta musanta cewa an samu asarar rayukan fararen hula yayin farmakin.<ref>"UN probing alleged killings by CAR forces, Russia paramilitaries". Yahoo News. 21 January 2022</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kisan Kiyashi]] 4vfn3zxsfw031whxpoq45xljyxldm2b 0 104539 890630 813100 2026-08-02T12:47:14Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021, a cikin yakin basasa mai gudana a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], kusan 'yan tawaye 200 daga hadin gwiwar Bangui babban aiki a wani yunƙuri na kifar da gwamnati, wanda ya haifar da gazawa.<ref>In Pictures: Panic grips Bangui residents after rebel attack, 14 January 2021</ref> == Baya == A cikin Disamba 2020 manyan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya sun kirkiro kawancen kishin kasa don canji. Tsohon shugaban kasar François ne ya jagoranci su. Sun yi kokarin hana kungiyar 202020-21 Babban zaben Afirka.<ref>RCA: les combats font état de 30 rebelles tués, d’autres capturés et des armes saisies, 13 January 2021</ref> A cewar shaidar kungiyoyi daga membobin kungiyoyi Francois Bozize kai tsaye ne da shirya kai hari kan Bangui. Karim Mackckassoua, tsohon shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar ya kasance yana da hannu a cikin shirye-shirye tare da Bozize Adam, Ali Derarda da dambe na Mpc. A cewar shaidar da ya yi fatan cewa idan wani juyin mulki ya samu nasara zai zama shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi. Koyaya Bozize ya tabbata cewa meckassoua na ƙoƙarin tsallaka shi sau biyu wanda ya kai ga ƙi ga mayafan Anti-balaka don shiga harin. Ya kamata su haifar da hargitsi a Bangui wanda zai ba sauran mayakan su shiga babban birnin. Meckassoua duk da haka ya musanta dukkan zargin.<ref>Letter dated 25 June 2021 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2536 (2020) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). reliefweb.int.</ref> == Faɗa == Da misalin karfe 5:45 na safe ne aka gano ‘yan tawaye goma dauke da makaman roka da kuma bindigogin Kalashnikov a PK 11, Damala, PK 12 da Pindao a Bangui. Kusan 'yan tawaye 200 nau'in soja nau'in 9 Km da 12 Km daga babban birnin. Sun kuma kai hari kan unguwar BIMB. Mazauna sun ba da bindiga a sassa daban-daban na garin. Tituna sun warwatse tare da harsashi.<ref>Alertes infos : incursion des rebelles de la CPC au pk12 à Bangui Archived 2021-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, 13 January 2021</ref> An yi harin harin kuma na 8 na cikin birni a cikin birni ya kasance cikin nutsuwa. An kashe wani sojan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda aka kashe kuma wani ya ji rauni.<ref>Bullets and panic: rebels attack Central African Republic capital, 13 January 2021</ref> A cewar Minista Firmin Ngmin Ngmin Ngminobada 'yan tawaye kuma an kama su biyar. 'Yan farar hula ne suka ji rauni har da Faransa Beldo, wata mata' yar shekara 31 buga bakarya baki a hannu, kirji da kafada.<ref>Rebels launch attacks on Central African Republic’s capital, 13 January 2021</ref> Daya daga cikin 'yan da aka kama an nuna su zama a wuraren. Ministan na ciki Henri Wanzet Wanzet ya yi i aikinrarin cewa shi dan kasar Chadi ne. Gwamnatin Chadi ta haramta.<ref>RCA : des assaillants armés capturés par les FACA avec l’aide des populations, de la MINUSCA et des partenaires bilatéraux, 14 January 2021</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Yaƙi]] 0ytbfy0mtu6ylxjrmyqi8zq5gc021gq 0 105369 890785 702928 2026-08-02T21:30:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Alake_of_Egbaland_palace,_Abeokuta.jpg|thumb|Fadar Alake ta Egbaland, Abeokuta]] {{Yoruba people}} {{Databox}} '''Alake na [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]]''' shine babban sarki Yoruba na Egba, dangin da ke [[Abeokuta]], [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaide |first=Don |date=26 December 2009 |title=The Egbas, the Owus, and the Dahomeans – African History |url=http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-egbas-the-owus-and-the-dahomeans-african-history/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |publisher=Rasta Livewire/africaresource.com |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514184427/https://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-egbas-the-owus-and-the-dahomeans-african-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Egba ta ƙunshi Egba Ake, ,Oke-Ona da Egba Gbagura . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Egba-Owu controversy: The distortion of history |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/dec/191.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203043757/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/dec/191.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Pre-Abeokuta na Alake == Bisa ga al'adar baki, Alake, wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya fito ne daga zuriyar [[Oduduwa]], shi ne sarki na ƙungiyar Ake na Egba. Wataƙila Alake tana ƙarƙashin ikon da tasirin [[Alaafin]]. Aláké sun yi mulki a yankin da ake kira "Igbó Ẹ̀gbá," a arewacin Abeokuta na yanzu. Akwai sarakuna sama da 20 da suka mallaki Ake kafin Ake ya zauna a Abeokuta a shekara ta 1830. Har yanzu ba a san ainihin kwanakin mulkin su ba, kuma yawancin sunayen sarakunan da ake tsammani suna da alaƙa da oriki ko laƙabi. Alake na farko da ya yi mulki an ce shi ne Ajalake, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi mulki a wani lokaci a karni na 15 ko 16. Laarun, wani Alake na Egbaland wanda ya yi mulki a cikin karni na 18, shi ne kakan Shomoye, Bashorun na Egbiland ta hanyar ɗan Laarun Lukoye. Lukoye kuma babban kakan Alake na farko na Egbaland ne a Abeokuta, Okukenu . Laarun kuma kakan Alake Jibodu ne. Larelu ko Lelu Erigi wani Alake ne na Ake, kuma ya yi mulki a wani lokaci a tsakiyar shekarar 1700s. Shi ne kakan sarkin yaƙi na Egba kuma shugaba Sodeke, ta hanyar mahaifiyar Sodeke Efuwo. Jibodu shi ne Alake na karshe a cikin Igbo-Egba, kuma mai yiwuwa ya yi mulki a lokacin karni na 19. Jibodu ɗan Saade ne, wanda jikokin Alake Laarun ne. Yawancin zuriyar Jibodu sun zama Alake na Egbaland lokacin da Egba suka koma Abeokuta. Okikilu shine Alake na karshe da ya yi mulki a Igbo-Egba . Manzanni ne suka kashe shi a wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1800 a lokacin yakin basasa a garuruwan Ake na Agbaje . Mutanen Egba Ake ba da daɗewa ba suka zauna a Abeokuta ba da daɗewar ba bayan mutuwarsa. == Tarihin Alake a Abeokuta == Sagbua Okukenu ya zama Alake na farko na Egbaland, ya yi mulki tsakanin 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1854 zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta,shekara ta 1862. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewunmi Elegbede |title=Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders |url=http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_pastking.php?name=Alake%20of%20Egbaland |access-date=2025-07-11 |archive-date=2015-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224164422/http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_pastking.php?name=Alake%20of%20Egbaland |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ya kasance babban jikan Laarun, wani tsohon Alake. Kafin nadin Sagbua Okukenu a shekara ta 1846, an sanya Shomoye, wanda dan uwan Okukenu ne a matsayin mai mulki na shekara guda, tsakanin shekara ta 1845 da shekarar 1846. An haifi Adekanmbi Somoye a Orile-Iporo a wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1790 da shekarar 1800. Mahaifinsa Jejusimi ɗan Lukoye ne, wanda ɗan Laarun ne, Alake na Egbaland wanda ya yi mulki a wani lokaci a ƙarni na 18. Bayan mutuwar Oba Okukenu a shekara ta 1862, Shomoye ya koma kursiyin Alake na Egbaland a matsayin mai mulki, inda ya shafe shekaru hudu tsakanin shekara ta 1862 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1868. Bayan wannan, an nada Oba Ademola I a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba,shekara ta 1869. Ademola jikan Jibodu ne, Alake na Egba kafin ƙaura zuwa Abeokuta, ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Teniade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=pointblanknews.com |url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/authbioofabiola1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USA/Africa Dialogue, No 353: The King is not dead! |url=https://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/353.html}}</ref> An yi jayayya da hauhawarsa zuwa kursiyin tare da Oyekan, kuma magoya bayan Oyekan، wadanda suka kasance shugabannin Ogboni, sun ki amincewa da mulkinsa na shekaru da yawa. Ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru takwas har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 30 ga watan,Disamba shekarar 1877. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egba Progressive Association, Inc. - Alakes Of Egbaland |url=http://www.egbaprogressive.org/alakes_of_egbaland.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103115139/http://www.egbaprogressive.org/alakes_of_egbaland.php |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1878, an nada Oba Oyekan a matsayin Alake na Egbaland . Oyekan ɗan Alake Jibodu ne. Ya tsufa sosai lokacin da ya zama sarki, kuma ya shafe shekaru uku kawai a kan kursiyin kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta 1881. Bayan haka, an nada Oluwaji a ranar 9 ga watan fabrairu,shekara ta 1885, kuma ya yi mulki a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru hudu, har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1889. Ya fito ne daga Itoku kuma jikan Jibodu ne ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Erelu Bayan shekaru biyu, Oba Oshokalu, ɗan Latomi kuma jikan jib, an nada shi Alake a ranar 18 ga watan satumba,shekara ta 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Chieftaincy and the State in Abacha's Nigeria: Kingship, Political Rivalry and Competing Histories in Abeokuta during the 1990s" by Nolte, Insa - Africa, Vol. 72, Issue 3, Summer 2002 |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-101861720/chieftaincy-and-the-state-in-abacha-s-nigeria-kingship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003442/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-101861720/chieftaincy-and-the-state-in-abacha-s-nigeria-kingship |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> Ya yi mulki a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru bakwai har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1898. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Alake of Egbaland dies, Who's next? |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2005/feb/071.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203052921/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2005/feb/071.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1898 Oba Gbadebo na zama Alake na Egbaland . Gbadebo ɗan Alake Okukenu na farko ne da matarsa Efunwunmi . An haife shi a wani lokaci a watan Mayu ko Yuni na shekara ta 1854, lokacin da mahaifinsa ke ƙoƙarin zama Alake na farko. Ya shafe shekaru ashirin da biyu a kan kursiyin har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu,shekara ta 1920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Portrait Gallery - Person - Ladapo Samuel Ademola II, King of Abeokuta |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp93724/ladapo-samuel-ademola-ii-king-of-abeokuta}}</ref> Ya mutu yana da shekaru 66 (a shekara ta 1854 zuwa shekarar 1920). Shi ne Alake na farko da ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, wanda ya yi jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza, Adesanya Osolake Gbadebo, shi ne mahaifin Gbadebo III, Alake na yanzu na Egbaland.Bayan mutuwar Oba Gbadebo I a cikin shekara ta 1920, Oba [[Ladapo Ademola]] II ya zama sabon Alake a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1920. Shi ne ɗan Alake na baya na Egbaland Ademola . Mutanen Egba da farko sun yi jinkirin nadin Ademola II yayin da ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma ya sami ilimi a makarantun yamma a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference at allafrica.com |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060487.html}} </ref> Ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 42, biyu daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su a gudun hijira tsakanin shekara ta 1948 da watan Disamban shekarar 1950. Bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba,shekara ta 1962, kursiyin ya kasance babu kowa na shekara guda kuma a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1963, an nada Oba Adesina Samuel Gbadebo II a matsayin sabon Alake na Egbaland. Shi ɗan Oba Gbadebo ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Nostalgia Project |url=http://nigerianostalgia.tumblr.com/post/40106742607/sir-ladapo-samuel-ademola-ii-the-alake-of}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Adesina Samuel Gbadebo a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba,shekara ta 1971, Samuel Oyebade Lipede ya zama sarki. Lipede ɗan Adebowale Lipede ne, wanda ya kasance jikan Adeluola, 'yar Oba Jibodu Ya yi mulki a wannan matsayin har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan fabrairun shekarar 2005, wanda ya haifar da nadin [[Adedotun Aremu Gbadebo III]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Oba Lipede restored the glory of Egbaland |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2005/feb/151.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203052922/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2005/feb/151.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alake restores Lawson as Iyalode of Egbaland |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/alake-restores-lawson-as-iyalode-of-egbaland/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103115113/http://www.punchng.com/news/alake-restores-lawson-as-iyalode-of-egbaland/ |archive-date=2015-01-03 |website=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Reporter |date=July 2016 |title=Lisabi Festival: Markets close in Abeokuta |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=19391}}</ref> Jerin Alakes na Ake a cikin Igbo-Egba, kafin shekara ta 1830: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Sunan masu mulki (Alake) |Alake Dada Ajalake |c. karni na 16 |- |Alake Arokonu (watakila mutum ɗaya ne da Ajalake) |- |Alake Ofitete-na-obinrin |- |Alake A-fi-egungun-tenna |- |Alake Oyidiyidi-lu-ote |- |Alake Akurunwon dari ile |- |Alake Oliyun Arowo |- |Alake Agbarin Mogi |- |Alake Lupo Mosunleka |tsakiyar ƙarshen 1600s |- |Alake Laro na kobi |- |Alake Mu'jawu Nepo osi |- |Alake Larun Abenoku Asolagege |daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1770s |- |Alake Larelu (ko Lelu) Erigi afinnikan af'owoseso |tsakiyar 1700s |- |Alake Abara-Onika-mogun |- |Alake Ose-firiro-gbeedun |- |Alake Gbogan Abatimo |- |Alake Osifunwatan ara Igbeti |- |Alake Gbongbo-bi-irin Atesiwaju-agija |- |Alake Jibodu Oluyemo Asaramapa |c. 1800 - c. 1815 |- |Alake Okikilu Agunloye-bi-oyinbo |c. 1815-1821 |} Jerin Alakes na Egbaland a Abeokuta, asalin Ake: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Sunan masu mulki (Alake) |Alake Somoye (lokaci na 1) -Regent |(1845-1846) |- |Alake Sagbuwa Okunkenu | (28 Agusta 1854 har zuwa 31 Agusta 1862) |- |Alake Somoye (lokaci na biyu) -Regent |1862–1866 |- |Alake Ademola I | (28 Nuwamba 1869 har zuwa 30 Disamba 1877) |- |Alake Oyekan | (1 Janairu 1878 har zuwa 18 Satumba 1881) |- |Alake Oluwaji | (9 Fabrairu 1885 har zuwa 27 Janairu 1889) |- |Alake Osokalu | (18 Satumba 1891 har zuwa 11 Yuni 1898) |- |Alake Gbadebo I | (8 ga Agusta 1898 har zuwa 8 ga Mayu 1920) |- |Alake Ladapo Ademola II | (10 Yuli 1920 har zuwa 27 Disamba 1962) |- |Alake Adesina Samuel Gbadebo II | (12 Agusta 1963 har zuwa 26 Oktoba 1971) |- |Alake Samuel Oyebade Lipede I | (5 ga Agusta 1972 har zuwa 3 ga Fabrairu 2005 |- |Alake [[Adedotun Aremu Gbadebo III]] | (2 Agusta 2005 har zuwa yanzu) |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 00fgpl2iqnkuqv9w08dp5h6gsfamfys 0 105469 890617 686161 2026-08-02T12:40:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 890617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yankin Kasa da Kasa na Tangier''' (Larabci: منطقة طنجة الدولية, romanized: Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya; Faransanci: Zone internationale de Tanger; Spanish: Zona Internacional de Tánger) yanki ne mai nisan kilomita 382 (147 sq mi) yanki ne na kasa da kasa wanda ya kasance daga birnin Tangier na [[Moroko|19 zuwa Maroko. Maroko]] mai cin gashin kanta a cikin 1956, tare da katsewa a lokacin mamayar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] na Tangier (1940-1945), da matsayi na musamman na tattalin arziki ya tsawaita har zuwa farkon 1960. Kewaye a gefen ƙasa ta hanyar ma'auni na Spain a Maroko, an gudanar da shi ƙarƙashin wani tsari na musamman da sarƙaƙƙiya wanda ya shafi ƙasashen Turai da dama, Amurka (yafi bayan 1945), da kuma Sultan na Maroko. Saboda matsayinsa na yanki na kasa da kasa, Tangier ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga masu kishin kasar Moroko, wadanda ke son 'yancin kai, don kafa abokan huldar kasa da kasa da daukar abokan aiki tare da shirya taruka da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco: transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5036-0900-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Bayan Fage: farkon mulkin kasa da kasa a Tangier == Kusan ƙarni guda bayan ƙarshen mulkin Ingilishi a cikin 1684, Tangier da farko birni ne na soja, babban sansanin soja a gefen Sultanate Moroccan na Mashigar Gibraltar. Wannan rawar ta samo asali ne bayan da Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ya ayyana shi a cikin 1777 a matsayin babbar hanyar tuntuɓar masarautan Morocco da muradun kasuwancin Turai, wanda ya kai ga mayar da wasu ofisoshin jakadancin zuwa birnin sannu a hankali ta hanyar manyan ƙasashen Turai.<ref>Jordi Mas Garriga (2019), La transformación de la ciudad de Tánger durante el Periodo Diplomático (1777–1912) : Arquitectura y Urbanismo (Ph.D. Thesis), Universitat Rovira i Virgili</ref> Tétouan zuwa Tangier a cikin 1770s,<ref>Jordi Mas Garriga (30 July 2017). "The English Consulate: A Forgotten Building in Tangier's Medina". Discovering Tangier.</ref> da kuma jakadan Faransa ma sun tashi daga Rabat a farkon 1780s.<ref>Thierry Lentz (2008), "Les relations franco-marocaines sous le Consulat et l'Empire", Napoleonica, 2008/2, Fondation Napoléon: 28–63</ref> A shekara ta 1830, Denmark, Faransa, Portugal, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Tuscany, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], da Amurka duk suna da ofisoshin jakadanci a Tangier. doka.<ref>Bernabé López García (2015), Jordi Carbonell (ed.), "Del Tánger diplomático a la ciudad internacional", Caminos del Sur. Marruecos y el Orientalismo Peninsular, Barcelona: IEMed</ref>: 17 Tun lokacin da tsarin shari'ar Moroko ya yi amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ga Musulmai kawai da dokokin Yahudanci kawai ga Yahudawa, wakilan kasashen waje suna kiyaye su a karkashin wata doka ta wulakantacciya ta yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tare da Makhzen, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya kasance yana da dangantaka da Jamhuriyar Pisa a 1358. 1856, da Spain a 1861 a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Wad Ras.<ref>L'évolution du statut de Tanger", Chronique de politique étrangère, 10 (3), Brussels: Egmont Institute: 359–384, May 1957, JSTOR 44827959</ref>: 361  A cikin 1863, Faransa da Maroko sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ake kira Béclard Convention wanda ya fadada tsarin ba da kariya ga Faransanci, wanda a cikin 1880 aka mika wa wasu kasashe ta hanyar yarjejeniyar doka ta Madrid' 3. Kariya Ƙasar Ingila ta kafa sabis na gidan waya a Tangier a 1857, sai Faransa a 1860, Spain a 1861, da Jamus a 1899; Sarkin Musulmin Moroko ya bi sahun nasa sabis a 1902.<ref>Francesco Tamburini (2005), "L'amministrazione della giustizia nella zone internazionale di Tangeri (1923-1957)", Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 60:3/4 (3/4): 305–339, JSTOR 40761805</ref>: 402 Ba da dadewa ba kasashen waje a Tangier sun fara haɓaka ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suka fara da abubuwan da suka shafi keɓewa da lafiyar jama'a tun a farkon 1792.: 360  A cikin 1840, Dahir (mukaddari) na Sultan Abd al-Rahman ya umarce su da su kafa Majalisar Sanitary (Faransanci: conseil sanitaire) Ƙasashen da aka wakilta bisa ga jujjuyawa da sunan Makhzen.<ref>Francesco Tamburini (2006), "Le Istituzioni Italiane di Tangeri (1926-1956)", Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 61:3/4, Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 396–434, JSTOR 40761867</ref>: 360  A farkon shekarun 1860, ƙasashen waje don ƙirƙirar hasumiya ta Cape Spartel [fr], an buɗe ta a cikin 1864. A cikin 1879, wani Dahir na Sultan Hassan I ya kirkiro Hukumar Tsaftar Tangier (Faransanci: commission d'hygiène), wanda ya kasance tare da Majalisar Sanitary kuma sannu a hankali ya fara zama a cikin 1880s a matsayin majalisar karamar hukuma, tare da membobin da jami'an diflomasiyya na kasashen waje suka nada amma kuma Sarkin Musulmi da fitattun mazauna cikin gida shi ne ya jagoranci hukumar. watanni uku yana juyawa tare da jere bisa tsarin haruffa na ƙasa: 78  Babban jami'in gudanarwa shi ne mataimakin kujera, matsayi da aka gudanar na mafi yawan shekaru goma daga 1888 zuwa 1898 ta likitan Mutanen Espanya Severo Cenarro [es].<ref>Silvia Nélida Bossio, ed. (2011), Aproximación a los edificios históricos y patrimoniales de Málaga, Tetuán, Nador, Tánger y Alhucemas / Un Rapprochement entre les édifices historiques et patrimoniaux de Malaga, Tétouan, Nador, Tanger et Al Hoceima (PDF), </ref>:  272  A cikin 1887 na Perdic Advantager, wani matsayi na musamman na al'ummar Girka na Irford. Tangier a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na kyauta mai tsaka tsaki a ƙarƙashin ikon haɗin gwiwar manyan iko.<ref>Dieter Haller (2021), Tangier/Gibraltar – A Tale of One City: An Ethnography, Transcript Verlag</ref>: 110 A cikin 1892, Hukumar Tsabtace ta ɗauki wasu ayyuka na Majalisar Tsabta (wanda duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a layi daya), kuma an ba shi fom na doka a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1893, : 360  tare da fadada aikinsa kuma aka fadada sunansa zuwa ayyukan hanyoyi (Faransanci: hukumar d'hygiène et de voirie) haraji.<ref>Jean-François Clément (1996), "Tanger avant le statut international de 1923", Horizons Maghrébins – le droit à la mémoire, 31–32</ref>: 11  A cikin 1904, an zaɓi Tangier a matsayin wurin Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Moroko da Faransa ke jagoranta. A wannan shekarar, wata yarjejeniya ta asirce tsakanin Faransa da Spain ta amince da matsayin Tangier na musamman don haka ta zama alama ta farko a hukumance na tsare-tsare na kasa da kasa daga baya: 362 Taron Algeciras na 1906 ya kafa Bankin Jiha na Maroko a Tangier, kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi don gudanar da birnin kamar Ofishin Ayyukan Jama'a wanda a cikin 1909 ya karɓi wani ɓangare na ayyukan da Hukumar Kula da Tsafta ta gudanar. abubuwan da aka gyara,: 236  bi da bi masu kula da odar jama'a a waje da cikin iyakokin birni.<ref>Itinéraires touristiques : La médina de Tanger (PDF), 2012, p. 18</ref> == Manazarta == bbyat8gotcjifq0fc6jsh2vsb8tl1rl 0 106250 890614 680095 2026-08-02T12:39:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tipasa''', wani lokaci ana bambanta shi da Tipasa a cikin Mauretania, ya kasance mulkin mallaka a lardin [[Rumawa|Romawa]] Mauretania Caesariensis, a zamanin yau da ake kira Tipaza, kuma yana tsakiyar gabar tekun Aljeriya. Tun 1982,<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Tipasa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-09-08.</ref> [[UNESCO]] ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. An ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya cikin haɗari a cikin 2002,<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Tipasa (Algeria) Added to List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-09-08</ref> amma an cire shi daga jerin haɗari a cikin 2006<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2006) Tipasa (Algeria)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-09-08.</ref> bayan ƙoƙarin kiyayewa. == Tarihi == Ƙarin bayani: Maghreb placename etymology === Wurin ciniki na Punic === Da farko birnin ƙaramin tsohon wurin kasuwanci ne na Punic. === Turawan mulkin mallaka === Da Rum ta dā ta ci nasara, sai sarki Claudius ya mayar da shi wani yanki na soja don cin nasarar daular Mauretania.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Tipasa". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-08-08.</ref> Bayan haka ya zama gunduma mai suna Colonia Aelia Augusta Tipasensium. An gina birnin Roma a kan ƙananan tsaunuka guda uku waɗanda ke kallon teku, kusan kilomita 20. gabas daga Kaisariya (babban birnin Mauretania Caesariensis). A ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa birnin ya sami mahimmancin kasuwanci da na soja saboda tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma matsayinsa na tsakiya akan tsarin hanyoyin bakin teku na Romawa a Arewacin Afirka. An gina katanga mai kusan ƙafa 7,500 (mita 2,300) a kewayen birnin don kariya daga ƙabilun makiyaya, kuma an gina gine-ginen jama'a na Romawa da gundumomi na gidaje a cikin wurin. Tipasa na kasuwanci yana da mahimmanci, amma ba a bambanta ta a fasaha ko koyo ba.<ref>Archivo de la Frontera | EL LIMES ROMANO DE ÁFRICA IX – AELIA AUGUSTA TIPASENSIUM (Tipasa – Argelia, 1982-84)". www.archivodelafrontera.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2018-01-29.</ref> === Kirista Tipasa === An gabatar da Kiristanci zuwa Tipasa da wuri, [8] tare da rubutun Kirista na farko a wurin (kuma mafi tsufa na Epitaph na Kirista a Afirka ta Roma) tun daga Oktoba 17, 237 AD, ko 238. Garin ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar Kirista a karni na 3., ya zama abin gani na bishop, yanzu an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan gani na cocin Katolika. Ya ga ginin gine-ginen addinin Kirista da yawa a cikin ƙarni na uku da na huɗu, gami da majami'u uku - Babban Basilica da Basilica Alexander a kan tudun yamma, da Basilica na St Salsa a kan tudun gabas, babban basilicas a cikin iyakokin zamani na Aljeriya.<ref>Archivo de la Frontera | EL LIMES ROMANO DE ÁFRICA IX – AELIA AUGUSTA TIPASENSIUM (Tipasa – Argelia, 1982-84)". www.archivodelafrontera.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2018-01-29.</ref> Yawancin mazaunan, duk da haka, sun ci gaba da kasancewa ba Kiristanci ba, har sai da a cewar almara, Salsa, wata budurwa Kirista, ta jefa kan gunkin macijinsu a cikin teku, inda mutanen da suka fusata suka jefe ta har ta mutu. An binne gawar, ta hanyar mu'ujiza daga teku, a kan tsaunin da ke sama da tashar jiragen ruwa, a cikin wani ƙaramin ɗakin sujada wanda ya ba da wuri ga babban Basilica. Shahadar Salsa ta faru ne a karni na hudu. A cewar masanin tarihi Gsell, Tipasa ta kai yawan mazaunan 20,000 a wancan lokacin. Kiristanci yanzu ya zama gama gari a tsakanin Berbers na Romanised da ’yan mulkin Romawa na Tipasa.<ref>Revue africaine, Société historique algérienne, éd. la Société, 1866, p. 487</ref> === Karya === Kimanin Tipasa 372 ne suka yi tir da harin da Firmus, shugaban ‘yan tawayen Berber da suka mamaye garuruwan Kesarea (na Cherchell na zamani) da Icosium ([[Aljir|Algiers]] na zamani) da ke kusa. Daga nan Tipasa ya zama tushen kamfen na yaƙin Romawa. Duk da haka, katangarsa ba su hana garin cin nasara da Vandals kimanin 429 ba, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen wadatar da birnin ya samu a zamanin Romawa Masu nasara sun lalata wani bangare na birnin a cikin 430. A cikin 484, a lokacin tsananta wa cocin Katolika ta Vandal sarki Huneric (477-484), an kori bishop na Katolika na Tipasa kuma aka maye gurbinsa da bishop na Arian, inda yawancin mazauna birnin suka gudu zuwa [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An tsananta wa da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka rage. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya birnin ya ruguje. Kimanin shekara ta 530, Rumawa ne suka sake gina Tipasa, kuma a lokacin da suke zama a karni na 6 sun farfado na dan lokaci kadan.<ref>Tipasa, Morocco, Algeria, & Tunisia: a travel survival kit, Geoff Crowther & Hugh Finlay, Lonely Planet, 2nd Edition, April 1992, pp. 286 - 287.</ref> == Manazarta == 4dad9k35jeyis83a7w40suy1fv2wp6l 0 107326 890860 686281 2026-08-03T07:52:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ci gaba da yara masu nakasa a Rasha''' shine sanya yara, waɗanda aka watsar ko iyayensu ba za su iya tallafa musu ba, a cikin wani wurin da zai iya zama kamar Gidan marayu. Wannan sau da yawa yana faruwa a ƙasashe inda ba a samun wasu hanyoyin kulawa ba.<ref name="Ceausescu's Legacy: Family Struggles and Institutionalization of Children in Romania">{{Cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Lynn |title=Ceausescu's Legacy: Family Struggles and Institutionalization of Children in Romania |journal=Journal of Family History |page=171}}</ref> Ma'anar ma'aikata na iya zama mai rikitarwa; "Rahoton Kwararrun Kwararrun Ad Hoc akan Canjin daga Kula da Ma'aikata zuwa Kula da Al'umma" ya bayyana ma'aikata bisa ga jagororin da ke biyowa:<ref name="Ad Hoc">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Group on the Transition from Institutional to Community-based Care |url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=3992&langId=en |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> * Gidan da aka raba shi da al'ummar yankin kuma baya ba da izinin hulɗar al'umma ta al'ada <ref name="Deinstitutionalisation">{{Cite journal |last=Mulheir |first=Georgette |year=2012 |title=Deinstitutionalisation-A Human Rights Priority for Children with Disabilities |url=http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/err9_mulheir.pdf |journal=The Equal Rights Review |volume=9 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>:: 119  * Gidan da ke da babban rukuni na wadanda ba na iyali ba waɗanda aka sanya su bi jadawalin da aka riga aka tsara wanda bazai biyan bukatunsu ba <ref name="Deinstitutionalisation" />:: 119  * Gidan da ke ba da gidaje ga mutanen da aka ware saboda nakasa kuma dole ne su zauna a ware na dogon lokaci <ref name="Deinstitutionalisation" />:: 119  A cewar [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]], Mataki na 23: "Ƙungiyoyin jihohi sun amince da cewa yaro mai nakasa a hankali ko a jiki ya kamata ya ji daɗin rayuwa mai kyau, a cikin yanayin da ke tabbatar da mutunci, inganta dogaro da kai da sauƙaƙe sa hannun yaro a cikin al'umma. " <ref name="The Convention on the Rights of the Child">{{Cite web |title=The Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef-irc.org/portfolios/crc.html |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=UNICEF: Office of Research |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Kwamitin kan 'Yanfin' yancin Yara ya gano cewa cibiyoyin sun zama yadu don sanya yara. Babban Bayani na 9 na 2006 ya ba da rahoton damuwa game da rashin isasshen magani da aka bayar, da kuma karuwar rauni ga cin zarafin ma'aikata da sakaci.<ref name="Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 9, The rights of children with disabilities (Forty-third session, 2007), U.N. Doc. CRC/C/GC/9 (2007).">{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 9, The rights of children with disabilities (Forty-third session, 2007), U.N. Doc. CRC/C/GC/9 (2007). |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/crc/comment9.html |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library |publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> A Rasha, yara 400,000 zuwa 600,000 suna ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata, kuma waɗannan yara suna ƙarƙashin damuwa da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton kwamitin.<ref name="Implementing the Right to Community Integration for Children with Disabilities in Russia: A Human Rights Framework for International Action">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=Eric |last2=Elizabeth Bauer |last3=Mary F. Hayden |last4=Andrea Holley |year=1999 |title=Implementing the Right to Community Integration for Children with Disabilities in Russia: A Human Rights Framework for International Action |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=83–84 |doi=10.2307/4065169 |jstor=4065169 |pmid=10438556}}</ref> == Ka'idar Soviet game da kafawa == A cikin 1917, juyin juya halin Rasha ya haifar da akidar Soviet wadda ta ta'allaka kan ra'ayin samar da al'umma maras kyau. Don haka, an yi la'akari da yaran da aka haifa tare da nakasa a matsayin "marasa lahani", kuma an tsara manufar "defectology" ta hanyar shawarwarin da Majalisar Ministocin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta zartar. A cewar doka, dole ne iyaye su tura ’ya’yansu makarantu, saboda ana kallon kulawar iyali a matsayin rashin isasshiyar tarbiyyar yaran da ke da bukata ta musamman; jihar ta ga ya zama dole a gyara irin wannan nakasa, kuma an yi alkawarin samar da magunguna da suka dace. Cibiyar Lev Vygotsky ta Institute of Defectology ta rinjayi irin waɗannan manufofin, wanda ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a gyara duk yara don yin aiki na yau da kullum.Idan ba za su iya shiga ba kuma sun cika ka'idodin "na al'ada" lokacin da suke zuwa makaranta, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "marasa ilimi" kuma suna ƙarƙashin rayuwar ci gaba, keɓancewa da keɓancewa da jama'a. Makarantu ba su da sassauci don daidaitawa da bukatunsu. An yarda da kafa rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin jama'a, kuma bambancin rabe tsakanin mutanen da ke da nakasa da sauran al'umma wani bangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun a Rasha. Ware wadannan mutane tun farko bai kebanta da shekarun farko ba, saboda ya ci gaba har zuwa rayuwar manya saboda dokokin da suka hada nakasassu zuwa wani yanki na aikin yi, wanda ke kara nisantar da su daga al'umma. <ref name="Implementing the Right to Community Integration for Children with Disabilities in Russia: A Human Rights Framework for International Action"/> == Tasirin kafawa a kan yara == Rahoton 1998 "''Bincike da Shawarwari na Ofishin Binciken Bayani na UNICEF zuwa Tarayyar Rasha''" ya sami lokuta na yara da aka yi watsi da su kuma an hana su da ƙuntatawa, da kuma lokuta na stereotypes, kamar cutar jiki da aka yi wa kansa da girgiza a cibiyoyin Rasha.<ref name="Desperate">{{Cite web |last=Koloskov |first=Sergey |title=The Desperate Situation of Children with Disabilities in Russian Institutions |url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/children/russia.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013220/http://www.disabilityworld.org/01-03_02/children/russia.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Disability World}}</ref> Har ila yau, an lura da tsare yara a cikin gado na tsawon sa'o'i da kwanaki da rarraba tsofaffin yara a cikin ɗakunan ajiya daban-daban, inda suke ƙarƙashin rashin isasshen ilimi. Rahoton ya danganta irin waɗannan yanayi ga rashin albarkatun da ake buƙata da ma'aikatan da suka yi aiki da yawa, waɗanda ba su iya samar da kulawa da ake buƙatu ga dukan yara ba.<ref name="UNICEF">{{Cite web |date=November 1998 |title=Findings and Recommendations of a UNICEF Sponsored Fact-finding Mission to the Russian Federation 20th October through 6th November 1998 |url=http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1329_1215436717_id-85586.htm |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=Children in Russia's Institutions: Human Rights and Opportunities for Reform |publisher=Mental Disability Rights International |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001001/http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1329_1215436717_id-85586.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sau da yawa ma'aikatan suna ɗaure yara a kan gadonsu ko a cikin ɗakunan idan an ɗauki yaron a matsayin mai yaduwa na cutar da ke yaduwa ko kuma idan sun kasance marasa ƙarfi don a motsa su daga gadonsu. Yara masu matukar damuwa ga masu kula da marayu an tilasta su a kan gado kuma galibi ana ƙuntata su da rags na masana'anta zuwa bariki a cikin "gidan kwanciya". Ya zama ruwan dare cewa yaro mai nakasa a cikin ma'aikata ana ɗaukarsa mai yaduwa saboda yanayin tunanin su ciki har da yara da aka gano suna da schizophrenia. Ma'aikatan gidan marayu sun yi watsi da yara tare da imanin cewa kulawa za ta "ɓata" yara ([[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] report). Yara an bar su da rashin jin daɗi a waje kuma ana ba su kulawa ta motsin rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2016-12-19 |title=Individuals With Disabilities In Russia |url=https://www.eparent.com/healthcare-2/individuals-disabilities-russia/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Special Needs Resource |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An gudanar da bincike da ya shafi kula da hukumomi a kasashe daban-daban na Turai kuma an gano cewa waɗannan nau'ikan mahalli suna haifar da sakamako mai yawa mara kyau. Wadannan sune tasirin da aka saba amfani da su: * jinkirin ci gaba yana da yawa saboda rashin motsa jiki da kasancewar sakaci na yau da kullun, kamar yadda jinkirin ƙwarewar motsi, rashin isasshen ci gaban kwakwalwa, raunin ƙwarewar zamantakewa da fahimta, da kuma matsalolin magana. Har ila yau, rikice-rikice na haɗuwa sun zama ruwan dare, wanda ke haifar da ayyukan da ke haifar da cutar da kai. An kuma bayar da rahoton Enuresis, rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikicewar cin abinci, da kuma wahalar samar da dangantaka mai kyau.<ref name="Deinstitutionalisation"/> : 121 <ref name="Institutional">{{Cite web |title=A Study of Institutional Childcare in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union |url=http://p-ced.com/reference/Family_Matters_summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111083934/http://p-ced.com/reference/Family_Matters_summary.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2011 |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Family Matters |publisher=Every Child}}</ref> * jinkiri a ci gaban jiki yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai da yawa. [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], rashin rigakafi, abinci mara kyau, da baƙin ciki sakamakon rashin kulawa na motsin rai duk suna taimakawa ga jinkirin girma na jiki tsakanin yara. An bayar da rahoton yaduwar cututtukan cututtuka da matsalolin gani, ji, ƙananan tsawo da nauyi, tare da microcephaly. Duk da yake yara na iya samun lahani na haihuwa, tiyata ko magani mai mahimmanci ba a bayar da shi ba.<ref name="Institutional" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Laurie |date=April 2000 |title=Initial assessment of growth, development, and the effects of institutionalization in internationally adopted children |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=224–232 |doi=10.3928/0090-4481-20000401-08 |pmid=10782478}}</ref> * Cin zarafin ma'aikata ya yadu, yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewar jiki da motsin rai. Har ila yau, Cin zarafin jima'i yana faruwa, amma ba a san ainihin mitar ba.<ref name="Deinstitutionalisation" /> : 121 <ref name="Institutional" /> == Yanayin yanzu == A cikin 1993, kundin tsarin mulkin Rasha ya haɗa da labaran da suka haɗa da kariya ga yara. Za a tabbatar da aiwatar da waɗannan labaran ta hanyar ka'idoji daban-daban, da kuma Dokar Tarayya kan Tabbacin Hakkin Yara, wanda aka fara a ranar 21 ga Yulin 1998, kuma ya haɗa da ka'idodin da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkin Yara. <ref name="Russian">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-03 |title=Children's Rights: Russian Federation |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/russia.php |access-date=20 October 2013 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Duk da wadannan dokoki, ayyuka a Rasha don yara masu nakasa suna nuna halayen da aka kafa a lokacin Soviet Era, yayin da iyaye suka ba da rahoton cewa har yanzu ana ƙarfafa su bar yaransu zuwa kulawa ta hukuma. Kwanan nan, yawancin iyalai sun yi watsi da wannan shawarar kuma sun zaɓi kula da yaransu duk da cewa wasu sun bi shawarar farko a wani lokaci daga baya saboda matsalolin kudi.<ref name="Implementing the Right to Community Integration for Children with Disabilities in Russia: A Human Rights Framework for International Action"/> Mahaifiyoyi kuma sun ba da rahoton fuskantar ƙiyayya daga al'umma lokacin da suke zaɓar kula da yaransu maimakon sanya su a cikin cibiyar gwamnati, kuma zargi game da nakasa har yanzu yana da yawa a cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="'What the Future Will Bring I Do Not Know': Mothering Children with Disabilities in Russia and the Politics of Exclusion">{{Cite journal |last=Iarskaia-Smirnova |first=Elena |year=1999 |title="What the Future Will Bring I Do Not Know": Mothering Children with Disabilities in Russia and the Politics of Exclusion |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=68–86 |doi=10.2307/3347014 |jstor=3347014}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, dokar tarayya ta Rasha, "A kan Ilimi", ta ba wa yara masu nakasa damar halartar makarantun ilimi tare da wasu yara marasa nakasa da ke halartar makarantar da ta fi kusa da gida. Bayan ci gaban 2013, ana haɓaka makarantu 10 na St. Petersburg tare da shirye-shiryen ilimi na yara masu nakasa, tare da kudade na rubles miliyan 9.7, daidai da miliyan 19.4 a cikin 2023. [15] Yara masu nakasa suna samun damar samun ƙarin masauki zuwa makaranta na yau da kullun da ilimin koleji a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Kare Jama'a ta Rasha ta ba da rahoton cewa daga cikin mutanen da ke Rasha waɗanda suka sami ilimi mafi girma, yara masu nakasa suna da "sau biyu ƙasa da yawan mutanen da ba su da nakasa". === Shirye-shiryen gwamnati === Lokacin da iyayensu suka watsar da jarirai masu shekaru hudu saboda dalilai daban-daban, ana kai su gidajen jarirai, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ka'idojin Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Wadanda suka kai shekaru hudu ana kimanta su don sanin wane ma'aikatar da ya kamata a ba su. Cibiyoyin da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta tsara suna da gida ga waɗanda ake ganin suna da ilimi, da sauran yara, waɗanda suka ƙuduri aniyar zama marasa ilimi, zuwa cibiyoyin da ma'aikatun aiki da ci gaban jama'a ke kula da su. A matsayin manya, waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin canjin da ba za a iya koyarwa ba zuwa wata cibiyar manya, inda wasu wurare ke barin mutane su zauna a cikin gado.<ref name="Implementing the Right to Community Integration for Children with Disabilities in Russia: A Human Rights Framework for International Action"/> == Manazarta == p4zm56muyxmisho1aywlub1mrmdcms4 0 107626 890803 852954 2026-08-03T01:32:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890803 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Clifford Allan Redin Savory''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1935) manomi ne na dabbobi na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]] kuma tsohon ɗan siyasan Rhodesia. Shi ne shugaban kuma co-kafa Cibiyar Savory . Ya samo asali ne daga gudanarwa cikakke, tsarin tunani na tsarin sarrafa albarkatun. Masu ba da shawara masu ban sha'awa ta yin amfani da dabbobi masu yawa da motsi a cikin ƙoƙari na yin koyi da yanayi, a matsayin hanyar warkar da yanayin, yana mai cewa "dabbobi ne kawai za su iya juyar da hamada . Babu wani kayan aiki da aka sani da mutane don magance hamada wanda ke ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga sauyin yanayi ba amma har ma da yawancin talauci, ƙaura, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu a cikin yankunan duniya da ke fama da cutar." <ref name="worldwatch">{{Cite web |title=The Savory Institute: Healing the World's Grasslands, Rangelands and Savannas |url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/the-savory-institute-healing-the-worlds-grasslands-rangelands-and-savannas-livestock-buckminster-fuller-institute-nourishing-the-planet-worldwatch-institute-usda-climate-change-internatnional-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204085637/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/the-savory-institute-healing-the-worlds-grasslands-rangelands-and-savannas-livestock-buckminster-fuller-institute-nourishing-the-planet-worldwatch-institute-usda-climate-change-internatnional-society/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=2015-01-27 |website=Nourishing the Planet |publisher=Worldwatch Institute}}</ref> "Dabbobi ne kawai za su iya cetonmu." Ya yi imanin filayen ciyawa suna da damar yin amfani da isassun iskar carbon dioxide don [[Rage canjin yanayi|juyar da canjin yanayi.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} . Manoman shanu sun yaba da shi, ra'ayoyinsa masu rikitarwa sun haifar da adawa daga malamai; kama daga muhawara kan shaida don tasirin jiyya zuwa iyakar tasirin tasirin da ke tattare da iskar carbon . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Ash |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Derner |first3=Justin D. |last4=Huntsinger |first4=Lynn |year=2014 |title=Commentary: A critical assessment of the policy endorsement for holistic management |journal=Agricultural Systems |volume=125 |pages=50–53 |doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2013.12.001}}</ref> <ref name="carter">{{Cite journal |last=John Carter |last2=Allison Jones |last3=Mary O’Brien |last4=Jonathan Ratner |last5=George Wuerthner |year=2014 |title=Holistic Management: Misinformation on the Science of Grazed Ecosystems |journal=International Journal of Biodiversity |volume=2014 |issue=163431 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2014/163431 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Savory ta sami lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta 2003 Banksia <ref name="Banksia">{{Cite web |title=2003 award winners |url=http://www.banksiafdn.com/index.php?page=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105173829/http://banksiafdn.com/index.php?page=67 |archive-date=5 November 2003 |publisher=Banksia Environmental Foundation}}</ref> kuma ta lashe 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge . [[Charles III|Yarima Charles]] ya kira shi "mutum mai ban mamaki" kuma sanannen manomi Joel Salatin ya rubuta, "Tarihi zai tabbatar da Allan Savory a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ilimin muhalli na kowane lokaci". Sabanin haka, James E. McWilliams ya bayyana Savory a matsayin mai "ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwar da ake tuhuma ta kimiyya a fuskar shaidar akasin haka". George Monbiot ya ce game da shi, "maganganunsa ba su da goyon baya ta shaidar kwarewa da aikin gwaji, kuma a muhimman batutuwa dabarunsa suna haifar da lahani fiye da nagarta. " Koyaya, wannan sharhi ya kasance mai sukar a cikin wani labarin da Hunter Lovins ya buga a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', mai taken "Me ya sa George Monbiots ba daidai ba ne: kiwon dabbobi na iya ceton duniya". == Rayuwa == === Ilimi === Savory ta yi karatu a Afirka ta Kudu a [[Jami'ar Natal]], inda ta sami B.Sc. a cikin Biology da Botany a cikin 1955 . === Ayyuka na farko a kudancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Allan_Savory_--_Younger_years.jpg|left|thumb|Kyaftin Savory]] Ayyukan Savory na farko sun kasance masu yawa, suna aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halitta, soja, ma'aikacin gwamnati, memba na majalisa, shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa, manomi, rancher, kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=C. J. |last2=Society for Range Management |date=2000 |title=The Wild Life of Allan Savory |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.2458/azu_rangelands_v22i1_hadley |issn=0190-0528 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fahimtar daga waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙare a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Holistic Management. Ayyukansa na nazarin tushen dalilin lalacewar ƙasa (ƙasa) ya fara ne tun daga 1955 a Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia), inda ya yi aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka a matsayin Jami'in Wasanni na Lardin Arewa da Luapula . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armijo |first=Lou |date=1982-10-01 |title=Convention Will Provide Opportunity to View Savory Grazing Method |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/638383 |journal=4 |language=en |issn=0190-0528 |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724184736/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/638383 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukansa sun ci gaba a Kudancin Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), da farko a matsayin jami'in bincike a Sashen Wasan sannan kuma a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa da mai ba da shawara na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savory |first=C. A. R. |date=May 1969 |title=Crisis in Rhodesia |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–30 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300007638 |issn=0030-6053 |s2cid=85886667 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken farko na Savory ya ba da shawarar kashe yawan giwaye bisa ga imanin cewa adadi mai yawa na masu cin ganyayyaki suna lalata mazauninsu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savory |first=C. A. R. |year=1969 |title=Crisis in Rhodesia |journal=Oryx |volume=10 |pages=25–30 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300007638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawton |first=R. M. |last2=Gough |first2=M. |year=1970 |title=Elephants or Fire—Which to Blame? |journal=Oryx |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=244 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300008528 |doi-access=free}}</ref> babban imani wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa tare da masu goyon bayan dabbobi da yawa har zuwa yau. Ba a gabatar da shawarwarinsa ba a lokacin da yake cikin Ma'aikatar Wasanni, amma daga baya a shekarar 1969 a matsayin memba na Majalisar ya kawo Hukumar Bincike ta Majalisar da George Petrides ya jagoranci wanda aka caje shi "don bincika da bayar da rahoto kan dukkan fannoni na manufofin rayuwar daji da gudanarwa a Rhodesia da kuma ba da shawarwari a ciki. Biye da shawarwarin Hukumar Petrides, an nada Dokta Graham Child a matsayin Darakta na Gidajen Kasa da Gudanar da Rayuwa na Wild wanda daga nan gabaɗaya, ya kai kimanin mutane 30,5 da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kubatana - Archive - Elephant culling in Zimbabwe - Graham Child - Aug, 2004 |url=http://www.archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/wild/040131gc.asp?sector=ENV&year=2004&range_start=1 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.archive.kubatana.net |archive-date=2022-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215175724/http://www.archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/wild/040131gc.asp?sector=ENV&year=2004&range_start=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, wannan shirin culling bai juyar da lalacewar ƙasar ba kamar yadda ake tsammani, kuma Savory ya kira shawarar da ya yanke don yin kira ga kawar da yawan giwaye "mafi tausayi da mafi girman kuskuren rayuwata". <ref name="TED">{{Cite web |last=Allan Savory |date=February 2013 |title=How to green the desert and reverse climate change |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/allan_savory_how_to_green_the_world_s_deserts_and_reverse_climate_change.html |access-date=4 April 2013 |publisher=TED}}</ref> Wannan asarar da za a iya hanawa, sakamakon fassara bayanan bincike don dacewa da ra'ayi na duniya wanda yawancin dabbobi ke haifar da wuce gona da iri, ya sa Savory ya zama mafi ƙuduri'a don fahimtar da warware tushen lalacewar ƙasa da kuma hana wasu yin irin wannan kuskuren rayuwa wanda ya danganta ga tunanin da ya ragewa. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban Savory na tsarin cikakke don yanke shawara da kuma kirkirar Holistic Planned Grazing, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littattafansa, Holistic Management, Third Edition: A Commonsense Revolution to Restore Our Environment, wanda aka rubuta tare da matarsa Jody Butterfield, da kuma Holistic Management Handbook, Third Edition, Regenerating Your Land and Growing Your Profits, wanda aka buga tare da Sam Bingham da Jody Butterwood. Savory ya sami rinjaye daga aikin da ya gabata na masanin ilimin noma na Faransa André Voisin wanda ya ce yawan kiwo ya haifar da yawan lokacin da aka fallasa shuke-shuke ga dabbobi, ba daga dabbobi da yawa a kowane yanki ba. Savory ya ga wannan a matsayin mafita ga wuce gona da iri, kuma ya yi imanin cewa wuce gona da yawa ya haifar da barin shanu da daɗewa kuma ya dawo da su da wuri, maimakon girman garken. === Kasancewar soja === Savory ya ce a cikin tarihinsa cewa ya shiga matsayin mai kula da gida tare da sabis na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Sashen Wasanni na Arewacin Rhodesia don shirya kansa don yaƙin 'yan tawaye - koyon dabarun kamar ƙwarewar daji da bin dabbobi kamar giwaye daga al'adun gida, wanda zai iya samun aikace-aikacen soja a cikin yaki da tawaye. A farkon shekarun 1960, lokacin da Savory ya kasance jami'in Sojoji na Yankin (tsare), ya rubuta wa Firayim Minista na Tarayya Roy Welensky yana ba da shawarar cewa sojoji su shirya don yaƙin 'yan tawaye mai zuwa ta hanyar horar da masu bin diddigin - shawarar da manyan jami'an masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ƙi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Stapleton |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Gamekeepers and Counter-Insurgency in Kenya and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 1952-1980 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44715475 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=213–234 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=44715475}}</ref> Koyaya, a farkon shekarun 1960, ra'ayoyinsa sun fara samun karɓa lokacin da manyan Sojojin Tarayya na Air Service (SAS) suka gayyace shi don gabatar da darussan kan bin diddigin da "ƙwarewar daji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" - waɗanda aka tura su kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Afirka da ke fada da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin da aka sanar da 'yancin kai a shekarar 1965, Savory ya kasance Kyaftin a cikin rundunar Sojojin Yankin na ɗan lokaci, 4th Battalion Royal Rhodesia Regiment . Ya yi tsayayya da UDI a hankali. A shekara ta 1965, Savory ya gabatar da takarda ga hedkwatar sojojin Rhodesia wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa ƙungiyar Guerrilla Anti-terrorist Unit (GATU) tare da fararen ma'aikatan SAS da 'yan sanda baƙi waɗanda za su ƙware a bin diddigin, kuma su zama masu tayar da kayar baya na Afirka don shiga da kuma kawar da ƙungiyoyinsu - an amince da wannan buƙatar, amma rashin jituwa tsakanin sojoji da' yan sanda ya haifar da dakatar da rukunin.<ref name=":1"/> Kafin a rushe GATU, Savory ya tuna cewa a kan ayyukan "mun yi wa fararen fata fata fata da launi na musamman da aka samar mana". Daga baya, sojojin sun ba da izinin Savory don zaɓar membobin dukan fararen Sojojin Yankin, waɗanda su ma ma Rangers ne daga Ma'aikatar Rhodesian ta National Parks and Wildlife Management (DNPWLM), da masu farauta masu sana'a don kafa Tracker Combat Unit (TCU) - kamar yadda ƙungiyar ba ta da ma'aikatan baƙar fata, an watsar da shirye-shiryen shiga cikin kungiyoyi, kuma an sake mayar da hankali kan bin diddigin da kashe 'yan tawaye na Afirka.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan ficewar Savory daga TCU, daga baya ya samo asali ya zama Selous Scouts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savory |first=Captain Allan |title=Tracking in the Rhodesian Army |url=http://pitchstonewaters.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Selous-Scout-story-Savory.pdf |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Pitchstone Waters |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621181449/https://pitchstonewaters.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Selous-Scout-story-Savory.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott-Donelan |first=David |date=March 1985 |title=ZAMBEZI VALLEY MANHUNT |url=http://selousscouts.tripod.com/zambezi_valley_manhunt.htm |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Soldier of Fortune magazine |page=70 |archive-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610004229/http://selousscouts.tripod.com/zambezi_valley_manhunt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kasancewa cikin siyasa === An zabi Savory a majalisar dokokin Rhodesia wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Matobo a Zaben 1970. Bayan ya yi murabus daga [[Rhodesia|Rhodesian]] Front don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofinsa da kuma yadda ake gudanar da yakin, a cikin 1973 Savory ya sake fasalin tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Rhodesia da Sir [[Roy Welensky]] ke jagoranta. Savory ya bayyana a watan Maris na shekara ta 1973 cewa babban burin Jam'iyyar Rhodesia a karkashin shugabancinsa shine "don tabbatar da makomar Turai ta dogon lokaci a Rhodesia ta hanyar gwamnati mai karfi da adalci" kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan fifiko na tattalin arziki dole ne a kiyaye shi, amma ya kamata a rage bambance-bambance tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata don "gwamnati mai kyau" za ta rage kiran "gwamnatin kai".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Good |first=Kenneth |date=1974 |title=Settler Colonialism in Rhodesia |url=https://www.kurumbiwone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Settler-Colonialism-in-Rhodesia.pdf |journal=African Affairs |volume=73 |issue=290 |page=22-23 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096439 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref> Jam'iyyar ta kuma bayyana cewa ba ta son mambobin Afirka, kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta 1973 ta bayyana cewa "ba za ta zama jam'iyya ga hadin gwiwa tare da mambobin majalisar dokokin Afirka ba".<ref name=":0" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1973, Savory ya bayyana cewa Jam'iyyar Rhodesia ta goyi bayan wariyar launin fata ciki har da makarantu da asibitoci, yana ba da shawarar cewa kawai 'yan Afirka da ke aiki a garuruwa kamar ma'aikatan gida su kasance a cikin birane - kuma ya ba da shawarar gabatar da "Ministan Kula da Jama'a" wanda zai kula da "farashin yawan jama'a" tsakanin' yan Afirka.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Yunin 1973, Savory ya bayyana a fili, "Idan an haife ni baƙar fata Rhodesian, maimakon fararen Rhodesian, zan zama babban ta'addanci. " Ko da yake ya bukaci fararen Rhodesians su fahimci dalilin da ya sa zai ji wannan, martani ga wannan sanarwa ya haifar da fitar da Savory daga Jam'iyyar Rhodesia. A shekara ta 1977, wasu jam'iyyun fararen fata masu matsakaici sun haɗu don adawa da Ian Smith a cikin abin da aka sani da National Unifying Force (NUF) karkashin jagorancin Savory . Jam'iyyar NUF ba ta sami kujeru a zaben 1977, kuma Savory ya bar shugabanci ga Tim Gibbs, ɗan gwamnan Rhodesia na ƙarshe. Savory ya ci gaba da yaki da Ian Smith da manufofinsa, musamman adawa da Internal Settlement a karkashin Bishop Abel Muzorewa . A shekara ta 1979, saboda rikice-rikice da gwamnatin Smith, Savory ya bar Rhodesia kuma ya shiga gudun hijira don ci gaba da aikinsa na kimiyya.<ref name="Conversation" /> === Ka ƙaura zuwa Amurka === Bayan barin Zimbabwe, Savory ya yi aiki daga Tsibirin Cayman zuwa Amurka, yana gabatar da cikakken shirin kiwo a matsayin tsari na gudanarwa don juyar da hamada na 'brittle' ciyawa ta hanyar tsara motsi na garken dabbobi masu yawa don kwaikwayon waɗanda aka samu a cikin yanayi, yana ba da isasshen lokaci ga tsire-tsire su murmure gaba kafin sake kiwo. Savory ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, kuma tare da matarsa Jody Butterfield sun kafa Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Cikakken a shekarar 1984. Daga baya aka canza sunanta zuwa Cibiyar Savory sannan daga baya aka canza Holistic Management International. A shekara ta 2009 Savory ya bar HMI kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Savory. Savory, Butterfield da mai ba da agaji Sam Brown sun kafa Cibiyar Afirka don Gudanar da Cikakken, wanda ke zaune a Zimbabwe a 1992 a kan kadada 2,520 (6,200 acres) na ƙasar da Savory ya ba da gudummawa don amfanin mutanen Afirka a matsayin wurin ilmantarwa / horo don gudanarwa cikakke. [[Fayil:Allan_Savory_--_Banksia_award.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Allan Savory da Jody Butterfield 2003]] === Rayuwa ta mutum === Lokacin da ba sa tafiya a duniya suna yada saƙonsa, Savory da Butterfield sun raba lokacin su tsakanin gidansu a Albuquerque da kuma rufin rufi na gidajen laka a cikin daji na Afirka a Zimbabwe. Sau da yawa yakan tafi tsirara. == Gudanar da shawarwari na gaba ɗaya == Jawabinsa na TED na 2013, "Yadda za a kore hamada da kuma sauya canjin yanayi," <ref name="TED"/> ya ja hankalin miliyoyin ra'ayoyi kuma ya biyo bayan sakin littafinsa na TED, The Grazing Revolution: A Radical Plan to Save the Earth. A cikin jawabinsa na TED Savory ya tambaya, "Mene ne za mu yi?"   Savory yana ba da shawara ta amfani da fasaha mai zurfi don haɓaka madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da rage ko kawar da hayaki a nan gaba. Yana goyon bayan naman sa da aka ciyar da ciyawa kuma yana adawa da samar da dabbobi na masana'antu.   Savory ya yi Allah wadai da aikin shuka da ƙone gandun daji da ciyawa, <ref name="SavorySI">{{Cite web |last=Savory |first=Allan |title=A Global Strategy for Addressing Global Climate Change |url=http://www.savoryinstitute.com/media/40626/A-Global-Strategy-for-Addressing-Climate-Change-2-original-.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204102007/http://www.savoryinstitute.com/media/40626/A-Global-Strategy-for-Addressing-Climate-Change-2-original-.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=2015-01-31 |website=Savory Institute}}</ref> yana mai cewa "ya bar ƙasa ba tare da komai ba, ya saki carbon, kuma mafi muni fiye da haka, ƙone hekta ɗaya na ciyawa yana ba da ƙarin, kuma mafi lalacewa, gurɓata fiye da motoci 6,000. Kuma muna ƙonewa a Afirka, kowace shekara, fiye da hekta biliyan ɗaya na ciwo, kuma kusan babu wanda ke magana game da shi. " Hectare biliyan daya ne mafi girma fiye da na hamada.<ref name="TEDtrans">{{Cite web |last=Savory |first=Allan |date=4 March 2013 |title=How to fight desertification and reverse climate change |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/allan_savory_how_to_green_the_world_s_deserts_and_reverse_climate_change/transcript?language=en |access-date=2015-01-31 |website=TED Transcript}}</ref> == Yabo da zargi == Manoma, ranchers, makiyaya da kungiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki a duniya don dawo da makiyaya ta hanyar koyarwa da aikin Gudanarwa gaba ɗaya da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainability Pathways: Projects detail |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/grassland/best-practices/projects-detail/en/c/213549/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.fao.org |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522053354/https://www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/grassland/best-practices/projects-detail/en/c/213549/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ayyukan kiyayewa a Amurka, Afirka, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Kanada, da Ostiraliya inda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban, hukumomin gwamnati da jami'o'i ke gudanar da gudanarwa gaba ɗaya da kuma shirin kiwo gaba ɗaya don juyar da hamada ta amfani da dabbobi a matsayin babban wakili na canji don dawo da muhalli, ƙara murfin ƙasa, al'amarin ƙasa da riƙe ruwa, sake cika koguna, da yaki da asarar halittu. A shekara ta 2003 Ostiraliya ta girmama Savory tare da lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta Banksia "don mutumin da ke yin mafi kyawun muhalli a duniya" <ref name="Banksia"/> kuma a shekara ta 2010, Savory da Cibiyar Gudanar da Cikakken Afirka sun lashe The Buckminster Fuller Challenge, gasar ƙira ta shekara-shekara ta duniya da ke ba da kyautar $ 100,000 "don tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun da ke da babbar damar warware matsalolin bil'adama". Savory ya fuskanci zargi game da sa hannu a siyasa da soja a cikin mulkin mallaka na Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1970s - musamman don tallafawa wariyar launin fata da kuma ba da shawarar "Ministan Kula da Jama'a" don magance "farin yawan jama'a" tsakanin 'yan Afirka a lokacin shugabancinsa na Jam'iyyar Rhodesia, <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Apánii |first=Yahya |date=2023-04-12 |title=Holistic Counterinsurgency: Allan Savory and the Golden Calf of Rhodesian Land Management |url=https://branchoutnow.org/holistic-counterinsurgency-allan-savory/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Branch Out |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma haɓaka da koyar da dabarun bin diddigin ga dukkan fararen sojoji waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don bin diddigir da kashe masu tayar da ke yaƙi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Big Ag Bankrolled Regenerative Ranching |url=https://jacobin.com/2022/03/big-agriculture-funding-regenerative-ranching-amp-grazing-soil-carbon |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Savory ya fuskanci zargi don da'awar yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar carbon na kiwo cikakke yana da kariya daga binciken kimiyya na kwarewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=TABLE Debates |date=16 Sep 2016 |title=Holistic management – a critical review of Allan Savory's grazing method |url=https://www.tabledebates.org/research-library/holistic-management-critical-review-allan-savorys-grazing-method |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=TABLE Debates}}</ref> Misali, a cikin 2000, Savory ya ce "hanyar kimiyya ba ta gano komai ba" kuma "hanyar kimiyyar tana kare mu daga cranks kamar ni". <ref>{{Cite web |title=RANGE magazine.com, the Cowboy Spirit on America's Outback |url=https://www.rangemagazine.com/archives/stories/fall99/allan_savory.htm |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.rangemagazine.com}}</ref> A 2017 factsheet da Savory ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa "Kowane binciken da aka shirya da aka yi ya samar da sakamakon da masana kimiyya suka ƙi saboda babu kwafin!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ketcham |first=Christopher |title=Allan Savory's Holistic Management Theory Falls Short on Science |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2017-2-march-april/feature/allan-savory-says-more-cows-land-will-reverse-climate-change |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.sierraclub.org |language=en}}</ref> TABLE Debates ya taƙaita wannan ta hanyar cewa "Savory ya yi jayayya cewa daidaitawa, maimaitawa, sabili da haka gwajin gwaji na HPG [Holistic Planned Grazing] gaba ɗaya (maimakon kawai tsarin kiwo da ke da alaƙa da shi) ba zai yiwu ba, sabili haka, ba zai iya yin karatu ta hanyar kimiyya ta gwaji ba", amma "ba ya bayyana yadda HPG zai iya yin ikirarin ilimin dalili game da yaki da hamada da rage sauyin yanayi, ba tare da yin amfani da kimiyya da irin waɗannan haɗin ba. "<ref name=":2" /> Hanyar Savory game da matsalar hamada ya gamu da juriya daga masana kimiyya. Wani bincike na meta-bincike na karatun da ya dace tsakanin 1972 da 2016 ya gano cewa Shirye-shiryen Kiwo na Holistic ba shi da tasiri mafi kyau fiye da ci gaba da kiwo a kan shuke-shuke da biomass, kodayake yana iya amfana da wasu yankuna tare da sama da hazo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawkins |first=Heidi-Jayne |date=2017-04-03 |title=A global assessment of Holistic Planned Grazing™ compared with season-long, continuous grazing: meta-analysis findings |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/10220119.2017.1358213 |journal=African Journal of Range & Forage Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.2989/10220119.2017.1358213 |issn=1022-0119 |s2cid=90525942 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabanin haka, nazarin uku na 2007 da 2010 sun rubuta ingantaccen ƙasa kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar carbon na ƙasa, biota na ƙasa, riƙe ruwa, ƙarfin riƙe abinci mai gina jiki, da datti na ƙasa a kan ƙasar da aka yi kiwo ta amfani da hanyoyin kiwo da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da aka ci gaba da kiwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teague |first=W. R. |last2=Dowhowera |first2=S. L. |last3=Bakera |first3=S.A. |last4=Haileb |first4=N. |last5=DeLaunea |first5=P.B. |last6=Conovera |first6=D.M. |year=2011 |title=Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |volume=141, May 2011 |issue=3–4 |pages=310–322 |doi=10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa hanyoyin kiwo da yawa na iya kara yawan riƙe ruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da ba a kiwo ba. Koyaya, George Wuerthner, yana rubutu a cikin The Wildlife News a cikin wata kasida ta 2013 mai taken, "Allan Savory: Myth And Reality" ya ce, "Ƙananan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya da magoya bayan Savory suka ambata a matsayin tabbatar da hanyoyinsa (daga cikin daruruwan da ke karyata maganganunsa), sau da yawa sun kasa gwada ra'ayoyinsa. Da yawa daga cikin binciken da aka ambata a shafin yanar gizon HM suna da matakan amfani (digiri na ciyayi da aka cire) ƙasa da matakin da matakin da Savory ya ba da shi a zahiri". Akwai tushen shaidu da ba su da ƙwarewa wanda ke kwatanta hanyoyin Savory da rashin dabbobi a wuraren ciyawa. Bincike da yawa da aka sake dubawa sun gano cewa cire dabbobi gaba ɗaya daga wuraren ciyawa na tsaka-tsaki na iya haifar da farfadowa mai mahimmanci na ciyayi da kuma ƙwacewar carbon na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Liping |last2=Wei |first2=Xiaorong |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingchang |last4=Cheng |first4=Jimin |date=2013-01-30 |title=Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation after Grazing Exclusion in Semiarid Grassland |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e55433 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...855433Q |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055433 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3559475 |pmid=23383191 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=D. P. |last2=Neff |first2=J. C. |last3=Reynolds |first3=R. L. |date=2008-05-01 |title=Biogeochemical and ecological impacts of livestock grazing in semi-arid southeastern Utah, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196307002662 |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |language=en |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=777–791 |bibcode=2008JArEn..72..777F |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.10.009 |issn=0140-1963 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliveira Filho |first=José de Souza |last2=Vieira |first2=Jonas Nunes |last3=Ribeiro da Silva |first3=Eliane Maria |last4=Beserra de Oliveira |first4=José Gerardo |last5=Pereira |first5=Marcos Gervasio |last6=Brasileiro |first6=Felipe Gomes |date=2019-07-01 |title=Assessing the effects of 17 years of grazing exclusion in degraded semi-arid soils: Evaluation of soil fertility, nutrients pools and stoichiometry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196319300357 |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |language=en |volume=166 |pages=1–10 |bibcode=2019JArEn.166....1O |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.03.006 |issn=0140-1963 |s2cid=132050918 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Xing |last2=Li |first2=Zongshan |last3=Fu |first3=Bojie |last4=Zhou |first4=Wangming |last5=Liu |first5=Huifeng |last6=Liu |first6=Guohua |date=2014-12-01 |title=Restoration of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage and microbial biomass after grazing exclusion in semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857414004881 |journal=Ecological Engineering |language=en |volume=73 |pages=395–403 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.077 |issn=0925-8574 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gebregergs |first=Tsegay |last2=Tessema |first2=Zewdu K. |last3=Solomon |first3=Negasi |last4=Birhane |first4=Emiru |date=June 2019 |title=Carbon sequestration and soil restoration potential of grazing lands under exclosure management in a semi‐arid environment of northern Ethiopia |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=6468–6479 |doi=10.1002/ece3.5223 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=6580272 |pmid=31236236}}</ref> Wata takarda da aka sake dubawa ta 2021 ta gano cewa wuraren kiwo da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa na halitta suna da kashi 80% na jimlar carbon sink na filayen duniya, yayin da wuraren kiwo masu sarrafawa sun kasance tushen iskar gas a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jinfeng |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Smith |first4=Pete |last5=Herrero |first5=Mario |last6=Havlík |first6=Petr |last7=Obersteiner |first7=Michael |last8=Guenet |first8=Bertrand |last9=Goll |first9=Daniel S. |last10=Li |first10=Wei |last11=Naipal |first11=Victoria |last12=Peng |first12=Shushi |last13=Qiu |first13=Chunjing |last14=Tian |first14=Hanqin |last15=Viovy |first15=Nicolas |date=2021-01-05 |title=Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=118 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12..118C |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20406-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7785734 |pmid=33402687}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa kiwo mai yawa na irin wannan da Savory ya amince da shi ya haifar da karɓar carbon na ƙasa fiye da ci gaba mai nauyi, amma dan kadan karɓar karɓar carbon a ƙasa fiye da "karɓar kiwo" (ban da kiwo mai kiwo daga ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teague |first=W. R. |last2=Dowhower |first2=S. L. |last3=Baker |first3=S. A. |last4=Haile |first4=N. |last5=DeLaune |first5=P. B. |last6=Conover |first6=D. M. |date=2011-05-01 |title=Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880911000934 |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |language=en |volume=141 |issue=3 |pages=310–322 |doi=10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009 |issn=0167-8809 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani takarda da aka sake dubawa ya gano cewa idan an mayar da makiyaya na yanzu zuwa tsohuwar jiharta a matsayin wuraren ciyawa, wuraren shrubs, da ƙananan savannah ba tare da dabbobi ba wannan na iya adana kimanin 15.2 - 59.9 Gt ƙarin carbon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayek |first=Matthew N. |last2=Harwatt |first2=Helen |last3=Ripple |first3=William J. |last4=Mueller |first4=Nathaniel D. |date=January 2021 |title=The carbon opportunity cost of animal-sourced food production on land |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00603-4 |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-00603-4 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=221522148 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin jawabinsa na TED, Savory ya yi iƙirarin cewa kiwo na gaba ɗaya na iya rage matakan carbon dioxide zuwa matakan kafin masana'antu a cikin shekaru 40. A cewar Skeptical Science, "ba zai yiwu a kara yawan aiki ba, kara yawan shanu da adana carbon ta amfani da kowane dabarun kiwo, ba tare da tunani ba na Holistic Management [...] An yi nazarin dogon lokaci game da tasirin kiwo a kan ajiyar carbon a ƙasa ba, kuma sakamakon ba su da kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New rebuttal to the myth 'Holistic Management can reverse Climate Change' |url=https://skepticalscience.com/holistic-management-rebuttal.html}}</ref> Saboda rikitarwa yanayin ajiyar carbon cikin ƙasa, karuwar zafin jiki na duniya, haɗarin hamada da hayakin methane daga dabbobi, ba zai iya juyawa canjin yanayi ba. Da yake yin sharhi a kan jawabinsa na TED "'<nowiki/>''<nowiki/>'Yadda za a yi yaƙi da hamada da sauya canjin yanayi'''", Savory tun daga lokacin ya musanta cewa kiwo na gaba ɗaya na iya juyar da canjin yanayi, yana cewa "Na yi amfani da kalmomin da ke magana game da canjin sauyin yanayi... kodayake na rubuta kuma na yi magana game da sauya hamada da mutum ya yi".<ref name=":2"/> Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Uppsala ta buga a shekarar 2016, ainihin adadin da ingantaccen kula da kiwo zai iya taimakawa ga satar carbon ya ninka sau bakwai fiye da ikirarin da Savory ya yi. Binciken ya kammala cewa gudanarwa gaba ɗaya ba zai iya juyar da canjin yanayi ba. Wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Abinci da Yanayi ta yi a shekarar 2017 ta kammala cewa ikirarin Savory game da tsare carbon "ba gaskiya ba ne" kuma ya bambanta da wadanda aka bayar ta hanyar binciken da aka sake dubawa.<ref name=":3"> {{Cite web |last=Garnett |first=Tara |last2=Godde |first2=Cécile |year=2017 |title=Grazed and confused? |url=https://www.tabledebates.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/fcrn_gnc_report.pdf |access-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=Food Climate Research Network |page=64 |quote=The non-peer-reviewed estimates from the Savory Institute are strikingly higher – and, for all the reasons discussed earlier (Section 3.4.3), unrealistic.}} </ref> Binciken FCRN ya kiyasta cewa, bisa ga meta-bincike na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, jimlar yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar carbon ta duniya daga kula da kiwo ya kasance daga 0.3-0.8 Gt CO2eq a kowace shekara, wanda ya yi daidai da 4-11% na jimlar fitar da dabbobi na duniya, kuma cewa "Ƙaruwa ko karuwa a cikin ɓangaren kiwo a matsayin hanyar kama ƙarin carbon zai haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin methane, nitrous oxide da amfani da canjin ƙasa CO20.92 .<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Table of Solutions |url=https://drawdown.org/solutions/table-of-solutions |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Project Drawdown |language=en}}</ref> Wani takarda da aka sake dubawa na 2022 ya kiyasta yiwuwar satar carbon na ingantaccen kula da kiwo a irin wannan matakin na 0.15-0.70 Gt CO2eq a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bai |first=Yongfei |last2=Cotrufo |first2=M. Francesca |date=2022-08-05 |title=Grassland soil carbon sequestration: Current understanding, challenges, and solutions |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo2380 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6606 |pages=603–608 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..603B |doi=10.1126/science.abo2380 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=35926033 |s2cid=251349023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin jawabin 2012 ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi na Duniya, Yarima Charles ya ce: {{Blockquote}} Cibiyar Savory ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma sha ɗaya na ƙarshe a cikin Ƙalubalen Duniya na Virgin, gasar 2007-2019 wacce ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 25 ga duk wanda zai iya nuna ƙirar kasuwanci wanda ya haifar da cire iskar gas na dindindin daga [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|Yanayin duniya]] don ba da gudummawa ta zahiri a guje wa [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar duniya]]. <ref name="Virgin"> {{Cite web |title=Removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere |url=http://www.virgin.com/company/virgin-earth-challenge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205182107/http://www.virgin.com/company/virgin-earth-challenge |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=2015-02-01 |website=Virgin Earth Challenge}} </ref> Babu wani daga cikin shigarwar da ya gamsu da duk ka'idodin kyautar da ake bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgin Earth Challenge - Virgin |url=https://virgin.com/about-virgin/virgin-group/news/virgin-earth-challenge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623114130/https://www.virgin.com/about-virgin/virgin-group/news/virgin-earth-challenge |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Virgin.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57g54ud7hyj0n36qd6gkklcuti6o7zq 0 107636 890608 853831 2026-08-02T12:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hakkin dan adam a Afghanistan a karkashin mulkin [[Taliban]] an hana shi sosai kuma an dauke shi daga cikin mafi munin duniya. Dangane da rahoton 2024 na Freedom House, 'Yancin Siyasa an kiyasta shi da 1 daga cikin 40 tare da' Yancin Bil'adama a 5 daga cikin 60, tare da jimlar 6 daga cikin 100 saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da amma ba a iyakance su ba: haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin LGBTQ +, haƙƙin' yan tsiraru, azabtarwa, da' yancin magana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/afghanistan/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Hakkin mata da 'yanci an hana su sosai, saboda an haramta su daga mafi yawan wuraren jama'a da aiki. Afghanistan ita ce kadai kasar a duniya da ta haramta ilimi ga mata sama da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Manufofin Taliban game da mata an rarraba su a matsayin wariyar launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Taliban’s Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru kamar Hazaras, Uzbek, Turkmen, da Tajik suna fuskantar tsanantawa da fitarwa daga ƙasashensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomi sun yi amfani da tashin hankali na jiki, hare-hare, kamawa da tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, tilasta bacewar masu gwagwarmaya da abokan adawar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=One year of the Taliban's broken promises, draconian restrictions and violence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204161214/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |archive-date=4 Feb 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fetrat |first=Sahar |title=One Year On, the Taliban Still Attacking Girls' Right to Education |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030259/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022034417/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Joint Statement: Marking 3 Years of Taliban Oppression {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/16/joint-statement-marking-3-years-taliban-oppression |access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en}}</ref> Ana sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai sosai ba tare da kusan 'yanci ba, tare da sa ido mai zurfi da tsauri a cikin wasa. == Tarihi == A karkashin mulkin Zahir Shah, ana yawan girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa 1949,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Last King of Afghanistan Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/23/AR2007072300138.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Afghanistan Shah Mahmud Khan, ya kara 'yancin' yan jarida, amma nan da nan aka juya waɗannan matakai. Dokar 'yan jarida wacce aka aiwatar a watan Yulin 1965, ta ba da 'yanci ga' yan jarida a karon farko.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+japan+germany+partition&pg=PA58|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|last=Hyman|first=Anthony|date=2016-07-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349219483|language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ‘yan jaridu galibi ke da ‘yanci, a wasu lokutan Sarkin ya rufe kafafen yada labarai daga ‘yan adawa da ake ganin barazana ce. Jamhuriyyar Khalq ta gurguzu wacce ta mulki Afganistan bayan juyin juya halin Saur a shekara ta 1978 ta kasance mummunan hali, tare da murkushe adawa da karfi. Gwamnati ta sace tare da kashe dubban fursunoni, 'yan adawa farar hula na karkara.<ref>''Derailing Democracy in Afghanistan: Elections in an Unstable Political Landscape'' by Noah Coburn, Anna Larson.</ref> A cikin Afrilu 1987, Afghanistan ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT), wanda ke hana jihar azabtar da kowane mutum. Sabon shugaban Babrak Karmal ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen zaluncin Khalq, wanda wani bangare ya yi, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da take hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnati tare da Soviets (a lokacin yakin Soviet-Afganistan) sun yi niyya ga matsugunan farar hula a yankunan karkara. A karkashin sauye-sauyen da Shugaba Mohammad Najibullah ya yi, an kara inganta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki amma duk da haka an tauye hakkin bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASW |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/ASW-01.htm |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, an tafka ta'asa da dama daga wasu tsageru a kan fararen hula. Hare-haren rokoki ba gaira ba dalili a lokacin yakin Kabul, musamman wadanda mayakan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar suka kai, ya kashe dubban fararen hula. Kungiyar Taliban da ke mulki tun daga shekarar 1996 ta kakaba mata takunkumi mai tsauri, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, tare da hana agajin kasa da kasa shiga kasar saboda yunwar da fararen hula ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-06 |title=Blood-Stained Hands {{!}} Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands/past-atrocities-kabul-and-afghanistans-legacy-impunity |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin shugaban kasa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan, wacce a baya ta yi mulkin Afganistan daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta hambarar da ita a shekara ta 2021, tana da tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama mai karfi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. An tanadi daftarin doka a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004. 'Yancin rayuwa da 'yanci an kiyaye su bisa tsarin mulki, haka kuma 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya da kuma ɗaukan rashin laifi ga kowane mutum. Wanda hakan ya bai wa Jamhuriyar Musulunci wani tsari mai karfi na hakkin dan Adam wanda ya tabbata ga dukkan 'yan kasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Batutuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam na zamani == [[Fayil:Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan Kwallon ƙafa a cikin Filin wasa na Ghazi a babban birnin [[Kabul]], wanda ke da kabilanci da yawa kuma birni mafi girma a Afghanistan.]] Yarjejeniyar Bonn ta 2001 ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afganistan (AIHRC) a matsayin cibiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma bincikar take haƙƙin ɗan adam da laifukan yaƙi. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afghanistan na 2004 ya ƙarfafa kasancewar AIHRC. A yayin da ake ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, tashe-tashen hankula da sake gina kasar, sau da yawa kan yi wuya a iya fahimtar hakikanin abin da ke faruwa, rahotanni daban-daban daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun zargi bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin Afganistan da aikata laifukan take hakkin dan Adam.<ref name="Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient'">{{cite news |date=25 August 2005 |title=Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4182952.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yi amfani da wasu cin zarafin 'yan adam da sojoji na Amurka suka yi wa fararen hula na Afghanistan, musamman a cikin kurkukun Baghram inda fararen hula marasa laifi suka jimre da azabtarwa, yanayi na wulakanci, da kuma rashin mutunci. An soki Amurka sosai saboda yanke hukunci ga sojoji da ke da alhakin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Afghanistan - Hagar USA |url=https://hagarusa.org/afghanistan/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=hagarusa.org |language=en-US}}</ref>Tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi na Afghanistan da manyan 'yan siyasa da Amurka ke tallafawa yayin korar Taliban suna da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a shekara ta 2003 ciki har da satar mutane, fyade, fashi, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/press/2003/07/afghan072903.htm Afghanistan: Warlords Implicated in New Abuses] 29 July 2003</ref> Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsaron kasar Afganistan na da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula a hare-haren kasa da kuma hare-hare ta sama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is the Afghan air force trigger happy? Here's what the numbers say |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2017/02/08/is-the-afghan-air-force-trigger-happy-here-s-what-the-numbers-say/ |access-date=8 February 2017 |publisher=Military Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan forces 'kill civilians' in ground raid and air strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attacks/afghan-forces-kill-civilians-in-ground-raid-and-air-strike-idUSKBN1K310I |access-date=13 July 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Pajhwok">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Social activists, residents seek halt to airstrikes targeting civilians |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/28/social-activists-residents-seek-halt-airstrikes-targeting-civilians |access-date=28 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Civilian casualties blamed on security operations |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/02/civilian-casualties-blamed-security-operations |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar azabtarwa === A cikin Maris 2002, ABC News sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan jami'ai a CIA sun ba da izini ga gardama, dabarun tambayoyi.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=ABC News: CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1322866 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Hanyoyin tambayoyin da za a iya yi sun hada da girgiza da mari, daure fursunoni a tsaye, ajiye fursunoni a cikin dakin sanyi da shayar da su da ruwa, da hawan ruwa.<ref name="abc" /> Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya bayar da rahoton hirarrakin da aka yi da fursunoni 379. An gano wadanda 'yan sanda ko jami'an leken asiri ke tsare da su ana yi musu dukan tsiya, cire farce da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki.<ref name="guardian systematically tortured">{{cite news |author=Kelly, Jeremy |date=10 October 2011 |title=Afghanistan officials 'systematically tortured' detainees, says UN report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/10/afghanistan-torture |access-date=10 October 2011 |work=The Guardian |quote=Interviews with 379 people held by police or intelligence services describe beatings, removing toenails and electric shocks |location=Kabul}}</ref> === Zaben a lokacin yaƙi === An gudanar da zabe da yawa a Afghanistan tun shekara ta 2001. An gudanar da zaben kwanan nan a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tare da rahoton 'yan takara 2,499 da ke fafatawa don kujeru 250. A lokacin zaben Taliban ta kai hari da yawa daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu, inda ta kashe fararen hula 11 da 'yan sanda 3 na Afghanistan a cikin hare-hare sama da 300 a zaben. Rashin yawan wadanda suka mutu a hannun Taliban za a iya danganta su da ayyukan da aka kara musamman da shugabannin masu tayar da kayar baya da ke shirin kai hare-hare a kwanakin da suka kai ga zaben, wanda ya kama daruruwan masu tayar baya da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921220351/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News 17 September 2010 |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921232110/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu jefa kuri'a a zaben sun kai kashi 40%. == Tsarin adalci == Afganistan tana da manyan tsare-tsare na adalci guda biyu: tsarin mulkin kasa da tsarin gargajiya na yau da kullun. Duk da kasancewar tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun misali; Kotun Koli, Kotun Tsaro ta kasa (ma'amala da shari'o'in da suka shafi ta'addanci), kotunan shari'ar farko da ta biyu, "jirga" da "shura" - cibiyoyin gargajiya suna aiki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} A karkashin gwamnatin Taliban a Afganistan, tsarin shari'a ya kasance yana da tsauraran fassarar shari'ar Musulunci. A watan Afrilun 2025, shugaban Taliban Hibatullah Akhundzada ya kare hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa wani bangare ne na Musulunci. Wannan bayani ya biyo bayan hukuncin kisa da aka yi wa wasu mutane hudu da aka samu da laifin kisan kai, wanda aka yi a filayen wasanni; Kisa mafi girma irin wannan tun bayan da kungiyar Taliban ta sake samun madafan iko a shekarar 2021. Kotun kolin kasar ta Afganistan ta amince da hukuncin kisa bayan da iyalan wadanda aka kashe din suka ki yin afuwa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa. Akhundzada ya jaddada mahimmancin aiwatar da dukkan dokokin Ubangiji tare da yin watsi da tsarin dokokin kasashen yamma, yana mai da hankalin Taliban kan tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=The Taliban leader says executions are part of Islam |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader-execution-human-rights-39a39a979ae226f2c1bbcf8e51dddbb8 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsari == Ana zargin wasu jami'an hukumar tsaron kasar ta Afganistan da gudanar da nasu gidajen yari,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-04 |title=Afghanistan's Justice System - The Asia Foundation |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2009/02/04/afghanistans-justice-system/ |access-date=2018-02-17 |work=The Asia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> da azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan jarida. Ana kuma zarginsu da kashe fararen hula da gangan yayin farmakin da gwamnati ta kai.<ref name="Pajhwok2">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=14 civilians killed in special forces raid in Nangarhar |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/24/14-civilians-killed-special-forces-raid-nangarhar |access-date=26 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NDS forces beaten up journalists, smashed their cameras |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/26/nds-forces-beaten-journalists-smashed-their-cameras |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. had advance warning of abuse at Afghan prisons, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-had-advance-warning-of-abuse-at-afghan-prisons-officials-say/2011/10/21/gIQA7Dg2VM_story.html |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ana zargin jami’an tsaron ‘yan sa-kai na yankin, wadanda kuma ke da nasu gidajen yari, da azabtarwa da kuma kashe-kashen ba gaira ba dalili. Sarakunan yaki a arewacin kasar sun yi amfani da lalata dukiya, fyade, da kisa don hana Pashtun da suka rasa matsugunansu kwato gidajensu. Yin aikin yara da fataucin mutane ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wajen Kabul. An kashe fararen hula akai-akai a fadan da ake yi tsakanin dakarun yakin. Rashin kyawun yanayin da ake samu a gidajen yari ya haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a tsakanin fursunoni. Don dakatar da shi, an fara shirin gyaran gidan yari a shekara ta 2003. Idan babu ingantaccen tsarin shari'a na kasa, an tauye hakkin kare shari'a saboda rashin daidaiton ka'idoji na cikin gida sun yi galaba a cikin shari'ar laifuka. Ka'idojin shari'a na gaskiya suna kunshe a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan da tsarin aikata laifuka amma ana keta su akai-akai saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin ilimi, kwararrun ma'aikata (musamman lauyoyin tsaro), rashin kayan aiki, cin hanci da rashawa da tsangwama ba bisa ka'ida ba daga shugabannin yaki da 'yan siyasa. Dubban mutane a Afghanistan sun kasance wadanda ke fama da bacewar da aka tilasta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, an kashe wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama biyu da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Afghanistan (AIHRC) a wani harin bam. Sun mutu ne bayan wani bam da aka makala a motarsu ya tashi. Harin dai ya zo ne kasa da mako guda bayan da wasu 'yan bindiga suka harbe masu gabatar da kara biyu da wasu ma'aikata uku daga ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati a Kabul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Bomb attack kills two human rights workers in Kabul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/roadside-bomb-kills-two-human-rights-workers-in-kabul |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bukaci gwamnatin Afghanistan da ta dauki matakin da ya dace don hana kisan masu kare hakkin dan Adam. An kashe masu kare hakkin bil adama tara tun daga farkon shekarar 2020. Tuni adadin ya zarce na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Afghanistan: More action needed to stop killings of human rights defenders |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=UN News |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817043546/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga 2021, lokacin da Taliban ta kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, an kashe tsoffin jami'an gwamnati 100 da masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Kill, 'Disappear' Ex-Officials |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/30/afghanistan-taliban-kill-disappear-ex-officials |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ma'aikatan yada labarai suna ƙarƙashin "harin kai tsaye" (tsoro da tsoratarwa) a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar gwamnati. == 'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai == Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afganistan ya ba da damar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, duk da cewa akwai takunkumi kan kafafen yada labarai da za su iya yin amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ko kuma su kasance masu cin zarafi ga wasu kungiyoyi. Sai dai ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida da masana harkokin shari'a musamman a wajen birnin Kabul. Shugaba Hamid Karzai na rikon kwarya ne ya ba da yancin 'yan jarida a watan Fabrairun 2002. Karzai ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Media ta 2004 a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Mass Media Law Comes Under Scrutiny |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1074472.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an kama mai shirya fina-finai Nasir Fayaz saboda sukar 'yan siyasa daga majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa a shirinsa na mako-mako a gidan talabijin na Ariana. Kamawar ta haifar da kuka daga 'yan jarida kuma ta keta Mataki na 34 wanda ya karanta "Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki zai kasance mai tsayayya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghans urge probe into TV host's arrest - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/30/afghan.arrest/index.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz, Ariana TV Journalist Detained by Afghan Intelligence Service |url=https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203723/https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |archive-date=2019-11-28 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Kabul Press کابل پرس |language=en}}</ref> Afghanistan ta kasance ta 122 a cikin 2020 ta sauka da maki 2 daga matsayi na 120 a cikin 2017 bisa ga Press Freedom Index. Amma har yanzu, yana cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da duk maƙwabtanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RSF |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan jarida a Afganistan na fuskantar barazana daga jami'an tsaro da masu tada kayar baya. Jami'an Afganistan da shugabannin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na barazana da cin zarafi da kashe 'yan jarida don hana su ba da rahoto. Bugu da kari, rahoton [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin 'yan jaridun Afghanistan suna yin katsalandan da kansu ta hanyar kawar da rahotanni kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Kwamitin Tsaro na 'Yan Jarida na Afghanistan (AJSC) a cikin 2017 ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Afghanistan ta kai kashi 46% na hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida na Afghanistan. Yayinda masu tayar da kayar baya ke da alhakin sauran hare-haren. == 'Yanci na addini == Ba a buƙatar rajista na kungiyoyin addini; tsirarun kungiyoyin addini suna iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci amma ba a basu damar shigar da su addini ba. Musulunci shi ne addini na hukuma; Wajibi ne dukkan dokoki su dace da kyawawan dabi'un Musulunci, kuma shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa dole ne su kasance musulmi. A hukumance, ridda ya kasance hukuncin kisa, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Afghanistan. A shekara ta 2006, Abdul Rahman, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da aka kama saboda ya koma Kiristanci, an ba shugaban kasa izinin barin kasar, kuma ya koma Italiya, inda ya samu mafaka. A shekara ta 2014, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da ya yi watsi da addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya samu mafaka a kasar Birtaniya, bisa hujjar cewa zai iya fuskantar kisa idan ya koma kasarsa ta asali. A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 daga cikin 4. == 'Yancin mata ==   [[Fayil:Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki ga maza a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004]] Kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan na shekara ta 2004 ya yi alkawarin daidaita hakki ga maza da mata, ciki har da mata da aka ba su damar yin aiki a wajen gida, don shiga harkokin siyasa, da kuma bukatar kowace jam'iyyar siyasa ta zabi wasu adadin 'yan takara mata. A lokacin farko na mulkin Taliban, kusan mata sun kwace dukkan hakkokinsu. Batutuwan da suka hada da sanya gogen farce zuwa damar aiki an takaita sosai. Ta hanyar ajiye mata a gida, Taliban ta yi ikirarin tana kiyaye su daga cutarwa. A ƙarshen Maris 2009, Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da "Dokar Iyali ta [[Shi'a]]" wadda ta amince da zargin fyade ga ma'aurata (a cikin Mataki na 132), auren yara da kuma sanya haramtacciyar doka a kan matan Afganistan masu aure. Ko da yake an ce dokar da ta saba wa doka ta shafe shekara guda tana kwance, amma shugaba Karzai na kokarin samun goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokokin Shi'a na arewacin Afganistan da makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta [[Iran]], wadda mabiya Shi'a ke da rinjaye. A cewar jaridar Independent ta Biritaniya, ba a karanta ‘code code’ a Majalisar Dattawa/Majalisar Dattawa ba, sannan kuma ta tanadi nuna wariyar jinsi a dokar gado da saki ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-30 |title=Afghan leader accused of bid to 'legalise rape' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghan-leader-accused-of-bid-to-legalise-rape-1658049.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Duk da alkawura daban-daban da gwamnati ta yi na aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325 na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba a iya aiwatar da dokar ba. Tattaunawar zaman lafiyar Kabul da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2017, ta kunshi mata biyu ne kawai a cikin wakilan gwamnati da na kasa da kasa 47.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=World Report: Afghanistan Events of 2017 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/afghanistan |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Shugaba Ashraf Ghani ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar doka da ta sanya sunayen iyaye mata a cikin takardun haihuwar 'ya'yansu da katunan shaida. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Afganistan sun shafe shekaru da dama suna yakin neman zabe a kafafen sada zumunta na zamani don sanya sunan iyayen biyu, karkashin maudu'in #WhereIsMyName. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Afghan Women Win Fight for Their Own Identity |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/18/afghan-women-win-fight-their-own-identity |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin watan Mayu 2022, Ma'aikatar Yada Nagarta da Rigakafin Ma'aikatar Taliban ta buga wata doka da ke buƙatar duk mata a Afganistan su sanya cikakken suturar jiki yayin da suke cikin jama'a (ko dai burqa ko abaya da aka haɗa tare da niqāb, wanda ke barin idanu kawai). A watan Agustan 2024, Taliban ta tsara dokar Taliban ta 2022 ta hanyar buga Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataimakin ta hanyar hukumomi a cikin gwamnatin Afghanistan. Dokar ta tabbatar da manufofi da aka bayyana a baya da tilasta wa mata tawali'u; kamar buƙatar mata su fito da cikakken rufe jiki kamar burqa ko [[Abaya]] tare da niqāb. Har ila yau, yana fadada kan ɓoyewa da kuma hana mata ta hanyar kafa cewa mata ba za su iya magana da maza a waje da dangi na kusa ba. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta shafi magana kai tsaye ba, amma ta hana mata yin magana da ƙarfi da raira waƙa don kauce wa haɗarin namiji ya ji su.<ref name=":0" /> An kuma hana mata kallon maza a waje da iyalansu.<ref name=":0" /> Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataci ba wai kawai tana ci gaba da hana mata ba, amma tana ba da ikon matsayin maza a matsayin "masu tilasta" ɗabi'a. Dokar kan Inganta kyawawan halaye da Rigakafin Mataimakin a bayyane ta bayyana mai aiwatar da shi a matsayin kowane mutum mai girma na Islama tare da kamfas na ɗabi'a da ya tsara kansa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta ba da sammaci biyu a kan shugaban kungiyar Taliban Haibatullah Akhundzada da babban alkalin kotun, Abdul Hakim Haqqani, kan aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama tare da zalunci da tsananta wa mata da 'yan matan Afganistan, wadanda aka tauye 'yancin yin motsi, 'yancin sarrafa jikinsu, ilimi, rayuwa da kuma 'yan adawa. an danne su da kisan kai, dauri, azabtarwa, fyade, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tun daga 2021. Kasashe mambobin ICC sun wajaba su kama wadanda ake nema idan suna yankinsu. == Wayar da kai kan jima'i == Tsakanin jinsi guda a halin yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Afghanistan. Dangane da Dokar Shari'ar Afghanistan ta 2017, aikin jima'i guda ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku, dangane da girman aikin jima'in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Sashe na 647 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya bayyana cewa, matan da suka shiga cikin Musahaqah, saduwa da maza a tsakanin mata, za su yi zaman gidan yari na shekara guda. Sashi na 649 ya shafi jima'i na maza da ake kira Tafkhiz, wanda shine jima'i wanda bai hada da shiga ba. Mutanen da aka kama suna halartar Tafkhiz ana iya daure su daga watanni uku zuwa shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Sashe na Penal Code Sashe na 646 game da luwaɗi, tuhumar luwaɗi ba ta iyakance ga daidaikun LGBTQ+ ba kuma yana shafar masu madigo su ma. Duk mutumin da aka kama yana shiga cikin tsurar za a iya tuhumarsa har tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari. Sashe na 646 kuma ya wuce zuwa ga ciwon daji, wanda shine kawai laifi a wajen luwadi da aka haɗa a cikin wannan sashe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake dokar a bayyane ta tsara hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ba ta magance cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kula da mutanen LGBTQ+ a Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Taliban Offensive, laifuka masu cin zarafi ga mutanen LGBTQ+ sun karu. Idan an kama mutum ko kuma ana zarginsa da sha'awar jima'i ko kuma ya shiga tsakani, akwai yiwuwar 'yan sanda su kai masa hari kuma su kashe shi kafin a yi masa shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an yi wa mutane tara bulala a bainar jama'a saboda karkatar da jima'i kafin shari'arsu. Bayan 'yan watanni da suka gabata a watan Yunin 2024, Taliban ta yi wa mutane 63 bulala a bainar jama'a saboda "ayyukan lalata" ciki har da jima'i da zina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban publicly flog 9 Afghan men, women despite UN outcry |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-publicly-flog-9-afghan-men-women-despite-un-outcry/7816230.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=voanews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tsanantawa ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙananan == Hazaras suna daya daga cikin kabilun Afghanistan. Bayan da Taliban ta mamaye, an kori Hazaras da yawa daga gidajensu. Wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]] ya ba da rahoton cewa Taliban suna gurfanar da su, azabtarwa da kuma kashe Hazaras ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Bautar == {{Excerpt|Slavery in Afghanistan}} b1zr9j0cst89qo20jxlusr814llev4j 0 107728 890797 825062 2026-08-03T00:31:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890797 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alexander F. More''' masanin kimiyya ne na Turai (yanayi da kiwon lafiya), masanin tattalin arziki, kuma mai sadarwa na kimiyya da ke aiki a Amurka. Abubuwan da ya gano sun haɗa da tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] a kan manyan annoba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, tasirin annoba a kan gurɓataccen iska, da sake saita ka'idodin gurɓata iska mai guba ta hanyar cikakken bincike tsakanin fannoni.<ref name="FTMalaria" /><ref name="HarvardProfile">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Professional Profile for Alexander More at Harvard University |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/alexandermore |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref name="HarvardHist">{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2015 |title=Professional Profile for Alexander More at Harvard University History |url=https://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/alexander-medico-more |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727173849/https://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/alexander-medico-more |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CCIProfile">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2017 |title=Professional Profile for Alexander More at the Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine |url=https://climatechange.umaine.edu/people/alexander-more/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref><ref name="HarvardSoHP">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Alexander F.M. |date=2010 |title=Initiative for the Science of the Human Past – Alexander More at Harvard University |url=https://sohp.fas.harvard.edu/people/alexander-more |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727172443/https://sohp.fas.harvard.edu/people/alexander-more |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UMassProfile">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Profile for Alexander More at University of Massachusetts |url=https://sites.google.com/umb.edu/alexandermore |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston}}</ref><ref name="LIUProfile">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Biography Alexander More at LIU |url=https://liu.edu/plastic-pollution-summit/~/link.aspx?_id=D4CA2D466E1D4BFBB6C304288C633BF0&_z=z |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Long Island University}}</ref><ref name="Explorers Club Profile">{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Climate Week 2023 - How We Tell Stories About Climate Change |url=https://www.explorers.org/calendar-of-events/climate-week-wednesday/ |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=The Explorers Club}}</ref><ref name="National Pre-Health Association">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2023 |title=National Pre-Health Conference 2023 |url=https://www.nationalprehealthconf.org/speakers#day-3-speaker-section |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=National Pre-Health Association}}</ref><ref name="HarvardMAPS">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Alexander More - Managing Editor Mapping Past Societies |url=https://darmc.harvard.edu/alexander-more |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008040140/https://darmc.harvard.edu/alexander-more |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙarin kuma ya gano kirkirar tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na farko a lokacin rikicin muhalli da yanayi (babban annobar ta biyu). Sau da yawa yana bayyana a matsayin babban gwani a kan labaran labarai na kasa da na duniya game da canjin yanayi da lafiyar jama'a, da kuma sauran batutuwan manufofin jama'a.<ref name="MinisteroAffariEsteri">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Profile by Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.stanzeitaliane.it/storie-di-new-york-alexander-more |access-date=Nov 14, 2023 |publisher=Italian Government}}</ref><ref name="CNNCovid" /><ref name="Observador" /><ref name="HarvardMedia">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Media Profile for Alexander More at Harvard University |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/alexandermore/media1 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci ga Sanata Ted Kennedy lokacin da yake tsara Dokar Kulawa mai araha, kuma yana ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a da ayyukan da ba na riba ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na tushe da yawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi More a [[Italiya]]. Babban gurɓataccen da ya shafi yankin da ya girma ya motsa shi daga baya ya mai da hankali ga aikinsa kan canjin muhalli da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke jagorantar shi. More ya halarci Liceo Classico kuma ya koma Venice na ɗan lokaci don karatun sakandare a Scuola Navale Militare Francesco Morosini, amma ya yanke shawarar barin Turai don halartar kwaleji a Amurka.<ref name="StanzeItaliane" /> Ya yi tafiya zuwa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da kansa kuma ya tallafa wa kansa yayin da yake karatu don shiga kwaleji.<ref name="StanzeItaliane" /><ref name="EnvHealthInterview" /> More ya halarci Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis, inda ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi tare da ƙarami a ilmin sunadarai. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Washington, More ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar koyarwa, da kuma aiki a cikin Laboratory na Biomedical Magnetic Resonance na Dokta Joseph Ackerman, yana mai da hankali kan ƙira da aiwatar da bincike wanda ke auna ƙimar ruwa a cikin sel na HeLa. A WashU ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban AMSA pre-med. <ref name="StanzeItaliane" /> <ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Ƙarin sun kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Washington tare da rubutun da ya danganci bincike na asali, a cikin harsuna biyar, tare da tushe da aka samo daga ƙasashe da yawa a Turai. Nan da nan aka shigar da shi a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya bi cikakken PhD. Saboda fannoni da yawa da ake buƙata don bincikensa na digiri, More ya tsara kuma ya sami amincewa a Harvard don PhD mai ban sha'awa (na wucin gadi) wanda ke rufe fannonin muhalli, tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="HarvardHist"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Ayyukansa na digiri ya mayar da hankali kan kirkirar manufofin kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi jama'a na farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa, wanda ya fito ne sakamakon rikice-rikicen muhalli da annoba a Turai. Daga cikin masu ba shi shawara sun kasance Allan M. Brandt, Angeliki Laiou, Ernest R. May, Michael McCormick, Katharine Park da Philip J. Landrigan.<ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="HarvardHist"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Yayinda yake a Harvard, ya sami kyaututtuka fiye da goma na koyarwa da kyaututtaka uku na Hoopes a duk jami'a ("don ƙwarewa a cikin fasahar koyarwa," wanda aka ba shi don ba da shawara ga rubutun da suka lashe kyautar). <ref name="HarvardProfile"/> More ya kasance memba na Winthrop House a matsayin mai koyarwa wanda ba mai zama ba. Baya ga cikakken tallafin PhD, More ya kasance mai karɓar Dumbarton Oaks Junior Fellowship, Arango Fund Grant, da Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation fellowship.<ref name="HarvardProfile" /><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="HarvardHist"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> More ya kasance kwaleji na ƙarni na farko kuma ya kammala karatun PhD, kuma ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne, bayan ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Turai. Shi kuma ɗan ƙasar Turai ne.<ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> == Bincike da aiki == More ya ci gaba da aikinsa tare da haɗin gwiwar postdoctoral a Harvard da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi (2015-18), yana mai da hankali kan tasirin canjin yanayi da gurɓataccen yanayi akan lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin halittu.<ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="HarvardSoHP"/><ref name="HarvardHist"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Asusun Arcadia na London ne ya ba da kuɗin bincikensa.<ref name="IceCoreProject">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Initiative for the Science of the Human Past – Ice Core Project |url=https://sohp.fas.harvard.edu/historical-ice-core-heart-europe |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727172432/https://sohp.fas.harvard.edu/historical-ice-core-heart-europe |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2019, More ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na kiwon [[lafiyar muhalli]] a Jami'ar Long Island, inda ya kuma jagoranci Kwalejin girmamawa kuma an kira shi ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Theodore Roosevelt. A cikin 2021, an zabi More a matsayin shugaban Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Long Island kuma ya jagoranci kokarin shirya taron koli na duniya guda biyu kan lafiyar ɗan adam da na yanayin halittu, tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Jakadancin [[Faransa]], gwamnatin [[Portugal]] da Majalisar Kimiyya da Muhalli ta Kasa.<ref name="LIUProfile"/><ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/><ref name="LIUDept">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Professional Profile Alexander More at LIU |url=https://liu.edu/brooklyn/academics/faculty/faculty/m/alexander-more |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Long Island University}}</ref> More shine babban marubucin sanarwar Lisbon na Taron Bincike na Duniya, yana mai da hankali ga duk mahalarta don adana Lafiyar duniya.<ref name="GLEXAbout">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2020 |title=About GLEX Summit |url=https://www.glexsummit.com/about |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=GLEX Summit}}</ref> A cikin 2022, More ya karɓi matsayi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar muhalli a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston, wanda ya ba shi damar kusanci da Harvard da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi inda yake ci gaba da jagorantar aikin bincike kan yanayi da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="HarvardProfile" /><ref name="UMassProfile" /> More yana da haɗin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Mutum a Harvard, Cibiyar Nazari ta Max Planck Harvard don Archaeoscience na Tsohon Bahar Rum, da kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar Maine .<ref name="HarvardProfile" /><ref name="UMassProfile" /><ref name="MHAAM">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2016 |title=Research Team of the Max Planck – Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean |url=https://www.archaeoscience.org/people |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Harvard University and Max Planck Society}}</ref> Ya kasance Manajan Edita na Taswirar Ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata a Harvard tun daga shekara ta 2014. <ref name="HarvardMAPS"/> === Tasirin canjin yanayi akan annoba === A cikin 2020, More ya nuna shaidar da ta tilasta tasirin canjin muhalli akan fitowar annoba mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam (ta yawan wadanda abin ya shafa), "Spanish flu". Ta hanyar hada yanayi da yawa, muhalli da bayanan annoba, More ya nuna yadda annobar mura ta Mutanen Espanya (wanda kwayar cutar H1N1 ta haifar) ta kara muni idan ba ta haifar da yanayin yanayi na shekaru shida wanda ya shafi Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na har zuwa 1920 ba. Ƙarin ya nuna cewa ruwan sama mai yawa da yanayin sanyi mai ban mamaki (tare da tsarin matsin lamba) ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar kwayar cutar ta fagen yaƙi da biranen Turai.<ref name="More2020">{{Cite journal |last=More |first=A.F. |last2=Loveluck |first2=C.P. |last3=Clifford |first3=H. |last4=Handley |first4=M.J. |last5=Korotkikh |first5=E.V. |last6=Kurbatov |first6=A.V. |last7=Mccormick |first7=M. |last8=Mayewski |first8=P.A. |year=2020 |title=The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI |journal=GeoHealth |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e2020GH000277 |bibcode=2020GHeal...4..277M |doi=10.1029/2020GH000277 |pmc=7513628 |pmid=33005839}}</ref> Yanayin yanayi ya kara muni ta hanyar fashewar bam na farko a Turai, wanda ya haifar da girgije na ƙura wanda ya sauƙaƙa [[Sandaro|kwantar da hankali]] (ko nucleation) na ruwa, yana ƙara hazo a duk lokacin rikici. Irin wannan yanayin yanayi ya katse tsarin ƙaura na yau da kullun na tsuntsaye waɗanda suka kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ɗaukar cutar, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa daga koguna da tabkuna inda tsuntsaye suka kasance sun ɗauki cutar zuwa rami da bayan. Ragewar martani na rigakafi saboda sanyi, da kuma rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da kwayar cuta, sun kara yawan mutuwar cutar.<ref name="More2020" /><ref name="WaPoFlu" /> Ƙarin sun bincika tasirin canjin yanayi akan fitowar cutar ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru kamar annobar Cocoliztli da annobar ta biyu. Binciken da ya yi ya sami ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, ya kai saman 5% na abubuwan kimiyya da Altmetrics da sauran ayyukan ambato suka bi.<ref name="CCIFlu">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Top 5% of all research outputs scored by Altmetrics: AGU journal article: The Impact of a Six-year Climate Anomaly on the 'Spanish Flu' Pandemic and WWI – More |url=https://climatechange.umaine.edu/2021/07/20/agu-journal-article-the-impact-of-a-six-year-climate-anomaly-on-the-spanish-flu-pandemic-and-wwi-among-the-journals-top-10-most-downloaded-in-2020-more-loveluck-clifford-handley-korotkikh/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=University of Maine}}</ref><ref name="AltmetricFlu">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the 'Spanish Flu' Pandemic and WWI Overview of attention for article published in GeoHealth, September 2020 |url=https://wiley.altmetric.com/details/91128991 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Altmetrics}}</ref> === Tasirin annoba a kan gurɓataccen yanayi da sake saita ka'idodin gurɓata ƙarfe masu guba === More ya shahara a matsayin marubucin binciken da yawa waɗanda suka sake daidaitawa game da ƙa'idodin gurɓata don karafa masu guba a duk duniya, yana hango hasashen raguwar gurɓataccen iska da ke faruwa a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na annoba shekaru uku kafin cutar ta [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name="More2017">{{Cite journal |last=More |first=A.F. |last2=Loveluck |first2=C.P. |last3=Clifford |first3=H. |last4=Handley |first4=M.J. |last5=Korotkikh |first5=E.V. |last6=Kurbatov |first6=A.V. |last7=Mccormick |first7=M. |last8=Mayewski |first8=P.A. |year=2017 |title=Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death |journal=GeoHealth |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=211–219 |bibcode=2017GHeal...1..211M |doi=10.1002/2017GH000064 |pmc=7007106 |pmid=32158988}}</ref> <ref name="More2018">{{Cite journal |last=More |first=A.F. |last2=Loveluck |first2=C.P. |last3=Clifford |first3=H. |last4=Handley |first4=M.J. |last5=Korotkikh |first5=E.V. |last6=Kurbatov |first6=A.V. |last7=Mccormick |first7=M. |last8=Mayewski |first8=P.A. |year=2018 |title=The Role of Historical Context in Understanding Past Climate, Pollution and Health Data in Trans-disciplinary Studies |journal=GeoHealth |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=162–170 |doi=10.1029/2017GH000121 |pmc=7007076 |pmid=32159523}}</ref> Ta hanyar nuna cewa matakan gurɓata sun sauka ƙasa da abin da masana kimiyya suka yi tunanin a baya a matsayin "matakan halitta" a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na annoba - lokacin da ayyukan tattalin arziki suka ragu ko suka ƙare - Ƙari sun tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan "matakan yanayi" na gurɓata. Binciken da ya yi ya haɗu da mafi girman ƙuduri da rikodin yanayi na shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata tare da cikakkun bayanai game da tattalin arziki da cututtukan cututtuka. <ref name="More2017" /><ref name="More2018" /> Ƙarin ya fara wannan aikin hadin gwiwa, ta amfani da bayanan cututtukan cututtuka (na tarihi) da ya samo da kuma asalin kankara (daga kankara da kankara a Arewacin Hemisphere da Arctic) bayanan da aka samar da kuma nazarin ta hanyar tsarin yankewa da ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dokta Paul Andrew Mayewski a Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi. <ref name="Spaulding2017">{{Cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=N.E. |last2=Sneed |first2=S.B. |last3=Handley |first3=M.J. |last4=Bohleber |first4=P. |last5=Kurbatov |first5=A.V. |last6=Pearce |first6=N.J. |last7=Erhardt |first7=T. |last8=Mayewski |first8=P.A. |year=2017 |title=A New Multielement Method for LA-ICP-MS Data Acquisition from Glacier Ice Cores |journal=Environmental Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=22 |pages=13282–13287 |bibcode=2017EnST...5113282S |doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b03950 |pmid=29090924 |s2cid=206574778 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sneed2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sneed |first=S.B. |last2=Mayewski |first2=P.A. |last3=Handley |first3=M.J. |last4=Bohleber |first4=P. |last5=Kurbatov |first5=A.V. |last6=Taylor |first6=K.C. |last7=Erhardt |first7=T. |last8=Wagenbach |first8=D. |last9=Spaulding |first9=N.E. |year=2015 |title=New LA-ICP-MS cryocell and calibration technique for sub-millimeter analysis of ice cores |journal=Journal of Glaciology |volume=61 |issue=226 |pages=233–242 |bibcode=2015JGlac..61..233S |doi=10.3189/2015JoG14J139 |s2cid=62780716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mashahuran masana a duniya game da gurɓataccen gubar kamar su Philip J. Landrigan sun yaba da binciken More kamar yadda yake bayyana ainihin yanayin gurɓatawar zamani. === Tunatarwa === More sanannen mai ba da shawara ne game da hanyoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke haifar da sassauci, <ref name="More2022">{{Cite journal |last=More |first=A.F. |year=2022 |title=Climate change at the turn of the millennium: new evidence from the consilience of natural and written records |journal=Collège de France – CNRS Monographies |volume=57 |pages=355–374}}</ref> wani ra'ayi da masanin ilimin muhalli na Harvard E. O. Wilson ya shahara, wanda ke bayyana haɗuwa da tushen bayanai masu zaman kansu da yawa don cire son zuciya da wakiltar gaskiyar ko warware matsalar da ba za ta kasance a bayyane ba idan an yi amfani da horo ɗaya ko nau'in bayanai. More ya karɓi hanyar Wilson kuma ya yi amfani da ita ga bincikensa, yana jayayya cewa irin wannan tsarin tsarin ne kawai zai iya warware rikitarwa kamar canjin yanayi da annoba.<ref name="MoreTEDx">{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2022 |title=How Protecting Our Planet Protects Our Health – TEDx Talk by Alexander More |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt6_Cupvswk |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=TEDx Boston}}</ref> Ya fara amfani da bayanan yanayi na tsattsauran ra'ayi a hade tare da cikakkun bayanai na cututtukan cututtukani da tattalin arziki (tarihi).<ref name="More2018"/> Ƙarin ya kuma nuna yadda sassauci da tsarin tsarin tsarin ya annabta rikice-rikicen muhalli da tattalin arziki daidai fiye da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. === Manufofin kiwon lafiya na farko === Binciken More ya gano kirkirar tsarin kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a na farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa a tarihin yamma, a lokacin rikicin muhalli da kuma ranar barkewar cutar ta biyu. Ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi ya gano shafin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Venice, inda manufofin tattalin arziki masu tasowa suka samar da abinci mai ci gaba tare da iyakancewar hauhawar farashin, har ma a lokacin matsanancin yanayi (shabi, girbi da ya gaza, ambaliyar ruwa). A cikin wannan jamhuriya, matakan kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun tabbatar da amincin abinci da kuma samun damar samun kulawa ta lafiya ga matalauta da dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Ƙarin ya nuna cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ƙunshi sassan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar manufofi iri ɗaya da ya gano, waɗanda aka sani ga masu tsarawa.<ref name="More2014" /> === Harvard MAPS === More shine co-kafa kuma co-manager edita na Harvard MAPS, <ref name="MAPS7">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2024 |title=Harvard MAPS |url=https://darmc.harvard.edu/team |access-date=June 24, 2024 |publisher=Harvard University |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624172740/https://darmc.harvard.edu/team |url-status=dead }}</ref> wani gidan yanar gizon dijital mai ma'amala wanda ke haɗakar bayanan bincike a kimiyyar muhalli, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, tattalin arziki, genomics, archaeoscience, da sauran fannoni da yawa. Shafin yana karɓar baƙi sama da miliyan 1 a kowace shekara kuma ya kasance tushen abubuwan da aka gano da yawa, gami da wuraren da ke fama da annoba, da wuraren ci gaba da wadata, da kuma jimrewar talauci. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A cikin 2021, an zabi More Fellow na Royal Society for Public Health da Fellow na Royal Geographical Society . <ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Bayan da Jami'ar Long Island ta dauki shi, an zabe shi Fellow na Cibiyar Theodore Roosevelt (2019-2022). <ref name="LIUProfile"/> A shekara ta 2009, ya zama ƙaramin Fellow na Harvard's Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . <ref name="HarvardProfile" /> More kuma ɗan'uwan Linnaean Society na New York da The Explorers Club na New York ne.<ref name="HarvardProfile" /><ref name="UMassProfile" /> A matsayinta na masanin kimiyya mai aiki a fannonin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar yanayi, More memba ne na Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Kiwan Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, kuma memba ne kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kimiyya da Muhalli <ref name="HarvardProfile" /> .<ref name="UMassProfile" /><ref name="LIUProfile" /> == Kafofin watsa labarai == Ƙarin yana bayyana akai-akai a cikin talabijin da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin mai sharhi da gwani ga labarun yanayi da kiwon lafiya. Shi da bincikensa an nuna su a cikin rahotanni na labarai a kan [[CNN]], The New York Times, The Washington Post, Forbes, Newsweek, The Times of London, [[The Guardian]], Popular Science, National Geographic da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin harsuna da yawa.<ref name="HarvardMedia"/><ref name="UMassMedia">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Media Profile for Alexander More at University of Massachusetts |url=https://sites.google.com/umb.edu/alexandermore/media-coverage-interviews |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston}}</ref> Tashar Discovery kuma ta sadaukar da wani labari a gare shi a kan hanyar sadarwar Discovery +.<ref name="Discoveryglex">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Discovery+ Global Exploration Summit, Season 1, episode 10: Alexander More – How Climate Affects Health |url=https://www.discoveryplus.com/show/the-explorers-club |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=[[Discovery Channel]] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin jawabinsa na TED da sauran tambayoyin, More ya jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da masana kimiyya ke takawa wajen shigar da jama'a cikin abubuwan da suka gano.<ref name="MoreTEDx"/><ref name="Moreglex2018">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2019 |title=Global Exploration Summit 2019 Alexander More – Climate Change's Impact on the Health of People & Nature |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGseBjBtrUQ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=GLEX 2019}}</ref><ref name="Buhnici">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2020 |title=The link between climate and pandemics, now explained by science - Alexander F. More - #IGDLCC E106 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjMEqfKpKH0 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=George Buhnici Show}}</ref><ref name="DukeInterview">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=The Science and History of Climate Change and Public Health: A Conversation with Dr. Alex More |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohloHYlX7kw |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Duke University – John Hope Franklin Center}}</ref> Ƙarin yana jagorantar shirin (CHCR) wanda aka keɓe ga sadarwar kimiyya ta yanayi da kiwon lafiya, wanda Asusun Burroughs Wellcome ya tallafawa.<ref name="CHCR">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Climate & Health Communications and Research Program |url=https://www.echocenter.org/climate-and-health-communications-research-program |access-date=March 12, 2024 |publisher=Center for Environment, Climate Change, Communication, Conservation, Health and Ocean Research (ECHO)}}</ref> Shirin yana ba da zumunci ga 'yan jarida waɗanda ke ilimantar da masana kimiyya kan yadda za a magance bayanan kimiyya da kuma haɗa su da kafofin watsa labarai yadda ya kamata. More ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Pulitzer wajen samar da bayanan kimiyya ga 'yan jarida.<ref name="Pulitzer">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2024 |title=How To Use Ocean and Climate Data for Journalism |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/event/how-use-ocean-data-journalism |access-date=March 12, 2024 |publisher=[[Pulitzer Center]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == More ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a ofishin Sanata Ted Kennedy yayin da yake tsara Dokar Kulawa mai araha. Bayan mutuwar Kennedy, More ya ci gaba da aiki a karkashin maye gurbinsa, Paul G. Kirk, a cikin 2009-10. Ya ki tayin ci gaba da aiki a karkashin Scott Brown . <ref name="HarvardProfile"/><ref name="UMassProfile"/> Kamar yadda ya tattauna a cikin tambayoyin da yawa, More ya bi wannan matsayin da ba a biya shi ba saboda yana son damar yin aiki a kan lissafin (ACA) wanda zai ba Amurkawa Kula da lafiyar duniya, haƙƙi da manufofi da ya yi aiki a duk lokacin aikinsa. Kodayake farkon lissafin, wanda Kennedy ya tsara, ya haɗa da zaɓi don ɗaukar hoto na duniya, bayan mutuwarsa an cire wannan. Ƙarin ya yi aiki a kan batutuwan shige da fice yayin da yake aiki a Majalisar Dattijai kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin baƙi, gafarar rancen ɗalibai, kula da lafiyar duniya, da kuma aikin yanayi.<ref name="StanzeItaliane" /><ref name="EnvHealthInterview" /> == Ba riba ba == More yana aiki a kan kwamitocin daraktoci da yawa na masu zaman kansu, gami da Daniels Family Sustainable Energy Foundation, <ref name="DFSSF">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2018 |title=Daniels Family Sustainable Energy Foundation Board |url=https://www.danielsfamilysustainableenergyfoundation.org/alexander-more |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Daniels Family Sustainable Energy Foundation}}</ref> Blue Ocean Watch, <ref name="BOW">{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2019 |title=Blue Ocean Watch Board |url=https://www.blueocean.watch/the-team/ |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=Blue Ocean Watch}}</ref> Greenwater Foundation, da The Explorers Club (TEC). Ƙarin shugabanci kwamitin shirin na Makon Yanayi, a TEC, yana inganta binciken kimiyya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, masana kimiyya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu tallafa masa da abokan hulɗarsa sun haɗa da [[UNESCO]], IUCN, Rolex, Cibiyar Pulitzer, XPRIZE, Yarima Albert II na Gidauniyar Monaco, Gidajen Afirka, Nia Tero, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jarida, Mongabay, Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell, da Tashar Bincike.<ref name="Climate Week 2023">{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2023 |title=Climate Week 2023 |url=https://www.explorers.org/events/climateweek/ |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=The Explorers Club}}</ref><ref name="Climate Week 2024">{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2024 |title=Climate Week 2024 |url=https://www.explorers.org/special-events/climate-week-2024/ |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=The Explorers Club}}</ref> More ya kuma jagoranci shirya taron koli na duniya da yawa wanda ya sanya kasashe masu halarta da masana kimiyya don kare yanayin halittu da lafiyar ɗan adam a kokarin neman mafita ga sauyin yanayi da canjin muhalli, da kuma annoba mai tasowa.<ref name="GLEXAbout"/><ref name="LIUProfile"/><div class="refbegin" style=""> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoreGona2022">Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Bacterial pathogens and Climate Change". ''Lancet''. '''400''' (10369): <span class="nowrap">2161–</span>. Rubuce-rubuce na [[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02424-2|10.1016/S0140-6736 (22) 02424-2]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36528366 36528366]. &nbsp;S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254705413 254705413].&nbsp;</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYajimaMoreGarvanHarper2022">Yajima, R.; More, Alexander F.; Garvan, C.; Harper, C.; Grimes, K. V. (2022). </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYajimaMoreGarvanHarper2022">[[doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01831-1|"Ana buƙatar cibiyar gwajin asibiti ta Amurka don annobar ta gaba"]]. Magungunan Halitta. '''28''' (7): <span class="nowrap">1330–</span>. doi:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01831-1|10.1038/s41591-022-01831-1]]</span>. 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Bibcode: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GHeal...4..277M 2020GHeal...]...[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GHeal...4..277M 4..277M]. [Hotuna a shafi na 1029] PMC <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513628 7513628]</span>. &nbsp;PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005839 33005839].&nbsp;</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoreLoveluckCliffordHandley2018">Bugu da ƙari, Alexander. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoreLoveluckCliffordHandley2018">[Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da wannan talifin a lokacin da ba a yi la'ana ba. "Hadin gwiwar Tarihi a Fahimtar Yanayin da ya gabata, Pollution da Bayanan Lafiya a cikin Nazarin Trans-disciplinary". ''GeoHealth''. '''2''' (5): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>. [Hotuna a shafi na 1029/2017GH000121. 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'''57''': <span class="nowrap">355–</span>.</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMore2014">Bugu da ƙari, Alexander FM (2014). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMore2014">[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1625429280 ''A Asalin Manufofin Lafiya'']. </cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMore2014">ProQuest&nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1625429280 1625429280]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">An samo shi a ranar <span class="nowrap">14 ga Yuli,</span> 2023</span>.</cite> </div> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] guxki1v1zbwyi6ey7up2v5bcwjzv991 0 108266 890885 713218 2026-08-03T09:10:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:KamaSutra24.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Kama Sutra'' wanda ke nuna ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam inda mace ke kan namiji]]   '''Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam''', aikin jima'i ko halayyar jima'i ta ɗan adam ita ce hanyar da [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] ke fuskanta da kuma bayyana jima'i. Mutane nuni yin jima'i iri-iri, daga ayyukan da aka yi kadai (misali, masturbation) zuwa aiki tare da wani mutum (misali jima'i, mara shiga, jima'in baki, da dai sauransu) ko mutane (misali., orgy) a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na mitar, don dalilai da yawa. Ayyukan jima'i yawanci suna haifar da tashin hankali na jima'i da canje-canje na jiki a cikin mutumin da aka tashin hankali, wasu daga cikinsu suna bayyana yayin da wasu suka fi rikitarwa. Ayyukan jima'i na iya haɗawa da halayyar da ayyukan da aka yi niyyar tayar da sha'awar jima'i ta wani ko inganta rayuwar jima'i, kamar dabarun neman ko jawo hankalin abokan tarayya (soyayya da nuna halayyar), ko hulɗar mutum tsakanin mutane (alal misali, foreplay ko BDSM). Ayyukan jima'i na iya biyo bayan tashin hankali na jima'i. Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam yana da ilimin zamantakewa, fahimi, motsin rai, ɗabi'a da yanayin halitta. Ya ƙunshi haɗin kai, raba motsin rai, ilimin ilimin halittar jiki na tsarin haihuwa, motsa jiki, jima'i, da halayen jima'i a kowane nau'i. A wasu al’adu, ana ɗaukar yin jima’i a cikin aure kawai, yayin da jima’i kafin aure da na waje haramun ne. Wasu ayyukan jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ko dai a duniya ko a wasu ƙasashe ko ƙananan hukumomi, yayin da wasu ana ɗaukar su sabawa ƙa'idodin wasu al'ummomi ko al'adu. Misalai biyu waɗanda laifuka ne na laifi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen su ne cin zarafi da yin jima'i tare da mutumin da ke ƙasa da shekarun gida na yarda. == Nau'o'in == Ana iya rarraba ayyukan jima'i ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ayyukan na iya kasancewa a gaba da ko kunshe da kawai gabatarwa. Ayyukan da suka shafi mutum ɗaya (autoeroticism) na iya haɗawa da tunanin jima'i ko masturbation.<ref name="EDHS" /> Idan mutane biyu suna da hannu, suna iya shiga cikin jima'i na farji, jima'i, jima'in baki ko jima'i da hannu.<ref name="EDHS" /> Ana iya bayyana jima'i tsakanin mutane biyu a matsayin jima'i, amma ma'anoni sun bambanta. Idan akwai fiye da mahalarta biyu a cikin jima'i, ana iya kiransa jima'i na rukuni. Ayyukan jima'i na autoerotic na iya haɗawa da amfani da dildos, vibrators, butt plugs, da sauran kayan wasa na jima'i, kodayake ana iya amfani da waɗannan na'urorin tare da abokin tarayya. Ana iya rarraba ayyukan jima'i cikin jinsi da yanayin jima'i na mahalarta, da kuma dangantakar mahalarta. Dangantakar na iya zama ta aure, abokan hulɗa, abokan jima'i na yau da kullun ko kuma wanda ba a sani ba. Ana iya ɗaukar ayyukan jima'i azaman na al'ada ko madadin, wanda ya haɗa da, misali, tayi ko ayyukan BDSM. Fetishism na iya ɗaukar siffofi da yawa, gami da sha'awar wasu sassan jiki (ra'ayi) kamar ƙirji, hanci, ko ƙafafun. Abinda ake sha'awa na iya zama takalma, takalma, tufafi, fata ko kayan roba. Wasu ayyukan autoerotic da ba na al'ada ba na iya zama haɗari. Wadannan sun hada da Asphyxiation na autoerotic da auto-bondage. Halin da zai yiwu a samu rauni ko ma mutuwa da ke akwai yayin da ake shiga cikin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa na waɗannan abubuwan (ƙaddamarwa da Bautar, bi da bi) ya karu sosai a cikin yanayin autoerotic saboda warewa da rashin taimako a yayin matsala.<ref name="CCIBK" /> Ayyukan jima'i wanda aka yarda da shi shine aikin jima'i inda duka biyu ko duk mahalarta suka yarda su shiga kuma suna da shekarun da za su iya yarda. Idan jima'i ya faru a ƙarƙashin karfi ko tilas, ana ɗaukarsa fyade ko wani nau'in cin zarafi na jima'i. A cikin al'adu da ƙasashe daban-daban, ayyukan jima'i daban-daban na iya zama halal ko ba bisa ƙa'ida ba dangane da shekaru, jinsi, matsayin aure ko wasu dalilai na mahalarta, ko akasin haka ya saba wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa ko kuma yarda da ɗabi'ar jima'i gaba ɗaya. <ref name="MSS" /> == Shirye-shiryen jima'i ==   A cikin ilimin halayyar Juyin Halitta da ilimin halin ɗabi'a, dabarun saduwa da ɗan adam wani sashe ne na ɗabi'un da mutane ke amfani da su don jawo hankali, zaɓa, da riƙe abokan aure. Dabarun mating sun zo tare da dabarun haihuwa, waɗanda ke tattare da tsarin ɗabi'a mai faɗi da suka haɗa da lokacin haifuwa da ciniki tsakanin yawa da ingancin zuriya (duba ka'idar tarihin rayuwa). Dangane da sauran dabbobi, dabarun jima'i na mutum na musamman ne a cikin dangantakarsu da masu canjin al'adu kamar kafa [[aure]]. ’Yan Adam suna iya neman mutane da nufin ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud, aure, dangantaka ta yau da kullum, ko abota. Sha'awar ɗan'adam na abokantaka na ɗaya daga cikin ƙaƙƙarfan motsin ɗan adam. Siffa ce ta asali ta ɗan adam, kuma tana iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da sha'awar jima'i. Tsarin auren ɗan adam ya ƙunshi tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu wanda mutum ɗaya zai iya saduwa da wani don tantance dacewa, tsarin zawarcin da tsarin kulla alaƙa tsakanin mutum. Ana iya samun abubuwan gama-gari, duk da haka, tsakanin mutane da dabbobin da ba na ɗan adam ba a cikin halayen jima'i. == Matakai na farkawar jiki yayin motsawar jima'i == Amsoshin ilimin lissafi a lokacin motsa jiki sun yi kama da maza da mata kuma akwai matakai guda hudu. * A lokacin tashin hankali, tashin hankali na tsoka da jini yana ƙaruwa a ciki da kewayen gabobin jima'i, zuciya da numfashi suna ƙaruwa kuma hawan jini yana ƙaruwa. Maza da mata suna fuskantar "jima'i" a kan fata na sama da fuska. Ga mata, farji ya zama mai shafawa kuma clitoris ya cika. Ga maza, [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] ya zama tsaye. * A lokacin tsaunuka, bugun zuciya da tashin hankali na tsoka suna ƙaruwa. An rufe fitsarin mutum don hana [[fitsari]] haɗuwa da maniyyi. Clitoris na mace na iya janyewa dan kadan kuma akwai karin lubrication, kumburi na waje da tsokoki da karyewa da rage diamita.<ref name="Schacter" /> * A lokacin orgasm, numfashi ya zama da sauri sosai kuma tsokoki na pelvic sun fara jerin raguwa. Dukansu maza da mata suna fuskantar saurin sake zagayowar ƙuntatawar tsoka na ƙananan tsokoki kuma mata galibi suna fuskantar ƙuntataccen mahaifa da na aljihu; ana iya bayyana wannan gogewa a matsayin mai jin daɗi sosai, amma kusan 15% na mata ba su taɓa fuskantar orgasm ba, kuma rabin sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Schacter" /> Babban ɓangaren kwayar halitta yana da alaƙa da yadda sau da yawa mata ke fuskantar orgasm.<ref name="Schacter" /> * A lokacin ƙuduri, tsokoki sun huta, hawan jini ya sauka, kuma jiki ya koma yanayin hutawa. Kodayake gabaɗaya an ruwaito cewa mata ba sa fuskantar lokacin ƙin yarda kuma ta haka ne za su iya fuskantar ƙarin orgasm, ko kuma orgasms da yawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan na farko, wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa maza da mata suna fuskantar lokacin ƙina saboda mata na iya fuskantar wani lokaci bayan orgasm wanda ƙarin motsawar jima'i ba ya haifar da farin ciki.<ref name="SOC">{{Cite web |title=The Sexual Response Cycle |url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]}}</ref><ref name="Schacter" /> Wannan lokacin na iya ɗaukar daga minti zuwa kwanaki kuma yawanci ya fi tsayi ga maza fiye da mata.<ref name="Schacter" /> Tabarbarewar jima'i ita ce rashin iya mayar da martani a cikin motsin rai ko ta jiki ga sha'awar jima'i ta hanyar da aka tsara na matsakaicin mutum mai lafiya; zai iya rinjayar matakai daban-daban a cikin zagayowar amsa jima'i, wanda shine sha'awa, jin dadi da inzali. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai, rashin aikin jima'i sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da maza, amma a zahiri, ana yawan lura da shi a cikin mata (kashi 43) fiye da maza (kashi 31). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=S. |last2=Thakar |first2=R. |year=2010 |title=Female sexual dysfunction |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=117–123 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.06.010 |issn=0301-2115 |pmid=20678854}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum == Ayyukan jima'i na iya rage hawan jini da matakan damuwa gaba ɗaya. Yana aiki don sakin tashin hankali, haɓaka yanayi, da yuwuwar haifar da zurfin jin daɗi, musamman a lokacin postcoital. Daga yanayin nazarin halittu, jima'i yana haifar da sakin oxytocin da endorphins kuma yana ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi. <ref name="SSM" /> === Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su === Mutane suna yin jima'i saboda kowane ɗimbin dalilai masu yiwuwa. Ko da yake babban dalilin juyin halitta na jima'i shine haifuwa, bincike kan daliban koleji ya nuna cewa mutane suna yin jima'i don dalilai guda hudu: sha'awar jiki, a matsayin hanyar zuwa ƙarshe, don haɓaka haɗin kai, da kuma rage rashin tsaro. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meston |first=Cindy M. |last2=Buss |first2=David M. |date=2007-07-24 |title=Why Humans Have Sex |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=477–507 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=17610060 |s2cid=6182053 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meston |first=Cindy M. |last2=Kilimnik |first2=Chelsea D. |last3=Freihart |first3=Bridget K. |last4=Buss |first4=David M. |date=2020-02-17 |title=Why Humans Have Sex: Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Short-Form Version of the YSEX? Instrument |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1654581 |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1080/0092623X.2019.1654581 |issn=0092-623X |pmid=31482764 |s2cid=201831919 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawancin mutane suna yin jima'i saboda jin daɗi da suka samo asali daga farka da jima'i, musamman idan za su iya samun orgasm. Hakanan za'a iya samun tashin hankali na jima'i daga wasan kwaikwayo da kwarkwasa, da kuma daga ayyukan fetish ko BDSM, ko wasu ayyukan batsa. Mafi yawanci, mutane suna yin jima'i ne saboda sha'awar jima'i da mutumin da suke jin sha'awar jima'i ke haifarwa; amma suna iya yin jima'i don gamsuwa ta jiki da suka samu idan babu sha'awar wani, kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin jima'i ko zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Casual sex - Define Casual sex at Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/casual%20sex |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya yin jima'i ne kawai don jin daɗin jima'i na abokin tarayya, kamar saboda wajibin da suke da shi ga abokin tarayya ko kuma saboda ƙauna, tausayi ko tausayi da za su iya ji ga abokin tarayya. Mutum na iya yin jima'i don dalilai na kuɗi kawai, ko don samun wata fa'ida daga abokin tarayya ko aikin. Namiji da mace na iya yin jima'i da manufar daukar ciki. Wasu mutane suna yin jima'i na ƙiyayya wanda ke faruwa tsakanin mutane biyu waɗanda suke tsananin ƙin juna ko kuma ba da haushi. Yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin cewa adawa tsakanin mutane biyu na iya ƙara tashin hankali, sha'awa da sha'awa. ==== Ka'idar ƙaddamar da kai ==== Bincike ya gano cewa mutane kuma suna yin jima'i saboda dalilan da ke da alaƙa da ka'idar kayyade kai. Za'a iya amfani da ka'idar ƙudirin kai ga dangantakar jima'i a lokacin da mahalarta suke da kyakkyawar fahimta dangane da dangantakar, ba daga matsalolin zamantakewa na abokin tarayya ba, amma a cikin zuciyarsu don yin jima'i bisa ga ra'ayin kansu. Waɗannan mahalarta ba sa jin laifi ko tilastawa cikin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knee C.R. |last2=Lonsbary C. |last3=Canevello A. |last4=Patrick H. |year=2005 |title=Self-determination and conflict in romantic relationships |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=997–1009 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.997 |pmid=16393030 |s2cid=15591625}}</ref> Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar tsarin ƙaddamar da jima'i. Manufar wannan samfurin ita ce ta haɗa ƙaddamar da kai da motsawar jima'i.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Brunell A.B. |last2=Webster G.D. |year=2013 |title=Self-Determination and Sexual Experience in Dating Relationships |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=970–987 |doi=10.1177/0146167213485442 |pmid=23613122 |s2cid=25173666}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya taimaka wajen bayyana yadda mutane ke da sha'awar jima'i lokacin da suke da alaƙa da kansu. Wannan samfurin kuma yana danganta sakamako mai kyau, (sake gamsar da buƙatar cin gashin kai, ƙwarewa, da alaƙa) da aka samu daga motsawar jima'i.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> According to the completed research associated with this model, it was found that people of both sexes who engaged in sexual activity for self-determined motivation had more positive psychological well-being.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013"/> While engaging in sexual activity for self-determined reasons, the participants also had a higher need for fulfillment. When this need was satisfied, they felt better about themselves. This was correlated with greater closeness to their partner and higher overall satisfaction in their relationship.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> Though both sexes engaged in sexual activity for self-determined reasons, there were some differences found between males and females. It was concluded that females had more motivation than males to engage in sexual activity for self-determined reasons.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> Females also had higher satisfaction and relationship quality than males did from the sexual activity.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> Overall, research concluded that psychological well-being, sexual motivation, and sexual satisfaction were all positively correlated when dating couples partook in sexual activity for self-determined reasons.<ref name="Brunell, A.B. 2013" /> ==== Haɗin ɗan adam ==== A cewar Havelock Ellis, aure mai gamsarwa shine wanda ya mallaki duka "fasahar soyayya" da "kimiyyar haihuwa". Ellis ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar haɗin kai na gaske da juna don saduwa ta dace. Duk da haka, idan auren bai sami haihuwa ba, dangantakar na iya rashin fahimtar juna a tsakanin ma'aurata kuma ta zama na sama. An yi imani cewa ƙauna tana da wani al'amari na reno kuma ba a ƙaddara ta gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ilhami ba. "Sun yi imani, babu wata fasaha ta soyayya da za a koya ko koya; ta zo ne bisa ga dabi'a. " Matsayin soyayya yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan jima'i mai kyau, wanda ke da kamanceceniya da ka'idodin aure kuma ta haka ne cika farin ciki fiye da aikin haihuwa. == Matsakaicin lokaci == Yawan ayyukan jima'i na iya kasancewa daga sifili zuwa 15 ko 20 sau a mako. Yawan jima'i yana raguwa tare da shekaru. Wasu mata bayan hawan mata suna fuskantar raguwa a yawan jima'i, yayin da wasu ba sa yin hakan. A cewar Cibiyar Kinsey, matsakaicin yawan jima'i a Amurka ga mutane tare da abokan tarayya shine sau 112 a kowace shekara (shekaru 18-29), sau 86 a kowace shekara "shekaru 30-39), da kuma sau 69 a kowace shekara ("shekaru 40-49). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently asked questions to the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction Kinsey Institute |url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/FAQ.html#frequency |access-date=6 January 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225060857/https://kinseyinstitute.org/research/index.php#frequency |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawan ayyukan jima'i yana raguwa a cikin karni na 21, wani abu da aka bayyana a matsayin koma bayan jima'i. === Matasa === Shekarun da samari ke yin jima'i ya bambanta sosai tsakanin al'adu da lokuta daban-daban. (Dubi yawaitar budurci.) Yin jima’i na farko na yaro ko balaga a wasu lokuta ana kiransa jima’i da yaron, kuma ana iya la’akari da shi a matsayin wani abu mai muhimmanci ko sauyin matsayi, a matsayin asarar budurci ko rashin wani laifi. Matasa suna da 'yancin yin jima'i a bisa doka bayan sun kai [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]]. Wani bincike na 1999 na dalibai ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na daliban aji tara a fadin Amurka sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun yi jima'i. Wannan adadi yana tasowa tare da kowane maki. Maza sun fi mata yawan jima'i a kowane matakin matakin da aka bincika. Ayyukan jima'i na samari matasa sun bambanta a cikin kabilanci kuma. Kashi mafi girma na 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke da samari na Hispanic sun fi yawan jima'i fiye da samari farar fata. An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan jima'i a kan samari mata kawai waɗanda ke yin jima'i. Matasan mata sun kasance suna yin jima'i da yawa saboda yanayi mai kyau. A cikin matasa mata, yin jima'i yana da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da kasancewa tsofaffi, mafi girman ayyukan jima'i a cikin makon da ya gabata ko ranar da ta gabata, kuma mafi kyawun yanayi a ranar da ta gabata ko kuma rana ɗaya da aikin jima'i ya faru.<ref name="Fortenberry D.J., Temkit M., Tu W., Graham C.A., Katz B. 2005 252–257">{{Cite journal |last=Fortenberry D.J. |last2=Temkit M. |last3=Tu W. |last4=Graham C.A. |last5=Katz B. |year=2005 |title=Daily Mood, Partner Support, Sexual Interest, and Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women |url=http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4803 |journal=Health Psychology |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=252–257 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.252 |pmid=15898860 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rage ayyukan jima'i an haɗa su da mummunan yanayi ko haila na baya ko wannan rana.<ref name="Fortenberry D.J., Temkit M., Tu W., Graham C.A., Katz B. 2005 252–257" /> Ko da yake ra’ayoyi sun bambanta, masu bincike sun nuna cewa yin jima’i muhimmin sashe ne na ’yan Adam, kuma matasa suna bukatar yin jima’i. A cewar wani bincike, abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i na taimaka wa matasa su fahimci jin daɗi da gamsuwa. <ref name="Vrangalova, Z. 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Vrangalova |first=Zhana |last2=Savin-Williams |first2=Ritch C. |date=1 August 2011 |title=Adolescent sexuality and positive well-being: a group-norms approach |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=931–944 |doi=10.1007/s10964-011-9629-7 |issn=1573-6601 |pmid=21274608 |s2cid=5602332}}</ref> Dangane da jin daɗin hedonic da eudaimonic, ya bayyana cewa matasa na iya fa'ida sosai daga yin jima'i. An gudanar da binciken sashin giciye a cikin 2008 da 2009 a ƙauyen New York na sama. Matasan da suka yi jima'i na farko a cikin shekaru 16 sun nuna jin dadi mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ba su da kwarewa ta jima'i ko kuma waɗanda suka yi jima'i a shekaru 17.<ref name="Vrangalova, Z. 2011" /> Bugu da ƙari, matasa waɗanda suka sami kwarewar jima'i ta farko a lokacin da suke da shekaru 15 ko ƙanƙanta, ko waɗanda ke da abokan jima'i da yawa ba su da mummunar tasiri kuma ba su da alaƙa da jin daɗi.<ref name="Vrangalova, Z. 2011" /> == Lafiya da aminci == Ayyukan jima'i aiki ne na jiki, amma kamar sauran ayyukan jiki, yana zuwa tare da haɗari. Akwai manyan nau'ikan haɗari guda huɗu waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga yin jima'i: ciki maras so, ɗaukar kamuwa da jima'i (STI), rauni na jiki, da rauni na tunani. === Ciki da ba a so === Duk wani aikin jima'i da ya shafi shigar da maniyyi a cikin al'aurar mace, kamar lokacin jima'i, ko saduwa da maniyyi da farjinta, zai iya haifar da ciki. Don rage haɗarin ciki wanda ba a yi niyya ba, wasu mutanen da ke yin jima'i a cikin farji na iya amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, kamar maganin hana haihuwa, [[Kwararon roba|kwaroron roba]], diaphragms, maniyyi, maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal ko haifuwa. Tasirin hanyoyin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] daban-daban wajen guje wa daukar ciki ya bambanta sosai, kuma ya dogara da hanyar maimakon mai amfani. === Cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i === [[Fayil:Préservatif_enroulé.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kwararon roba|condom]] na namiji da aka mirgine]] Ayyukan jima'i wanda ya haɗa da hulɗa daga fata zuwa fata, bayyanar da Ruwan jiki mutum mai kamuwa da cuta ko membranes <ref> {{Cite web |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/ |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> yana ɗauke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da aka kamu da ita ta hanyar jima'i. Mutane bazai iya gano cewa abokin jima'i yana da STIs ɗaya ko fiye ba, misali idan ba su da alamomi (ba su nuna alamomi). <ref name="Sternak">{{Cite journal |last=Ljubin-Sternak |first=Suncanica |last2=Mestrovic |first2=Tomislav |date=2014 |title=Review: ''Chlamydia trachonmatis'' and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health |journal=Journal of Pathogens |volume=2014 |issue=183167 |pages=183167 |doi=10.1155/2014/183167 |pmc=4295611 |pmid=25614838 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya rage haɗarin STIs ta hanyar ayyukan jima'i masu aminci, kamar amfani da kwaroron roba. Dukansu abokan hulɗa na iya zaɓar a gwada su don STIs kafin su shiga jima'i.<ref name="SexInfo STI overview">{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=An Overview of STIs |url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/overview-stis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604040017/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/overview-stis |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=SexInfo Online |publisher=[[University of California Santa Barbara]]}}</ref> Canjin ruwa na jiki ba lallai ba ne don kamuwa da cuta na kwari. Crab lice yawanci ana samun su a haɗe da gashi a cikin yankin pubic amma wani lokacin ana samun su akan gashi mai laushi a wasu wurare a jikin (alal misali, gashin ido, gemu, gemu-gashi, kirji, hannayen hannu, da dai sauransu). Ana yaduwar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta (pthiriasis) ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da wani wanda ya kamu da ƙwayar cutaa. Wasu STIs kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] kuma ana iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar amfani da allura maganin IV bayan an yi amfani da su ta mutumin da ya kamu da cutar, da kuma ta hanyar haihuwa ko [[shayarwa]]. === Tsufa === An gano abubuwa kamar abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halitta da na tunani, cututtuka, yanayin tunani, rashin jin daɗi tare da dangantaka, da takaba suna taimakawa wajen rage sha'awar jima'i da aiki a cikin tsufa, amma tsufa ba ya kawar da ikon jin daɗin jima'i. == Jagora da al'umma == === Jima'i da mata === [[Fayil:Slapende_vrouw-Rijksmuseum_RP-P-1997-21.jpeg|thumb|Shunga na Japan da ke nuna namiji da mace a cikin jima'i]] Heterosexuality shine sha'awar soyayya ko jima'i ga kishiyar jima'i. Ayyukan jima'i na maza da mata suna da dama a yawancin ƙasashe. A wasu ƙasashe, galibi waɗanda addini ke da tasiri mai ƙarfi a tsarin zamantakewa, dokokin aure suna amfani da manufar ƙarfafa mutane su yi jima’i a cikin aure kawai. An yi amfani da dokokin luwaɗi don hana ayyukan jima'i na jima'i, amma kuma suna iya shafar ayyukan jima'i dabam-dabam. Har ila yau, dokoki sun haramta wa manya yin lalata, yin jima'i da duk wanda bai kai shekarun yarda ba, yin jima'i a cikin jama'a, da yin jima'i don kudi (karuwanci). Ko da yake waɗannan dokokin sun shafi ayyukan jima'i da jima'i na gaba ɗaya, suna iya bambanta dangane da hukunci, kuma ana iya aiwatar da su akai-akai (ko keɓance) akan waɗanda ke yin jima'i. Ayyukan jima'i daban-daban na iya zama na ɗaya, na ɗaya ɗaya, ko polyamorous, kuma, dangane da ma'anar aikin jima'i, abstinent ko autoerotic (ciki har da al'aura). Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin addini da na siyasa daban-daban sun yi ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ko sarrafa canje-canje a ayyukan jima'i ciki har da zawarcin aure da aure, kodayake a yawancin ƙasashe canje-canje na faruwa a hankali. === Jima'i === [[Fayil:Édouard-Henri_Avril_anal_sex_detail.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Hoton karni na 19 na Édouard-Henri Avril wanda ke nuna maza biyu da ke yin jima'i]] Jima'i shine sha'awar soyayya ko jima'i ga jinsi ɗaya. Mutanen da ke da dabi'ar ɗan luwaɗi na iya bayyana jima'i ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma suna iya ko ba za su bayyana shi a cikin halayensu ba.<ref name="APAHelp">{{Cite web |title=Psychology Help Center |url=http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/article.php?id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051520/http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/article.php?id=31 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Apahelpcenter.org}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa maza da yawa masu luwadi suna so, kuma suna cin nasara wajen samun, sadaukarwa da dangantaka mai dorewa. Misali, bayanan binciken sun nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 40% zuwa 60% na maza masu luwadi da kuma tsakanin kashi 45% zuwa 80% na 'yan mata a halin yanzu suna da alaƙa da soyayya. Yana yiwuwa mutumin da asalinsa na jima'i ya kasance ɗan madigo ne ya yi jima'i da mutanen jinsi ɗaya. ’Yan luwaɗi da madigo waɗanda suka yi riya cewa su madigo ne galibi ana kiransu da zama a rufe (boye jima'i a cikin "kabad"). "Closet case" kalma ce ta wulakanci da ake amfani da ita don nufin mutanen da ke ɓoye jima'i. Yin wa'azin jama'a ana iya kiransa "fitowa daga cikin kabad" a yanayin bayyanar da son rai ko "fitarwa" a yanayin bayyanawa da wasu suka saba da abin da batun ke so (ko ba tare da saninsu ba). A cikin wasu al'ummomi (wanda ake kira "maza akan DL" ko "ƙasa-ƙasa"), halayen jima'i na jima'i wani lokaci ana kallon su azaman kawai don jin daɗin jiki. Maza masu yin jima'i da maza, da kuma matan da ke yin jima'i da mata, ko maza a kan "ƙasa-ƙasa" suna iya yin jima'i tare da ma'aurata guda ɗaya yayin da suke ci gaba da jima'i da jima'i da kishiyar jinsi. [[Fayil:1925_Wegener_Les_Delassements_dEros_09_anagoria.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px|Hoton Gerda Wegener na 1925, Les delassements d'Eros, wanda ke nuna mata biyu da ke yin jima'i]] Mutanen da ke yin jima'i na musamman na jima'i ba za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ko madigo ba. A cikin mahallin da aka ware na jima'i, mutane na iya neman dangantaka da wasu na jinsinsu (wanda aka sani da luwadi na yanayi). A wasu lokuta, wasu mutane na iya gwadawa ko bincika jima'i da jima'i iri ɗaya (ko daban) kafin su bayyana ainihin jima'i. Duk da rashin fahimta da rashin fahimta na gama-gari, babu wani nau'i na ayyukan jima'i da ya keɓanta ga halayen jima'i na jima'i waɗanda kuma ba za a iya samun su a cikin halayen jima'i dabam-dabam ba, sai dai waɗanda suka shafi saduwar al'aura tsakanin ma'auratan - kabilanci (gabaɗaya vulva-zuwa vulva) da rot (gabaɗayan azzakari-zuba azzakari). === Bisexuality da pansexuality === Mutanen da ke da sha'awar soyayya ko jima'i ga maza da mata ana kiransu bisexual.<ref name="glaad">{{Cite web |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |url=http://www.glaad.org/document.doc?id=99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101043203/http://www.glaad.org/document.doc?id=99 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da bambanci amma ba na musamman ba ga jima'i / jinsi ɗaya akan ɗayan na iya nuna kansu a matsayin bisexual.<ref name="Rosario">{{Cite journal |last=Rosario M. |last2=Schrimshaw E. |last3=Hunter J. |last4=Braun L. |year=2006 |title=Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=46–58 |doi=10.1080/00224490609552298 |pmc=3215279 |pmid=16817067}}</ref> Kamar 'yan luwadi da' yan mata, mutanen da ke da jima'i da ke nuna cewa suna da jima'ie sau da yawa ana kiransu da ɓoye. Pansexuality (wanda kuma ake kira omnisexuality) na iya ko ba za a haɗa shi a ƙarƙashin bisexuality ba, tare da wasu tushe suna cewa bisexuality ya ƙunshi jima'i ko jan hankali ga duk asalin jinsi. <ref name="bisexuality">{{Cite web |title=What is Bisexuality? |url=http://www.bisexualindex.org.uk/index.php/Bisexuality#binary |access-date=14 March 2011 |website=The Bisexual Index}}</ref> Pansexuality yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar jan hankali, soyayya, ko sha'awar jima'i ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da asalin jinsi ko jima'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2009 |title=Pansexuality |url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/pansexuality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721201427/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/pansexuality |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=UCSB SexInfo Online |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara}}</ref> Wasu pansexuals suna ba da shawarar cewa su makaho ne; cewa jinsi da jima'i ba su da mahimmanci ko kuma ba su da amfani wajen tantance ko za a janyo hankalin su da jima'ie ga wasu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' pansexuality "ya ƙunshi kowane nau'in jima'i; ba a iyakance ko hana shi a cikin zaɓin jima'in game da jinsi ko aiki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2012 |title=Definition of pansexual – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English) |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0602230#m_en_gb0602230 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005353/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0602230 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=15 August 2012 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> === Guje wa yin amfani da shi === Ko da yake babban aikin daidaita yanayin jima'i na ɗan adam shine haifuwa, ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam kuma ya haɗa da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haihuwa, tunda ƙirƙira na iya yin illa ga zuriya. Charles Darwin, wanda ya auri dan uwansa na farko Emma Wedgwood, ya yi la'akari da cewa rashin lafiyar da ta addabi iyalinsa sakamakon rashin haihuwa ne. Gabaɗaya, haɗuwa tsakanin mutane waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da bayyanar maye gurbi masu lahani. Guje wa yin jima'i a matsayin ƙuntatawa ga ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam a bayyane yake a cikin ƙuntatawa na al'adun duniya a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam na ayyukan jima'a tsakanin mutane masu alaƙa. Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam suna ba da fa'idar daidaitawa na rufe fuska na bayyanar maye gurbin maye gurbin cututtuka. == Sauran al'amuran zamantakewa == === Halin gaba ɗaya === Alex Comfort and others propose three potential social aspects of sexual intercourse in humans, which are not mutually exclusive: reproductive, relational, and recreational. Haɓaka ƙwayar maganin hana haihuwa da sauran nau'o'in rigakafi masu tasiri sosai a tsakiyar karni na 20 ya haɓaka ikon mutane na ware waɗannan ayyuka guda uku, waɗanda har yanzu suna mamaye da yawa kuma cikin sarƙaƙƙiya. Misali: Ma'aurata masu haihuwa suna iya yin jima'i yayin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa don samun sha'awar jima'i (na nishadi) da kuma a matsayin hanyar kusanci (dangantaka), ta haka ne ke zurfafa alakarsu, da sanya dangantakarsu ta tabbata da kuma iya dawwamar da yara a gaba (dage haihuwa). Wadannan ma'auratan na iya jaddada bangarori daban-daban na jima'i a lokuta daban-daban, kasancewa masu wasa a lokacin jima'i guda ɗaya (na nishaɗi), samun alaƙa mai zurfi a wani lokaci (dangantaka), kuma daga baya, bayan dakatar da hana haihuwa, neman samun ciki (haihuwa, ko mafi kusantar haihuwa da dangantaka).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2016}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Addini da ɗabi'a === <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">[[File:Kamasutra_106.jpg|alt=|204x204px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">[[File:Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal1.JPG|alt=|200x200px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">[[File:2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajurâho_India_2013.jpg|alt=|228x228px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Haikali na Khajuraho Hindu da Jain sananne ne ga zane-zane na lalata.</div></div></div></div>Dabi'ar jima'i, ɗabi'a, da ƙa'idodi suna da alaƙa da batutuwan da suka haɗa da yaudara/gaskiya, halayya, aminci da yarda. Wasu ayyuka, waɗanda aka sani da laifukan jima'i a wasu wurare, haramun ne a wasu hukunce-hukuncen, gami da waɗanda aka gudanar tsakanin (ko tsakanin) yarda da ƙwararrun manya (misali sun haɗa da dokar luwaɗi da lalata da manya-manya). Wasu mutanen da ke cikin dangantaka amma suna son ɓoye ayyukan auren mata fiye da ɗaya (wataƙila na sabanin ra'ayin jima'i) daga abokin tarayya, na iya neman yin jima'i tare da wasu ta hanyar adireshi na sirri, ɗakunan hira na kan layi, ko, talla a zaɓin kafofin watsa labarai. Swinging ya haɗa da mutane ko abokan tarayya a cikin dangantaka da ke cikin jima'i da wasu a matsayin nishaɗi ko aikin zamantakewa. Wasu suna ganin karuwar shahara na juyawa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne daga hauhawar ayyukan jima'i a lokacin juyin juya halin jima'i na shekarun 1960. Wasu mutane suna yin jima'i daban-daban a matsayin ciniki na kasuwanci. Lokacin da wannan ya haɗa da yin jima'i da, ko yin wasu ayyukan jima'i na ainihi ga wani don musanya kuɗi ko wani abu mai daraja, ana kiranta karuwanci. Sauran fannonin masana'antar manya sun haɗa da masu yin jima'i ta waya, kulake, da kuma hotunan batsa. === Matsayin jinsi da nuna jima'i === Matsayin jinsi na zamantakewa na iya rinjayar halayyar jima'i da kuma martani na mutane da al'ummomi ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayyana cewa, "Rashin jituwa na jima'i yana iya faruwa inda imani da haƙƙin jima'i na namiji ya fi karfi, inda matsayin jinsi ya fi tsananin ƙarfi, kuma a cikin ƙasashen da ke fuskantar manyan nau'ikan tashin hankali na wasu nau'ikan zalunci. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=T.G.V. |date=27 August 2002 |title=World report on violence and health – World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> Wasu al'ummomin, kamar waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyin girmamawa ta iyali da tsabtarin mata suna da ƙarfi sosai, na iya yin amfani da iko sosai, ta hanyar ayyukan kamar kisan kai na jima'in mata, ta hanyar ayyuka kamar kisan girmamawa da yankan mata, ta girmamawa<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO – Female genital mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ |access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC – Ethics: Honour Crimes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/ |access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> An gane alakar da ke tsakanin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da maganganun jima'i, kuma inganta daidaito tsakanin maza da mata na da matukar muhimmanci don samun lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa, kamar yadda taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan yawan jama'a da ci gaban Shirin Aiki ya bayyana: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paragraph 7.34 of the ICPD Programme of Action |url=http://www.unfpa.org/swp/1997/box9.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116105305/http://www.unfpa.org/SWP/1997/box9.htm |archive-date=16 January 2000 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Sexuality and Gender Relations}}</ref> : "Jima'i na ɗan adam da dangantakar jinsi suna da alaƙa da juna kuma tare suna shafar ikon maza da mata don cimma da kula da lafiyar jima'i da kuma gudanar da rayuwarsu ta haihuwa. Daidaitaccen dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin al'amuran jima'i na haihuwa, gami da cikakken girmamawa ga amincin jiki na jikin ɗan adam, suna buƙatar mutunta juna da shirye-shiryen karɓar alhakin sakamakon halayyar jima'i, hankali da daidaito a cikin dangantakar jinsi, musamman idan aka koya a lokacin da aka koya musu a cikin shekarun haihuwa, inganta da kuma inganta haɗin kai tsakanin maza da jituwa. == BDSM == [[Fayil:Le_Rêve_d'un_flagellant_by_George_Topfer.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Wani zane-zane na 1921 wanda ke nuna BDSM na rinjaye na maza da biyayya ta mata.]] BDSM wani nau'i ne na ayyukan lalata ko rawar da ta shafi Bautar, rinjaye da biyayya, sadomasochism, da sauran abubuwan da ke tattare da mutum. Idan aka ba da ayyuka masu yawa, wasu daga cikinsu na iya shiga cikin mutanen da ba sa ɗaukar kansu a Matsayi masu yin BDSM, hadawa a cikin al'ummar BDSM ko al'adun gargajiya yawanci suna dogara da gane kansu da kuma raba kwarewa. Al'ummomin BDSM gabaɗaya suna maraba da duk wanda ba shi da al'ada wanda ke nunawa tare da al'umma; wannan na iya haɗawa da masu sa tufafi, masu sha'awar gyaran jiki, 'Yan wasan dabbobi, latex ko masu sha'awa da roba, da sauransu. B / D (bondage da horo) wani bangare ne na BDSM. Bondage ya haɗa da hana jiki ko tunani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hébert |first=Ali |last2=Weaver |first2=Angela |date=1 January 2015 |title=Perks, problems, and the people who play: A qualitative exploration of dominant and submissive BDSM roles |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=49–62 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.2467 |s2cid=143570286}}</ref> D / s yana nufin "Mai rinjaye da biyayya". Mai iko shine wanda ke kula da mutumin da yake so ya mika iko kuma mai biyayya shine wanda ke mika iko ga mutumin da yake son ya mallaki iko.<ref name=":0" /> S / M (sadism da masochism) wani bangare ne na BDSM. Mai zalunci mutum ne wanda ke jin daɗin ciwo ko wulakanci na wasu kuma mai zalunci mutum ce wanda ke jin daɗi daga ciwo ko ƙasƙantar da kansa.<ref name=":0" /> Ba kamar yadda aka saba da alaƙar “ƙarar tsaka-tsaki” da salon wasan da ma’aurata ke bi ba, ayyuka da alaƙar da ke cikin mahallin BDSM galibi ana siffanta su ta hanyar ɗaukar matakan daidaitawa, amma rashin daidaito; don haka, ra'ayin sanar da yarda na duka abokan tarayya ya zama mahimmanci. Mahalarta da suka nuna rinjaye (jima'i ko akasin haka) akan abokan zamansu ana san su da Masu Mulki ko Mafi Girma, yayin da mahalartan da suka ɗauki aikin m, karɓa, ko biyayya ana san su da biyayya ko ƙasa. Wadannan kalmomi wani lokacin ana taƙaita su don a iya kiran mutum mai rinjaye a matsayin "Dom" (mace na iya zaɓar yin amfani da "Domme" na mata) kuma ana iya kiran mai biyayya a matsayin "sub". Mutanen da za su iya canzawa tsakanin Top / Dominant da kuma matsayi na kasa / submissive - ko daga dangantaka zuwa dangantaka ko a cikin dangantaka da aka ba su - an san su da ''sauyawa''. Cikakken ma'anar matsayi da kuma gane kansa batu ne na muhawara a cikin al'umma.<ref name="Terms">{{Cite web |last=Grau |first=Johnson |date=1995 |title=What do B&D, S&M, D&S, "top", "bottom" mean |url=http://www.leathernroses.com/generalbdsm/ssbbfaqdefines.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223259/http://www.leathernroses.com/generalbdsm/ssbbfaqdefines.htm |archive-date=11 January 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=Leather Roses}}</ref> A cikin binciken 2013, masu bincike sun bayyana cewa BDSM wani jima'i ne inda mahalarta ke taka rawar gani, amfani da hanawa, amfani da musayar wutar lantarki, amfani da murkushewa da ciwo wani lokacin ya dogara da mutum (s). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Wismeijer |first=Andreas A.J. |last2=Assen |first2=Marcel A.L.M. van |date=1 January 2013 |title=Psychological Characteristics of BDSM Practitioners |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1943–1952 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12192 |pmid=23679066 |s2cid=12148947}}</ref> Nazarin yana aiki ne don kalubalanci yaduwar ra'ayin cewa BDSM na iya kasancewa a wata hanya da ke da alaƙa da ilimin halayyar mutum. Dangane da binciken, wanda ke shiga cikin BDSM na iya samun ƙarfi mafi girma a cikin zamantakewa da tunani da kuma samun 'yancin kai mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa yin BDSM.<ref name=":2" /> Yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke shiga cikin wasan BDSM suna da kyakkyawar jin daɗi, kuma wannan na iya zama saboda wasan BDSm yana buƙatar sadarwa mai zurfi. Kafin wani abu ya faru, dole ne abokan hulɗa su tattauna yarjejeniyarsu game da dangantakarsu. Suna tattauna tsawon lokacin da wasan zai kasance, tsananin, ayyukansu, abin da kowane mai shiga ke buƙata ko sha'awa, da kuma abin da, idan akwai, ayyukan jima'i za a iya haɗa su. Dukkanin ayyukan dole ne su kasance masu jituwa da jin daɗi ga bangarorin biyu.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin binciken 2015, mahalarta BDSM da aka yi hira da su sun ambaci cewa ayyukan sun taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar matakan haɗin kai, kusanci, amincewa da sadarwa tsakanin abokan tarayya.<ref name=":0"/> Ba kamar yadda aka saba da alamar “ar tsaka-tsaki” da salon wasan da ma’aurata ke bi ba, nuna da tauraron da ke cikin mahallin BDSM galibi ana siffanta su ta hanyar tsarin daidaitawa, amma rashin kwanya; don haka, ra'ayin sanar da yarda na duka abokan tarayya ya zama jami. Mahalarta da suka nuna nuna (jima'i ko akasin haka) akan abokan zamansu ana san su da Masu Mulki ko Mafi Girma, yayin da aikin da suka yi aikin m, yawan, ko aiki ana san su da ko ƙasa..<ref name=":0" /> == Batutuwan Shari'a == Akwai dokar da yawa da al'adun canza suka haramta, ko ta wata hanya suna shafar jima'i. Anna fahimtar da al'adu sun… Sun daidai, alal misali, haramcin jima'i da ba na son rai ba, yin jima'i a wajen aure, yin jima'i a bainar jama'a, ban da wasu da yawa. yawaita yawanwa ba su da cece-kuce, amma wasu sun kasance batun halartar jama'a. Yawancin al'ummomi suna ɗaukar laifi ne mai tsanani tilasta wani ya yi jima'i ko yin jima'i tare da wanda bai yarda ba. Wannan shi ake kira cin zarafi na jima'i, kuma idan shiga cikin jima'i ya faru ana kiransa fyade, mafi girman nau'in cin zarafi. Bayanan wannan bambance-bambance na iya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a daban-daban. Hakanan, abin da ya ƙunshi yarda mai inganci a cikin lamuran jima'i ya bambanta daga al'ada zuwa al'ada kuma ana yin muhawara akai-akai. Dokokin da ke tsara mafi ƙarancin shekarun da mutum zai iya yarda ya yi jima'i (shekarun yarda) akai-akai batun muhawara ne, kamar yadda ake yin jima'i na samari gabaɗaya. Wasu al'ummomi sun tilasta yin aure, inda ba za a buƙaci izini ba. === Dokokin jinsi ɗaya === Yawancin yankuna suna da dokoki da ke iyakance ko hana jima'i na jinsi ɗaya. === Jima'i a waje da aure === A Yamma, jima'i kafin aure ba haramtacce ba ne. Akwai tabo na zamantakewa kuma addinai da yawa suna Allah wadai da jima'i kafin aure. A kasashe Musulmai da yawa, kamar Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2008 |title=Human Rights Voices – Searching for Freedom, Chained by the Law |url=http://www.eyeontheun.org/voices.asp?p=632 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121175822/http://www.eyeontheun.org/voices.asp?p=632 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Eyeontheun.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081026065259/http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=AIDSPortal}}</ref> [[Iran]], <ref name="travel.state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801084310/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Travel.state.gov}}</ref> Kuwait, <ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Unhchr.ch}}</ref> [[Maldives]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture of Maldives – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Maldives.html |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Everyculture.com}}</ref> Morocco, [5] [[Oman]], [5] Mauritania, [5] United Arab Emirates, [5] Sudan, [5] da [[Yemen]], <ref name="travel.state.gov" /> kowane nau'in jima'i a waje da aure ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interpol |url=http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065620/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2016 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Interpol"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154358.htm |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=State.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubai FAQs |title=Education in Dubai |url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Dubaifaqs.com |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142640/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld &#124; Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa – Yemen |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47387b712f.html/ |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Unhcr.org}}</ref> Wadanda aka same da laifi, musamman mata, ana iya tilasta su auri abokin jima'i, ana iya doke su a bainar jama'a, ko kuma ana iya jajjefe su har mutuwa. A yawancin kabilun Afirka da na asali, ba a kallon jima'i a matsayin gata ko haƙƙin ma'aurata ba, amma a matsayin haɗin jikin kuma saboda haka ba a raina shi ba. Wasu bincike sun yi nazari kan sauye-sauyen halaye game da jima'i da samarin Amurka ke da shi a wajen aure. An tambayi matasa yadda suke ji game da jima'i ta baki da ta farji dangane da lafiyarsu, zamantakewa, da jin daɗin rayuwarsu. Gabaɗaya, matasa suna jin cewa ana kallon jima'i ta baki a matsayin mafi inganci a cikin al'umma. <ref name="Halpern-Feisher, B.L. 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Halpern-Feisher B.L. |last2=Cornell J.L. |last3=Kropp R.Y. |last4=Tschann J.M. |year=2005 |title=Oral Versus Vaginal Sex Among Adolescents: Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviour |journal=Pediatrics |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=845–851 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-2108 |pmid=15805354 |s2cid=5903926 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sakamakon ya bayyana cewa matasa sun yi imanin cewa jima'i na baki don yin soyayya da matasa marasa soyayya ba su da barazana ga dabi'unsu da imani fiye da jima'i.<ref name="Halpern-Feisher, B.L. 2005" /> Lokacin da aka tambaye su, matasa da suka shiga cikin binciken sun kalli jima'i na baki kamar yadda ya fi karɓa ga takwarorinsu, da kuma dabi'un kansu fiye da jima'i.<ref name="Halpern-Feisher, B.L. 2005" /> === Mafi ƙarancin shekarun yin jima'i (shekarar yarda) === Dokokin kowane iko sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekarun da aka ba saurayi damar yin jima'i. Wannan [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] yawanci tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 18, amma dokoki sun bambanta. A cikin hukunce-hukunce da yawa, shekarun yarda shine tunanin mutum ko shekarun aiki.<ref name="kopple-wolf1">{{Cite web |title=Kopple-Wolf.com |url=http://www.kopple-wolf.com/lawyer-attorney-1139001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605002946/http://www.kopple-wolf.com/lawyer-attorney-1139001.html |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Kopple-Wolf.com}}</ref><ref name="supremecourt1999">{{Cite web |date=21 April 1999 |title=People vs Floers: 126545: April 21, 1999: J. Gonzaga-Reyes: En Banc |url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1999/apr99/126545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308193520/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1999/apr99/126545.htm |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=25 December 2014 |publisher=Supreme Court of the Philippines |quote=WHEREFORE, the judgment of the ''court a quo''convicting Lorenzo Andaya of the crime of rape is hereby AFFIRMED...}}</ref><ref name="lawphil1">{{Cite web |title=G.R. No. 126545 |url=http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/apr1999/gr_126545_1999.html |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Lawphil.net}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, waɗanda suka wuce shekarun yarda har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su ba za su iya yarda da doka ba saboda rashin girma na hankali.<ref name="kopple-wolf1" /><ref name="supremecourt1999" /><ref name="lawphil1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 1986 |title=348 SE2d 486 (Affirmed) |url=http://www.lawskills.com/case/ga/id/412/60/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917150250/http://www.lawskills.com/case/ga/id/412/60/index.html |archive-date=17 September 2020 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Lawskills.com |quote=The defendant appeals his conviction for aggravated sodomy (OCGA 16-6-2 (a)) on a five-year-old child victim.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G.R. No. 126921 |url=http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/aug1998/gr_126921_1998.html |access-date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Lawphil.net}}</ref> Hukumomi da yawa suna ɗaukar duk wani aikin jima'i da babba ya shafi yaro a matsayin Cin zarafin yara. Shekarun yarda na iya bambanta da nau'in jima'i, jima'i na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ko wasu hani kamar cin zarafin matsayin amana. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen kuma suna ba da izini ga matasa masu yin lalata da juna. === Dangantaka tsakanin dangi === Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen sun haramta yin jima'i tsakanin wasu dangi na kusa. Waɗannan dokokin sun bambanta zuwa ɗan lokaci; irin wadannan ayyukan ana kiransu daurin aure. Dokokin lalata na iya haɗawa da ƙuntatawa akan haƙƙin aure, wanda kuma ya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen. Sa’ad da lalata ta shafi babba da yaro, ana ɗauka a matsayin wani nau’i na lalata da yara.<ref name="UNchildren">{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611182141/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> === Cin zarafin jima'i === Ayyukan jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba ko kuma sa mutumin da ba ya son yin shaida game da jima'i nau'i ne na cin zarafi, da kuma (a cikin ƙasashe da yawa) wasu nau'o'in jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba irin su frotteurism, tarho na tarho (kiran wayar da ba daidai ba), da kuma baje kolin da ba a yarda da shi ba (wanda aka sani da "mummunan bayyanar da mutunci)". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence Greenfeld |date=6 February 1997 |title=Sex Offenses and Offenders |url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF |access-date=25 December 2014 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> === Karuwanci da jima'i na rayuwa === Wani lokaci mutane suna musayar jima'i don kuɗi ko samun damar samun wasu albarkatu. Aiki yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Mutumin da ke karɓar biyan kuɗi don ayyukan jima'i an san shi da karuwa kuma wanda ya karɓi irin waɗannan ayyukan ana kiran shi da sharuɗɗa da yawa, kamar zama abokin ciniki. Karuwanci na daya daga cikin rassan harkar jima'i. Matsayin karuwanci na shari'a ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, daga zama laifi mai hukunci zuwa sana'a da aka tsara. Ƙididdiga sun sanya kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara da ake samu daga masana'antar karuwanci ta duniya zuwa sama da dala biliyan 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2010 |title=Prostitution Market Value |url=http://www.havocscope.com/activities/prostitution/ |access-date=22 May 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522185003/http://www.havocscope.com/activities/prostitution/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani lokaci ana kiran karuwanci a matsayin "aikin da ya fi tsufa a duniya". Karuwanci na iya zama aikin mutum na son rai ko sauƙaƙe ko tilasta shi ta hanyar masu karuwanci.&nbsp; Jima'i na rayuwa wani nau'i ne na karuwanci da mutanen da ke cikin bukata ke yi, yawanci lokacin da marasa gida ko marasa galihu suka yi ciniki da jima'i don abinci, wurin barci, ko wasu [[bukatun asali]], ko don kwayoyi. Masu binciken cinikin jima'i da talauci da ma'aikatan agaji suna amfani da kalmar. == Dubi kuma ==   * Jima'i na yara * Fasahar jima'i * Tarihin jima'i na ɗan adam * Jima'i na mata * Jima'i na maza * Mechanics na jima'i na ɗan adam * Kula da orgasm * Ikon Orgastic * Halin Jima'i * Jima'i na jima'i == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lr155r74rxvrb3ucuyo8fhxlnl9bmv1 0 108645 890859 819723 2026-08-03T07:51:16Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Humane Society International Australia ('''HSIA''') reshen [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] na Humane Society International (HSI), wani yanki ne na ƙungiyar kare dabbobi ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Humane Society International Australia |url=http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/461/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-.html#.VE_aGjCJOuY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028195955/http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/461/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-.html#.VE_aGjCJOuY |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |website=Humane Society International Australia |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihi == Humane Society International (HSI) an kafa shi a Amurka a cikin 1991. Reshen Ostiraliya na HSI shine ofishin HSI na biyu da ya buɗe ƙarƙashin shirin duniya mai tasowa, a cikin 1994. Ofishin, wanda ke [[Sydney]], yana aiki tsawon shekaru ashirin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Verna Simpson da Michael Kennedy.[1]  HSI Ostiraliya tana aiki akan tsare-tsaren kiyayewa na ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙasa da doka da doka, tare da alhakin musamman don isa ga maƙwabtanta na yanki. A farkonsa na 1994, shirin Australiya ya gudana a kasafin kuɗi na kasa da A $ 50,000. Bayan 'yan shekaru, HSI Australia ta zama kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yanki tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da masu ba da shawara, mambobi a duk faɗin ƙasar, da kuma kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 2.5. HSI Australia kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan duniya. == Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == Hangen HSI Ostiraliya ya yi daidai da hangen nesa na HSI: don canza yadda mutane ke hulɗa da dabbobi da muhallinsu ta hanyar ilimi da shawarwari.  Ƙungiyar tana aiki don kare dabbobi ta hanyar haɓaka mafi ɗorewa da ayyuka na ɗan adam.  Yana gudanar da kamfen na kiyayewa da na dabbobi da yawa waɗanda ke rufe fa'ida mai yawa a yankunan ruwa da na ƙasa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humane Society International :: Mission |url=http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/37/mission.html#.VNVDjfnF_4s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227024616/http://hsi.org.au/go/to/37/mission.html#.VNVDjfnF_4s |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Humane Society International Australia}}</ref> HSI Australia kuma tana taimakawa kamfen ɗin rassan kasa da kasa na HSI, kamar farautar hatimi ta Kanada da kamfen ɗin cinikin dabbobi. Kungiyar tana tallafawa tallafi da shirye-shirye a duk faɗin Asiya da Afirka. == Kamfen da wuraren da aka mayar da hankali == === Kula da lafiyar dabbobi === Ƙungiyar tana adawa da fitar da dabbobi masu rai daga Ostiraliya, [1] kuma ta yi imanin cewa kasuwar nama mai daskarewa wani zaɓi ne mai sauƙi da ɗabi'a don masana'antu.  Noman masana'antu shine fifiko na musamman, kamar yadda HSI Ostiraliya ta yi imanin cewa ayyukan noman masana'anta suna haifar da wahala mara amfani.  Ƙungiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Kasuwancin Ostiraliya da masu amfani da ita game da doka don naman alade da kaji, wanda ya haɗa da yakin neman lakabi na gaskiya.  Zaɓin ɗan Adam - Range Kyauta na Gaskiya, shiri ne na ba da izini wanda a cikinsa za a iya ba da izinin gonaki ga ƙa'idodin Zaɓin Humane kuma a san shi azaman mai samarwa 'Gaskiya Kyauta Range'.'. === Gwajin dabbobi === Tare da Binciken Humane Australia, HSI Australia ta taimaka wajen wuce Dokar End Cruel Cosmetics, <ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House |first=Canberra |title=End Cruel Cosmetics Bill 2014 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=s956 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=www.aph.gov.au}}</ref> wanda Sanata na Green na Australiya Lee Rhiannon ya gabatar. Ta hanyar Bill, HSI Australia na neman cimma matsaya ta gwaji da haramtacciyar tallace-tallace a Australia da [[New Zealand]]. === Yakin Ruwa === HSI Australia ta soki kifin Kifi na [[Japan]] da kuma Kashe shark na Yammacin Australia. Kungiyar memba ce ta Antarctic Ocean Alliance . HSI Australia ta fara shari'a game da kifin kifi na kimiyya na Japan ya haifar da shari'ar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ), wanda ya yanke hukunci a watan Maris na 2014 cewa shirin Japan ba shi da cancantar kimiyya. Bayan sanarwar shirin "Newrep-A" na Japan, wanda aka shirya fara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, babban jami'in shirin Alexia Wellbelove ya bayyana cewa: "Yanzu lokaci ya yi da Japan ta saurari ra'ayin jama'a na duniya kuma ta ba da abin da ake kira shirin bincike da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaba da kamun kifi na kasuwanci zuwa tarihi inda yake". HSI Australia tana adawa da amfani da matakan kula da shark masu kisa a cikin Australia, kuma ta yi magana game da rashin shaidar kimiyya a bayan amfani da irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar dabarun ragewa. Har ila yau, HSI Australia ta yi kamfen tare da takwarorinta na kasa da kasa don hana farautar hatimi ta Kanada, kuma tana turawa don kawo karshen kasuwancin. === Gudun daji === HSI Australia ta dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a kan tseren doki, musamman tseren daka, saboda mutuwar doki da raunin da ke faruwa. HSI Australia tana kamfen don hana ta a duk jihohi. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi kamfen akan tseren Greyhound na Australiya, tare da mai da hankali kan bangaren New South Wales (NSW) na masana'antar. HSI Australia tana neman karin gaskiya a cikin masana'antar, gami da ƙa'idodin jin dadin da suka fi tsananin, da kuma kyakkyawan rahoto da bincike game da zalunci da rashin kulawa. === Cinikin fata === HSI Australia tana aiki tare da HSUS, HSI Canada da HSI a Ƙasar Ingila (UK) don nuna ayyukan masana'antar fata ta duniya. A cikin Ostiraliya, HSI Ostiraliya ta sami nasarar yin amfani da haramtacciyar shigo da gashin kare da kare, kuma ta yaba wa masu zanen kaya da masu siyarwa waɗanda suka shiga cikin haramtacciya kan gashin. Cinikin nama na kare kamfen ne mai gudana wanda HSI ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗarta, gami da Gidauniyar Soi Dog. === Al'ummomin da ke fuskantar barazanar muhalli === HSI Australia ta himmatu ga shirye-shiryen kiyayewa na dogon lokaci, kuma ta zabi al'ummomin muhalli a ƙarƙashin barazanar yin lissafi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Muhalli ta Commonwealth, 1999 (Dokar EPBC) da Dokar Kare Kayan Kayan Kudancin Wales, 1995 (Dokar TSC). === Canjin yanayi === HSI Australia tana da niyyar [[Rage canjin yanayi|yaki da canjin yanayi]] ta hanyar kare bambancin halittu. === Cinikin namun daji === Ta hanyar wakilci a taron kasa da kasa kamar CITES, HSI Australia tana aiki don yaki da cinikin duniya a cikin namun daji. == Gidauniyar Ƙasar daji == A cikin 2007, HSI ta ƙaddamar da Wildlife Land Trust Australia (WLT). Ka'idar WLT ita ce "tsaron dan adam" don manufar bunkasa cibiyar sadarwa ta wuraren ibada na dindindin a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma duniya. == Zaɓin Mutum == HSI Australia ce ta ƙaddamar da Humane Choice a cikin shekara ta 2006. Shirin takaddun shaida ne wanda ke nuna yadda ake bi da dabbobi na gona. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] czkdmrd11s89mpg0lk4t2iip1jpd96a 890918 890859 2026-08-03T11:35:24Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Humane Society International Australia ('''HSIA''') reshen [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] na Humane Society International (HSI), wani yanki ne na ƙungiyar kare dabbobi ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Humane Society International Australia |url=http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/461/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-.html#.VE_aGjCJOuY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028195955/http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/461/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-.html#.VE_aGjCJOuY |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |website=Humane Society International Australia |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihi == Humane Society International (HSI) an kafa shi a Amurka a cikin 1991. Reshen Ostiraliya na HSI shine ofishin HSI na biyu da ya buɗe ƙarƙashin shirin duniya mai tasowa, a cikin shekarar 1994. Ofishin, wanda ke [[Sydney]], yana aiki tsawon shekaru ashirin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Verna Simpson da Michael Kennedy.[1]  HSI Ostiraliya tana aiki akan tsare-tsaren kiyayewa na ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙasa da doka da doka, tare da alhakin musamman don isa ga maƙwabtanta na yanki. A farkonsa na 1994, shirin Australiya ya gudana a kasafin kuɗi na kasa da A $ 50,000. Bayan 'yan shekaru, HSI Australia ta zama kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yanki tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da masu ba da shawara, mambobi a duk faɗin ƙasar, da kuma kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 2.5. HSI Australia kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan duniya. == Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == Hangen HSI Ostiraliya ya yi daidai da hangen nesa na HSI: don canza yadda mutane ke hulɗa da dabbobi da muhallinsu ta hanyar ilimi da shawarwari.  Ƙungiyar tana aiki don kare dabbobi ta hanyar haɓaka mafi ɗorewa da ayyuka na ɗan adam.  Yana gudanar da kamfen na kiyayewa da na dabbobi da yawa waɗanda ke rufe fa'ida mai yawa a yankunan ruwa da na ƙasa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humane Society International :: Mission |url=http://www.hsi.org.au/go/to/37/mission.html#.VNVDjfnF_4s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227024616/http://hsi.org.au/go/to/37/mission.html#.VNVDjfnF_4s |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Humane Society International Australia}}</ref> HSI Australia kuma tana taimakawa kamfen ɗin rassan kasa da kasa na HSI, kamar farautar hatimi ta Kanada da kamfen ɗin cinikin dabbobi. Kungiyar tana tallafawa tallafi da shirye-shirye a duk faɗin Asiya da Afirka. == Kamfen da wuraren da aka mayar da hankali == === Kula da lafiyar dabbobi === Ƙungiyar tana adawa da fitar da dabbobi masu rai daga Ostiraliya, [1] kuma ta yi imanin cewa kasuwar nama mai daskarewa wani zaɓi ne mai sauƙi da ɗabi'a don masana'antu.  Noman masana'antu shine fifiko na musamman, kamar yadda HSI Ostiraliya ta yi imanin cewa ayyukan noman masana'anta suna haifar da wahala mara amfani.  Ƙungiyar tana aiki tare da Hukumar Kasuwancin Ostiraliya da masu amfani da ita game da doka don naman alade da kaji, wanda ya haɗa da yakin neman lakabi na gaskiya.  Zaɓin ɗan Adam - Range Kyauta na Gaskiya, shiri ne na ba da izini wanda a cikinsa za a iya ba da izinin gonaki ga ƙa'idodin Zaɓin Humane kuma a san shi azaman mai samarwa 'Gaskiya Kyauta Range'.'. === Gwajin dabbobi === Tare da Binciken Humane Australia, HSI Australia ta taimaka wajen wuce Dokar End Cruel Cosmetics, <ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House |first=Canberra |title=End Cruel Cosmetics Bill 2014 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=s956 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=www.aph.gov.au}}</ref> wanda Sanata na Green na Australiya Lee Rhiannon ya gabatar. Ta hanyar Bill, HSI Australia na neman cimma matsaya ta gwaji da haramtacciyar tallace-tallace a Australia da [[New Zealand]]. === Yakin Ruwa === HSI Australia ta soki kifin Kifi na [[Japan]] da kuma Kashe shark na Yammacin Australia. Kungiyar memba ce ta Antarctic Ocean Alliance . HSI Australia ta fara shari'a game da kifin kifi na kimiyya na Japan ya haifar da shari'ar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ), wanda ya yanke hukunci a watan Maris na 2014 cewa shirin Japan ba shi da cancantar kimiyya. Bayan sanarwar shirin "Newrep-A" na Japan, wanda aka shirya fara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, babban jami'in shirin Alexia Wellbelove ya bayyana cewa: "Yanzu lokaci ya yi da Japan ta saurari ra'ayin jama'a na duniya kuma ta ba da abin da ake kira shirin bincike da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaba da kamun kifi na kasuwanci zuwa tarihi inda yake". HSI Australia tana adawa da amfani da matakan kula da shark masu kisa a cikin Australia, kuma ta yi magana game da rashin shaidar kimiyya a bayan amfani da irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar dabarun ragewa. Har ila yau, HSI Australia ta yi kamfen tare da takwarorinta na kasa da kasa don hana farautar hatimi ta Kanada, kuma tana turawa don kawo karshen kasuwancin. === Gudun daji === HSI Australia ta dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a kan tseren doki, musamman tseren daka, saboda mutuwar doki da raunin da ke faruwa. HSI Australia tana kamfen don hana ta a duk jihohi. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi kamfen akan tseren Greyhound na Australiya, tare da mai da hankali kan bangaren New South Wales (NSW) na masana'antar. HSI Australia tana neman karin gaskiya a cikin masana'antar, gami da ƙa'idodin jin dadin da suka fi tsananin, da kuma kyakkyawan rahoto da bincike game da zalunci da rashin kulawa. === Cinikin fata === HSI Australia tana aiki tare da HSUS, HSI Canada da HSI a Ƙasar Ingila (UK) don nuna ayyukan masana'antar fata ta duniya. A cikin Ostiraliya, HSI Ostiraliya ta sami nasarar yin amfani da haramtacciyar shigo da gashin kare da kare, kuma ta yaba wa masu zanen kaya da masu siyarwa waɗanda suka shiga cikin haramtacciya kan gashin. Cinikin nama na kare kamfen ne mai gudana wanda HSI ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗarta, gami da Gidauniyar Soi Dog. === Al'ummomin da ke fuskantar barazanar muhalli === HSI Australia ta himmatu ga shirye-shiryen kiyayewa na dogon lokaci, kuma ta zabi al'ummomin muhalli a ƙarƙashin barazanar yin lissafi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Muhalli ta Commonwealth, 1999 (Dokar EPBC) da Dokar Kare Kayan Kayan Kudancin Wales, 1995 (Dokar TSC). === Canjin yanayi === HSI Australia tana da niyyar [[Rage canjin yanayi|yaki da canjin yanayi]] ta hanyar kare bambancin halittu. === Cinikin namun daji === Ta hanyar wakilci a taron kasa da kasa kamar CITES, HSI Australia tana aiki don yaki da cinikin duniya a cikin namun daji. == Gidauniyar Ƙasar daji == A cikin 2007, HSI ta ƙaddamar da Wildlife Land Trust Australia (WLT). Ka'idar WLT ita ce "tsaron dan adam" don manufar bunkasa cibiyar sadarwa ta wuraren ibada na dindindin a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma duniya. == Zaɓin Mutum == HSI Australia ce ta ƙaddamar da Humane Choice a cikin shekara ta 2006. Shirin takaddun shaida ne wanda ke nuna yadda ake bi da dabbobi na gona. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aybcjoyzi1jttm2vqgphf8iv2ygrzbn 0 109059 890806 838948 2026-08-03T02:09:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amanda H. Lynch''' masaniyar kimiyya [[Climate|yanayi]] ce, kuma Sloan Lindemann da George Lindemann, Jr. Babban Farfesa na Muhalli da Al'umma kuma Farfesa na Duniya, Muhalli da Kimiyya na Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanda Lynch |url=https://ibes.brown.edu/people/amanda-lynch |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> a Jami'ar Brown . Ta kasance Darakta na kafa Cibiyar a Brown don Muhalli da Al'umma a cikin Shekara ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |url=https://ibes.brown.edu/ |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |publisher=Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IBES 10th Anniversary |url=https://ibes.brown.edu/news-events/ibes-10th-anniversary |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Ita gwani ce a cikin tsare tsaren yanayi na polar, [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|ilimin muhalli na asali]] da nazarin manufofin yanayi. An ba Lynch lambar yabo ta Priestley ta [[Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society]] a cikin 2007, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Priestley Medal |url=https://www.amos.org.au/activities/awards/priestley-medal/ |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507101646/https://www.amos.org.au/activities/awards/priestley-medal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta Myres S. McDougal a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Awards |url=https://www.policysciences.org/awards |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=The Society of Policy Scientists}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=2025 Symposium Speaker Bios |url=https://cola.unh.edu/center-humanities/events-programs/sidore-lecture-series/current-sidore-lecture-series/2025-symposium-speaker-bios |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=College of Liberal Arts |publisher=University of New Hampshire |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222062045/https://cola.unh.edu/center-humanities/events-programs/sidore-lecture-series/current-sidore-lecture-series/2025-symposium-speaker-bios |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Maine Law Magazine - Issue No. 97 - Faculty Notes - Charles H. Norchi |url=https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/context/maine-law-magazine/article/1097/viewcontent/me_law_mag2022.pdf |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=University of Maine School of Law p. 36}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan karbar B.Sc. a cikin Applied Mathematics tare da Farko Class Honours a Jami'ar Monash, Lynch ta sami Ph.D. a Kimiyya ta Yanayi daga Jami'ar Melbourne a shekara ta 1993, Lynch ta haɓaka tsarin yanayi yankin [[Arctic]] na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynch, Amanda |url=https://vivo.brown.edu/display/al20 |access-date=March 12, 2017 |publisher=brown.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, yayin da yake aiki a Jami'ar Colorado, Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya ta ba Lynch kyautar Tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2003 |title=Australia's bright sparks awarded major grants |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/03/21/812961.htm |access-date=April 4, 2019 |website=.abc.net.au}}</ref> Bayan ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Monash, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Richard Lewis |title=Amanda Lynch |url=https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/physical-sciences/amanda-lynch |access-date=April 4, 2019 |website=news.brown.edu |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709103805/https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/physical-sciences/amanda-lynch |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta shiga Jami'ar Brown a shekarar 2011 a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa, muhalli da duniya. <ref name="AMS">{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2014 |title=Amanda Lynch named AMS Fellow |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2014/09/lynch |access-date=April 4, 2019 |website=news.brown.edu}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Jami'ar a cikin shekara ta 2013, an kira Lynch babban editan mujallar Weather, Climate and Society kuma an kira shi Fellow na American Meteorological Society . <ref name="AMS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2015 |title=AMS journal improves citation record under Lynch's leadership |url=https://ibes.brown.edu/news/2015-07-02/citation-record |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory - Lynch, Amanda |url=https://members.worldacademy.org/author/ALynch/ |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=World Academy of Art & Science}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2017, an zabi Lynch a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Norway don Binciken Polar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2017 |title=Lynch elected to Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research |url=https://ibes.brown.edu/news/2017-12-13/polar-research |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=Institute at Brown for Environment and Society |publisher=Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education - Biography - Amanda Lynch |url=https://new.nsf.gov/od/oia/advisory-committee-environmental-research/amanda-lynch |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=U.S. National Science Foundation |archive-date=February 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201031645/https://new.nsf.gov/od/oia/advisory-committee-environmental-research/amanda-lynch |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lynch ita ce shugabar Hukumar Bincike <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Research Board |url=https://community.wmo.int/en/governance/commission-membership/research-board |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=World Meteorological Organization |archive-date=January 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118010346/https://community.wmo.int/en/governance/commission-membership/research-board |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (WMO). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Research Board Members |url=https://community.wmo.int/en/governance/commission-membership/research-board/research-board-members |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=World Meteorological Organization }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyya na hadin gwiwa na Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya na shekarar 2017 da shekarar 2019 kuma ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kimiya na Taron Kimiyya na WCRP na shekarar 2023, irin wannan Taron farko da aka gudanar a [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2019 |title=New WCRP Joint Scientific Committee leadership elected |url=https://www.wcrp-climate.org/news/wcrp-news/1453-new-jsc-leadership-2019?highlight=WyJseW5jaCJd |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=World Climate Research Programme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2023 |title=The Scientific Committee |url=https://wcrp-osc2023.org/committees/soc |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=WCRP Open Science Conference |publisher=World Climate Research Programme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2023 |title=Conference vision |url=https://wcrp-osc2023.org/about-conference/vision |access-date=December 29, 2024 |website=WCRP Open Science Conference |publisher=World Climate Research Programme}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lynch ta auri Farfesa Charles H. Norchi . Ita memba ce ta The Explorers Club . Ita memba ce ta Darakta na Darakta <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Director's Circle |url=https://www.portlandmuseum.org/magazine/directorscircle |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=Portland Museum of Art |publisher=<!--Not stated--> |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830200141/https://www.portlandmuseum.org/magazine/directorscircle |url-status=dead }}</ref> na Gidan Tarihi na Portland (PMA). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.amandalynch.org/}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2onwf54hbeyjof0vieznqfq2jon9ivx 0 109158 890804 704093 2026-08-03T01:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mount_Charles,_Allans_Beach,_and_Cape_Saunders.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Allans Beach, Dutsen Charles, da Cape Saunders]] '''Allans Beach''' wani farin rairayin bakin teku ne a bakin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] na Otago Peninsula, a Tsibirin Kudancin [[New Zealand]] . Yana samar da bakin teku na babban murfi a ƙofar Hoopers Inlet. Allans Beach yana da kilomita 25 (16 ta hanyar hanya daga tsakiyar birnin Dunedin da kilomita 6 (3.7 daga karamin garin Portobello. Yana karɓar ƙananan zirga-zirgar mutane amma an san shi da masu tafiya, [[Surfing|masu hawan igiyar ruwa]], da masu hawan halitta. == Yanayin jiki == Allans Beach daidai yana da kimanin kilomita 1.9 (1.2 tsawo kuma yana fuskantar kudu maso kudu maso gabas; yana daga cikin Allans Beach Recreation Reserve. Yana gudana zuwa gefen kudu maso yammacin spit wanda ke taƙaita buɗewar Hoopers Inlet zuwa tashar kimanin mita 170 (560 a fadin. Bayan rairayin bakin teku akwai tsarin dunes da aka rufe da pīkao sedge.<ref name="bestbeach">{{Cite web |last=Regan |first=Kieran |date=28 June 2013 |title=World's best beaches: Allans Beach |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff-nation/assignments/mapping-the-worlds-best-beaches/8757893/Worlds-best-beaches-Allans-Beach |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=Stuff Nation |publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Bayan wadannan dunes akwai Hoopers Inlet Swamp, wanda ya kunshi jerin nau'ikan ruwa daga ruwan sha zuwa ruwan gishiri.<ref name="orc">{{Cite web |title=Hoopers Inlet Swamp |url=https://www.orc.govt.nz/managing-our-environment/water/regionally-significant-wetlands/dunedin-district/hoopers-inlet-swamp |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=[[Otago Regional Council]] |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103150/https://www.orc.govt.nz/managing-our-environment/water/regionally-significant-wetlands/dunedin-district/hoopers-inlet-swamp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Allans Beach Wildlife Management Reserve ya rufe wani sashi na Inlet bayan wadannan filayen. A arewa maso gabas ƙasar ta tashi zuwa Dutsen Charles; zuwa gabas tare da bakin tekun gangaren Dutsen suna kusa da teku don samar da tsaunuka masu tsawo na Mātakom da Cape Saunders. A gefen nesa na tashar dutse na gaba shine Sandymount . <ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite web |title=Search Result – Allans Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/15320 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> Lokaci-lokaci, matakai na halitta suna haifar da turɓaya don toshe tashar gaba ɗaya, kwanan nan a cikin 2012.<ref name="niwa">{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Sadie |date=16 January 2017 |title=Summer Series week 5: Life's a beach |url=https://niwa.co.nz/news/summer-series-week-5-lifes-a-beach |access-date=11 November 2019 |publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|NIWA]]}}</ref><ref name="hoopersblocked">{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Rebecca |date=27 October 2012 |title=Blocked inlet causing infrastructure concern |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/blocked-inlet-causing-infrastructure-concern |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] Online News}}</ref> Ruwa a Allans Beach gabaɗaya ya fi ƙarfin rairayin bakin teku kusa da birnin; a cikin hunturu kumbura da ke fitowa daga Kudancin Tekun na iya zama babba. <ref name="surfseeker">{{Cite web |title=Allans Beach |url=http://surfseeker.nz/surf_breaks/otago/allans-beach |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=NZ Surf Guide}}</ref><ref name="worldbeachguide">{{Cite web |title=Allans Beach |url=https://www.worldbeachguide.com/new-zealand/allans-beach |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=World Beach Guide}}</ref> == Dabbobi na daji == [[Fayil:New_Zealand_Sea_Lion_sitting_at_Allan's_Beach.jpg|right|thumb|Zaki na teku a kan Allans Beach]] Allans Beach yana yawan zuwa da fur seal na New Zealand, zakunan teku na New Zealand.<ref name="bestbeach"/><ref name="worldbeachguide"/> Ana ƙarfafa jama'a su ci gaba da kasancewa aƙalla mita 10 (33 daga waɗannan dabbobi, da kuma mita 20 (66 daga zakunan teku masu aiki.<ref name="DOC">{{Cite web |title=Allans Beach Track |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/otago/places/otago-peninsula-area/things-to-do/allans-beach-track/ |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]}}</ref><ref name="dcc">{{Cite web |title=Allans Beach |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/community-facilities/walking-tracks/allans-beach |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325095811/https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/community-facilities/walking-tracks/allans-beach |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baƙi da ke fuskantar penguins masu launin rawaya ana tambayar su su sunkuya don kada su dame su.<ref name="dcc" /> Bugu da kari, Hoopers Inlet da wuraren da ke kan arewacin Allans Beach suna karbar bakuncin nau'o'in halittu daban-daban.<ref name="orc"/><ref name="niwa"/> Ana iya haɗuwa da Sharks a bakin teku.<ref name="surfseeker"/> Duk da matakan da aka ambata a sama (wanda za'a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyar tarar a karkashin Dokar Kare Dabbobi ta Marine), an lura da wasu masu amfani da nishaɗi na Allans Beach suna cin zarafin namun daji.<ref name="herald">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2018 |title=Surfer caught on video harassing sea lions at Allans Beach, Otago Peninsula |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12136124 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=[[New Zealand Herald]] |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131165244/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12136124 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan tsuntsaye mafi kusa da shi yana kan gefen Sandymount na tashar Hoopers Inlet; a lokacin toshewar yanayi na lokaci-lokaci na tashar ya zama mai sauƙi ga zirga-zirgar ƙafa daga rairayin bakin teku, don haka ya fallasa mulkin mallaka ga tsangwama daga mutane da karnuka.<ref name="penguinsatrisk">{{Cite web |last=Chilton-Towle |first=Jonathan |date=25 November 2012 |title=Foot access possible risk to penguins |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/foot-access-possible-risk-penguins |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] Online News}}</ref> == Amfani da nishaɗi == Allans Beach yana ganin baƙi kaɗan. Ana samun damar ta hanyar tafiya a fadin gonar daga ƙarshen Allans Beach Road . <ref name="surfseeker"/> Wannan waƙa tana ci gaba da tsawon rairayin bakin teku kuma ana amfani da ita don tafiya, tsere, da kuma lura da namun daji. Ƙananan tsawo na ƙasar ya sa ya dace da masu tafiya a kowane matakin ƙwarewa.<ref name="dcc"/><ref name="alltrails">{{Cite web |title=Allans Beach |url=https://www.alltrails.com/trail/new-zealand/otago/allans-beach |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=AllTrails}}</ref> Ana iya tafiya da karnuka a kan layi a ƙarshen yammacin rairayin bakin teku amma ba a yarda da su a ƙarshen gabas ba, don kare namun daji.<ref name="DOC"/> Ba a ba da izinin dawakai a kan Allans Beach saboda yankin yana da matukar damuwa ga muhalli.<ref name="nohorses">{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=31 May 2017 |title=Beach, reserve rules signed off |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dcc/beach-reserve-rules-signed |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] Online News}}</ref> Sauye-sauye masu yawa na iya sa Allans Beach ya zama haɗari ga masu iyo <ref name="DOC"/> kuma yana da ƙalubale ga [[Surfing|masu hawan igiyar ruwa]]. Akalla ana ba da shawarar matsakaicin matakin ƙwarewar hawan igiyar ruwa sai dai a kwanakin da suka fi kwanciyar hankali.<ref name="surfseeker"/> Saboda halin da ake ciki na Allans Beach, [[Naturism|masu son halitta]] sun fi son shi.<ref name="naturist2">{{Cite web |title=Naturist Beaches – Rest of South Island |url=https://www.freebeaches.org.nz/si_rest.htm |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=Free Beaches NZ Inc. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> New Zealand ba ta da rairayin bakin teku na tsirara, kamar yadda tsirara ta jama'a ta halatta a kowane rairayin kan teku inda "an san ta faru". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1m5j35roddfrcz402vd3f0i6pwwxtf1 0 109261 890884 682725 2026-08-03T09:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ayyukan rage yawan iskar ƙasa''' (NAMA) suna nufin wasu manufofi da ayyukan da ƙasashe ke yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewa don rage hayakin gas. Kalmar ta fahimci cewa kasashe daban-daban na iya ɗaukar matakai daban-daban masu dacewa na ƙasa bisa ga daidaito kuma bisa ga alhakin da aka saba da shi amma ya bambanta da kuma iyawa. Har ila yau, yana jaddada taimakon kuɗi daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu ci gaba don rage hayaki. An fara amfani da NAMA a cikin [[Taswirar Hanyar Bali|Shirin Ayyuka na Bali]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Taswirar Hanyar Bali]] da aka amince da ita a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Bali a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen da aka bayar bayan Taron Cancin Yanayi na Duniya a Copenhagen (COP 15) a watan Disambar shekara ta 2009. == Tarihin amfani da NAMA a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa == === Shirin Ayyuka na Bali (Disamba 2007) === [[Taswirar Hanyar Bali|Shirin Ayyuka na Bali]] yana kan manyan gine-gine guda huɗu: (i) Ragewa, (ii) [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Daidaitawa]], (iii) Fasaha, da (iv) Kudi, tare da NAMA wanda ya zama muhimmin bangare na ragewa. Shirin Ayyuka na Bali ya yi kira ga tattaunawa ta gaba don magance: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Bali Action Plan : Key Issues in the Climate Negotiations. Summary for Policymakers |url=http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/UNDP_BAP_Summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524223832/http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/UNDP_BAP_Summary.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-24 |access-date=2010-04-27 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> * ''Auna, mai ba da rahoto da kuma tabbatar da alkawuran ragewa na kasa ko ayyuka daga dukkan kasashe masu tasowa, da;'' * ''Ayyukan ragewa masu dacewa na ƙasa ta hanyar kasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ke tallafawa da haɓaka ta hanyar fasaha, kuɗi da haɓaka iyawa, a cikin hanyar da za a iya aunawa, mai ba da rahoto da kuma tabbatarwa.'' === Taron Yanayi na Copenhagen (Disamba 2009) === [[Taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen|Taron Yanayi na Copenhagen]] bai samar da yarjejeniyar duniya da aka tsara a cikin Taswirar Hanyar Bali ba. Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, duk da haka, ta riƙe manufar NAMA, amma a cikin ƙarancin ma'anar da ke amfani da ƙasashe marasa Ƙaddamarwa 1, kuma ba ta ƙayyade wane nau'in ya kamata su ɗauka ba: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Targets and Actions under the Copenhagen Accord |url=http://www.c2es.org/copenhagen-accord |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322233053/http://www.c2es.org/copenhagen-accord |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2012-02-09 |website=C2ES, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-30 |title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=UNFCCC International Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> : ''Kasashen da ba na Ƙaddamarwa I ba ga Yarjejeniyar za su aiwatar da ayyukan ragewa ... daidai da Mataki na 4.1 da Mataki ya 4.7 kuma a cikin mahallin ci gaba mai ɗorewa ... Kasashen da ke cikin Ƙaddamarwar I za su ba da bayani game da aiwatar da ayyukansu ta hanyar Sadarwar Kasa, tare da tanadi don shawarwari na kasa da bincike a ƙarƙashin jagororin da aka bayyana a fili wanda zai tabbatar da cewa an girmama ikon mallakar ƙasa. Za a yi rikodin '''Ayyukan ragewa na kasa''' da kasa da ke neman tallafin kasa da kasa a cikin rajista tare da fasaha mai dacewa, kudi da tallafin haɓaka iyawa. Wadannan ayyukan da aka goyi bayan za a kara su a cikin jerin a cikin shafi na II. Wadannan matakan ragewa da suka dace a kasa za su kasance ƙarƙashin ma'auni na kasa da kasa, rahoto da tabbatarwa daidai da jagororin da Taron Jam'iyyun suka karɓa.'' == Menene ma'anar Ayyukan Rarraba Daidaitawa na Kasa? == * Kasashe daban-daban, matakai daban-daban na kasa da suka dace bisa ga daidaito kuma bisa ga alhakin gama gari amma bambance-bambance da damar da suka dace * Kasashe masu tasowa za su aiwatar da matakin kasa yadda ya kamata dangane da ingantaccen aiwatar da alkawuran da kasashe masu tasoma suka samu wajen samar da albarkatun kudi da canja wurin fasaha. * Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci ga kasashe masu tasowa sune ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da kuma kawar da talauci.<ref name="oecd.org">{{Cite web |last=Bratasida |first=Liana |date=2008 |title=What is 'nationally appropriate mitigation action'? |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/40633672.pdf |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=[[OECD]]}}</ref> Indiya ta yi jayayya cewa NAMA na nufin ''ragewa da son rai'' ta kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke buƙatar tallafawa da haɓaka ta hanyar canja wurin fasaha daga ƙasashe masu tasgawar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India Submission to UNFCCC on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by developing countries |url=https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/india100209b.pdf |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=United Nations Climate Change}}</ref> Ta hanyar ma'anar, NAMAs za su bambanta da ƙasa. Indonesia, alal misali, na iya mai da hankali kan haɗa manufofin canjin yanayi tare da wasu fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki, kamar raguwar tallafin mai, rage talauci ta hanyar inganta madadin samun kudin shiga don rage katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma amfani da albarkatun sabuntawa na ƙasar, musamman geothermal.<ref name="oecd.org"/> == Aiwatar da NAMA == A cikin 2010, ba a aiwatar da NAMAs ba tukuna. Shirin Ayyuka (PoA) a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Ci Gaban Tsabtace ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magajin tsarin NAMA na gaba kuma ya riga ya fara aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutter |first=C |last2=Schibli |first2=R |date=2011 |title=If you want a Nama tomorrow, you need a POA today (March 2011) |url=https://www.southpolecarbon.com/_downloads/110300_Namas_TradingCarbon_SPcs-rs.pdf |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234340/https://www.southpolecarbon.com/_downloads/110300_Namas_TradingCarbon_SPcs-rs.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |website=Trading Carbon, Reuters, South Pole Carbon}}</ref> == Matsayi na gabatarwar NAMA == Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2012, kimanin kasashe 50 sun gabatar da bayanai game da NAMA ga UNFCCC. Cikakken abubuwan da suka gabatar sun bambanta sosai a kowace ƙasa, daga niyyar su kasance da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, bangarorin da aka yi niyya, takamaiman matakan da za a ɗauka, zuwa manufofi na rage hayaki na GHG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Harkingbade &#124; Learning Base - Code, Tech, Tutorials, & Startups |url=http://www.mmechanisms.org/e/namainfo/index.html |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216043318/http://www.mmechanisms.org/e/namainfo/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Jerin abubuwan da NAMA ta gabatar === * [http://www.nama-database.org/ Jerin abubuwan da NAMA ta gabatar] === NAMA don ganewa === * Yarjejeniyar Tsabtace samarwa, [[Chile]], 2012 . <ref name="NAMAlist">{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=NAMAS List |url=http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx |access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa da NAMA == Wasu sun soki NAMA kamar yadda yake janyewa daga farashi na carbon da kuma karfafa manyan shirye-shiryen tallafi da kasashe masu tasowa suka tallafawa kuma kasashe masu ci gaba suka aiwatar da su da son rai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoft |first=Steven |date=2009-10-23 |title=Beyond Kyoto: Flexible Carbon Pricing for Global Cooperation |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1502944 |journal=Global Energy Policy Center Research Paper |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |volume=09 |issue=5 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1502944 |s2cid=154331431 |ssrn=1502944 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == qy0900im4tzzx5yfrp0zda9hwlicy3i 0 109763 890788 799831 2026-08-02T21:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:FEMA_-_30685_-_Flood_high_water_mark_in_Missouri.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar da ke nuna alamun ruwa na ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], Amurka]] [[Fayil:Ringstead_bay_beach_east_end.jpg|right|thumb|GLayin da ke Ringstead Beach, Dorset, Burtaniya]] [[Fayil:Glacial_lake_missoula_high_water_mark_rock_4200_ft.jpg|right|thumb|Babban alamar tunawa da ruwa a Tafkin Missoula, [[Montana]], Amurka]] [[Fayil:Radford_High_Water_Mark_sign_Phillips_WX4SNO.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar alamar ruwa mai girma a Bisset Park, [[Virginia]], Amurka]] [[Fayil:FirenzeArno1547.jpg|right|thumb|Babban alamun ruwa na kogin Arno (Florence) ambaliyar ruwa a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1547 (hagu) da Nuwamba 3, 1844 (farantin ƙarfe a dama). An dauki hoton a Via delle Casine .]] Alamar ruwa mai girma ita ce ma'anar da ke wakiltar matsakaicin tashiwar ruwa a kan ƙasa. Irin wannan alamar sau da yawa sakamakon [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ne, amma alamun ruwa masu yawa na iya nuna babban lokaci, babban shekara-shekara (mafi girman matakin da ruwa ya tashi a wannan shekarar) ko babban batu ga wasu rabuwa na lokaci. Sanin '''alamar ruwa mai yawa''' ga wani yanki yana da amfani wajen sarrafa ci gaban wannan yanki, musamman wajen yin shirye-shiryen ambaliyar ruwa. An auna alamun ruwa mai yawa daga ambaliyar ruwa don dalilai na tsarawa tun aƙalla tun daga wayewar Masar ta dā. Al'ada ce ta kowa don ƙirƙirar alamar jiki da ke nuna ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin alamun ruwa mafi girma don yanki, yawanci tare da layi a matakin da ruwa ya tashi, da kuma bayanin ranar da aka saita wannan alamar ruwa mai girma. Wannan na iya zama alamar matakin ambaliyar ruwa mai zaman kanta ko wani alama, ko kuma ana iya sanya shi a cikin gini ko wani tsari wanda ke tsaye a lokacin ambaliyar da ta saita alamar. Alamar ruɓewa mai girma ba lallai ba ce ta zahiri, amma yana yiwuwa ruwan da ke tashi zuwa babban matsayi ya bar ra'ayi na jiki mai dorewa kamar ruwan ambaliyar ruwa. Alamar wuri mai faɗi da aka bari ta hanyar alamar ruwa mai ƙarfi na aikin ruwa na yau da kullun ana iya kiranta strandline kuma yawanci ya ƙunshi tarkace da aka bari da babban ruwa. Yankin da ke saman [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] inda aka ajiye tarkace misali ne na wannan abin da ya faru. Inda akwai raƙuman ruwa, wannan layin ya samo asali ne daga matsayi mafi girma na raƙuman ruwan, kuma yana motsawa sama da ƙasa a kan rairayin bakin teku a kan sake zagayowar mako biyu.<ref name="Durham">{{Cite web |title=Strandline |url=http://www.durhambiodiversity.org.uk/pdfs/habitats/Strandline.pdf |publisher=Durham Biodiversity Partnership |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2016-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117212013/http://www.durhambiodiversity.org.uk/pdfs/habitats/Strandline.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rushewar ta ƙunshi rufi na teku, amma kuma tana iya haɗawa da adadi mai yawa na datti, ko dai daga [[Jirgin Ruwa|jiragen ruwa]] a teku ko daga fitowar datti.<ref name="NCDC">{{Cite web |title=Strandlliines |url=http://www.ncdc.gov.uk/media/adobe/7/k/Strandline.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018204101/http://www.ncdc.gov.uk/media/adobe/7/k/Strandline.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-18 |publisher=[[North Cornwall District Council]]}}</ref> == Muhimmancin muhalli == Layin madaidaicin wuri ne mai mahimmanci ga [[Dabba|dabbobi]] iri-iri. A wasu sassan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], sandhoppers irin su ''Talitrus saltator'' da ƙuda ''Coelopa frigida na'' teku suna da yawa a cikin ruɓewar ciyawa, kuma waɗannan invertebrates suna ba da abinci ga tsuntsayen bakin teku kamar dutsen dutse, turnstone <ref name="NCDC"/> da pied wagtail, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gunnleyg Eldevig & Andrew Flack |title=Strand Line |url=http://www.theheritagecoast.co.uk/natural_world/ecology_of_portland_harbour/strand_line.htm |website=Ecology of Portland Harbour |publisher=[[The Heritage Coast]] |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2016-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311075748/http://theheritagecoast.co.uk/natural_world/ecology_of_portland_harbour/strand_line.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> da dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su kurege masu launin ruwan kasa, foxes, voles [[Bera|.]] <ref name="Durham"/> == Muhimmancin Shari'a == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamar ruwa shine alamar ruwa mai girma na yau da kullun ko '''matsakaicin alamar ruwa''' mai ƙarfi, alamar ruwa mai yawa wanda za'a iya sa ran za a samar da shi ta hanyar ruwa a yanayin da ba ambaliyar ruwa ba. '''Alamar ruwa mai girma ta yau da kullun''' na iya samun ma'anar doka kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don rarraba iyakoki dukiya. An kuma yi amfani da alamar ruwa mai girma don wasu iyakokin doka. Misali, wani bincike na 1651 na dokokin da Majalisar Ingila ta zartar ya lura cewa ga mutanen da aka ba da taken Admiral na Tekun Ingila, "ikon Admirals ya kai har ma da alamar ruwa mai girma, da kuma cikin manyan rafi". A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], alamar ruwa mai girma tana da mahimmanci saboda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ba Majalisa ikon yin doka don hanyoyin ruwa, kuma ana amfani da alamar ruwa mai zurfi don ƙayyade girman yankin wannan ikon. Dokokin Tarayya (33 CFR 328.3 (e)) sun bayyana "alama mai girma na ruwa" (OHWM) a matsayin "wannan layin a bakin teku wanda aka kafa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ruwa kuma ya nuna ta halaye na jiki kamar bayyane, layin halitta da aka burge a bankin, shelving, canje-canje a cikin halin ƙasa, lalacewar ciyayi na ƙasa, kasancewar datti da tarkace, ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dace waɗanda ke la'akari da halaye na yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/ |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)}}</ref> Don dalilan Sashe na 404 na Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, OHWM ta bayyana iyakokin gefen ikon tarayya a kan jikin ruwa marasa ruwa ba tare da wuraren da ke kusa da su ba. Don dalilan Sashe na 9 da 10 na Dokar Koguna da Harbors na 1899, OHWM ta bayyana iyakokin gefe na ikon tarayya akan ruwan gargajiya na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USACE 2005 OHWM Regulatory Guidance Letter |url=http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/civilworks/RGLS/rgl05-05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007110433/http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/civilworks/RGLS/rgl05-05.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-07 |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref> OHWM ana amfani da shi ta Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, da sauran hukumomin tarayya don tantance girman yanayin shirye-shiryen su. Hakazalika, jihohi da yawa suna amfani da irin wannan ma'anar OHWM don dalilan shirye-shiryen su. A cikin 2016, Kotun daukaka kara ta Indiana ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙasar da ke ƙasa da OHWM (kamar yadda doka ta gari ta bayyana) tare da Tafkin Michigan jihar ce ke riƙe da amincewa don amfani da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=''Gunderson v. State of Indiana, Indiana Department of Natural Resources'', Court of Appeals of Indiana, Opinion 46A03-1508-PL-1116, December 7, 2016 |url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/12071601msm.pdf |access-date=2 August 2025 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807230757/https://www.in.gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/12071601msm.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Koguna]] [[Rukuni:Tabkuna]] cxz5w5ncxpu4h0mfj6r8wd8a054akq8 0 109916 890805 869521 2026-08-03T01:35:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890805 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Allard Kenneth Lowenstein''' (Janairu 16, 1929 - Maris 14, 1980) ɗan siyasan Demokraɗiyya ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na gunduma na 5 na majalisa a gundumar Nassau, New York, na wa'adi ɗaya daga 1969 zuwa 1971. == Rayuwa ta farko da farkon aiki == An haifi Lowenstein a Newark, [[New Jersey]], ɗan baƙi Yahudawa na Lithuania Gabriel Lowenstein [Löwenstein] da Augusta Goldberg Lowenstein . Lowenstein yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Bert da Larry. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu daga ciwon nono lokacin da yake ƙarami, kuma mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name="Chafe1993" /> Lowenstein ya kammala karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da kuma Jami'ar [[North Carolina]] . A matsayinsa na dalibi, ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Kasa da kuma Ƙungiyar Dialectic Society . <ref name="Yale" /> Lowenstein ya sami J.D. daga Yale Law School a shekara ta 1954. <ref name="Yale" /> Bayan makarantar shari'a, Lowenstein ya yi aiki a Sojan Amurka daga 1954 zuwa 1956, sannan ya zama farfesa na kwaleji kuma mai gudanarwa, yana rike da mukamai a Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, da Kwalejin City na New York. == Yunkurin siyasa == === Ayyukan jama'a na farko === A shekara ta 1949 Lowenstein ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman a kan ma'aikatan Sanata Frank Porter Graham kuma ya kasance mataimakin manufofin kasashen waje a kan ma-aikatan Sanata Hubert H. Humphrey a shekara ta 1959. A cikin shekarun 1960 Lowenstein ya shafe lokaci a Mississippi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Freedom Summer, kuma an gabatar da wata hira da Lowenstein a cikin kashi na 5 na shirin Civil Rights Movement Eyes on the Prize . === Afirka ta Kudu da siyasar ƙasa === [[Fayil:AllardLowenstein.jpg|left|thumb|Allard Lowenstein a taron tara kudade na majalisa, 29 ga watan Agusta, 1976]] A cikin 1959, Lowenstein ya yi rangadin sirri a Afirka ta Kudu-Yamma, yanzu Namibiya. Yayin da yake can, ya tattara shaidu kan gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu da ke ƙarƙashin ikon (Afrika ta Kudu-maso-Yamma yanki ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). Bayan dawowarsa, ya shafe shekara guda yana tallata bincikensa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban sannan ya rubuta littafi mai suna A Brutal Mandate, tare da gabatarwar Eleanor Roosevelt, wanda ya yi aiki tare a 1957 a Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 1960 Lowenstein ya kasance wakili zuwa Babban Taron Kasa na Dimokuradiyya. In 1964, he attended the 1964 Republican National Convention{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2015}} with his close friend and Congressional colleague Donald Rumsfeld. A shekarar 1966 ya taimaka wa Sanata Robert F. Kennedy wajen rubuta shahararriyar jawabinsa na Ranar Tabbatarwa, wanda aka ba kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Cape Town. === Motsi na "Dump Johnson" da tseren shugaban kasa na 1968 === Tare da Curtis Gans a cikin 1967, kuma daga baya waccan faɗuwar ta haɗu da Midge Miller na [[Wisconsin]], Lowenstein ya fara motsi na "Dump Johnson", yana fuskantar Sanatoci Robert F. Kennedy da kuma, a shawarar Kennedy, George McGovern game da ƙalubalantar Shugaba Johnson a cikin 1968 Democratic Primaries. Lokacin da Kennedy da McGovern duka suka ƙi, Lowenstein, wakilin National Democratic Convention, ya dauki aiki kuma ya yi aiki ga Eugene McCarthy, wanda takararsa ya kasance mai aminci, ko da bayan marigayi Kennedy ya shiga tseren (kafin Johnson ya rusuna). Ficewar Johnson daga tsarin nadin shugaban kasa an danganta shi da tasirin motsin "Dump Johnson", wanda ya ƙare a tarihin tarihin McCarthy mai ƙarfi ya nuna a kan Johnson a cikin firamare na New Hampshire. === Zaɓin Majalisa === An zabi Lowenstein a Majalisa a Long An zabe Lowenstein a Majalisa a Long Island, New York, a cikin 1968 amma ya sha kaye a gundumar da aka gyara a 1970 da Sanata Norman F. Lent na jihar New York da kuri'u 9,300, da kyau gerrymandered daga ofishin da 'yan Republican-sarrafawa jihar 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda ya ƙayyade gundumomi ta iyakoki. An cire yankin Gundumomi biyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Long Island daga gundumar, kuma Massapequa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kara da cewa. Lowenstein ya sami kashi 46% na kuri'un da aka kada a sabuwar gundumar. === Jagorancin ADA, motsi na "Dump Nixon" da Nixon Enemies List === An kalli zaben 1970 a duk fadin kasar a matsayin raba gardama kan yadda Shugaba Richard Nixon ya gudanar da yakin Vietnam. A shekara ta 1971, Lowenstein ya zama shugaban Amurkawa don Ayyukan Dimokuradiyya kuma ya jagoranci motsi na "Dump Nixon", inda ya sami lambar 7 a jerin abokan gaba na Nixon. === Kamfen don Majalisa === A cikin 1972, Lowenstein ya yi takara a Majalisa a Brooklyn bai yi nasara ba a kan dan majalisa John J. Rooney, dan Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda jam'iyyar "na'ura" ta goyi bayan jam'iyyar Democrat. Bayan da aka kalubalanci nasarar da Rooney ya samu, aka kuma tuna zaben saboda zarge-zargen magudi, da kyar Rooney ya lashe zaben fidda gwanin da aka sake gudanarwa, amma Lowenstein ya ci gaba da fafatawa a jam'iyyar Liberal Party, inda ya kammala da kashi 28% na kuri'un da aka kada. Bayan neman takarar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a shekara ta 1974, Lowenstein bai yi nasara ba ya kalubalanci dan majalisar Republican mai ci John Wydler a gundumar Republican mafi rinjaye a Long Island a 1974 da 1976, yana samun goyon baya da goyon baya daga wasu 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley, Jr. === Kisan Robert F. Kennedy ===   Lowenstein ya kasance daya daga cikin jiga-jigan jama'a na farko da suka nuna shakku kan asusun hukuma na ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1968, kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sanata Robert F. Kennedy. Lowenstein ya yi fitowa na sa'o'i daya a shirin gidan talabijin na PBS na Firing Line a shekarar 1975, inda William F. Buckley Jr. ya yi hira da shi, inda ya bayyana cewa bai yarda cewa Sirhan Sirhan shi kadai ya harbe Kennedy ba. === Naɗin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kamfen na ƙarshe na Majalisa === [[Jimmy Carter|Shugaba Carter]] ya nada Lowenstein a matsayin Wakilin Amurka a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta haka ne shugaban tawagar Amurka zuwa zaman shekara-shekara na talatin da uku na Hukumar Kare Hakki ta Majalisar Dattijai a Geneva, Switzerland, a shekarar 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOWENSTEIN, Allard Kenneth - Biographical Information |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000477 |access-date=2010-11-20 |publisher=Bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> Lowenstein ya yi aiki tare da matsayin jakada daga watan Agusta 1977 zuwa Yuni 1978 a matsayin mataimakin wakilin Amurka na harkokin siyasa na musamman a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 1978 ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin takarar Majalisar Wakilai a Manhattan's "Silk Stocking District", da kyar ya yi rashin nasara a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a hannun Carter Burden, wanda kuma ya sha kaye a babban zaben da dan Republican S. William Green. == Haɗin kai tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya == Lowenstein babban aminin mai sharhi ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley, Jr., wanda ya fito da Lowenstein akan shirye-shiryen Layin Firing da yawa, ya amince da takararsa na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a bainar jama'a, kuma ya gabatar da jinjina a wurin jana'izarsa. An ba da rahoton cewa Lowenstein shine "babban abokin Republican Donald Rumsfeld a Majalisa" a lokacin mulkin Lowenstein, su biyun sun zama abokai nagari yayin da suke aiki a matsayin mataimakan Majalisa a ƙarshen 1950s. Duk da bambance-bambancen jam'iyyarsu da akida, Rumsfeld ya shiga Lowenstein a kan dandalin nasara kan zaben Lowenstein na Majalisa a 1968. A cikin 1970, Rumsfeld ya kare Lowenstein a bainar jama'a game da hare-haren abokin hamayyarsa na Republican, kawai don yin watsi da amincewa da abokin hamayya, Norman Lent, karkashin matsin lamba daga kungiyar Republican House ta Nassau County (Long Island). Juyawar jama'a ta Rumsfeld ta ba da gudummawa ga sake zaɓen Lowenstein da ƙarshen abotarsu. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Lowenstein na Congress daga Long Island a kan ɗan Republican John Wydler a cikin gundumar Republican sun sami taimako sosai daga ƙwazo, goyon bayan jama'a daga 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa. == Mutuwa == [[Fayil:ANCExplorer_Allard_K._Lowenstein_grave.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Lowenstein a Kabari na Arlington]] A farkon shekarun 1960, ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin shugaban Stern Hall, sannan dakin kwanan maza a Jami'ar Stanford, a lokacin ya sadu da abokantaka da daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri ciki har da David Harris da Dennis Sweeney. A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1980, Sweeney ya harbe Lowenstein a ofishinsa na Manhattan, wanda ke da tabin hankali kuma ya yi imanin cewa Lowenstein na kulla masa makirci. Sai Sweeney cikin nutsuwa ya jira isowar 'yan sanda. An sami Sweeney ba shi da laifi saboda An sami Sweeney ba shi da laifi ta dalilin hauka kuma ya himmatu ga cikakken maganin tabin hankali don schizophrenia. A cikin 2000, wani alkali ya gano cewa Sweeney baya zama haɗari ga al'umma kuma ya ba shi damar sake shi. == Iyali da rayuwar mutum == Lowenstein ya auri Jennifer Lowenstein (née Lyman, yanzu Littlefield) daga 1966 zuwa 1977, lokacin da suka rabu, kuma su biyun suna da 'ya'ya uku: Frank Graham, Thomas Kennedy, da Katharine Eleanor. Yayinda yake soyayya da mata kuma daga baya ya auri daya, babban marubucin tarihin Lowenstein ya tabbatar da cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne, ya lura cewa zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya zama mai aiki a cikin abubuwan kare hakkin ɗan luwaɗi kuma ya yi hasashen cewa yana gab da mayar da hankali kan wannan batun kuma ya fito, lokacin da aka kashe shi. Abokai da abokan hulɗa da yawa da aka yi hira da su ta hanyar aikin tarihin baki sun tabbatar da luwadi na Lowenstein.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010 |title=Columbia University Libraries: Oral Histories Portal: Collection Overview |url=https://oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu/document.php?id=ldpd_4075342 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katharine Lowenstein lauya ce mai kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma mai ba da shawara kan shari'ar yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Death Penalty: A Conversation with Family Members of Murder Victims |url=http://thetipsheet.typepad.com/the_tip_sheet/2015/05/beyond-the-death-penalty-a-conversation-with-family-members-of-murder-victims.html |access-date=2018-03-31 |website=The Tip Sheet |archive-date=2018-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331175113/http://thetipsheet.typepad.com/the_tip_sheet/2015/05/beyond-the-death-penalty-a-conversation-with-family-members-of-murder-victims.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas Lowenstein ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar aikin jarida na [[New Orleans]], kuma ya yi aiki tare da aikin New Orleans Innocence Project . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lowenstein, Thomas |url=http://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/lowenstein--thomas-contributor-354776.php |access-date=2018-03-31 |website=www.chicagoreviewpress.com}}.</ref> Shi ne marubucin "The Trials of Walter Ogrod. " Frank Lowenstein shi ne Jakadan Amurka na Musamman don Tattaunawar Isra'ila da Palasdinawa kuma Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka a lokacin shugabancin [[Barack Obama]] . == Daraja da abubuwan tunawa == [[Jami'ar Hofstra]] ta kafa Allard K. Lowenstein Civil Rights Scholarship a cikin 2007. Yale Law School kuma tana da shirye-shirye da yawa da ake kira don girmama Lowenstein. An kafa [http://www.yale.edu/lowenstein Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618195243/http://www.yale.edu/lowenstein/ |date=2007-06-18 }} a cikin 1981 jim kadan bayan mutuwar Lowenstein don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma samar da ɗaliban lauya da abin hawa don ci gaba da aikinsa. Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lowenstein, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Authentication Service &#124; Yale University |url=https://secure.its.yale.edu/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.yale.edu%2Fcas%3Fdestination%3Dnode%2F349 |website=secure.its.yale.edu}}</ref> wani sakamako ne na aikin, wani darasi ne na asibiti wanda daliban shari'a ke shiga cikin bincike na shari'a da bayar da shawarwari da ayyukan rubuce-rubuce don karatun ilimi. Ana gudanar da takaddun Lowenstein azaman tarin na musamman na Laburaren Jama'a na Long Beach kuma suna ba da abubuwa da yawa dangane da ayyukansa da lokutansa. Long Beach, New York Public Library shima ana kiransa bayan Lowenstein (tun shekarun 1980). A cikin 1980, Lowenstein ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi Girman Sabis na Jama'a don Amfani da Marasa galihu, kyautar da Jefferson Awards ke bayarwa kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Winners &#124; public service awards &#124; Jefferson Awards.org |url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |archive-date=2010-11-24 |access-date=2013-08-05}}</ref> A cikin 1980 mawaƙi / marubucin waƙa Harry Chapin, aboki na Lowenstein, ya rubuta waƙarsa "Ka tuna lokacin da kiɗa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Harry Chapin Archive at HarryChapin.com |url=http://harrychapin.com/music/remember.shtml |access-date=2018-03-31 |website=harrychapin.com}}</ref> bayan ya ji labarin mutuwar Lowenstein. A cikin kundin live dinsa mai suna The Bottom Line Encore Collection, Chapin ya keɓe waƙar ga Lowenstein da John Lennon, wanda shi ma ya mutu a 1980. Wani yanki da ke kusa da hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York mai suna Allard K. Lowenstein Square. A shekara ta 1983, fim din Citizen: The Political Life of Allard K. Lowenstein ya fito ne daga Brogan De Paor, Mike Farrell da Julie Thompson kuma Thompson ne ya ba da umarni. An watsa shi a gidan talabijin na PBS a shekarar 1984.<ref name="The Filmmakers: Julie M. Thompson" /> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Brent Spiner ne ya nuna Lowenstein a cikin miniseries na talabijin na 1984 Robert Kennedy da His Times, bisa littafin Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin 'yan siyasar Amurka da aka kashe == Bayani == == Bayanan da aka ambata == * == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * [[JSTOR]].org/site/struggles-for-freedom/southern-africa/lowenstein-collection/" id="mwAoo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tarin Lowenstein a JSTOR * Takardun Allard K. Lowenstein a Jami'ar North CarolinaJami'ar Arewacin Carolina * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?54179-1/never-stop-running-allard-lowenstein Tattaunawar littafin tare da William Chafe a kan Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein da Gwagwarmayar Ceton 'Yancin Amurka, Janairu 30, 1994] {{S-start}} {{S-par|us-hs}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from New York|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[New York's 5th congressional district]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0b62zts8lxz7oazzr363kf2pgpgy0zj 0 110229 890645 872325 2026-08-02T13:09:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana magance haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin takardu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Musamman, manyan dokoki guda biyu da ke kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sune Dokar ''''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand''' ta 1993 da Dokar' Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. <ref> name="HRC about">{{Cite web |title=What are human rights? |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402235217/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=The Human Rights Commission}}</ref> Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da yawa. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ba da izinin duniya ga mazajen Māori sama da 21 a 1867, kuma an faɗaɗa shi ga mazajen Turai a 1879. <ref name=":1"> name="Māori and the Vote">{{Cite web |title=Māori and the Vote |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/study/education-centre/history/maori-vote.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208154827/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/education-centre/history/maori-vote.html |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Elections.org.nz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1893, New Zealand ita ce kasa ta farko da ta ba da izinin zaɓe na duniya;<ref name="Byrnes, A, Connors, JF & L Bik 1997 192">{{cite book|last1=Byrnes|first1=A|last2=Connors|first2=JF|first3=L|last3=Bik|title=Advancing the Human Rights of Women: Using International Human Rights Standards in Domestic Litigation|year=1997|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|isbn=9780850925159|page=192}}</ref> duk da haka, mata ba su cancanci tsayawa a majalisa ba har zuwa 1919. Wani fasalin tsarin zaɓe na New Zealand shine wani nau'i na wakilci na musamman ga Māori a majalisa. Da farko an yi la'akari da mafita ta wucin gadi a kan halittarta a 1867, wannan tsarin daban ya tsira daga muhawara game da dacewa da tasiri. Masu sukar sun bayyana wakilci na musamman a matsayin nau'in wariyar launin fata.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1992, lokacin da Royal Commission on the Electoral System ya ba da shawarar soke tsarin daban, wakilci mai karfi daga kungiyoyin Māori ya haifar da tsira.<ref> name="NZ History online">{{Cite web |last=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |title=Change in the 20th century – Maori and the vote |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/twentieth-century |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422054923/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/twentieth-century |archive-date=22 April 2008 |access-date=14 April 2008 |publisher=NZ History online}}</ref> An tattauna haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref> name="Human Rights Commission">{{Cite web |title=NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090810/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2008 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.<ref> name="Wong">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Gilbert |title=NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124201953/http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa == [[Fayil:Helen_Clark_and_John_Key-3,_UNDP.jpg|thumb|John Key da Helen Clark a hedikwatar UNDP.]] A shekara ta 2009 New Zealand tana neman matsayi a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . An janye tayin a watan Maris na wannan shekarar don ba da damar kyakkyawar hanya ga Amurka don lashe kujerar, bayan Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya sauya matsayin kasarsa na baya cewa majalisar ta rasa amincinta. Sa'an nan Ministan Harkokin Waje na New Zealand Murray McCully ya bayyana cewa "Mun yi imanin cewa membobin Amurka na majalisa za su ƙarfafa shi kuma su sa ya zama mafi tasiri... Ta kowane ma'auni, membobin majalisa ta Amurka sun fi haifar da canje-canje masu kyau da sauri fiye da yadda za mu iya sa ran cimma su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahil Nagpal |first=DPA |title=New Zealand drops Human Rights Council bid, steps aside for US |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/262420,new-zealand-drops-human-rights-council-bid-steps-aside-for-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824205520/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/262420,new-zealand-drops-human-rights-council-bid-steps-aside-for-us.html |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |publisher=Top News}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Geneva|Geneva, Switzerland]].<ref> name="Human Rights Commission">{{Cite web |title=NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090810/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2008 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.<ref> name="Wong">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Gilbert |title=NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124201953/http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Yarjejeniya !An sanya hannu !An tabbatar da shi |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata |25 ga Oktoba 1966 |22 ga Nuwamba 1972 |- |Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa |12 ga Nuwamba 1968 |28 Disamba 1978 |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata |17 ga Yuli 1980 |10 Janairu 1985 |- |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] |1 ga Oktoba 1990 |6 ga Afrilu 1993 |- |Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa da sauran mummunan hali ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa |14 Janairu 1986 |10 Disamba 1989 |- |[[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] |12 ga Nuwamba 1968 |28 Disamba 1978 |- |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] |30 Maris 2007 |25 Satumba 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=https://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector-policy/constitutional-issues-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights/crpd/ |website=www.justice.govt.nz}}</ref> |} == Tsarin shari'a == Tsarin shari'a yana ɗaukar tsarin [[Sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] na dimokuradiyya na wakilai. Ba tare da kundin Tsarin mulki guda ɗaya ba, an aiwatar da takardun [[Tsarin majalisa|majalisa]] daban-daban kamar Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1986, Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Masarauta ta 1988, Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1990 da Dokar 'Yanci ta Dan Adam ta 1993 don rufe irin waɗannan yankuna. Hakkin dan adam a New Zealand ba a taɓa kare shi da wani takarda ko doka na tsarin mulki ba, kuma babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin tilasta shi. Saboda wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand ba su da tushe kuma suna cikin dokar al'ada, Majalisar na iya yin watsi da su idan ta zaɓi. [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (New Zealand)|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] ta gano wannan tsari na kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin yankin da ke buƙatar aiki don gano damar da za a ba da babbar tasiri ga kariya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref name="Human Rights Review 2010">{{citation|title=Human Rights in New Zealand 2010|publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> === Rahotanni na Sashe na 7 === Sashe na 7 na Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci yana buƙatar Babban Lauyan ya jawo hankalin Majalisar game da gabatar da duk wani Dokar da ba ta dace da Dokar ba. Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wacce ke shirya wannan shawara ga Babban Lauyan, tana buƙatar akalla makonni biyu don sake duba dokar. Ga jerin takardun kudi da Babban Lauyan ya ruwaito kamar yadda ba su dace da Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ba 1990. === Ra'ayoyi daban-daban === Rahoton 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa, "doka ta samar da shari'a mai zaman kanta, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama 'yancin shari'a a aikace".[t]<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an nuna damuwa cewa New Zealand ba ta yin aiki sosai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda ta kasance. Wani binciken da aka fitar a shekarar 2015, Fault Lines: Human Rights in New Zealand ya ce [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|dokar kare hakkin dan adam]] ta New Zealand - Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar 'YanYancin Dan adam - "sun kasance matsala kuma ba su hana wucewar wasu dokoki ba, wanda ke keta haƙƙin".<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11426982 New Zealand's human rights performance slipping], New Zealand Herald, 2 April 2015</ref> == 'Yancin Jama'a == === 'Yanci na magana === Hakkin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba a kare shi a bayyane ta hanyar doka ta kowa a New Zealand ba amma an haɗa shi da koyarwa da yawa da nufin kare' yancin magana.<ref>Andrew Butler and [[Petra Butler]] The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act: a commentary (LexisNexis NZ Ltd, Wellington, 2005) at 305</ref> Jarida mai zaman kanta, ingantaccen shari'a, da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya suna haɗuwa don tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41654.htm}}</ref> Musamman, an adana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a sashi na 14 na Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 (BORA) wanda ya bayyana cewa:<blockquote>"Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da' yancin neman, karɓa, da kuma ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi na kowane nau'i a kowane nau'in".</blockquote>Wannan tanadin ya nuna cikakkun bayanai a cikin Mataki na 19 na ICCPR. Kotunan New Zealand sun jaddada muhimmancin wannan haƙƙin da muhimmancinsa ga dimokuradiyya. An bayyana shi a matsayin hakki na farko wanda ba tare da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba. Dama ba kawai shine tushe na dimokuradiyya ba; yana kuma tabbatar da cikawa da kansa ga membobinta ta hanyar inganta ilimi da bayyana gaskiya.<ref>R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 at p125</ref> Saboda haka, an ba da cikakken fassarar haƙƙin. Kotun daukaka kara ta ce sashi na 14 "yana da faɗi kamar tunanin ɗan adam da tunanin mutum".<ref>Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [2000] 2 NZLR 9 para 15</ref> 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki ya ƙunshi' yancin magana, 'yancin yada labarai, watsawa da karɓar ra'ayoyi da bayanai,' yancin faɗar magana a cikin fasaha, da haƙƙin yin shiru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Human Rights – Human Rights Commission |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329054301/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression01.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2011-09-11 |website=www.hrc.co.nz}}</ref> Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya kai ga haƙƙin neman damar yin amfani da bayanan hukuma. An bayar da wannan a cikin Dokar Bayanai ta hukuma ta 1982. ==== Iyakoki ==== Akwai iyakoki a kan wannan haƙƙin, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin BORA.<blockquote>Ba zai kasance a cikin amfanin al'umma don ba da damar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya zama lasisi ba tare da la'akari da yin watsi da ko rage wasu hakkoki da' yanci ba.<ref>Tipping J in Hosking v Runting [2005] 1 NZLR 1</ref></blockquote> * girmama hakkoki da sunayen wasu; da * kare tsaron kasa, tsarin jama'a, ko lafiyar jama'a da ɗabi'a. An haramta maganganun ƙiyayya a New Zealand a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 61 da 131. Wadannan sassan suna ba da tasiri ga labarin 20 na ICCPR. Wadannan sassan da wadanda suka riga su ba a yi amfani da su ba.<ref name="hrc.co.nz">{{Cite web |title=Hate expression |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression02.html#hat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123832/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression02.html#hat |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref> Suna buƙatar yardar Babban Lauyan don gurfanar da su. Karfafawa ga rashin jituwa tsakanin launin fata ya kasance laifi ne tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Dangantaka ta Kasa ta 1971. Gunaguni game da rashin jituwa na launin fata sau da yawa ya shafi maganganun da aka yi a fili game da dangantakar Māori-Pākehā da shige da fice, da kuma maganganun 'yan siyasa ko wasu jama'a game da al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="hrc.co.nz" /> Rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] a baya ya kasance laifi ne a New Zealand a karkashin Dokar Laifuka ta 1961 amma tun daga lokacin an soke shi a karkashin [http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2019/0004/latest/LMS22750.html Dokar Kwaskwarimar Laifuka ta 2019]. ==== 'Yanci na kafofin watsa labarai ==== An kuma amince da 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin muhimmiyar ka'idar dimokuradiyya. New Zealand ta kasance a matsayi na takwas a kan Press Freedom Index 2010 kuma akwai karfi na shari'a, jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai inda aka keta wannan haƙƙin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in New Zealand |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/hrc_new/hrc/cms/files/documents/Human_Rights_Review_2010_Full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707184724/http://www.hrc.co.nz/hrc_new/hrc/cms/files/documents/Human_Rights_Review_2010_Full.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref> Sashe na 68 na Dokar Shaida ta 2006 ya ba da ƙwarewar dama ga 'yan jarida waɗanda ke son kare asalin tushen su. Kotun daukaka kara ta kuma sanya jagororin ga 'yan sanda yayin binciken wuraren kafofin watsa labarai don dalilai na tilasta bin doka, don su kasance masu kariya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"Dokar New Zealand dole ne ta amince da cewa a lokuta inda fara aikata laifuka mai yiwuwa Kotun tana da ikon da za ta hana haɗarin raina Kotun ta hanyar ba da umarni. Amma ba za a tsoma baki da 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ba kuma dole ne a nuna cewa akwai ainihin yiwuwar buga kayan da za su nuna bambanci da adalci na shari'ar".</blockquote> === Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau === An bayyana shari'ar adalci a New Zealand a matsayin " sauraron kotu wanda ke da tsari kawai ga bangarorin biyu"; duk yana kunshe da kowane ɗan ƙasa a New Zealand, kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin tsarin adalci. Yankin da wannan haƙƙin farar hula da na laifi ya fi tasiri a cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka, duk da haka har yanzu yana da tasiri sosai a wasu fannoni na dokar New Zealand, kamar dokar gudanarwa (saboda amfani da Dokar Shari'a). Wannan muhimmin dama ya kasance a aikace tun daga farkon New Zealand saboda ci gaba da Dokar Ingilishi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa cikin shekaru tare da al'ummar duniya. ==== Magna Carta ==== Ana ganin Magna Carta (1215) a matsayin daya daga cikin kayan aikin da suka gabata don bayyana a sarari haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau ga dukan 'yanci. Ya dace da dokar New Zealand saboda an jera shi a cikin Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Imperial na 1988, wanda ke ba da damar wasu Dokokin Ingilishi su zama doka. Muhimmin sashi shine Sashe na 39: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasures in full: Magna Carta |url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation/mc_trans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922140335/http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation/mc_trans.html |archive-date=22 September 2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> An gano cewa ya shirya hanyar shari'a ta juriya, daidaito a gaban doka, habeas corpus da kuma haramtacciyar ɗaurin kurkuku; duk haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin inuwa na haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fair Trial from a UK perspective |url=http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/fundamental_rights/500299.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506080727/http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/fundamental_rights/500299.html |archive-date=2014-05-06 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> ==== Dokar Shari'a ==== Dokar doka, da aka samu a cikin kowace al'umma ta dimokuradiyya ciki har da New Zealand, ita ce ainihin ikon da doka ke da shi a kan kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ba. An bayyana shi a matsayin rukunan da ke riƙe da doka sama da dukkan 'yan ƙasa daidai, har ma da jami'an gwamnati suna da alhakin kotunan shari'a na yau da kullun. ==== Alkawari na kasa da kasa da New Zealand ta amince da su ==== Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ita ce babbar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da damar yin shari'a mai kyau. Mataki na 14 (1) ya ce:<blockquote>"Dukan mutane za su kasance daidai a gaban kotuna da kotuna. A cikin ƙaddamar da duk wani laifi da ake tuhuma a kansa, ko kuma hakkokinsa da wajibai a cikin karar doka, kowa zai sami damar sauraron adalci da jama'a ta hanyar kotun da ta dace, mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai da doka ta kafa. 'Yan jarida da jama'ana za a cire su daga duk ko wani ɓangare na shari'a saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, tsarin jama'a ko tsaron kasa a cikin al'umma na dimokuradiyya, ko kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ya zama abin da shi, ko kuma idan shari'a na masu zaman kansu na shari'ar jama'a za su saukaka kara ya zama dole a cikin shari'a ta kasance a cikin shari-harin shari'a a cikin shari"</blockquote>New Zealand ta kuma yi alkawarin tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) da kuma tallafawa kokarin Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR), kuma ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Te Kahui Tangata) don tabbatar da wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights – New Zealand and the United Nations – NZHistory, New Zealand history online |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |website=www.nzhistory.net.nz}}</ref> ===== Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 ===== An yi tunanin cewa New Zealand ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Kai don cika wajibai ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR), a matsayin jam'iyya ta jihar, sashi na 25 na wannan Dokar yana da mahimmanci ya sake maimaita Mataki na 14 na ICCPR.<blockquote>"Sashe na 25 Mafi ƙarancin Hanyar Laifi Kowane wanda ake tuhuma da laifi yana da, dangane da ƙaddamar da tuhumar, mafi ƙarancin haƙƙoƙi masu zuwa: (a) haƙƙin yin sauraro da sauraro na jama'a ta hanyar kotu mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai: (b) haƙƙin da za a yi a yi masa shari'a ba tare da jinkiri ba: (c) haƙƙin zama marar laifi har sai an tilasta masa zama shaida ko ya zama mai laifi a kan shari'a: (a da aka yanke hukunci) don samun hukunci mai girma: haƙƙin da aka yankewa ga shari'a don samun hukunci: haƙƙin neman hukunci na shari'a ga shari'ar da aka yanke masa hukunci:</blockquote> ===== Dokar Shari'a ta 2011 ===== Kodayake Dokar Shari'a ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 01 July 2018), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2011/0081/latest/DLM3359962.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> da farko ba ta tsara haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ba, duk da haka ana iya ganin cewa haƙƙin shariʼa mai adalci shine babban dalilin da ke bayan wasu ayyuka. Tebur mai zuwa ya lissafa wasu sassan, inda haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau yana da mahimmanci ga kotuna suyi la'akari. {| class="wikitable" !Sashe !Abinda ke ciki !Haɗin zuwa Shari'a Mai Kyau |- |s18 |Kotun ta ba da umarnin ƙarin bayani. |Dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa ya zama dole don shari'a mai adalci. |- |s197 |Ikon share kotun. |Don a wanke kotun dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa akwai "gaskiya hadarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s200 |Cire asalin wanda ake tuhuma. |Don hana asalin wanda ake tuhuma ya faru, dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa wallafa sunan zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s202 |Cire asalin duk wani shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma mutanen da ke da alaƙa. |Kotun na iya yin hakan ne kawai idan kotun ta gamsu cewa wallafa ainihin asalin zai iya "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s205 |Cire shaidu da gabatarwar. |Cirewa na iya faruwa ne kawai lokacin da kotun ta gamsu cewa littafin zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'a mai adalci". |- |s232 |Daukaka kara |Dole ne a karɓi roko lokacin da aka yi wani rashin adalci, wanda zai iya haɗawa da sakamakon da ake gani a matsayin shari'ar rashin adalci. |} ==== Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau da kafofin watsa labarai ==== Baya ga iyakokin sashe na 4, 5 da 6 na Dokar 'Yancin, da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand "marasa rubuce-rubuce", wasu hakkoki na iya hana haƙƙin zuwa shari'a mai adalci inda haƙƙin ɗaya zai iya mamaye wani. Misali mafi kyau shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yancin magana da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki biyu koyaushe suna rikici, saboda yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. A New Zealand, akwai mai da hankali kan gano daidaituwa tsakanin bambancin hakkoki; kotuna suna mai da hankali ga daidaituwa tsakanin haƙƙin mutum ɗaya da na wani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crown Law Office "Contempt and the Media: Constitutional Safeguard or State Censorship" (1 January 1998) |url=http://www.crownlaw.govt.nz/uploads/Contempt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802065239/http://www.crownlaw.govt.nz/uploads/Contempt.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-02 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> Kodayake babu wani abu da ke bayyana matsayi na haƙƙoƙi, kotun a zahiri tana da ikon iyakance haƙƙin ɗaya don tabbatar da wani. A New Zealand akwai cikakken fahimtar muhimmancin 'yancin magana. Koyaya, an gan shi a lokuta da yawa, kotun ta tabbatar da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau game da 'yancin magana ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. An ce a yayin rikici, idan duk sauran abubuwa sun yi daidai tsakanin hakkoki biyu, haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ya kamata ya ci nasara. Koyaya an yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙuri mafi girma ga 'yancin magana lokacin da batun ya haɗa da wani abu na "sha'awar jama'a mai yawa". Gabaɗaya, 'yancin' yan jarida da na magana ba haƙƙin da za a tsoma baki ba ne, kuma lokacin da tsangwama ta faru dole ne a gan shi a matsayin iyakancewa mai kyau, amma kuma, idan bugawa ta faru game da shari'ar, nuna bambanci mai tsanani zai taso. === 'Yanci na addini === An tattauna 'yancin addini musamman a cikin Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990, kuma gwamnati ta girmama wannan a aikace.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> === 'Yancin siyasa === New Zealand dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisa, kuma saboda haka tana samun haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da irin wannan tsarin. Hakkin dimokuradiyya ya haɗa da haƙƙin zaɓe, haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa su shiga (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) a cikin gwamnati, da haƙƙin samun daidaito ga hidimar jama'a. Akwai aikin da ke tattare da shi na zama ɗan ƙasa mai alhakin, ko kuma kasancewa a shirye ya taka rawar mutum a cikin al'amuran jama'a da kuma mutunta haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu. Wadannan hakkoki suna ba da damar shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a da siyasa idan aka yi la'akari da su tare.<ref name="HRC report human rights today">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission of New Zealand 'Human Rights in New Zealand today' |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter06/democratic01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108080905/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter06/democratic01.html |archive-date=2012-01-08 |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref> ==== Tsarin Mulki ==== Hakkin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya ana nufin za a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New Zealand. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da yawa da suka hada da kundin tsarin mulki shine Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. Wannan dokar ita ce bangare na farko na kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand don komawa musamman ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) tare da haƙƙin da ke ciki. Tare da Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1993, waɗannan dokoki guda biyu sun zama tushen kariya ga Kare Hakkin dan Adam a New Zealand. Ba a haɗa su kai tsaye cikin tsarin shari'a ba, duk da haka yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin ICCPR an sake su a cikin Dokar 'Yancin 1990. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙin zaɓe a ƙarƙashin sashi na 12, da kuma 'yancin tarayya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as at 01 July 2013), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM224792.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 ta kuma shafi rashin nuna bambanci bisa ga ra'ayi na siyasa a karkashin sashi na 21.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304475.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> An nuna damuwa cewa saboda yanayin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand, da rashin cikakken haɗin kai cikin tsarin shari'a, ba a kare haƙƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin ICCPR ba.[1] Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci ta 1990 ba doka ce mai ƙarfi ba, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya soke shi ta hanyar rinjaye mai sauƙi a cikin majalisa. Abinda ya saba da wannan damuwa shi ne cewa haƙƙoƙi suna cikin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand ba tare da la'akari ba; duk da haka gano su ne ɓangaren da ke da wahala. ==== 'Yancin Zabe ==== Hakkin zabe sun hada da 'yancin jefa kuri'a a cikin' yan majalisa, da kuma' yancin yin takara a majalisar wakilai. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar kuri'a ta sirri, kuma akwai 'yancin jefa kuri'a na duniya, tare da' yancin jefa kuriʼa da aka ba maza da mata masu shekaru 18 da sama waɗanda suke' yan ƙasar New Zealand ko mazauna dindindin. 'Yancin haɗuwa yana bawa mutane damar haɗuwa da wasu mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyanawa, ingantawa, bi da kuma kare bukatun kowa gaba ɗaya. Dokar Zabe ta 1993 ma tana da mahimmanci saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takardun' 'kundin Tsarin Mulki' da ke ƙunshe da tanadi Wadannan suna kula da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da girman masu jefa kuri'u waɗanda ke wakiltar 'mutane'. A cikin mahallin New Zealand, tabbatar da tanadi yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don kare haƙƙoƙi, saboda babu yiwuwar cikakken kariya saboda koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar. Koyaya tanadi na karfafawa zai bayyana don nuna niyyar kare haƙƙoƙi. Sashe na 6 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ya ba da fassarar shari'a don tallafawa bukatun kare haƙƙin, wanda ke bawa alƙalai damar fassara game da tanadi a wasu dokoki waɗanda zasu iya bayyana don hana haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan da kansa yana da adawa, tare da muhawara cewa ba da damar irin wannan tanadi ya wanzu yana lalata koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar Dokoki kuma yana shafar haƙƙin siyasa na 'yan ƙasa yayin da ya ba da damar alƙalai marasa zaɓaɓɓu da waɗanda ba su wakilci ba su fassara haƙƙoƙin da suka dace. Za a yi barazanar kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin Universal Declaration of Human Rights a karkashin wannan zargi, kamar yadda wadanda zasu iya samun lauyoyi masu kyau za su kasance da fa'ida mafi girma. Ko wannan gaskiya ne a aikace ba a tabbatar da shi ba, duk da haka yana daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan adawa da Dokar 'Yancin Kai kafin a fara shi ==== Yanayin New Zealand ==== ICCPR kuma ya ƙunshi maganganu game da duk mutanen da ke da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kansu. Wani bangare na wannan haƙƙin [[Ƙaddamar da kai]] shine haƙƙin ƙayyade matsayin siyasa kyauta. Ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun yarda cewa haƙƙin dimokuradiyya da na siyasa suna buƙatar kariya ga wasu haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci, gami da haƙƙin adalci, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haƙƙin taron zaman lafiya da' yancin haɗuwa da ke cikin ICCPR. Dole ne a ji daɗi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. An bayyana wannan a cikin ICCPR (kazalika da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata) (CEDAW) da Yarjejeniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci na launin fata (CERD). Dukansu CEDAW da CERD suna ba da takamaiman cewa Jiha ya kamata ta dauki matakai don tabbatar da daidaito na wakilci da shiga mata, da kuma dukkan kabilun da kabilun, a cikin matakai da cibiyoyin siyasa (Mataki na 7 na CEDAU da Mataki na 5c na CERD). <ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> New Zealand ta nuna tsarin da ake kiyaye wadannan hakkokin siyasa. Daidaitaccen yiwuwar wakilci ya wanzu ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko launin fata ba. A wannan bangaren, tsarin haƙƙin dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin ICCPR (da sauran tarurrukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) an cika shi tare da mata da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da ke iya jefa kuri'a, kuma a zabe su a majalisar. Misali, New Zealand tana da 'yan majalisa mata, da kuma wadanda ke cikin Māori, Pacific Islander, Asiya, 'yan luwadi da' yan tsiraru Musulmi. Ana ci gaba da kare haƙƙin siyasa na Māori ta hanyar ba wa mutanen Māori zaɓi don kasancewa a kan Janar ko jerin zaɓe na Māori, da kuma samun kujerun da aka tanada a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Wannan tsari a bi da bi yana tsara yawan masu jefa kuri'a na Māori, Janar masu jefa kuriʼa kuma ta haka ne jerin kujerun jam'iyya a karkashin tsarin zaɓe na wakilci na wakilci. Ana kuma ba 'yan ƙasa ƙarin damar shiga cikin tsarin da kuma aiwatar da wasu' yancin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar 'yan ƙasa da aka fara raba gardama' (ko Shirin ɗan ƙasa). Koyaya waɗannan ba su da ɗaure a Majalisar kuma saboda haka ba lallai bane su sami babban tasiri. Duk da haka yana ba da taimako kan ra'ayin jama'a ga masu tsara manufofi, kuma ana iya la'akari da sakamakon yayin tsara Bills a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> Har ila yau, ana kare haƙƙin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi, ɗaya daga cikin takardun kafa na New Zealand da kuma tushen doka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin da ba a rubuta ba. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar ya ƙaddamar da haƙƙin yin mulki a New Zealand a matsayin tushen [[Tsarin Westminster]] na gwamnati. Hakkin Māori na gudanar da al'amuran su inda ya cancanta ya bayyana ta Mataki na 2, kuma yadda duk 'yan New Zealand ke da wakilci a cikin cibiyoyin Jiha, kuma wanda' yan New Zealand ke shiga cikin matakai na siyasa kamar jefa kuri'a an rufe shi da Mataki na 3.<ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> ==== Tsarin kare haƙƙin siyasa ==== An yi zargi, a tsawon shekaru, game da wannan "kundin Tsarin Mulki da ba a rubuta shi ba" da kuma ƙarfafawa mai yawa daga al'ummomin duniya don canza wannan. Binciken Lokaci na Duniya na 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1%7CThe |website=www.justice.govt.nz }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a kan New Zealand, ta hanyar Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, kyakkyawar alama ce ta wannan. A cikin wannan bita an nuna damuwa cewa, saboda kundin tsarin mulki, ba a kafa shi ba, babu kariya mai mahimmanci ga haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1/first-report-2009/NZ_UPR_National_Report_2009.pdf |website=www.justice.govt.nz |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2013-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213151614/http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1/first-report-2009/NZ_UPR_National_Report_2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin bita jihohi da yawa sun nuna damuwarsu game da rashin kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, saboda tsarin tsarin mulki; an ga dukkan jihohi suna ba da shawarar New Zealand ta ɗauki matakai zuwa ga tsarin mulki, sabili da haka sun kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Baya ga waɗannan batutuwan da aka kawo, al'ummar duniya gaba ɗaya sun yaba da aikin New Zealand na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar adadin tabbatarwa da aka kammala da kuma aikin tare da mutanen Māori. Akwai ƙananan motsi zuwa tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi da rubuce-rubuce a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. "Tattaunawa ta Tsarin Mulki" <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution Conversation – He kaupapa nui te kaupapa ture |url=http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/ |website=www.ourconstitution.org.nz}}</ref> a cikin 2013, wani taron kasa da kasa, wani zaɓi ne wanda ya yi la'akari da abin da ya kamata a yi, yayin da yake la'akari le ra'ayoyin jama'a.<ref name="Beetham, D. 2002">Beetham, D. (2002). Democracy and human rights: Contrast and convergence. Seminar on the Interdependence between Democracy and Human Rights, Conference papers. Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</ref> Babu wani abu da ya fito daga wannan. Akwai ra'ayi cewa ba tambaya ce game da "idan" ba amma game da "lokacin" canjin zai faru, yayin da New Zealand ke ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin asalin kansa. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu == Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta shekarar 1990 tana mai da hankali ne musamman kan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na siyasa da na zamantakewa.<ref name="Reclaiming Economic 1993">Paul Hunt "Reclaiming Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1993) 1 Waikato L Rev 141."</ref> A shekarar 1988, Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisa kan Shari’a da Sauya Dokoki (Justice and Law Reform Select Committee) ya ba da shawarar a haɗa haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al’adu (ESCR) cikin dokar ta 1990,<ref>''Final Report of the Justice and Law Reform Committee on a White Paper on a Bill of Rights for New Zealand'' (1988) 1.8C, 3.</ref> amma Gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da hakan.<ref name="Reclaiming Economic 1993" /> A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar cewa ESCR ba su da damar shari’a a cikin New Zealand domin suna shafar manufofi da rabon albarkatu, abubuwan da Gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ne kawai ke da hurumin yanke hukunci a kansu.<ref>See for example the New Zealand High Court decision of ''Lawson v Housing New Zealand'' [1997] 2 NZLR 474.</ref> Duk da haka, wasu ɓangarorin haƙƙin ESCR ana kare su ta wasu dokokin cikin gida.<ref name="Including Economic 2012">Joss Opie "A Case for Including Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990" (2012) 43 VUWLR 471 at 482.</ref> New Zealand ba ta rattaba hannu kan [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].<ref name="justice.govt.nz">{{cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/international-human-rights-instruments-1/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights |website=www.justice.govt.nz |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081344/http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/international-human-rights-instruments-1/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa == Dubi gabaɗaya: Haƙƙin madaidaicin matsayin rayuwa Haƙƙin samun isasshen ma'aunin rayuwa ya ƙunshi wasu ESCR, kamar haƙƙin abinci, ruwa da gidaje. == Manazarta == pd868rpv4lp8uvcs0h02w8kdfyat7so 0 111606 890590 710887 2026-08-02T12:24:27Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890590 wikitext text/x-wiki   Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches ('''GSFA'''), wanda aka fi sani da Global South (Anglican), an fara shi ne a matsayin tarayya na majami'u 25 na Anglican, daga cikinsu 22 larduna ne na Anglicano Communion, tare da Ikilisiyar Anglican a Arewacin Amurka da Ikilisiwar Anglican da [[Brazil]]. An kuma lissafa Diocese na Anglican na Sydney a matsayin memba.<ref name="whoweare">{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.thegsfa.org/whoweare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401140643/https://www.thegsfa.org/whoweare |archive-date=Apr 1, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=GSFA |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, GSFA ƙungiya ce ta majami'u 12, 10 daga cikinsu larduna ne na Anglican Communion . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.thegsfa.org/about-us |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.thegsfa.org |language=en}}</ref> Gundumomin da aka gano tare da Kudancin Duniya suna wakiltar mafi yawan lardunan Kudancin da na Duniya ta Uku a cikin Anglican Communion, gami da duk waɗanda suka fito daga [[Afirka]], mafi girma daga [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], mafi yawa daga [[Asiya]] da larduna biyu na [[Osheniya|Oceania]]. Gundumomin Kudancin Duniya suna da alaƙa da al'adun tauhidi a kan al'amuran jima'i da batutuwan rayuwa, da kuma Bishara a cikin coci. GSFA ta cire Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Episcopal ta Brazil, Ikilisiyar anglican ta Australia da Ikilisiyar Anglo-Anglican a Aotearoa, New Zealand da Polynesia, duk da gaskiyar cewa wasu diocese na Australiya da New Zealand sun riga sun kasance a cikin taronsu, da lardunan Asiya na [[Japan]] da Koriya. Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Kudancin Afirka a baya an wakilta ta a tarurruka. Diocese na Kudancin Carolina, wanda ya bar Ikilisiyar Episcopal a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, an yarda da shi a cikin Kudancin Duniya a watan Agustan shekara ta 2014 tare da Kudancin Kudancin na ɗan lokaci yana kula da diocese har zuwa shekara ta 2018, lokacin da Diocese Anglican na Kudanci ya shiga Ikilisiyar Anglican a Arewacin Amurka bayan kuri'u biyu na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of South Carolina votes to join ACNA |url=https://www.gafcon.org/news/diocese-of-south-carolina-votes-to-join-acna |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=GAFCON |archive-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222180943/https://www.gafcon.org/news/diocese-of-south-carolina-votes-to-join-acna |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gasar Kudancin Duniya ta fara ne a shekarar 1994. Matsayin Kudancin Duniya ya sami ci gaba game da rikice-rikice game da karɓar ɗan luwaɗi ba tare da aure ba, yayin da albarkar ƙungiyoyin jima'i guda ɗaya da kuma ba da izinin malamai masu luwadi ba tare da jima'i ba a cikin Ikilisiyar Episcopal a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Kanada ke inganta su. Babban rikicin ya faru ne tare da tsarkake Gene Robinson, abokin tarayya, a matsayin bishop na Ikilisiyar Episcopal a shekara ta 2003. Ikklisiyoyin Kudancin Duniya tun daga wannan lokacin sun yi tsayayya da halattacciyar karɓar dangantakar jinsi ɗaya a cikin Anglican Communion. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Timothy C. |title=Anglican Division over Scripture and Sexuality Heads South |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2022/august/lambeth-conference-anglican-church-global-south-bishops.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=News & Reporting |language=en}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin Global South primates sun halarci Taron Anglican na Duniya (GAFCON) wanda ya faru a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a cikin 2008, a matsayin madadin Taron Lambeth . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-31 |title=The Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON), June 15-22, 2008, The Holy Land |url=http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/comments/issued_by_the_global_anglican_future_conference_gafcon_june_15_22_2008_the/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231025112/http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/comments/issued_by_the_global_anglican_future_conference_gafcon_june_15_22_2008_the/ |archive-date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=globalsouthanglican.org}}</ref> Mouneer Anis Shugaban Bishop na Urushalima da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kansa ya ki amincewa da halartar GAFCON 2008, yana gaskata cewa "Duniya ta Kudu ba za a fitar da ita ta hanyar ajanda ta Arewa ko mutanen Arewa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-21 |title=Middle East Presiding Bishop will not attend GAFCON |url=https://www.thinkinganglicans.org.uk/3090-2/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Thinking Anglicans |language=en}}</ref> Bayan wannan taron, Kudancin Duniya ya goyi bayan kirkirar Ikilisiyar Anglican a Arewacin Amurka, a cikin 2009, a matsayin lardin da ke cikin kafa Anglican Communion da kuma madadin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka da Kanada don adawa da abin da aka dauka a matsayin sake fasalin da ya faru a waɗannan larduna game da jima'i na ɗan adam da fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Archbishop Robert Duncan na Ikilisiyar Anglican a Arewacin Amurka ya kasance a taron Global South Primates da ya faru a [[Singafora|Singapore]], a ranar 19-23 ga Afrilu 2010. Sanarwar karshe ta bayyana cewa: "Muna godiya cewa Ikilisiyar Anglican da aka kafa kwanan nan a Arewacin Amurka (ACNA) ita ce cikakkiyar magana ta Anglicanism. Mun maraba da su a matsayin abokan tarayya a cikin Linjila kuma fatanmu shine duk larduna za su kasance cikin cikakken tarayya tare da limamai da mutanen ACNA da Communion Partners". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-10 |title=Global South Anglican - Fourth Trumpet from the Fourth Anglican Global South to South Encounter |url=http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/blog/comments/fourth_trumpet_from_the_fourth_anglican_global_south_to_south_encounter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010013919/http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/blog/comments/fourth_trumpet_from_the_fourth_anglican_global_south_to_south_encounter |archive-date=2010-10-10 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=globalsouthanglican.org}}</ref> Kudancin Duniya ya ba da wasika ga Hukumar Nominations na Crown na Anglican Communion, a ranar 20 ga Yulin 2012, wanda firamare 13 da wakilan wasu majami'u uku suka sanya hannu, gami da Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Kudancin Afirka, suna nuna sha'awar cewa sabon Archbishop na Canterbury zai kasance mai aminci ga orthodoxy na bangaskiyar Anglican kuma yana aiki don hadin kan Anglican na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-30 |title=Global South Primates' letter to the Crown Nominations Commission |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2012/07/30/global-south-primates-letter-to-the-crown-nominations-commission/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Episcopal News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron Kudancin Duniya na 7, wanda aka gudanar a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Misira]], a ranar 8-11 ga Oktoba 2019, wanda ya haɗu da wakilai 101 da masu kallo daga larduna 18 na Anglican, ya ba da shawarar kirkirar Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches, tare da Tsarin Alkawari na GSFA, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin sanarwar hukuma.<ref>when the 7th trumpet sounded in Cairo, the Anglican Church in Brazil was officially received as a member Province and Archbishop Miguel Uchoa was also received into the Council of primates of the GSFA{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=The Seventh Trumpet: Communiqué from the 7th Global South Conference, Cairo 2019 |url=https://anglican.ink/2019/10/15/the-seventh-trumpet-communique-from-the-7th-global-south-conference-cairo-2019/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Anglican Ink |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron Kudancin Duniya na 8, wanda aka gudanar a Alkahira, sai dai a kan layi, a ranar 14-17 ga Oktoba 2021, tare da kasancewar wakilai 90 daga larduna 16 da diocese, sun amince da Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches "a matsayin jikin duniya na Anglican Orthodox a cikin Anglican Communion. Yana riƙe da tashinsa na ƙasa a cikin larduna na gargajiya na "Kudancin Duniya", yana kula da koinonia a cikin Linjila".<ref>{{Cite web |title=8th Global South Conference |url=https://www.thegsfa.org/8thglobalsouthconference |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=GSFA |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222180944/https://www.thegsfa.org/8thglobalsouthconference |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma yanke shawarar cewa a taron na gaba, "memba a cikin Global South Fellowship zai dogara ne akan amincewa da muhimman Bayanan Tsarin Alkawari da yarjejeniya tare da tsarin sasantawa da ke ɗaure mu tare a matsayin jikin coci. " A wannan lokacin, an zabi Justin Badi Arama, Babban Bishop na Sudan ta Kudu, a matsayin shugaban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Communiqué from the 8th Global South Conference, 2021 |url=https://www.thegsfa.org/_files/ugd/6e992c_cbe28f173e3f4f4fb13bf62d594327f7.pdf |website=GSFA |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315080408/https://www.thegsfa.org/_files/ugd/6e992c_cbe28f173e3f4f4fb13bf62d594327f7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Global South Fellowship ta yi tambaya game da "daidaitawar" [[Justin Welby]] don jagorantar Anglican Communion bayan kuri'un Ikilisiyar Ingila kan albarkatun jinsi guda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arama |first=Justin Badi |date=2023-02-09 |title=Global South archbishops question Welby's "fitness to lead" the Anglican Communion following synod vote on gay blessings |url=https://anglican.ink/2023/02/09/global-south-archbishops-question-welbys-fitness-to-lead-the-anglican-communion-following-synod-vote-on-gay-blessings/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Anglican Ink |language=en-US}}</ref> Kwana daya bayan haka, Ikilisiyar [[Uganda]] ta ce ba su amince da ikon Babban Bishop na Canterbury ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Church of Uganda starts process to split from Canterbury |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/church-of-uganda-starts-process-to-split-from-canterbury/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, wasu firamare a cikin zumunci sun fitar da wata sanarwa da ke bayyana cewa ya karya tarayya tare da kuma ba a sake gane Justin Welby a matsayin [[primus inter pares]] na Anglican Communion ba,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Group of global Anglican church leaders ousts Welby over gay blessing reform |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/archbishop-anglican-church-canterbury-asia-latin-america-b2285867.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulsen |first=David |date=2023-02-20 |title=Global South archbishops reject Welby’s leadership role, vow to ‘re-set’ Anglican Communion |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2023/02/20/global-south-archbishops-reject-welbys-leadership-role-vow-to-re-set-anglican-communion/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Episcopal News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> ''de facto'' alama ce ta rarrabuwa a cikin Anglican Community.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Joe |date=February 22, 2023 |title=The FAQs: Anglican Communion Splits over ‘Blessing’ of Same-Sex Marriages |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/anglican-communion-blessing-same-sex-marriages/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The Gospel Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Lawless |first=Jill |date=February 20, 2023 |title=Some Anglican bishops reject leader Welby over gay marriage |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/anglican-bishops-reject-leader-welby-gay-marriage-97337650 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222053214/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/anglican-bishops-reject-leader-welby-gay-marriage-97337650 |archive-date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=ABC News |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Anglican group rejects Archbishop of Canterbury as schism widens |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230221-anglican-group-rejects-archbishop-of-canterbury-as-schism-widens |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris, 2023, Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Kudancin Afirka, kodayake ba "memba na yau da kullun" na GSFA ba, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke cewa, yayin da ba za su iya amincewa da albarkatu ko aure ga ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya ba, sun yarda da shawarar Archbishop Makgoba na kafa ƙaramin kwamiti don "shiryen da suka dace don samar da kula da makiyaya a cikin ƙungiyoyin farar hula iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, yayin da suka amince da karamin kwamiti na tsara addu'o'o'in fastoci don la'in su don la'akari da su, an ƙi shawarar da yawancin bishops na yawancin yawancin su,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serfontein |first=Anli |date=6 March 2023 |title=Bishops in Southern Africa agree to prayers but not blessings for same-sex couples |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/10-march/news/world/bishops-in-southern-africa-agree-to-prayers-but-not-blessings-for-same-sex-couples |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=The Church Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulsen |first=David |date=2023-03-06 |title=Southern Africa bishops OK prayers for same-sex couples, won’t offer blessings, marriage |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2023/03/06/southern-africa-bishops-ok-prayers-for-same-sex-couples-wont-offer-blessings-marriage/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Episcopal News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Conger |first=George |date=2023-03-05 |title=Southern Africa bishops reject same-sex blessings |url=https://anglican.ink/2023/03/04/southern-africa-bishops-reject-same-sex-blessings/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Anglican Ink |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yankuna == Gidan yanar gizon Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches ya lissafa larduna masu zuwa, waɗanda kuma suna cikin ɓangaren Anglican Communion, a matsayin mambobi na yau da kullun: <ref name=":0"/> # Lardin Episcopal / Anglican na Alexandria # Cocin Bangladesh # Cocin Anglican na Chile # Lardin Cocin Anglican na Kongo # Cocin Lardin Tekun Indiya # Cocin Lardin [[Myanmar]] (Burma) # Cocin Lardin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya # Lardin Ikilisiyar Episcopal na Sudan ta Kudu # Lardin Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Sudan # [[Cocin Uganda]] Mambobin yau da kullun na Global South Fellowship of Anglican Cocin ba wani ɓangare na Anglican Communion ba: # Cocin Anglican a Arewacin Amurka # Cocin Anglican a Brazil Abokan hulɗa: # Ikilisiyar Anglicans New Zealand # Diocese na Kudancin Cross # Cibiyar sadarwa ta Anglican a Turai (ANiE) == Dubi kuma ==   * Cocin Anglican a Arewacin Amurka * Ofishin Jakadancin Anglican a Amurka * Canjin Anglican * Taron Anglicans a Arewacin Amurka * Abokan hulɗa na masu ikirarin Anglican * Taron Anglican na Duniya na gaba * Rahoton Windsor == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2nyag2p2ntwk74qewaomsooh952pa9x 0 112850 890616 868730 2026-08-02T12:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890616 wikitext text/x-wiki Hakkin dan adam a Armenia ya fi na tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da yanayin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Human Freedom Index |url=https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index |access-date=2018-11-19 |work=Cato Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country profiles |url=https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/human-freedom-index-files/2017-hfi-country-profiles-2.pdf}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2023, Armenia ta tabbatar da Dokar Roma, inda Armenia za ta zama cikakken memba na [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=The Armenian Parliament ratified the Rome Statute. What was it necessary for? |url=https://jam-news.net/armenia-ratified-the-rome-statute/}}</ref>   == Dimokuradiyya da 'yanci == An rarraba Armenia a matsayin "ɓangare kyauta" a cikin rahoton 2024 (tare da bayanai na 2023) ta Freedom House, wanda ya ba ta maki 54 cikin 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Armenia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/armenia/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=freedomhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> Armeniya ta sami ci gaba a cikin makinta na 'Yancin Dan Adam daga Cibiyar Cato. Dangane da rahoton 2021, Armeniya tana matsayi na 40 gabaɗaya. Yana matsayi na 48th don 'yancin kai da 15th don 'yancin tattalin arziki. Wannan babban ci gaba ne daga maki na 2017 wanda ya nuna Armeniya a matsayi na 54 a gaba ɗaya, sannan ta 29 don 'yancin tattalin arziki da na 76 don 'yancin kai.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vásquez|first1=Ian|last2=McMahon|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy|first3=Ryan|last4=Sutter Schneider|first4=Guillermina|title=the Human Freedom Index 2021|date=2021|publisher=Cato Institute|isbn=978-1-952223-50-1|url=https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/2022-03/human-freedom-index-2021-updated.pdf|access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Dan Adam == Cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance matsala har zuwa 2009, a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.<ref name="U.S. Department of State Report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154731/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136018.htm U.S. Department of State 2009 Report] — see Section 4</ref> == 'Yanci na siyasa == Tun bayan hambarar da Levon Ter-Petrossian a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1998, 'yancin siyasa ya ga an samu ci gaba. Gwamnatin Ter-Petrossian ta ga sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da iko ga shugaban fiye da majalisar dokoki. Ya kuma haramtawa jam'iyyun siyasa tara (ciki har da, musamman kungiyar juyin juya halin Armeniya). Irin salon mulkin da Ter-Petrossian ya yi da kuma yadda ya bi sannu a hankali don warware rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh ya kai ga hambarar da shi tare da maye gurbin Robert Kocharyan a matsayin shugaban kasa.<ref name="Freedom House">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-12 |title=Armenia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2005/armenia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626071350/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2005/armenia |archive-date=2019-06-26 |access-date=2019-06-26 |website=freedomhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> Serzh Sargsyan ne ya gaje Kocharyan a shekarar 2008. Armenia's former ex-presidents Serzh Sargsyan and Robert Kocharyan have accused Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan of pursuing a political vendetta against them.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Armenia's ex-president accused of embezzlement |url=https://apnews.com/7ca73dbab100474382407ae0b9b66616 |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Ex-Armenia president goes on trial, rejects 'coup' charges |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190513-ex-armenia-president-goes-trial-rejects-coup-charges |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Such as after the transition of power, Armenia's ex-president Serzh Sargsyan,<ref name=":02" /> his close relatives (brother – Alexander Sargysyan,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Serzh Sargsyan's Brother Accused of Fraud Donated 19.6 Million USD to Defense Army of Artsakh |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2019/02/27/71132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220060920/https://www.lragir.am/en/2019/02/27/71132 |archive-date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=}}</ref> another brother – Levon Sargsyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court issues second arrest warrant for ex-president's brother Levon Sargsyan |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/987907.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref> his son Narek{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2020}} and daughter Ani<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=Ex–Armenian president's relatives under investigation for tax fraud |url=https://oc-media.org/ex-armenian-presidents-relatives-under-investigation-for-tax-fraud/ |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=[[OC Media]] |language=en-US}}</ref>), former cabinet members (Seyran Ohanyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head of Armenia's intelligence: We taking measures to prevent Seyran Ohanyan from leaving the country |url=https://news.am/eng/news/470475.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Sergo Karapetyan,<ref name="news.am">{{Cite web |title=Case regarding Armenia 3rd President and other ex-officials inscribed to Yerevan court judge |url=https://news.am/eng/news/557789.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Gevorg Harutyunyan,<ref name="news.am" /> Armen Gevorkyan<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIS seeks arrest of former Secretary of Security Council Armen Gevorgyan |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/957886.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref> and others), former members of Parliament (Arsen Babayan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Արսեն Բաբայանը կալանավորվեց |url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30233906.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան |language=hy}}</ref> Grayr Tovmasyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What were daughters of Hrayr Tovmasyan asked about at Armenian NSS? |url=https://news.am/eng/news/539648.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Manvel Grigoryan), former judge- Samvel Uzumyan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia ex-judge declared wanted |url=https://news.am/eng/news/551203.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> were charged with corruption, illegal income and tax evasion charges, some journalists (Gagik Shamshyan, Satik Seyranyan, Mher Yegiazaryan<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLC |first=Helix Consulting |title=Haynews.am news website responsible Mher Yeghiazaryan died of myocardial infarction - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia |url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2019/01/26/causes-yegiazaryan/1518109 |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=aysor.am |language=en}}</ref> etc.) and political activists (Narek Malyan, Konstantin Ter-Nakalyan, &nbsp;Artur Danielyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian public-political club issues statement on apprehension of activists |url=https://novosti-armenia.com/eng/33/67017-armenian-public-political-club-issues-statement-on-apprehension-of-activists.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=Новости Армении |language=en}}</ref>) were detained, charged with the use of drug, illegal possession of gun, and released later. According to Associated Press, Sargsyan has rejected all accusations against him, his relatives and former members of cabinet as a politically motivated charges.<ref name=":02" /> An zargi wani tsohon shugaban kasar Armeniya, Robert Kocharyan da bayar da goyon bayan Sarkisian na zaben shugaban kasa, kuma yana fuskantar tuhume-tuhume da "kifar da tsarin mulki".<ref name=":0"/> Da yawa daga cikin magoya bayan Kocharyan sun yi zanga-zanga a watan Mayun 2019 a wajen kotun birnin Yerevan, suna rike da allunan da aka rubuta "Kocharyan fursuna ne na siyasa" da "Vendetta na siyasa".<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Coup or political vendetta?: Ex-Armenia president goes on trial, rejects 'coup' charges |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1347236.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=today.rtl.lu |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702150354/https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1347236.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Robert Kocharyan mai shekaru 64 a duniya ya shaidawa kamfanin dilancin labaren AFP cewa an shigar da karar ne saboda sabon shugabancin da ya kori magajinsa a wani boren da al'ummar kasar suka yi a bara. "Abin da ke faruwa da ni ba komai bane illa rashin bin doka da oda," kamar yadda ya shaida wa AFP daga gidan yari.<ref name=":12" /> === zanga-zangar zaben shugaban kasa na Armenia na 2008 === An gudanar da jerin zanga-zanga a kasar Armeniya bayan zaben shugaban kasar Armeniya na ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 2008. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara wasu mutane tara na wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suna yi wa 'yan adawa, 'yan jarida da kuma masu sa ido hari a matsayin martani ga ikirarin magudin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-20 |title=Armenia: Violence at Polling Stations Mars Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/20/armenia-violence-polling-stations-mars-elections |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zargin magudin zabe a Yerevan babban birnin kasar kuma magoya bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa da bai yi nasara ba kuma shugaban Armeniya na farko, Levon Ter-Petrosyan suka shirya. An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu, wadda ta dauki tsawon kwanaki 10 ana yi a dandalin 'yanci na Yerevan, kuma ta hada dubun-dubatar masu zanga-zangar da rana da kuma daruruwan mutane da suka yi zango cikin dare. Bayan shafe kwanaki tara ana zanga-zangar lumana a dandalin Opera, jami'an 'yan sanda da sojoji na kasar sun yi kokarin tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar a ranar 1 ga Maris. Bayanan da masu zanga-zangar suka yi sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da karfi fiye da kima wajen share sansanin mu da masu zanga-zangar suka kafa. A cewar bayanan sirri 'yan sandan sun kai hari ba tare da nuna damuwa ba inda daga bisani masu zanga-zangar suka mayar da martani da jifa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009-02-25 |title=Democracy on Rocky Ground: Armenia's Disputed 2008 Presidential Election, Post-Election Violence, and the One-Sided Pursuit of Accountability |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/02/25/democracy-rocky-ground/armenias-disputed-2008-presidential-election-post-election |language=en}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, an kashe mutane 10. Duk da bukatar da gwamnati ta yi na dakatar da zanga-zangar, zanga-zangar ta ci gaba har zuwa ranar 1 ga Maris. A safiyar ranar 1 ga Maris, rundunar 'yan sanda da sojoji sun tarwatsa mutane 700-1,000 da suka rage cikin dare, inda suka lakada musu bindigu da na'urori masu girgiza wutar lantarki.<ref name="ArmNowMar1Noon">[http://www.armenianow.com "Protestor on scene tells of melee"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516144258/http://www.armenianow.com/|date=2008-05-16}}, ArmeniaNow.com, March 1, 2008</ref><ref name="HRW1">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm "Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan"], [[Human Rights Watch]] (NY), March 2, 2008.</ref><ref name="ArmLibMar1a2">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP Ter-Petrosyan ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], March 1, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP|date=November 23, 2008}}</ref> Ya zuwa 4 ga Maris, masu zanga-zangar da yawa har yanzu sun ɓace.<ref name="ArmLibMar4b">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/D816B1BC-CAE4-47EF-9A5B-E55169ADE4BC.ASP "Human Rights Watch Demands Probe Into Armenian Crackdown"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), March 4, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412005838/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/D816B1BC-CAE4-47EF-9A5B-E55169ADE4BC.ASP|date=April 12, 2009}}</ref> Tun daga 1 ga Maris, an sanya Ter-Petrosyan a karkashin kama-karya a gida.<ref name="COEReportMar20">[https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1265025&Site=CommDH&BackColorInternet=FEC65B&BackColorIntranet=FEC65B&BackColorLogged=FFC679 "Report by the Commissioner for Human Rights, Mr Thomas Hammarberg, on his special mission to Armenia, 12 – 15 march 2008"], Council of Europe, March 20, 2008.</ref><ref name="ArmLibMar1a">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP Ter-Petrosyan ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], March 1, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP|date=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/030108.shtml "Armenia: At Least 2 Dead in Yerevan Violence, as Kocharian Declares State of Emergency"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903224655/http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/030108.shtml|date=2008-09-03}}, Armenia: Vote 2008 (EurasiaNet.org), March 1, 2008.</ref> == 'Yan sanda da tilasta bin doka == {{External media|image1=[https://i1.wp.com/factsmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/top-30-countries-prisoners.png Map of top 30 countries with highest and lowest imprisonment rates]}} A cikin 2018, duk ƙasashe makwabta na Armenia sun kasance a cikin jerin ƙasashe 30 tare da mafi girman adadin ɗaurin kurkuku, yayin da ƙimar a Armenia ta kasance ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 30 countries with highest and lowest imprisonment rates |url=https://i1.wp.com/factsmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/top-30-countries-prisoners.png}}</ref> Bayan an tattara rahoton, gwamnati ta fara kuma ta gudanar da afuwa mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLC |first=Helix Consulting |title=Armenian president signs amnesty bill into law |url=https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2018/11/03/amnesty-bill/2028371 |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=panorama.am |language=en}}</ref> An samu rahotannin cin zarafi da kama ‘yan sanda ba bisa ka’ida ba. Ana amfani da duka da azabtar da wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari’a don samun ikirari ko bayanai. An tarwatsa zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da karfin tsiya, an kuma tsare shugabannin 'yan adawa. Ya zuwa 2006 cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin sojoji kuma ana zarginsa a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mutane da yawa.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&page=research&id=43cfae9a20 Human Rights Watch World Report 2006]</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru === A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2007 Levon Gulyan, wanda aka kira zuwa ga 'yan sanda a matsayin shaida kan wani lamari na kisan kai, ya mutu a babban sashin binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sanda bayan da ake zargin Hovik Tamamyan, mataimakin shugaban farko na Babban Sashen binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sanda ya yi masa dukan tsiya da jefa shi ta taga.<ref>[http://www.hra.am/eng/?page=issue&id=16952 ''Do they need to kill while investigating a murder case?'']{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Human Rights in Armenia, May 23, 2007.</ref> '‘Yan sanda sun ce Gulyan ya zame ya fadi a bene na farko a lokacin da yake kokarin tserewa daga hannun ‘yan sanda. Wani bincike na farko na likitanci da kwararrun kwararru daga kasashen Denmark da Jamus suka gudanar ya nuna cewa, mutuwar Gulyan ta faru ne sakamakon munanan raunuka da suka hada da karaya daga kokon kai, kashi, kashin baya da kuma hakarkarinsa. A cewar ArmeniaNow, "ba a bayyana kashe-kashen da aka yi a cikin 'yan sanda ba."<ref>[http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&IID=1134&AID=2212&lng=eng ''Escape or Torture?: Police under spotlight as death of witness raises questions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222230/http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&IID=1134&AID=2212&lng=eng|date=2016-03-03}}, ArmeniaNow, May 18, 2007.</ref> A cikin wata wasika da aka aika wa shugaban 'yan sanda, Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Helsinki ta Duniya (IHF) ya kawo tuhuma game da bayanin da 'yan sanda suka yi game da mutuwar Gulyan kuma ya ambata cewa azabtarwa da cin zarafi da 'yan sanda ke yi ya kasance matsala mai tsanani a Armeniya, kamar yadda kwamitin Turai don rigakafin azabtarwa ya bayyana. Wani bangare na jerin sunayen da ArmeniaNow ya tattara ya bayyana sunayen wasu mutane 11 da suka mutu bisa zargin sun mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda. == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafofin watsa labarai == === Shekaru na 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010 === Yayin da kafofin watsa labaru ke da digiri na 'yancin kai, 'yancin aikin jarida a Armeniya yana da iyaka. Wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu, irin su A1+, Noyan Tapan, da NTV na Rasha, gwamnati ta kwace mitocin su. An kai wa 'yan jaridun da ke buga zanga-zangar adawa da shugaba Robert Kocharyan hari lokacin da 'yan sanda suka shiga tsakani don tsare masu zanga-zangar.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/arm-summary-eng Amnesty International Report 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130331/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/arm-summary-eng|date=2006-09-05}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2011, Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu - mai kula da harkokin yada labarai na kasa da kasa - ya soki gwamnatin Armeniya saboda ci gaba da rike kafafen yada labarai na kasar tare da zarge su da cin zarafin 'yan jaridun cikin gida da ke kalubalantarsu.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112">[http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/2310358.html "Western Watchdog Deplores Government Control Of Armenian TV"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), February 15, 2011.</ref> A cewar rahoton na CPJ, sabbin gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa dokar yada labarai ta Armeniya a shekarar 2010, ta sanya shugaba Sarkisian ya ci gaba da kula da gidajen talabijin da gidajen rediyon kasar, wadanda galibi mallakar 'yan siyasa ne da 'yan kasuwa masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne."<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> Rahoton ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa jami’an ‘yan sandan Armeniya sun “ci zarafin ‘yan jarida, da cin zarafi, da kama ‘yan jarida a kai a kai a shekara ta 2010. “Masu gabatar da ƙara a kai a kai sun haɗa kai a cikin wannan aikin ta wajen kasa bincikar jami’an ‘yan sanda, har ma da shigar da ƙara a wasu lokatai a kan ’yan jarida da suka nuna adawa da cin zarafi, kamar yadda binciken CPJ ya nuna. "<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> ==== Talabijin ====   Baya ga GALA da ke Gyumri, kusan dukkanin gidajen Talabijin na Armeniya, gami da cibiyoyin sadarwar ƙasa na Yerevan, gwamnati ce ke sarrafawa ko biyayya. Babban hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kansa daya tilo da ke yada sukar gwamnati akai-akai an tilasta masa barin iska a cikin 2002.<ref name="ArmLibMar19a">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/73EC02AE-DD93-458B-AD1C-10E76D08552C.ASP "Embattled TV Raising Money To Stay On Air"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013004104/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/73EC02AE-DD93-458B-AD1C-10E76D08552C.asp |date=2008-10-13 }}, Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), March 19, 2008.</ref> A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Armeniya ta zartar da wasu gyare-gyaren da ke cike da cece-kuce ga dokar Armeniya kan watsa shirye-shiryen da ke baiwa hukumomin gwamnati damar ba da izini ko soke lasisi ba tare da wani bayani ba, da kuma sanya takunkumin shirye-shirye da zai sanya wasu tashoshin takaita jigogi kamar al'adu, ilimi, da wasanni. Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan gyare-gyaren da farko suna da niyya don kiyaye gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa A1+ a iska. Hakanan ya nuna cewa GALA TV, wani mai watsa shirye-shirye mai zaman kansa da ke Gyumri, za a cire shi daga iska a cikin 2015 saboda gyare-gyaren.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> Dukansu A1+ da GALA TV sun kasa samun sabbin lasisi a cikin tayoyin da ake zargin hukumar kula da Talabijin da Rediyo ta kasa ta gudanar a karshen shekarar 2010.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> ==== Yanayin Gaggawa na 2008 ==== Bayan zanga-zangar zaben shugaban kasar Armeniya a shekara ta 2008, shugaba Kocharian cikin cece-kuce ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kwanaki 20 a ranar 1 ga Maris, kuma ya yi amfani da ita wajen hana duk wani taron jama'a da tantance duk kafofin watsa labarai (na Intanet da na bugawa) don hada bayanan da jihar ta dauki nauyinsa. Har ila yau, hukumomi sun rufe jaridun 'yan adawa da dama tare da gidajen yanar gizon su, ciki har da A1+ da Haykakan Zhamanak. Bugu da kari, gwamnati ta toshe hanyar shiga gidan yanar gizon YouTube wanda ke kunshe da bidiyoyin zanga-zangar ranar 1 ga Maris da kuma arangama da daddare da ‘yan sanda suka yi wanda ya nuna yadda jami’an tsaro na musamman ke harba makamai masu sarrafa kansu kai tsaye cikin taron. Hakanan an toshe shi shine watsa rediyo da shiga yanar gizo zuwa 'Yancin Armeniya, sabis na Radiyon Turai. ==== Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan jarida ==== Hare-hare akai-akai kan 'yan jarida na kafafen yada labarai da ba na gwamnati ba, babbar barazana ce ga 'yancin 'yan jaridun Armenia. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2009 Argishti Kiviryan, kodinetan kamfanin dillancin labarai na ARMENIA A Yau (wata takarda da aka fi sani da adawa), an yi masa mugun duka a kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida daga aiki a Yerevan. An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu mutane uku da ba a san ko su wanene ba sun kai hari tare da yi wa Kiviryan mummunar duka wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar kansa da kuma fuskantar rauni. An ba da rahoton cewa ciwon nasa yana da “mummuna amma kwanciyar hankali” bayan an kai shi cibiyar kula da lafiya ta Erebuni.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grigoryan |first=Armine |date=1 May 2009 |title=Ambushed: Attack on journalist raises concerns over safety of profession in Armenia |url=http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3698&CID=3565&IID=1233&lng=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906081403/http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3698&CID=3565&IID=1233&lng=eng |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=1 May 2009 |work=Armenia Now}}</ref> Jami’in kare hakkin bil’adama na kasar Armeniya, Armen Harutyunyan, ya yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika, ya kuma bayyana cewa kusan dukkanin laifukan cin zarafin ‘yan jaridar da aka yi a baya ba a bayyana su ba, ya yi kira ga ‘yan sanda da su yi bincike tare da bayyana wadanda suka kai harin.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Violence against the journalist|url=http://ombuds.am/main/en/9/27/1985/|publisher=Human Rights Defender of Armenia|date=2009-04-30|access-date=2009-05-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717022925/http://ombuds.am/main/en/9/27/1985/|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2008 Edik Baghdasaryan, daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida masu bincike a Armenia kuma editan Hetq, an kai masa hari da karfi tare da ji masa rauni a kai wanda dole ne a kwantar da shi a asibiti. Wataƙila an kai harin ne da rahotonsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == 'Yanci na motsi == A baya jami'an tsaro sun hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga garuruwan da ke kusa da Yerevan a duk lokacin da aka yi babban taron 'yan adawa a Yerevan. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2011 zirga-zirgar jama'a tsakanin Yerevan da yankunan da ke kusa da su ta tsaya a wani yunƙuri na gwamnati na rage halartar babban taron da jam'iyyar adawa ta Armenia (HAK) za ta gudanar. Tashoshin motocin bas a kananan garuruwan da ke kusa da babban birnin kasar - ciki har da Etchmiadzin, Artashat, da Masis - sun tsaya cik da safe da kuma yammacin rana, lamarin da ya bar dimbin fasinjojin cikin gida sun makale. An kuma baza jami'an 'yan sanda a manyan titunan da ke zuwa Yerevan. Rahotanni sun ce ‘yan sandan sun ce wannan wani bangare ne na aikin ‘yan sanda na musamman da nufin zakulo motocin da aka sace, ko kuma ‘yan sanda na neman makamai. Jami'an tsaro da jami'an gwamnati sun musanta ikirarin 'yan adawa na cewa hukumomi na kokarin hana Armeniyawa da yawa shiga cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a Yerevan.<ref name="ArmLib-2011-03-01" /> == 'Yanci na addini == Cocin Manzanni na Armenia yana da iko sosai a Armenia, yana da haƙƙoƙi fiye da kowane addini da aka yi rajista. Sauran 'yan tsiraru na addini sun hada da Kiristoci na Orthodox na Rasha, Kiristoci na Syriac, Kiristoci na Orthodox na Girka, [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]], [[Musulmi|Musulmai]], [[Yazidi|Yazidis]], da Shaidun Jehovah. Gabaɗaya, al'ummar Musulmi ta Armenia (wanda ya ƙunshi Azeris da Kurds) kusan babu su saboda musayar yawan jama'a tsakanin Armenia da Azerbaijan a lokacin Yaƙin Nagorno-Karabakh na farko. == Hakkin LGBT a Armenia == Kwaminisanci ya kasance doka a Armenia tun shekara ta 2003. Koyaya, duk da cewa an haramta shi, halin da ake ciki na 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) ba su canza sosai ba. Har yanzu ba a yi ikirarin 'yancin lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Armenia ba. Lallafi ya kasance batun haramtacce a wasu sassan al'ummar Armeniya yayin da al'ummar ke bin wasu ƙasashen Turai wajen inganta haƙƙin LGBT. Akwai, kuma, babu kariya ta doka ga mutanen LGBT waɗanda ake keta haƙƙin ɗan adam akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia's Animosity Towards Gays |url=http://hetq.am/en/society/gay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710191302/http://hetq.am/en/society/gay/ |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2015-04-24}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna tsoron tashin hankali a wurin aikinsu ko daga danginsu, sabili da haka, ba sa bayyana jima'i a bayyane ko kuma shigar da korafe-korafe game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ko laifuka masu laifi. Armenia ta kasance a matsayi na 47 daga cikin kasashe 49 na Turai don haƙƙin LGBT a cikin 2013, tare da Rasha da Azerbaijan kawai sun fi muni da haƙƙin ɗan adam a wannan batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085454/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-17 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref> Lilit Martirosyan wata mace ce da ta canza jinsi wadda ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Armeniya na tsawon mintuna 3 a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta shaida wa majalisar cewa kungiyar da ta kafa, Right Side NGO, ta rubuta kararraki 283 na take hakkin maza da mata. Nan da nan wasu 'yan majalisar suka nuna adawa, suna masu cewa Martirosian ya "...dagula batun sauraren karar da kuma rashin mutunta majalisar." Mambobin jama'a sun yi barazana da la'antar Martirosian da duk masu canza jinsi da ke zaune a Armeniya. masu canza jinsi da ke zaune a Armeniya.[1] Kakakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Armenia Anna Naghdalyan, ta mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa daga tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Yerevan da ofisoshin jakadanci na Tarayyar Turai da suka yi Allah wadai da kalaman kiyayya da aka yi wa Martirosian, Right Side NGO, da kuma al'ummar LGBTQ: "Ya kamata abokan huldar mu na kasa da kasa su nuna girmamawa da kulawa ga al'ummar Armeniya kuma su guji shiga tsakani, ko da kuwa za su yi watsi da muhawarar jama'a. cewa ka'idar kyawawan dabi'un jama'a wani bangare ne na alkawurran kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan adam kuma ba za a iya yin watsi da su ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia roiled by transgender woman's speech in parliament |url=https://eurasianet.org/armenia-roiled-by-transgender-womans-speech-in-parliament |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=Eurasianet |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Armeniya tun 1991 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:10em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:10em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:10em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:10em;" |Matsayi | style="width:10em;" |Shugaban kasa (1991-2) / Firayim Minista (2018-yanzu) 2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |} |} == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a Armenia == Akwai kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama da ke aiki a Armeniya wadanda ke mai da hankali kan ciyar da hakkin dan Adam gaba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Turai a cikin Kungiyar Shari'a * Taron 'yan ƙasa na Helsinki-Vanadzor * Kwamitin Helsinki na Armenia * Open Society Foundations-Armenia * PanEuropa Armenia * Pink Armenia * Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Hanyar Dama * Ƙungiyar 'Yan ƙasa Masu Bayani == Dubi kuma ==   * Armenia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya * Armenia a cikin Majalisar Turai * [[Hukuncin kisa a Armenia]] * [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai|'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai]] * Tsayar da Intanet a Armenia * Hakkin LGBT a Armenia * Batutuwan zamantakewa a Armenia * Kare zamantakewa a Armenia == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://hrw.org/doc/?t=europe&c=armeni Human Rights Watch: Armenia] * [http://hra.am Shafin yanar gizon 'Yancin Dan Adam a Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210123507/https://www.hra.am/ |date=2020-12-10 }} * [https://www.ombuds.am/ Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808085720/https://ombuds.am/ |date=2025-08-08 }} * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/178/" id="mwBH0" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Armenia - IFEX c7e3geosa0gfjgd58ejuco9zolkxt81 0 113459 890888 704445 2026-08-03T10:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Palm_Beach_Reserve.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Palm Beach yana ba da yanayin garin almara na Summer Bay, inda ''Babban Guguwa'' ke faruwa.]] '''Babban Guguwa''' rukuni ne na sassa hudu na wasan opera na sabulun gida da Away, wanda aka watsa tsakanin 5 zuwa 8 ga Satumba 2011 akan Network Seven, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na kakar ashirin da hudu. Abubuwan da suka faru sun mayar da hankali kan wata mummunar guguwa wacce ta ratsa kan ƙagaggun garin Summer Bay kuma ta bar haruffan serial da yawa cikin haɗari. Mawallafin Gida da Away Cameron Welsh ya fara ba da sanarwar aniyar tantance layin labarin a watan Yunin 2011. An bayyana kansa da kansa a matsayin "labari mafi girma/labaran bala'i" da aka taɓa nunawa a cikin jerin. A cikin watannin kafin a nuna shi, ƴan wasan ƴan wasan sun yi fim ɗin jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen a wani harbin da ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki goma sha ɗaya. Ya yi alama a karon farko da Gida da Away suka yi amfani da babban haɗin gwiwa na tasiri na musamman kamar FX, allon kore, injin iska da injin ruwan sama. Tare da ƙarin lokaci fiye da yadda aka saba kashe yin fim ɗin toshe na shirye-shiryen, labarin ya zama Gida da Away mafi tsada har yau. Welsh ya ce amfani da injina ya zama matsala yayin yin fim don haka an ƙara ƙarin rikodin tattaunawa a cikin fage yayin samarwa. Cibiyar sadarwa Bakwai da gidan rediyon Channel 5 ne suka tallata labarin, ta hanyar tallan talabijin. Ɗaya daga cikin membobin simintin ɗin ya bayyana cewa hali ɗaya zai mutu a cikin bala'in, amma an adana cikakkun bayanai har sai an watsa. Labarin ya biyo bayan gwagwarmayar da jaruman ke fuskanta lokacin da guguwar ta afkawa. Haruffa daban-daban sun zama makale a wurare daban-daban yayin da mafi yawan ke samun mafaka a Summer Bay High inda aka kafa cibiyar ƙaura. Haruffan Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham) da Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) sun makale a lokacin da jirginsu ya kife, yayin da Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) ya dauki nauyin "jarumi" kuma yana kokarin ceton rayuka. Sauran sassan sun haɗa da halayen Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) ta kusan rasa ɗanta da ba a haifa ba kuma rufin ya ruguje a Summer Bay High yana barin haruffan Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) da Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) sun makale a cikin tarkace. Lokacin da guguwar ta wuce bako Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister) ya mutu a wani hatsarin mota. Abubuwan da suka faru sun yi kyau a kan Cibiyar sadarwa ta Bakwai wanda ya kai masu kallo miliyan 1.131 ga dukkan abubuwan da suka faru. Rahotanni sun kasance ƙasa a Burtaniya suna ƙasa da alamar miliyan. Labarin bai shahara ba tare da Erin Miller daga TV Week wanda ya yi imanin cewa tasirin na musamman da aka yi amfani da shi ya lalata al'amuran da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}} == Halitta da ci gaba == A watan Yunin 2011, mai gabatar da jerin Cameron Welsh ya bayyana cewa Home and Away za su watsa mako na musamman na abubuwan da suka faru da ke nuna guguwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilkelly |first=Daniel |date=27 June 2011 |title='Home and Away' boss explains show's tone change |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/news/a327050/home-and-away-boss-explains-shows-tone-change.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124050041/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/news/a327050/home-and-away-boss-explains-shows-tone-change.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref> A watan Yulin, Welsh ya gaya wa gidan yanar gizon nishaɗi na Digital Spy cewa akwai shirye-shirye don "mafi girman labarin / bala'i" wanda ƙungiyar samarwa ta taɓa ɗauka. Ya ce suna cikin matakai na ƙarshe na bayan samarwa ma'ana cewa zai zo cikin iska "ba da daɗewa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilkelly |first=Daniel |date=16 July 2011 |title=Exclusive: Cameron Welsh - 'Home and Away' series producer |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/interviews/a330018/cameron-welsh-home-and-away-series-producer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901214905/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/interviews/a330018/cameron-welsh-home-and-away-series-producer.html |archive-date=1 September 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref> A watan Agusta, Rhiannon Fish wanda ke wasa Afrilu Scott ya gaya wa Makon TV cewa labarin zai mayar da hankali kan "guguwa mai kisa" wanda ya ketare hanyar Summer Bay. Fish ya ce daukar fim din labarin ya cika kuma an sanya na'urorin iska da ruwan sama don samar da yanayi mai kyau. Fish ya kara da cewa ’yan wasan kwaikwayo sun ji kamar suna yin fim ne a lokacin wani hadari na gaske.[1] Ada Nicodemou wanda ke taka Leah Patterson-Baker ya bayyana cewa hali ɗaya zai mutu a cikin guguwar, amma ba a ba shi izinin bayyana ainihin su ba. Ta kuma ce halinta Leah zai kasance cikin tarko a cikin Pier Diner kuma ta damu da inda danta VJ Patterson (Felix Dean) yake. Yayin da take da ciki, idan ta gano jini sai ta dauka cewa ta yi ciki. Nikodemou ya ce rashin lafiya ya ragu ga damuwa da guguwar. Daga baya Welsh ya bayyana ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da labarin da kuma tasirin da zai yi akan haruffa. Babban zaren labarun ya ƙunshi haruffan Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham) da Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) waɗanda ke fuskantar haɗari lokacin da jirginsu ya kife a lokacin "m tekuna". Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) da Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) sannan su bi hanya don ceton rayuwarsu. Makarantar gida ta serial, Summer Bay High za ta zama "cibiyar ƙaura". Sai rufin da ya ruguje sannan ya kama halayen Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) da Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing).). <ref name="cam">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=Cameron Welsh reveals Summer Bay storm secrets |url=http://www.channel5.com/shows/home-and-away/interviews/cameron-welsh-reveals-summer-bay-storm-secrets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111113832/http://www.channel5.com/shows/home-and-away/interviews/cameron-welsh-reveals-summer-bay-storm-secrets |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] |publisher=([[Northern & Shell]])}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cattai_national_park_view_from_cattai_wharf.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|An yi fim da yunkurin Romeo da Alf na ceto wadanda ke cikin jirgin ruwa a filin shakatawa na Cattai (hoton) ]] ''Babban guguwa shine ɗayan mafi tsadar labarai na Gida da Away har zuwa yau. An yi fim ɗin shirye-shiryen akan kasafin kuɗi wanda ya ninka adadin kuɗin da ake buƙata don samar da "toshe na yau da kullun" na sassan. An kashe ƙarin kuɗi a ƙarin kwanaki na harbi, injin iska da ruwan sama, FX da na'urar daukar hoto da aka samar da Kwamfuta An yi fim har tsawon kwanaki goma sha ɗaya, biyar an kashe su a wurin yayin da sauran ke tushen studio. Fim ɗin ya ɗauki kwanaki uku fiye da adadin kwanakin da ake buƙata don yin fim. A cikin yin fim na episodic block kore allon da aka yi amfani da musamman tasiri. Gida da Away a baya ba su yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar duka biyun ba, amma Welsh ya ce suna buƙatar hakan saboda "yana kawo gaskiyar guguwar a cikin ɗakunan studio ɗinmu". Yayin da ake yin fim a kan harbe-harben wurin an yi amfani da su don "ƙarfafa jin guguwar gaba ɗaya". Simintin ya kuma buga wasan kwaikwayo da yin fim cikin ruwa da yawa''<ref name="cam"/> Abubuwan da Romeo da Alf suka ceci haruffa daga jirgin ruwa da ya rushe an yi fim a wurin da ke Cattai National Park. An shigar da injunan ruwan sama da hasumiyoyin haske. Duk da yanayin sanyi Welsh ya ce halin da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance mai girma saboda sun ji cewa "wani ɓangare ne na wani abu na musamman". Welsh ya ce ganin simintin ya hada tare da samar da "wani abu mai girma" lokaci ne da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba. Ya kara da cewa Luke Mitchell dole ne ya jimre da mafi munin yanayi na dogon lokaci yayin yin fim kuma ya yaba da hotonsa.<ref name="cam"/> Saboda sautin da aka saita daga na'urorin iska da ruwan sama, ba za a iya jin tattaunawar mambobin su a cikin fim na farko ba. Bayan makonni da yawa sun kara ƙarin rikodin tattaunawa a cikin al'amuran, wannan shine "mafi girman wahala" wanda aka fuskanta yayin aikin samarwa.<ref name="cam" /> == Makirci == Lokacin da John Palmer (Shane Withington) ya ji gargadin yanayi mai tsanani da aka bayar ta hanyar rediyo na gida, ya aika Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) don rufe bakin tekun. Shi kaɗai, Yohanna ya faɗo daga ɓoyayyen sa. Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman) ta shiga cikin gidan Austin inda ta gano John a sume. Lokacin da ma'aikatan motar asibiti suka isa don ceton John, Sasha ya sace kayayyaki daga gidan amma Xavier ya dakatar da shi. Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) ne ke kula da asibiti yana ba da amsa ga wadanda suka ji rauni a cikin guguwar. Dennis Harling (Daniel Roberts) ya shawo kan Harvey da Roo don ɗaukar jirgin ruwansa don yin kasuwanci tare da abokan ciniki. Alf da Romeo sun sami siginar damuwa daga Harvey da ke nuna cewa jirginsu ya kife. Alf ya hada tawagar mai da martani kuma ya fita zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa. Suna samun Roo da Dennis lokacin da suke iyo zuwa gaci. Romeo ya gaya wa Alf ya kai su asibiti yayin da yake ceto Harvey. Romeo ya sami Harvey wanda ke da zurfin laceration a ƙafarsa kuma yana asarar jini. Lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin komowa wata bishiya ta fado ramin motar Romeo ta faɗi gefen wani dutse. A karshe Romeo ya yi nasarar fitar da motar daga cikin rami kuma ya nemi magani ga Harvey. Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) da kuma Iliya Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) sun fake a cikin Pier Diner. Leah ta damu lokacin da ɗanta VJ Patterson (Felix Dean) ya ɓace, amma Iliya ya same shi a bakin teku. Lai’atu ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta gaya wa Iliya cewa tana zubar da jini kuma tana tunanin ta yi rashin jaririn da ke cikinta. Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart) da Gina Austin (Sonia Todd) sun kafa tsari a Summer Bay High. Heath ya isa neman tsari tare da 'yarsa Darcy Callahan (Alea O'Shea). Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister) ta zo neman Darcy, ta ji haushin yadda Heath ta dauke ta ba tare da izini ba kuma ta tafi da ita. Ruwa ya fara shiga cikin makarantar kuma Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood) ya gargadi kowa da kowa cewa guguwar tana karuwa, ko da yake an yi watsi da ita. Lokacin da matsalar ruwa ta tsananta Gina ta yanke shawarar kwashe kowa da kowa zuwa wancan gefen makarantar. Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) da Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) sun kusa ji rauni yayin da wani bangare na rufin ya fado a bayansu. Yayin da suke gudu, Bianca na tsaye a ƙarƙashin ragowar ɓangaren rufin. Heath yana faɗuwa don ceton Bianca yayin da rufin ya faɗo a saman su. Sun kasance a makale a karkashin tarkacen jirgin na wani dan lokaci, amma kungiyoyin ceto sun yi nasarar ceto su. Ana samun Colleen a makale ta hanyar amfani da dakin wanka wanda ta garzaya don amfani da shi saboda damuwa. Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) ya halarci wani hatsarin mota da Tegan ta makale a ciki. Tegan ba za ta iya 'yanci ba yayin da ta makale a karkashin sitiyarin. Bayan an yanke mata tarkacen, an kai ta asibiti domin yi mata tiyata inda daga baya ta rasu. Yayin da guguwar ta wuce mazaunan Summer Bay sun yarda da abubuwan da suka faru kuma suka fara aikin tsaftacewa. == Ci gaba == Don inganta labarin, Cibiyar Bakwai ta ba da tallace-tallace na talabijin guda biyu waɗanda aka watsa su a tashar su. Sun fara watsawa a watan Agusta suna tallata ranar farawa don labarin. Na farko ya nuna Summer Bay a cikin kwanciyar hankali tare da gargadi game da ''Babban Guguwa'' yana zuwa. Yayinda ɗayan ya tsara labarun bala'i na baya wanda Home and Away ya nuna, tare da ƙarin ''Babban Guguwa''. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen bidiyo da tambayoyi tare da simintin suna magana game da al'amuran. Ci gaban ya nuna cewa rufin a Summer Bay High zai rushe, mota za ta zame zuwa gefen dutse kuma ta nuna halaye daban-daban suna fama da yanayin guguwa mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilkelly |first=Daniel |date=23 August 2011 |title='Home and Away' storm disaster: First trailers |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/scoop/a336652/home-and-away-storm-disaster-first-trailers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022193828/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/scoop/a336652/home-and-away-storm-disaster-first-trailers.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref><ref name="tv">{{Cite web |last=Joe |date=5 September 2011 |title=Home and Away: The Great Storm finally hits |url=http://www.tvcentral.com.au/2011/09/05/home-and-away-the-great-storm-finally-hits/ |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=TV Central }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mai watsa shirye-shiryen Burtaniya Channel 5 ya fitar da talla a watan Oktoba kafin su kasance saboda watsa shirye-'shiryen. Hoton ya nuna al'amuran da yawa daga abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilkelly |first=Daniel |date=21 October 2011 |title='Home and Away' storm disaster: Channel 5 trailer |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/scoop/a346777/home-and-away-storm-disaster-channel-5-trailer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022135545/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s15/home-and-away/scoop/a346777/home-and-away-storm-disaster-channel-5-trailer.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref> == Rarraba da karɓar == Abu na farko na The Great Storm shine shirin na uku da aka fi kallo a Ostiraliya wanda ya kai kimanin masu kallo miliyan 1.208. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dyer |first=Glenn |date=6 September 2011 |title=Seven weathers a win, thanks to Home & Away's perfect storm |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2011/09/06/seven-weathers-a-win-thanks-to-home-aways-perfect-storm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013157/http://www.crikey.com.au/2011/09/06/seven-weathers-a-win-thanks-to-home-aways-perfect-storm/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=Crikey |publisher=(Private Media Pty)}}</ref> Abu na biyu wanda ke nuna Romeo da Alf na aikin ceto a masu kallo miliyan 1.176.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Andrew |date=8 September 2011 |title=Free To Air TV Ratings, Wednesday September 7th, 2011 |url=http://www.throng.com.au/ratings/free-air-tv-ratings-wednesday-september-7th-2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=Throng.com.au |publisher=(Throng Limited)}}</ref> Kashi na uku wanda ke nuna rushewar rufin a Summer Bay High ya kai miliyan 1.09.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Andrew |date=9 September 2011 |title=Free To Air TV Ratings, Thursday September 8th, 2011 |url=http://www.throng.com.au/ratings/free-air-tv-ratings-thursday-september-8th-2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=Throng.com.au |publisher=(Throng Limited)}}</ref> Duk da yake fitowar ta huɗu ta jerin ta ga raguwa mai yawa a matsakaicin masu kallo dubu 707. <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Andrew |date=10 September 2011 |title=Free To Air TV Ratings, Friday September 9th, 2011 |url=http://www.throng.com.au/ratings/free-air-tv-ratings-friday-september-9th-2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=Throng.com.au |publisher=(Throng Limited)}}</ref> Rahoton ƙididdigar ƙarshen mako ya kammala cewa Home da Away sun yi kyau a kan Cibiyar sadarwa ta Bakwai da matsakaicin miliyan 1.131.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Ratings: Seven shoots its way to the top |url=http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2011/09/11/ratings-seven-shoots-its-way-to-the-top/ |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=Mediaspy.org |publisher=(Media Spy and The Spy Report) }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Na farko ya sami 998,000 yayin da na biyu ya sauka zuwa 870,000 tare da na uku da na huɗu a kan masu kallo 893,000 da 824,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Andrew |date=25 October 2011 |title=Fiz's trial helps 'Coronation Street' double rule Monday |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a347361/fizs-trial-helps-coronation-street-double-rule-monday.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127081250/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a347361/fizs-trial-helps-coronation-street-double-rule-monday.html |archive-date=27 November 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Andrew |date=26 October 2011 |title='Hollyoaks' Silas plot boosts E4's first look showing |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/news/a347562/hollyoaks-silas-plot-boosts-e4s-first-look-showing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203095250/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/news/a347562/hollyoaks-silas-plot-boosts-e4s-first-look-showing.html |archive-date=3 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilkelly |first=Daniel |date=27 October 2011 |title='Coronation Street' Rosie kidnap pulls in 7.7m |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a347758/coronation-street-rosie-kidnap-pulls-in-77m.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231222151/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a347758/coronation-street-rosie-kidnap-pulls-in-77m.html |archive-date=31 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Andrew |date=28 October 2011 |title=Silas's night of terror scores for 'Hollyoaks' on E4 |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a347959/silass-night-of-terror-scores-for-hollyoaks-on-e4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130123205/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a347959/silass-night-of-terror-scores-for-hollyoaks-on-e4.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=([[Hachette Filipacchi]])}}</ref> Wani marubuci daga TV Central ya ce ''Babban Guguwa'' shine "abin da ake tsammani na talabijin na Cibiyar sadarwa guda bakwai" kuma ya kara da cewa Summer Bay "ya buga kamar yadda ba a taɓa gani ba" idan aka kwatanta da makircin bala'i na baya.<ref name="tv"/> Erin Miller na TV Week yana da martani mai rikitarwa ga abubuwan da suka faru. Duk da yake "mai girma ne don ganin Summer Bay ya magance bala'i na halitta" wanda ya haifar da "lokaci mai wahala" da yawa, Miller ya ce tasirin na musamman ya lalata al'amuran daban-daban. Ta yi imanin cewa an bar Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) don yin wasa "halayyar da ke da ban sha'awa" kamar yadda aka saba.<ref name="miller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Erin |date=September 2011 |title=You can't fight Mother Nature... |url=http://tvweek.ninemsn.com.au/blog.aspx?blogentryid=894139&showcomments=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018224437/http://tvweek.ninemsn.com.au/Blog.aspx?blogentryid=894139&showcomments=true |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |website=[[TV Week]] |publisher=([[ACP Magazines]])}}</ref> Miller ya yi sharhi cewa Romeo ya yi nasara a matsayin "jarumi" na labarin lokacin da ya ceci rayuwar Harvey.<ref name="miller" /> A cikin littafin shekara-shekara na Soap na ciki na 2012 an zaɓi "The Great Storm" a matsayin "babban lokaci" na Oktoba 2011 a cikin sabulu na Burtaniya. Mawallafin su ya ce labarin ya yi "mako mai ban mamaki" na abubuwan da suka faru game da guguwar "mai iko" wanda ya bar "tsinkaye da lalacewa" a cikin hanyarsa. Sun ce "mun kasance a gefen kujerunmu yayin da muke jira don gano ko guguwar za ta kashe rayuka".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 November 2011 |title=The great storm! |journal=[[Inside Soap|Inside Soap Yearbook 2012]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines UK]] |issue=6 |pages=80}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6w30x9dtxwilg61ixp10lf5nd1ldcuj 0 114444 890794 877479 2026-08-02T23:04:13Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 890794 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Rotimi Salami (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Nollywood kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka (AMVCA).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotimi_Salami#cite_note-1</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotimi_Salami#cite_note-:0</ref>-2 == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * *[[Just Not Married]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * African Queen (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''The Miracle Centre'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Crossroad (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Unknown Soja (2024) a matsayin Galala == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 571rbsd488bbbgn877tzrd9si502l4r 3 115498 890792 709765 2026-08-02T22:33:38Z Superpes15 11792 Superpes15 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Storiaditaliayt]] to [[Tattaunawar user:IannisAnto]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Storiaditaliayt|Storiaditaliayt]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/IannisAnto|IannisAnto]]" 709765 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Storiaditaliayt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Storiaditaliayt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Satumba 2025 (UTC) kal14x7vsm7lbfj1opr5pfa9h5ulgzp 0 117894 890623 822544 2026-08-02T12:43:19Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Obesity-waist_circumference.svg|thumb|Girman kai da kugu]] Kiba a Najeriya wani kalubale ne da ke kunno kai a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda ke haifar da saurin bunkasar birane, sauye-sauyen rayuwa, da dabi'un abinci. Yayin da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] a tarihi ya kasance babban abin da ke damun lafiya a ƙasar, matsalar kiba da kiba sun ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan sauye-sauye yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki, haɓaka birane, da tsarin abinci na yamma.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Chukwuonye |first=Innocent Ijezie |last2=Ohagwu |first2=Kenneth Arinze |last3=Ogah |first3=Okechukwu Samuel |last4=John |first4=Collins |last5=Oviasu |first5=Efosa |last6=Anyabolu |first6=Ernest Ndukaife |last7=Ezeani |first7=Ignatius Ugochukwu |last8=Iloh |first8=Gabriel Uche Paschal |last9=Chukwuonye |first9=Miracle Erinma |last10=Raphael |first10=Caleb Ogechi |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uwa |last12=Okafor |first12=Umezurike Hughes |last13=Oladele |first13=Clement |last14=Obi |first14=Emmanuel Chukwuebuka |last15=Okwuonu |first15=Chimezie Godswill |date=2022 |title=Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000515 |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10021772 |pmid=36962450 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.ecsdev.org/images/V2N2/ekpenyong%20141-164.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018220616/http://www.ecsdev.org/images/V2N2/ekpenyong%20141-164.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Yaduwar == Yawan kiba a Najeriya ya karu, musamman a birane. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), yaduwar kiba da kiba tsakanin manya a Najeriya ya karu sosai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 20-35% na manya na Najeriya suna da kiba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adeloye |first=Davies |last2=Ige-Elegbede |first2=Janet O. |last3=Ezejimofor |first3=Martinsixtus |last4=Owolabi |first4=Eyitayo O. |last5=Ezeigwe |first5=Nnenna |last6=Omoyele |first6=Chiamaka |last7=Mpazanje |first7=Rex G. |last8=Dewan |first8=Mary T. |last9=Agogo |first9=Emmanuel |last10=Gadanya |first10=Muktar A. |last11=Alemu |first11=Wondimagegnehu |last12=Harhay |first12=Michael O. |last13=Auta |first13=Asa |last14=Adebiyi |first14=Akindele O. |date=December 2021 |title=Estimating the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria in 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=495–507 |doi=10.1080/07853890.2021.1897665 |issn=1365-2060 |pmc=8018557 |pmid=33783281}}</ref> tare da yawan kiba tsakanin 8-22%, dangane da jinsi da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Mata suna da yawan kiba idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman a cikin birane.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Chukwuonye |first=Innocent Ijezie |last2=Ohagwu |first2=Kenneth Arinze |last3=Ogah |first3=Okechukwu Samuel |last4=John |first4=Collins |last5=Oviasu |first5=Efosa |last6=Anyabolu |first6=Ernest Ndukaife |last7=Ezeani |first7=Ignatius Ugochukwu |last8=Iloh |first8=Gabriel Uche Paschal |last9=Chukwuonye |first9=Miracle Erinma |last10=Raphael |first10=Caleb Ogechi |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uwa |last12=Okafor |first12=Umezurike Hughes |last13=Oladele |first13=Clement |last14=Obi |first14=Emmanuel Chukwuebuka |last15=Okwuonu |first15=Chimezie Godswill |date=2022 |title=Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000515 |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10021772 |pmid=36962450 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Hadiza |date=2022-01-26 |title=How e Consign Me? Obesity, a Growing Concern in Nigeria |url=https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/how-e-consign-me-obesity-a-growing-concern-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Nigeria Health Watch |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === Canjin abinci === Yawan cin abinci da aka sarrafa, da abubuwan sha, da abinci masu saurin kitse da sinadarin Carbohydrate sun taimaka wajen haifar da kiba a Najeriya. Mutane da yawa, musamman a cikin birane, sun dogara da abinci mai sauri saboda dacewa da araha. Wadannan abinci sau da yawa suna da yawa a cikin kitse marasa lafiya, sukari, da adadin kuzari yayin da basu da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki. Haɓaka dabi'ar cin abinci irin na yammacin duniya, wanda duniya ta yi tasiri da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin, ya kuma haifar da raguwar abinci na gargajiya waɗanda ke da wadataccen fiber, kayan lambu, da sinadarai masu raɗaɗi. Wannan canji a cikin tsarin cin abinci ya haifar da yawan abincin caloric ba tare da haɓaka daidai ba a cikin motsa jiki, yana haifar da kiba da kiba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrikova |first=Ivica |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Ranjana |last3=Fraser |first3=Paul D. |date=2023-01-17 |title=The 'Nigerian Diet' and Its Evolution: Review of the Existing Literature and Household Survey Data |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=443 |doi=10.3390/foods12030443 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=9914143 |pmid=36765972 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reardon |first=Thomas |last2=Tschirley |first2=David |last3=Liverpool-Tasie |first3=Lenis Saweda O. |last4=Awokuse |first4=Titus |last5=Fanzo |first5=Jessica |last6=Minten |first6=Bart |last7=Vos |first7=Rob |last8=Dolislager |first8=Michael |last9=Sauer |first9=Christine |last10=Dhar |first10=Rahul |last11=Vargas |first11=Carolina |last12=Lartey |first12=Anna |last13=Raza |first13=Ahmed |last14=Popkin |first14=Barry M. |date=2021-03-01 |title=The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition |journal=Global Food Security |volume=28 |bibcode=2021GlFS...2800466R |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466 |issn=2211-9124 |pmc=8049356 |pmid=33868911}}</ref> Yawan cin abinci da aka sarrafa, da abubuwan sha, da abinci masu saurin kitse da sinadarin Carbohydrate sun taimaka wajen haifar da kiba a Najeriya. Mutane da yawa, musamman a cikin birane, sun dogara da abinci mai sauri saboda dacewa da araha. Wadannan abinci sau da yawa suna da yawa a cikin kitse marasa lafiya, sukari, da adadin kuzari yayin da basu da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki. Haɓaka dabi'ar cin abinci irin na yammacin duniya, wanda duniya ta yi tasiri da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin, ya kuma haifar da raguwar abinci na gargajiya waɗanda ke da wadataccen fiber, kayan lambu, da sinadarai masu raɗaɗi. Wannan canji a cikin tsarin cin abinci ya haifar da yawan abincin caloric ba tare da haɓaka daidai ba a cikin motsa jiki, yana haifar da kiba da kiba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Rachel |last2=Kelly |first2=Bridget |last3=Yeatman |first3=Heather |last4=Boyland |first4=Emma |date=2019-04-18 |title=Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review |journal=Nutrients |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=875 |doi=10.3390/nu11040875 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6520952 |pmid=31003489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Hanyar rayuwa mai zaman kanta === Bugu da ƙari, dabarun tallan tallace-tallace na kamfanonin abinci na duniya sun taka rawa wajen inganta halayen cin abinci mara kyau. Tallace-tallacen da ake yi wa manya da yara suna ƙarfafa cin abinci da aka sarrafa da kuma abubuwan sha masu daɗi, wanda ke ƙara tsananta matsalar kiba. Bugu da kari, arziƙin abincin da aka sarrafa idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyawun hanyoyin lafiya, kamar sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, yana sauƙaƙa wa mutane su zaɓi zaɓi mara kyau. Ba tare da sauye-sauyen abinci ba, karuwar kiba zai ci gaba da haifar da babban kalubale ga lafiyar al'umma a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iwuala |first=Sandra Omozehio |last2=Ayankogbe |first2=Olayinka Olufunmi |last3=Olatona |first3=FolukeAdenike |last4=Olamoyegun |first4=Michael Adeyemi |last5=OkparaIgwe |first5=Ukandu |last6=Sabir |first6=Anas Ahmad |last7=Fasanmade |first7=Olufemi Adetola |date=2015-01-09 |title=Obesity among health service providers in Nigeria: danger to long term health worker retention? |url=https://panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/22/1/full/ |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.22.1.5586 |issn=1937-8688 |pmc=4643157 |pmid=26600902}}</ref> Bayan wurin aiki, ayyukan nishaɗi kuma sun canza, suna ƙara rage matakan motsa jiki. A da, yara da manya suna yin wasanni a waje da kuma aikin motsa jiki, amma a yau, mutane da yawa sun fi son nishaɗin cikin gida, kamar kallon talabijin ko wasan bidiyo. Wuraren jama'a da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki, kamar wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa, ba su da iyaka a yawancin biranen Najeriya, wanda ke sa mutane su iya yin motsa jiki akai-akai. Ba tare da yunƙurin hankali ba don haɓaka motsa jiki da rage halayen zaman jama'a, ƙila adadin kiba zai ci gaba da hauhawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iwuala |first=Sandra Omozehio |last2=Ayankogbe |first2=Olayinka Olufunmi |last3=Olatona |first3=Foluke Adenike |last4=Olamoyegun |first4=Michael Adeyemi |last5=OkparaIgwe |first5=Ukandu |last6=Sabir |first6=Anas Ahmad |last7=Fasanmade |first7=Olufemi Adetola |date=2015 |title=Obesity among health service providers in Nigeria: danger to long term health worker retention? |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |volume=22 |page=1 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.22.1.5586 |issn=1937-8688 |pmc=4643157 |pmid=26600902}}</ref> [[Fayil:Obesity_rate_(WHO,_2022).png|thumb|Yawan kiba (WHO, 2022) ]] === Birane da ci gaban tattalin arziki === Bunkasa birane da ci gaban tattalin arziki ya baiwa ‘yan Najeriya da dama guraben ayyukan yi da inganta rayuwar jama’a, amma kuma sun taimaka wajen karuwar kiba. Mazauna birni galibi suna samun sauƙin samun abinci mai kalori saboda samuwar manyan kantuna, gidajen abinci, da kantunan abinci mai sauri. Ba kamar mazauna karkara ba, inda mutane ke yin noma da sauran ayyukan motsa jiki, mazauna birane sun fi samun guraben ayyukan yi da salon rayuwa. Wannan hadewar cin abinci mai yawan kuzari da rage yawan motsa jiki ya haifar da barkewar cutar kiba a yawancin biranen Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar birane ya haifar da ƙarin dogaro ga tsarin sufuri kamar bas, [[babura]], da motoci masu zaman kansu, wanda ya rage yawan masu tafiya a kowace rana. A cikin yankunan karkara, tafiya mai nisa don aiki, makaranta, ko ayyukan kasuwa yana ba da gudummawa don kiyaye nauyin lafiya, amma a cikin birane, dacewa ya maye gurbin motsa jiki. Bugu da ƙari, tsadar rayuwa a birane sau da yawa yana sa abinci mai lafiya ya fi tsada fiye da yadda ake sarrafa su, yana sa mutane da yawa su zaɓi abinci maras gina jiki, mai yawan kuzari. Magance waɗannan ƙalubalen na buƙatar manufofin da ke haɓaka ingantattun muhallin birane, kamar haɓaka wuraren shakatawa, titin titi, da cibiyoyin motsa jiki masu isa. === Ra'ayoyin al'adu === A wasu al'ummomin Najeriya, kiba yana da alaƙa da wadata, lafiya, da kuma babban matsayi na zamantakewa. A tarihi, ana ganin cikakken jiki a matsayin alamar wadata da wadata, musamman a yankunan da ake fama da karancin abinci. A cikin al'adu da yawa, girman girman jiki har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawa, yana jagorantar wasu mutane don samun kiba da gangan. Wannan hasashe yana hana mutane yin aiki da dabarun sarrafa nauyi, koda lokacin da suka fuskanci haɗarin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da kiba. Bugu da ƙari, tsammanin al'umma da matsin lamba na iyali na iya yin wahala ga ɗaiɗaikun su ɗauki ingantacciyar rayuwa. Wasu mutane na iya jin kunyar shiga ƙoƙarin rage nauyi saboda ya saba wa ka'idodin al'adu waɗanda ke danganta bakin ciki da talauci ko rashin lafiya. Sakamakon haka, kamfen na kula da lafiyar jama'a da nufin magance kiba dole ne su mai da hankali kan canza waɗannan hasashe na al'adu. Ilimantar da al'ummomi game da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na kiba da haɓaka haɓakar jiki ta hanyar da ke ƙarfafa dacewa da walwala, maimakon kiba kawai, yana da mahimmanci wajen magance matsalar kiba. [abubuwan da ake bukata] === Halitta === Wasu mutane suna da dabi'ar dabi'a ga kiba, wanda abubuwan muhalli na iya tsanantawa. Abubuwan Halittu suna tasiri metabolism, ajiyar mai, da ikon jiki don daidaita nauyi. Mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na kiba suna iya samun kiba cikin sauƙi, musamman idan aka fallasa su ga cin abinci mara kyau da salon rayuwa. Duk da haka, yayin da kwayoyin halitta ke taka rawa, ba wai kawai suke ƙayyade nauyin mutum ba. Zaɓuɓɓukan rayuwa irin su abinci, motsa jiki, da matakin ayyuka gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage tasirin tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta. Wasu mutane suna da dabi'ar dabi'a ga kiba, wanda abubuwan muhalli na iya tsanantawa. Abubuwan Halittu suna tasiri metabolism, ajiyar mai, da ikon jiki don daidaita nauyi. Mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na kiba suna iya samun kiba cikin sauƙi, musamman idan aka fallasa su ga cin abinci mara kyau da salon rayuwa. Duk da haka, yayin da kwayoyin halitta ke taka rawa, ba wai kawai suke ƙayyade nauyin mutum ba. Zaɓuɓɓukan rayuwa irin su abinci, motsa jiki, da matakin ayyuka gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage tasirin tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta. === Rashin sani === Yawancin 'yan Najeriya ba su san haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da kiba ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci da salon rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessment of Dietary Knowledge, Practices and Control in Type 2 Diabetes in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njm/article/view/37137/25726 |website=www.ajol.info}}</ref> Akwai iyakantaccen ilimin jama'a game da haɗarin cututtukan da suka shafi kiba, kamar ciwon sukari, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da cututtukar zuciya. A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ba sa ganin gaggawa na kiyaye nauyi mai lafiya. Rashin ilimin abinci mai gina jiki yana nufin cewa mutane suna ci gaba da cin abinci mai yawan adadin kuzari ba tare da fahimtar tasirin su na dogon lokaci akan kiwon lafiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, rashin yaduwar shirye-shiryen rigakafin kiba ya ba da gudummawa ga batun. Ba kamar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ba inda yaƙin neman zaɓe na kiwon lafiya ke jaddada kula da nauyi, Najeriya tana da ƙarancin ayyukan jama'a da ke mai da hankali kan wayar da kan kiba. Mutane da yawa ba su da damar samun ingantacciyar jagora akan daidaitaccen abinci da kuma motsa jiki. Don magance wannan matsala, dole ne gwamnati, masu ba da kiwon lafiya, da shugabannin al'umma su yi aiki tare don ilimantar da jama'a game da rigakafin kiba da karfafa zabin salon rayuwa. == Sakamakon kiwon lafiya == Girman kiba yana haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar cututtukan da ba su yaduwa ba (NCDs) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases#:~:text=Noncommunicable%20diseases%20(NCDs),%20including,74%25%20of%20all%20deaths%20worldwide. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> a duk duniya, gami da [[Najeriya]]. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi damuwa shine haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da cututtukan zuciya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardiovascular diseases |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20(CVDs)%20are%20the,heart%20disease%20and%20other%20conditions. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323051057/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> kamar hawan jini <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hypertension |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension#:~:text=Hypertension%20(high%20blood%20pressure)%20is,get%20your%20blood%20pressure%20checked. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview}}</ref> da cututsin zuciya, dukansu biyu na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani kamar bugun zuciya ko gazawar zuciya. Girman kiba shine babban dalilin ciwon sukari na nau'in 2, yanayin da ke karuwa a Najeriya saboda sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa da halaye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Luke |date=2016-07-11 |title=Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |url=https://diabetesresearchconnection.org/differences-type-1-type-2-diabetes/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwy46_BhDOARIsAIvmcwP-HWJaHrgSWTGY3IFFxDpLTEPGTa9L22U7G2Nefzjev5Z9eH25bJcaAii8EALw_wcB |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Diabetes Research Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayi mai girma na cholesterol da hauhawar jini, sau da yawa ana ganin su a cikin masu kiba, suma suna ƙara haɗarin bugun jini, wanda zai iya haifar da nakasa na dogon lokaci ko mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, kiba an haɗa shi da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, gami da ciwon nono da ciwon daji na colorectal, yana ƙara nauyin cutar. Rashin numfashi irin su apnea na bacci da asma sun fi yawa a tsakanin masu kiba, saboda yawan nauyi na iya ƙuntata iska da kuma lalata aikin huhu. Baya ga lafiyar jiki, kiba na iya samun mummunar tasirin tunani, yana ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da ƙarancin girman kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarwer |first=David B. |last2=Polonsky |first2=Heather M. |date=September 2016 |title=The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016 |issn=1558-4410 |pmc=6052856 |pmid=27519139}}</ref> Idan aka ba da waɗannan haɗarin, magance kiba ta hanyar gyare-gyaren salon rayuwa, gami da daidaitaccen abinci da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, yana da mahimmanci don hana waɗannan yanayin da ke barazana ga rayuwa da inganta lafiyar gaba ɗaya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 4owgz4313d188rbyv1i6rwlw2uc78f8 0 118032 890565 722930 2026-08-02T12:01:07Z BnHamid 12586 890565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Ghazi Salah al-Din al-Atabani''', بالعربي غازي صلاح الدين العتباني (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1951, [[Omdurman]], [[Sudan]]) sanannen ɗan siyasa ne kuma likita. == Nasa == Atabani ya auri Samia Yousif Idris Habbani, 'yar wani sanannen shugaban kabila a Sudan; ita likita ce wacce ta rike mukamin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a a Gwamnatin Jihar Khartoum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} == Ilimi == Atabani ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1978 daga Faculty of Medicine, [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] tare da digiri na farko a Medicine da Surgery . Bayan ɗan gajeren horo a matsayin likita a Sudan, ya fara horo na digiri a Jami'ar Surrey, Guildford, [[Ingila]], kuma ya sami digirinsa na PhD a cikin ilimin kimiyyar asibiti a shekarar 1985. A lokacin da ya dawo Sudan ya zama malami a alma mater, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} == Ayyuka == Baya ga kwarewarsa ta sana'a, Atabani fitaccen ɗan siyasa ne a Sudan. Ya fara aikin sa na siyasa a makarantar likita. Dalibai na Jami'ar Khartoum sun zabe shi har sau biyu a matsayin memba na Majalisar forty-man council wanda shine babbar ƙungiyar siyasa da ke kula da Khartoom University Students Union. Yayinda yake a Burtaniya, an zabe shi memba na Kungiyar Dalibai ta Sudan a Burtaniya da Ireland. Tun daga shekara ta 1991, yayi ayyukan ministoci da yawa, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Waje, Ministan Al'adu da Bayanai, da Ministan Sadarwa. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Harkokin Zaman Lafiya, ya sami babban gudummawarsa a shekara ta 2002 lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Machakos tare da [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir]], Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan na farko na yanzu kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'ar Sudan, wanda ya samar da hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Sudan ta Arewa da Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2005. Atabani ya kasance babban mutum a cikin Jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP). An zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1998, kuma ya kasance har sau uku, a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Sudan na NCP. Har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Ofishin Jagora na NCP, mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=US Welcomes Darfur Framework Agreement |url=http://www.sudanradio.org/us-welcomes-darfur-framework-agreement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051842/http://www.sudanradio.org/us-welcomes-darfur-framework-agreement |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=20 March 2010 |publisher=Sudan Radio Service}}</ref> kuma Shugaban NCP Caucus (Majority) a cikin Majalisar. Lokacin da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta sami 'yancin kanta a shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Khartoum ta rasa kusan kashi 70% na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara daga masana'antar mai, wanda ke da zama a Kudu, kuma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, an tilasta gwamnati ta yanke kudaden jama'a don samar da kudin kasafin da ya ragu. Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shine kawo ƙarshen tallafin man fetur, amma hanyoyin sun kasance da ɗan wahala, wanda hawa ɗaya ya ɗaga farashin man fetur da kusan kashi 60%, amma kuma yana da tasiri ga wasu kayan masarufi da yawa, saboda karuwar farashin sufuri. Sakamakon shi ne cewa talakawa sun shiga tituna, a cikin jerin manyan zanga-zanga yayi da gwamnati ta yi kokarin maganceshe ta mummunar hanya, tare da yawan masu zanga-zambe da hukumomi suka harbe su. Atabani shine jagora mai sanya hannu a cikin masu gyara 31 waɗanda suka aika da wata yarjejeniya ga shugaban kasa, suna kokawa da kashe-kashen kuma suna ba da shawara game da martani ta hanya daban game da halin da ake ciki. Gwamnati ba ta nuna godiya ba san ta dakatar da mambobin NCP. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2013, masu sa hannu 31, karkashin jagorancin Atabani, sun sanar da cewa zasuyi murabus daga NCP, don samun sabuwar jam'iyya. Atabani mai karɓar Order of the Republic da kuma Order of Political Accomplishment . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] nevlx8tzxe6k5oek3gk306xjbcxgbi9 890566 890565 2026-08-02T12:01:17Z BnHamid 12586 890566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Ghazi Salah al-Din al-Atabani''', بالعربي غازي صلاح الدين العتباني (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1951, [[Omdurman]], [[Sudan]]) sanannen ɗan siyasa ne kuma likita. == Nasa == Atabani ya auri Samia Yousif Idris Habbani, 'yar wani sanannen shugaban kabila a Sudan; ita likita ce wacce ta rike mukamin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a a Gwamnatin Jihar Khartoum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} == Ilimi == Atabani ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1978 daga Faculty of Medicine, [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] tare da digiri na farko a Medicine da Surgery . Bayan ɗan gajeren horo a matsayin likita a Sudan, ya fara horo na digiri a Jami'ar Surrey, Guildford, [[Ingila]], kuma ya sami digirinsa na PhD a cikin ilimin kimiyyar asibiti a shekarar 1985. A lokacin da ya dawo Sudan ya zama malami a alma mater, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} == Ayyuka == Baya ga kwarewarsa ta sana'a, Atabani fitaccen ɗan siyasa ne a Sudan. Ya fara aikin sa na siyasa a makarantar likita. Dalibai na Jami'ar Khartoum sun zabe shi har sau biyu a matsayin memba na Majalisar forty-man council wanda shine babbar ƙungiyar siyasa da ke kula da Khartoom University Students Union. Yayinda yake a Burtaniya, an zabe shi memba na Kungiyar Dalibai ta Sudan a Burtaniya da Ireland. Tun daga shekara ta 1991, yayi ayyukan ministoci da yawa, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Waje, Ministan Al'adu da Bayanai, da Ministan Sadarwa. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Harkokin Zaman Lafiya, ya sami babban gudummawarsa a shekara ta 2002 lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Machakos tare da [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir]], Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan na farko na yanzu kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'ar Sudan, wanda ya samar da hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe tsakanin Sudan ta Arewa da Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2005. Atabani ya kasance babban mutum a cikin Jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP). An zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1998, kuma ya kasance har sau uku, a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Sudan na NCP. Har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Ofishin Jagora na NCP, mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=US Welcomes Darfur Framework Agreement |url=http://www.sudanradio.org/us-welcomes-darfur-framework-agreement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051842/http://www.sudanradio.org/us-welcomes-darfur-framework-agreement |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=20 March 2010 |publisher=Sudan Radio Service}}</ref> kuma Shugaban NCP Caucus (Majority) a cikin Majalisar. Lokacin da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta sami 'yancin kanta a shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Khartoum ta rasa kusan kashi 70% na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara daga masana'antar mai, wanda ke da zama a Kudu, kuma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, an tilasta gwamnati ta yanke kudaden jama'a don samar da kudin kasafin da ya ragu. Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shine kawo ƙarshen tallafin man fetur, amma hanyoyin sun kasance da ɗan wahala, wanda hawa ɗaya ya ɗaga farashin man fetur da kusan kashi 60%, amma kuma yana da tasiri ga wasu kayan masarufi da yawa, saboda karuwar farashin sufuri. Sakamakon shi ne cewa talakawa sun shiga tituna, a cikin jerin manyan zanga-zanga yayi da gwamnati ta yi kokarin maganceshe ta mummunar hanya, tare da yawan masu zanga-zambe da hukumomi suka harbe su. Atabani shine jagora mai sanya hannu a cikin masu gyara 31 waɗanda suka aika da wata yarjejeniya ga shugaban kasa, suna kokawa da kashe-kashen kuma suna ba da shawara game da martani ta hanya daban game da halin da ake ciki. Gwamnati ba ta nuna godiya ba san ta dakatar da mambobin NCP. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2013, masu sa hannu 31, karkashin jagorancin Atabani, sun sanar da cewa zasuyi murabus daga NCP, don samun sabuwar jam'iyya. Atabani mai karɓar Order of the Republic da kuma Order of Political Accomplishment . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] fuwnln0ksk9q56pt5dkyod2qgm26oq4 0 118183 890600 723912 2026-08-02T12:33:24Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 890600 wikitext text/x-wiki Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma Uzee Usman, Bestman Thompson, da Mary Njoku suka shirya ga kamfanoni ROK Studios. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar Uchechi Treasure, Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da Uzee Usman. [1] Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 307w7on88sugnjcno0lz5c00gx064nf 890603 890600 2026-08-02T12:34:35Z BnHamid 12586 890603 wikitext text/x-wiki Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da Mary Njoku suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar Uchechi Treasure, Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]]. [1] Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] eysvvpe0cpxvvu4vz2cz02au21gocon 890604 890603 2026-08-02T12:35:15Z BnHamid 12586 890604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]]. [1] Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] diqeedpvw4ojhik1fp2jsv8n1mjlrud 890606 890604 2026-08-02T12:36:01Z BnHamid 12586 890606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]]. [1] Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] h6jnpphy06upaq91audcd80nt1w8cps 890610 890606 2026-08-02T12:37:28Z BnHamid 12586 890610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]]. [1] Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 28rkj24brop9rtw9odrfw7hj0i5ysr8 890611 890610 2026-08-02T12:37:42Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 890611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 75yxp12fndrxyltdpjqvib62hi2pvvc 890633 890611 2026-08-02T12:49:48Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 890633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] cx5vnubg8xlpwrvjop4tgjspfaxlwzt 890634 890633 2026-08-02T12:52:38Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 890634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== Fim ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman[2] sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.[1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] tdwazzqlu7o9szuqav37vw7004yjmmc 890636 890634 2026-08-02T12:53:48Z BnHamid 12586 /* Jaruman shirin */ Sanya manazarta 890636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 9poftgfxmoeuh0twoixoapk33jiay8q 890637 890636 2026-08-02T12:55:32Z BnHamid 12586 890637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb title|id=tt27392180}} [[Category:Fim]] 000ekweh1aookc26l2evgord37iej16 890642 890637 2026-08-02T13:03:03Z BnHamid 12586 Ingantawa 890642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Bikin haska fim ɗin == An saki fim ɗin Iman a Najeriya ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023 akan Dstv ta hanyar ROK2 da kuma a tashar talabijin ta Nollywood TV.[3][2] This Day Nigeria ta ba fim ɗin maki/taurari 4/5, ta kwatanta fim ɗin a matsayin fim mai tasir.[4] Oluchi Favour Chinedu na jaridar The Guardian ya yaba da fim ɗin a matsayin labarin da ya taɓo fannin juriya, da ilimi.[5] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb title|id=tt27392180}} [[Category:Fim]] omqa7txg2pe8dj6ghdt996k573y96k2 890643 890642 2026-08-02T13:04:45Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 890643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Bikin haska fim ɗin == An saki fim ɗin Iman a Najeriya ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023 akan Dstv ta hanyar ROK2 da kuma a tashar talabijin ta Nollywood TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/titles/930/iman |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> This Day Nigeria ta ba fim ɗin maki/taurari 4/5, ta kwatanta fim ɗin a matsayin fim mai tasir.[4] Oluchi Favour Chinedu na jaridar The Guardian ya yaba da fim ɗin a matsayin labarin da ya taɓo fannin juriya, da ilimi.[5] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb title|id=tt27392180}} [[Category:Fim]] lxfy6lss6wnpak4an6b6po3euub4a4n 890644 890643 2026-08-02T13:08:39Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 890644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Bikin haska fim ɗin == An saki fim ɗin Iman a Najeriya ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023 akan Dstv ta hanyar ROK2 da kuma a tashar talabijin ta Nollywood TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/titles/930/iman |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Jaridar [[This Day|This Day Nigeria]] ta ba fim ɗin maki/taurari 4/5, ta kwatanta fim ɗin a matsayin fim mai tasir.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movie Review: Iman – A Triumph Against Tradition|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/04/26/movie-review-iman-a-triumph-against-tradition/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |newspaper=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Oluchi Favour Chinedu na [[The Guardian (Najeriya)|jaridar The Guardian]] ta yaba da fim ɗin a matsayin labarin da ya taɓo fannin juriya, da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amos |date=2023-04-18 |title=Iman (2023), a story of resilience, education, and breaking barriers– Movie Review |url=https://guardian.ng/features/iman-2023-a-story-of-resilience-education-and-breaking-barriers-movie-review/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb title|id=tt27392180}} [[Category:Fim]] tq7kbgxmhw27gzrzsqgl7hoh3mv56oz 0 119041 890795 727311 2026-08-03T00:13:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aleksei Dronov''' [[Amateur boxer|dan damben dambe]] ne na kasar Rasha wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare a [[2018 Youth Olympics|gasar Olympics ta matasa ta 2018]], [[2018 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|gasar matasa ta duniya]], da kuma [[European Amateur Boxing Championships#EUBC events|gasar matasa ta Turai]], duk a cikin rukunin [[super-heavyweight]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 September 2019 |title=Bizhamov and Dronov defended their titles in the EUBC European Youth Boxing Championships where Russia, Bulgaria, France and Ukraine shared the male gold medals |url=http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/bizhamov-and-dronov-defended-their-titles-in-the-eubc-european-youth-boxing-championships-where-russia-bulgaria-france-and-ukraine-shared-the-male-gold-medals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210044820/http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/bizhamov-and-dronov-defended-their-titles-in-the-eubc-european-youth-boxing-championships-where-russia-bulgaria-france-and-ukraine-shared-the-male-gold-medals/ |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=[[European Boxing Confederation]] |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iu7vhob23qd9u3m66hgwqadh02w6hvc 0 122739 890583 745406 2026-08-02T12:18:19Z BnHamid 12586 890583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elisabeth Käsemann''' (11 ga Mayu 1947 - 24 ga Mayu 1977) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Yammacin Jamus wanda aka kashe a [[Argentina]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dirty War . == Rayuwa == An haifi Käsemann a Gelsenkirchen ga Margit Käsemann da masanin tauhidin Jamus Ernst Käsemann . [1][2] Iyalin sun ƙaura akai-akai tun tana yarinya saboda aikin mahaifinta, suna zaune a Mainz, Göttingen, da Tübingen (tun daga shekara ta 1959). Ta gudanar da "ƙungiyar nazarin siyasa" a makarantar sakandare ta Wildermuth, daga inda ta kammala a shekarar 1966. Ta halarci Oxford a takaice a kan zama na harshe kafin ta ci gaba da karatun siyasa a Freie Universität Berlin tun daga ƙarshen 1966. Ayyukanta na karatun ta buƙaci ta dauki horo na horo, wanda ta yi a Bolivia a shekarar 1968. A can, ta yi aiki ga Ikilisiyar Evangelical Methodist a La Paz . [2] Yayinda yake karatu da aiki a Bolivia, Käsemann ya zagaya Latin Amurka kuma ya yanke shawarar karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Buenos Aires . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya da mai fassara, kuma ta fara shiga cikin kungiyoyin siyasa na gida a cikin 1968 da 1969.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Biography |url=https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Justice at last: Judgment in the Elisabeth Käsemann case |url=https://www.ecchr.eu/en/case/justice-at-last-judgment-in-the-elisabeth-kaesemann-case/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu a matsayin masanin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tübingen . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Paterson |first=Tony |date=2011-07-15 |title=Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A Argentina, Käsemann ta ci gaba da ayyukan karatu da rubutu ta hanyar koyarwa a unguwanni matalauta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pieper |first=Oliver |date=2018-06-16 |title=Der tragische Fall Elisabeth Käsemann |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fu%C3%9Fball-und-politik-der-tragische-fall-elisabeth-k%C3%A4semann/a-44242074 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=DW |language=de}}</ref> Bayan juyin mulkin soja na kasar a shekara ta 1976, ta yi aiki don ƙirƙirar takardu don taimakawa manufofin siyasa su tsere daga kasar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Käsemann case |url=https://www.dw.com/en/former-argentine-military-officers-sentenced-for-murder-of-german-student/a-15233862 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Paterson |first=Tony |date=2011-07-15 |title=Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Independent |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPaterson2011">Paterson, Tony (2011-07-15). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html "Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kama Käsemann saboda aikinta a ranar 9 ga Maris 1977, bayan an gano ta bace bayan ta kasa saduwa da abokiyar Amurka. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Justice at last: Judgment in the Elisabeth Käsemann case |url=https://www.ecchr.eu/en/case/justice-at-last-judgment-in-the-elisabeth-kaesemann-case/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ecchr.eu/en/case/justice-at-last-judgment-in-the-elisabeth-kaesemann-case/ "Justice at last: Judgment in the Elisabeth Käsemann case"]. ''[[Cibiyar Turai ta Tsarin Tsarin Mulki da Hakkokin ɗan Adam|European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kai ta sansanin azabtarwa na El Vesubio a Monte Grande, inda aka kashe ta a wani lokaci a ƙarshen Mayu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> An gano jikinta a ranar 23 ga Mayu tare da alamun "tsananin azabtarwa" daga girgizar lantarki.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> A cewar wani binciken gawawwakin Jamus, an kashe ta "ta hanyar harbe-harbe da yawa a bayanta da wuyanta". <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Shugabannin Junta da farko sun ba da rahoton cewa ta mutu "a cikin wuta a lokacin rikici da 'yan ta'adda". <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Biography |url=https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en "Biography"]. ''Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung''. 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> An binne ta a Tübingen a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1977. == Sakamakon siyasa na kisan Käsemann == Gwamnatin Jamus ta fuskanci zargi saboda gazawar da suka samu na samun sakin Käsemann daga Argentina.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Paterson |first=Tony |date=2011-07-15 |title=Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Independent |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPaterson2011">Paterson, Tony (2011-07-15). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html "Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pieper |first=Oliver |date=2018-06-16 |title=Der tragische Fall Elisabeth Käsemann |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fu%C3%9Fball-und-politik-der-tragische-fall-elisabeth-k%C3%A4semann/a-44242074 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=DW |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPieper2018">Pieper, Oliver (2018-06-16). [https://www.dw.com/de/fu%C3%9Fball-und-politik-der-tragische-fall-elisabeth-k%C3%A4semann/a-44242074 "Der tragische Fall Elisabeth Käsemann"]. ''DW'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Jamus ta ba da takardun shaida ga masu kisan Käsemann a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2011, Janar Hector Gamen da Colonel Hugo Pascarelli, maza biyu da ke cikin sansanin El Vesubio da kisan Käsemann, kotunan Argentina sun ba su hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Paterson |first=Tony |date=2011-07-15 |title=Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Independent |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPaterson2011">Paterson, Tony (2011-07-15). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-jails-dirty-war-officers-accused-over-killing-of-german-girl-2314585.html "Argentina jails 'dirty war' officers accused over killing of German"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Kyauta == Cibiyar ilimin iyali ta Gelsenkirchen ta Cocin Protestant an sanya masa suna ne don girmama Käsemann a 1993. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Biography |url=https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en "Biography"]. ''Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung''. 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2005, bayan an rufe ginin cibiyar, an sake sunan cibiyar ilimi gaba ɗaya "Elisabeth-Käsemann-Familienbildungsstätte".<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A cikin 2012, makarantar sakandare ta Wildermuth ta kafa lambar yabo ta Elisabeth Käsemann don ƙwarewar zamantakewa. A wannan shekarar, an kuma sanya wa wata titi a gundumar Lustnau ta Tübingen suna don girmama Käsemann.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Biography |url=https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.elisabeth-kaesemann-stiftung.com/biography/?lang=en "Biography"]. ''Elisabeth Kaesemann Stiftung''. 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Elisabeth Käsemann Foundation|Gidauniyar Elisabeth Käsemann]] an kafa ta ne a shekarar 2014 ta dan uwan Käsemann, Dorothee Weitbrecht . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pieper |first=Oliver |date=2018-06-16 |title=Der tragische Fall Elisabeth Käsemann |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fu%C3%9Fball-und-politik-der-tragische-fall-elisabeth-k%C3%A4semann/a-44242074 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=DW |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPieper2018">Pieper, Oliver (2018-06-16). [https://www.dw.com/de/fu%C3%9Fball-und-politik-der-tragische-fall-elisabeth-k%C3%A4semann/a-44242074 "Der tragische Fall Elisabeth Käsemann"]. ''DW'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan dangantakar Jamusanci da Latin Amurka da ilimi da ke kewaye da mulkin kama karya.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7kjwoj01fozsjfv8cbt7b58kqasnt68 0 122956 890892 825629 2026-08-03T10:37:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Badiraguato''' wani ƙaramin gari ne kuma wurin zama na Garin Badiraguato a jihar Sinaloa ta [[Mexico]]. Yana tsaye a 25°21′47′′N 107°33′06′′W / 25.36306°N 107.55167°W / 25. 36306; -107.55167. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010, an samu birnin da rahoton mazauna 3,725. Garin La ''Tuna'', wanda ke da nisan kilomita 110 zuwa Arewacin birnin, shine wurin haihuwar Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, na dogon lokaci ɗaya daga cikin manyan magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Stephey|first=M.J.|title=Joaquin Guzman Loera: Billionaire Drug Lord|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1884982,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313234407/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1884982,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 13, 2009|accessdate=24 January 2012|newspaper=Times|date=13 May 2009}}</ref> == Magana == Asalin kalmar Badiraguato ya ƙunshi kalmomin Cáhita-Tarascos: ba, "dira"; huato, wani hybridism; wanda tushensa kamar haka: kalmar Cáhita ba, "ruwa", "kogin ko kogi"; da kuma tushen Tarascos dira, "da yawa", da huata ko huato, tudun; wanda a zahiri yana nufin "kogin tuddai da yawa", wannan ana iya fassara shi, a hanyar da ta fi dacewa, a matsayin "kogin duwatsu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México - Estado de Sinaloa - Badiraguato |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM25sinaloa/municipios/25003a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925182411/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM25sinaloa/municipios/25003a.html |archive-date=2021-09-25 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal}}</ref> A zamanin pre-Hispanic, an yi amfani da toponymy a cikin rafi saboda daidai yana nufin Ƙwararar Badiraguato (wanda aka fi sani da Río Chico), wanda ya fito daga Sierra de Los Parra ko Surutato kuma ya ba da sunansa ga garin tare da alamun da aka kafa a kan bankunan sa inda ya wuce don shiga cikin tuddai na tsaunuka a gaban garin da ya ɓace na Alicama. An kirkiro karamar hukumar Badiraguato ta hanyar doka da aka buga a cikin jaridar hukuma ta jihar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1915. == Tarihi == A cikin ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, masu wa'azi na Jesuit sun kafa '''San Juan de Badiraguato''' . == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == Shugaba Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) an soke shi sosai saboda ganawa da Consuela Loera, mai shekaru 92 a lokacin, kuma mahaifiyar tana daga cikin jami'an miyagun ƙwayoyi Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, a Badiraguato a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Mexico.<ref>[https://www.proceso.com.mx/623768/amlo-mama-de-el-chapo-badiraguato AMLO greets the mother of "El Chapo" on her visit to Badiraguato (VIDEO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706093227/https://www.proceso.com.mx/623768/amlo-mama-de-el-chapo-badiraguato |date=2020-07-06 }} {{In lang|es}} Proceso, 29 Mar 2020</ref> Loera ta ba AMLO wata wasika tana neman a mayar da ɗanta zuwa Mexico. Lopez Obrador ya ce,<ref>[https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/03/30/estimado-hermano-en-cristo-difunden-la-carta-integra-de-la-mama-del-chapo-a-lopez-obrador/ "Dear brother in Christ": they disseminate the complete letter of Chapo's mother to López Obrador] {{In lang|es}} Infobe Mexico, 30 Mar 2020</ref><blockquote>''Ita mace ce mai shekaru 92 kuma na riga na ce, annoba mai kisa cin hanci da rashawa ce, ba dattijo ba ne wanda ya cancanci girmamawa, ba tare da la'akari da ko wanene ɗanta ba. Kuma zan ci gaba da yin hakan. Wani lokaci dole ne in mika hannu, saboda wannan shine aikina, ga masu aikata laifuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wadanda ba su rasa mutuncin su ba. Don haka ta yaya ba zan iya ba da ita ga mace ba?''</blockquote> == Yanayi == Badiraguato yana da yanayi daban-daban, daga zafi da busasshiyar zuwa gandun daji masu dusar ƙanƙara a sassanta mafi girma. Yankunan sun bambanta daga 44.5 ° C, mafi zafi, zuwa -9 ° C digiri, mafi sanyi.{{Weather box}} == Shahararren abin tunawa == Babban mutum-mutumi na Yahuza Thaddaeus a duniya yana cikin Badiraguato, Sinaloa . An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, na shekarar dubu biyu da uku2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chávez |first=Brenda |date=2023-11-14 |title=San Judas Tadeo de Badiraguato: Así luce la estatua de 25 metros a unas horas de Chihuahua |url=https://www.elheraldodechihuahua.com.mx/doble-via/san-judas-tadeo-de-badiraguato-asi-luce-la-estatua-de-25-metros-a-unas-horas-de-chihuahua-11004607.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=El Heraldo de Chihuahua {{!}} Noticias Locales, Policiacas, de México, Chihuahua y el Mundo |language=es}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane daga rancherias a cikin garin Badiraguato == Waɗannan mutane an haife su kuma sun zauna a rancherias wanda aka fi sani da ranchos a cikin Mutanen [[Espanya]] na [[Mexico]] waɗanda ke cikin Garin '''Badiraguato'''. * Arturo Beltrán Leyva, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Beltrán (Leyva Cartel) * Alfredo Beltrán Leyva, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Beltrán (leyva Cartel) * Carlos Beltrán Leyva, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Beltrán leyva Cartel * Héctor Beltrán Leyva, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Beltrán leyva Cartel * Rafael Caro Quintero, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Guadalajara Cartel <ref name="druggies" /> * Juan José Esparragoza Moreno, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Guadalajara Cartel <ref name="druggies" /> * Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, shugaban miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico kuma tsohon shugaban Sinaloa Cartel <ref name="druggies">{{Cite web |title=Badiraguato: así es el pequeño pueblo escondido de Sinaloa, de donde salieron el "Chapo", Caro Quintero y el "Mayo" |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/02/07/badiraguato-asi-es-el-pequeno-pueblo-escondido-de-sinaloa-de-donde-salieron-el-chapo-caro-quintero-y-el-mayo/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=infobae |publisher=Infoabae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} ovp7luvik90fnqo9dog5mtyzhepda9p 0 124885 890858 752777 2026-08-03T07:50:16Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsohon gidan yarin '''Adelaide Gaol''' tsohon gidan yarin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ne da ke cikin Park Lands na Adelaide, a jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya. Gidan yarin shine gidan yarin dindindin na farko a Kudancin Ostiraliya kuma yana aiki daga shekara ta 1841 zuwa 1988. [[wiktionary:gaol|Gidan yarin]] yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gine-gine guda biyu da har yanzu suke a Kudancin Ostiraliya, ɗayan kuma shine Gidan Gwamnati wanda aka gina a lokaci guda. Gidan yarin yanzu gidan tarihi ne, [[Abubuwan jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido|wurin shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido]] da kuma cibiyar ayyuka. == Asalin == Lokacin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na farko suka isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a ƙarshen 1836, duk wani fursunoni (da farko kaɗan ne) ana tsare da su a cikin ƙarfe a cikin jiragen ruwa na HMS <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">Buffalo</i></nowiki> sannan <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Tam O'Shanter</i></nowiki>. A farkon shekarar 1837, an gargaɗi jama'a cewa fursunonin da suka tsere daga New South Wales za su iya isa yankin, kuma a tsakiyar shekarar 1837 ''Buffalo'' da ''Tam O'Shanter'' suka yi tafiyarsu. Da suka fahimci buƙatar, an riga an kira tayin neman mafaka na "na ɗan lokaci". A halin yanzu, masu gadin gwamnan Royal Marines suna riƙe da fursunoni a sansaninsu a cikin Lambunan Botanic na yanzu, waɗanda aka ɗaure a kan itace. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, an tilasta wa sojojin rufe sansanin wucin gadi, wanda aka gina a farkon 1838 kusa da Gidan Gwamnati, Adelaide (a lokacin bukka ce kawai) don sojojin ruwa su iya tsaron fursunoni da Gwamna John Hindmarsh. Wannan wani lamari ne na katako, tare da shingen katako, kodayake [[ɗaki]] ɗaya dutse ne, wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin 'tukunyar dutse'. Yana a kusurwar arewa maso gabas na Gidan Gwamnati na yanzu. A shekara ta 1838, sheriff na farko, Samuel Smart, ya ji rauni a lokacin fashi wanda ya kai ga ɗaya daga cikin masu laifin, Michael Magee, ya zama mutum na farko da aka rataye a Kudancin Ostiraliya a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1838. Lokacin da Gwamna Hindmarsh ya tafi, shi ma ya ɗauki dukkan sojojin ruwa nasa, don haka 'Yan sandan Kudancin Ostiraliya suka gudanar da sansanin wucin gadi (har zuwa lokacin da aka gina Gaol na Adelaide). An yanke wa fursunoni na dogon lokaci hukuncin jigilar su zuwa yankunan fursunoni na gabas, 'yan sanda suka raka su a jiragen ruwa tsakanin gabar teku. Duk da haka, sansanin ya cika da mutane, wani lokacin yana ɗauke da fursunoni har saba'in. Wasu sassan gidan yarin sun "lalace sosai har da ba don ginin da ke bayansa ba, da ya ruguje". A watan Yulin 1838, an ruwaito cewa fursunoni sun tsere cikin sauƙi saboda "bangarorin sun ruɓe kuma akwai gibi a cikin harsashin". == Masu laifi == Har zuwa lokacin da Dokar Majalisa ta 1858 ta ba da umarnin a kashe mutane masu zaman kansu, an yi rataye mutane bakwai a bainar jama'a a wajen ƙofar shiga, inda na farko ya faru a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1840 yayin da ake ci gaba da gina wurin. Joseph Stagg shine fursuna na farko da aka kashe saboda hannunsa a cikin ƙungiyar masu satar shanu.[1] Daga 1861 zuwa 1883, an kashe fursunoni 13 a kan ginshiƙai masu ɗaukuwa da aka gina tsakanin bangon ciki da na waje na Gaol. An mayar da hukuncin kisa zuwa "Sabon Gini" a 1894 inda aka kashe wasu fursunoni 21. An mayar da "Hasumiyar Rataye" zuwa wannan amfani a 1950 kuma an yi amfani da shi don yanke hukunci sau huɗu na ƙarshe kafin a soke hukuncin kisa a 1976. Daga shekarar 1840 zuwa 1964, an kashe mutane 45 daga cikin mutane 66 da aka kashe a Kudancin Ostiraliya ta hanyar ratayewa a Gaol.[2] William Ridgway shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a lokacin yana da shekaru 19 a 1874, Elizabeth Woolcock ita ce kaɗai mace a 1873 kuma ta ƙarshe ita ce Glen Sabre Valance a 1964.[3] == Manazarta == <ref>"Search results for 'Adelaide Gaol, Bldg' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref>{{Reflist}} di4ajibd8v6cegv73npal23d1rnpydu 0 125241 890723 824765 2026-08-02T17:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abuloma''' gunduma ce da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Port Harcourt (ƙaramar hukuma)|Port Harcourt]] a [[Jihar Rivers]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Ta zama gunduma a shekarar 1956, sannan daga baya ta kasance hedikwatar wasu gundumomi daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=GbaramatuVoice |date=2022-08-01 |title=Abuloma monarch presents land to INC in Rivers |url=https://www.gbaramatuvoicenews.com/abuloma-monarch-presents-land-to-inc-in-rivers/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=GbaramatuVoice Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Harcourt Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/740/port-harcourt |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> Sarkin tsohuwar Abuloma a Port Harcourt shi ne Bright Ateke Fiboinumama,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Come And Invest In My Kingdom, Rivers Monarch Urges Investors – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/come-and-invest-in-my-kingdom-rivers-monarch-urges-investors/# |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=independent.ng}}</ref> Obeomomu-Odu, kuma yana da matsayin sarki na mataki na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-31 |title=ABULOMA KINGDOM: HER QUEST FOR FIRST CLASS KINGSHIP |url=https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2021/10/31/abuloma-kingdom-her-quest-for-first-class-kingship/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The Newsriter |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504151842/https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2021/10/31/abuloma-kingdom-her-quest-for-first-class-kingship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutanen Abuloma na magana da harshen da ake kira [[Yaren Obulom|Obulom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Obulom is threatened? |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6036 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Endangered Languages |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507082709/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6036 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|4.7776338|7.0365797}} [[Rukuni:Jihar Rivers]] 5d2p5bma6q91puvi7k8v0lm4xguwnqb 0 126373 890873 757081 2026-08-03T08:13:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sabuwar Makabartar Yahudawa (Yaren mutanen [[Poland]]: Nowy cmentarz żydowski) wani babban makabarta ne na tarihi da ke kan titin Miodowa na 55 a Kraków, Poland. Yana cikin tsohuwar unguwar Yahudawa ta Kazimierz, kuma ya mamaye yanki mai girman hekta 4.5 (kadada 11). Tun daga shekarar 1999, makabartar ta kasance wani abin tarihi na tarihi da aka yi rijista. Filin kuma yana da wurin ajiye gawawwaki da aka kiyaye sosai.[[Fayil:Jewish_cemetery_in_Kraków_(Kazimierz)11.jpg|thumb|Hanyar tsakanin kaburbura]] [[Fayil:Jewish_New_Cemetery,,_55_Miodowa_street,_Kraków,_Poland.jpg|thumb|Babban ra'ayi]] An kafa Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa a cikin 1800 a kan filayen da Yahudawa Qahal suka saya daga Augustinians. An faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1836 tare da ƙarin ƙasar da aka saya daga 'yan majami'a. Bayan dawowar Poland zuwa 'yancin kai, Sabon Kabari ya kusan cika.[1] Daga 1932 zuwa gaba, an yi jana'izar zuwa sabon makirci da Qahal ya saya a 1926 tare da titin Abraham da kuma wanda ke kusa da titin Jerozolimska, duka biyu a unguwar Wola Duchacka (yanzu wani ɓangare na gundumar Podgórze). Wadannan sauran makabarta guda biyu sun kafa shafin sansanin Kraków-Płaszów a lokacin Holocaust kuma ba su wanzu ba.[2] An tura Yahudawa daga Ghetto na Kraków zuwa can.[3][4] === Yaƙin Duniya na II === Bayan mamayewar Nazi na Poland a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], an rufe Sabon Kabari ga baƙi kuma Jamusawa sun sayar da dutse mafi daraja ga masons na gida. Sauran dutsen, da kuma slabs, an juya su cikin kayan gini kuma an yi amfani da su don shimfiɗa hanyar samar da kayayyaki zuwa sansanin, gami da farfajiyar kwamandan Amon Göth, wanda aka sani da ya nace cewa Yahudawa sun biya nasu kisan kai. <ref name="jewishgen">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=The SS: A Government in Waiting |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/belzec1/bel070.html |access-date=April 26, 2011 |website=Yizkor Book Project |publisher=JewishGen}}</ref> A halin yanzu, tsoffin ƙasusuwa a makabartar galibi ana barin su ba tare da an rufe su ba kuma an warwatsa su a cikin abin da ya yi kama da ma'adinai. <ref name="ounsdale" /> Mai kula da Pina Ladner, wanda ya kasance yana zaune a cikin gida, an tura shi zuwa Płaszów a gaba, kuma an harbe shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, wani injiniyan farar hula na gida wanda aka gano kawai a matsayin Mista Stendig, mai yiwuwa Jakub Stendig, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, ya dawo da duwatsu masu yawa daga sansanin Płaszów, kuma ya shirya don sake shigar da su a Sabon Kabari.<ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> === Maidowa === A shekara ta 1957, an gyara filin tare da kudade daga Kwamitin Rarraba hadin gwiwa. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 1999, an shigar da makabartar, gami da jana'izar 1903, cikin rajistar abubuwan tarihi na Kraków. Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa yana da ɗakin jana'izar tubali da aka gina a 1903, da kuma abin tunawa da bayan yakin da aka haɗa da tsoffin duwatsu kuma an ɗora shi da wani toshe na baƙar fata. Kabarin ya ƙunshi kaburbura sama da 10,000, mafi tsufa tun daga 1809. <ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> Akwai abubuwan tunawa da yawa da ke tunawa da mutuwar Yahudawa da aka kashe a lokacin Holocaust. == Shahararrun mutane da aka binne a makabarta == Wadanda aka binne a Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa na Kraków sun hada da: {{Reflist|group=note}} == Dubi kuma == * Kabarin Remuh wanda aka fi sani da Tsohon Kabarin Yahudawa na Kraków * Kabarin Rakowicki, babban kabarin garin Kraków == Manazarta == czi002518a4b7ynj078sf7swhg8o40o 890906 890873 2026-08-03T11:30:10Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sabuwar Makabartar Yahudawa (Yaren mutanen [[Poland]]: Nowy cmentarz żydowski) wani babban makabarta ne na tarihi da ke kan titin Miodowa na 55 a Kraków, Poland. Yana cikin tsohuwar unguwar Yahudawa ta Kazimierz, kuma ya mamaye yanki mai girman hekta 4.5 (kadada 11). Tun daga shekarar 1999, makabartar ta kasance wani abin tarihi na tarihi da aka yi rijista. Filin kuma yana da wurin ajiye gawawwaki da aka kiyaye sosai.[[Fayil:Jewish_cemetery_in_Kraków_(Kazimierz)11.jpg|thumb|Hanyar tsakanin kaburbura]] [[Fayil:Jewish_New_Cemetery,,_55_Miodowa_street,_Kraków,_Poland.jpg|thumb|Babban ra'ayi]] An kuma kafa Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa a cikin 1800 a kan filayen da Yahudawa Qahal suka saya daga Augustinians. An faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1836 tare da ƙarin ƙasar da aka saya daga 'yan majami'a. Bayan dawowar Poland zuwa ƴancin kai, Sabon Kabari ya kusan cika.[1] Daga 1932 zuwa gaba, an yi jana'izar zuwa sabon makirci da Qahal ya saya a 1926 tare da titin Abraham da kuma wanda ke kusa da titin Jerozolimska, duka biyu a unguwar Wola Duchacka (yanzu wani ɓangare na gundumar Podgórze). Wadannan sauran makabarta guda biyu sun kafa shafin sansanin Kraków-Płaszów a lokacin Holocaust kuma ba su wanzu ba.[2] An tura Yahudawa daga Ghetto na Kraków zuwa can.[3][4] === Yaƙin Duniya na II === Bayan mamayewar Nazi na Poland a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], an rufe Sabon Kabari ga baƙi kuma Jamusawa sun sayar da dutse mafi daraja ga masons na gida. Sauran dutsen, da kuma slabs, an juya su cikin kayan gini kuma an yi amfani da su don shimfiɗa hanyar samar da kayayyaki zuwa sansanin, gami da farfajiyar kwamandan Amon Göth, wanda aka sani da ya nace cewa Yahudawa sun biya nasu kisan kai. <ref name="jewishgen">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=The SS: A Government in Waiting |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/belzec1/bel070.html |access-date=April 26, 2011 |website=Yizkor Book Project |publisher=JewishGen}}</ref> A halin yanzu, tsoffin ƙasusuwa a makabartar galibi ana barin su ba tare da an rufe su ba kuma an warwatsa su a cikin abin da ya yi kama da ma'adinai. <ref name="ounsdale" /> Mai kula da Pina Ladner, wanda ya kasance yana zaune a cikin gida, an tura shi zuwa Płaszów a gaba, kuma an harbe shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, wani injiniyan farar hula na gida wanda aka gano kawai a matsayin Mista Stendig, mai yiwuwa Jakub Stendig, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, ya dawo da duwatsu masu yawa daga sansanin Płaszów, kuma ya shirya don sake shigar da su a Sabon Kabari.<ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> === Maidowa === A shekara ta 1957, an gyara filin tare da kudade daga Kwamitin Rarraba hadin gwiwa. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 1999, an shigar da makabartar, gami da jana'izar 1903, cikin rajistar abubuwan tarihi na Kraków. Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa yana da ɗakin jana'izar tubali da aka gina a 1903, da kuma abin tunawa da bayan yakin da aka haɗa da tsoffin duwatsu kuma an ɗora shi da wani toshe na baƙar fata. Kabarin ya ƙunshi kaburbura sama da 10,000, mafi tsufa tun daga 1809. <ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> Akwai abubuwan tunawa da yawa da ke tunawa da mutuwar Yahudawa da aka kashe a lokacin Holocaust. == Shahararrun mutane da aka binne a makabarta == Wadanda aka binne a Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa na Kraków sun hada da: {{Reflist|group=note}} == Dubi kuma == * Kabarin Remuh wanda aka fi sani da Tsohon Kabarin Yahudawa na Kraków * Kabarin Rakowicki, babban kabarin garin Kraków == Manazarta == 5pil5jpcygkd92o4io1tf1bv0j18dfg 890907 890906 2026-08-03T11:31:07Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sabuwar Makabartar Yahudawa (Yaren mutanen [[Poland]]: Nowy cmentarz żydowski) wani babban makabarta ne na tarihi da ke kan titin Miodowa na 55 a Kraków, Poland. Yana cikin tsohuwar unguwar Yahudawa ta Kazimierz, kuma ya mamaye yanki mai girman hekta 4.5 (kadada 11). Tun daga shekarar 1999, makabartar ta kasance wani abin tarihi na tarihi da aka yi rijista. Filin kuma yana da wurin ajiye gawawwaki da aka kiyaye sosai.[[Fayil:Jewish_cemetery_in_Kraków_(Kazimierz)11.jpg|thumb|Hanyar tsakanin kaburbura]] [[Fayil:Jewish_New_Cemetery,,_55_Miodowa_street,_Kraków,_Poland.jpg|thumb|Babban ra'ayi]] An kuma kafa Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa a cikin 1800 a kan filayen da Yahudawa Qahal suka saya daga Augustinians. An faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1836 tare da ƙarin ƙasar da aka saya daga 'yan majami'a. Bayan dawowar Poland zuwa ƴancin kai, Sabon Kabari ya kusan cika.[1] Daga 1932 zuwa gaba, an yi jana'izar zuwa sabon makirci da Qahal ya saya a 1926 tare da titin Abraham da kuma wanda ke kusa da titin Jerozolimska, duka biyu a unguwar Wola Duchacka (yanzu wani ɓangare na gundumar Podgórze). Wadannan sauran makabarta guda biyu sun kafa shafin sansanin Kraków-Płaszów a lokacin Holocaust kuma ba su wanzu ba.[2] An tura Yahudawa daga Ghetto na Kraków zuwa can.[3][4] === Yaƙin Duniya na II === Bayan mamayewar Nazi na Poland a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], an rufe Sabon Kabari ga baƙi kuma Jamusawa sun sayar da dutse mafi daraja ga masons na gida. Sauran dutsen, da kuma slabs, an juya su cikin kayan gini kuma an yi amfani da su don shimfiɗa hanyar samar da kayayyaki zuwa sansanin, gami da farfajiyar kwamandan Amon Göth, wanda aka sani da ya nace cewa Yahudawa sun biya nasu kisan kai. <ref name="jewishgen">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=The SS: A Government in Waiting |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/belzec1/bel070.html |access-date=April 26, 2011 |website=Yizkor Book Project |publisher=JewishGen}}</ref> A halin yanzu, tsoffin ƙasusuwa a makabartar galibi ana barin su ba tare da an rufe su ba kuma an warwatsa su a cikin abin da ya yi kama da ma'adinai. <ref name="ounsdale" /> Mai kula da Pina Ladner, wanda ya kasance yana zaune a cikin gida, an tura shi zuwa Płaszów a gaba, kuma an harbe shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, wani injiniyan farar hula na gida wanda kuma aka gano kawai a matsayin Mista Stendig, mai yiwuwa Jakub Stendig, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, ya dawo da duwatsu masu yawa daga sansanin Płaszów, kuma ya shirya don sake shigar da su a Sabon Kabari.<ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> === Maidowa === A shekara ta 1957, an gyara filin tare da kudade daga Kwamitin Rarraba hadin gwiwa. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 1999, an shigar da makabartar, gami da jana'izar 1903, cikin rajistar abubuwan tarihi na Kraków. Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa yana da ɗakin jana'izar tubali da aka gina a 1903, da kuma abin tunawa da bayan yakin da aka haɗa da tsoffin duwatsu kuma an ɗora shi da wani toshe na baƙar fata. Kabarin ya ƙunshi kaburbura sama da 10,000, mafi tsufa tun daga 1809. <ref name="badacz.org">{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2007 |title=Cmentarz zydowski w Krakowie/Jewish cemetery in Cracow |url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171630/http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/katalog_malopolska_krakow_cmentarz.html |archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref> Akwai abubuwan tunawa da yawa da ke tunawa da mutuwar Yahudawa da aka kashe a lokacin Holocaust. == Shahararrun mutane da aka binne a makabarta == Wadanda aka binne a Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa na Kraków sun hada da: {{Reflist|group=note}} == Dubi kuma == * Kabarin Remuh wanda aka fi sani da Tsohon Kabarin Yahudawa na Kraków * Kabarin Rakowicki, babban kabarin garin Kraków == Manazarta == 7e7skawggpqbccyswrxl668fayuei3v 0 126562 890865 757635 2026-08-03T07:59:05Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shirin Musayar da Koyarwa na [[Japan]] (外国語青年招致事業, Gaikokugo Seinen Shōchi Jigyō), sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa Shirin JET (JET咨, Jetto Puroguramu), shirin koyarwa ne wanda Gwamnatin Japan ke tallafawa wanda ke kawo masu karatun jami'a na kasashen waje zuwa Japan a matsayin Mataimakin Malaman Harshe Harshen (ALTs), Masu ba da Shawara kan Wasanni (SEAs), ko Masu Gudanar da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya (CIRs) don [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da Kwamitocin Ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/JET.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco}}</ref> JET yana daya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen musayar kasa da kasa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/JET.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a 1987, sama da mutane 77,000 daga kasashe 77 sun halarci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JET Programme History |url=http://www.jetprogramme.org/e/introduction/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116224511/http://jetprogramme.org/e/introduction/history.html |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Introduction |url=https://jetprogramme.org/en/about-jet/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=JET Programme}}</ref> Kididdigar hukuma da aka buga a watan Yulin 2025 ta nuna cewa mahalarta 5,933 daga kasashe 54 sun yi aiki a cikin shirin a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Number of Participants by Country - As of 1 July 2025 |url=https://jetprogramme.org/wp-content/MAIN-PAGE/intro/participating/2025_en.pdf |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=JET Programme}}</ref> Ana ba da izinin 'yan ƙasar Japan su nemi ne kawai idan sun bar' yan asalin ƙasar Japan da farko. Shirin ya bayyana cewa burinsa shine "tabbatar da kasa da kasa a cikin al'ummomin Japan ta hanyar inganta ilimin harshe na kasashen waje da inganta musayar kasa da kasa. " JET yana buƙatar masu neman su kasance masu iya Turanci, su mallaki 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙasashe, kuma su riƙe digiri na farko; digiri na iya kasancewa a kowane batu kuma ba lallai ba ne ya danganta da harsuna ko koyarwa, saboda mayar da hankali ga shirin ba shi da yawa ga malamai kuma ya fi kan jakadun al'adu waɗanda ke iya taimaka wa malamai na Turanci na Japan. Masu nema ba su saba da harshen Jafananci ba, kodayake ana ba da albarkatu ga waɗanda suke so su koyi a lokacin da suke cikin ƙasar. Yawancin mahalarta sune wadanda suka kammala karatun kwanan nan, amma babu iyakar shekaru. Kimanin kashi 90% na mahalarta sune ALTs, tare da sauran an raba tsakanin CIRs da SEAs. Za a iya amfani da mahalarta a cikin shirin na tsawon shekaru biyar. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Crown_Prince_Naruhito_20161107.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Naruhito|Yarima Naruhito]] yana magana a bikin tunawa da shekaru 30 na shirin a Otal din Keio Plaza a watan Nuwamba 2016]] A watan Agustan 1987, an kafa Shirin JET ta hanyar haɗuwa da Shirin Monbusho English Fellows da Shirin Malaman Ingilishi na Burtaniya (tsohon Shirin Koyarwa na Ingilishi). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> JET tana ba da masu magana da Ingilishi tare da digiri na farko na cikakken lokaci a matsayin Mataimakin Malamin Harshe (ALT) a makarantun firamare da sakandare, Mai ba da shawara kan Wasanni (SEA) wanda aikinsa shine taimakawa tare da horar da wasanni da tsara ayyukan da suka shafi wasanni, ko kuma Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya (CIR) a cikin ofisoshin karamar hukuma da aka zaɓa a Japan. Shirin daga baya ya sake fasalin manufarsa don "ƙara fahimtar juna tsakanin mutanen Japan da mutanen wasu ƙasashe, don inganta ƙasashen duniya a cikin al'ummomin Japan ta hanyar taimakawa wajen inganta Ilimin harshe na waje, da haɓaka musayar ƙasa da ƙasa a matakin al'umma". Adadin mahalarta JET ya ragu daga 6,273 a 2002 zuwa 4,330 a 2011, sannan ya fara karuwa da daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> == Bayani na gudanarwa == Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa; Ma'aikatu ta Harkokin Waje; da Ma'aika ta Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha (MEXT) ne ke gudanar da shirin tare da hukumomin gida. Majalisar Hukumomin Ƙasa don Harkokin Kasashen Duniya (CLAIR) ce ke gudanar da shi kuma yana da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara sama da ¥ biliyan 45 (kimanin dala miliyan 314). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/JET.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Japan Exchange and Teaching (AJET) tana ba da tallafi ga mahalarta shirin, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> kuma tana sauƙaƙa sadarwa tare da masu tallafawa shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/JET.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco}}</ref> AJET tana shirya abubuwan da suka faru kuma tana da wallafe-wallafe da yawa don taimakawa da koyarwa a Japan, gami da Planet Eigo da ''Foxy Phonics''. <ref name="ajet.net">{{Cite web |title=AJET Publications - AJET |url=http://ajet.net/lang/en/ajet-publications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627070753/http://ajet.net/lang/en/ajet-publications/ |archive-date=2010-06-27}}</ref> AJET ba kungiya ce ta JET ba kuma ba ta da alaƙa da CLAIR. == Tsarin aikace-aikace == Masu nema dole ne su riƙe digiri na farko a kowane batu, su kasance ɗan ƙasa na ƙasar inda ake ɗaukar mutane da zaɓin zaɓin, ba su da 'yan ƙasa na Japan, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> suna da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce da magana a cikin yaren da aka ƙayyade (Turanci ko, ga ƙasashen da ba na Turanci ba, Turanci ko babban yarensu), suna da sha'awa sosai ga ƙasar da al'adun Japan, kuma ba su zauna a Japan ba na shekaru shida ko fiye bayan shekara ta 2000 ko kuma su kasance tsohon mahalarta a JET bayan 2007<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) |url=https://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/JET.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> Dole ne masu sa ran shiga su gabatar da cikakken aikace-aikacen ciki har da sanarwa na manufa da kuma rahoton likita na kansu, yawanci a watan Nuwamba ko Disamba na shekara kafin tashiwarsu. Wadanda suka wuce mataki na farko na tsari ana gayyatar su zuwa tambayoyin da ake gudanarwa a manyan birane, yawanci a watan Fabrairu. Kodayake ana karɓar aikace-aikace daga mutanen da ke zaune a Japan, babu wata hira da aka bayar a cikin ƙasar kuma masu neman dole ne su yi hira a ƙasarsu. Ana gudanar da tambayoyin a Turanci ko a cikin harshen ƙasar mai nema, kuma za a gudanar da wani ɓangare na hira a cikin Jafananci idan mai nema ya nuna ikon Jafananci akan aikace-aikacen su ko kuma idan su mai nema ne na CIR. Tattaunawar galibi ana gudanar da ita ne ta hanyar kwamitin mutane uku wadanda suka hada da tsoffin JETs da mambobin gwamnatin Japan, ofishin jakadancin, da kungiyoyin ofishin jakadu. Tattaunawar kusan minti 20 ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> Ana ba wa masu tambayoyin matsayi, an ƙi su, ko kuma an sanya su a matsayin "masu neman tallafi" (masu neman goyon baya waɗanda zasu iya shiga idan matsayi ya kasance). Da zarar an ba da matsayi, masu neman dole ne su gabatar da karɓar ko ƙin tayin. Bugu da kari, dole ne su samar da sakamakon gwajin jiki na baya-bayan nan wanda likita ya yi a cikin watanni uku da suka gabata. A ƙarshe, dole ne su gabatar da cikakkun bayanai don shirin ya iya aika musu da kayan aiki da bayanai yayin da ranar tashi ta kusa. Masu halarta galibi suna koyo game da cikakkun bayanai game da matsayinsu a lokacin Mayu da Yuli, kafin ranar tashiwarsu ta ƙarshen Yuli (Rukunin A) ko farkon Agusta (Rukunni B). Sauran na iya samun ɗan gajeren sanarwa, wani lokacin kawai 'yan makonni, idan an sami matsayi. Ƙananan rukuni na madadin yawanci za su isa a ƙarshen watan Agusta (Rukunin C) kuma wasu madadin za su isa su kaɗai a lokuta daban-daban a duk lokacin faduwar. Masu neman da suka janye daga shirin bayan sun karbi sanarwar sanyawa ba su cancanci sake yin aikace-aikace a shekara mai zuwa ba. Ana buƙatar masu nema su tashi a cikin rukuni daga garin da aka yi musu tambayoyi, kodayake ana yin banbanci kaɗan. Fitowa yawanci yana faruwa ne daga ofishin jakadancin Japan ko ofishin jakasirin da ke aiki da garin mai nema, kodayake yana iya zama kowane shafin a cikin ƙasar da mai nema ya ambaci sunansa a aikace-aikacen su. Shirin ne ke shirya farashi na iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> Ana buƙatar mahalarta su halarci taron kafin tashi da bayan isowa, da kuma taron shekara-shekara na tsakiyar shekara, kuma suna iya halartar taron masu dawowa a lokacin da suke aiki.[undefined] Ana sanya mahalarta tare da hukuma ta gida a Japan (kungiyar kwangila) wanda ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikatar su. Akwai gwamnatocin gundumar 47 da gwamnatocin birni 12 ban da gwamnatoci da yawa na birni, gari, da ƙauyuka da wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu da aka sanya su a matsayin kungiyoyin kwangila. Duk da yake masu neman za su iya ƙayyade wurare uku da suka fi so kuma za su iya neman wuraren birni, na karkara, ko na karkara da aka sanya su a ko'ina a Japan kuma wuraren ba za su dace da buƙatun su ba.[2][1] Wadanda suka halarci taron sun sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda wanda za'a iya sabuntawa har zuwa sau hudu don iyakar shekaru biyar. Wasu kungiyoyin kwangila suna ba da zaɓi na kwangila na jimlar shekaru biyar, kodayake wasu sun haramta yin kwangila fiye da shekaru uku. Kafin shekara ta 2006, mahalarta za su iya yin kwangila har zuwa shekaru uku, ban da wasu mukamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> An zabi karamin kashi na mahalarta na musamman don zama don matsakaicin adadin nadin a jere, jimlar sauye-sauye huɗu, na jimlar shekaru biyar. Wadanda suka fara aiki a kan shirin a lokacin ko kafin 2011 sun sami albashi na shekara-shekara na ¥ 3.6 miliyan (kimanin $ 25,142). <ref name="http">{{Cite web |title=The JET Programme--Official Homepage of The Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme |url=http://www.jetprogramme.org/e/faq/faq10rem.html#10.2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408181931/http://www.jetprogramme.org/e/faq/faq10rem.html#10.2 |archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012, an biya mahalarta a kan sabon ma'auni na albashi na shekara-shekara: ¥ 3.36 miliyan (kimanin $ 23,466) na shekara ta farko, ¥ 3.6 miliyan (kusan $ 25,142) na shekara ta biyu, ¥ 3.3 miliyan (kamanin $ 27,237) na shekara ta uku, da kuma ¥ 3.96 miliyan (kumanin $ 27,656) kowannensu na shekara ta huɗu da ta biyar; musamman, wannan Babban albashi ne ya saba da albashin su kafin shekara ta 2011, don haka mahalarta waɗanda ke da alhakin samun kudin shiga ko haraji a Japan dole ne su biya su.<ref name="http" /> Gwamnatin Japan tana ba da mahalarta farashi na jirgin sama zuwa da daga Japan, kuma tana iya samun wasu fa'idodi kamar tallafin gidaje. An haramta ga mahalarta yin aiki a waje da ayyukan shirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Youth Exchange: JET Programme |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/people/youth/jet/index.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * EPIK, irin wannan shirin a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] * O-yatoi gaikokujin, masu ba da shawara na kasashen waje da gwamnatin Japan ta hayar a ƙarshen karni na 19 * Shirin Horar da Fasaha, gwamnatin Japan ta gudanar da shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje don masu horar da masana'antu da aikin gona. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gnknec4rw43b1bkca3pg0s60yvov326 0 128343 890798 762494 2026-08-03T00:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cabot ta fara bayyana a shirin ''SVU'' mai suna "Wrong Is Right", lokacin da aka ɗauke ta aiki don yin aiki tare da SVU a matsayin mataimakiyar lauyan gundumar su ta dindindin (ADA) wacce ke kula da halalcin kama ta, bayan gaurayen ADAs, ciki har da Abbie Carmichael ( Angie Harmon ) na asali ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' . Ta kammala karatun digiri a Harvard Law School, kuma tana da "kawu Bill" wanda alkali ne na tarayya. <ref name="Wrong is Right" /> An haife ta a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1966. Duk da cewa Cabot tana da tausayi sosai ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata, cin zarafin yara da [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafin gida]] waɗanda take goyon bayansu, dokokinta na ɗabi'a sau da yawa suna tilasta mata yanke shawara mai tsauri da hukunce-hukuncen da suka saɓa wa ra'ayinta na sirri. Tsarin ɗabi'arta ya sami girmamawa a cikin ƙungiyar SVU. A wasu lokutan tana karya dokoki don dacewa da ra'ayinta na adalci, amma sau da yawa yana haifar da sakamako mara daɗi. A wani yanayi, ta ƙuduri aniyar sanya Roy Barnett (Beau Gravitte) mai lalata yara a gidan yari har ta matsa wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa lamba, Sam Cavanaugh ( Bret Harrison ), don bayar da shaida, har ta kai ga barazanar ɗaukar yaron a gaban shari'a idan bai bi umarnin ba. Daga baya Sam ya yi ƙoƙarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]], inda ya bar shi da mummunan rauni a kwakwalwa don haka bai iya bayar da shaida ba. Daga nan sai ta yi wa masu bincike ƙarya game da samun sammacin neman gidan Sam, wanda hakan ya haifar da hukuncin Barnett kan wani abu na fasaha, amma ya sa ta shiga matsala da manyanta. An dakatar da ita da wata ɗaya. Babban furodusa kuma babban marubuci Neal Baer ya ce akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin Cabot da Detective Olivia Benson ( Mariska Hargitay ). Baer ya ce, "Mun karanta shafukan magoya baya. Mun san cewa mutane suna son Alex-Olivia. Duk lambobin suna nan." Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wani kiran manema labarai na 2009 ko Cabot da Benson suna soyayya, March ya ce, "Ba ina cewa ba mu so ba ne... Ba ina cewa ba mu so ba ne." == Tashi daga ''SVU'' == Bayan yanayi uku, Cabot ta fice daga SVU a cikin shirin kakar wasa ta biyar mai suna "Loss", inda take gurfanar da wani [[Fyade|mai fyade]] mai suna Rafael Zapata Gaviria (Jacinto Taras Riddick), wanda ke aiki ga babban mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi Cesar Velez. Zapata ya yi wa wani jami'in [[NYPD]] mai ɓoye fyaɗe kuma ya kashe shi da mugunta wanda ke aiki da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna (DEA). Cabot ta sami barazana ga rayuwarta, da kuma ta mahaifiyarta. Duk da gargaɗin da sauran ƙungiyar SVU suka yi mata, Cabot ta ci gaba da gurfanar da ƙarar, ba tare da son barin Zapata ta tsorata ta ba. Tim Donovan ( Josh Hopkins ), babban shaida kuma wakili na musamman na DEA, an kashe shi a cikin wani harin bam a gaban idanun Cabot. Da farko Cabot yana son gurfanar da Zapata, ko da babu shaida da rayuwarta a layi, amma bayan matsin lamba daga masu binciken SVU da Lauyan Gundumar Arthur ( Fred Thompson ), ta janye tuhumar. Duk da haka, nan da nan wakilan tarayya suka kama Zapata saboda kisan gillar shaidan kuma daga baya aka kashe shi a cikin ɗakinsa. A ƙarshen shirin, da alama an kashe Cabot a cikin harbin mota yayin da yake yi wa Benson da Detective Elliot Stabler ( Christopher Meloni ) barka da dare. A cikin abin da ke tafe, an nuna wani ɗaki mai sanyi da shiru na ƙungiyar SVU, inda Stabler ke karanta jarida tana shelar mutuwarta. Jami'an gwamnatin tarayya sun kira Benson da Stabler zuwa wani yanki da babu kowa, inda Cabot ya fito daga motar. Ta gaya wa masu binciken da suka yi mamaki cewa ta dage kan faɗin gaskiya kafin ta ɓace cikin Shirin Kare Shaidu . An maye gurbinta a cikin shirin mai zuwa ta hannun ADA Casey Novak ( Diane Neal ). == Sake bayyana a ''SVU'' == A cikin shirin " Ghost ", abubuwan da suka faru game da kama Liam Connors ( Brían F. O'Byrne ), wanda ya kashe ta, sun haifar da dawowar Cabot daga Shirin Kare Shaidu yayin da aka kama Connors saboda kisanta yayin da ake nemanta saboda wasu da dama da kuma yunkurin kashe wani yaro wanda ya shaida daya daga cikin laifukan da ya aikata. Ta bayyana cewa an yi zaton an ba ta asalin wani mai sayar da inshora daga Tulsa, cewa tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Wisconsin da sunan "Emily", kuma ta rasa jana'izar mahaifiyarta yayin da take ɓuya. Ba ta son ganin an yanke wa Connors hukuncin kisa da bai aikata ba (bai san tana da rai ba), amma har yanzu tana son adalci kuma tana ba da shaida a kansa a kotu. Connors ya tafi gidan yari, bayan an same shi da laifi a kan tuhume-tuhume biyu na yunkurin kisan kai (Cabot da wani yaro ɗan shekara takwas), da kuma tuhume-tuhume biyar na kisan kai. Bayan ya yi nasara a shari'ar, tawagar SVU ta je ofishin Novak don yin biki, suna jiran Cabot ya shiga tare da su. Ba ta bayyana ba, kuma wakilan tarayya sun sanar da su cewa an sake canza mata wurin aiki kuma an ba ta sabuwar suna. == A cikin ''Yanke Shawara'' == Kimanin shekara guda bayan sake bayyana a ''SVU'', Cabot ta koma New York ta ci gaba da aikinta a ofishin lauyan gundumar a matsayin shugabar ofishin kisan kai (ta maye gurbin Tracey Kibre daga ''Law &amp;amp; Order: Trial by Jury'' ) a cikin jerin ''Law & Order'' ''Conviction'' . Tana taka rawar mai kula mai wahala amma mai fahimta ga ƙaramin rukuni na ADAs. Halinta da halayenta a wannan rawar sun bambanta da na matashiyar ADA waɗanda ke gurfanar da shari'o'i a ''SVU'' . Ba a bayyana ficewar Cabot daga kariyar shaida da komawarta New York a matsayin shugabar ofishin ba a lokacin da ake watsa shirin, domin ta kasance ƙaramar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a minti na ƙarshe kuma an riga an rubuta yawancin shirye-shiryen farko kafin a ƙara ta. An yi shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen da za su biyo baya don bayyana komawar Cabot zuwa New York, tare da ƙarin bincike kan rayuwarta ta sirri da ta baya, amma soke ''hukuncin'' ya sa hakan ya zama abin mamaki. == Sake bayyana a karo na biyu a ''SVU'' == An bayyana bayanin dawowar Cabot daga kariyar shaida zuwa ofishin DA a cikin ''hukuncin da aka yanke'' a cikin shirin ''SVU'' na kakar wasa ta 10, " [[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 10)|Lead]] ", inda ta bayyana wa jami'an binciken SVU cewa DA [[Jack McCoy]] ( [[Sam Waterston]] ) ya nemi ta shiga tsakani don maye gurbin [[Kim Greylek]] ( [[Michaela McManus]] ), lokacin da aka kira Greylek zuwa [[United States Department of Justice|Sashen Shari'a]] . A wannan lokacin, ba ta gaya wa tsoffin abokan aikinta game da dawowarta ba; ana nuna cewa, kuma daga baya an tabbatar da cewa har yanzu tana [[Raunin kwakwalwa|cikin damuwa]] sakamakon yunƙurin kisan da ta yi. Jami'an binciken sun gano cewa ta bar kariyar shaida bayan Velez ta mutu a gidan yari kuma aka [[Extradition|mayar da]] Connors zuwa [[Ireland]] . Wani lokaci tsakanin 2006 da 2007, ta sauka daga mukamin shugabar ofishin kisan kai kuma [[Christine Danielson]] ( [[Gloria Reuben]] ) ta maye gurbinta. Cabot ta fara aiki a [[Kotun daukaka kara|Ofishin Daukaka Kara]] har zuwa dawowarta SVU. Ta ci gaba da zama a SVU har zuwa sauran kakar wasa, inda ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye shida a cikin abin da Cabot ke kira rawar "na ɗan lokaci". Ta maye gurbin Greylek. A farkon kakar wasa ta 11, an bayyana cewa Cabot tana atisaye a Albany, kuma daga ƙarshe za ta koma Ofishin Ɗaukaka Ƙara. McCoy ya roƙi Shugabar ADA Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) da ta ɗauki nauyin Cabot. A ƙarshe an kori Paxton saboda ta bayyana a kotu tana maye, kuma Cabot ta koma tsohon aikinta, tana mai cewa ta "taka rawar gani" wajen fita daga Ɗaukaka Ƙara don komawa SVU, don gurfanar da Kevin O'Donnell ( Garret Dillahunt ), shugabar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin yara . A cikin wannan shirin, an ƙara Stephanie March a cikin jerin wasannin farko na kakar wasa ta 11 a matsayin jerin wasannin da aka saba yi (kodayake kawai a cikin shirye-shiryen da ta bayyana). Daga baya an sanar da Benson da Stabler cewa ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta jiha tana binciken Cabot saboda ɓoye shaida. A cikin wannan shirin, Paxton ta dawo don ba wa Cabot wasu "shawarwari da ake buƙata" waɗanda suka taimaka mata ta lashe shari'ar. A wani shiri kuma, Cabot ta yi shari'ar fyade da wata baƙo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]] a matsayin fitacciyar shaida. An yi wa shaidan fyade a Kongo, kuma Cabot ta yi aiki don taimaka mata samun [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafaka]], da kuma shari'ar fyade, wanda daga baya ya zama shari'ar kisan kai bayan wanda aka yi wa fyaden ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cuta da ya faru sakamakon raunukan da aka samu a lokacin fyaden. An yanke wa mai fyaden hukunci kuma Cabot ya ba shaidan biza don ya zauna a Amurka ba tare da tsoron korarsa ba. Duk da haka, shari'ar ta shafi shaidan da Cabot; shaidan ya yanke shawarar komawa Kongo don taimaka wa waɗanda aka yi wa fyaɗe a can, yayin da Cabot ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar hutu ya shiga ofishin mai gabatar da [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|ƙara na Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya]], wadda ke gurfanar da laifukan jima'i da sauran take haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a yankuna kamar Kongo. An maye gurbinta da ADA Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ). == Bayyanar da ta biyo baya == === Kashi na 13 === ADAs Alexandra Cabot da Casey Novak duk sun koma ''Law &amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit'' don kakar wasa ta 13 ta shirin. <ref name="Casey and Alex">{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=July 5, 2011 |title=Law & Order: SVU Scoop: Stephanie March, Diane Neal Heading Back to Court |url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/07/law-order-svu-stephanie-march-diane-neal/ |access-date=September 5, 2018 |website=[[TVLine]] |archive-date=February 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221233510/http://tvline.com/2011/07/05/law-order-svu-stephanie-march-diane-neal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A farkon kakar wasa ta " Scorched Earth ", Cabot ta fara bayyana a ɗakin 'yan wasa tun kakar wasa ta 11. Ita ce babbar mai gabatar da ƙara a shari'ar fyade da aka yi wa Roberto Di Stasio ( Franco Nero ), jami'in diflomasiyya da ke neman zama firayim minista na gaba na Italiya. Lokacin da aka kama mai ƙarar, mai aikin otal ( [[Anika Noni Rose]] ), a faifan bidiyo tana amincewa da cewa za ta iya samun kuɗi daga wanda ake zargi da yi mata fyaɗe, sabon shugabar Cabot, Babban Jami'in Ofishin SVU, ADA Michael Cutter ( Linus Roache ), ya ce suna janye tuhumar. Cabot ya yi yaƙi da Cutter, duk da haka, kuma shari'ar ta kai ga shari'a, tare da sakamako masu gauraya; masu yanke hukunci sun sami wanda ake ƙara da laifin ɗaurin kurkuku ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, amma an yi watsi da tuhumar fyaɗe. A cikin shirin "Spiraling Down", jami'an tsaro sun gamsu da Cabot don shirya wani aiki na kama Johns bayan sun ceto wata karuwa da ba ta kai shekarun da ta kai ba. Sun kama tsohon kwararren dan wasan tsakiya Jake Stanton ( Treat Williams ), kuma Cabot da Benson duka suna neman su yi koyi da shi, amma ba zato ba tsammani Cabot ya tilasta masa yin karo da lauyan kare Bayard Ellis ( Andre Braugher ) a shari'ar, bayan da Benson ya gaya wa matar Stanton ta kira shi. Bayan da shari'ar ta yi muni, Cabot ya soki Benson bayan kotu lokacin da Benson ya kare Stanton. Cabot ya nuna cewa ta san Benson yana da alaƙa da Ellis da ke kare Stanton. Cabot ya sha kaye a shari'ar bayan da masu yanke hukunci suka gano cewa Stanton ba shi da laifi saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali na kwakwalwa da ya samu sakamakon bugun zuciya da ya sha a lokacin aikinsa. Cabot ita ce mai gabatar da ƙara a cikin shirye-shirye bakwai na kakar wasa ta 13, tana raba ayyukan ADA tare da Novak, Cutter, da David Haden ( Harry Connick Jr. ). Jarumar ta fito a matsayinta na ƙarshe a kakar wasa a cikin "Learning Curve", inda ta taimaka wajen binciken cin zarafin mata a wata makaranta ta musamman. Cabot ta dawo bayan shekaru shida a shirin Kashi na 19, "Sunk Cost Fallacy". A wannan lokacin, ta yi ritaya daga ofishin DA, kuma yanzu tana taimaka wa mata da aka yi wa duka su tsere daga masu cin zarafinsu ta hanyar "ɓacewa" su - ta hanyar fitar da su daga birnin New York da kuma ba su sabbin sunaye. A cikin sabuwar shari'ar SVU, wata mata mai suna Jules Hunter (Sarah Wilson) da 'yarta mai shekaru huɗu Ruby sun ɓace, kuma masu binciken sun gano shaidar kisan gillar da aka yi musu a cikin motar Jules. Sun kama babban wanda ake zargi da kisan gillar Jules, Nick ( Scott Porter ). Duk da haka, yanzu Laftanar Benson ya gano cewa Cabot ya yi ƙarya game da mutuwar Jules da Ruby domin ya taimaka musu su tsere daga gidansu da ake cin zarafinsu su fara sabuwar rayuwa. An tilasta wa Benson rage tuhumar da ake yi wa Nick zuwa cin zarafi, kuma ya bayar da beli. Daga nan ya kai ƙarar sashen da ofishin DA kan dala miliyan 50. A lokacin shari'ar da ta biyo baya, lauyan Nick ya kira Benson a matsayin shaida kuma ya sa ta bayyana cewa Jules da Ruby suna da rai. Cabot ya sake ƙoƙarin ɓoye su, amma Benson ya shawo kan Jules ya ci gaba da zama ya taimaka wajen sanya Nick a kurkuku. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, Jules ya mutu a wani hatsarin mota da ya bayyana. Cabot da Benson sun yi imanin cewa Nick ne ke da alhakin lamarin, amma duk da haka ya sami damar riƙe Ruby. Duk da cewa yanzu suna da ɓangarori daban-daban, Cabot da Benson sun rabu bisa kyakkyawar yarjejeniya; sun nuna sha'awar junansu kuma sun rungumi juna. Cabot ya je ya gana da wani abokin ciniki. == Kiredit == An yaba wa Maris a cikin shirye-shirye 97 na ''SVU'' (wanda ya bayyana a cikin 94), <ref>{{Cite episode|title=Hell|series=[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]|network=[[NBC]]|airdate=March 31, 2009|season=10|number=17}}</ref> wanda ya sanya ta zama ta uku mafi tsayi a cikin ADA a tarihin ikon mallakar kamfani, wanda Casey Novak ( ''SVU'' ) ya zarce shi, da Ron Carver ( ''Law &amp;amp; Order: Criminal Intent'' ) suka zarce shi. Bugu da ƙari, an yaba mata a dukkan shirye-shiryenta 13 na ''Conviction'', wanda ya kawo jimillar adadin shirye-shiryenta zuwa 110 (wanda ya bayyana a cikin 107). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:5%;" |+Shari'a & Umurni: Bayyanar Rukunin Wadanda aka azabtar na Musamman ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Lokaci ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru ! colspan="25" style="text-align:center;" |Abubuwan da suka faru |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |1 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |3 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |4 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |5 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |6 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |7 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |8 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |9 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |10 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |11 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |12 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |13 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |14 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |15 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |16 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |17 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |18 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |19 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |20 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |21 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |22 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |23 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |24 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |25 |- |'''2''' |2000–01 | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |'''3''' |2001–02 | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |'''4''' |2002–03 | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" |× | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" |× | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | |- |'''5''' |2003 | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" |× | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |6 |2005 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:lightblue;" | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |10 |2009 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |'''11''' |2009–10 | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" style="background:#dfd; text-align:center;" | | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |13 |2011–12 | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:pink;" | | | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- |19 |2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | colspan="1" style="background:lightblue;" | | | | | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | | colspan="1" class="table-na" style="background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Lokaci ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |1 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |3 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |4 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |5 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |6 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |7 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |8 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |9 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |10 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |11 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |12 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |13 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |14 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |15 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |16 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |17 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |18 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |19 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |20 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |21 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |22 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |23 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |24 ! colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |25 |- ! colspan="25" style="text-align:center;" |Abubuwan da suka faru |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7la8puy5k13g7ekdy8p2yaaj4xqasza 0 130517 890726 776222 2026-08-02T18:06:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Manufofin Lamba 10 ƙungiya ce ta masu tsara manufofi da ke zaune a 10 Downing Street, suna ba da shawara kan manufofi kai tsaye ga Firayim Ministan Burtaniya. Da farko an kafa shi don tallafawa Harold Wilson a shekara ta 1974, ya wuce ta hanyar jerin siffofi don dacewa da bukatun firayim ministoci masu zuwa, wanda masu ba da shawara kan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma kwanan nan haɗuwa da duka biyun. Darakta na yanzu na Sashin Manufofin Lamba 10 shine Stuart Ingham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Who are the key people inside Labour’s leadership team? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/08/who-are-the-key-people-inside-labours-leadership-team |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}}</ref> == Tun daga shekara ta 2010 == Gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta Mayu 2010 da sauri ta rushe manyan sassa biyu na ababen more rayuwa na tsakiya wanda [[Tony Blair]] ya gina, Sashin Bayar da [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista]] (PMDU) da Sashin Shirye-shiryen Firayim Ministan (PMSU), a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajanda na Firayim Ministe don rage yawan masu ba da shawara na musamman da kuma kawo karshen micromanagement na Whitehall.<ref name="ethosjournal.com">{{Cite web |title=The powers that be |url=http://www.ethosjournal.com/home/item/283-the-powers-that-be |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231032806/http://www.ethosjournal.com/home/item/283-the-powers-that-be |archive-date=31 December 2011 |website=www.ethosjournal.com}}</ref> A maimakon haka, Sakataren Ma'aikatar ya kaddamar da Ƙarfafa Manufofin da Aiwatarwa a farkon shekara ta 2011, wanda ma'aikatan gwamnati suka yi aiki tare kuma suna ba da rahoto ga Firayim Minista da Mataimakin Firayim Minista a ƙarƙashin shugabannin hadin gwiwa Paul Kirby (Masuwa) da Kris Murrin (Ayyuka). Membobin Sashin Manufofin a cikin 2010 sune Gavin Lockhart-Mirams (Hom Affairs), Sean Worth (Health and Adult Social Care), <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Who are the key people inside Labour’s leadership team? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/08/who-are-the-key-people-inside-labours-leadership-team |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}}</ref> Chris Brown (Ilimi), Richard Freer (Defense), <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Who are the key people inside Labour’s leadership team? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/08/who-are-the-key-people-inside-labours-leadership-team |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}}</ref> Tim Luke (Business and Enterprise), <ref>{{cite news |last=Dudman |first=Jane |date=2011-06-09 |title=No 10 happy with civil servant advisers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2011/jun/09/no-10-civil-servant-advisers |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Michael Lynas (Big Society) da Ben Moxham (Energy and Environment). Sashin Bincike da Bincike ne suka goyi bayan Sashin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new 10 Downing Street |url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2011/02/the-new-10-downing-street.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826095735/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2011/02/the-new-10-downing-street.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tun daga shekara ta 2019 == An nada Munira Mirza a matsayin darektan Sashin Manufofin lokacin da [[Boris Johnson]] ya zama Firayim Minista. Ta kasance Mataimakin Magajin garin London tare da alhakin Ilimi da Al'adu a karkashin Johnson a lokacin da yake Magajin garin London. Mirza ya yi murabus a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2022 bayan Johnson ya kasa neman gafara don yin maganganun yaudara wanda ya nuna cewa Keir Starmer ya kasa gurfanar da Jimmy Savile yayin da na biyun ya kasance Darakta na Masu Shari'a. An nada Andrew Griffith MP don maye gurbin Mirza a matsayin darektan Sashin Manufofin har zuwa 8 ga Yulin 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Griffith MP |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/andrew-griffith |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar (Ministan Siyasa da Shugaban Sashin Siyasa na Firayim Minista). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Who are the key people inside Labour’s leadership team? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/08/who-are-the-key-people-inside-labours-leadership-team |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}}</ref> An bar matsayin a banza daga 8 ga Yulin 2022, yayin da Johnson ya sanar da murabus dinsa a matsayin Shugaban jam'iyya, tare da fatan ya kasance a matsayin Firayim Minista mai kulawa har sai an zabi magajinsa. Jamie Hope ne ya cika mukamin a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2022 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗan gajeren Ma'aikatar Truss. Lokacin da Rishi Sunak ya zama Firayim Minista a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Eleanor Shawcross, 'yar Kwamishinan Nuni na Jama'a, William Shawcross da jikokin lauya Hartley Shawcross. A baya ta ba da gudummawar £ 20,000 ga kamfen din shugabancinsa, bayan ta shawarce shi yayin da yake Shugaban Kasuwanci.[undefined] Shawcross a baya ta shafe shekaru 6 a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban ma'aikata ga George Osborne a lokacin da yake Shugaba, kuma shugaban ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Fensho inda daga baya aka sanya ta darakta wanda ba babban jami'in ba.[undefined][2][1] * Ma'aikatan Binciken Manufofin Tsakiya * [[Ofishin Firayim Minista (United Kingdom)|Ofishin Firayim Minista]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9bpnegpulerkynqg48liki0e6m2r9f 0 132411 890849 819754 2026-08-03T07:10:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 890849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta San Marino (Italiyanci: Nazionale di calcio di San Marino) tana wakiltar San Marino a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na maza. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta San Marino ce ke jagorantar ƙungiyar kuma tana wakiltar mafi ƙarancin yawan 'yan wasa a cikin kowace ƙungiyar UEFA. A halin yanzu su ne ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ta fi kowacce ƙasa a cikin jerin 'yan wasa da ke da alaƙa da FIFA, bayan sun lashe wasanni uku tun lokacin da aka kafa su.[1] Wasan farko na San Marino shi ne cin nasara 4-0 ga Switzerland a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 1990. Wata kungiya ta San Marino ba bisa ka'ida ba ta buga wa tawagar Kanada U-23 a shekarar 1986, inda ta sha kashi 1-0. Tun lokacin da suka fara gasar, San Marino ta shiga cikin masu cancanta ga kowane gasar zakarun Turai da gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. Nasararsu ta farko a gasar ita ce nasarar 1-0 a kan Liechtenstein a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2024, a cikin UEFA Nations League . [1] Nasararsu ta biyu a gasar ita ce nasarar 3-1 a kan Liechtenstein a ranar 6 ga wasan, a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2024. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da suka zira kwallaye fiye da daya a wasan gasa. Daga baya, wannan nasarar ta inganta su zuwa League C, matakin na uku na League Nations.[2] == Tarihi == Kodayake an kafa Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta San Marino a 1931, kungiyar ba ta kafa tawagar kasa ba har zuwa 1986, lokacin da wata kungiya da ke wakiltar Tarayyar ta buga wa tawagar Kanada U-23 a cikin kasa da kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya ƙare a cikin shan kashi 1-0. San Marino ta sami alaƙa da [[FIFA]] da [[UEFA]] a cikin 1988, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> wanda ya ba tawagar damar shiga manyan gasa. Kafin wannan, an dauki 'yan wasan Sammarinese a matsayin Italiyanci a cikin yanayin kwallon kafa na duniya.<ref name="Bonini">{{Cite web |title=Just rewards for modest man |url=https://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/teams/team=50168/kindstatic=2/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020034629/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/teams/team%3D50168/kindstatic%3D2/index.html |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Wasan farko na San Marino a gasar da FIFA ta amince da shi ya kasance da Switzerland a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1990 a cikin cancantar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 1992. San Marino ta rasa 4-0 kuma za ta rasa dukkan sauran 'yan wasan su takwas. Kungiyar ta yi gwagwarmaya a wasannin waje, ta rasa duka da akalla kwallaye hudu. San Marino ta zira kwallaye guda daya kawai, wanda shine kisa a cikin nasarar 3-1 a gida da Romania ta yi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> kuma ta ba da kwallaye 33 a duka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> A yakin neman cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya na farko, San Marino sun shiga cikin rukuni tare da Ingila, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Norway, Poland da Turkiyya. Wasan buɗewa ya haifar da shan kashi 10-0 ga Norway. Wasan dawowa bai kasance a gefe ɗaya ba, ya ƙare 2-0 ga Norwegians. Rashin nasara 4-1 a Turkiyya ya ga San Marino ta zira kwallaye na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya (kuma na farko daga bude wasa), kuma wasan da ba a ci kwallo ba a kan wannan adawa a ranar 10 ga Maris 1993 ya ba su maki na farko. A wasan karshe da suka yi da Ingila, Davide Gualtieri ya zira kwallaye mafi sauri a tarihin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya bayan 8.3 seconds. Koyaya, San Marino ya ci gaba da rasa 7-1.<ref name="til">{{Cite web |title=San Marino Hero Who Humiliated England |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-4050874-details/San+Marino+hero+who+humiliated+England/article.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212105656/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-4050874-details/San+Marino+hero+who+humiliated+England/article.do |archive-date=12 February 2009 |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=This Is London}}</ref> San Marino ta gama kamfen ɗin tare da maki ɗaya kuma ta ba da kwallaye 46 a wasanni 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Kamfen ɗin cancantar ƙungiyar don UEFA Euro 1996 ya bi irin wannan tsari kamar na gasar zakarun Turai da ta gabata yayin da suka rasa kowane wasa. Wasan da aka yi da Finland ya ba San Marino burinsu na farko daga gida a gasar cin kofin Turai. Duk da haka, kungiyar ta rasa 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Sauran burinsu guda daya ya zo ne a cikin nasarar da Tsibirin Faroe suka yi a gida 3-1; nasarar da suka samu a kan San Marino ita ce kawai maki da tsibirin Feroe suka samu a cikin rukuni. A wasan farko, ci 3-0 a Toftir shine nasarar da tsibirin Faroe ya samu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Ko da ta hanyar ka'idodin Sammarinese, kamfen ɗin cancanta na gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1998 ya kasance abin takaici. Rashin kowane wasa da kwallaye uku ko fiye, San Marino ya kasa zira kwallaye guda daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Wannan ita ce kawai gasar cin kofin duniya da suka kasa ci kwallo. Samun cancanta ga Yuro 2000 ya sake haifar da shan kashi a kowane wasa. San Marino mafi kusa da samun maki shine a kan [[Cyprus]], nasara 1-0 a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001, San Marino ta sami maki na farko, inda ta zana 1-1 tare da Latvia a [[Riga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ƙare gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2002 tare da sabon mafi kyawun kwallaye uku, kodayake daya daga cikin wadannan ya zo ne a cikin shan kashi 10-1 da Belgium ta yi. A cikin cancantar UEFA Euro 2004, San Marino ta rasa dukkan wasannin takwas, ta kasa ci kwallo. Sakamakon da ya fi kusa shi ne nasarar da Latvia ta yi a gida 1-0, tare da wanda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe. Latvia ta ci gaba da samun cancanta don gasar ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Rarraba 2-2 da Liechtenstein a wasan sada zumunci a watan Agustan shekara ta 2003 ya ga tawagar ta kafa sabon rikodin kasa don mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a wasan; sau biyu kawai tun daga lokacin, a cikin asarar 2-3 ga Malta a wani sada zumunci shekaru tara bayan haka, kuma a cikin nasarar da suka samu kwanan nan, 3-1 a kan Liechtenstein a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen UEFA, tawagar ta zira kwallaye masu yawa a wasan. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, San Marino ta sami nasarar farko bayan fiye da yunkurin 70, nasarar 1-0 a kan Liechtenstein a wasan sada zumunci a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2004 ta hanyar burin minti na biyar da Andy Selva ya yi. Wasan shine karo na farko na Martin Andermatt a matsayin kocin Liechtenstein. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Sakamakon lokacin cancanta don gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2006 ya bi irin wannan hanyar ga kungiyoyin da suka gabata. Wasanni galibi sun kasance cin nasara a gefe ɗaya, ban da cin nasara guda ɗaya a gida da Lithuania da Belgium suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> Wasan farko na San Marino na UEFA Euro 2008 ya haifar da nasarar da Jamus ta yi a gida a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2006. <ref name="13nil">{{Cite web |title=San Marino 0–13 Germany: Record breakers |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=197231& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092006/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=197231& |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Sun zira kwallaye sau biyu kawai kuma sun ba da kwallaye hamsin da bakwai a cikin rasa dukkan wasanni goma sha biyu. Koyaya, wasannin gida da Ireland, Cyprus da Wales kowannensu ya rasa ta hanyar burin guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008153836/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/10/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=complex.com |publisher=Complex Media}}</ref> A cikin yakin neman cancanta na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010, sun rasa dukkan wasanni goma kuma sun kasa samun cancanta. Sun ci kwallaye 47 a cikin waɗannan wasannin, ciki har da 10 a cikin shan kashi na Poland, wanda ya zama nasarar da Poland ta samu mafi girma a kowane lokaci, [undefined] kuma ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya kawai, a cikin shan wahala 3-1 na Slovakia. [undefined] UEFA Euro 2012 qualifiers sun fara ne a irin wannan hanyar, wasanni tara na farko duk sun kasance shan kashi tare da jimillar kwallaye 49 da aka ba da kuma babu wanda ya ci, mafi kyawun sakamakon su shine asarar kwallaye guda ɗaya ga Finland a gida, tare da mafi munin shine mummunan asarar 11-0 ga Netherlands, wanda ya zama nasarar da Netherlands ta fi cin nasara a kowane lokaci kuma San Marino ta fi muni.[2] Wannan ya biyo bayan sauye-sauye biyu, asarar gida 5-0 a kan Sweden, kafin kammala yakin tare da asarar 4-0 ga Moldova. [undefined][1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ijypls89qxjp98rd3vlcfmak1ctd6a 0 133466 890569 774241 2026-08-02T12:03:35Z BnHamid 12586 890569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rayhana Miloud Hocine (an haife ta (1996-01-03) 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996) 'yar wasan volleyball ce ta Aljeriya. Tana daga cikin tawagar kwallon volleyball ta mata ta Algeria. Ta shiga cikin 2014 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix . A matakin kulob din ta buga wa WOChlef wasa a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Team Roster – Algeria |url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2014/Teams3.asp?Team=ALG |access-date=11 February 2016 |website=FIVB.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 59r1escvtkhq95rcliz86vobch5nhkp 0 133623 890573 774502 2026-08-02T12:07:56Z BnHamid 12586 890573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Peter Nero (an haife shi ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1934 - 6 ga Yuli, 2023) ɗan wasan piano ne na Amurka kuma mai gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Peter Nero: Artistic Director and Conductor of The Philly Pops |url=http://www.phillypops.org/the-maestro.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206005126/http://phillypops.org/the-maestro.php |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> Ya jagoranci Philly Pops daga 1979 zuwa 2013, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Grammy guda biyu, gami da kyautar Kyawun Sabon Artist a 1962, da kuma jimlar gabatarwa 8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Nero {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/peter-nero/17144 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a New York, New York, <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Peter Nero: Artistic Director and Conductor of The Philly Pops |url=http://www.phillypops.org/the-maestro.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206005126/http://phillypops.org/the-maestro.php |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> a matsayin Bernard Nierow, ya fara horar da kiɗa yana da shekaru bakwai. Ya yi karatun piano a karkashin Frederick Bried . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, an yarda da shi a makarantar sakandare ta New York City ta Music & Art kuma ya sami tallafin karatu a makarantar Juilliard School of Music, inda daga baya ya yi karatu na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="bio" /><ref name=":0" /> Ya ɗauki darussan sirri daga Abram Chasins da Constance Keene . <ref name=":0" /> Keene ya taɓa rubuta a cikin fitowar Keyboard Classics "[[Vladimir Horowitz]] shine babban magoya bayan Bitrus!" Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Brooklyn a 1956 tare da digiri na farko a ilimin halayyar dan adam.<ref name=":0" />{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}} == Ayyuka == Nero ya fara fitowa a talabijin yana da shekaru 17, yana wasa "Rhapsody in Blue" a wani shiri na musamman wanda Paul Whiteman ya shirya. Ya rubuta kundi na farko a ƙarƙashin sunan Bernie Nerow a watan Yulin 1957 a kan lakabin Mode (MOD-LP117), wanda ke nuna ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha a cikin nau'in jazz. Nero ya rubuta Piano Forte a 1961, kuma ya lashe Kyautar Grammy a 1961 don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Kwarewa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="grammy">{{Cite web |title=Peter Nero: Grammys |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/peter-nero/17144 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Grammys}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ya lashe Grammy don Mafi kyawun Ayyuka ta Orchestra ko Instrumentalist tare da Orchestra - Da farko Ba Jazz ko Don Dancing don kundin sa The Colorful Peter Nero . <ref name="grammy" /> Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya sami ƙarin gabatarwa 10 kuma ya fitar da kundi 67. Abinda Nero ya fara da RCA Victor ya samar da kundi 23 a cikin shekaru takwas. Matakin da ya biyo baya zuwa Columbia Records ya haifar da sayar da miliyan daya da kundi Summer of '42. Babban nasararsa ta farko ta talabijin ta kasa ta zo ne yana da shekaru 17, lokacin da aka zaba shi don yin Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue a gidan talabijin na musamman na Paul Whiteman. Daga baya ya bayyana a cikin manyan shirye-shirye iri-iri da yawa, ciki har da bayyanar baƙi 11 a kan Ed Sullivan Show da kuma bayyanar da yawa a kan The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . [[Fayil:Peter_Nero_Ethel_Merman_Bell_Telephone_Hour_1964.JPG|thumb|246x246px|Nero da Ethel Merman a kan Bell Telephone Hour a shekarar 1964.]] An yaba da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fassara na George Gershwin, Nero ya fito a cikin [[Emmy Awards|Kyautar Emmy]] S'Wonderful, S'Marvelous, S'Gershwin (1972). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Nero {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/peter-nero/17144 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo na TV sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo a kan ''Piano Pizzazz'' na PBS-TV da kuma tare da National Symphony a Washington, DC, a ranar 4 ga Yuli na musamman mai taken A Capitol Fourth . Nero ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kiɗa da pianist na PBS-TV na musamman The Songs of Johnny Mercer: Too Marvelous for Words (1997) tare da co-stars Johnny Mathis, Melissa Manchester da yawancin mambobin The POPS.<ref>{{IMDb title|0326187|The Songs of Johnny Mercer: Too Marvelous for Words}}</ref> In 1963, Nero composed and performed the musical score for the motion picture ''Sunday in New York''. The title song, which was sung by Mel Torme, has been recorded by over two dozen vocalists, and the score was nominated for both a Golden Globe and Hollywood Reporter Award.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He also made an appearance in the film (playing himself) which co-starred Jane Fonda, Rod Taylor, Robert Culp, and Cliff Robertson. In the film, Jane Fonda's character gave her brother (played by Robertson) a Nero recording. === Kundin studio === * ''Bernie Nerow Trio'' (Mode Records, 1957) * Matashi da Warm da Wonderful (RCA Victor, 1961) * Piano Forte (RCA Victor, 1961) * New Piano In Town (orchestra da Marty Gold ya jagoranta) (RCA Victor, 1961) * ''Mai Laushi Peter Nero'' (RCA Victor, 1962) * ''Don Nero-Minded'' (RCA Victor, 1962) * Ka gaishe da cin nasarar Nero (RCA Victor, 1963) * ''Lahadi A New York'' (RCA Victor, 1964) * ''Peter Nero ya buga waƙoƙin da ba za ku manta ba'' (RCA Victor, 1964) * ''Ra'ayoyi'' (RCA Victor, 1964) * ''Peter Nero ya buga Gershwin'' (RCA Victor, 1965) * ''Ayyukan 'yan mata'' (RCA Victor, 1965) * ''Yanayin allo'' (RCA Victor, 1966) * Peter Nero ya yi wasa da haihuwa da kuma wasu (RCA Camden, 1966) * Up Close (RCA Victor, 1966) * ''Xochimilco'' (RCA Victor, 1967) * Ya yi wasa da gaisuwa ga Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass (RCA Victor, 1967) * ''Nero-Ing A cikin Hits'' (RCA Victor, 1967) * Peter Nero ya buga Love Is Blue (RCA Victor, 1967) * ''Idan Na Bar Ka'' (RCA Camden, 1968) * Ra'ayoyi (The Great Songs Of Burt Bacharach & Hal David) (RCA Victor, 1968) * ''Dole ne in zama ni'' (Columbia Records, 1969) * ''Tafiyar Soyayya'' (RCA Victor, 1969) * Peter Nero (RCA Camden, 1970) * ''Ba zan sake fada cikin soyayya ba'' (Columbia Records, 1970) * Peter Nero Summer na 42 (Columbia Records, 1971) * ''Yana wasa Kiɗa daga Great Motion Pictures'' (RCA Camden, 1972) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 27tq3txy67waf88wy9xdlrlipl19xei 0 133673 890869 813265 2026-08-03T08:09:05Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry George Jarecki''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1933) ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamus ne, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ɗan kasuwa, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai taimakon jama'a. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Henry Jarecki a cikin dangin Jamusawa Yahudawa a Stettin (yanzu Szczecin a arewa maso yammacin [[Poland]] ), ɗan Max Jarecki, likita, da Gerda Kunstmann, ɗan wani iyali na jigilar kaya. Tun yana yaro, ya tsere daga Jamus ta Nazi tare da iyalinsa zuwa Burtaniya sannan daga baya ya koma Amurka. Iyalansa masu arziki sun sami damar canja dukiyarsu daga Poland da aka mamaye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jarecki ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Heidelberg a shekarar 1957, daga baya ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma a matsayin jami'in ilimi, yana koyarwa a Makarantar Likitanci ta Yale, da kuma a matsayin likitan tabin hankali a fannin aikin sirri a New Haven, Connecticut, da kuma a Asibitin Yale-New Haven . Jarecki ya ci gaba da zama farfesa mai taimako a Yale. Tare da Dr. Thomas Detre, Jarecki shi ne marubucin ''Modern Psychiatry Treatment'', wani bincike mai shafuka 733 na psychopharmacologic da sauran hanyoyin magani da aka buga a shekarar 1971. A matsayinsa na malami, ya kasance marubuci ko kuma tare da marubucin wasu kasidu a fannin ilimin tabin hankali, game da psychopharmacology, sassan tabin hankali a asibitoci, gubar amitriptyline/phenelzine, da kuma jarabar miyagun kwayoyi. === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Thomas P. Detre da Henry G. Jarecki, Maganin tabin hankali na zamani. Philadelphia da [[Toronto]] 1971 * H. Jarecki, "Shin Ya Kamata A Halatta Magunguna?", a cikin: Yale Psychiatric Quart., Vol 12. Yuli 1989 * Henry G. Jarecki, Daniela Zane Kaisth, Malamin ceto a duniyar zamani. (Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya) New York 2009 * Hanyar Masanin Kimiyyar Alchemist: Yadda Ake Sa Sa'a Ta Yi Kama da Ƙwarewa., 2021, <nowiki>ISBN 978-057-8976-402</nowiki> == Aikin kasuwanci == A shekarar 1967, Jarecki ya fara aiki da kamfanin bullion na London, Mocatta &amp;amp; Goldsmid, Ltd. A shekarar 1969, ya kafa kamfanin Mocatta & Goldsmid na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da Mocatta Metals Corporation. A farkon haɗin gwiwa da Hambros Bank sannan daga baya tare da Standard Chartered Bank, Jarecki ya jagoranci Mocatta Group har sai da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Aikin Jarecki a kasuwar bullion ya kasance dillalin karafa masu daraja da zaɓuɓɓuka. Ya kasance mai himma. lokacin da Mocatta ta zama abokiyar hulɗa da Hunt Brothers a cikin yunƙurin Hunts na azurfa na 1980. Mocatta da Goldsmid sun taɓa shiga cikin daidaita kasuwannin a cikin irin wannan yanayi, kamar ceto Bankin Specie na Indiya a 1913. A lokacin da yake aiki da Mocatta Group, Jarecki ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Futures Industry Association, National Futures Association, COMEX, Chicago Board of Trade, da kuma Chicago Metals Board of Trade, kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Commodity Futures Trading Commission a cikin shekaru bayan kafa ta. Jarecki shi ma ya kafa wasu kasuwancin kasuwanci da dama, musamman Brody, White & Co., wani kamfanin dillali wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na Newedge Group . Jarecki ya fara amfani da kwamfutoci don cinikin kasuwannin kayayyaki kuma Mocatta yana cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka bayar da zaɓuɓɓukan ciniki ta hanyar kan layi da musayar kuɗi akan makomar kayayyaki a kasuwannin kayayyaki na Amurka lokacin da aka gabatar da zaɓuɓɓukan a farkon shekarun 1980. Bayan ya bar Mocatta, Jarecki shi ne Shugaban kuma babban mai zuba jari a kamfanin bayanai da tikitin fina-finai na Moviefone, wanda ɗansa, Andrew Jarecki ya kafa tare, kuma ya sayar wa AOL a shekarar 1999. Kwanan nan, ya taimaka wa Birnin Heidelberg, Jamus wajen gina harabar jami'a a Bahnstadt ga ƙananan kamfanonin bincike, kuma ya kafa PsychoGics, wani kamfanin bincike da gano magunguna na psycho- da neuro-pharmaceutical a Paramus, [[New Jersey]]. == Aiki a matsayin furodusa == Jarecki ya kuma kasance mai shirya fina-finai da kuma furodusa a gidajen sinima, tare da yabo kamar su ''Gardeners of Eden'' (2004), ''Cuba: Island of Music'' (2005), ''Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death'' (2007), <nowiki><i id="mwRQ">The Third Wave</i></nowiki> (2008), <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Tyson</i></nowiki> (2009), ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (2009), da kuma <nowiki><i id="mwSw">A Streetcar Named Desire</i></nowiki> (2012). Jarecki ya kuma bayyana kansa a cikin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar Melvin Van Peebles, How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (And Enjoy It) (2005). == Taimakon jama'a == Tare da Daniela Kaisth, ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Scholar Rescue in the Modern World'' . Jarecki babban mai fafutukar kare 'yan gudun hijira ne a Jamus da Amurka, yana kira da a samar da wani labari daban game da 'yan gudun hijira, kuma yana cewa, " ''Giess Wasser zur Suppe und heiss alle willkommen'' ," ("Ƙara ruwa a cikin miya kuma a maraba da kowa"). Tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Jihar Baden-Wurttemberg da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Jarecki ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin samar wa ɗaliban da ke fuskantar barazanar mafaka da kuma damar sake gina ayyukansu a jami'o'i a Jamus. [https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2016/12/08/senate-section/article/S6908-2 An rubuta aikinsa a wannan fanni a cikin Tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.] A shekara ta 2004, ya kafa Makarantar Gloria da Henry Jarecki a Ratanakiri, Cambodia. A da, ya yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Gargajiya na Harlem ^, da [http://hsanyc.org/ Makarantar Fasaha ta Harlem.] Jarecki ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara a Sashen Nazarin Jamusanci a Jami'ar Princeton da kuma Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Yale. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Gwamna na Kwalejin Al'umma ta H. Lavity Stoutt da ke Tortola, Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, a matsayin amintaccen Gidauniyar Albarkatun Tsibirin, kuma ya kafa cibiyar matasa ta farko ta Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, Aikin Ƙarfafa Matasa, a Tortola. Jarecki da iyalansa sun kasance masu ba da gudummawa ga ɗaliban makarantarsa, Jami'ar Heidelberg, da kuma Birnin Heidelberg, inda suka gyara Sashen Nazarin Halittar Jami'ar, sannan suka bayar da filin wasa ga Emmertsgrund na Heidelberg, gundumar da iyalai 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da yawa ke zaune. Dr. Jarecki ya kasance memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Heidelberg da ke New York tun daga shekarar 2013. == Iyali == Jarecki mijin Gloria Jarecki ne, a da, tsohuwar mai sukar fina-finai a mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' . Tare, an zaɓe su a matsayin ƙungiyar shugabannin Travel Industry of America saboda aikinsu na kare muhalli a fannin yawon buɗe ido a tsibirin Guana. Shi ne uban 'ya'ya maza huɗu; babban jami'in kuɗi Thomas A. Jarecki, da kuma masu shirya fina-finai Andrew Jarecki, Eugene Jarecki da Nicholas Jarecki . Shi ne ɗan'uwan Dr. Richard W. Jarecki, kuma likita ne kuma a da yana cikin sashen Jami'ar Heidelberg, wanda aka san shi da haɓaka nazarin kididdiga na wuraren caca. === Gidajen zama === Jarecki yana da gida a Rye, New York kuma yana zaune na ɗan lokaci a Tsibirin British Virgin, inda yake da tsibirai biyu masu zaman kansu : Tsibirin Guana da Tsibirin Norman . Jarecki yana da [[Matsayin abokin tarayya|matsayin BVI Belonger]] . A shekarar 1978, Jarecki ya nemi sayen tsohon gidan Stuyvesant Fish da ke 19 Gramercy Park South a Manhattan, [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], amma aka yi masa tilas. Lokacin da gidan - wanda ke da ɗakuna sama da 37 a hawa shida, wanda ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 18,000 (mita 1,700 ) na sararin zama - ya sake samuwa a shekarar 2000, ya sami damar siyan sa, tare da shirin amfani da shi a matsayin gida da kuma hedikwatar gidauniyar iyali, Timber Falls Foundation. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A shekarar 1992, an sanya wa wani nau'in kadangare suna, dodon Jarecki mai tashi ( ''Draco jareckii )'', don girmama Henry Jarecki. <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Futures ta ƙaddamar da wani "Hall of Fame" don bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwa da kuma girmama "nasarorin da aka samu da kuma girmama muhimman gudummawar da mutane suka bayar ga masana'antar gaba da zaɓi." Saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar, Jarecki yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka karrama da farko guda 55, waɗanda suka haɗa da masanin tattalin arziki Alan Greenspan, Sanata Robert Dole da kuma shugaban masana'antar gaba ta Amurka Leo Melamed . A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2010, Kwalejin Bard ta ba Jarecki digirin digirgir na Haruffan Dan Adam, inda ta kira shi, "ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin da aka fi girmamawa a cikin al'ummar saka hannun jari ta Amurka a yau." A shekarar 2011, birnin Heidelberg ya sanar da cewa za a sake masa suna ''zuwa'' ''Güteramtsstraße'' domin girmama mahaifin marigayi Dr. Jarecki. A shekarar 2014, an zabi Dr. Jarecki a matsayin Sanata mai daraja na Jami'ar Heidelberg. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, shugaban ƙasar Jamus ya ba wa Dr. Jarecki lambar yabo ta Order of Merit, Officer's Cross saboda aikinsa na inganta birnin Heidelberg, haɓaka dangantakar Amurka da Jamus, da kuma ƙarfafa Jamus ta buɗe jami'o'inta don karɓar bakuncin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniya da ke fuskantar barazana. == Zarge-zargen Jeffrey Epstein na jama'a == A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2024, wata mata da ta ce ta kasance wacce aka zalunta da laifin cin zarafin mata Jeffrey Epstein ta shigar da ƙara a kan Jarecki tana zarginsa da fyaɗe da fataucin mata, bayan da aka yi zargin Epstein ya tura ta zuwa Jarecki don neman maganin tabin hankali a shekarar 2011. <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Wannan matar ta yi watsi da ƙarar da aka shigar mata da son rai a watan Afrilun 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=7 April 2025 |title=Jeffrey Epstein accuser ends 'sex slave' lawsuit against prominent psychiatrist |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/jeffrey-epstein-accuser-ends-sex-slave-lawsuit-against-prominent-psychiatrist-2025-04-04/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kuma saka wani rubutu daga Jarecki a cikin littafin ranar haihuwar Jeffrey Epstein . <ref name="c298">{{Cite web |last=Boiskin |first=Asher |date=2025-10-01 |title=Epstein's 2003 birthday album signed by three former Yale professors |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2025/10/01/epsteins-2003-birthday-album-signed-by-three-former-yale-professors/ |website=Yale Daily News }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/justice-department-releases-batch-of-epstein-files-3729f121 Henry Jarecki a bainar jama'a ya gabatar da fom ɗin neman izinin Epstein (Wall street Journal)] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2nf73leqh12vyn0k14szq1t8xeb00po 890912 890869 2026-08-03T11:32:49Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Henry George Jarecki''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1933) ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamus ne, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ɗan kasuwa, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai taimakon jama'a. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Henry Jarecki a cikin dangin Jamusawa Yahudawa a Stettin (yanzu Szczecin a arewa maso yammacin [[Poland]] ), ɗan Max Jarecki, likita, da Gerda Kunstmann, ɗan wani iyali na jigilar kaya. Tun yana yaro, ya tsere daga Jamus ta Nazi tare da iyalinsa zuwa Burtaniya sannan daga baya ya koma Amurka. Iyalansa masu arziki sun sami damar canja dukiyarsu daga Poland da aka mamaye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jarecki ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Heidelberg a shekarar 1957, daga baya ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma a matsayin jami'in ilimi, yana koyarwa a Makarantar Likitanci ta Yale, da kuma a matsayin likitan tabin hankali a fannin aikin sirri a New Haven, Connecticut, da kuma a Asibitin Yale-New Haven . Jarecki ya ci gaba da zama farfesa mai taimako a Yale. Tare da Dr. Thomas Detre, Jarecki shi ne marubucin ''Modern Psychiatry Treatment'', wani bincike mai shafuka 733 na psychopharmacologic da sauran hanyoyin magani da aka buga a shekarar 1971. A matsayinsa na malami, ya kasance marubuci ko kuma tare da marubucin wasu kasidu a fannin ilimin tabin hankali, game da psychopharmacology, sassan tabin hankali a asibitoci, gubar amitriptyline/phenelzine, da kuma jarabar miyagun kwayoyi. === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Thomas P. Detre da Henry G. Jarecki, Maganin tabin hankali na zamani. Philadelphia da [[Toronto]] 1971 * H. Jarecki, "Shin Ya Kamata A Halatta Magunguna?", a cikin: Yale Psychiatric Quart., Vol 12. Yuli 1989 * Henry G. Jarecki, Daniela Zane Kaisth, Malamin ceto a duniyar zamani. (Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya) New York 2009 * Hanyar Masanin Kimiyyar Alchemist: Yadda Ake Sa Sa'a Ta Yi Kama da Ƙwarewa., 2021, <nowiki>ISBN 978-057-8976-402</nowiki> == Aikin kasuwanci == A shekarar 1967, Jarecki ya fara aiki da kamfanin bullion na London, Mocatta &amp;amp; Goldsmid, Ltd. A shekarar 1969, ya kafa kamfanin Mocatta & Goldsmid na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da Mocatta Metals Corporation. A farkon haɗin gwiwa da Hambros Bank sannan daga baya tare da Standard Chartered Bank, Jarecki ya jagoranci Mocatta Group har sai da ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Aikin Jarecki a kasuwar bullion ya kasance dillalin karafa masu daraja da zaɓuɓɓuka. Ya kasance mai himma. lokacin da Mocatta ta zama abokiyar hulɗa da Hunt Brothers a cikin yunƙurin Hunts na azurfa na 1980. Mocatta da Goldsmid sun taɓa shiga cikin daidaita kasuwannin a cikin irin wannan yanayi, kamar ceto Bankin Specie na Indiya a 1913. A lokacin da yake aiki da Mocatta Group, Jarecki ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Futures Industry Association, National Futures Association, COMEX, Chicago Board of Trade, da kuma Chicago Metals Board of Trade, kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Commodity Futures Trading Commission a cikin shekaru bayan kafa ta. Jarecki shi ma ya kafa wasu kasuwancin kasuwanci da dama, musamman Brody, White & Co., wani kamfanin dillali wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na Newedge Group . Jarecki ya fara amfani da kwamfutoci don cinikin kasuwannin kayayyaki kuma Mocatta yana cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka bayar da zaɓuɓɓukan ciniki ta hanyar kan layi da musayar kuɗi akan makomar kayayyaki a kasuwannin kayayyaki na Amurka lokacin da aka gabatar da zaɓuɓɓukan a farkon shekarun 1980. Bayan ya bar Mocatta, Jarecki shi ne Shugaban kuma babban mai zuba jari a kamfanin bayanai da tikitin fina-finai na Moviefone, wanda ɗansa, Andrew Jarecki ya kafa tare, kuma ya sayar wa AOL a shekarar 1999. Kwanan nan, ya taimaka wa Birnin Heidelberg, Jamus wajen gina harabar jami'a a Bahnstadt ga ƙananan kamfanonin bincike, kuma ya kafa PsychoGics, wani kamfanin bincike da gano magunguna na psycho- da neuro-pharmaceutical a Paramus, [[New Jersey]]. == Aiki a matsayin furodusa == Jarecki ya kuma kasance mai shirya fina-finai da kuma furodusa a gidajen sinima, tare da yabo kamar su ''Gardeners of Eden'' (2004), ''Cuba: Island of Music'' (2005), ''Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death'' (2007), <nowiki><i id="mwRQ">The Third Wave</i></nowiki> (2008), <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Tyson</i></nowiki> (2009), ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (2009), da kuma <nowiki><i id="mwSw">A Streetcar Named Desire</i></nowiki> (2012). Jarecki ya kuma bayyana kansa a cikin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar Melvin Van Peebles, How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (And Enjoy It) (2005). == Taimakon jama'a == Tare da Daniela Kaisth, ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Scholar Rescue in the Modern World'' . Jarecki babban mai fafutukar kare 'yan gudun hijira ne a Jamus da Amurka, yana kira da a samar da wani labari daban game da 'yan gudun hijira, kuma yana cewa, " ''Giess Wasser zur Suppe und heiss alle willkommen'' ," ("Ƙara ruwa a cikin miya kuma a maraba da kowa"). Tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Jihar Baden-Wurttemberg da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Jarecki ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin samar wa ɗaliban da ke fuskantar barazanar mafaka da kuma damar sake gina ayyukansu a jami'o'i a Jamus. [https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2016/12/08/senate-section/article/S6908-2 An rubuta aikinsa a wannan fanni a cikin Tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.] A shekara ta 2004, ya kafa Makarantar Gloria da Henry Jarecki a Ratanakiri, Cambodia. A da, ya yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Gargajiya na Harlem ^, da [http://hsanyc.org/ Makarantar Fasaha ta Harlem.] Jarecki ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara a Sashen Nazarin Jamusanci a Jami'ar Princeton da kuma Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Yale. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Gwamna na Kwalejin Al'umma ta H. Lavity Stoutt da ke Tortola, Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, a matsayin amintaccen Gidauniyar Albarkatun Tsibirin, kuma ya kafa cibiyar matasa ta farko ta Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, Aikin Ƙarfafa Matasa, a Tortola. Jarecki da iyalansa sun kasance masu ba da gudummawa ga ɗaliban makarantarsa, Jami'ar Heidelberg, da kuma Birnin Heidelberg, inda suka gyara Sashen Nazarin Halittar Jami'ar, sannan suka bayar da filin wasa ga Emmertsgrund na Heidelberg, gundumar da iyalai 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da yawa ke zaune. Dr. Jarecki ya kasance memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Heidelberg da ke New York tun daga shekarar 2013. == Iyali == Jarecki mijin Gloria Jarecki ne, a da, tsohuwar mai sukar fina-finai a mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' . Tare, an zaɓe su a matsayin ƙungiyar shugabannin Travel Industry of America saboda aikinsu na kare muhalli a fannin yawon buɗe ido a tsibirin Guana. Shi ne uban 'ya'ya maza huɗu; babban jami'in kuɗi Thomas A. Jarecki, da kuma masu shirya fina-finai Andrew Jarecki, Eugene Jarecki da Nicholas Jarecki . Shi ne ɗan'uwan Dr. Richard W. Jarecki, kuma likita ne kuma a da yana cikin sashen Jami'ar Heidelberg, wanda aka san shi da haɓaka nazarin kididdiga na wuraren caca. === Gidajen zama === Jarecki yana da gida a Rye, New York kuma yana zaune na ɗan lokaci a Tsibirin British Virgin, inda yake da tsibirai biyu masu zaman kansu : Tsibirin Guana da Tsibirin Norman . Jarecki yana da [[Matsayin abokin tarayya|matsayin BVI Belonger]] . A shekarar 1978, Jarecki ya nemi sayen tsohon gidan Stuyvesant Fish da ke 19 Gramercy Park South a Manhattan, [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], amma aka yi masa tilas. Lokacin da gidan - wanda ke da ɗakuna sama da 37 a hawa shida, wanda ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 18,000 (mita 1,700 ) na sararin zama - ya sake samuwa a shekarar 2000, ya sami damar siyan sa, tare da shirin amfani da shi a matsayin gida da kuma hedikwatar gidauniyar iyali, Timber Falls Foundation. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A shekarar 1992, an sanya wa wani nau'in kadangare suna, dodon Jarecki mai tashi ( ''Draco jareckii )'', don girmama Henry Jarecki. <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Futures ta ƙaddamar da wani "Hall of Fame" don bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwa da kuma girmama "nasarorin da aka samu da kuma girmama muhimman gudummawar da mutane suka bayar ga masana'antar gaba da zaɓi." Saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar, Jarecki yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka karrama da farko guda 55, waɗanda suka haɗa da masanin tattalin arziki Alan Greenspan, Sanata Robert Dole da kuma shugaban masana'antar gaba ta Amurka Leo Melamed . A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2010, Kwalejin Bard ta ba Jarecki digirin digirgir na Haruffan Dan Adam, inda ta kira shi, "ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin da aka fi girmamawa a cikin al'ummar saka hannun jari ta Amurka a yau." A shekarar 2011, birnin Heidelberg ya sanar da cewa za a sake masa suna ''zuwa'' ''Güteramtsstraße'' domin girmama mahaifin marigayi Dr. Jarecki. A shekarar 2014, an zabi Dr. Jarecki a matsayin Sanata mai daraja na Jami'ar Heidelberg. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, shugaban ƙasar Jamus ya ba wa Dr. Jarecki lambar yabo ta Order of Merit, Officer's Cross saboda aikinsa na inganta birnin Heidelberg, haɓaka dangantakar Amurka da Jamus, da kuma ƙarfafa Jamus ta buɗe jami'o'inta don karɓar bakuncin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniya da ke fuskantar barazana. == Zarge-zargen Jeffrey Epstein na jama'a == A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2024, wata mata da ta ce ta kasance wacce aka zalunta da laifin cin zarafin mata Jeffrey Epstein ta shigar da ƙara a kan Jarecki tana zarginsa da fyaɗe da fataucin mata, bayan da aka yi zargin Epstein ya tura ta zuwa Jarecki don neman maganin tabin hankali a shekarar 2011. <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> <ref>Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1999. Who's who in finance and industry 2000-2001. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. Page 401. {{verify source|date=September 2023|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/829402668 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829402564 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Wannan matar ta yi watsi da ƙarar da aka shigar mata da son rai a watan Afrilun 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=7 April 2025 |title=Jeffrey Epstein accuser ends 'sex slave' lawsuit against prominent psychiatrist |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/jeffrey-epstein-accuser-ends-sex-slave-lawsuit-against-prominent-psychiatrist-2025-04-04/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kuma saka wani rubutu daga Jarecki a cikin littafin ranar haihuwar Jeffrey Epstein . <ref name="c298">{{Cite web |last=Boiskin |first=Asher |date=2025-10-01 |title=Epstein's 2003 birthday album signed by three former Yale professors |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2025/10/01/epsteins-2003-birthday-album-signed-by-three-former-yale-professors/ |website=Yale Daily News }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/justice-department-releases-batch-of-epstein-files-3729f121 Henry Jarecki a bainar jama'a ya gabatar da fom ɗin neman izinin Epstein (Wall street Journal)] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] akt7g3dvk7evksrefjndi6c9mo7ck15 0 134003 890872 801470 2026-08-03T08:10:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brian Charles Booth''' MBE (19 ga Oktoba 1933 - 19 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga Wasanni 29 na gwaji tsakanin 1961 da 1966, da kuma wasanni 93 na farko na New South Wales . Ya jagoranci [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a gwaje-gwaje biyu a lokacin jerin Ashes na 1965-66 yayin da kyaftin din Bob Simpson na yau da kullun bai kasance ba saboda rashin lafiya da rauni. Booth ya kasance mai kyau mai tsakiya na tsakiya a No. 4 ko 5, kuma a wasu lokuta yana buga matsakaicin matsakaicin hannun dama ko kuma ya fita. Yana da sha'awar amfani da ƙafafunsa don cajin Masu jefa kwallo. Booth an san shi da kwarewarsa a fagen wasa kuma sau da yawa yana kiran Kiristanci yayin tattauna ka'idoji da wasanni. An haife shi a kusa da garin Bathurst na ƙasar New South Wales, Booth ya koma [[Sydney]] a 1952 kuma ya taka leda a gasar wasan [[kurket]] yayin da yake horo don zama malami. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar wasan kurket ta New South Wales kuma ya zama sananne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a wasan sa na biyu, a kan 'yan Ingila masu yawon shakatawa a 1954-55. Saboda janyewa da wuri, an zaɓi Booth a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma dole ne a kira shi daga aiki a safiyar wasan. Da ya zo bayan fara wasan, ya zira kwallaye 74 bayan faduwar batting. Booth ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri a farkon aikinsa kuma ya rasa kakar wasa don horar da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na 1956 a Melbourne. Bayan ya dawo wasan kurket na farko a 1957-58, ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar yayin da 'yan wasan Test ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Booth a hankali ya ci gaba kuma ya sami zaɓi a 1959-60 Australian Second XI yawon shakatawa zuwa New Zealand. An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar Australiya da ta zagaya Ingila a 1961 kuma ta taka leda a gwaje-gwaje biyu na ƙarshe. Bayan ya dawo Ostiraliya, Booth ya yi ƙarni biyu a cikin jerin gwajin gida na 1962-63 da Ingila, ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar gwajin. Ya ci gaba da ƙarni biyu a lokacin rani mai zuwa a kan Afirka ta Kudu kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan Australiya na shekara. Bayan ritaya na Richie Benaud, an nada Booth mataimakin kyaftin a karkashin Simpson yayin da Ostiraliya ta fara rangadin Ingila na 1964, wanda ya ga riƙe Ashes. Booth ya buga wasan gwaji na karshe a 1965-66 a kan Ingila, inda ya jagoranci Australia a gwaje-gwaje na farko da na uku saboda Simpson ya kasance a gefe tare da karyewar wuyan hannu da [[Ƙaranbau|chickenpox]] bi da bi. An zana gwajin farko amma Ostiraliya ta fadi zuwa kashi na farko a cikin kusan shekaru goma a gwajin na uku. Kamar yadda yake cikin raguwa, an bar Booth yayin da masu zabar Australiya suka yi canje-canje masu yawa, suna kawo karshen aikinsa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Booth ya koma aikinsa na koyarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi na Baptist. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Cricket NSW a shekarar 2014. == Shekaru na farko == The son of "Snowy" Booth, a market gardener and talented country cricketer, Booth was born in Perthville, located {{Convert|9|km|mi}} outside the New South Wales regional town of Bathurst. His father hung pictures of Don Bradman and Stan McCabe on the wall and told him that "these are the two greatest living cricketers". Booth represented Bathurst High School at the age of 13 and played first grade cricket in Bathurst at 15. He was selected for a New South Wales youth countryside at the age of just 14. In 1950, Booth represented New South Wales Country against a combined Sydney team, and moved to St. George to play on a weekly basis two years later.<ref name="pollard" /> He made the first grade team at the age of 19 and began a four-year course at Sydney Teachers College. Booth also played hockey in Perthville and began playing for St George upon his arrival in Sydney. Booth ya fara buga wasan farko na [[Cricket bat|bat]]-linkid="283" href="./New_South_Wales_cricket_team" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New South Wales cricket team">New South Wales a kan Queensland a 1954-55 Sheffield Shield . Ya yi [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]]_(cricket)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duck (cricket)">Duck a cikin innings na farko kafin ya kara 19 a cikin na biyu.<ref name="o"/> New South Wales ta lashe, <ref name="o" /> amma an bar Booth lokacin da 'yan wasan Test suka dawo daga aikin kasa da kasa. <ref name="r275">Robinson, p. 275.</ref> An tuno da Booth wata daya bayan haka don wasan da Len Hutton ta Ingila a Sydney Cricket Ground . Arthur Morris da Bill Watson sun janye a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma an nemi Booth ya yi wasa, bayan ya riga ya fara aikinsa na ranar a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Hurlstone. Ya kama jirgin kasa kuma ya isa ƙasa fiye da rabin sa'a bayan fara wasan, lokacin da New South Wales ta rushe zuwa 3/12. New South Wales ya ci gaba da faduwa zuwa 5/26 kafin Booth ya zo tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da aka aro kuma ya shiga Peter Philpott. Sun sanya haɗin gwiwa na 83, kuma Booth daga ƙarshe ya gama innings ba tare ba a ci nasara ba a kan 74 yayin da masu masaukin suka ninka don 172. <ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi duck a wasan na biyu kuma ya dauki wicket na farko yayin da New South Wales ta ci mutanen Hutton. Rashin yawon bude ido ne kawai ya yi nasara a yakin, <ref name="o" /> kuma wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta farko ta Booth.<ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> Booth yana da ƙananan lokaci a cikin 1955-56, yana gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar New South Wales. Kamar yadda babu wasannin kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara, <ref name="auslist">{{Cite web |title=List of match results (by year) Australia – Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153942/http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 'yan wasan Test suna samuwa ga duk yakin. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida kuma yana da 'yan dama kaɗan, yana gudanar da gudu 157 kawai a 31.40, ya wuce hamsin a lokaci ɗaya kawai.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> New South Wales ta ci gaba da da da'awar hat-trick na Sheffield Shield titles.<ref name="s">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125220530/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar hockey ta New South Wales a 1955 kuma ya zagaya New Zealand a 1956. Kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa ya haifar da zabinsa a cikin tawagar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1956 a [[Melbourne]], amma yana da jira mai damuwa bayan da'awar kafofin watsa labarai cewa ya karɓi kuɗin da aka kashe don yin wasan kurket, wanda zai sa ya zama ƙwararre sabili da haka bai cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ƙarshe, an cire Booth da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Ian Dick da Maurice Foley don su buga wa Australia wasa. Booth ya rasa kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1956-57 saboda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar wasan hockey ta Australiya wacce ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Olympics. <ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> An zaɓi Booth a matsayin hagu na ciki amma ba a yi amfani da shi a kowane wasannin Ostiraliya ba har sai wasannin rarrabuwa na matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> A cikin 1957-58, Kungiyar gwajin Australiya ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin rani na kudancin, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe damar a gasar Shield a Australia. Booth ya kafa kansa a matakin farko tare da gudu 503 a 50.30.<ref name="o"/> Bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu da hamsin, ya tsallake don ƙarni na farko na farko da ya yi da Victoria a Sydney Cricket Ground, a wasan karshe na kakar.<ref name="o" /> Ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 325 tare da abokin aikin Test na gaba Norm O'Neill a kasa da sa'o'i hudu. Wannan shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na farko, <ref name="auslist" /> <ref name="o" /> kuma ya taimaka wa jiharsa ta sami lambar yabo ta biyar a jere tare da nasara goma a kan manyan abokan hamayyarsu.<ref name="s"/> Tare da 'yan wasan Test da suka dawo Australia a 1958-59, Booth ya sake fuskantar karin gasa don wurare. Ya yi gwagwarmaya, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya tara gudu 190 kawai a 31.66. <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya yi wasanni shida kawai a duk kakar, kuma a cikin damar da ya samu a kan 'yan Ingila na Peter May, ya yi duck. Booth ya wuce 50 a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar, ya yi 75 da 85.<ref name="o" /> A cikin wasan da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, ya dauki 0/97 tare da saurin sa na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="o" /><ref name="az" /> == Ƙarfafawa na aji na farko == [[Fayil:Brian_Booth_graph.png|alt=Booth's blue line hovered around the 60 mark from the start of his career in 1961, until the later half when it declined to around 40. In the last year of his career in 1965–66, it began sloping downwards towards 20. He scored four of his five centuries in 1964 and before.|left|thumb|240x240px|Ayyukan gwajin Booth. Red bars suna nuna gudu da ya zira kwallaye a cikin innings, tare da layin shuɗi yana nuna Matsakaicin batting a cikin inings goma da suka gabata. Dots masu launin shudi suna nuna innings inda bai kasance ba.<ref name="testlist">{{Cite web |title=Statsguru – BC Booth – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414134806/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=2 April 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> ]] Kungiyar ta kasa ta zagaya [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a lokacin kakar 1959-60 ta Australiya, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe ƙarin wuraren zama a matakin cikin gida. Booth yana da karfi a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 718 a 65.27 tare da ƙarni biyu don sanya na uku a kan jimillar gudu.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa tare da 168 yayin da New South Wales ta doke Queensland ta hanyar innings kafin ya zira kwallaye 177 biyu daga baya a cikin nasarar innings a kan Kudancin Australia.<ref name="o">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle BC Booth |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=1153&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Jiharsa ta kammala nasarar Sheffield Shield ta bakwai a jere.<ref name="s"/> Ayyukan Booth sun ga an zaba shi don [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1959–60">Kungiyar Australiya ta biyu da ta zagaya New Zealand a ƙarƙashin kyaftin din Ian Craig . Ya zira kwallaye 105 a wasansa na farko ga kasarsa, a nasarar da ya samu a kan Auckland.<ref name="o"/> Booth ya zira kwallaye 184 a 30.66 kuma ya dauki wickets uku a 25.00 a wasanni hudu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand.<ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya bayan kakar, yana jin cewa lokacin da ake buƙata don wasan kurket na farko yana shafar aikinsa a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma ma'aikacin matasa na Kirista. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 4r14h3t6teh11w8li7lgr5hyw5g81ms 890908 890872 2026-08-03T11:31:40Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brian Charles Booth''' MBE (19 ga Oktoba 1933 - 19 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga Wasanni 29 na gwaji tsakanin 1961 da 1966, da kuma wasanni 93 na farko na New South Wales . Ya jagoranci [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a gwaje-gwaje biyu a lokacin jerin Ashes na 1965-66 yayin da kyaftin din Bob Simpson na yau da kullun bai kasance ba saboda rashin lafiya da rauni. Booth ya kasance mai kyau mai tsakiya na tsakiya a No. 4 ko 5, kuma a wasu lokuta yana buga matsakaicin matsakaicin hannun dama ko kuma ya fita. Yana da sha'awar amfani da ƙafafunsa don cajin Masu jefa kwallo. Booth an san shi da kwarewarsa a fagen wasa kuma sau da yawa yana kiran Kiristanci yayin tattauna ka'idoji da wasanni. An haife shi a kusa da garin Bathurst na ƙasar New South Wales, Booth ya koma [[Sydney]] a 1952 kuma ya taka leda a gasar wasan [[kurket]] yayin da yake horo don zama malami. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar wasan kurket ta New South Wales kuma ya zama sananne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a wasan sa na biyu, a kan 'yan Ingila masu yawon shakatawa a 1954-55. Saboda janyewa da wuri, an zaɓi Booth a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma dole ne a kira shi daga aiki a safiyar wasan. Da ya zo bayan fara wasan, ya zira kwallaye 74 bayan faduwar batting. Booth ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri a farkon aikinsa kuma ya rasa kakar wasa don horar da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na 1956 a Melbourne. Bayan ya dawo wasan kurket na farko a 1957-58, ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar yayin da 'yan wasan Test ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Booth a hankali ya ci gaba kuma ya sami zaɓi a 1959-60 Australian Second XI yawon shakatawa zuwa New Zealand. An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar Australiya da ta zagaya Ingila a 1961 kuma ta taka leda a gwaje-gwaje biyu na ƙarshe. Bayan ya dawo Ostiraliya, Booth ya yi ƙarni biyu a cikin jerin gwajin gida na 1962-63 da Ingila, ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar gwajin. Ya ci gaba da ƙarni biyu a lokacin rani mai zuwa a kan Afirka ta Kudu kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan Australiya na shekara. Bayan ritaya na Richie Benaud, an nada Booth mataimakin kyaftin a karkashin Simpson yayin da Ostiraliya ta fara rangadin Ingila na 1964, wanda ya ga riƙe Ashes. Booth ya buga wasan gwaji na karshe a 1965-66 a kan Ingila, inda ya jagoranci Australia a gwaje-gwaje na farko da na uku saboda Simpson ya kasance a gefe tare da karyewar wuyan hannu da [[Ƙaranbau|chickenpox]] bi da bi. An zana gwajin farko amma Ostiraliya ta fadi zuwa kashi na farko a cikin kusan shekaru goma a gwajin na uku. Kamar yadda yake cikin raguwa, an bar Booth yayin da masu zabar Australiya suka yi canje-canje masu yawa, suna kawo karshen aikinsa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Booth ya koma aikinsa na koyarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi na Baptist. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Cricket NSW a shekarar 2014. == Shekaru na farko == The son of "Snowy" Booth, a market gardener and talented country cricketer, Booth was born in Perthville, located {{Convert|9|km|mi}} outside the New South Wales regional town of Bathurst. His father hung pictures of Don Bradman and Stan McCabe on the wall and told him that "these are the two greatest living cricketers". Booth represented Bathurst High School at the age of 13 and played first grade cricket in Bathurst at 15. He was selected for a New South Wales youth countryside at the age of just 14. In 1950, Booth represented New South Wales Country against a combined Sydney team, and moved to St. George to play on a weekly basis two years later.<ref name="pollard" /> He made the first grade team at the age of 19 and began a four-year course at Sydney Teachers College. Booth also played hockey in Perthville and began playing for St George upon his arrival in Sydney. Booth ya fara buga wasan farko na [[Cricket bat|bat]]-linkid="283" href="./New_South_Wales_cricket_team" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New South Wales cricket team">New South Wales a kan Queensland a 1954-55 Sheffield Shield . Ya yi [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]]_(cricket)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duck (cricket)">Duck a cikin innings na farko kafin ya kara 19 a cikin na biyu.<ref name="o"/> New South Wales ta lashe, <ref name="o" /> amma an bar Booth lokacin da 'yan wasan Test suka dawo daga aikin kasa da kasa. <ref name="r275">Robinson, p. 275.</ref> An tuno da Booth wata daya bayan haka don wasan da Len Hutton ta Ingila a Sydney Cricket Ground . Arthur Morris da Bill Watson sun janye a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma an nemi Booth ya yi wasa, bayan ya riga ya fara aikinsa na ranar a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Hurlstone. Ya kama jirgin kasa kuma ya isa ƙasa fiye da rabin sa'a bayan fara wasan, lokacin da New South Wales ta rushe zuwa 3/12. New South Wales ya ci gaba da faduwa zuwa 5/26 kafin Booth ya zo tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da aka aro kuma ya shiga Peter Philpott. Sun sanya haɗin gwiwa na 83, kuma Booth daga ƙarshe ya gama innings ba tare ba a ci nasara ba a kan 74 yayin da masu masaukin suka ninka don 172. <ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi duck a wasan na biyu kuma ya dauki wicket na farko yayin da New South Wales ta ci mutanen Hutton. Rashin yawon bude ido ne kawai ya yi nasara a yakin, <ref name="o" /> kuma wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta farko ta Booth.<ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> Booth yana da ƙananan lokaci a cikin 1955-56, yana gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar New South Wales. Kamar yadda babu wasannin kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara, <ref name="auslist">{{Cite web |title=List of match results (by year) Australia – Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153942/http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 'yan wasan Test suna samuwa ga duk yakin. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida kuma yana da 'yan dama kaɗan, yana gudanar da gudu 157 kawai a 31.40, ya wuce hamsin a lokaci ɗaya kawai.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> New South Wales ta ci gaba da da da'awar hat-trick na Sheffield Shield titles.<ref name="s">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125220530/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar hockey ta New South Wales a 1955 kuma ya zagaya New Zealand a 1956. Kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa ya haifar da zabinsa a cikin tawagar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1956 a [[Melbourne]], amma yana da jira mai damuwa bayan da'awar kafofin watsa labarai cewa ya karɓi kuɗin da aka kashe don yin wasan kurket, wanda zai sa ya zama ƙwararre sabili da haka bai cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ƙarshe, an cire Booth da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Ian Dick da Maurice Foley don su buga wa Australia wasa. Booth ya rasa kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1956-57 saboda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar wasan hockey ta Australiya wacce ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Olympics. <ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> An zaɓi Booth a matsayin hagu na ciki amma ba a yi amfani da shi a kowane wasannin Ostiraliya ba har sai wasannin rarrabuwa na matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> A cikin 1957-58, Kungiyar gwajin Australiya ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin rani na kudancin, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe damar a gasar Shield a Australia. Booth ya kafa kansa a matakin farko tare da gudu 503 a 50.30.<ref name="o"/> Bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu da hamsin, ya tsallake don ƙarni na farko na farko da ya yi da Victoria a Sydney Cricket Ground, a wasan karshe na kakar.<ref name="o" /> Ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 325 tare da abokin aikin Test na gaba Norm O'Neill a kasa da sa'o'i hudu. Wannan shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na farko, <ref name="auslist" /> <ref name="o" /> kuma ya taimaka wa jiharsa ta sami lambar yabo ta biyar a jere tare da nasara goma a kan manyan abokan hamayyarsu.<ref name="s"/> Tare da 'yan wasan Test da suka dawo Australia a 1958-59, Booth ya sake fuskantar karin gasa don wurare. Ya yi gwagwarmaya, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya tara gudu 190 kawai a 31.66. <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya yi wasanni shida kawai a duk kakar, kuma a cikin damar da ya samu a kan 'yan Ingila na Peter May, ya yi duck. Booth ya wuce 50 a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar, ya yi 75 da 85.<ref name="o" /> A cikin wasan da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, ya dauki 0/97 tare da saurin sa na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="o" /><ref name="az" /> == Ƙarfafawa na aji na farko == [[Fayil:Brian_Booth_graph.png|alt=Booth's blue line hovered around the 60 mark from the start of his career in 1961, until the later half when it declined to around 40. In the last year of his career in 1965–66, it began sloping downwards towards 20. He scored four of his five centuries in 1964 and before.|left|thumb|240x240px|Ayyukan gwajin Booth. Red bars suna nuna gudu da ya zira kwallaye a cikin innings, tare da layin shuɗi yana nuna Matsakaicin batting a cikin inings goma da suka gabata. Dots masu launin shudi suna nuna innings inda bai kasance ba.<ref name="testlist">{{Cite web |title=Statsguru – BC Booth – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414134806/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=2 April 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> ]] Kungiyar ta kasa ta zagaya [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a lokacin kakar 1959-60 ta Australiya, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe ƙarin wuraren zama a matakin cikin gida. Booth yana da karfi a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 718 a 65.27 tare da ƙarni biyu don sanya na uku a kan jimillar gudu.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa tare da 168 yayin da New South Wales ta doke Queensland ta hanyar innings kafin ya zira kwallaye 177 biyu daga baya a cikin nasarar innings a kan Kudancin Australia.<ref name="o">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle BC Booth |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=1153&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Jiharsa ta kammala nasarar Sheffield Shield ta bakwai a jere.<ref name="s"/> Ayyukan Booth sun ga an zaba shi don [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1959–60">Kungiyar Australiya ta biyu da ta zagaya New Zealand a ƙarƙashin kyaftin din Ian Craig . Ya zira kwallaye 105 a wasansa na farko ga kasarsa, a nasarar da ya samu a kan Auckland.<ref name="o"/> Booth ya zira kwallaye 184 a 30.66 kuma ya dauki wickets uku a 25.00 a wasanni hudu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand.<ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya bayan kakar, yana jin cewa lokacin da ake buƙata don wasan kurket na farko yana shafar aikinsa a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma ma'aikacin matasa na Kirista. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 3mfn8tc3z9gdqu10rrgp4eq4lha8v9l 890909 890908 2026-08-03T11:32:09Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brian Charles Booth''' MBE (19 ga Oktoba 1933 - 19 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga Wasanni 29 na gwaji tsakanin shekarar 1961 da 1966, da kuma wasanni 93 na farko na New South Wales . Ya jagoranci [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a gwaje-gwaje biyu a lokacin jerin Ashes na 1965-66 yayin da kyaftin din Bob Simpson na yau da kullun bai kasance ba saboda rashin lafiya da rauni. Booth ya kasance mai kyau mai tsakiya na tsakiya a No. 4 ko 5, kuma a wasu lokuta yana buga matsakaicin matsakaicin hannun dama ko kuma ya fita. Yana da sha'awar amfani da ƙafafunsa don cajin Masu jefa kwallo. Booth an san shi da kwarewarsa a fagen wasa kuma sau da yawa yana kiran Kiristanci yayin tattauna ƙa'idoji da wasanni. An haife shi a kusa da garin Bathurst na ƙasar New South Wales, Booth ya koma [[Sydney]] a 1952 kuma ya taka leda a gasar wasan [[kurket]] yayin da yake horo don zama malami. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar wasan kurket ta New South Wales kuma ya zama sananne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a wasan sa na biyu, a kan 'yan Ingila masu yawon shakatawa a 1954-55. Saboda janyewa da wuri, an zaɓi Booth a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma dole ne a kira shi daga aiki a safiyar wasan. Da ya zo bayan fara wasan, ya zira kwallaye 74 bayan faduwar batting. Booth ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri a farkon aikinsa kuma ya rasa kakar wasa don horar da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na 1956 a Melbourne. Bayan ya dawo wasan kurket na farko a 1957-58, ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar yayin da 'yan wasan Test ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Booth a hankali ya ci gaba kuma ya sami zaɓi a 1959-60 Australian Second XI yawon shakatawa zuwa New Zealand. An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar Australiya da ta zagaya Ingila a 1961 kuma ta taka leda a gwaje-gwaje biyu na ƙarshe. Bayan ya dawo Ostiraliya, Booth ya yi ƙarni biyu a cikin jerin gwajin gida na 1962-63 da Ingila, ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar gwajin. Ya ci gaba da ƙarni biyu a lokacin rani mai zuwa a kan Afirka ta Kudu kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan Australiya na shekara. Bayan ritaya na Richie Benaud, an nada Booth mataimakin kyaftin a karkashin Simpson yayin da Ostiraliya ta fara rangadin Ingila na 1964, wanda ya ga riƙe Ashes. Booth ya buga wasan gwaji na karshe a 1965-66 a kan Ingila, inda ya jagoranci Australia a gwaje-gwaje na farko da na uku saboda Simpson ya kasance a gefe tare da karyewar wuyan hannu da [[Ƙaranbau|chickenpox]] bi da bi. An zana gwajin farko amma Ostiraliya ta fadi zuwa kashi na farko a cikin kusan shekaru goma a gwajin na uku. Kamar yadda yake cikin raguwa, an bar Booth yayin da masu zabar Australiya suka yi canje-canje masu yawa, suna kawo karshen aikinsa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Booth ya koma aikinsa na koyarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi na Baptist. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Cricket NSW a shekarar 2014. == Shekaru na farko == The son of "Snowy" Booth, a market gardener and talented country cricketer, Booth was born in Perthville, located {{Convert|9|km|mi}} outside the New South Wales regional town of Bathurst. His father hung pictures of Don Bradman and Stan McCabe on the wall and told him that "these are the two greatest living cricketers". Booth represented Bathurst High School at the age of 13 and played first grade cricket in Bathurst at 15. He was selected for a New South Wales youth countryside at the age of just 14. In 1950, Booth represented New South Wales Country against a combined Sydney team, and moved to St. George to play on a weekly basis two years later.<ref name="pollard" /> He made the first grade team at the age of 19 and began a four-year course at Sydney Teachers College. Booth also played hockey in Perthville and began playing for St George upon his arrival in Sydney. Booth ya fara buga wasan farko na [[Cricket bat|bat]]-linkid="283" href="./New_South_Wales_cricket_team" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New South Wales cricket team">New South Wales a kan Queensland a 1954-55 Sheffield Shield . Ya yi [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]]_(cricket)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duck (cricket)">Duck a cikin innings na farko kafin ya kara 19 a cikin na biyu.<ref name="o"/> New South Wales ta lashe, <ref name="o" /> amma an bar Booth lokacin da 'yan wasan Test suka dawo daga aikin kasa da kasa. <ref name="r275">Robinson, p. 275.</ref> An tuno da Booth wata daya bayan haka don wasan da Len Hutton ta Ingila a Sydney Cricket Ground . Arthur Morris da Bill Watson sun janye a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma an nemi Booth ya yi wasa, bayan ya riga ya fara aikinsa na ranar a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Hurlstone. Ya kama jirgin kasa kuma ya isa ƙasa fiye da rabin sa'a bayan fara wasan, lokacin da New South Wales ta rushe zuwa 3/12. New South Wales ya ci gaba da faduwa zuwa 5/26 kafin Booth ya zo tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da aka aro kuma ya shiga Peter Philpott. Sun sanya haɗin gwiwa na 83, kuma Booth daga ƙarshe ya gama innings ba tare ba a ci nasara ba a kan 74 yayin da masu masaukin suka ninka don 172. <ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi duck a wasan na biyu kuma ya dauki wicket na farko yayin da New South Wales ta ci mutanen Hutton. Rashin yawon bude ido ne kawai ya yi nasara a yakin, <ref name="o" /> kuma wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta farko ta Booth.<ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> Booth yana da ƙananan lokaci a cikin 1955-56, yana gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar New South Wales. Kamar yadda babu wasannin kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara, <ref name="auslist">{{Cite web |title=List of match results (by year) Australia – Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153942/http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 'yan wasan Test suna samuwa ga duk yakin. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida kuma yana da 'yan dama kaɗan, yana gudanar da gudu 157 kawai a 31.40, ya wuce hamsin a lokaci ɗaya kawai.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> New South Wales ta ci gaba da da da'awar hat-trick na Sheffield Shield titles.<ref name="s">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125220530/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar hockey ta New South Wales a 1955 kuma ya zagaya New Zealand a 1956. Kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa ya haifar da zabinsa a cikin tawagar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1956 a [[Melbourne]], amma yana da jira mai damuwa bayan da'awar kafofin watsa labarai cewa ya karɓi kuɗin da aka kashe don yin wasan kurket, wanda zai sa ya zama ƙwararre sabili da haka bai cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ƙarshe, an cire Booth da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Ian Dick da Maurice Foley don su buga wa Australia wasa. Booth ya rasa kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1956-57 saboda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar wasan hockey ta Australiya wacce ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Olympics. <ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> An zaɓi Booth a matsayin hagu na ciki amma ba a yi amfani da shi a kowane wasannin Ostiraliya ba har sai wasannin rarrabuwa na matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> A cikin 1957-58, Kungiyar gwajin Australiya ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin rani na kudancin, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe damar a gasar Shield a Australia. Booth ya kafa kansa a matakin farko tare da gudu 503 a 50.30.<ref name="o"/> Bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu da hamsin, ya tsallake don ƙarni na farko na farko da ya yi da Victoria a Sydney Cricket Ground, a wasan karshe na kakar.<ref name="o" /> Ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 325 tare da abokin aikin Test na gaba Norm O'Neill a kasa da sa'o'i hudu. Wannan shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na farko, <ref name="auslist" /> <ref name="o" /> kuma ya taimaka wa jiharsa ta sami lambar yabo ta biyar a jere tare da nasara goma a kan manyan abokan hamayyarsu.<ref name="s"/> Tare da 'yan wasan Test da suka dawo Australia a 1958-59, Booth ya sake fuskantar karin gasa don wurare. Ya yi gwagwarmaya, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya tara gudu 190 kawai a 31.66. <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya yi wasanni shida kawai a duk kakar, kuma a cikin damar da ya samu a kan 'yan Ingila na Peter May, ya yi duck. Booth ya wuce 50 a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar, ya yi 75 da 85.<ref name="o" /> A cikin wasan da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, ya dauki 0/97 tare da saurin sa na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="o" /><ref name="az" /> == Ƙarfafawa na aji na farko == [[Fayil:Brian_Booth_graph.png|alt=Booth's blue line hovered around the 60 mark from the start of his career in 1961, until the later half when it declined to around 40. In the last year of his career in 1965–66, it began sloping downwards towards 20. He scored four of his five centuries in 1964 and before.|left|thumb|240x240px|Ayyukan gwajin Booth. Red bars suna nuna gudu da ya zira kwallaye a cikin innings, tare da layin shuɗi yana nuna Matsakaicin batting a cikin inings goma da suka gabata. Dots masu launin shudi suna nuna innings inda bai kasance ba.<ref name="testlist">{{Cite web |title=Statsguru – BC Booth – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414134806/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=2 April 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> ]] Kungiyar ta kasa ta zagaya [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a lokacin kakar 1959-60 ta Australiya, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe ƙarin wuraren zama a matakin cikin gida. Booth yana da karfi a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 718 a 65.27 tare da ƙarni biyu don sanya na uku a kan jimillar gudu.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa tare da 168 yayin da New South Wales ta doke Queensland ta hanyar innings kafin ya zira kwallaye 177 biyu daga baya a cikin nasarar innings a kan Kudancin Australia.<ref name="o">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle BC Booth |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=1153&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Jiharsa ta kammala nasarar Sheffield Shield ta bakwai a jere.<ref name="s"/> Ayyukan Booth sun ga an zaba shi don [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1959–60">Kungiyar Australiya ta biyu da ta zagaya New Zealand a ƙarƙashin kyaftin din Ian Craig . Ya zira kwallaye 105 a wasansa na farko ga kasarsa, a nasarar da ya samu a kan Auckland.<ref name="o"/> Booth ya zira kwallaye 184 a 30.66 kuma ya dauki wickets uku a 25.00 a wasanni hudu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand.<ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya bayan kakar, yana jin cewa lokacin da ake buƙata don wasan kurket na farko yana shafar aikinsa a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma ma'aikacin matasa na Kirista. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 4d5bs21npcez4f0ts0kfgh3kiq4qtar 890911 890909 2026-08-03T11:32:22Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brian Charles Booth''' MBE (19 ga Oktoba 1933 - 19 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga Wasanni 29 na gwaji tsakanin shekarar 1961 da 1966, da kuma wasanni 93 na farko na New South Wales . Ya jagoranci [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a gwaje-gwaje biyu a lokacin jerin Ashes na 1965-66 yayin da kyaftin din Bob Simpson na yau da kullun bai kasance ba saboda rashin lafiya da rauni. Booth ya kasance mai kyau mai tsakiya na tsakiya a No. 4 ko 5, kuma a wasu lokuta yana buga matsakaicin matsakaicin hannun dama ko kuma ya fita. Yana da sha'awar amfani da ƙafafunsa don cajin Masu jefa kwallo. Booth an san shi da kwarewarsa a fagen wasa kuma sau da yawa yana kiran Kiristanci yayin tattauna ƙa'idoji da wasanni. An haife shi a kusa da garin Bathurst na ƙasar New South Wales, Booth ya koma [[Sydney]] a 1952 kuma ya taka leda a gasar wasan [[kurket]] yayin da yake horo don zama malami. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar wasan kurket ta New South Wales kuma ya zama sananne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a wasan sa na biyu, a kan 'yan Ingila masu yawon shakatawa a 1954-55. Saboda janyewa da wuri, an zaɓi Booth a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma dole ne a kira shi daga aiki a safiyar wasan. Da ya zo bayan fara wasan, ya zira kwallaye 74 bayan faduwar batting. Booth ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri a farkon aikinsa kuma ya rasa kakar wasa don horar da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na 1956 a Melbourne. Bayan ya dawo wasan kurket na farko a shekarar 1957-58, ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar yayin da 'yan wasan Test ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Booth a hankali ya ci gaba kuma ya sami zaɓi a 1959-60 Australian Second XI yawon shakatawa zuwa New Zealand. An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar Australiya da ta zagaya Ingila a 1961 kuma ta taka leda a gwaje-gwaje biyu na ƙarshe. Bayan ya dawo Ostiraliya, Booth ya yi ƙarni biyu a cikin jerin gwajin gida na 1962-63 da Ingila, ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar gwajin. Ya ci gaba da ƙarni biyu a lokacin rani mai zuwa a kan Afirka ta Kudu kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan Australiya na shekara. Bayan ritaya na Richie Benaud, an nada Booth mataimakin kyaftin a karkashin Simpson yayin da Ostiraliya ta fara rangadin Ingila na 1964, wanda ya ga riƙe Ashes. Booth ya buga wasan gwaji na karshe a 1965-66 a kan Ingila, inda ya jagoranci Australia a gwaje-gwaje na farko da na uku saboda Simpson ya kasance a gefe tare da karyewar wuyan hannu da [[Ƙaranbau|chickenpox]] bi da bi. An zana gwajin farko amma Ostiraliya ta fadi zuwa kashi na farko a cikin kusan shekaru goma a gwajin na uku. Kamar yadda yake cikin raguwa, an bar Booth yayin da masu zabar Australiya suka yi canje-canje masu yawa, suna kawo karshen aikinsa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Booth ya koma aikinsa na koyarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi na Baptist. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Cricket NSW a shekarar 2014. == Shekaru na farko == The son of "Snowy" Booth, a market gardener and talented country cricketer, Booth was born in Perthville, located {{Convert|9|km|mi}} outside the New South Wales regional town of Bathurst. His father hung pictures of Don Bradman and Stan McCabe on the wall and told him that "these are the two greatest living cricketers". Booth represented Bathurst High School at the age of 13 and played first grade cricket in Bathurst at 15. He was selected for a New South Wales youth countryside at the age of just 14. In 1950, Booth represented New South Wales Country against a combined Sydney team, and moved to St. George to play on a weekly basis two years later.<ref name="pollard" /> He made the first grade team at the age of 19 and began a four-year course at Sydney Teachers College. Booth also played hockey in Perthville and began playing for St George upon his arrival in Sydney. Booth ya fara buga wasan farko na [[Cricket bat|bat]]-linkid="283" href="./New_South_Wales_cricket_team" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New South Wales cricket team">New South Wales a kan Queensland a 1954-55 Sheffield Shield . Ya yi [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]]_(cricket)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duck (cricket)">Duck a cikin innings na farko kafin ya kara 19 a cikin na biyu.<ref name="o"/> New South Wales ta lashe, <ref name="o" /> amma an bar Booth lokacin da 'yan wasan Test suka dawo daga aikin kasa da kasa. <ref name="r275">Robinson, p. 275.</ref> An tuno da Booth wata daya bayan haka don wasan da Len Hutton ta Ingila a Sydney Cricket Ground . Arthur Morris da Bill Watson sun janye a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma an nemi Booth ya yi wasa, bayan ya riga ya fara aikinsa na ranar a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Hurlstone. Ya kama jirgin kasa kuma ya isa ƙasa fiye da rabin sa'a bayan fara wasan, lokacin da New South Wales ta rushe zuwa 3/12. New South Wales ya ci gaba da faduwa zuwa 5/26 kafin Booth ya zo tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da aka aro kuma ya shiga Peter Philpott. Sun sanya haɗin gwiwa na 83, kuma Booth daga ƙarshe ya gama innings ba tare ba a ci nasara ba a kan 74 yayin da masu masaukin suka ninka don 172. <ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi duck a wasan na biyu kuma ya dauki wicket na farko yayin da New South Wales ta ci mutanen Hutton. Rashin yawon bude ido ne kawai ya yi nasara a yakin, <ref name="o" /> kuma wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta farko ta Booth.<ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> Booth yana da ƙananan lokaci a cikin 1955-56, yana gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar New South Wales. Kamar yadda babu wasannin kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara, <ref name="auslist">{{Cite web |title=List of match results (by year) Australia – Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153942/http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 'yan wasan Test suna samuwa ga duk yakin. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida kuma yana da 'yan dama kaɗan, yana gudanar da gudu 157 kawai a 31.40, ya wuce hamsin a lokaci ɗaya kawai.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> New South Wales ta ci gaba da da da'awar hat-trick na Sheffield Shield titles.<ref name="s">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125220530/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar hockey ta New South Wales a 1955 kuma ya zagaya New Zealand a 1956. Kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa ya haifar da zabinsa a cikin tawagar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1956 a [[Melbourne]], amma yana da jira mai damuwa bayan da'awar kafofin watsa labarai cewa ya karɓi kuɗin da aka kashe don yin wasan kurket, wanda zai sa ya zama ƙwararre sabili da haka bai cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ƙarshe, an cire Booth da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Ian Dick da Maurice Foley don su buga wa Australia wasa. Booth ya rasa kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1956-57 saboda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar wasan hockey ta Australiya wacce ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Olympics. <ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> An zaɓi Booth a matsayin hagu na ciki amma ba a yi amfani da shi a kowane wasannin Ostiraliya ba har sai wasannin rarrabuwa na matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> A cikin 1957-58, Kungiyar gwajin Australiya ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin rani na kudancin, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe damar a gasar Shield a Australia. Booth ya kafa kansa a matakin farko tare da gudu 503 a 50.30.<ref name="o"/> Bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu da hamsin, ya tsallake don ƙarni na farko na farko da ya yi da Victoria a Sydney Cricket Ground, a wasan karshe na kakar.<ref name="o" /> Ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 325 tare da abokin aikin Test na gaba Norm O'Neill a kasa da sa'o'i hudu. Wannan shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na farko, <ref name="auslist" /> <ref name="o" /> kuma ya taimaka wa jiharsa ta sami lambar yabo ta biyar a jere tare da nasara goma a kan manyan abokan hamayyarsu.<ref name="s"/> Tare da 'yan wasan Test da suka dawo Australia a 1958-59, Booth ya sake fuskantar karin gasa don wurare. Ya yi gwagwarmaya, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya tara gudu 190 kawai a 31.66. <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya yi wasanni shida kawai a duk kakar, kuma a cikin damar da ya samu a kan 'yan Ingila na Peter May, ya yi duck. Booth ya wuce 50 a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar, ya yi 75 da 85.<ref name="o" /> A cikin wasan da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, ya dauki 0/97 tare da saurin sa na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="o" /><ref name="az" /> == Ƙarfafawa na aji na farko == [[Fayil:Brian_Booth_graph.png|alt=Booth's blue line hovered around the 60 mark from the start of his career in 1961, until the later half when it declined to around 40. In the last year of his career in 1965–66, it began sloping downwards towards 20. He scored four of his five centuries in 1964 and before.|left|thumb|240x240px|Ayyukan gwajin Booth. Red bars suna nuna gudu da ya zira kwallaye a cikin innings, tare da layin shuɗi yana nuna Matsakaicin batting a cikin inings goma da suka gabata. Dots masu launin shudi suna nuna innings inda bai kasance ba.<ref name="testlist">{{Cite web |title=Statsguru – BC Booth – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414134806/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=2 April 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> ]] Kungiyar ta kasa ta zagaya [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a lokacin kakar 1959-60 ta Australiya, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe ƙarin wuraren zama a matakin cikin gida. Booth yana da karfi a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 718 a 65.27 tare da ƙarni biyu don sanya na uku a kan jimillar gudu.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa tare da 168 yayin da New South Wales ta doke Queensland ta hanyar innings kafin ya zira kwallaye 177 biyu daga baya a cikin nasarar innings a kan Kudancin Australia.<ref name="o">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle BC Booth |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=1153&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Jiharsa ta kammala nasarar Sheffield Shield ta bakwai a jere.<ref name="s"/> Ayyukan Booth sun ga an zaba shi don [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1959–60">Kungiyar Australiya ta biyu da ta zagaya New Zealand a ƙarƙashin kyaftin din Ian Craig . Ya zira kwallaye 105 a wasansa na farko ga kasarsa, a nasarar da ya samu a kan Auckland.<ref name="o"/> Booth ya zira kwallaye 184 a 30.66 kuma ya dauki wickets uku a 25.00 a wasanni hudu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand.<ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya bayan kakar, yana jin cewa lokacin da ake buƙata don wasan kurket na farko yana shafar aikinsa a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma ma'aikacin matasa na Kirista. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] npqhf6k4hkusc615xa7es44vurnpjky 0 134380 890581 775936 2026-08-02T12:16:26Z BnHamid 12586 890581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henry Butch Miller''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1952) tsohon direban mota ne na Amurka. Ya kasance zakara na lokuta da yawa a cikin jerin motocin Amurka Speed Association . == NASCAR == === Farkon aiki === A shekara ta 1985, Miller ya gudanar da tseren Busch Series na farko, yana tuki ga LeRoy Throop, yana tuka No. 08 MSW Spyders Pontiac a cikin abubuwan da suka faru hudu. Ya yi tseren hudu, kuma ya kammala matsayi na 2 a Bristol Motor Speedway . A shekara ta gaba, a 1986, ya tafi hanyar nasara a Indianapolis Raceway Park . A wannan kakar, ya fara gasar cin kofin Winston, ya kammala na goma sha shida a tseren farko. Ya yi tseren kofin biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa don Throop, sannan kuma tseren biyu a cikin No. 31 Slender You Figure Salons Oldsmobile don Bob Clark a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 1989, ya koma Throop a cikin No. 51 don tseren tara. Duk da samun tallafi daga Fruit of the Loom, ya sami damar kammala tseren biyu kawai. Ya sanya hannu tare da Travis Carter Enterprises don fitar da No. 98 Chevrolet Lumina don 1990, tare da tallafawa daga Banquet Foods, IGA, da Piggy Wiggly. Ya tuka a cikin tseren 23 na farko na kakar, kuma yana da matsayi na takwas mafi kyau a Pocono Raceway, amma an sake shi kusa da ƙarshen kakar. Ya gudanar da cikakken Busch Series na farko a shekarar 1991, ya fara ne a No. 52 31-W Insulation Oldsmobile / Chevy tare da Day Enterprise Racing . Ya lashe tserensa na baya-bayan nan a farkon kakar a Hickory, amma ya bar a tsakiyar kakar don shiga No. 75 Food Country U.S.A. Oldsmobile na Henderson Motorsports. A shekara ta 1992, yayin da ya zira kwallaye goma kuma ya kammala na bakwai a maki. Ya yi tseren tara a 1993 kafin a sake shi, kuma ya kwashe sauran kakar daga NASCAR. Ya yi tseren kofin biyu a shekarar 1994, yana tuka No. 55 Ford Thunderbird don [[RaDiUs Racing]]. === Jerin manyan motoci === A shekara ta 1995, ya shiga Craftsman Truck Series, yana tuka No. 98 Raybestos Ford don Liberty Racing. Ya lashe tseren a Colorado National Speedway inda ya doke Mike Skinner da 0.001 seconds a cikin mafi kusanci a tarihin jerin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Race Results from the 1995 Total Petroleum 200 at Colorado National Speedway |url=https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/1995_Total_Petroleum_200/C/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024131738/https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/1995_Total_Petroleum_200/C/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Racing Reference |publisher=NASCAR}}</ref> kuma ya gama na huɗu a maki. Ya ci gaba da guDana na cikakken lokaci har zuwa 1998. Ya zauna tare da Herrick har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1996, inda ya gudu wasu tseren ga Ernie Irvan da Walker Evans . Ya sanya hannu tare da Evans cikakken lokaci don 1997, inda yake da goma sha biyu a cikin No. 20 Orleans Hotel & Casino Ford . A shekara ta 1998, Miller ya koma L&R Racing a matsayin direba na No. 18 Dana Dodge Ram . Ya fadi zuwa goma sha biyar a maki, amma ya dauki No. 18 da Dana zuwa Bobby Hamilton Racing don kakar 1999. Miller ya yi tseren tara a 1999 ga Hamilton lokacin da ya yi murabus daga tawagar don komawa Busch Series, ya maye gurbin Stanton Barrett a No. 40 Channellock Chevy na Galaxy Motorsports. Ya sami matsayi biyu na goma a cikin farawa shida, amma bayan DNQ biyu a jere, an sake shi. Miller ya kuma lashe Snowball Derby, wani shahararren tseren samfurin marigayi, a 1987. An shigar da Miller cikin Hall of Fame na Michigan Motorsports a shekarar 1997. === Komawa ga tseren === Bayan wannan kakar, Miller ya kasance daga tuki har zuwa shekara ta 2002, ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata na ƙungiyar ASA ta Larry Foyt, tare da aiki a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye don tseren ASA. Ya koma Truck Series a Daytona International Speedway, ya kammala na goma sha bakwai a No. 61 Delco Remy / Team Rensi Motorsports Chevrolet Silverado . Bayan 'yan makonni, ya koma Henderson da Busch Series kuma ya fara goma, mafi kyawunsa shine goma sha biyar. Bayan wani shekara daga cikin jerin, ya dawo ya fitar da wasu tseren motoci a cikin No. 20 Timber Wolf na Ken Weaver da No. 08 [[ASI Limited]] na [[Gene Christensen]], bi da bi. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya tuka a cikin tseren uku na Green Light Racing, kuma ya kammala matsayi na goma a Mansfield Motorsports Park. Ya sake gudu da wasu tseren biyu don Green Light a shekara ta 2006, amma bai iya gamawa sama da 26th ba. Bayan wani kakar wasa, ya tuka a cikin tseren tara don Green Light a cikin No. 0 / No. 07 Silverado don SS-Green Light, amma bai gama tseren ba. Miller ya tuka SS-Green Light a kai a kai tsakanin 2009-2011, amma da farko ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin matsayin shugaban ma'aikata ga taron matasa direbobi da ke tuka No. 07. == Sakamakon wasan motsa jiki == (maɓalli) (Bold - Matsayi na Pole da aka ba da shi ta hanyar lokacin cancanta. Italics - Matsayi mai mahimmanci da aka samu ta hanyar matsayi na maki ko lokacin motsa jiki. * - Yawancin laps sun jagoranci.) ==== Jerin Kofin Winston ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%" ! colspan="45" |Sakamakon NASCAR Winston Cup Series |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !A'a. !Yi !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !22 !23 !24 !25 !26 !27 !28 !29 !30 !31 !{{Tooltip|NWCC|NASCAR Winston Cup classification}} !Pts !Ref |- ! rowspan="2" |1986 ! rowspan="3" |Gasar Miller ! rowspan="3" |08 ![[Buick]] |Ranar da rana |RCH |CAR |ATL | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BRI<br /><small>16</small> |DAR |NWS |MAR |TAL |DOV |CLT |RSD |POC | colspan="18" | ! rowspan="2" |Na 75 ! rowspan="2" |164 ! rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Race Results from the 1995 Total Petroleum 200 at Colorado National Speedway |url=https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/1995_Total_Petroleum_200/C/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024131738/https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/1995_Total_Petroleum_200/C/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Racing Reference |publisher=NASCAR}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |Chevy | colspan="13" | | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>21</small> |Ranar da rana |POC |TAL |GLN | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>33</small> |BRI |DAR |RCH |DOV |MAR |NWS |CLT |CAR |ATL |RSD | colspan="2" | |- !1987 |Ranar da rana |CAR |RCH |ATL |DAR |NWS |BRI |MAR |TAL |CLT |DOV |POC |RSD | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>36</small> |Ranar da rana |POC |TAL |GLN |MCH |BRI |DAR |RCH |DOV |MAR |NWS |CLT | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |CAR<br /><small>39</small> |RSD | style="background:#FFCFCF;" |ATL<br /><small>DNQ</small> | colspan="2" | !Na 102 !46 !<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1987/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |- !1988 ![[Bob Clark Motorsports]] !31 !Tsofaffi |Ranar da rana |RCH |CAR |ATL |DAR |BRI |NWS |MAR |TAL |CLT |DOV |RSD |POC |MCH |Ranar da rana |POC |TAL |GLN |MCH | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRI<br /><small>17</small> |DAR | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |RCH<br /><small>25</small> |DOV |MAR |CLT |NWS |CAR |PHO |ATL | colspan="2" | !NA !0 !<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1988/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |1989 ! rowspan="2" |Gasar Miller !51 ! rowspan="2" |Chevy |Ranar da rana | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |CAR<br /><small>42</small> |ATL | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |RCH<br /><small>26</small> |DAR | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRI<br /><small>31</small> |NWS |MAR | style="background:#FFCFCF;" |TAL<br /><small>DNQ</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |CLT<br /><small>42</small> |DOV |SON |POC | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>38</small> |Ranar da rana |POC |TAL |GLN | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>22</small> |BRI |DAR | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |RCH<br /><small>21</small> |DOV | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |MAR<br /><small>32</small> |CLT |NWS |CAR | colspan="4" | ! rowspan="2" |Na 39 ! rowspan="2" |576 ! rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1989 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1989/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |- !1 | colspan="27" | | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |PHO<br /><small>43</small> |ATL | colspan="2" | |- !1990 !Kamfanoni na Travis Carter !98 !Chevy | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |Ranar da rana<br /><small>22</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |RCH<br /><small>28</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |CAR<br /><small>13</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ATL<br /><small>20</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DAR<br /><small>17</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BRI<br /><small>14</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |NWS<br /><small>25</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MAR<br /><small>18</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |TAL<br /><small>16</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |CLT<br /><small>18</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DOV<br /><small>14</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SON<br /><small>31</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |POC<br /><small>23</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |MCH<br /><small>23</small> | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |Ranar da rana<br /><small>23</small> | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |POC<br /><small>8</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |TAL<br /><small>34</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |GLN<br /><small>25</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MCH<br /><small>12</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BRI<br /><small>16</small> | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DAR<br /><small>29</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |RCH<br /><small>19</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DOV<br /><small>17</small> |MAR |NWS |CLT |CAR |PHO |ATL | colspan="2" | !Na 27 !2377 !<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1990/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |- !1994 ! rowspan="2" |RaDiUs Wasannin motsa jiki !55 ! rowspan="2" |[[Ford]] |Ranar da rana |CAR |RCH |ATL |DAR |BRI |NWS |MAR |TAL |SON |CLT |DOV |POC |MCH |Ranar da rana |NHA |POC |TAL |IND |GLN |MCH |BRI | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DAR<br /><small>18</small> |RCH |DOV |MAR |NWS | style="background:#FFCFCF;" |CLT<br /><small>DNQ</small> | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |CAR<br /><small>20</small> |PHO |ATL !53rd !212 !<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1994 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1994/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |- !1995 !66 |Ranar da rana |CAR |RCH |ATL |DAR | style="background:#FFCFCF;" |BRI<br /><small>DNQ</small> |NWS |MAR |TAL |SON |CLT |DOV |POC |MCH |Ranar da rana |NHA |POC |TAL |IND |GLN |MCH |BRI |DAR |RCH |DOV |MAR |NWS |CLT |CAR |PHO |ATL !NA !- !<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butch Miller – 1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Results |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/millebu01/1995/W |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Racing-Reference}}</ref> |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fbb42sx3rb1eqkz4z0cigqwtp9s3slk 0 134457 890820 776081 2026-08-03T03:51:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andrew Bachman''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1983) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai saka hannun jari na Amurka. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Game Plan Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief |url=https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/131216bullroarercmpt.pdf |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bachman kuma ya girma a Wayland, Massachusetts, ga iyayensa likitoci. Ya halarci Kwalejin Babson da ke Wellesley, Massachusetts, ya kammala karatunsa a 2006. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Bachman ya ba da tallafin karatu tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗalibansa <ref name="lawandmore.typepad.com">{{Cite web |title=Mobile Cramming: A society stops paying attention, criminals allegedly make millions |url=http://lawandmore.typepad.com/law_and_more/2014/04/mobile-cramming-a-society-stops-paying-attention-criminals-allegedly-make-millions.html |access-date=29 June 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == === Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Zane === A shekara ta 2005, lokacin da yake Babson, Bachman ya yi haɗin gwiwa da sauran ɗaliban Babson Lin Miao, Lucas Brown da Lee Brown don ƙirƙirar Tatto Media, wani kamfanin talla da tallan intanet . Kamfanin ya bai wa masu talla wata hanya daban ta biyan kuɗin tallan kan layi, tare da biyan kuɗi bisa ga aiki maimakon ra'ayoyi . <ref name="jholland" /> Bachman ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Tatto, wanda ke Boston kuma yana da ofisoshi a Seattle da Los Angeles. <ref name="jholland" /> A shekara ta 2008, AlwaysOn ya sanya wa Tatto suna a matsayin kamfanin da ya fi kowanne shahara a duniya 250. A wannan shekarar, kamfanin ya kai adadin kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na dala miliyan 40. A shekara mai zuwa, kudaden shiga sun haura dala miliyan 100, kuma zuwa shekarar 2010, a cewar comScore, kamfanin ya zama na uku a duniya wajen tallata kayayyaki, kuma yana da ma'aikata 120. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, Tatto ya dakatar da ayyukansa a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] . <ref name="lrao" /> <ref name="eeldon" /> A shekarar 2011, mai haɓaka wasannin sada zumunta na wayar hannu Ozura World ya sayi Tatto Media akan dala miliyan 60. A cewar Liao, zuwa shekarar 2013, Tatto ya daina aiki kuma ba shi da wata alaƙa da Ozura World. === Littafin Zamba === A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2011, bayan sayar da Tatto, Bachman, Miao da Jay Edelson, babban abokin hulɗar kamfanin lauyoyi Edelson PC, ya kafa Scambook.com, wani dandali na korafin masu amfani wanda ke haɗa masu amfani da lauyoyi don magance nau'ikan zamba daban-daban da kamfanoni ke yi. Bachman ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanin. A shekarar 2011, bayan an sanya shi cikin jerin manyan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30, an gayyaci Bachman zuwa Fadar [[White House]] kuma an girmama shi saboda nasarorin da ya samu a Scambook. <ref name="prweb111611" /> Ya sayar da hannun jarinsa na Scambook a watan Yulin 2012. === Rike Tsarin Wasanni === A watan Afrilun 2012, Bachman ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma babban jami'in kuɗi na Game Plan Holdings, wani kamfani na ƙarin kuɗi da ya kafa tare da tsofaffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Babson guda biyu. Ya zama shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa a watan Maris na 2013. <ref name="bloomberggameplan">[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=204764290&ticker=GPLH&previousCapId=50234182&previousTitle=GAME%20PLAN%20HOLDINGS%20INC Game Plan Holdings Inc]{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}, ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. Accessed November 12, 2014.</ref> Game Plan Holdings kamfani ne da ake ciniki da shi a bainar jama'a a ƙarƙashin alamar GPLH. <ref name="bloomberggameplan" /> Game Plan ya daɗe yana gudanar da shafukan sada zumunta na wasanni Hazzsports.com, Totalscout.com da CheckinSave.com, waɗanda duk aka naɗe su a watan Fabrairun 2013. A wancan lokacin, Game Plan Holdings ya sayi Sporting Blood, wani kamfanin ƙarin bitamin da abinci mai gina jiki, <ref name="aimhigh" /> kuma ya ƙaddamar da Game Plan Nutrition, wanda ke yin girgiza furotin da sauran kari. Yana da hanyar sadarwa ta kan layi ta masu horarwa waɗanda ke samun kwamitocin ta hanyar ba da shawarar samfuran kamfanin. 'Yan wasan NFL, [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] da MLB sun yi amfani da kayayyakin abinci mai gina jiki. <ref name="ctomer" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2013, an nuna Bachman a cikin Boston Globe a matsayin misali na "'yan kasuwa masu dacewa" waɗanda suka karya tsoffin ra'ayoyin duniyar fasaha. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2014, ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, babban jami'in gudanarwa, babban jami'in kuɗi da kuma shugaban Game Plan. == Matsalolin shari'a == A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2014, FTC ta sanar da cewa Miao da wadanda ake kara a kamfanin sun cimma yarjejeniya kan batun shirin zamba da ya shafi Tatto. Duk da cewa an ambaci sunansa a cikin korafin FTC na asali, ba a ambaci sunansa a cikin yarjejeniyar ba. Bachman ya bayyana cewa an cire shi daga duk wani hulda da Tatto shekaru da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief |url=https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/131216bullroarercmpt.pdf |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iv5ig8mssvqw0gqf8f6tcva19cjwcrf 0 134585 890578 776362 2026-08-02T12:13:27Z BnHamid 12586 890578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Yulia'''''' (Iouliane) '''Chrysostomides''' (Girkanci; 21 ga Afrilu 1928 - 18 ga Oktoba 2008) masanin tarihin Girka ne na [[Istanbul]] . Ta koyar a Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London kusan kusan shekaru 30, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa shi a matsayin cibiyar nazarin Byzantine. Ta yi aiki na shekaru goma a matsayin darakta na Cibiyar Hellenic a Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London, ta canza shi zuwa cibiyar bincike ta fannoni daban-daban a tarihin Girka da Byzantine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dendrinos |first=Charalambos |title=Julian Chrysostomides |url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/research-and-teaching/departments-and-schools/history/research/our-research-centres-and-institutes/the-hellenic-institute/julian-chrysostomides/ |website=Hellenic Institute}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Julian 'yar ɗan kasuwa ne na [[Helenawa na Cappadocia|Kappadocian]] Chrysostomos Chrysostomides da matarsa, Victoria, née Rizas, fanariot. Ilimi na farko ya faru ne a Makarantar Zappeion, makarantar sakandare ta Girka ta mata a [[Istanbul]], kuma da farko ta bi ilimin jami'a a Sorbonne. Da yake ta yi sanyin gwiwa saboda karuwar adawa da Girka a Istanbul, sai ta koma Ingila a 1950 don neman digiri a Literae humaniores a Kwalejin St Anne, Oxford, inda ta kammala a shekarar 1955. A wannan shekarar ta fara BLitt a Royal Holloway a karkashin Farfesa Joan Hussey, tana rubutu game da Sarkin sarakuna Manuel II Palaeologus da manufofinsa ga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]]. Ta zama 'yar asalin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1965 an nada Chrysostomides a matsayin malami a tarihin a Kwalejin Royal Holloway . A shekara ta 1983 ta zama Babban malami kuma a 1992 mai karatu a tarihin Byzantine . Ta yi ritaya a 1993. A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki ta wallafa a kan tarihin Byzantine da tarihin tarihi, ka'idar siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'umma. Littattafanta sun binciki matan Byzantine, ayyukan kasuwanci na Venetian a cikin daular Byzantine. Daga cikin manyan gudummawar da ta bayar akwai mahimman bugu da fassarar Manuel II Palaeologus's Funeral Oration on his Brother Theodore [https://books.google.com/books?id=ImpoAAAAMAAJ (1985)], da kuma abubuwan da aka tattara a cikin ''Monumenta Peloponnesiaca'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVZoAAAAMAAJ&q=Monumenta+Peloponnesiaca (1995)]. Ta kuma samar da kundin da yawa tare da hadin gwiwa tare da wasu malamai, gami da Wasikar Tsofaffi Uku ga Sarkin sarakuna Theophilos (tare da Joseph Munitiz da sauransu, 1997), ''Tsibirin Girka da Tekun'' (tare da Charalambos Dendrinos da Jonathan Harris, 2004), 'Ƙasar Daɗi ...": Laccoci kan Tarihi da Al'adu na Cyprus (tare da Sharalambos dendrinos, 2006), da Katalogue na Rubutun Girka a Lambeth Palace Library (tare da John Barron da sauransu, 2006). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dendrinos |first=Charalambos |title=Julian Chrysostomides |url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/research-and-teaching/departments-and-schools/history/research/our-research-centres-and-institutes/the-hellenic-institute/julian-chrysostomides/ |website=Hellenic Institute}}</ref> Chrysostomides ta kuma kasance mai aiki sosai wajen karfafa daliban digiri na biyu: tare da Joseph Munitiz da Athanasios Angelou, ta kafa taron karawa juna sani na farko na Burtaniya kan gyaran matani na Byzantine, kuma tare da Angelou da Jonathan Riley-Smith, ta kafa shirin MA a cikin Late Antique da Byzantine Studies a Royal Holloway . A shekara ta 1998 ta zama darakta na Cibiyar Hellenic a Royal Holloway . A cikin shekaru goma da ta yi a matsayin darakta ta sake tsara cibiyar, ta kafa ta a matsayin cibiyar bincike ta fannoni daban-daban don nazarin tarihin Girka da Byzantium, da kuma tara kudade don kafa laccoci, zumunci, karatun digiri, da kuma bursaries. A shekara ta 1999, gwamnatin Girka ta ba ta taken Jakadan Hellenism don nuna godiya ga ayyukanta na dogon lokaci ga Hellenism da gudummawar da ta bayar ga karatun Byzantine.[1] == Mutuwa == Julian Chrysostomides ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2008 bayan gwagwarmaya ta watanni bakwai da ciwon daji. An yi jana'izarta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2008 a St Sophia's Cathedral, London, inda wakilan [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Cyprus|Jamhuriyar Cyprus]] da tsoffin ɗalibanta, abokan aiki da abokai suka halarta. Joseph Munitiz ya ba da jawabin jana'izar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dendrinos |first=Charalambos |title=Julian Chrysostomides |url=https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/research-and-teaching/departments-and-schools/history/research/our-research-centres-and-institutes/the-hellenic-institute/julian-chrysostomides/ |website=Hellenic Institute}}</ref> Ɗanta na John, ƙaramin ɗan ɗan tagwayenta Nikos ya mutu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 92dl34ponw2h02dfl3ojfco0p587fhb 0 134790 890579 776705 2026-08-02T12:14:20Z BnHamid 12586 890579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yahudawa na Romaniote ko '''Romaniotes''' (Girkanci; Ibrananci: , ) al'ummar Yahudawa ne masu magana da Helenanci. Suna daya daga cikin tsofaffin al'ummomin Yahudawa da ke akwai kuma tsoffin al'ummar Yahudawa a Turai. Romaniotes sun kasance, har ma sun kasance sun bambanta da Sephardi waɗanda suka zauna a Girka ta Ottoman bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain da Portugal bayan 1492. Harshensu na musamman shine Yevanic, yaren Girkanci wanda ya ƙunshi [[Ibrananci]] tare da wasu kalmomin Aramaic da [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], amma Romaniotes na yau suna magana da Girkanci na zamani ko harsunan sabbin ƙasashensu. Sunan su ya samo asali ne daga sunan ''Rhōmanía'', wanda ke nufin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Romawa ta Gabas]] ("Daular Romawa", {{Lang|el|Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων}}). Manyan al'ummomin Romaniote suna cikin Thessaloniki, Ioannina, [[Crete|Karita]],_Greece" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Arta, Greece">Arta, Preveza, Volos, Chalcis, Thebes, Koranti, Patras, da tsibirin Corfu, Crete, Zakynthos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Rhodes, da Cyprus, da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, babban [[Bulgaria]]" id="mwPw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Judaism in Bulgaria">al'umma Yahudawa a tarihi a Bulgaria Romaniote ne har zuwa zuwan Sephardim da Ashkenazim suna guje wa tsanantawa a wasu sassan Turai. An kashe mafi yawan Yahudawa na Girka a cikin Holocaust bayan mamayewar Axis na Girka yayin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma korar mafi yawan Yahudawa zuwa Sansanin Nazi. Bayan yakin, yawancin wadanda suka tsira sun yi hijira zuwa [[Isra'ila]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da Yammacin Turai. A yau har yanzu akwai majami'u na Romaniote da ke aiki a Chalkis (wanda ke wakiltar tsohuwar ikilisiyar Yahudawa a ƙasar Turai), Ioannina, Veria, [[Athens]], Birnin New York, da Isra'ila. == Sunan == Sunan ''Romaniote'' yana nufin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Romawa ta Gabas]], wanda aka fi sani da Byzantium, wanda ya haɗa da yankin Girka ta zamani, wanda wannan ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta zauna na ƙarni. A tarihi, ana kiran Daular a matsayin ''Rhōmanía'' da kuma 'yan ƙasa Krista a matsayin ''Rhōmaîoi'', "Romawa", yayin da ake kiran Yahudawa masu magana da Helenanci ''Rhōmaniôtes'', ma'ana mazaunan Rhōmania. == Tarihi == Yahudawa sun zauna a Girka tun a kalla zamanin Haikali na Biyu (516 KZ - 70 AZ). Kasancewar Yahudawa da aka yi rikodin su a Girka ya samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru 2,300 zuwa lokacin Alexander the Great . Magana ta farko game da Bayahude na Girka ita ce rubutun da aka rubuta a shekara ta , wanda aka samo a Oropos, wani karamin gari da ke bakin teku tsakanin [[Athens]] da Beotia, wanda ke nufin "Moschos, ɗan Moschion Bayahude", wanda ƙila ya kasance bawa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=David Malcolm Lewis}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mosaic_Floor_of_a_Jewish_Synagogue_in_Greece_-_300_CE.JPG|thumb|Gidan Musa na majami'ar Yahudawa a Girka, wanda aka gina 300 AD, Aegina.]] An gano majami'ar Yahudawa ta Helenistic a cikin 1829 kusa da tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta babban birnin tsibirin Aegina ta hanyar masanin tarihin Scotland-Jamus Ludwig Ross, wanda ke aiki a kotun Sarki Otto na Girka. An rufe bene don kariya kuma Thiersch ya sake nazarin shi a cikin 1901, Furtwängler a cikin 1904, E. Sukenik a cikin 1928 da Gabriel Welter a cikin 1932 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin National Archaeological Service. Dangane da ingancin mosaic na bene, an yi imanin cewa an gina ginin a karni na 4 AZ (300-350 AZ) kuma an yi amfani da shi har zuwa karni na 7. Gidan mosaic na majami'ar ya ƙunshi tesserae masu launi da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da ra'ayi na kafet, a cikin tsarin lissafi na shuɗi, launin toka, ja da fari. An sami rubutun Helenanci guda biyu a gaban ƙofar majami'ar, a gefen yammacin ginin. A yau, wani ɓangare ne kawai na bene na majami'ar, kuma an ƙaura daga wurinsa na asali zuwa farfajiyar Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na tsibirin. A shekara ta 1977 an gano wani Majami'a na dā a Athens, majami'ar da ke cikin Agora na Athens, wanda zai iya zama majami'u inda [[Bulus Manzo]] ya yi wa'azi. Rubuce-rubuce a cikin haruffa na Samariya da Girkanci da aka samu a Thessaloniki na iya samo asali ne daga majami'un Samariyawa. A lokaci guda majami'ar da ta fi tsufa da aka samu a cikin Diaspora ita ce majami'a mafi tsufa ta Samariyawa: ita ce majamin Delos, wanda ke da rubutun da aka rubuta tsakanin 250 da 175 KZ == Manazarta == q2niq3qe0euhul3pp3mri6e0yt2hf1e 0 135479 890648 792222 2026-08-02T13:35:28Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 890648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ioannis Zaimis''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: Ιωάννης Ζαΐμης, c. 1797-1882) ya kasance dan majalisa na Girka na Achaia kuma magajin gari na farko na Patras. An haife shi a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1797 kuma shi ne ɗan Asimakis Zaimis, wani ɓangare na sanannen dangin Zaimis wanda ya samar da shahararrun jarumai na juyin juya hali. Ya shiga cikin juyin juya halin 1821 kuma ya yi yaƙi don Patras. Ya auri Angeliki Kanakari-Roufo. Ya zama magajin gari na farko na Patras a cikin 1836 kuma ya kasance mai adawa da mulkin mallaka. Bayan shekara guda, zai bar kujerar magajin gari kuma Ioannis Boukaouris ya zama magajin gari na biyu. A zaben birni na biyu a 1837, ya kasance shugaban majalisa. An nada shi dan majalisa na Kalavryta a 1841 kuma a 1843, ya sake zama memba na majalisa. Ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1882. Ya kasance kawun Firayim Minista Thrasivoulos Zaimis . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 979c3rkl47p03wq2fz4a5thl49uunru 0 135707 890582 778356 2026-08-02T12:17:08Z BnHamid 12586 890582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vasilis Kikilias''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1974) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, a halin yanzu Ministan Harkokin Ruwa da Manufofin Tsibirin a cikin majalisar ministoci ta biyu ta Kyriakos Mitsotakis . Shi memba ne na Majalisar Hellenic don Sabon Dimokuradiyya a mazabar Athens A . Har ila yau, dan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne mai ritaya wanda ya buga wa Panionios K.Z., Ionikos Nikaias BC, AEK K.Z., Apollon Patras BC da kuma Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Girka. == Ayyukan kwallon kwando == Kikilias ya fara aikin kwando tare da Panionios BC da Ionikos Nikaias, sannan ya koma AEK Athens. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar AEK wacce ta lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na "Saporta" na 2000 da kuma 2002 Greek Basketball A1 League . Ya kuma kasance memba na tawagar kasar Girka. == Nasarorin wasan kwando == * Ya ci kwallaye 6 kuma ya zira kwallaye 76 tare da Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Girka. * Ya lashe lambar azurfa a 1991 Eurobasket don Cadets . * Ya lashe Kofin Girka a 1991 tare da Panionios . * Ya lashe gasar zakarun Girka a 2002 tare da AEK . * Ya lashe Kofin Girka a 2000 & 2001 tare da AEK . * Ya lashe Kofin Saporta a shekara ta 2000 tare da AEK . == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekara ta 2006 an zabe shi a matsayin wakilin gari na birnin Athens . A shekara ta 2007 magajin garin Athens ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar matasa da wasanni, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2007 an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Siyasa na Sabon Dimokuradiyya kuma ya kasance memba tun daga lokacin. A cikin zaɓen gida na shekara ta 2010, an zabi shi a matsayin prefect a yankin Attica, inda ya lashe matsayi na biyu tare da rabon kashi 47.50% kuma ya kasance shugaban manyan 'yan adawa na yankin Attica har zuwa shekara ta 2010. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Hellenic a kowane zabe tun watan Mayu 2012. Daga 10 Yuni 2014 zuwa 27 Janairu 2015, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Kare Jama'a a cikin Ma'aikatar Antonis Samaras . Ya kasance mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar daga 18 ga Nuwamba 2016 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 2017. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya daga 9 ga Yulin 2019 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2021, lokacin da Firayim Minista Kyriakos Mitsotakis ya nada shi Ministan yawon bude ido. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5u1szlrmfqyj3ploxrmh3squq5vvy2p 0 135992 890867 789538 2026-08-03T08:00:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Krivolak''' (a cikin Bulgarian: Криволашко сражение, Битка при Криволак) yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya ne, wanda aka yi tsakanin 21 ga Oktoba da 22 ga Nuwamba 1915. An yi yaƙi a matakin farko na Yakin Makidoniya, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Balkans . A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, sojojin Bulgeriya sun kai hari kan wuraren da Faransa ke rike da su kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Strumica, a lokacin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Serbia (Yarzu ta [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]]), inda suka fara yakin. Yaƙi ya ci gaba har zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba, lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Serbia suka kasa kama [[Skopje]], don haka ya sa ci gaba da ayyukan hare-haren Entente haɗari kuma ya tilasta Faransanci su kwashe sojojin su daga yankin. Rashin nasarar Entente a Krivolak da kuma yakin da ya biyo baya na Kosturino ya haifar da cikakken janyewar sojojin Allied daga Serbia, don haka ya ba da damar Ƙasashen Tsakiya su sake buɗe layin dogo na Berlin zuwa Constantinople. Abokan hulɗa, a halin yanzu, sun karfafa tsaron su a Girka. == Gabatarwa == A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1914, kisan gillar magajin Austro-Hungary mai suna Archduke Franz Ferdinand ya haifar da sanarwar yaki da Austria-Hungarian da [[Serbiya|Serbia]]. Rikicin nan da nan ya jawo hankalin dukkan manyan kasashen Turai, wanda ya sanya manyan kasashe na tsakiya a kan Haɗin gwiwar Entente kuma ya fara yakin duniya na farko. Bayan shigar da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] cikin yakin a gefen manyan kasashe (Nuwamba 1914), muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin Balkans ya zama halin [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]]. Bulgaria ta dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a gefen Serbia, kuma shiga tsakani a kowane bangare na masu fafatawa zai zama mai mahimmanci. Bulgaria da Serbia sun yi yaƙi sau biyu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata: a cikin Yakin Serbo-Bulgaria na 1885 da Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu na 1913. Bulgaria ta sha kashi a 1913, kuma gwamnatin Bulgaria da mutane gabaɗaya sun ji cewa Serbia ta sace ƙasar da ta dace ta Bulgaria. Duk da yake Allies za su iya ba Bulgaria ƙananan yankuna daga Serbia da Girka mai tsaka-tsaki, alkawuran da suka shafi Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun fi jan hankali, suna ba da damar ba da mafi yawan ƙasar, wanda Bulgaria ta yi ikirarin. Tare da cin nasarar Allied a Yaƙin Gallipoli (Afrilu 1915 zuwa Janairu 1916) da kuma cin nasarar Rasha a Gorlice-Tarnów (Mayu zuwa Satumba 1915) yana nuna Ƙarfin Tsakiya Tsakiya, Sarki Ferdinand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Jamus kuma a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1915, Bulgaria ta fara tattarawa don yaki.{{Sfn|Falls|1933}}{{Sfn|Albertini|1953}}{{Sfn|Fischer|1967}}{{Sfn|Willmott|2003}} Bayan nasarar sojojin Serbia a Yaƙin Kolubara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1914, gaban Serbia ya ga kwanciyar hankali har zuwa farkon kaka na shekara ta 1915. A karkashin umurnin Field Marshal Agusta von Mackensen, Sojojin Balkan na Austro-Hungary, Sojoji na 11 na Jamus da jiragen ruwa a kan Danube da Sava sun fara kai farmaki a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1915, mafi girman kai farmaki kan Serbia. A watan Satumbar 1915, duk da hadaya mai yawa na sojojin Serbia, Sojojin Balkan na Austro-Hungary, bayan sun haye kogin Sava da Drina da sojojin Jamus na 11 bayan sun hambarar da Danube, sun mamaye [[Belgrade]], Smederevo, Požarevac da Golubac, suna samar da babbar gada a kudancin kogin Sava Da Danube, kuma sun tilasta sojojin Serbia su janye zuwa kudancin Serbia. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1915, sojojin Bulgarian guda biyu sun kai hari, sun mamaye rukunin Serbia, sun shiga kwarin kogin Kudancin Morava kusa da Vranje har zuwa 22 ga Oktoba 1915. Sojojin Bulgarian sun mamaye Kumanovo, Štip, da [[Skopje]] kuma sun hana janyewar sojojin Serbia zuwa iyakar Girka da Salonika.{{Sfn|Falls|1933}} Abokan hulɗa sun yi alkawarin tura sojoji zuwa Serbia, amma babu wani abu da ya faru har tsawon shekara guda. Amma tare da tattara Bulgaria zuwa kudu, halin da ake ciki ga Serbia ya zama mara kyau. Abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshe sun tilasta Faransanci da Burtaniya su aika da ƙaramin rundunar balaguro na ƙungiyoyi biyu don taimakawa Serbia. Amma har ma wadannan sun isa da wuri a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Girka ta Salonika don tasiri ga ayyukan. Babban dalilin jinkirin shine rashin sojojin Allied saboda mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a Yammacin Gabas. Entente ta yi amfani da tsaka-tsaki na Girka a matsayin uzuri, kodayake za su iya amfani da bakin tekun [[Albaniya|Albania]] don tura ƙarfafawa da kayan aiki cikin sauri a cikin watanni 14 na farko na yakin. (Kamar yadda Serbian Marshal Putnik ya ba da shawarar, sojojin Montenegrin sun ba da isasshen kariya ga bakin tekun Albania daga arewa - a nesa mai aminci daga duk wani ci gaban Bulgarian a kudu a yayin da Bulgarian ya shiga tsakani.) An kuma jinkirta Entente saboda doguwar tattaunawar sirri don kawo Bulgaria cikin sansanin Allied, wanda zai sauƙaƙa bukatar Serbia ga taimakon Franco-British.{{Sfn|Falls|1933}} A cikin taron, rashin goyon bayan Allied ya rufe makomar sojojin Serbia. A kan Serbia, Ƙasashen Tsakiya sun jagoranci Sojojin Bulgaria, Sojojin Jamus, da Sojojin Austro-Hungary, duk a ƙarƙashin umurnin Field Marshal Mackensen. Jamusawa da Austro-Hungarians sun fara kai hari a ranar 7 ga Oktoba tare da babbar bindigogi, sannan suka biyo bayan hare-hare a fadin koguna. Sa'an nan, a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, sojojin Bulgarian sun kai hari daga bangarori biyu, daya daga arewacin Bulgaria zuwa Niš, ɗayan daga kudu zuwa Skopje. Nan da nan ya karya ta hanyar sojojin Serbia marasa ƙarfi, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su hana ci gabanta. Tare da ci gaban Bulgarian, matsayin Serbia ya zama mara bege; babban sojojin su a arewa sun fuskanci ko dai kewaye da tilasta mika wuya ko koma baya.{{Sfn|Falls|1933}} Marshal Putnik ya ba da umarnin cikakken koma baya na Serbia, kudu da yamma ta hanyar [[Montenegro]] da Albania. Serbs sun fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa: mummunan yanayi, hanyoyi marasa kyau da kuma bukatar sojoji su taimaka wa dubban fararen hula da suka janye tare da su. Sojojin Serbia 125,000 ne kawai suka isa gabar tekun Adriatic kuma suka shiga jiragen sufuri na Italiya waɗanda suka ɗauki sojojin zuwa Corfu da sauran tsibirai na Girka kafin su yi tafiya zuwa Thessaloniki. Marshal Putnik dole ne a ɗauka a duk lokacin da aka koma baya; ya mutu sama da shekara guda bayan haka a asibitin Faransa.{{Sfn|Falls|1933}} == Yaƙi == [[Fayil:LPDF_61_6_carte_Babouna_16_déc_1915.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin Krivolak, Nuwamba 1915, yana nuna ci gaban Allied zuwa arewa.]] [[Fayil:Krivolak_Battle_1915_Bulgarian_Postcard.jpg|thumb|Katin gidan waya na Bulgarian da ke nuna yakin.]] [[Fayil:Serbian_retreat_WWI.jpg|thumb|Komawar sojojin Serbia a ƙarshen Oktoba 1915.]] Rukunin Faransanci da Burtaniya sun yi tafiya zuwa arewa daga Thessaloniki a watan Oktoba 1915 a karkashin hadin gwiwar Janar Maurice Sarrail na Faransa da Janar Bryan Mahon na Burtaniya. Daga 15-16 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyoyin Faransanci na 57, 122 da 156, gami da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Chasseurs d'Afrique da ɗaya daga cikin Zouaves, sun isa tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Gevgelija da Strumica. [Lura 1] A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyoyin Faransanci sun isa Krivolak a kan kogin Vardar, yayin da Burtaniya ta mamaye yankin da ke da muhimmanci tsakanin Kosturino Pass, Vardar da tafkin Doiran. Wannan ci gaba ya taimaka wa sojojin Serbia da ke janyewa, yayin da Bulgarians suka mayar da hankali ga manyan dakarun a gefen kudancin su don magance yiwuwar mamaye yankinsu. Kwamandan Faransanci ya fahimci kasancewar Bulgarian a Babuna Pass tsakanin Veles da Bitola kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai ga ƙungiyar sojojin Serbia da ke arewa maso yammacin hanyar.[1][1][1] A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, rundunar Bulgarian ta 14 ta sauka daga Strumica zuwa tashar jirgin kasa ta Strumica da nufin lalata gadar jirgin kasa da ke kusa kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta gamu da sojojin Faransa. An kori 'yan Bulgaria daga hanyar jirgin kasa kuma an kore su daga [[:mk:Раброво|Rabrovo]] kilomita 7 (11 zuwa gabas yayin da Faransanci suka karfafa ikon su sama da kilomita 30 (48) na hanyar jirgin kasa har zuwa tashar Demir Kapija. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, Sojojin Bulgaria na biyu a karkashin Janar Georgi Todorov da [[:bg:Стефан Богданов|Stefan Bogdanov]] sun kwace Veles da Kumanovo, suna yanke yawancin Serbs da suka janye daga Faransanci. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, rundunar ta 57 ta kafa gada mai tsaka-tsaki a kusa da Karahojali a gabashin Vardar, wanda ke rufe layin mil 15 (24 tsakanin Gradec da Krivolak. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, an jefa gadoji biyu a kan Vardar, don sauƙaƙe samar da sabbin matsayi. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, wani dakarun Faransa sun hana yunkurin da brigades uku na Bulgarian suka yi na mamaye gadoji. Rashin horo da isasshen kariya, sojojin Bulgarian sun ragu yayin da suke caji, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka 3,000. A wannan rana, ƙungiyar 156 ta kwace ƙauyukan Dorlobos da [[:mk:Кочули|Kajali]] . {{Sfn|Falls|1933}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ihm9u3h1518par1cpr4b3j5sef0o4jq 0 138120 890759 782812 2026-08-02T20:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Akari Kaida (海田 明里, Kaida Akari; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1974) ɗan wasan bidiyo ne na Japan. Ta kirkiro sauti daban-daban don wasannin [[Capcom]], gami da yawa a cikin jerin ''[[Mega Man series|Mega Man]]'' . A wasu lokuta ana kiranta Akari Groves, tana ɗaukar sunan mijinta.<ref name="GSW">{{Cite web |last=jeriaska |date=November 30, 2008 |title=GameSetInterview: 'Bleep To Gold - Remixing The Mega Man 9 Soundtrack' |url=http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2008/11/gamesetinterview_bleep_to_gold.php#more |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=GameSetWatch}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kaida ta kasance babbar yar wasan piano ta jazz a kwaleji, ta kwashe shekara ta farko a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Osaka kafin ta shiga Capcom a shekarar 1994.[1] Ta zama mawaki mai zaman kansa a shekara ta 2005, amma har yanzu ta ci gaba da aiki a kan ayyukan Capcom daban-daban, kwanan nan ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar sauti ta Inti Creates don wasannin Mega Man. [1] == Ayyuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- ! rowspan="3" |1995 |''Sojojin Dare: Ramuwar gayya ta Darkstalkers'' |tare da Takayuki Iwai da Hideki Okugawa |- |''Cyberbots: Cikakken Hauka na Karfe'' |tare da Takayuki Iwai, Masato Kouda, da Naoaki Iwami |- |''Street Fighter Alpha'' |Shirye-shiryen fasalin Console |- !1996 |''Mugun Mazauna'' |Juyawa bayanai kawai |- !1997 |''Murhi na Wuta III''<ref name="OSV">{{Cite web |last=Napolitano, Jason |date=November 20, 2008 |title=Audio Strategery of Luminous Arc 2: Interview With Yasunori Mitsuda and Akari Kaida |url=http://www.originalsoundversion.com/?p=1164 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=Original Sound Version }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |tare da Yoshino Aoki |- !1998 |''Mega Man &amp;amp; Bass''<ref name="GSW"/> |tare da Toshihiko Horiyama da Naoshi Mizuta |- ! rowspan="2" |1999 |''Trick'N Snowboarder'' |tare da Masami Ueda |- |''Rikicin Dino'' |"An watsar da Bege" |- !2001 |''Cibiyar Yakin Mega Man''<ref name="GSW" /> | |- ! rowspan="3" |2004 |''Onimusha 3: Siege na Aljanu'' |tare da Masamichi Amano, Hideki Okugawa, da Kouta Suzuki |- |''Rockman EXE 4.5 Aiki na Gaskiya'' |tare da Toshihiko Horiyama |- |''Mega Man Battle Network 5''<ref name="GSW" /> | |- !2006 |''Ōkami'' |tare da Masami Ueda, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, da Rei Kondoh |- !2007 |''Hasken Haske''<ref name="OSV" /> |tare da Yasunori Mitsuda, Kazumi Mitome, da Shota Kageyama |- ! rowspan="2" |2008 |''Hasken wuta na 2''<ref name="OSV" /> |tare da Yoko Shimomura, Yoshino Aoki, da Shunsuke Tsuchiya |- |''Mega Man Star Force 3'' |tare da Yoshino Aoki |- !2009 |''Rockman EXE Operate Shooting Star'' |tare da Yoshino Aoki da Marika Suzuki |- ! rowspan="2" |2010 |''Mega Man 10'' |"Sarkin Blades (Blade Man Stage) " |- |''Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: Labari na 3'' | rowspan="2" |tare da wasu daban-daban |- !2012 |''Sabon Ƙaunar Ƙauna'' |- !2014 |''Super Smash Bros. don Wii U'' |Shirye-shiryen{{Efn|"Escape", "Coliseum Series Medley"}} |- !2015 |''Chunithm: Taimakon Seelisch'' |"Yarinyar farauta ta hamada" |- !2019 |''Sojojin Tsaro na Duniya: Iron Rain'' |tare da Masanori Ōtsuka, Yuichi Baba, da Shinya Chikamori |- ! rowspan="2" |2020 |''Samurai Jack: Yaƙi a cikin Lokaci'' |tare da wasu da yawa |- |''Sojojin Tsaro na Duniya: 'Yan'uwa na Duniya'' |tare da Yuichi Baba da Noi Iizuka |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 5y4g0bgbf5qt6uqapge6ln7se6qzb4s 0 138748 890718 784156 2026-08-02T17:35:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abram Hoffer''' (11 ga Nuwamba, 1917 - 27 ga Mayu, 2009) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Kanada, likita, kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda aka sani da "tunanin adrenochrome" na cututtukan schizoaffective.<ref name="Hoffer2">{{Cite web |last=Hoffer |first=A |date=1990 |title=The Adrenochrome Hypothesis and Psychiatry |url=http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1999/articles/1999-v14n01-p049.shtml |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> A cewar Hoffer, maganin megavitamin da sauran abubuwan gina jiki sune yiwuwar ingantaccen magani ga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]].<ref name="ACS">{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2007 |title=ACS : Orthomolecular Medicine |url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Orthomolecular_Medicine.asp?sitearea=ETO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329160117/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Orthomolecular_Medicine.asp?sitearea=ETO |archive-date=March 29, 2008 |access-date=April 4, 2008 |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]}}</ref><ref name="isbn1-55009-213-8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref><ref name="References1990">{{Cite journal |last=Nutrition Committee and Canadian Paediatric Society |date=January 1, 1990 |title=Megavitamin and megamineral therapy in childhood. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society |journal=CMAJ |volume=143 |issue=10 |pages=1009–1013 |pmc=1452516 |pmid=1699646}}</ref> Hoffer ya kuma shiga cikin nazarin LSD a matsayin maganin gwaji don maye da kuma binciken cewa ana iya amfani da niacin mai yawa don magance cholesterol da sauran dyslipidemias.<ref name="Biochem">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Altschul R, Hoffer A, Stephen JD |year=1955 |title=Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man |journal=Arch Biochem Biophys |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=558–559 |doi=10.1016/0003-9861(55)90070-9 |pmid=14350806}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Hoffer a ƙaramin matsugunin Yahudawa na Sonnenfeld[1] a kudancin Saskatchewan, Kanada, a shekarar 1917, ɗan ƙarshe daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu kuma ɗan Isra'ila Hoffer.[2] Asalinsa yana da sha'awar noma, Hoffer ya sami digiri na farko[2] da digiri na biyu a fannin sinadarai na noma daga Jami'ar Saskatchewan da ke Saskatoon. Daga nan ya sami tallafin karatu na shekara guda na aikin digiri na biyu tare da Jami'ar Minnesota, sannan ya yi aikin haɓaka gwaje-gwaje don matakan niacin a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayayyakin alkama a Winnipeg. Hoffer ya sami digiri na uku a fannin sinadarai na biochemistry a shekarar 1944, wanda wani ɓangare nasa ya haɗa da nazarin bitamin (musamman bitamin B da tasirinsu ga jiki)[2] kuma tare da sha'awar abinci mai gina jiki ya ci gaba da karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Manitoba a shekarar 1945. Bayan shekaru biyu na aikin asibiti a Jami'ar Toronto, Hoffer ya sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1949. Duk da cewa da farko yana da niyyar zama likita na gaba ɗaya, a lokacin karatunsa Hoffer ya fara sha'awar ilimin tabin hankali.[2][3] Ya auri Rose Miller a shekarar 1942, kuma an haifi ɗansa Bill Hoffer a shekarar 1944, sannan ya sake haifa masa 'ya'ya biyu, John da Miriam, a shekarar 1947 da 1949. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Saskatchewan ce ta hayar Hoffer a cikin 1950 don kafa shirin bincike na lardin a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, [1] kuma ta shiga reshen ayyukan halayyar mutum na Regina, Ma'abiyar Lafiya ta jama'a a cikin 1951. [2] Ya kasance Darakta na Binciken Zuciya har sai ya shiga aikin sirri a shekarar 1967.[3] Mai sukar ilimin halayyar dan adam saboda jaddadawa kan psychosomatic psychoanalysis da kuma abin da ya yi la'akari da rashin isasshen ma'ana da ma'auni, Hoffer ya ji cewa ana iya amfani da ilmin kimiyyar halittu da ilimin halaycin ɗan adam a maimakon haka. Ya yi la'akari da cewa mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia na iya rasa ikon cire hallucinogenic catecholamine metabolite adrenochrome daga kwakwalwarsu. Hoffer ya yi tunanin ana iya amfani da niacin azaman mai karɓar methyl don hana jujjuyawar noradrenaline zuwa adrenaline kuma ana iya amfani dashi don hana oxidation na Adrenaline zuwa Adrenochrome.[4] Hoffer ya kira ka'idarsa "rashin fahimta na adrenochrome". A shekara ta 1967, Hoffer ya yi murabus daga wasu mukamansa na ilimi da na gudanarwa, ya shiga aikin likita mai zaman kansa a [[Saskatoon|Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]] kuma ya kirkiro ''Jaridar Schizophrenia'' (wanda aka sake masa suna Jaridar Orthomolecular Medicine a 1986). Hoffer ya yi amfani da mujallar don buga labarai game da abin da ya kira "magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa", daga baya orthomolecular psychiatry, yana mai da'awar ra'ayoyinsa sun ƙi ta hanyar manyan mujallu saboda ba a yarda da su ba ga cibiyar kiwon lafiya.<ref name="JOM">{{Cite web |last=Hoffer |first=A |title=The History of the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine |url=http://www.orthomed.org/jom/jomhistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122017/http://orthomed.org/jom/jomhistory.html |archive-date=May 20, 2011 |access-date=June 18, 2011}}</ref> A shekara ta 1976, Hoffer ya koma Victoria, British Columbia kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na likita har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 1994, Hoffer ya kafa kungiyar International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine, inda aka fara gudanar da ita a [[Vancouver]] a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and the past on the Prairies: Farmer recounts early days of Jewish settlements |url=https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/poverty-and-the-past-on-the-prairies-farmer-recounts-early-days-of-jewish-settlements/wcm/accd7847-2416-4622-9388-d6c445b39782/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921142643/https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/poverty-and-the-past-on-the-prairies-farmer-recounts-early-days-of-jewish-settlements/wcm/accd7847-2416-4622-9388-d6c445b39782/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hoffer ya ci gaba da samar da shawarwari na abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Jaridar Orthomolecular Medicine . Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Cibiyar Bayar da Vitamin Orthomolecular a Victoria, BC . <ref name="orthoinfocentre">{{Cite web |title=Self published |url=http://www.orthomolecularvitamincentre.com/ |publisher=Orthomolecular Vitamin Information Centre}}</ref> Hoffer ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, a Victoria, British Columbia, Kanada. An binne gawarsa a Kabarin Yahudawa na Victoria . == Bincike == Yin aiki a Saskatchewan tare da Humphry Osmond (wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "psychedelic"), Hoffer da sauran masana kimiyya sun nemi neman amfani da magani don magungunan hallucinogenic.<ref name="Osmond">{{Cite web |last=Eisner |first=B |date=February 11, 2004 |title=Humphrey Osmond Inventor of the Word "Psychedelic" Dies |url=http://www.bruceeisner.com/new_culture/2004/02/humphrey_osmond.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210306/http://www.bruceeisner.com/new_culture/2004/02/humphrey_osmond.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na binciken ya shafi Hoffer, Osmond da matansu suna cinye LSD a kokarin zama mafi kyau, da kuma fahimtar tasirinsa, daga baya wasu masu gwaji da matansu suka shiga. Ayyukansu sun fara jan hankalin masu sana'a, lardin da tarayya da kuma siyasa, kuma ƙungiya mai tasowa ta nemi su don ƙuntata peyote da kuma kungiyoyin 'Yan asalin Amurka waɗanda suka yi amfani da abu a cikin bukukuwan addini. Hoffer, Osmond da sauransu sun kula da masu shaye-shaye da LSD. Masana kimiyya na Kanada sun ba da rahoton nasarar kashi hamsin a cikin binciken daya, kodayake Hoffer ya yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa ne kwarewar LSD, maimakon kwaikwayon delirium tremens, wanda ya shawo kan masu shaye-shaye su daina shan giya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8j9mqfslg78izw873q696naoh91chw2 0 140567 890853 814838 2026-08-03T07:15:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Racing Plast Burträsk (RPB) kamfani ne na [[Sweden]] a Burträsk wanda ke kera motocin tsere da motocin kayan aiki. Kjell Lindskog ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1965. == Motocin Formula Vee == Tun daga shekarar 1966, kamfanin ya samar da motoci biyu na Formula Vee, Broke wanda kwafin American Beach Car ne da Dolling FVe wanda Willy Dolling ya tsara. An yi Dolling a nau'i uku tsakanin 1966 da 1967, jimilla an gina motoci 52. A shekarar 1967, RPB ta fara kera motar Formula Vee ta kanta. Tana da sauƙin kerawa kuma tana da araha. Ta sayar da kyau kuma ta yi kyau a tsere. A shekarar 1968, an inganta chassis ɗin don ta ƙara tauri da kuma ba ta ƙirar aksali na baya mai daidaitawa. A shekarar 1969, an sake tsara motar, a wannan karon don ƙara aiki, amma shida ne kawai aka yi saboda jita-jita game da canje-canje a cikin dokokin Formula Vee. A shekarar 1970, sabbin ƙa'idoji suka zo kuma suka ba da damar siffar da ta fi kama da ta gefe da kuma mota mai tsayi da kunkuntar. An yi motoci 13-15. Motocin RPB sun yi nasara sosai kuma sun lashe gasa 14 cikin 18.  Ɗaya daga cikinsu har yanzu yana cin nasara a tseren a shekarar 1978. An ci gaba da gina irin wannan samfurin a shekarun 1971 da 1972, amma kaɗan ne kawai. A shekarar 1971, motocin RPB sun yi rikodin tseren Turai guda 22. A shekarar 1971, an ƙera motar Formula Super Vee. A wannan karon, an yi amfani da chassis na monocoque. Motar samfurin ta yi kyau a tseren, amma tana fama da matsalolin injin kuma dole ne a sake fasalin ƙarshen chassis ɗin. Bayan sake fasalin, ta yi aiki mafi kyau kuma direban Bror Jaktlund ya sami nasarar kammala a matsayin lamba ta 3 a gasar zakarun Turai, koda kuwa hatsari ya tilasta masa tsallake tseren na ƙarshe. An ƙera wata mota ta Super Formula Vee ta biyu a shekarar 1973 kuma ana amfani da ita har sai da aka sayar da ita a shekarar 1976. Daga nan sai ta canza hannu sau da yawa zuwa ga masu ita a Sweden, [[Denmark]] da Ingila har sai da ta dawo Sweden a ƙarshen 2002. == Motocin wasanni == A cikin 1968 an gabatar da RPB Piraya. Yana da ƙasa, mota mai hawa biyu tare da ƙofofin gullwing wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta Ford GT40 kuma an yi shi don chassis na Volkswagen Beetle. Ya sayar da kayan aiki 40 a kasa da shekara guda, amma wasu abokan ciniki sun sami wahalar tara motocin. A cikin 1969 an gabatar da RPB-GT. Farashin ya fara ne a 3800 SEK. Tsarin ya yi kama da Piraya, amma yana da ƙofofi na gaba na yau da kullun. An sauƙaƙa kayan don tarawa ga abokin ciniki. GT ta sayar da kyau, mafi yawa a matsayin kayan aiki, amma wasu a matsayin motoci da aka kammala. Ya yi amfani da tankin mai daga Renault 10, hinges zuwa gaba da kuma bayan hood ya fito ne daga Renault 4, ƙofofin ƙofa da ƙofofi daga Renault 16, ƙofofin kofa da windows na gefe (yanka zuwa girman) daga Mini, allon gaba daga Chevrolet Corvette na 1967, fitilu na baya da na gaba sune Hella na duniya (ko da yake an yi amfani da raka'a ɗaya a cikin Saab 96, Saab 99 da Renault 16). A cikin 1970 an canza sabbin dokoki don motocin titin da aka gina gida kuma ana buƙatar gwajin hadari na tilas wanda ke sa motocin kayan aiki kusan ba zai yiwu ba don samun doka a titin. Samar da fitarwa, galibi zuwa [[Finland]] da Norway, ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1971 gobara ta lalata masana'antar da ƙira kuma ba zai yiwu a sake fara samarwa ba. Dillalin a Finland yana da umarni don ƙarin motoci don haka ya sayi haƙƙin RPB GT kuma ya yi sabbin ƙira daga ɗayan motocin da aka kawo, amma tare da baya da rufin 5 cm mafi girma, kuma ya ci gaba da samarwa na wasu shekaru. RPB ta janye daga yin mota kuma a maimakon haka ta samar da wasu kayayyakin filastik kamar ciki na bas da sassan motocin dusar ƙanƙara. A shekara ta 1982 dokar da aka gina motoci ta canza don haka motocin da aka gina gida za a iya sake sanya su a matsayin doka ta hanya. RPB ta yanke shawarar sake fara samarwa tare da sabuntawa na samfurin GT. An gina wasu motoci kuma an nuna su a nune-nunen daban-daban. Kafofin yada labarai da jama'a sun karbe su da kyau. Amma sai RPB ta sami babban oda don samfuran filastik ga sojojin Sweden kuma an dakatar da shirye-shiryen samar da mota. An sayar da ƙirar Finnish bayan an yi wasu motoci 20 kuma daga baya an canza hannu sau da yawa. Mai mallakar karshe da aka sani shi ne Allan Sjöbacka a Vaasa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sayar da su.&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == * http://users.burtrask.com/rpb/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * http://www.konditori100.se/garage/carmakes/k1carpb.htm * [http://www.spoca.se/racingplast.php Den lilla bilfabriken da Norrland] * http://piraya.novelair.com{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.abrakeri.se/bilar/rpb.html * http://web.me.com/strom.lundqvist/RPB_GT_FINLANDIA/V%C3%A4lkommen.html * http://www.piraya-gt.se/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7zfik6qnzlok4uh9x5p7sle0079g2o4 0 141285 890744 869186 2026-08-02T19:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Ali''' (1 ga Maris 1932 - 11 ga Janairu 2020) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne kuma lauya na ƙungiyar Bangladesh Awami League . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5. Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . Ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh ma. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ali a ranar 1 ga Maris 1932 ga dangin Bengali a ƙauyen Kajalia a Nabinagar, Gundumar Tipperah (yanzu Gundumar Brahmanbaria, [[Bangladesh]]). Daga baya iyalin suka koma unguwar Bagichagaon a birnin Comilla.<ref name="a">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=নিজের উঠানে কুমিল্লা মুক্ত দিবসের পতাকা উত্তোলন করলেন অ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190029/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই/89206 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Ekushey Television |language=bn}}</ref> Ya kammala digiri na farko na shari'a daga Jami'ar Dhaka . <ref name="d">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=অনেক মার খেয়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এ দল |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655 |access-date=11 January 2020 |language=bn |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624174152/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ali shi ne mataimakin shugaban Kungiyar Chhatra League ta tsakiya. memba na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Awami ta Bangladesh, shugaban kasa da kuma Sakataren kungiyar cumilla zilla Awami <ref name="b">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/236003 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Amader Shomoy |language=bn}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin kowane motsi da ke adawa da Gwamnatin Pakistan daga 1952 zuwa 1971. <ref name="c2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5 a shekarar 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/265740/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . <ref name="b" /> Shi ne mai gudanarwa na farko na Comilla bayan [[Liberation of Bangladesh|'Yanci na Bangladesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক এ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/119220 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jamuna Television |language=bn}}</ref> Ali ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh . <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref> Ya ɗaga tutar Bangladesh a Comilla Town Hall a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1971 bayan an cire Comilla daga Sojojin Pakistan.<ref name="a"/> Ali shine mataimakin shugaban majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh na farko.<ref name="c"/> Ya kuma rubuta wasu littattafai.<ref name="d"/> Ali ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Asibitin Apollo, Dhaka a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2020 yana da shekaru 87. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://m.somoynews.tv/pages/details/192354 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Somoy TV |language=bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/national/news/551767 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jagonews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Language hero Ahmed Ali passes away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Daily Sun |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627025944/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] fb4ogz9gxfjzgiov24ny8aonmsylgp6 0 141886 890575 799717 2026-08-02T12:10:57Z BnHamid 12586 890575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Masallaci]] Kochakhmedli''' tsohon masallaci ne na mabiya darikar [[Shi'a|Shia]] kuma abin tunawa na tarihi, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Qoçəh Taydli, a cikin gundumar Fuzuli ta Azerbaijan. == Tarihi == Masallacin Kochakhmedli, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Kochakhméli a cikin gundumar Fuzuli, Karbelayi Sefikhan Garabaghi ne ya gina shi tsakanin 1905 da 1906 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosque in the Gochahmadli village (Gochahmadli Mosque) of Fuzuli |url=https://religions.az/mosque-in-the-gochahmadli-village-gochahmadli-mosque-of-fuzuli/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122075948/https://religions.az/mosque-in-the-gochahmadli-village-gochahmadli-mosque-of-fuzuli/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Religions in Today's Azerbaijan |language=en}}</ref> .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garabaghli |first=Rizvan |date=2019 |title=Monuments of Architecture in Fizuli (Mosques) |journal=Problems of Arts and Culture: International Scientific Journal |volume=67 |pages=68–69}}</ref> An sanya shi a kan tudu, yana sama da gidan Shukur bey. Rubutun da ke sama da ƙofar ƙofar ya nuna cewa an gina masallacin a cikin shekarun da aka ambata. Duk da yake akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance a girman, salon gine-ginensa, ƙira, da shimfidar wuri suna kama da na Masallacin Hajı Alekber. Gidan addu'a na Masallacin Kochakhmedli ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai huɗu na dutse. Duwatsu da niches, da kuma ginshiƙan bango masu ɗaukar kaya da aka sanya a kan wannan axis, kusan abubuwa ne na tsari iri ɗaya ga waɗanda ke cikin Masallacin Hajı Alekber.<ref name=":0" /> Tsohon masallacin ya kunshi bene biyu, tare da bene na biyu da aka tsara don mata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garabaghli |first=Rizvan |date=2019 |title=Monuments of Architecture in Fizuli (Mosques) |journal=Problems of Arts and Culture: International Scientific Journal |volume=67 |pages=68–69}}</ref> === Yankin Soviet === Bayan mamayar Soviet, gwagwarmayar hukuma da addini ta fara a 1928. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Azerbaijan ya sauya masallatai da yawa, majami'u, da majami'a zuwa ga ma'aunin ma'auni na kungiyoyin ilimi don dalilai na koyarwa. Idan akwai kimanin masallatai 3,000 a Azerbaijan a 1917, zuwa 1927, wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 1,700, kuma zuwa 1933, ya kai 17.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Arif Yunusov}}</ref> Bayan haka, an rufe masallatai kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Sojojin Armenia sun mamaye ƙauyen Kochakhmedli a cikin 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Füzuli rayonunun Qoçəhmədli kəndi |url=https://azertag.az/xeber/fuzuli_rayonunun_qochehmedli_kendi-2277695 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Azərtac |language=az}}</ref> Bayan Azerbaijan ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, an haɗa tsohon masallacin a cikin jerin muhimman abubuwan tarihi da al'adu na cikin gida ta hanyar yanke shawara No. 132 na majalisar ministocin Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan mai kwanan wata 2 ga Agusta, 2001. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2001-08-02 |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Nazirlər Kabinetinin 2001-ci il 2 avqust Tarixli 132 nömrəli qərarı ilə təsdiq edilmişdir |url=http://www.mct.gov.az/medias/media/other/13/tma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707234315/http://www.mct.gov.az/medias/media/other/13/tma.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-07 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=mct.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Sojojin Azerbaijan ne suka 'yantar da ƙauyen a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Bu gün Füzuli şəhərinin işğaldan azad olunmasından 1 il ötür |url=https://report.az/qarabag/bu-gun-fuzuli-seherinin-isgaldan-azad-olunmasindan-1-il-otur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122104333/https://report.az/qarabag/bu-gun-fuzuli-seherinin-isgaldan-azad-olunmasindan-1-il-otur/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Report İnformasiya Agentliyi |language=az}}</ref> A lokacin mamayewa, an lalata masallacin kuma ArArmeniyawa yi amfani da shi azaman shago.[2]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Армянские вандалы разрушили мечеть XVIII века в Физулинском районе и превратили ее в хлев – ФОТО |url=https://1news.az/news/armyanskie-vandaly-razrushili-mechet-xviii-veka-v-fizulinskom-rayone-i-prevratili-ee-v-hlev-foto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130230206/https://1news.az/news/armyanskie-vandaly-razrushili-mechet-xviii-veka-v-fizulinskom-rayone-i-prevratili-ee-v-hlev-foto |archive-date=2021-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=1news.az |language=ru}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==  * [[Muslumci a Azerbaijan|Musulunci na Shia a Azerbaijan]] * Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://karabakh.center/az/cd-195/fuzuli/qocehmedli Qoçəhmədli məscidi] {{Mosques in Azerbaijan}} djzq9thpaizanjyeryt25i2yz2y5yqk 890576 890575 2026-08-02T12:11:13Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 890576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Masallaci]] Kochakhmedli''' tsohon masallaci ne na mabiya darikar [[Shi'a|Shia]] kuma abin tunawa na tarihi, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Qoçəh Taydli, a cikin gundumar Fuzuli ta Azerbaijan. == Tarihi == Masallacin Kochakhmedli, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Kochakhméli a cikin gundumar Fuzuli, Karbelayi Sefikhan Garabaghi ne ya gina shi tsakanin 1905 da 1906 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosque in the Gochahmadli village (Gochahmadli Mosque) of Fuzuli |url=https://religions.az/mosque-in-the-gochahmadli-village-gochahmadli-mosque-of-fuzuli/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122075948/https://religions.az/mosque-in-the-gochahmadli-village-gochahmadli-mosque-of-fuzuli/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Religions in Today's Azerbaijan |language=en}}</ref> .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garabaghli |first=Rizvan |date=2019 |title=Monuments of Architecture in Fizuli (Mosques) |journal=Problems of Arts and Culture: International Scientific Journal |volume=67 |pages=68–69}}</ref> An sanya shi a kan tudu, yana sama da gidan Shukur bey. Rubutun da ke sama da ƙofar ƙofar ya nuna cewa an gina masallacin a cikin shekarun da aka ambata. Duk da yake akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance a girman, salon gine-ginensa, ƙira, da shimfidar wuri suna kama da na Masallacin Hajı Alekber. Gidan addu'a na Masallacin Kochakhmedli ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai huɗu na dutse. Duwatsu da niches, da kuma ginshiƙan bango masu ɗaukar kaya da aka sanya a kan wannan axis, kusan abubuwa ne na tsari iri ɗaya ga waɗanda ke cikin Masallacin Hajı Alekber.<ref name=":0" /> Tsohon masallacin ya kunshi bene biyu, tare da bene na biyu da aka tsara don mata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garabaghli |first=Rizvan |date=2019 |title=Monuments of Architecture in Fizuli (Mosques) |journal=Problems of Arts and Culture: International Scientific Journal |volume=67 |pages=68–69}}</ref> === Yankin Soviet === Bayan mamayar Soviet, gwagwarmayar hukuma da addini ta fara a 1928. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Azerbaijan ya sauya masallatai da yawa, majami'u, da majami'a zuwa ga ma'aunin ma'auni na kungiyoyin ilimi don dalilai na koyarwa. Idan akwai kimanin masallatai 3,000 a Azerbaijan a 1917, zuwa 1927, wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 1,700, kuma zuwa 1933, ya kai 17.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Arif Yunusov}}</ref> Bayan haka, an rufe masallatai kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Sojojin Armenia sun mamaye ƙauyen Kochakhmedli a cikin 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Füzuli rayonunun Qoçəhmədli kəndi |url=https://azertag.az/xeber/fuzuli_rayonunun_qochehmedli_kendi-2277695 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Azərtac |language=az}}</ref> Bayan Azerbaijan ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, an haɗa tsohon masallacin a cikin jerin muhimman abubuwan tarihi da al'adu na cikin gida ta hanyar yanke shawara No. 132 na majalisar ministocin Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan mai kwanan wata 2 ga Agusta, 2001. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2001-08-02 |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Nazirlər Kabinetinin 2001-ci il 2 avqust Tarixli 132 nömrəli qərarı ilə təsdiq edilmişdir |url=http://www.mct.gov.az/medias/media/other/13/tma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707234315/http://www.mct.gov.az/medias/media/other/13/tma.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-07 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=mct.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Sojojin Azerbaijan ne suka 'yantar da ƙauyen a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Bu gün Füzuli şəhərinin işğaldan azad olunmasından 1 il ötür |url=https://report.az/qarabag/bu-gun-fuzuli-seherinin-isgaldan-azad-olunmasindan-1-il-otur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122104333/https://report.az/qarabag/bu-gun-fuzuli-seherinin-isgaldan-azad-olunmasindan-1-il-otur/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Report İnformasiya Agentliyi |language=az}}</ref> A lokacin mamayewa, an lalata masallacin kuma ArArmeniyawa yi amfani da shi azaman shago.[2]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Армянские вандалы разрушили мечеть XVIII века в Физулинском районе и превратили ее в хлев – ФОТО |url=https://1news.az/news/armyanskie-vandaly-razrushili-mechet-xviii-veka-v-fizulinskom-rayone-i-prevratili-ee-v-hlev-foto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130230206/https://1news.az/news/armyanskie-vandaly-razrushili-mechet-xviii-veka-v-fizulinskom-rayone-i-prevratili-ee-v-hlev-foto |archive-date=2021-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=1news.az |language=ru}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==  * [[Muslumci a Azerbaijan|Musulunci na Shia a Azerbaijan]] * Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://karabakh.center/az/cd-195/fuzuli/qocehmedli Qoçəhmədli məscidi] jixbceiu1cczsaehc06qws35gc39kfl 0 145371 890838 809497 2026-08-03T06:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aissonpé Gù́́__hau____hau____hau__ Farfesa ce ta [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] Language and Literature a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], Najeriya, kuma marubuciya ce kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UITaiSolarin – NUC Full Professors List |url=https://fullprofessors2.nuc.edu.ng/uitaisolarin/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213210007/https://fullprofessors2.nuc.edu.ng/uitaisolarin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san ta da tallafin karatu a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba, satire, da nazarin jinsi. == Ayyuka == Adejumo ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife a shekarar 1995.[1] Daga baya, ta shiga Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti a matsayin mataimakiyar malama.[1] A shekara ta 2007 ta koma sashen ilimin harshe da harsunan Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan a matsayin babban malami. A shekara ta 2010 an inganta ta zuwa matsayin farfesa, kuma daga shekara ta 2011 har zuwa shekara ta 2017 ta kasance shugabar sashen ilimin harshe da harsunan Afirka. [1] Adejumo a halin yanzu Mataimakin Provost (Academic) na Kwalejin Postgraduate na Jami'ar Ibadan . [2] == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == === Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen === * (2002) ''R yarinya.'' (Ka yi la'akari da Daidai). Legas: Masu wallafa Capstone . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adeosun |first=Hezekiah Olufemi |date=2013 |title=Socio-economic roles of women in contemporary Yoruba society: An appraisal of Arinpe Adejumo's Ro oo Re |url=https://uilspace.unilorin.edu.ng/handle/20.500.12484/1767 |journal=Makardi Journal of Arts and Culture |language=en}}</ref> * (2010) Afàgo Kéyin Àparò (The Partridge's Egg). Legas: Masu wallafa Capstone. === Littattafan ilimi === * (1991) 'Satire na Siyasa a cikin Olaore Afotejoye na Olabimtan', a cikin Essays in Honour of Professor Ayo Bamgbose, wanda F.A. Soyoye da L.O. Adewole suka shirya, shafi na 99-103. Ife: Ma'aikatar Harsuna da Littattafan Afirka. * (2001) ''"Isefe Ninu Awon Ere-onitan Yoruba" (Satire A Zaɓuɓɓukan Wasanni na Yoruba).'' CASAS Book Series No. 11. Cape Town: Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba na Al'ummar Afirka. <nowiki>ISBN 9781919799506</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society |url=http://www.casas.co.za/Publications.aspx?PID=74 |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=www.casas.co.za}}</ref> * (2005) 'Binciken Da Cutar: Binciken Jama'a na Orin Ewuro na Atari Ajanaku", Yoruba: Jaridar Nazarin Yoruba ta Najeriya 3: 34-41. * (2005) 'Yoruba Philosophical Thought in Satirical Songs: A Functionalist Approach", Ihafa: A Journal of African Studies 5: 20-32. * (2007) 'Daga Ido na Eagle: Tunawa da Kasuwancin Bautar Trans-Atlantic na ƙarni na 18 a cikin Wasanni na Tarihi na Yoruba", Nazarin Kabilun da Kabilun 5, 1: 9-14. * (2008) 'Satirical Elements in Akinwumi Isola's Drama', a cikin Emerging Perspective on Akinwumi isola, wanda Akintunde Akinyemi da Toyin Falola suka shirya, shafuffuka na 49-62. Trenton: Africa World Press. * (2010) 'Poetics of Manhood in Etches on Freshwater', a cikin The Man. The Mask, The Muse edited by Toyin Falola, pp. 929-943. Carolina: Jaridar Kwalejin Kwalejin. * (2016) Adebowale, O, Adeleke, D. da Adejumo, A. (Eds.) Otun ImoNinu Itan Aroso D.O. Fagunwa. '' (Sabon Bincike a cikin Littattafan DO Fagunwa) ''. Legas: Masu wallafa Capstones. * (2023). 'Al'adun Yoruba a cikin Duniya Mai Canji. 'Yoruba Studies Review, ''8'' (1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.32473/ysr.8.1.134083 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6g6yscjlurie1xmsuer8slj9ah3ujiw 0 145378 890874 832674 2026-08-03T08:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atinuke''' marubuciyar litattafan yara ce wadda aka haifa a Najeriya kuma mai ba da labari na gargajiya na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Reading with... Atinuke |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=1019 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Atinuke a Ibadan kuma ta girma a Legas, Najeriya tare da iyayenta da 'yan uwanta uku.[1] Mahaifinta malamin jami'ar Najeriya ne kuma mahaifiyarta edita ce ta Turanci.[1] Atinuke ta fito ne daga asalin Yoruba ta wurin mahaifinta.[2][3] Atinuke ta zaɓi zuwa makarantar kwana a Ingila daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku.[1] Iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta uku suka ƙaura zuwa Ingila, kuma Atinuke ta fara zuwa makarantar gwamnati. [ana buƙatar hutu][citation needed] a jami'a, Atinuke ta yi karatun Turanci da Littattafan Commonwealth . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Atinuke |url=https://www.gaithersburgbookfestival.org/featured_author/atinuke/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Gaithersburg Book Festival |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Atinuke |url=https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Miles Stott Agency |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201505/https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a [[Wales]]. <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atinuke, Nigerian Born Storyteller and Children's Book Author ★ |url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Atinuke |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=African American Literature Book Club |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Atinuke's first Atinuke ta zaɓi zuwa makarantar kwana a Ingila daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku.[1] Iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta uku suka ƙaura zuwa Ingila, kuma Atinuke ta fara zuwa makarantar gwamnati. [ana buƙatar hutu][citation == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Kungiyar Littattafan Afirka ta Amirka mai suna Atinuke a cikin jerin sunayen "Top 100 Bestselling Authors" a matsayi na 60.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 100 Bestselling Black Authors |url=https://aalbc.com/authors/bestselling-authors2.php |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=African American Literature Book Club |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Good Luck, Anna Hibiscus! An kira shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan yara na shekara ta The Horn Book Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-12-05 |title=Horn Book Fanfare 1938 to present |url=https://www.hbook.com/story/horn-book-fanfare-1938-to-present |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Double Trouble for Anna Hibiscus an kira shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan yara da matasa na shekara ta Shelf Awareness . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-12-11 |title=Our 2015 Best Books of the Year |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2652 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Shelf Awareness ]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ''Kuna da ban mamaki, Anna Hibiscus!'' an haɗa shi a cikin Kirkus Reviews' "Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Masu Girma na Tsakiya na 2017".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicky |first=Vicki |date=2017-11-27 |title=Old Friends Return in the Best Books for Middle Graders |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/old-friends-return-best-books-middle-graders/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an haɗa Baby Goes to Market a cikin jerin sunayen "Littattafai mafi kyau ga yara".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meadows |first=Rebecca |title=UCF Research Guides: Award Winning and Notable Children's Books PreK - 8: CABA Children's Africana Book Awards |url=https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&p=8600797 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[University of Central Florida]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193008/https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&p=8600797 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2021, Too Small Tola an kira shi daya daga cikin littattafan yara mafi kyau na shekara ta The Horn Book Magazine, School Library Journal da Shelf Awareness <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gershowitz |first=Elissa |date=2021-12-10 |title=Fanfare Family Reading 2021 |url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-family-reading-2021 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Monisha |last2=Speight |first2=Myiesha |last3=Williams |first3=Ashleigh |last4=Worley |first4=Taylor |date=2021-11-22 |title=Best Chapter Books 2021 {{!}} SLJ Best Books |url=https://www.slj.com/story/best-chapter-books-2021-slj-best-books |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[School Library Journal]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-23 |title=Our 2021 Best Children's & YA Books of the Year |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=4119 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Too Small Tola da Three Fine Girls an kira su daya daga cikin littattafan yara mafi kyau na shekara ta The Horn Book Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-14 |title=Fanfare 2022 Annotations |url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-2022-annotations |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Kyaututtuka don '''Rubuce-rubucen Atinuke''' !Shekara !Taken !Kyautar !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |''Anna Hibiscus'' |Kyautar Cybils don gajerun Littattafai |Wadanda suka kammala |<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=2010 Cybils Finalists |url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2010-cybils-finalists |access-date=2023-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |Kyautar Littafin Boston Globe-Horn don Fiction |Daraja |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-10 |title=Past Boston Globe–Horn Book Award Winners |url=https://www.hbook.com/story/past-boston-globe-horn-book-award-winners |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> |- |''Ka yi farin ciki, Anna Hibiscus!'' |Kyautar Cybils don gajerun Littattafai |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2011 Cybils Winners |url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170942/https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Sa'a mai kyau, Anna Hibiscus!'' |Mind the Gap Awards: Mafi kyawun sa'a a gaba |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-07-09 |title=Out of the Box {{!}} 2012 Mind the Gap Awards |url=https://www.hbook.com/story/2012-mind-the-gap-awards |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=The Horn Book}}</ref> |- |2013 |{{Sort|No. 1 Car Spotter and the Firebird|''The No. 1 Car Spotter and the Firebird''}} |Medal na Carnegie |Wanda aka zaba | |- |2014 |''Sa'ad da aka yi wa Anna Hibiscus!'' |Kyautar Audie don Takardun Yara Har zuwa 8 |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audie Award Finalists and Winners |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/audies/2014/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[AudioFile Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-18 |title=2014 Audie Finalists Announced |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/audio-books/article/61095-2014-audie-finalists-announced.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 | rowspan="3" |''Jariri ya tafi Kasuwa'' |ALSC Shahararrun Littattafan Yara |Zaɓin |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulte-Cooper |first=Laura |date=2018-04-12 |title=ALSC names 2018 Notable Children's Books |url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2018/04/alsc-names-2018-notable-childrens-books |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[American Library Association]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Charlotte Zolotow |Daraja |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-01-12 |title=Awards: Charlotte Zolotow; Edward Stanford Travel Writing |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3163 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Littafin Mathical: Pre-K |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-02-27 |title=Awards: Mathical Book; Jane Grigson Trust |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3193 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Afirka, Afirka mai ban mamaki'' |Kyautar Littafin Bayanai na Makarantar Laburaren Makarantar Shekaru 8 zuwa 12 |Jerin gajeren |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Shortlist Announced for School Library Association Information Book Award 2020 :: NEWS |url=https://www.sla.org.uk/article/richard-leveridge/shortlist-announced-for-school-library-association-information-book-award-2020 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[School Library Association]] |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |''B don jariri ne'' |ALSC Shahararrun Littattafan Yara |Zaɓin |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulte-Cooper |first=Laura |date=2020-02-25 |title=ALSC names 2020 Notable Children's Books |url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/02/alsc-names-2020-notable-childrens-books |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[American Library Association]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Medal na Carnegie |Jerin Tsawon Lokaci |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Longlists for 2020 CILIP Carnegie and Kate Greenaway Medals Announced |url=https://yotocarnegies.co.uk/longlists-for-2020-cilip-carnegie-and-kate-greenaway-medals-announced/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=The Yoto Carnegies |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 | rowspan="3" |''Ƙananan Tola'' |Kyautar Cybils don Littattafan Babi Mai Sauƙi |Wanda ya kammala |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Cybils Finalists |url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2021-cybils-finalists |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Children's and Young Adult Book Lover's Literary Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Jhalak ga Yara YA |Jerin Tsawon Lokaci | |- |2022 |ALSC Shahararrun Littattafan Yara |Zaɓin |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulte-Cooper |first=Laura |date=2023-02-01 |title=2022 Notable Children's Books |url=https://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/notalists/ncb/ncbpastlists/ncb_2022 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC) |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gmnxmvrq77fkgc67ypclo0y9s10laio 0 145471 890830 853061 2026-08-03T04:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890830 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Anna Westerholm''', jakadiya ce, ƙwararriyar ma'aikatar harkokin waje, shugabar ofishin jakadanci, jami'ar diflomasiyya kuma jakadar Sweden a [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy staff |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/nigeria-abuja/about-us/embassy-staff/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Sweden Abroad {{ill|Embassy of Sweden, Abuja|sv|Embassy of Sweden, Abuja}} |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Regeringskansliet |first=Regeringen och |date=26 June 2025 |title=Ny ambassadör i Nigeria |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/06/ny-ambassador-i-nigeria/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Regeringskansliet |language=sv}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> A tsawon aikinta, ta sami gogewa a yankuna da suka haɗa da [[Gabashin Turai]], Caucasus, da [[Rasha]], kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a Najeriya da [[Kamaru]] ta hanyar naɗinta a matsayin jakada. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 2025, ta sake komawa bakin aikinta a Abuja a hukumance a matsayin jakadar Sweden a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=After a meeting between Ambassador Dr. Elias-Fatile, CDAai/Head of Mission and the new Ambassador of Sweden to Nigeria, Her Excellency, Anna Westerholm, ahead of her departure to resume in Abuja, Nigeria. – Embassy of Nigeria Sweden |url=https://nigerianembassy.se/after-a-meeting-between-ambassador-dr-elias-fatile-cdaai-head-of-mission-and-the-new-ambassador-of-sweden-to-nigeria-her-excellency-anna-westerholm-ahead-of-her-departure-to-resume-in-abuja-nige/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303165554/https://nigerianembassy.se/after-a-meeting-between-ambassador-dr-elias-fatile-cdaai-head-of-mission-and-the-new-ambassador-of-sweden-to-nigeria-her-excellency-anna-westerholm-ahead-of-her-departure-to-resume-in-abuja-nige/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Anna Westerholm ta kammala digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Uppsala da ke Sweden . A can, ta sami digiri na farko a [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|Kimiyya ta Jama'a]] da Nazarin [[Rasha]] da kuma digiri na biyu a Kimiyya na Jama'a / Nazarin Ci Gaban da Harkokin Gabashin Turai. Ta kuma yi karatu a Rasha a shekarar 1992, inda ta sami difloma a cikin harshen Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LinkedIn |title=Anna Westerholm: Education |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/annawesterholm/details/education/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=linkedin.com}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka da Ayyuka == A matsayinta na jami'ar diflomasiyya, Westerholm ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Sweden na hadin gwiwar Gabas daga 2016 zuwa 2022, a lokacin da ta kuma yi aiki a kasada da Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (MFA). Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan leken asiri da ke mai da hankali kan Caucasus da Asiya ta Tsakiya kuma ta rike mukamai da yawa tare da Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE) a [[Istoniya|Estonia]], [[Georgia]], da [[Moldufiniya|Jamhuriyar Moldova]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anna Westerholm |url=https://www.isdp.eu/people/anna-westerholm/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |language=en}}</ref> Kwarewarta ba ta iyakance ga diflomasiyya ba, kamar yadda ta yi aiki a kan allon.<ref name=":0"/> Tun lokacin da ta ɗauki matsayinta na jakadan Sweden a Najeriya, ta yi kira ga haɗin gwiwar Nordic-Nigerian da za ta iya inganta tsarin halittu na dogon lokaci don kirkire-kirkire da canjin dijital.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2 March 2026 |title=Envoy seeks Nigeria-Sweden partnership to drive innovation, digital transformation |url=https://gazettengr.com/envoy-seeks-nigeria-sweden-partnership-to-drive-innovation-digital-transformation/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2026, ta jagoranci tawagar Nordic zuwa bikin Enugu Tech tare da Consul-General na Denmark. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Home - Enugu Tech Festival 2026 |url=https://enugutechfest.com/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2026 |title=Mrs Anna Westerholm Archives |url=https://dailytimesng.com/tag/mrs-anna-westerholm/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=DAILY TIMES Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Time Africa |date=20 February 2026 |title=Enugu Tech Festival 2026: From Coal to Code, Nigeria’s Digital Future |url=https://timeafricamagazine.com/tech-giants-flock-to-enugu-for-second-enugu-tech-festival/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Time Africa Magazine |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, Westerholm ya jagoranci tawagar da ta ziyarci lakabin rikodin Najeriya Chocolate City . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |first=Arinze |date=22 January 2026 |title=Sweden, Chocolate City deepen creative ties |url=https://punchng.com/sweden-chocolate-city-deepen-creative-ties/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyeniran |first=Apata |date=19 January 2026 |title=Chocolate City Group Hosts Swedish Ambassador, Explores Creative, Digital Collaboration Opportunities |url=https://independent.ng/chocolate-city-group-hosts-swedish-ambassador-explores-creative-digital-collaboration-opportunities/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2026, ta ziyarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikem |first=Felix |date=28 February 2026 |title=UNN, Sweden strengthen collaboration |url=https://thesun.ng/unn-sweden-strengthen-collaboration/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref> Ziyarar ta yi daidai da goyon bayan Sweden ga Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Muhalli da Muhalli da Muhalli don Ci Gaban (REPRC-EfD). <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2026 |title=UNN Expands Strategic Partnership With Sweden To Boost Research And Innovation - GMT News Nigeria |url=https://gmtnewsng.com/2026/02/27/unn-sweden-partnership-collaboration/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okpara |first=Ignatius |date=1 March 2026 |title=Sweden Partners UNN For Educational Advancement {{!}} African Examiner |url=https://www.africanexaminer.com/sweden-partners-unn-for-educational-advancement/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi imanin cewa daidaito tsakanin mata shine ginshiƙi na [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]], cewa muryoyin mata dole ne su fassara zuwa iko da yanke shawara, kuma cewa tashin hankali a kan mata yana yin shiru ga hukumar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAN |date=13 March 2026 |title=Foundation urges action to strengthen women’s role in democracy |url=https://quicknews-africa.net/foundation-urges-action-to-strengthen-womens-role-in-democracy/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=13 March 2026 |title=Goodluck Jonathan's foundation wants women’s role in democracy strengthened |url=https://gazettengr.com/goodluck-jonathans-foundation-wants-womens-role-in-democracy-strengthened/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Foundation urges action to strengthen women’s role in democracy |url=https://phenomenal.com.ng/2026/03/foundation-urges-action-to-strengthen-womens-role-in-democracy/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Phenomenal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya na Sweden * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Sweden == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lh2wjjh9ijpz4mcf8n4ahf12nrgs2gj 0 145873 890877 883070 2026-08-03T08:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Audrey Maame Esi Swatson (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=22-year-old Audrey Esi Swatson is Ghana's youngest commercial female pilot |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/22-year-old-Audrey-Esi-Swatson-is-Ghana-s-youngest-commercial-female-pilot-791266 |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghnewslive |date=2022-01-16 |title=Meet Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, First Black Female Pilot From Ghana Who Owns Her Own Airline Company. - Ghnewslive |url=https://www.ghnewslive.com/2022/01/16/meet-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-first-black-female-pilot-from-ghana-who-owns-her-own-airline-company/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520233724/https://www.ghnewslive.com/2022/01/16/meet-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-first-black-female-pilot-from-ghana-who-owns-her-own-airline-company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ita ce matashiyar matukin jirgi Dan Ghana wacce ta sami lasisin kasuwanci. <ref name="yen">{{Cite web |last=Effah |first=K. |date=2019-01-10 |title=Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot |url=https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301231606/https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Yen.com.gh – Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Swatson ya fito ne daga Saltpond, wani gari kuma babban birnin Gundumar Mfantsiman a [[Ghana]]" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Ghana">Yankin Tsakiya na Kudancin Ghana . Ta sami ilimi na asali a Jami'ar Ghana Basic school da kuma Babban Ilimi a Ghana Christian International High School (Dodowa) inda ta yi karatun General Science . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-18 |title=[Photos] UG Basic School honors Ghana's youngest female pilot, Audrey Swatson |url=https://www.universnewsroom.com/news/photos-ug-basic-school-honors-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot-audrey-swatson/ |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Radio Univers 105.7FM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="yen"/> Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare tana da shekaru 18, ta sami shiga a Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Mach1 a [[Johannesburg]] (Afirka ta Kudu) don bin burinta na zama matukin jirgi.<ref name="ghanaweb">{{Cite web |title=Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot; 21-year-old Audrey who almost ditched her dream |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111145250/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-08 |title=At 21, Audrey Esi Swatson Is Ghana's Youngest Female Commercial Pilot |url=http://www.businessworldghana.com/at-21-audrey-esi-swatson-is-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=Business World Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132626/http://www.businessworldghana.com/at-21-audrey-esi-swatson-is-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-11 |title=All about Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, Ghana's youngest female commercial pilot |url=https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/04/all-about-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.myinfo.com.gh |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216111036/https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/04/all-about-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Maame Esi ta fara tashi a kanta tare da Mach1 Aviation Academy a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2016 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. <ref name="ghanaweb"/> Yanzu tana da lasisi matukin jirgi na kasuwanci ga ka'idodin Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="ghanaweb" /> Ta tashi jimlar awanni 210 na tsawon lokacin da take makaranta har sai da ta sami lasisin kasuwanci.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Meet Audrey Esi, Ghana's youngest female pilot |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/meet-audrey-esi-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot/t8f66t0 |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> Swatson ya kafa kamfanin jirgin sama mai suna Excel Aviation Company . <ref name="ghanaweb"/> <ref name="pulse"/><ref name=":0"/> Ya zuwa 2019, ita jami'i ce ta farko tare da Passion Air a Ghana, tana aiki da jirgin De Havilland Kanada Dash 8. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2020 |title=Meet Audrey Swatson: a young female pilot changing the aviation narrative |url=https://thebftonline.com/28/09/2020/meet-audrey-swatson-a-young-female-pilot-changing-the-aviation-narrative/ |publisher=Business and Financial Times |access-date=18 March 2026 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030015024/https://thebftonline.com/28/09/2020/meet-audrey-swatson-a-young-female-pilot-changing-the-aviation-narrative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == Ma'aikatar Jirgin Sama ce ta yi bikin Audrey Esi Swatson.[1] A shekara ta 2016 ta halarci taron da aka tallafawa a Amurka a matsayin matukin jirgi na farko na mata na Afirka ta International Women in Aviation . [2] An zabi ta kuma an girmama ta a Kyautar Afirka ta gaba don Matashi na Shekara (Ghana) [3][4][5] An ba ta lambar yabo ta Matashi Matasa a 2022 Exclusive Men of the Year Africa Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Playback: 7th EMY Africa Awards on Joy Prime - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/livestream-7th-emy-africa-awards-on-joy-prime/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] htfz4niwrlbmukha0q0ajgj3w6m1ola 0 146484 890757 824934 2026-08-02T20:43:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890757 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Ajomuzu Collette Bekaku (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1975) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ne, Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Kamaru don Karewa da Ilimi na Yara (CAPEC) wanda ke kula da ayyukan al'umma daban-daban ciki har da makarantar firamare da sakandare == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta ne a ƙauyen Mambanda, Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru, kuma mahaifiyar da ke makarantar firamare ce ta haife ta. Ita da abokan karatunta sun yi aiki a gonakin ayaba da roba don taimakawa iyalansu. Sau da yawa aiki ne mai haɗari kuma wannan ya yi mata wahayi zuwa gare ta ta zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajomuzu Collette Bekaku - Bitame Lucia Nursery and Primary School in Nkolfoulou, Cameroon |url=http://blis.cam/Ajomuzu_Collette_Bekaku |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=blis.cam}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[Fayil:BLIS_teachers_in_April_2014.jpg|thumb|250x250px|AC Bekaku (dama) tare da malamai na cikin gida da na duniya a watan Afrilun 2014]] A shekara ta 2003 ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Yaoundé II]] a matsayin Jagora na Shari'ar Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa . <ref name="School">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ajomuzu Collette Bekaku - founder and executive director of CAPEC |url=https://www.developafrica.org/interview-ajomuzu-collette-bekaku-%E2%80%93-founder-and-executive-director-capec |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=Develop Africa.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A lokacin karatun jami'a ta yi aiki ga Majalisar Burtaniya Kamaru . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajomuzu Collette Bekaku |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ajomuzu-collette-bekaku-7b7a0417 |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 bayan kammala karatunta ta kafa CAPEC kuma daga baya cibiyoyin ilimi 2.<ref name="School"/> Don tara kudade ta yi amfani da GlobalGiving, Indiegogo, da sauran tashoshin yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building School in Cameroon - part 2. |url=http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/820369/fblk |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=Indiegogo |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Kungiyar Kamaru don Karewa da Ilimi na Yara (CAPEC) === CAPEC kungiya ce mai zaman kanta kuma mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]]. Tun daga shekara ta 2003 ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan al'umma da yawa, yanzu tana da ofisoshi a Yaoundé da Kumba da ma'aikata sama da 30. Babban ayyukan sun hada da: * jinsi da haɓaka iyawagina ƙarfin aiki * lafiya / HIV / OVC (marayu da yara masu rauni) * Aikin ilimi. Shahararren shine shirin sa na masu sa kai na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon Association for the Protection and Education of the Child (CAPEC) {{!}} |url=http://www.thedayaproject.org/projects/cameroon-association-for-the-protection-and-education-of-the-child-capec/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal References |url=http://www.capecam.org/Default.aspx?PageID=14554217&A=SearchResult&SearchID=1313267&ObjectID=14554217&ObjectType=1 |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=www.capecam.org }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> CAPEC an dauke shi daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kula da lafiyar yara mafi kyau a Kamaru. === Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Bitame Lucia (BLIS) === A shekara ta 2009 ta kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Bitame Lucia (BLIS) da ke ba da ɗakin yara da makarantar firamare ta harsuna biyu (Turanci da Faransanci). Makarantar tana ba da damar koyarwa ga masu sa kai na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-06 |title=Teaching at the Bitame Lucia School {{!}} K12 Academics |url=https://www.k12academics.com/national-directories/study-abroad-program/teaching-bitame-lucia-school |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=www.k12academics.com |language=en |archive-date=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184739/https://www.k12academics.com/national-directories/study-abroad-program/teaching-bitame-lucia-school |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2012 an buɗe sabon aji da aka gina tare da taimakon Shirin Jakadancin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Embassy Inaugurates New Classroom in Nkolfoulou Village - Bitame Lucia Nursery and Primary School in Nkolfoulou, Cameroon |url=http://blis.cam/US_Embassy_Inaugurates_New_Classroom_in_Nkolfoulou_Village |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=blis.cam}}</ref> Abokan hulɗa da masu tallafawa sun haɗa da Busuu, Ci gaba da Afirka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanks For Helping to Provide On-Going Education {{!}} Develop Africa |url=https://www.developafrica.org/thanks-helping-provide-going-education |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=www.developafrica.org}}</ref> [[Google]], OLPC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=OLPCorps AmericanUniversityofParis Cameroon - OLPC |url=http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPCorps_AmericanUniversityofParis_Cameroon |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=wiki.laptop.org}}</ref> da dai sauransu. === Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Bitame Lucia (BLIC) === BLIC tana ba da ilimin sakandare tun 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitame Lucia International College - BLIC |url=https://www.facebook.com/bitamelucia/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> a watan Satumbar 2016 tana maraba da ziyarar da darasi na ƙasa na jakadan Brazil Dr. Nei Futuro Bitencourt. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.facebook.com/mangwi.collette Facebook] * [https://www.instagram.com/ajomuzucolly Instagram] * [https://twitter.com/AjomuzuC Twitter] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 2uo8jnekdgspkhc5ugxzjvqiex353h4 0 146551 890880 839076 2026-08-03T08:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Augustin Andriamananoro (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1968 a Somahamanina ) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Malagasy. Ya riƙe muƙamin minista kuma, daga watan Mayu 2024, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa wanda ke wakiltar Antananarivo I. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa daga 12 ga Yuli 2024 zuwa 29 ga Oktoba 2025. == Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi == An haifi '''Augustin Andriamananoro''' a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1968, a Somahamanina. A cewar manema labarai na gida, ya fito daga iyali mai sauƙi kuma ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a [[Antananarivo]] . <ref>name="madagate">{{Cite web |title=Augustin Andriamananoro. Bon anniversaire de notre confrère Midi Madagasikara ! |url=https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Madagate |language=fr |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064610/https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aiki a fannin sadarwa da gudanar da gwamnati == == Ma'aikatun gwamnati == === Ministan Wasiku, Sadarwa da Sabbin Fasaha === Ya taɓa yin aiki a ɓangaren sadarwa da sadarwa a matsayin Ministan Wasiku, Sadarwa da Sabbin Fasaha. <ref> name="siit2009">{{Cite web |title=SIIT 2009 ouvre ses portes |url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/SIIT-2009-ouvre-ses-portes-sans%2C12743.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Madagascar-Tribune}}</ref> <ref>name="andria-acta">{{Cite web |title=Le Ministre Augustin Andriamananoro – Acta non Verba ! |url=https://andriamananoro.net/reportages/entreprendre/1001-le-ministre-augustin-andriamananoro-acta-non-verba-.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212071540/https://andriamananoro.net/reportages/entreprendre/1001-le-ministre-augustin-andriamananoro-acta-non-verba-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ministan Albarkatun Halieutic da Kamun Kifi (2018–2019) === A shekarar 2018, an naɗa shi Ministan Albarkatun Halieutic da Kamun Kifi, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekarar 2019. <ref> name="un-decret">{{Cite web |title=DECRET N° 2018-1008 |url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DecretMZN147Fr.pdf |access-date=2 December 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>name="madagate-toliara">{{Cite web |title=Toliara – IHSM An 25 : discours du ministre Augustin Andriamananoro |url=https://www.madagate.org/editorial/madagate-video-et-affiche/6925-toliara-ihsm-an-25-discours-du-ministre-augustin-andriamananoro.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212160847/https://www.madagate.org/editorial/madagate-video-et-affiche/6925-toliara-ihsm-an-25-discours-du-ministre-augustin-andriamananoro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ministan Sadarwa da Al'adu (Janairu–Afrilu 2024) === A watan Janairun 2024, an nada Andriamanananoro Ministan Sadarwa da Al'adu. <ref> name="lexpress-mcc">{{Cite web |title=COMMUNICATION ET CULTURE : le nouveau ministre s’engage à résoudre les problèmes de l’OMDA |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/01/communication-et-culture-le-nouveau.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=L'Express de Madagascar |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="gasigasy">{{Cite web |title=Bureau Permanent – Deux anciens ministres et du sang neuf à la vice-présidence |url=https://www.gasigasy.mg/politique/bureau-permanent-deux-anciens-ministres-et-du-sang-neuf-a-la-vice-presidence/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Gasigasy |language=fr}}</ref> Ya yi murabus a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2024, domin tsayawa takara a zaben 'yan majalisa na 2024. <ref> name="moov">{{Cite web |title=Augustin Andriamananoro : « Je suis un candidat comme les autres après ma démission » |url=https://new.moov.mg/actualite/nationale/83843-augustin-andriamananoro-je-suis-un-candidat-comme-les-autres-apres-ma-demission |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Moov |language=fr}}</ref> == Aikin yin dokoki == A watan Mayu na 2024, an zaɓi Andriamananoro a matsayin mataimakin mazabar Antananarivo ta I. <ref name="assemblee-vp">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Élection des membres du Bureau permanent |url=https://assemblee-nationale.mg/election-des-membres-du-bureau-permanent/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Assemblée nationale de Madagascar |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuli na 2024, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa wanda ke wakiltar Lardin Antananarivo. <ref name="assemblee-vp" /> Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare a ranar 29 ga Oktoba na 2025, lokacin da aka zaɓi sabon Ofishin Dindindin, kuma Ralambozafimbololona Razafitsimialona Andriantsivoafetra ya gaje shi. <ref name="newbureau">{{Cite web |title=Un nouveau Bureau Permanent pour l'Assemblée nationale – Continuité et renouveau à Tsimbazaza |url=https://assemblee-nationale.mg/un-nouveau-bureau-permanent-pour-lassemblee-nationale-continuite-et-renouveau-a-tsimbazaza/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> == Kamawa da shari'a a shekarar 2016 == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, an kama Andriamanananoro a lokacin jana'iza a yankin Antananarivo sakamakon zargin hannu a zanga-zangar adawa da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Somahamanina. <ref name="rfi">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2016 |title=Madagascar : arrestation d’un ancien ministre, membre du MAPAR |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161211-madagascar-arrestation-augustin-andriamananoro-ancien-ministre-dirigeant-mapar-andr |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=RFI}}</ref> <ref name="lexpress-guard">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2016 |title=Procès Andriamananoro – Verdict sous haute surveillance |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/27/12/2016/proces-andriamananoro-verdict-sous-haute-surveillance-a-anosy/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=L'Express de Madagascar }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="tribune-arrest">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=Augustin Andriamananoro arrêté en plein enterrement |url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Augustin-Andriamananoro-arrete-en%2C22735.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Madagascar-Tribune}}</ref> A ƙarshe kotun ta tuhume shi ne kawai da shiga zanga-zangar da ba a ba da izini ba kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni uku da aka dakatar. <ref name="lexpress-guard" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida sun bayyana Andriamananoro a matsayin wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fannin sadarwa, kafofin watsa labarai, da ayyukan da suka shafi fasahar sadarwa (ICT) kafin ya fara aikinsa na siyasa. <ref name="madagate">{{Cite web |title=Augustin Andriamananoro. Bon anniversaire de notre confrère Midi Madagasikara ! |url=https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=Madagate |language=fr |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064610/https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf "Augustin Andriamananoro. Bon anniversaire de notre confrère Midi Madagasikara !"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064610/https://www.madagate.org/editorial/articles/6437-augustin-andriamananoro-bon-anniversaire-de-notre-confrere-midi-madagasikara-.pdf |date=2025-12-12 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Madagate'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] spzoiqhhw232rq7cot4ua2jaycgkbbu 0 146662 890674 883184 2026-08-02T15:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Abdul Wahab Isa''' Dan siyasa ne dan kasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ya taba zama memba a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayyar Najeriya]], wadda ke karkashin [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Najeriya]]. == Rayuwarsa ta Farko == Abdul Wahab Isa ya fito ne daga Najeriya. Ya samu ilimi a matakai daban-daban kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa da hidimar jama'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=ISA, Hon. Abdulwahab Oladimeji – Biography |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/isa-hon-abdulwahab-oladimeji/ |publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == Ya shiga siyasa ta hanyar jam’iyyar da yake cikinta, inda daga bisani ya samu nasarar zama memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya wakilci mazabarsa tare da shiga muhawara da tattauna muhimman batutuwan kasa..<ref>{{cite web |title=BREAKING: Wahab Isa Defeat Olododo, Aluko, and Others To Win Ilorin East/Ilorin South Poll |url=https://www.9japarrotonline.com.ng/2022/11/breaking-wahab-isa-defeat-olododo-aluko.html |publisher=9jaParrot Online |access-date=26 Maris 2026 |archive-date=2026-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207185911/https://www.9japarrotonline.com.ng/2022/11/breaking-wahab-isa-defeat-olododo-aluko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukansa a Majalisa == A lokacin da yake majalisa, ya shiga ayyukan: * Gabatar da kudirori da shawarwari * Kare muradun mazabarsa * Sanya ido kan ayyukan gwamnati * Taimakawa wajen kawo ayyukan raya kasa a yankinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=YPP Denies Wahab Issa’s Endorsement |url=https://factualtimesng.com/ypp-denies-wahab-issas-endorsement/ |publisher=Factual Times NG |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, wasu rahotanni sun bayyana shi a matsayin jagora mai tasiri a yankinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara Gov greets Hon. Wahab Issa on birthday |url=https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=34229 |publisher=Ilorin.info |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ya taka rawa wajen wakiltar al’ummarsa a matakin tarayya tare da ba da gudummawa a fannin doka da ci gaban kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] p56g68zsj4g768j8l6b2govls2s6qbw 0 147121 890829 832521 2026-08-03T04:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ann Smith Bedsole''' (an haife ta '''Margaret Anna Smith''' ; Janairu 7, 1930 - Disamba 1, 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka, 'yar kasuwa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin al'umma kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama . A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Margaret Anna Smith a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1930, a Selma, Alabama, ga Malcolm White Smith da Sybil Huey Smith. Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya. <ref name="bay" /> Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, mahaifinta ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Jackson, Alabama inda ya sayi injin yanka katako ; ta ci gaba da aiki a can tun tana ƙarama. <ref> name="bay">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}</ref> Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Waynesboro da ke Waynesboro, Virginia, daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Alabama da Jami'ar Denver . <ref name="life" /> <ref name="bay" /> == Aikin siyasa == A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1964, Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Archives -- Guide to the Alabama Republican Party Records, RG 545 |url=https://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/545.htm |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.lib.auburn.edu}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican na Jihar Alabama a 1966. A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 1972, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Alabama zuwa Babban Taron Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Republican, kuma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu zaɓen shugaban ƙasa biyu na jam'iyyar Republican tare da Wakilin Jiha [[Doug Hale]] . <ref name="life" /> Daga baya Smith ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican a Ward na 4 a Mobile, Alabama . <ref name="life" /> === Majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama === [[Fayil:Press_photo_of_Danny_Corbett_and_Ann_Bedsole_(front).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Sanatocin jihar Alabama Danny Corbett da Ann Bedsole, 1985]] A shekarar 1978, Sonny Callahan, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama daga gundumar 101, ya sanar da cewa zai nemi takarar Sanata a Alabama . Bedsole ya sami takarar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar Democrat Jim Johnston a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko 'yar Republican a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama. A shekarar 1982, Callahan, ɗan majalisar dattawan Alabama daga gundumar 34, ya bar kujerarsa. Bedsole ya yi takarar neman kujerarsa tare da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican kuma ya kayar da ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat John Saad a babban zaɓe, inda ya zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama. A karon farko da ta yi a zaɓen sake zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa, ta buga fosta na kamfen waɗanda suka haɗa da jadawalin lokacin farautar jihar a baya. <ref> name="bay">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=July 13, 2019 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappas2019">Pappas, Breck (July 13, 2019). [https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ "The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole"]. ''Mobile Bay Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An sake zaɓenta a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama sau uku kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1995. <ref name="life" /> An naɗa Bedsole don ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi a Majalisar Dattawan Alabama a shekarar 1983. An naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitocin Shari'a, Ilimi, da Lafiya, kuma a matsayin shugabar kwamitin Noma, Kiyayewa da Gandun Daji a shekarar 1987. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen gwamna === A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1993, Bedsole ta sanar da cewa za ta nemi takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Gwamnan Alabama a shekarar 1994. Ta zabi Rex Elsasse, tsohon darektan zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Ohio, don ya zama manajan yakin neman zabenta. Ta zo ta biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, amma Fob James ya kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na zaben fidda gwani. A lokacin zaɓen gwamna na Alabama na 1998, Bedsole ta goyi bayan ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Don Siegelman a kan Gwamna Fob James. A shekarar 2005, ta yi takarar magajin garin Mobile ba tare da ta yi nasara ba. == Sauran ayyuka == [[Fayil:Alabama_School_of_Math_and_Science.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Babban ginin harabar jami'a a Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Bedsole tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama, wadda majalisar dokokin jihar Alabama ta amince da ita a shekarar 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Breck |date=2019-07-23 |title=The Amazing Life of Ann Bedsole |url=https://mobilebaymag.com/the-amazing-life-of-ann-bedsole/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Mobile Bay Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya makarantar ta ƙara ɗakin karatu mai suna don girmama ta. <ref name="math" /> <ref name="hon">{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2007 |title=Extensions of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2007-11-01/pdf/CREC-2007-11-01-pt1-PgE2297-3.pdf |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Record]] |page=E2297}}</ref> Wannan cibiyar ta kasance "makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati kaɗai ga ɗaliban aji biyu, na aji huɗu, da na gaba da ke neman ƙarin ilimi a fannin lissafi, kimiyya, da kuma ilimin ɗan adam" a jihar. <ref name="math" /> Bedsole ya kuma kafa Bedsole Farms a Perdue Hill a shekarar 2008. == Membobi da ƙungiyoyi == Bedsole ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da na agaji da dama. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a matsayin shugaba da mataimakiyar shugaba. Ta kasance amintaccen Kwaleji ta Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon . Ta jagoranci kwamitin rarrabawa na Sybil H. Smith Charitable Trust (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Sybil da White Smith Foundation), kuma ta kasance memba na kwamitin JL Bedsole Foundation, wacce ke ba da tallafi ga ayyukan da ke amfanar da ilimin bayan sakandare, fasaha, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso yammacin Alabama. Bedsole ta kuma sadaukar da kanta wajen tallata tarihin gida, kiyayewa, da kiyayewa. Ta kafa Mobile Historic Home Tours kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama, Hukumar Ci Gaban Tarihi ta Mobile, da Kwamitin Hasken Haske na Mobile Bay. A shekarar 1999, ta zama shugabar Mobile Tricentennial, tana aiki na tsawon shekaru uku tare da ɗaruruwan masu sa kai don samar da shirye-shirye don taron. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Ann Bedsole Honored with Delchamps Award |url=http://docplayer.net/185432220-Ann-bedsole-honored-with-delchamps-award-and-personal-life-would-be-like-a-wellseasoned.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce |archive-date=October 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027013434/http://docplayer.net/185432220-Ann-bedsole-honored-with-delchamps-award-and-personal-life-would-be-like-a-wellseasoned.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Cibiyar Albarkatun Daji ta Alabama. <ref name="life" /> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == A shekarar 1949, ta auri John Henry ("Rod") Martin, Jr. kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Mary da John Henry III. A shekarar 1958, ta auri Massey Palmer Bedsole Jr., wacce ta haifi ɗa ɗaya da ita, Loraine Massey Demmas Bedsole. Bedsole Jr. ta rasu a shekarar 2006. A shekarar 2014, ta sake auri Nicholas Hanson Holmes Jr., wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2016. Bedsole ta kasance ƴar Methodist kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar Junior League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Junior League Politicians |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jr-league.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[The Political Graveyard]]}}</ref> An yi mata bikin cika shekaru 90 a duniya daga ɗaliban Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama a watan Janairun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carithers |first=Caroline |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Ann Bedsole, an Alabama trail blazer, turns 90 years old |url=https://www.wkrg.com/digital-mojo/ann-bedsole-an-alabama-trail-blazer-turns-90-years-old/ |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[WKRG-TV]] |archive-date=October 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028154317/https://www.wkrg.com/digital-mojo/ann-bedsole-an-alabama-trail-blazer-turns-90-years-old/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bedsole ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 95. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == An karrama Bedsole saboda kasuwancinta da ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar sanya mata suna Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Mobile a shekarar 1972, Mobilian na Shekara a shekarar 1993, da kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Shekara a shekarar 1998. <ref name="hon" /> Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga ''Montgomery Advertiser'' da ''Alabama Journal'' . <ref name="hon" /> A shekarar 2002, an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Daraja ta Alabama, wacce ke karrama mutane masu rai saboda nasarorin da suka samu da gudummawar da suka bayar ga jihar. Ta kuma sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Law daga Kwalejin Spring Hill da Kwalejin Huntingdon. <ref name="hon"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m7ppga35mmdhc7msmwyqsyp8scct113 0 147254 890817 838982 2026-08-03T03:27:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana Vitória Angélica Kliemaschewsk de Araújo (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Maris 2000) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Brazil wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Corinthians ta ƙasar Brazil da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil . [1] == Aikin kulob == Ana Vitória ta zama 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa mafi ƙanƙanta da ta ci kwallo a Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino Série A1 a watan Satumba na 2015 lokacin da ta ci wa Mixto ƙwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Histórico: Jogadora do Mixto, Ana Vitória, é a mais jovem a marcar um gol em Brasileiro |url=https://www.mixtonet.com/2015/09/historico-jogadora-do-mixto-ana-vitoria.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Mixtonet |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Janairu na 2019, ta bar Corinthians bayan kakar wasa biyu kuma an sanar da cewa za ta koma Benfica kuma ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da za ta saka riga mai lamba 10 a ƙungiyar Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Marcelo |date=10 January 2019 |title=Jogadora de 18 anos deixa o Corinthians para ser a primeira camisa 10 do Benfica |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/corinthians/noticia/jogadora-de-18-anos-deixa-o-corinthians-para-ser-a-primeira-camisa-10-do-benfica.ghtml |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2021, ta sabunta kwangilarta da Benfica na tsawon kakar wasa biyu, inda ta ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2021 |title=Ana Vitória prolonga contrato com o Benfica por mais duas épocas |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-bwin/benfica/detalhe/ana-vitoria-prolonga-contrato-com-o-benfica-por-mais-duas-epocas |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=[[Record (Portuguese newspaper)|Record]] |language=Portuguese |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720110219/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-bwin/benfica/detalhe/ana-vitoria-prolonga-contrato-com-o-benfica-por-mais-duas-epocas |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2023, an sanar da Ana Vitória a PSG kan kwantiragin shekaru uku har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ana Vitoria s'engage avec le Paris Saint-Germain jusqu'en 2026 |trans-title=Ana Vitoria signs with Paris Saint-Germain until 2026 |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/football-feminin/content/ana-vitoria-sengage-avec-le-paris-saint-germain-jusquen-2026 |website=www.psg.fr |language=French |access-date=2026-03-31 |archive-date=2024-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014072604/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/football-feminin/content/ana-vitoria-sengage-avec-le-paris-saint-germain-jusquen-2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Janairun 2024, an sanar da Ana Vitória a matsayin aro a Atlético Madrid har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acuerdo con el PSG para la cesión de Ana Vitória |trans-title=Agreement with PSG for the loan of Ana Vitória |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-psg-para-la-cesion-de-ana-vitoria |website=www.atleticodemadrid.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2024, an sanar da Ana Vitória a kan canja wurin dindindin, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ana Vitória, rojiblanca hasta 2026 |trans-title=Ana Vitória, red and white until 2026 |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/ana-vitoria-rojiblanca-hasta-2026 |website=www.atleticodemadrid.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ana Vitória ta fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil wasa a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2020 da Ecuador . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil vs Ecuador |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2020-12-02/brazil-vs-ecuador/2224039/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Global Sports Archive}}</ref> Ta kuma cancanci bugawa ƙasar Poland wasa ta hanyar zuriyarta. An kira Ana Vitória cikin tawagar Brazil don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=Seleção Brasileira é convocada para a Copa do Mundo Feminina FIFA 2023 |trans-title=Brazil squad for 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-feminina/selecao-brasileira-e-convocada-para-a-copa-do-mundo-feminina-fifa-2023 |publisher=[[Brazilian Football Confederation]] |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2024, an kira Ana Vitória cikin tawagar Brazil don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Seleção Principal Feminina está convocada para os Jogos Olímpicos de Paris |trans-title=Main women's team is called up for the Olympic Games in Paris |url=https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-feminina/selecao-principal-feminina-esta-convocada-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-de-p |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=cbf.com.br |publisher=[[Brazilian Football Confederation]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:90%" ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%;" |<br /><br /><br /><br />ƙwallo ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%;" | Ci ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%;" | Sakamako ! width="20%" | Gasar |- |  1 | 2022-11-15 |  [[São Paulo|Sao Paulo]], Brazil |{{Fbw|Canada}} | {{sortfbs|'''2'''|1|||5250.02005}} | {{sortfbs|2|1|||5450.04005}} | Wasan abokantaka |} == Daraja == '''Korintiyawa''' * Campeonato Brasileiro Feminino: 2018 * Copa Libertadores Femenina: 2017 '''Benfica''' * Campeonato Nacional Feminino : 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23 * Campeonato Nacional II Divisão : 2018-19 * Taça de Portugal : 2018–19 * Taca da Liga : 2019-20, 2020-21, 2022-23 * Supertaça de Portugal : 2019, 2022 '''Paris Saint-Germain''' '''Brazil''' * Lambobin azurfa na Olympics na bazara : 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |date=10 August 2024 |title=Brazil 0-1 United States: Emma Hayes leads USA to Olympic gold |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/live/cvg5l5306z6t |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANA VITORIA |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/-ana-vitoria_1967565 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820141404/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/-ana-vitoria_1967565 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ana Vitória at Soccerway (archive) * Ana Vitória at Olympics.com * Ana Vitória at the Comitê Olímpico do Brasil (in Portuguese) * Ana Vitória on Instagram {{Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (women) squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Brazil squads|bg=#FEDF00|fg=#009B3A|bordercolor=#002776|list1={{Brazil squad 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Brazil women's football squad 2024 Summer Olympics}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] b05b2heu3j505oe74x01fkkpjoieytt 0 147365 890836 817536 2026-08-03T06:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Wellington babban cocin Katolika ne na babban birnin New Zealand. Katolika sun kai kimanin 83,214 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006). Lambobin cocin cocin 22 kuma cocin cocin ya mamaye tsakiyar New Zealand tsakanin Levin da Masterton a arewa zuwa Kaikoura zuwa Westport a kudu. [1] Ma'anar suffragan ita ce: * Auckland * Kiristichurch * Dunedin * Hamilton, New Zealand * Palmerston ta Arewa == Tarihi == === Majagaba === Da farko, addinin Katolika na sabbin baƙi zuwa Wellington ya ci gaba da wanzuwa ta hanyar ƙoƙarin John Fitzgerald wanda ya isa a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1840. Ya jagoranci addu'o'in Lahadi kuma ya shirya azuzuwan Koyarwar Kirista . Firist na farko da ke zaune a wurin shi ne Uba na Capuchin Jeremiah O'Riley wanda ya zo a matsayin limamin cocin ga Hon Henry William Petre, darektan Kamfanin New Zealand kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Wellington. O'Riley ya isa a watan Janairu 1843 kuma cikin shekara guda aka gina ƙaramin cocin Katolika na farko kuma aka keɓe shi ga Nativity . A halin yanzu, Marists na Faransa da ke Auckland sun yi hidima sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma Fr JB Compte SM ta kafa mishan na dindindin a Ōtaki a 1844. [1] === Marists === A watan Yunin 1848, Paparoma Pius IX ya raba New Zealand zuwa gida biyu, Auckland da Wellington, waɗanda suka ƙunshi rabin ƙasa na Tsibirin Arewa da kuma dukkan Tsibirin Kudu . Bishop Philippe Viard, wanda ya isa Wellington a kan mashayar "Clara" a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1850, shi ne bishop na farko. Tare da shi akwai firistoci biyar na Marist, 'yan'uwa maza goma, malamai maza biyu, 'yan Māori uku da kuma 'yan mata huɗu, "'Yan'uwan Maryamu" waɗanda suka fara koyarwa a abin da ya zama Kwalejin St Mary da Makarantar Cathedral ta Sacred Heart . === Kafa === Viard ya saya kuma aka ba shi fili a Thorndon inda aka gina gidansa, St Mary's Convent da kuma St Mary's Cathedral . Garin da Clause sun je Nelson don kafa cocin a can. Fr Lampila da wasu mutane biyu sun kafa cocin a Hawkes Bay . Forest da Huntley sun yi aiki a kwarin Hutt . Petitjean da Seon sun yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a ko'ina cikin Tsibirin Kudu . A shekarar 1852 an kafa coci a Whanganui kuma aikin Māori a Kogin Whanganui yana da firist mazauninsa. Duk da haka, tsawon shekaru goma, Viard bai sami ƙarin taimako ba kuma rashin lafiya ya yi wa ma'aikatansa illa. A watan Maris na 1860, Sisters of Mercy sun zo daga Auckland don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan Sisters of Mary guda huɗu. === Faɗaɗa === A shekara ta 1859, an sami ƙarin firistoci uku na Marist kuma an samar da fastoci ga New Plymouth, Christchurch da Dunedin . Gano zinare a shekara ta 1857 da kuma bayan haka yana nufin faɗaɗa Cocin a Yammacin Tekun, kuma Dunedin ya zama wani yanki na daban a shekara ta 1869. Firistocin Irish sun iso suka bi 'yan ƙasarsu zuwa wurin haƙa . ' Yan'uwa Mata na Missions suma sun isa don kafa makarantu a Napier ( Sacred Heart College Napier da St Joseph's Māori Girls' College ) da kuma a Christchurch da Nelson . === Limamin cocin === Viard ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1872, Francis Redwood ya gaje shi, wanda ya ci gaba da zama na yau da kullun a cikin diocese na tsawon shekaru 61. An ɗaukaka diocese ɗin zuwa babban daki a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1887, Christchurch kuma ta zama wani diocese daban. Thomas O'Shea ya zama bishop na haɗin gwiwa a 1913 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka na tsawon shekaru 22. Redwood ya mutu a 1935, kuma O'Shea ya gaje shi, wanda babban darekta na cocin ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 12. An naɗa Peter McKeefry a matsayin babban bishop na haɗin gwiwa a 1947, kuma ya gaje shi bayan mutuwar O'Shea a 1954. An naɗa McKeefry a matsayin babban limamin coci a 1969, kuma Owen Snedden wanda ya zama bishop na mataimakin cocin daga 1962 ya taimaka masa === Cardinals === A lokacin mulkin McKeefry, yawan Katolika na Wellington ya ninka sau biyu, kuma an kafa sabbin parish guda 39. Sabbin umarni sun iso kamar Cistercians a Hawkes Bay . McKeefry, wanda ya zama Cardinal na farko a New Zealand a 1969, Reginald Delargey ya gaje shi a 1973, wanda shi ma Thomas Williams ya gaje shi a 1979, wanda ya zama Cardinal a 1983. A 1980, an raba babban cocin tare da ƙirƙirar diocese na Palmerston North . Williams ya yi ritaya a watan Maris na 2005, kuma aka naɗa John Dew a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. An naɗa shi Cardinal a 2015. === Yanzu === A shekarar 2019, Dew, yayin da yake magana kan yanayin gine-ginen cocin da kuma makomar majami'unsu, ya bayyana cewa hauhawar farashin inshora da raguwar adadin firistocin ya sa dole ne a yi amfani da albarkatun cocin yadda ya kamata. Ya ce za a zuba ƙarancin albarkatu don adana gine-gine da kuma mai da hankali da kuzari kan hidimar talakawa, kamar yadda [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] da majalisar dattawa suka buƙata. Ya ce batutuwan juriyar girgizar ƙasa sun sa babban cocin ya ɗauki alhakin kuɗaɗen inshora marasa dorewa da kuma ƙarfafa gine-gine tare da ƙimar Sabon Tsarin Gine-gine marasa karɓuwa. An riga an rufe majami'u huɗu da Babban Cocin Sacred Heart saboda wannan. Ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu majami'u za su buƙaci haɗuwa don magance rashin malaman addini. Ya ce raguwar adadin firistoci, wanda ke ƙaruwa kowace shekara, yana nufin cewa a yawancin majami'u akwai firist ɗaya - galibi tsofaffi - da ake sa ran zai yi hidima a cikin fiye da coci ɗaya. Samuwa da ikon firistoci su ne manyan abubuwan da ke jagorantar yanke shawara na gaba wanda ba za a iya jinkirtawa ba. Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, babban cocin cocin ya gudanar da tsarin haɗa cocin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar adadin cocin cocin daga 47 zuwa 22, kuma da yawa daga cikin sabbin cocin cocin suna da majami'u, majami'u, da sauran gine-gine da yawa. == Talakawa == Philippe Viard ya kasance babban malamin cocin Diocese na Wellington daga 1848 har zuwa 1860 lokacin da ya zama Bishop na Wellington. Francis Redwood ya kasance bishop na wannan cocin har zuwa 1887 lokacin da ya zama babban bishop na Archdiocese na Wellington (wanda aka ƙirƙira a wannan shekarar) da kuma Metropolitan na New Zealand. Duk waɗanda ke kan mulki tun daga lokacin suna da waɗannan muƙamai biyu na ƙarshe. {| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" |- align="left" ! width="25%" |Zamanin aiki ! width="40%" | Mai ci a yanzu ! width="20%" | Rayuwa |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1848–1860</small> | Philippe Viard Vicar Apostolic ; ''duba ƙasa'' | <small>(1809–1872)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1860–1872</small> | Philippe Viard Bishop na Wellington; ''duba sama'' | |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1874–1887</small> | Bishop Francis Redwood na Wellington; ''duba ƙasa'' | <small>(1839–1935)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1887–1935</small> | Bishop Francis Redwood na Wellington; ''duba sama'' | |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1935–1954</small> | Thomas O'Shea | <small>(1870–1954)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1954–1973</small> | Peter McKeefry, Cardinal | <small>(1899–1973)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1974–1979</small> | Reginald Delargey, Cardinal | <small>(1914–1979)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>1979–2005</small> | Thomas Williams, Cardinal | <small>(1930–2023)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>2005–2023</small> | John Dew, Cardinal | <small>(an haife shi a shekarar 1948)</small> |- valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffec" | <small>2023–yanzu</small> | Paul Martin | <small>(an haife shi a shekarar 1967)</small> |} == Bishop na yanzu == * Archbishop Paul Martin, Archbishop na Wellington * Cardinal John Dew, Archbishop na Wellington, wanda ya yi murabus == Sauran bishop == === Manyan bishop na Coadjutor === * Thomas O'Shea (1913–1935) * Peter McKeefry (1947–1954) * John Dew (2004–2005) * Paul Martin (2021–2023) === Bishof na mataimaka === * Owen Snedden (1962–1981) * John Dew (1995–2004) === Sauran firistoci na cocin da suka zama bishop === * John Kavanagh, an naɗa shi Bishop na Mataimakin Dunedin a shekarar 1949 * Edward Russell Gaines, an naɗa shi Bishop na Mataimakin Auckland a shekarar 1976 * Peter James Cullinane, an naɗa shi Bishop na Palmerston North a shekarar 1980 * Patrick Edward O'Connor, an naɗa shi shugaban Tokelau, Pacific (Oceania) a shekarar 1992; ba bishop mai tsarki ba * Owen Dolan (firist, 1954–1980), an naɗa shi bishop na Palmerston North a 1995 == Makarantun sakandare == * Kwalejin Bishop Viard, Porirua, Wellington * Kwalejin Chanel, Masterton * Kwalejin Garin, Nelson * Kwalejin Sacred Heart, Lower Hutt, Wellington * Kwalejin St Bernard, Lower Hutt, Wellington * Kwalejin St Catherine, Kilbirnie, Wellington * Kwalejin St Mary, Thorndon, Wellington * Kwalejin St Patrick, Kilbirnie, Wellington * Kwalejin St Patrick, Silverstream, Wellington === Shari'o'in cin zarafin yara ta hanyar jima'i === Bayanan da aka rubuta na cin zarafin yara da firistoci da 'yan'uwa na Katolika suka yi a yankin Wellington sun haɗa da: * An yanke wa ɗan'uwa Marist Claudius Pettit (sunan haihuwa Malcolm Thomas Petit) hukuncin cin zarafin wani yaro a wata makarantar Wellington a shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2019 |title=Child sex abuser memorialised in Marist rugby club's trophy |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/110071126/childsex-abuser-memorialised-in-marist-rugby-trophy}}</ref> * A shekarar 2018, ƙungiyar Mary ta ce Francis Durning ya yi lalata da yara. Durning ya koyar a makarantun Katolika daga shekarun 1940 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kamar Kwalejin St Patrick, Silverstream (inda ya kasance shugaban makarantar daga 1950 zuwa 1955) da Kwalejin St Patrick, Kilbirnie, Wellington . * Father Alan Woodcock ya ci zarafin yara a Kwalejin St Patrick da ke Upper Hutt da [[Futuna (retreat)|Futuna]] da ke [[Wellington]] . Bayan an yi masa tiyata aka kuma bar shi a New Zealand ya zauna a Ingila, aka mayar da shi New Zealand kuma aka same shi da laifi a shekarar 2004 daga cikin laifukan jima'i 21 da aka aikata tsakanin 1978 da 1987. <ref name="woodcock">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Paedophile former priest gets seven-year jail sentence |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3574778 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cin zarafin ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da sanin firistoci Michael Curtain da Fred Bliss. ' Yan'uwan St Joseph na Nazareth sun taimaka wajen gano shi a ƙasashen waje. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya zauna a Ingila, <ref name="woodcock" /> inda aka kama shi a 2002. Woodcock ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 21 a gidan yari. <ref name="woodcock" /> * An yanke wa Patrick Bignell, wanda ya koyar a Hutt Valley, hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan "laifukan yara maza". == Duba kuma == * Cocin Katolika a New Zealand * Babban cocin Sacred Heart, Wellington * Cocin St Gerard da kuma gidan ibada * Babban cocin St Mary, Wellington * Cocin St Joseph, Dutsen Victoria * Suzanne Aubert * Francis Douglas (firist) * Makarantar Sakandare Mai Tsarki * Kwalejin Holy Cross (New Zealand) * Abbey na Tauraron Kudu * Jerin Dakunan Katolika na Roman a New Zealand == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/about/office-of-the-general-manager/archives-and-history/ Archdiocese na Katolika na Wellington, Tarihi da Tarihi] * [http://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/ Archbishop na Katolika na Wellington] * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070728134533/http://shcathedral.wellington.net.nz/index.html Babban cocin Sacred Heart, Wellington] (an shiga ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2011). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{New Zealand Catholic Dioceses}}{{New Zealand Catholic Bishops}}{{Catholic Religious Orders in New Zealand}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|41|16|37|S|174|46|33|E|source:kolossus-plwiki}} ln79xot2wameaenukvabxc0y9auj7g8 0 148352 890574 823110 2026-08-02T12:08:56Z BnHamid 12586 890574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elise Rasoamampionona''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Madagascar . A shekara ta 1964 an zabe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ta zama mace ta farko. A shekara ta 1970 ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a majalisar ministoci lokacin da ta zama Sakatariyar Jiha don Kula da Mata da Yara. == Tarihin rayuwa == Rasoamampionona ta shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party kuma ta zama shugabar sashin mata. Bayan rasuwar [[Stéphenson Rajaona]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1963, Rasoamampionona ita ce kadai dan takarar da ya yi takara a zaben da aka yi a mazabar ta 6 a watan Janairun shekara ta 1964. An zabe ta da 397,985 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 433,000 da suka zabe ta, ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki. An sake zabar ta daga mazabar ta 5 a Zaben 1965, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban jam'iyyar.<ref name="LJ" /> A shekara ta 1970 ta zama mace ta farko a Madagascar, lokacin da aka nada ta Sakatariyar Jiha don Kula da Mata da Yara. Ɗanta [[Elise Razaka]] daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Makamashi da Ma'adinai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} d16uvlfdoh21ekma85w40ocfgpozagb 0 149005 890700 862439 2026-08-02T16:39:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg|thumb|Amharic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Bäyaynätu (Amharic: በያይነቱ, bäyaynädu): wannan abincin da ya kunshi {{Transl|am|[[injera]]}} da nau'ikan {{Transl|am|[[Wat (food)|wat]]}} da yawa (sage) na musamman ne na abincin [[Itofiya|Habashawa]].]] Abinci 'Yan Habasha (Amharic) ya ƙunshi kayan lambu kuma sau da yawa nama mai ɗanɗano. Wannan yawanci yana cikin nau'in {{Transl|am|[[wat (food)|wat]]}}, mai kauri, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a saman injera ({{Lang|am|እንጀራ}}), babban gurasar gurasa, wanda ke da kimanin 50 centimeters (20 inci) a diamita kuma an yi shi da garin teff. Habashawa yawanci suna cin abinci da hannayensu na dama, suna amfani da ɓangarorin injera don karɓar cinyewar shigarwa da jita-jita na gefe.<ref name="gonomad" /><ref name="gonomad" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Kita_herb_bread.jpg|right|thumb|Gurasar ganye ta Habasha]] Abincin da aka saba ci ya ƙunshi {{Transl|am|[[injera]]}} tare da miya mai yaji, wanda galibi ya haɗa da naman sa, rago, kayan lambu da nau'ikan wake iri-iri (kamar lentil), kuma ana cin sa a kwandon {{Transl|har|[[mesob]]}} . Abincin Jihar Kudancin Habasha, Yankin Jama'ar Kudu maso Yamma, Jihar Tsakiyar Habasha, da yankin Sidama suma suna amfani da shukar ayaba ta ƙarya ( {{Transl|am|enset}} ; Ge'ez , {{Transl|gez|ïnset}} ), wani nau'in ensete . Ana niƙa shukar a niƙa a yi ta yayyanka ta don yin abinci iri-iri, gami da abinci mai kama da burodi da ake kira {{Transl|am|[[Kocho (food)|kocho]]}} ( Ge'ez: , {{Transl|gez|qoćo|}} ), wanda ake ci da {{Transl|am|[[kitfo]]}} . <ref name="aaas">{{Cite web |year=1997 |title=Uses of Enset |url=http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/enset/uses.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819143500/http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/enset/uses.shtml |archive-date=19 August 2007 |access-date=13 August 2007 |website=The 'Tree Against Hunger': Enset-Based Agricultural Systems in Ethiopia |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref> Ana iya yin foda a tushen wannan shukar kuma a shirya shi a matsayin abin sha mai zafi da ake kira {{Transl|am|bulla}} ( Ge'ez: , {{Transl|gez|būlā}} ), wanda galibi ana ba wa waɗanda suka gaji ko suka yi rashin lafiya. Wani abincin Gurage na yau da kullun shine kofi da man shanu ( {{Transl|am|kebbeh}} ). Ana kuma gasa burodin ganyen {{Transl|am|Kita}} . {{Transl|am|Quanta}} (ko {{Transl|am|quwanta}} ), busasshen naman sa ne da aka yi da iska tare da kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya; ana cin sa da kansa a matsayin abun ciye-ciye, ko kuma a matsayin sinadari a cikin miya da sauran abinci. == Tarihi == Tarihin abincin Habasha yana da tasiri ta hanyar gadon noma na ƙasar. Babban abin da ke cikin al'ada shi ne ''injera'' - wani abu mai ɗanɗano <ref name="exploratorium">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Injera Recipe {{!}} Exploratorium |url=https://annex.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/recipe-injera.html |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Exploratorium}}</ref> da burodi mai laushi wanda aka yi daga ''teff'', wani tsohon hatsi da aka samo asali daga Habasha. <ref name="teffco">{{Cite web |title=Making Injera - Tips & Tricks |url=https://teffco.com/traditional-injera/tips-tricks/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=The Teff Company |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008161145/https://teffco.com/traditional-injera/tips-tricks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wuraren cin abinci, ''injera'' galibi ana haɗa shi da nau'ikan abinci ''na wot'' wanda ke ɗauke da kayan lambu, wake, da nama; wani nau'in abinci, ''doro wot'', wani miyar kaza mai yaji da aka ƙara masa ''berbere'', wani haɗin kayan ƙanshi wanda ya ƙunshi barkono barkono, tafarnuwa, citta, da kayan ƙanshi iri-iri, shine abincin ƙasar Habasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doro Wat (Spicy Ethiopian Chicken Stew) |url=https://www.daringgourmet.com/doro-wat-spicy-ethiopian-chicken-stew/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Daring Gourmet}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopian vegetarian food plate at a restaurant, Paris, December 2024.jpg|thumb|Farantin abincin ganyayyaki na Habasha]] == Manazarta == jvnwtlf6ia8cvt3fhozjh9xv5pl6p0c 0 149920 890585 832431 2026-08-02T12:20:03Z BnHamid 12586 Redirected page to [[Mosadi Seboko]] 890585 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mosadi Seboko]] osiyaqwxfhg6oicz4ysr8peqsub5kpo 0 149923 890584 832439 2026-08-02T12:19:33Z BnHamid 12586 890584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mosadi Seboko (an haife ta 7 Yuni 1950) mai mulkin gargajiya ne na Motswana wanda shine ''kgosikgolo'' na Mutanen Balete tun shekara ta 2002. Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin Botswana . {{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Mosadi Seboko a ''Matar'' 7 ga Yuni 1950 a Ramotswa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lafraniere |first=Sharon |date=December 11, 2004 |title=A Tribe in Botswana Follows a Leader Called Woman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/11/world/africa/a-tribe-in-botswana-follows-a-leader-called-woman.html |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> kilomita 30 (19 kudu da [[Gaborone]] . Sunanta Mosadi a zahiri yana nufin "mace" a [[Harshen Tswana|Setswana]], kuma an ba ta sunan Ingilishi "Muriel".{{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} Mahaifinta, Mokgosi III, ya yi tsammanin yaro zai zama ɗansa na fari, amma bayan ya ga 'yarsa, ya ce, "To, mace ce. Me zan iya yi? Yaranta ne. " {{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} A shekara ta 1969, ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Moeding . {{Sfn|Soszynski|2002}} Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta zama mai kula da sashen a Bankin Barclay.{{Sfn|Soszynski|2002}} Ta kawo karshen aurenta na shekaru shida tare da mijinta mai cin zarafi a shekarar 1978. {{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} == Shugabanci == Dan uwan Mosadi Seboko ya kasance kgosikgolo daga 1 ga Yuni 1996 zuwa 17 ga Yuni 2001 lokacin da ya mutu daga rashin lafiya.{{Sfn|Soszynski|2002}} Tumelo Seboko, kawun Mosadi, ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na kgosikgolo daga 21 ga Yuni 2001 zuwa 7 ga Janairu 2002. Mahaifiyar Mosadi da 'yan uwanta mata sun tura ta zama kgosikgolo na gaba a wannan lokacin, wanda zai karya tarihin dikgosikgolo na namiji kawai. {{Efn|The plural of ''kgosikgolo'' is ''dikgosikgolo''.}} {{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nyamnjoh |first=Francis B. |date=July 2003 |title=Chieftaincy and the Negotiation of Might and Right in Botswana Democracy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589000305447 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=233–250 |doi=10.1080/02589000305447 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=153444057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokacin shigarwa, ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan bene a Century Office Supplies a Broadhurst. {{Sfn|Soszynski|2002}} Mosadi ta kafa da'awarta ga bogosi{{Efn|"the office of chieftainship" in Setswana}} a kan "daidaitaccen haƙƙin haihuwa"; tunda ita ce ta farko, ya kamata ta kasance da fifiko wajen zama kgosikgolo.{{Sfn|Zips|Weilenmann|2012}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Gretchen |date=2014-08-21 |title='What is wrong with a woman being chief?' Women Chiefs and Symbolic and Substantive Representation in Botswana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909614545700 |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=222–237 |doi=10.1177/0021909614545700 |issn=0021-9096 |s2cid=147376825 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Seboko tana da masu sukar ta da yawa saboda ita mace ce. Kawunta Tumelo yana so Tsimane Mokgosi, ɗan’uwan Mosadi, ya zama kgosikgolo maimakon ta. Sauran mambobin kgotla ma sun yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta naɗa ta ta hanyar cewa ba ta da ƙwarewar jagorantar farautar damisa ta gargajiya ko kuma gudanar da al’adar “kiran ruwan sama”, waɗanda duka biyun ake buƙata don tabbatar da halaccin shugabancin kgosikgolo. {{Sfn|Zips|Weilenmann|2012}} Mosadi ta karyata muhawara, tana mai cewa yawancin waɗannan al'adun sun ɓace lokacin da Kiristanci ya zo Botswana.{{Sfn|Zips|Weilenmann|2012}} Hawan ta ya kasance mai juyin juya hali saboda ya rushe al'adar da aka ba mata izinin shiga cikin ''Kotla'' (taron ƙauye) idan namiji ya gayyace su.{{Sfn|''The New Humanitarian''|2003}} Ta hau mulki a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2002 kuma ta zama [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi|Ntlo da Dikgosi]]">shugaban Ntlo ya Dikgosi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 2002. {{Sfn|Soszynski|2002}} An yi mata kambi a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003 kuma ta karbi kyautar gargajiya ta shanu, da kuma motar Toyota, na'urar wanki, mai tsabtace iska, kwamfuta, da kuma buga takardu.{{Sfn|''BBC News''|2003}} A lokacin da aka naɗa ta, ta lura da sauye-sauyen ƙabilarta: {{Blockquote|You were able to transcend the gender imbalance that many are still grappling with, and installed me not because I am a woman, but rather on the basis of birthright equity.{{sfn|''The New Humanitarian''|2003}}}} Hanyar jagorancinta ba ta da kyau idan aka kwatanta da maza da suka riga ta: tana magana a bayyane game da mijinta mai cin zarafi, haƙƙin jima'i ga mata, da kuma matsalar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] mai tasowa.{{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} Masu sukar sun zarge ta da " kare mata", amma Mosadi Seboko ta amsa cewa a maimakon haka tana "fushi da mata [...] saboda rashin samun ƙarin iko akan yanayinsu".{{Sfn|LaFraniere|2004}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin sarakunan Lete (Maleta) {{Notelist|3}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] qywgbx6535gzjv5ci9rz6nishjbocme 0 149924 890823 832437 2026-08-03T04:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mex-por-16 (1cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = André Silva | hoto = André Silva 2018.jpg | cikakken_suna = André Miguel Valente da Silva | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1995|11|6}} | wurin_haihuwa = Baguim do Monte, Portugal | tsawo = 1.86 m | matsayi = Mai kai hari | kulob_na_yanzu = Elche | lamba = 9 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2003–2007 | matasa_kulob1 = Salgueiros | matasa_shekaru2 = 2007–2011 | matasa_kulob2 = Boavista | matasa_shekaru3 = 2011–2015 | matasa_kulob3 = Porto | shekaru1 = 2013–2017 | kulob1 = Porto B | wasanni1 = 84 | kwallaye1 = 24 | shekaru2 = 2015–2017 | kulob2 = Porto | wasanni2 = 58 | kwallaye2 = 24 | shekaru3 = 2017–2019 | kulob3 = Milan | wasanni3 = 25 | kwallaye3 = 2 | shekaru4 = 2018–2019 | kulob4 = → Sevilla (aro) | wasanni4 = 27 | kwallaye4 = 9 | shekaru5 = 2019–2021 | kulob5 = Eintracht Frankfurt | wasanni5 = 58 | kwallaye5 = 40 | shekaru6 = 2021–2025 | kulob6 = RB Leipzig | wasanni6 = 76 | kwallaye6 = 16 | shekaru7 = 2023–2024 | kulob7 = → Real Sociedad (aro) | wasanni7 = 19 | kwallaye7 = 3 | shekaru8 = 2024–2025 | kulob8 = → Werder Bremen (aro) | wasanni8 = 8 | kwallaye8 = 1 | shekaru9 = 2025– | kulob9 = Elche | wasanni9 = 14 | kwallaye9 = 4 | tawaga_ta_kasa1 = Portugal U16 | tawaga_ta_kasa2 = Portugal U17 | tawaga_ta_kasa3 = Portugal U19 | tawaga_ta_kasa4 = Portugal U20 | tawaga_ta_kasa5 = Portugal U21 | tawaga_ta_kasa6 = Portugal | wasanni_ta_kasa6 = 53 | kwallaye_ta_kasa6 = 19 }} '''André Miguel Valente da Silva''' (an haife shi ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya shahara saboda iya zura ƙwallaye, ƙwarewar sarrafa ƙwallo da kuma motsi mai kyau a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti. André Silva ya buga wa manyan kulob ɗin Turai da dama ciki har da [[FC Porto]], [[AC Milan]], [[Sevilla FC]], [[Eintracht Frankfurt]], [[RB Leipzig]] da kuma [[Real Sociedad]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Silva</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi André Silva a garin Baguim do Monte da ke Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a makarantar horaswa ta Salgueiros kafin daga bisani ya koma Boavista. Daga nan ne kulob ɗin Porto ya ɗauke shi zuwa makarantar horas da matasa, inda ya bunƙasa har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan matasa a Portugal.<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/profil/spieler/198008</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Porto === André Silva ya fara taka leda a Porto B, inda ya nuna bajintarsa ta hanyar yawan cin ƙwallaye a gasar Segunda Liga ta Portugal. A shekarar 2015 ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Porto, inda ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a gasar Firimiya ta Portugal da kuma gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League. A kakar wasa ta 2016–17 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Porto bayan ya ci ƙwallaye masu yawa.<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/leistungsdatenverein/spieler/198008</ref> === Milan === A shekarar 2017 André Silva ya koma kulob ɗin [[AC Milan]] na Italiya kan kuɗi masu yawa. Duk da cewa ya fara da kyau musamman a gasar Europa League, bai samu damar nuna cikakken bajintarsa a Serie A ba saboda matsin lamba da kuma canjin masu horaswa da Milan ke yi a lokacin.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/news/andre-silva-confirms-sevilla-departure/1</ref> === Sevilla === A shekarar 2018 ya koma [[Sevilla FC]] ta aro. Ya fara rayuwarsa a Sevilla cikin kayatarwa, inda ya zura ƙwallaye masu yawa a farkon kakar wasa. Duk da cewa daga baya ya samu matsalar rashin lafiya da rauni, ya taimaka wa Sevilla wajen fafatawa a manyan gasa na Spain.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/soccer/comments/bratuk</ref> === Eintracht Frankfurt === André Silva ya samu sabuwar rayuwa a kulob ɗin [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] na Jamus. A kakar wasa ta 2020–21 ya kasance cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Bundesliga bayan ya ci ƙwallaye 28 a gasar. Wannan bajinta tasa aka fara kwatanta shi da manyan masu kai hari a Turai.<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/leistungsdatenverein/spieler/198008</ref> === RB Leipzig === A shekarar 2021 ya koma [[RB Leipzig]], inda ya ci gaba da taka leda a Bundesliga da gasar zakarun Turai. Duk da haka, yawan raunuka da rashin samun cikakken lokaci a fili sun rage masa damar nuna irin bajintar da ya yi a Frankfurt.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/PrimeiraLiga/comments/1mn96ow</ref> === Real Sociedad da Werder Bremen === Domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa, André Silva ya koma [[Real Sociedad]] ta aro a shekarar 2023. Bayan haka ya sake komawa [[Werder Bremen]] a wani aron daban. Wadannan matakai sun taimaka masa wajen dawo da ƙwarinsa bayan matsalolin raunuka.<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/leistungsdatendetails/spieler/198008/verein/10331</ref> === Elche === A shekarar 2025 André Silva ya koma kulob ɗin [[Elche CF]] na Spain. A farkon kakar wasarsa ya nuna kyakkyawan mataki, inda rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana da mafi kyawun matsakaicin cin ƙwallaye a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/andre-silva-firma-en-el-elche-su-mejor-promedio-goleador-f202510-n/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-08 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113084330/https://as.com/futbol/primera/andre-silva-firma-en-el-elche-su-mejor-promedio-goleador-f202510-n/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == André Silva ya wakilci Portugal tun daga matakan ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru. Ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Portugal wasa a shekarar 2016. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Portugal a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma UEFA Nations League. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ke taimaka wa tawagar wajen kai hari tare da manyan taurari irin su [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/profil/spieler/198008</ref> == Salon wasa == André Silva sananne ne wajen iya cin ƙwallaye da kai da kuma ƙafafunsa biyu. Yana da ƙarfi a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti, kuma yana iya riƙe ƙwallo domin bai wa sauran ‘yan wasa damar shiga hari. Haka kuma yana da iya motsi da kwarewar neman sarari a tsakanin masu tsaron baya.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/championsleague/comments/mjdzah</ref> == Nasarori == === Porto === * Primeira Liga: 2017 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2013 === Eintracht Frankfurt === * DFB-Pokal: 2022 === Portugal === * UEFA Nations League: 2019 <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Silva</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/andre-silva/profil/spieler/198008 André Silva a Transfermarkt] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Silva André Silva a Wikipedia ta Turanci] {{DEFAULTSORT:Silva, Andre}} [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Portugal]] [[Category:Masu kai hari]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1995]] [[Category:Yan wasan AC Milan]] [[Category:Yan wasan RB Leipzig]] [[Category:Yan wasan Sevilla FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan Eintracht Frankfurt]] 3satttxmwpandsetphk6eokjm5z3ewz 0 150711 890808 834518 2026-08-03T02:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Amber Liarnie Rose Hearn''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1984) tsohuwar ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta New Zealand wadda ta wakilci New Zealand tsakanin 2004 da 2018. Ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai zura ƙwallo, ita ce ƙwararriyar mai zura ƙwallo a duk tarihin ƙasar kuma ƙwararriyar mai zura ƙwallo a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Oceania . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hearn na zuriyar Māori ne, kuma yana da alaƙa da Ngāpuhi iwi . == Aikin kulob == A matakin kulob, ta buga wasa a Ingila a Arsenal da Doncaster Rovers Belles . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame |url=http://www.doncasterroversbelles.co.uk/home.php?section=OPE&subcat=adhoc&action=full&id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831014049/http://www.doncasterroversbelles.co.uk/home.php?section=OPE |archive-date=31 August 2009 |access-date=31 July 2009 |publisher=Doncaster Rovers Belles}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009/10, ta buga wa Ottawa Fury Women of the USL W-League wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Ottawa Fury Stats |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/teams/2010/2466030.html#STATS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628162057/http://www.uslsoccer.com/teams/2010/2466030.html#STATS |archive-date=28 June 2010 |access-date=7 July 2011 |publisher=uslsoccer.com}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta koma New Zealand shekara guda inda ta buga wa Lynn-Avon United wasa. Bayan wannan shekarar ta sanar da komawarta zuwa ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Jamus FF USV Jena . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2011 |title=Jena signs Amber Hearn |url=http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/07/06/jena-verpflichtet-amber-hearn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715140919/http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/07/06/jena-verpflichtet-amber-hearn/ |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |publisher=womensoccer.de |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2003, an nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta New Zealand ta shekara. A gasar cin kofin mata ta OFC ta 2010, ta lashe takalmin zinare da kwallaye 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2011 |title=Jena signs Amber Hearn |url=http://www.jenapolis.de/132148/neuseelaendische-nationalstuermerin-amber-hearn-spielt-beim-ff-usv-jena/ |access-date=7 July 2011 |publisher=jenapolis.de |language=de }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An saka Hearn a cikin tawagar New Zealand don [[Kwallon ƙafa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 - Gasar mata|gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008]], farawa a kowace wasannin rukuni na New Zealand, inda ta zira kwallaye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kwallayen New Zealand a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Japan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2008 |title=Match Report - Japan vs New Zealand |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/matches/round=250027/match=300051833/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827205712/http://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/matches/round=250027/match=300051833/report.html |archive-date=27 August 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> An zaɓe ta don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2011 a Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Germany 2011 – Team New Zealand |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team=1883725/squadlist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712210106/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team%3D1883725/squadlist.html |archive-date=12 July 2011 |access-date=22 June 2011 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Hearn ta sake zira kwallaye a kan Japan, kodayake daga ƙarshe sun sha kashi a wasan 2-1. Ta buga cikakken mintuna 90 a kowane wasan New Zealand, inda ta taimaka wajen samun maki na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Mexico . Hearn tana da tarihin kwallayen da aka ci wa ƙungiyar mata ta New Zealand a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ta zira kwallayenta na 30 a ragar China a watan Yunin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Women's Goalscorers |url=http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id37.htm |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website}}</ref> Ta buga dukkan wasanni uku na New Zealand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015 a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player's stats |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=298793/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025201432/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=298793/ |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2020, Hearn ta yi ritaya a hukumance daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, bayan ta buga wasanta na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a watan Yunin 2018. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+'''Bayyanar da kwallayen ƙungiyar ƙasa, shekara da gasa''' ! rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Shekara ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Mai gasa ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Aboki ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Jimilla |- ! scope="col" | Huluna ! scope="col" | Ƙwallaye ! scope="col" | Huluna ! scope="col" | Ƙwallaye ! scope="col" | Huluna ! scope="col" | Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="15" | New Zealand | 2004 | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |- | 2005 | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- | 2006 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2008 | 3 {{Efn|Appearances in [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]|name=OLY}} | 1 | 6 | 1 | 9 | 2 |- | 2009 | colspan="2" | — | 8 | 3 | 8 | 3 |- | 2010 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[OFC Women's Nations Cup|OFC Women's Championship/OFC Women's Nations Cup]]|name=OFC}} | 12 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 16 |- | 2011 | 3 {{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]|name=WC}} | 1 | 10 | 1 | 13 | 2 |- | 2012 | 5 {{Efn|One appearance and two goals in [[OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|OFC Women's Olympic qualification]], four appearances in Summer Olympics}} | 2 | 11 | 6 | 16 | 8 |- | 2013 | colspan="2" | — | 11 | 4 | 11 | 4 |- | 2014 | 3 {{Efn||name=OFC}} | 7 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 9 |- | 2015 | 3 {{Efn||name=WC}} | 0 | 10 | 2 | 13 | 2 |- | 2016 | 4 {{Efn|One appearance and two goals in OFC Women's Olympic qualification, three appearances and one goal in Summer Olympics}} | 3 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 6 |- | 2017 | colspan="2" | — | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 26 ! 26 ! 99 ! 28 ! 125 ! 54 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] ==manazarta== gh0ag1pg6a96576z4lw6y19xdvx1eue 0 151724 890654 868835 2026-08-02T13:55:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''1973 All-Africa Games''' ko kuma '''Wasannin Afirka na 1973''' su ne karo na biyu na gasar wasannin nahiyar Afirka da aka gudanar bayan kafa gasar a shekarar 1965. An gudanar da gasar ne daga ranar 11 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1973 a birnin [[Lagos]], Najeriya. Gasar ta tattaro 'yan wasa daga ƙasashen Afirka daban-daban domin fafatawa a fannoni da dama na wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/all-african-games-lagos-1973 |title=All African Games Lagos 1973 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nasarar gasar farko da aka gudanar a [[Brazzaville]], Jamhuriyar Congo, a shekarar 1965, ƙasashen Afirka suka amince da ci gaba da shirya gasar domin ƙarfafa haɗin kai da haɓaka wasanni a nahiyar. Najeriya ta samu damar karɓar baƙuncin gasar ta 1973 a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna ci gaban ƙasar a harkokin wasanni da ababen more rayuwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/African-Games |title=African Games |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> An gudanar da yawancin wasannin ne a [[National Stadium, Lagos]], wanda a lokacin yake ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasanni a Afirka. Gasar ta samu halartar dubban 'yan wasa da jami'ai daga ƙasashe daban-daban na nahiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/remembering-the-1973-all-africa-games/ |title=Remembering the 1973 All-Africa Games |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Wasannin da aka gudanar == Gasar ta ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na wasanni da suka haɗa da: * Guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle * Ƙwallon ƙafa * Kwando * Dambe * Iyo * Tennis * Wrestling * Volleyball * Table tennis * Cycling<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/games/all-africa-games/1973-lagos.htm |title=1973 African Games – Lagos, Nigeria |website=Topend Sports |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Najeriya a gasar == Najeriya ta yi amfani da damar karɓar baƙuncin gasar wajen nuna ƙwarewar 'yan wasanta. Ƙasar ta samu lambobin yabo masu yawa musamman a guje-guje, dambe da ƙwallon ƙafa. Nasarorin da Najeriya ta samu sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa matsayin ƙasar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi ƙarfi a wasannin Afirka a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/506089-history-of-african-games-and-nigerias-performance.html |title=History of African Games and Nigeria’s Performance |website=Premium Times |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Wasannin Afirka na 1973 sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a Najeriya da ma nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Gasar ta kuma taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka bayan samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na ashirin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/articles/african-games-celebrating-african-sporting-unity |title=African Games: Celebrating African Sporting Unity |website=African Union |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[African Games]] * [[National Stadium, Lagos]] * [[1978 All-Africa Games]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1973 in sports]] [[Category:African Games]] [[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Nigeria]] [[Category:Sport in Lagos]] [[Category:1973 in Nigerian sport]] 5p41e1az07u0tomnyfovx8iusi66usp 0 151933 890570 838831 2026-08-02T12:04:07Z BnHamid 12586 890570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Abdulrahman Disu''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Tunde Disu''') tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ƙwararren mai horaswa daga Najeriya. Ya yi fice musamman bayan jagorantar ƙungiyar matasa ta Najeriya ta [[Flying Eagles]] zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa ta FIFA ta shekarar 1989, inda Najeriya ta kafa tarihin abin da aka sani da “'''Dammam Miracle'''” bayan dawowa daga cin 4-0 da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi musu zuwa nasara a bugun fenariti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tunde Disu ya taso ne a yankin Ebute Metta da ke jihar Legas, Najeriya. Ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana makaranta a St. Paul Catholic School, inda ya kasance cikin tawagar makarantar. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kuma taka rawar gani a wasan tebur (table tennis), har ya zama gwarzon makaranta a wannan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Bayan haka wani mai shirya wasannin unguwa mai suna Mista Folabi ya taimaka wajen kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna “Seven Brothers”, wadda ta haɗa matasa masu hazaka daga Lagos Island da Ebute Metta. Wannan ne ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwarewar Disu a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Sana’ar wasa == Tunde Disu ya taka leda a wasu ƙungiyoyin cikin gida a Najeriya kafin ya koma harkar horaswa. Ya kasance ɗan wasa mai amfani da ƙafar hagu kuma yana taka rawa a matsayin ɗan gaba (striker). Duk da cewa bai yi suna sosai a matakin duniya a matsayin ɗan wasa ba, ya samu gagarumar nasara a matsayin mai horaswa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Sana’ar horaswa == Disu ya yi aiki da ƙungiyoyi da dama a Najeriya kafin ya samu babban matsayi a tawagar ƙasa. Ya yi suna wajen gano matasa masu hazaka da kuma ba su damar haɓaka a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/discover-your-own-players-disu-charges-natl-coaches/ |title=Discover your own players, Disu charges nat’l coaches |website=Vanguard News |date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 1989, Disu ya jagoranci ƙungiyar matasan Najeriya ta [[Flying Eagles]] a gasar FIFA World Youth Championship da aka gudanar a Saudiyya. Najeriya ta kafa tarihi bayan ta dawo daga rashin nasara da ci 4-0 a hannun Tarayyar Soviet zuwa 4-4 kafin ta yi nasara a bugun fenariti. Wannan wasa ya shiga tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya da sunan “Dammam Miracle”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Bayan nasarar shekarar 1989, Disu ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran masu horaswa a Najeriya. Ya taba zama mataimakin mai horas da [[Super Eagles]] sannan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Fasaha na Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/home-based-players-have-done-well-disu/ |title=Home-based players have done well — Disu |website=The Nation Newspaper |date=2013-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 1999, yayin gasar FIFA World Youth Championship da Najeriya ta karɓa bakunci, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya ta cire Disu daga matsayin mai horas da tawagar matasa bayan rashin kyakkyawan sakamako a matakin rukuni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mclglobal.com/History/Apr1999/13d1999/13d9s.html |title=Nigerian coach first casualty at youth tournament |website=MCL Global |date=1999-04-13 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga ci gaban matasa == Disu ya kasance mai ƙarfafa ci gaban gasar matasa da gano sabbin ‘yan wasa. Ya yi aiki wajen tallafawa Lagos Junior League, inda ya bayyana cewa gasar ta taimaka wajen fitar da fitattun ‘yan wasa irin su Victor Osimhen, Taiwo Awoniyi da Wilfred Ndidi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/disu-begs-lagos-to-sustain-junior-league/ |title=Disu begs Lagos to sustain Junior League |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Har ila yau, Disu ya riƙa jaddada muhimmancin kimiyya da dabaru a harkar horaswa. A wata hira da ya yi da manema labarai, ya bayyana cewa masu horaswa a matakin ƙasa su riƙa gano ‘yan wasa daga tushe maimakon dogaro da fitattun ‘yan wasa kawai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/discover-your-own-players-disu-charges-natl-coaches/ |title=Discover your own players, Disu charges nat’l coaches |website=Vanguard News |date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == An san Tunde Disu da salon horaswa mai mayar da hankali kan kai hari da kuma amfani da tsarin wasa na zamani. Ya yi imani da cewa masu horaswa su kasance masu iya nazarin wasa da kuma shirya dabarun da suka dace kafin kowace fafatawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/03/08/hope-soccer-tournament-disu-counsels-coaches-on-tactics/ |title=Hope Soccer Tournament: Disu Counsels Coaches On Tactics |website=P.M. News Nigeria |date=2013-03-08 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Gado == Tunde Disu na daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya, musamman saboda rawar da ya taka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar matasa. Nasarar “Dammam Miracle” ta 1989 har yanzu tana daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi a ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-1989-damman-miracle-by-disu/ |title=Our 1989 ‘Damman Miracle’, by Disu |website=The Nation Nigeria |date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 92uucxfg6nngwrqtbezt7kzm3j03gtj 0 152571 890607 880948 2026-08-02T12:36:14Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Bogoria''' (tsohon Tafkin Hannington) tafkin saline ne, alkaline wanda ke cikin yankin [[Dutsen Volcano|dutsen wuta]] a cikin rabin tafkin da ke kudu da Tafkin Baringo, [[Kenya]], dan kadan a arewa ma'auni. Tafkin Bogoria, kamar [[Tafkin Nakuru]], Tafkin Elementeita, da Tafkin Magadi a kudu a cikin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift Valley]], da Tafkin Logipi a arewa, lokaci-lokaci gida ne ga ɗayan mafi yawan jama'ar duniya na ƙananan flamingos. Tafkin wuri ne na Ramsar kuma Tafkin Bogoria National Reserve ya kasance mai kariya ta kasa tun daga ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1973. == Tarihi == An ba da sunan tafkin ne bayan mishan na Anglican James Hannington wanda ya ziyarci a 1885. [[Fayil:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(17972717398).jpg|center|thumb|Tafkin Hannington (hoton farkon karni na 20) ]] == Bayyanawa == Tafkin Bogoria yana cikin yankin Baringo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bogoria National Reserve Management Plan |url=https://www.baringo.go.ke/resource/lake-bogoria-reserve-management-plan/?tk=MTgwMA== |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=baringo.go.ke}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 120 a arewacin birnin Nakuru da kilomita 240 a arewacin [[Nairobi]]. <ref name="ramsarRIS">{{Cite web |title=Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS) for Site no. 1097, Lake Bogoria, Kenya |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/KE1097RIS_2405_en.pdf |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> Yana cikin kwarin Rift na Gregorian.<ref name="ramsarRIS" /> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na tafkin ruwa mai laushi mafi girma, ya haɗu da Tafkin Baringo na yanzu. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton tauraron dan adam a saman wannan shafin, an raba shi cikin ɓangarori uku: babban tsakiya daya da ƙananan biyu a arewa da kudu. Yankunan biyu da suka raba waɗannan lobes ba su da zurfi, sills da ke sarrafawa a Nyalibuch da Mwanassis.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} Akwai saɓani game da tsawo. Ramsar na [[UNESCO|Unesco]] yana ba da {{Cvt|963|m}}.<ref name="ramsarRIS"/> Mafi daidaito - kuma mafi hankali - , {{Harvard citation no brackets|Renaut|Owen|1991}} sun ba da ''[[wiktionary:circa|c.]]'' 990 m tun daga watan Agusta 1977, amma kuma sun nuna cewa matakin tafkin yana canzawa ta hanyar yanayi da 50 zuwa 100 cm; kuma yana iya bambanta da mita da yawa na gajeren lokaci, bayan ya canza tsakanin c. 988 da c. 996 m a cikin karni na 20. {{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} Yankunan bakin tekun da ke kewaye da bakin tekun, waɗanda aka yi da dutse mai laushi da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna nuna matakan tafkin mafi girma daga Pleistocene da Holocene.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} Ana iya ganinsu a kashi 45% na matakin yanzu, kuma wasu suna da kimanin 9 m sama da bakin teku na yanzu.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} A cikin 1991 matsakaicin tsawon shine {{Cvt|17.6|km}} kuma faɗin sa ya kasance daga {{Cvt|0.5|km}} zuwa {{Cvt|3.6|km}} . {{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} The [[Ruwan ruwa|drainage basin]] is {{Cvt|700|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bogoria Ramsar site and catchment area |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/48385794/pictures/KE1097_map1602.pdf |website=rsis.ramsar.org |type=map}}</ref> The lowest point of the [[Raba magudanan ruwa|drainage divide]] is at 999 m near Loboi village; when the level of the lake reaches that altitude, its waters flow northward in lake Baringo [[Ruwan ruwa|drainage basin]].{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} A shekarar 1978, an rubuta mafi girman zurfinsa a matsayin {{Cvt|12|m}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vareschi |first=Ekkehard |date=January 1978 |title=The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya) I. Abundance and feeding of the lesser flamingo |journal=Oecologia (Berl.) |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=11–35 |doi=10.1007/BF00344687}} Cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Harper|Childress|Harper|Boar|2003}}.</ref> ko {{Cvt|11.5|m}}, da {{Harvard citation no brackets|Renaut|Owen|1991}} sun yi daidai cewa wannan yana cikin babban kwano ko lobe; kuma ƙananan sassa biyu a gefen arewa da kudu sun kasance {{Cvt|5.5|m}} zurfi a wancan lokacin. {{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} A shekarar 2003, matsakaicin zurfinsa ya wuce {{Cvt|10|m}} kawai a cikin yanki na {{Cvt|3000|ha}} . Wannan ba shi da zurfi sosai, amma duk da haka ya fi zurfi - don haka ya fi kwanciyar hankali a fannin ruwa - fiye da sauran tafkunan endorheic a Kenya. {{Sfn|Harper|Childress|Harper|Boar|2003}} Tafkunan Rift Valley suna fuskantar sauye-sauye akai-akai (kuma suna zagaye) a matakan ruwa galibi saboda ruwan sama, wanda ba shi da tabbas kuma ba a iya hasashensa ba. <ref name="ramsar_flam">{{Cite web |title=Additional information on impact of pollution on Flamingo |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/48385794/documents/KE1097lit.pdf}}</ref> A wannan yankin, tafkin Bogoria shine kawai tafkin alkaline wanda ke da ƙarancin canjin ruwan tafki, <ref name="ramsarRIS"/> kuma ana amfani da shi azaman mafaka ga flamigos da sauran dabbobi lokacin da wasu tafkuna marasa zurfi suka bushe. <ref name="ramsar_flam" /> Yankin yana da hekta {{Cvt|3300|ha}} (acre 8,200) amma wannan yana canzawa, musamman bisa ga yawan ruwan sama.<ref name="ramsarRIS"/> Yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa tsakanin Afrilu da Nuwamba, kuma ruwan sama yana da matsakaicin kimanin 700 mm a filin Loboi da 1200 mm a kan tsaunuka masu kusa. Amma shekarun [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Nino]] sun kawo karuwar ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a bakin tafkin.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} Misali, a cikin 2020 yankin ya karu zuwa kimanin hekta {{Cvt|4690|ha}} (11,600 acres): <ref name="ramsarRIS" /> 2020 na ɗaya daga cikin shekarun da suka fi zafi a rikodin, amma duk da ruwan sama mai raɗaɗi a lokacin gajeren ruwan sama (Oktoba zuwa Disamba, ko OND) ya kuma ga rigar fiye da na yau da kullun Janairu da Fabrairu saboda ƙarfin tasirin Dipole na [[Tekun Indiya]] a wannan lokacin, da haɓaka ruwan sama mai tsawo (Maris zuwa Mayu, ko MAM) (a wannan shekarar, Tafkin Victoria ya tashi zuwa sabon matakin rikodin). <ref>{{Cite web |title=State of the climate in Kenya 2020 |url=https://meteo.go.ke/sites/default/files/downloads/STATE%20OF%20THE%20%20CLIMATE%202020_14042021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=meteo.go.ke |publisher=Kenya Meteorological Department |pages=5, 6, 34 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316074104/https://meteo.go.ke/sites/default/files/downloads/STATE%20OF%20THE%20%20CLIMATE%202020_14042021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, yawan evaporation yana sama da 2500 mm, {{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}} don haka yana haifar da karancin ruwa kuma yana haifar da yanayin tsaka-tsaki a kan mafi yawan ƙananan sassan tafkin Bogoria.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} === Yankunan ruwa === [[Fayil:Lake_bogoria.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Bogoria]] Kodayake tafkin yana cikin wani ɓangaren tsaka-tsaki na Kenya Rift Valley, an kewaye shi da wurare masu yawa da yawa a bakin tekun, tare da kuskuren inda maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi, masu dumi da sanyi suka bunkasa, da kuma koguna da ke gudana a fadin rift floor. ==== Yankunan da ke da ruwa ==== Yankunan da ke arewacin tafkin ba sa ciyar da wani kogi. Suna da alaƙa da Tafkin Bogoria da Tafkin Baringo da ke kusa; Kogin Waseges <ref name="ramsarRIS"/> (ko kogin Sandai) ne ke ciyar da tabkuna biyu, wanda ya kawo karamin kwarara na dindindin na kogin Loboi.{{Sfn|Harper|Childress|Harper|Boar|2003}} Wadannan filayen suna ciyar da su ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin, da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} A kudu, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda biyu suna ba da rafi na dindindin. Dukkanin uku (kogi na Wasenge da raƙuman ruwa guda biyu) ana amfani da su sosai don sha, da kuma ruwa daga wasu raƙuman maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi - wasu daga cikin waɗannan ba su da gishiri fiye da ruwan tafkin.{{Sfn|Harper|Childress|Harper|Boar|2003}} Sauran raƙuman ruwa, kamar Emsos a kudu da Parkirichai a yamma, na ɗan lokaci ne: suna gudana ne kawai bayan ruwan sama mai yawa.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}<br /> ; Loboi Swamp Wannan tafkin yana arewacin tafkin. Yana rungumar tushe na wani horst block (hawan kuskuren da aka iyakance da kuskuren al'ada) wanda ke fuskantar arewa maso kudu. Dangane da kwanan wata na radiocarbon, an halicce shi ne kawai shekaru 700 da suka gabata a cikin tsohuwar yanayin ambaliyar ruwa - watakila sakamakon lalacewa. A shekara ta 1969, ya bazu sama da kilomita 6 a tsawon; amma an karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Waseges kuma a shekara ta 2001 kawai ya kasance kilomita 3.5 ne kawai kuma kusan kilomita 0.5 a fadin. Akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu dumi guda uku, da kuma shigar da ruwa a ƙasa, suna ciyar da shi. Kogin Loboi ma yana ba da gudummawa a ciki amma wannan kogin yana sauya gado a kai a kai (avulsions) kuma hakan yana canza rawar da yake takawa game da tafkin. Wannan kogi yana da sanyi kuma dan kadan ne kawai. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna da irin wannan sunadarai amma sun fi dumi, suna da mafi girman abun ciki na nitrate, kuma suna da ɗan acid.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} Ruwa da aka samu na Loboi Swamp suma dan kadan ne, kuma gabaɗaya suna nuna cakuda ruwa, ruwa da ruwa na ƙasa.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} Yankunan da ke da ruwa mai zaman kansa ko na yanayi sun mamaye ''Typha domingensis'' kuma suna da wasu ''Leersia hexandra'', ''Ipomoea aquatica'', da sauran taxa. Wadannan yankuna suna kewaye da wani wuri mai laushi wanda ke kusa da tsarkakewa na ''Cyperus papyrus'' wanda ke da tushe ko iyo a cikin ruwa har zuwa zurfin 1.5 m. Acacia scrub yana faruwa a kan wani bangare mai kusanci zuwa yamma, tare da ciyawa kamar ''Sporobolus spicata'' a kan filayen da ke kusa.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 63jbhv7dayg98ygezbfy4yf8vh29xwm 0 153079 890571 842418 2026-08-02T12:04:45Z BnHamid 12586 890571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Von Bach''' (asalin Sartorius von Bach Dam) madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da dutse a kan Kogin Swakop kusa da [[Okahandja]] a Yankin Otjozondjupa na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina shi a shekara ta 1968 kuma an ba da umurni a shekara ta 1970, madatsar ruwan ta samar da babban birnin Namibia na [[Windhoek]] da yawancin ruwan birnin. Hakanan yana samar da Okahandja. Dam din yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|48.56|e6m3|cuyd}} (63,510,000 cu yd). Ana aika ruwa daga tafkin kai tsaye zuwa tashar tsabtace ruwa a ƙasa. An kammala masana'antar magani a 1971 kuma an inganta ta a 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Treatment Plant Von Bach Water Treatment Plant |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123933/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |publisher=Nam Water}}</ref> == Manazartaa == {{Reflist}} 6reowlji8rlw82pqiqqyge2q3n94yt2 0 153605 890568 843706 2026-08-02T12:03:03Z BnHamid 12586 890568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Stephen Belichick''' (an haife shi 16 ga Afrilu, 1952), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bill Belichick''', ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ne. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara masu horarwa a tarihin [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya fi shahara saboda zamanin da ya yi a matsayin babban koci na [[New England Patriots]], inda ya kafa daula mai nasara tare da ɗan wasa Tom Brady. == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Belichick a Nashville, Tennessee, amma ya girma a Annapolis, Maryland. Ya yi karatu a Wesleyan University inda ya fara nuna sha’awar horar da ‘yan wasa. == Aikin Horarwa == === Farkon Aiki === Belichick ya fara aikinsa a NFL a matsayin mataimakin koci, yana aiki da ƙungiyoyi da dama kafin ya zama babban koci. Ya yi aiki da: * Baltimore Colts * Detroit Lions * Denver Broncos * New York Giants === New England Patriots === A shekarar 2000, ya zama babban koci na Patriots. A karkashin jagorancinsa: * Patriots ta lashe Super Bowl 6 * Ta kai Super Bowl sau 9 * Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin daular NFL mafi ƙarfi Ya yi aiki tare da Tom Brady wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara haɗin koci da ɗan wasa a tarihi. == Zamanin New York Giants (Defensive Coordinator) == Kafin Patriots, Belichick ya taimaka wa New York Giants su lashe Super Bowl a matsayin defensive coordinator. == Salon Horarwa == An san Belichick da: * Tsananin horo da discipline * Tsarin wasan da ya dogara da dabaru * Yin amfani da “next man up mentality” * Ƙarfin kare kai (defensive strategies) == Nasarori == * Super Bowl wins: 6 (a matsayin head coach) * Super Bowl appearances: 9 * NFL Coach of the Year awards * One of the most wins in NFL coaching history == Aikin Yanzu == Bayan barin Patriots, Belichick ya koma horar da ƙungiyar [[North Carolina Tar Heels]] a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar jami’a (college football). == Duba Kuma == * [[New England Patriots]] * [[Tom Brady]] * [[Super Bowl]] * [[National Football League]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Littattafai === * Belichick, Bill. ''The Art of Winning'' * MacCambridge, Michael. ''America’s Game'' * NFL Record and Fact Book * ESPN Coaching Profile == Hanyoyin Waje == * [https://www.patriots.com Shafin New England Patriots (historical)] * [https://www.nfl.com NFL Official Website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Belichick, Bill}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Kocin Ƙwallon Kafa na Amurika]] blvdpbrcefvof94vpg9tza6gss3vj8p 0 153615 890851 889731 2026-08-03T07:13:01Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin shekara ta 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance ƙaruwar amfani daga ƙaruwar yawan jama'a da faɗaɗa aikin gona. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da buɗewa a yankunan ƙaramar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a shekarar 2015 zuwa 66.2% a shekarar 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara ɓangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a shekara ta 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a shekara ta 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka ƙara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan shekarar 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa ɓangaren. Taimako na ƙasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen ɓangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shi ne Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en |archive-date=2017-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070816/https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller&#91;region&#93;=&tx_displaycontroller&#91;search_word&#93;=egypt&tx_displaycontroller&#91;type&#93;=country_files |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Bira ne (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar Shekarar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin shekarar 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan mo re rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Anwar Sadat]] a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 zuwa 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren shekarar 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na ===Sauye-sauyen shekarar 2004: Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu=== '''Asalin sauye-sauyen'''. Lokacin da masu bayar da tallafi suka nuna rashin jin daɗin su da rashin kyakkyawan aiki na sashen, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sauye-sauye da ya sake nufin inganta ingancin sabis, a hankali samun daidaiton kuɗi da kuma inganta ƙwarewar ma’aikata. Ma’aikatar gidaje ta ɗora wa NOPWASD nauyin yin binciken gano matsaloli da bayar da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin taken sauƙaƙe ikon gudanarwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamfanoni masu kasuwanci a matakin jihohi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, an ƙara abubuwa biyu a cikin sauye-sauyen: shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu da kuma kafa hukumar da ke da ikon kansa. An gabatar da binciken ga Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1998. Majalisar ta ɗora wa Ma’aikatar gidaje nauyin ƙirƙirar takardu biyu: dokar sake tsarawa na sashen ruwa da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dokar ba da lasisin ayyukan jama’a na ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Dukansu an amince da su a ka’ida a shekarar 2000. Sai dai dokar lasisin ruwa ba ta taɓa wucewa ba. An kuma rarraba wata doka don ƙirƙirar hukumar kula. Tsarin aiwatar da sauye-sauyen ya ɗauki shekaru da dama. A wannan lokacin an gyara dokar sake tsarawa na sashen, inda aka ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding wanda ya fara yin gogayya da NOPWASD. '''Kafuwar Kamfanin Holding'''. A watan Afrilu 2004 an kafa dokar da ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Holding, wanda ya zama cibiyar tsakiya ta sashen. Kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa guda 7 da ke akwai (2 a Cairo, 2 a Alexandria, da 3 a Nile Delta) da kuma Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Jama’a guda 7 duk an mayar da su Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Holding. Duk da cewa Kamfanin Holding bai zama mai kula da saka hannun jari ba, ya zama mai kula da sayen kayan aiki don sabunta kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma horar da ma’aikatansu. Haka kuma, ya zama babban abokin tattaunawa da masu bayar da tallafi daga ƙasashen waje. '''Kafuwar hukumar kula'''. A shekarar 2006 an ƙara sauye-sauyen sashen da kafa hukumar kula, wato Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar. Kafuwar hukumar da ke da ikon kansa don kula da ayyukan jama’a ya kasance shawarar da masu bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa ga sauye-sauyen sashen gine-gine a ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi, sa ido kan bin ƙa’idojin fasaha da kuma duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen kwastomomi. Hukumar tana da ikon inganta da kuma kula da shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.<ref>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA): Mission and Objectives {{Cite web |url=http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161041/http://www.ewra.gov.eg/Fetchpage.aspx?page=MissionAndObjectives |url-status=dead }} (a harshen Larabci), an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka suna maimaita ayyukan wasu hukumomi, kamar Kamfanin Holding (wanda shima ke duba shawarwarin daidaita farashi tare da Ma’aikatar gidaje da Majalisar Ministoci), kamfanonin jama’a (wanda shima ke duba ƙorafe-ƙorafe) da kuma PPP Central Unit (wanda shima ke inganta shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu). Bayan shekaru biyar da kafuwarsa, hukumar kula ta kasance mai rauni da ƙarancin tasiri, kuma ikon kansa abin shakka ne. '''Shiga na ɓangaren masu zaman kansu'''. A shekarar 2006 gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri PPP Central Unit a Ma’aikatar Kuɗi don inganta saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu a sabbin ayyukan gine-gine a fannoni daban-daban. A sashen ruwa, wannan hukumar ta inganta manyan ayyukan BOT don sabbin wuraren tace magudanar ruwa a Cairo da Alexandria. Hukumar ta bar ayyukan kamfanonin jama’a ba tare da ta taɓa su ba.<ref>Ministry of Finance: PPP Central Unit, an dawo da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2011</ref> '''Aiwarar da sauye-sauyen'''. Bayan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen, an ƙara farashin ruwa a Babban Cairo daga matakin ƙasa ƙwarai da kashi 100% a matsayin alama ga masu bayar da tallafi cewa sauye-sauyen suna da muhimmanci. Kamfanin Holding ya fara shirin maye gurbin mita 800,000 da ba sa aiki, ya ƙirƙiri babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya sayi tsarin SCADA da GIS ga kamfanonin jama’a kuma ya kafa layin waya na kwastomomi.<ref name="HCWW 2006"/> Haka kuma, Kamfanin Holding ya kafa tsarin kwatanta aiki da biyan kari ga kamfanonin da suka inganta aikinsu. Sakamakon sauye-sauyen, masu bayar da tallafi sun sake shiga cikin sashen. '''Kalubale da ba a warware ba'''. Duk da cewa sauye-sauyen sun magance wasu matsaloli, wasu sun rage ba a warware ba. Misali, rarrabuwar sashen ba ta ragu ba. Babu wata hukuma da aka rushe; maimakon haka an ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi da dama. Samun kuɗin shiga har yanzu yana da ƙasa; yawan ma’aikata ma ya ƙaru daga kusan ma’aikata 6.5 a kan haɗin ruwa 1000 a farkon shekarun 2000<ref name="Sage"/> zuwa kusan 10 a shekarar 2008.<ref name="HCWW Figures"/> Haka kuma, rarrabuwar nauyin saka hannun jari da aiki a yankunan Masar ba a magance ba: NOPWASD har yanzu yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, yayin da Kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin Holding ke da alhakin aiki kawai. '''Shawo kan rarrabuwar saka hannun jari da aiki?'''. A rashin cikakken sauye-sauye, masu bayar da tallafi daga Turai sun fara magance wannan matsala a matakin ayyuka. A ƙarƙashin Improved Water and Sanitation Program (IWSP), wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009, kamfanonin ruwa da tsaftacewa za su zama masu kula da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ta haka suna kauce wa NOPWASD. IWSP ana tallafawa tare da kuɗi daga masu bayar da tallafi na Turai guda huɗu da gwamnatin Masar da jimillar Euro miliyan 295 don matakin farko. Duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ƙarƙashin Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 2008 (US$320m a matakai biyu) ya ci gaba da tura saka hannun jari ta hanyar NOPWASD. ===Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa (Daga 2011 zuwa Sama)=== Juyin juya halin Larabawa ya janye hankalin manufofin gwamnati na ɗan lokaci daga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren ruwa, yayin da yanayin kuɗi na hukumomin samar da ruwa na Masar ya taɓarbare sakamakon ƙarin albashi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba ta hanyar ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnati. Haka kuma, rabon kuɗaɗen shiga da ake tarawa daga takardun kuɗi ya ƙara raguwa. A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi ta kafa Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce a da take ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Gidaje. ==Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli== ===Manufofi da tsari=== Hukumomi da dama ne ke tsara manufofin ɓangaren ruwa na Masar. Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2012, ta karɓi ayyukanta ne daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane wacce ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren a baya. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban ruwa (wacce a da ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Albarkatun Ruwa) ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsarin ban ruwa.<ref>US Agency for International Development 2008, IMPLEMENTING IWRM in Egypt:from concept to reality, Eric Viala, Retrieved on 200-01-15</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jama'a ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha. Hukumar Kula da Al'amuran Muhalli ta Masar ita ce ke da alhakin al'amuran muhalli da kuma aunawa da sanya ido kan amfani da ruwa. Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (HCWW), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2004, shi ke da alhakin dorewar kuɗi da fasaha na hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin larduna (Governorates). Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA), wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2006, ita ce ke da alhakin tsara tattalin arziki da fasaha na hukumomin amfanar jama'a.<ref name="mehsip"/> Bayan ziyarar da Wakiliya ta Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun gari da ingantaccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ta kai a shekara ta 2009, ta lura da ƙarancin gaskiya da riƙon amana na gwamnati ga ƴan ƙasarta game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ta karɓi korafe-korafe da dama da aka kai wa hukumomi game da samar da ruwan sha da suka rage ba tare da ba da amsa ba. Ta bayyana cewa "yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai game da ingancin (...) ruwan sha" kuma "an sami rudani game da inda za a aika korafe-korafe" - ko zuwa ga Kamfanin Holding, ko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko kuma Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa. "Rarraba nauyin ayyuka ya haifar da yanayin da babu wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar kanta da alhakin matsalar da ake magana kai," in ji ta, ta ƙara da cewa "rashin gaskiya gaba ɗaya da samun bayanai a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana haifar da yanayi na zargi, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma rashin amincewa gaba ɗaya ga Gwamnati da Kamfanin Holding."<ref name="UNHRC Participation">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=15–17|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Kayayyakin Amfanar Jama'a da Al'ummomin Birane ta amince da Takardar Manufofin Ɓangaren Ruwa da Ruwan Suda a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa a cikin manufofin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar tana kan aiwatar da fito da wata dabarar ƙasa da ta ginu bisa takardar manufofin, gami da ƙananan dabarun kan batutuwa kamar su kuɗin fito, matsugunai marasa tsari da tsaftar muhalli na karkara. ===Samar da sabis=== ====Hukumomin gwamnati==== Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Kayayyakin Tsaftar Muhalli ce ke kula da duk hukumomin da ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A faffadan jawabi, waɗannan hukumomi iri biyu ne: waɗanda ke da alhakin saka hannun jari da kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka. Sai dai, wannan rarrabuwa ba koyaushe take a bayyane ba, tunda wasu kamfanoni da ke da alhakin gudanarwa su ma suna yin saka hannun jari. Hukumomi guda uku ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da kula da ginin ababen more rayuwa: * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta Alkahira da Alexandria''' (CAPWO) don manyan biranen ƙasar guda biyu, * '''Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa''' (NOPWASD) don sauran sassan ƙasar in ban da sabbin al'ummomi, da kuma * '''Hukumar Sabbin Al'ummomin Birane''' tana da alhakin saka hannun jari na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a sabbin al'ummomi, waɗanda zuwa yanzu aka gina guda 22 masu mazauna miliyan biyar tare da masana'antar ruwan sha guda 29, kilomita 10,000 na bututun ruwa, kilomita 7,000 na bututun magudanar ruwa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda guda 26.<ref name="mehsip"/><ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (2008), http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |date=2014-11-07 }}</ref> '''Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda''' (HCWW) da kamfanoninsa guda 26 da ke da alaƙa da shi su ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Kamfanin Holding ya mallaki duk ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar. Kamfanoninsa da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: * Babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Alkahira (GOGCWS) * Babban Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa da Tsafta na Alkahira (CGOSD) * '''Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria''', AWCO * Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Alexandria (ASDCO) * Kamfanoni 22 da ke da alaƙa, kowanne yana kula da ɗaya ko fiye na lardunan Masar guda 29 (Governorates of Egypt) kuma suna da alhakin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kamfanonin da ke kula da larduna da dama sun haɗa da ɗaya na lardunan Canal (Suez, Port Said da Ismailia), da ɗaya na Tsibirin Sinai (lardunan Arewa da Kudancin Sinai).<ref>Holding Company for Water and Wastewater:About us {{Cite web |url=http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |url-status=dead }}, retrieved on July 22, 2011. The number of companies cited there is 23, but as of 2012 the number had increased to 26.</ref> A wasu lardunan, har yanzu Kamfanin Holding ne ke samar da ayyukan ruwa da magudanar ruwa kai tsaye. An yi niyyar kafa Kamfanoni masu alaƙa a duk lardunan, wanda zai kawo jimillar Kamfanoni masu alaƙa zuwa 28. A cewar Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar, manyan Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna kwazo a cikin shekarar 2012/13 su ne Behira, Gharbia, Dakahlia, Sharkia da Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria a jere kamar yadda aka jera, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta. Kamfanoni biyar masu alaƙa da suka fi nuna rashin kwazo su ne, a jere kamar yadda aka jera, Aswan, Luxor, Qena (duk suna yankin Upper Egypt), Sinai da Marsa Matrouh (suna yankunan gefe). Ana auna kwazon aiki ta hanyar maki mai nauyi wanda ya ƙunshi alamomi masu zuwa: dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa (nauyin 30%), ingancin taron kuɗi (30%), masu biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa lissafi bisa mita, adadin ma'aikata a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000, asarar ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa da EWRA (kowanne yana da nauyin 10%).<ref name=EWRA>Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency: Annual Report Fiscal Year 2012/13</ref> ====Shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu==== Goyon bayan gwamnati ga shigar ɓangaren masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin Gina-Gudanar-Mayarwa (BOT) don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, ta hanyar da ake tattara kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya takaitu ne ga Alkahira da Alexandria inda masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje suka rage sha'awar ba da taimako. Kwangilar BOT ta farko ta dala miliyan 160 don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta Sabuwar Alkahira mai ƙarfin mita kyubik 250,000 a rana an ba da ita a shekara ta 2010 kuma an tsara za a kammala ta a ƙarshen shekara ta 2012. Sai dai, haɗin gwiwar Orascom da Aqualia daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wani kamfani na Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), sun tsinci kansu cikin matsalolin canjin kuɗi da matsalolin ƙaddamar da masana'antar. Jagoran mai ba da shawara don tsara wannan harka shi ne Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) ta rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: New Cairo Wastewater|url=http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b21864804983906081ecd3336b93d75f/SuccessStories_NCWWweb.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|work=Success Stories - Infrastructure Advisory Services|publisher=IFC/devco|access-date=28 December 2013|date=October 2009}}</ref> Kwangilar wata babbar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda, wato haɓaka masana'antar Abu Rawash mai ƙarfin mita kyubik miliyan 1.2 a rana akan dala miliyan 500, ta jinkirta na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt's PPPs need to beat currency risk, November 2012</ref> Bankin Turai don Sake Gini da Haɓakawa ya sanar da sha'awar sa na tallafawa aikin ta hanyar rance na kuɗin cikin gida.<ref>Global Water Intelligence:Egypt gets ready for long-awaited PPP award, April 2015</ref> Kamfanin Holding na Ruwa da Ruwan Suda yana shirin ƙaddamar da BOTs don kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a jajayen teku da Sinai, tare da sashin Haɗin Gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP) na gwamnati wanda zai ba da garantin kariya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Tourist resorts in need of desal PPPs|date=November 2012}}</ref> Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu kuma ya shiga cikin wasu ayyuka bayan gini da ba da shawara. Misali, a Alkahira, Suez da Ismailia an ɗauki hayar wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa da ruwan suda, rage zubar ruwa da kuma girka mitocin ruwa.<ref name="Escwa">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2004), The Optimization of Water Resource Management in the ESCWA countries, Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> ==Ingancin tattalin arziki== Kason ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (non-revenue water) a Masar an ƙasaita shi da kashi 32% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.,<ref name=EWRA/> ƙasa kaɗan da matakin 34% a shekara ta 2005<ref name="Sage">SAGE (2006), Financial and operational performance assessment: water/wastewater Egyptian utilities, Amr AG Hassanein and R A Khalifa, Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> kuma ƙasa sosai da matakin kashi 40-50% da aka ƙasaita don shekarun 1990.<ref name="Sharabas">Adel Sharabas:Water and wastewater sector reform:the Egyptian experience, NOPWASD, Chief of Central Department of Lower Egypt Projects, ca. 2000, p. 156-160</ref> Kyakkyawan misali na kwazo a yankin yana cikin ƙasar Tunisia inda matakin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga yake kashi 18%.<ref name="Regul">Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006</ref> Hukumomin Masar suna da yawan ma'aikata da ya wuce kima. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata 98,500 a shekara ta 2008 don masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 9.5, daidai da fiye da ma'aikata 10 a kowane haɗin gwiwa 1000.<ref name="HCWW Figures">Holding Company for Water and Waste Water:About Us {{Cite web |url=http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107122059/http://www.hcww.com.eg/En/Content.aspx?ID=1 |url-status=dead }}, retrieved on July 20, 2011</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012/13 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.5 a cewar EWRA.<ref name=EWRA/> Kyakkyawan misali don hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli shi ne samun ma'aikata ƙasa da 5.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom">{{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Ɓangarorin kuɗi== Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da cewa farashin yana da sauƙi, kusan rabin takardun kuɗi na haraji ba a biya su, kuma ƴan siyasa suna fargabar ƙara kuɗin fito, musamman tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa. Don haka, ƙaramin kashi ne kawai na kuɗaɗen kashewa ake dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji. Gwamnati ce ke cike gurbin rashi ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga saka hannun jari da gudanar da ayyuka da ya kai dala biliyan 2.5 a kowace shekara, wanda kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari kawai ne masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. ===Kuɗaɗen fito da sauran farashi=== '''Matakin kuɗin fito'''. Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da magudanar ruwa a Masar suna da ƙaranci sosai idan aka kwatanta da na duniya. Kashi 80% na masu biyan kuɗi suna karɓar takardar kuɗi ne dangane da abin da mita ta nuna.<ref name=EWRA/> Sauran masu biyan kuɗi ana cajinsu ne a kan ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda aka ƙasaita shi gwargwadon nau'in ginin.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> A Alkahira, kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje sun kasance piastres 29 (kimanin sandi 5 na dalar Amurka<ref name="EGP 2008">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.18317 US Dollar (2008-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) a kowace mita kyubik a shekara ta 2008. Ana cajin magudanar ruwa a matsayin ƙarin kashi 63% a kan takardar kuɗin ruwa. A watan Agustan 2017, gwamnatin Masar ta amince da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan gidaje har zuwa kashi 50%, sakamakon sharuɗɗan IMF na rage tallafi. Farashin ruwa zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin EGP0.45-2.15/m3 ($0.03-$0.12/m3). Kuɗaɗen fito na abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci sun fi na gidaje yawa nesa ba kusa ba. Don haka, ƴan kasuwa za su biya har zuwa EGP6.95/m3 ($0.39/m3).<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt to slash subsidies in water and wastewater|url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2017/31/egypt-to-slash-subsidies-in-water-and-wastewater?dm_i=36G3,IGWK,2MX9NG,1XJV0,1|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> A cewar wani bincike da GIZ ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009, kuɗaɗen fito a lokacin sun bambanta tsakanin Euro 0.04 a kowace mita kyubik a lardin Gharbiya zuwa Euro 0.07 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya biya Fam na Masar 3 a kowace mita kyubik a Alexandria a shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt's Iron Lady of Water and how she increased tariffs|date=March 2012 |url=http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-27/issue-1/regional-spotlight/middle-east-africa/egypt-s-iron-lady.html|publisher=WaterWorld, ca. 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> '''Tsarin kuɗin fito'''. Akwai rarrabuwa da dama na abokan ciniki da ke haifar da riƙaƙƙun kuɗaɗen fito waɗanda suka bambanta, da sauran abubuwa, dangane da nau'in kasuwancin abokin ciniki, ruwan da abokin ciniki ke fitarwa, yanayin amfani da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma nisan abokin ciniki daga babban famfon ruwa. Yawancin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa iri ɗaya ne, wato farashi ɗaya yana aiki ga kowane sashe na amfani, idan ma ana auna amfanin ruwan da mita. Wasu Kamfanoni masu alaƙa suna da tsarin ƙarin farashi ga abokan ciniki masu mita, wato farashin kowane sashe na ƙaruwa yayin da aka ƙara amfani da ruwa. Amma ko a wannan yanayin ma, adadin ruwan da ke cikin rukunin farko yana da yawa sosai har ya zama babu wani ƙaimi na rage amfani da ruwa.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery"/> '''Tsara kuɗin fito'''. Ana tsara kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ne daga tsakiya kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne a duk fadin Masar. A wasu yankuna an ƙara su bayan gyare-gyaren shekara ta 2005, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2017. Dole ne ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya sami amincewar kamfanin holding, hukumar tsara ruwa ta ƙasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, Majalisar Ministoci, Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Majalisar Ƙasa. Kuɗaɗen fito a wasu yankunan ba a ƙara su ba na tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin tun daga shekarar 1992.<ref name="Badran"/> Tun bayan Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa, amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na gidaje ya ƙara zama mai wahala. Sai dai, kuɗaɗen fito na masana'antu, Kamfanoni masu alaƙa za su iya tsara su ba gami da amincewar gwamnati ba. Duk da haka, hauhawar kuɗaɗen tallafi ya tilasta wa gwamnati amincewa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito a shekara ta 2017. '''Iya biya'''. Dangane da kuɗin fito na sandi 5 na dalar Amurka a kowace mita kyubik da kuma amfani da lita 200 ga kowane mutum a rana, wanda ya fi na Tsakiyar Turai yawa, takardar kuɗin ruwa ta kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar tana kaiwa daidai da dala 1.50 kacal. Kamar yaddda binciken da kamfanin ba da shawara na Chemonics ya gudanar ga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna, gida ɗaya da ke amfani da lita 218 ga kowane mutum a rana ya biya takardar kuɗin ruwa da magudanar ruwa daidai da kashi 0.81% na jimillar kuɗaɗen da gidan ke kashewa. Kashi 11% na gidaje kawai (waɗanda ke kashi 7.4% na al'umma) ne suka kashe sama da kashi 1% a kan ruwa da ruwan suda.<ref name="USAID Cost Recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System%2fReports%2fDeliverables%2fCost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=12–16|date=January 2012|access-date=2012-10-12|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617191011/http://www.wprregypt.com/VirtualFileSystem/VirtualFileSystem.ashx?path=File+System/Reports/Deliverables/Cost+Recovery+Policy+Paper_Dec2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Kuɗaɗen haɗawa'''. Kuɗaɗen haɗa bututun ruwa babban kuɗi ne da gidaje ke kashewa. A yankuna matalauta, ana rage kuɗaɗen haɗawa kuma ana iya biya su daki-daki ta hanyar wani asusu na musamman da Kamfanin Holding, UNICEF da USAID suka kafa.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability">{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=14|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> '''Farashin da ake biya masu sayar da ruwa'''. A wasu matsugunai marasa tsari, yawancin mazauna ba su da damar samun ruwa ta hanyar doka, kuma yawancin mutane suna samun ruwa ne daga motocin dakon ruwa ko wuraren shan ruwa. Saboda mazauna yankin ba su da takaddun mallakar ƙasa na shari'a a kan filayen da suke zaune, ba su da ikon haɗa bututun ruwa da tsarin tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka. Ruwan da motocin dakon ruwa ke samarwa yana da farashin fam na Masar biyu zuwa uku a kowace lita 25, kimanin sau 300 fiye da kuɗin fito na ruwan famfo.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> '''Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida'''. Kuɗin kwashe ramin bayan gida (septic tanks) na iya zama mai yawa. Wasu mutane suna guje wa amfani da ramin bayan gidansu, domin idan sun yi amfani da shi ramin yana cika da sauri kuma dole ne su biya kuɗin kwashe shi akai-akai. Don haka suna ci gaba da gurɓata muhallin da ke kewaye da su, koda baka da cewa suna da kayan tsaftar muhalli a gida.<ref name="UNHRC Affordability"/> ===Dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da tallafi=== Gwamnatocin Masar suna ba da tallafi mai yawa ga ɓangaren. Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar ta ƙasaita matakin dawo da jimillar kuɗaɗen kashewa a shekara ta 2012/13 a kan kashi 62%, da kuma dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa ban da na raguwar darajar kaddarori (depreciation) a kan kashi 76%. Hukumar tsara tsarin ta siffanta wannan a matsayin abin da bai isa ba idan aka kwatanta da kyakkyawan kwazo na dawo da sama da kashi 80% na cikakkun kuɗaɗen kashewa da sama da kashi 100% na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa.<ref name=EWRA/> Wannan ya gaza matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa da aka samu a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyarawa, ban da raguwar darajar kaddarori, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na gudanarwa ya kasance kashi 95% don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kama daga kashi 31% a Sinai zuwa kashi 134% a Beheira.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery"/> Duk da haka, matakin dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa a fili yake cewa ya fi yadda yake a farkon shekarun 2000. Kamar yadda wani ƙasaitaccen bayani na kafin shekara ta 2007 ya nuna, dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa kashi 20% ne kawai, tare da kuɗaɗen fito a kan 0.23 EP kowace mita kyubik da kuɗaɗen kashewa a kan 1.10 EP kowace mita kyubik.<ref name="IDRC"/> A cewar wani ƙasaitaccen bayanin kuma, tsakanin shekara ta 1982 da 2004 gwamnati ta kashe fam biliyan 65 na Masar (kimanin dala biliyan 10.73 na Amurka a canjin kuɗi na shekarar 2004<ref>65 Egyptian Pound = 10.72820 US Dollar (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref>) don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 40% na kuɗin aka dawo da shi ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga na haraji.<ref>Perard, Edouard (2008): [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1115555 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 265: Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Water Supply: The Southern Mediterranean Experience]. Retrieved on October 18, 2008</ref> Matsakaicin rabon taron kuɗin haraji (jimillar ingancin taron kuɗi) an ƙasaita shi a kan kashi 47% a cikin shekarar 2012/13.<ref name=EWRA/> A shekara ta 2010 ya kasance kashi 57%, kama daga kashi 48% a Alkahira zuwa kashi 85% a Beni Suef.<ref name="USAID Cost recovery">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=24|date=January 2012}}</ref> ===Saka hannun jari da samar da kuɗi=== '''Saka hannun jari''' a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga Masar ya zarce dala biliyan 9.15 a cikin shekaru 20 kafin shekarar 2007.<ref name="Urban Sector Update"/> Ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekarar 2009/2010, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ƙaruwa na saka hannun jari a shekarun baya.<ref name="USAID Subsidies"/> A cewar wata majiya ta daban, saka hannun jari ya yi ƙasa sosai a kan fam biliyan 4 na Masar (dala miliyan 650) a shekara ta 2011 da fam biliyan 3 na Masar (dala miliyan 490) a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="GWI Finance">{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Financial worries dampen Egypt's revival|date=November 2012}}</ref> Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya ƙasaita buƙatun saka hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 30 bayan shekara ta 2007 a kan kusan Euro biliyan 20, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuɗin za a buƙace shi ne don tsaftar muhalli.<ref>The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater of the Arab Republic of Egypt:National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, Report for the European Commission, May 2009, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> '''Samar da kuɗi'''. Gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyin saka hannun jari mafi yawancinsa tare da tallafin masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen waje. Ɓangaren masu zaman kansu yana ba da ƙaramin gudunmawa wajen samar da kuɗi, galibi ta hanyar kwangilar BOT guda ɗaya wacce aka bayar zuwa yanzu don masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda ta dala miliyan 160. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 da 2010 Masar ta karɓi fiye da Euro biliyan 1 na tallafin ƙasashen waje don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda kashi 30% daga ciki tallafin kyauta ne (grants) sannan sauran kuma rance ne mai sauƙi tare da matsakaicin kuɗin ruwa na kashi 1%.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 17, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da Euro miliyan 200 kowace shekara, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 10% kawai na kasafin kuɗin saka hannun jari na gwamnati don ɓangaren a cikin shekarar 2009/10. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidaje, tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ruwa da ruwan suda ya kai fiye da fam biliyan 15 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.5) a shekarar 2009/10, gami da fam biliyan 13.4 na Masar (dala biliyan 2.2) na tallafin saka hannun jari, fam biliyan 0.66 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.1) na tallafin gudanarwa da fam biliyan 1 na Masar (dala biliyan 0.2) na tallafin gyarawa da farfaɗowa.<ref name="USAID Subsidies">{{cite web|title=Cost Recovery and Pricing Models Policy Paper|url=http://www.wprregypt.com/|work=Water Policy and Regulatory Reform Project|pages=20–21|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="EGP 2010">1 Egyptian Pound = 0.17 US Dollar (2010-10-12); source: http://oanda.com/convert/classic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024051637/https://www.oanda.com/convert/classic/ |date=2018-10-24 }}</ref> ==Haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje== [[File:Egypt Zagazig Aug-2007.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani sashe na birnin Zagazig, babban birnin lardin Al Sharqia, ɗaya daga cikin larduna huɗu da masu ba da kuɗi na Turai huɗu ke ba da tallafi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda.]] Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Amurka da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje mafi mahimmanci a ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar ta fuskar samar da kuɗi. Da sauran masu ba da taimako na ƙasashe da dama, da kuma UNDP da UNICEF, su ma suna taka rawa a ɓangaren. Masu ba da taimako na Turai suna ƙara ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka tare a ƙarƙashin Asusun Saka Hannun Jari na Maƙwabta na EU (NIF), wanda ke tallafawa Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda (IWSP) a larduna huɗu na yankin Delta a lokacin matakinsa na farko (Gharbia, Sharkia, Damietta, da Beheira) da larduna huɗu a Upper Egypt a lokacin matakinsa na biyu. IWSP yana tattara rance daga Jamus, Faransa da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai gami da tallafin kyauta daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ƙaimi ga sauran masu ba da taimako don haɗa rance da juna don haka su daidaita hanyoyinsu na aiki. Akwai ƙungiyar masu ba da taimako ta ɓangaren ruwa wacce EU da Netherlands ke jagoranta tare. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, ƙasar Netherlands tana kan aiwatar da janye taimakonta a hankali daga ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. === Tarayyar Turai === Tarayyar Turai tana ba da tallafin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar kyauta, ƙarfafa hukumomi, tallafawa Babban Tsarin Ƙasa na Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli, gami da samar da kuɗi don hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo da mitocin ruwa.<ref name="HCWW"/> Tallafin kasafin kuɗi yana gudana ne ta hanyar abin da ake kira Shirin Gyaran Ɓangaren Ruwa, gami da matakin farko na Euro miliyan 80 (2005-2009) da matakin biyu na Euro miliyan 120 (2011-2015). Ana ba da kuɗaɗen ƙarfafa hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsara Tsaftar Ruwa ta Masar (Euro miliyan 6 daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010 da miliyan 1.5a a daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2013) da Kamfanin Holding (Euro miliyan 1.5 don 2011-2013). EU kuma tana haɗin gwiwa wajen ba da kuɗin saka hannun jari tare da masu ba da taimako na ƙasashen Turai da Bankin Saka Hannun Jari na Turai, musamman Shirin Inganta Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na IWSP.<ref>Ahmed Badr, Delegation of the European Union to Egypt:Water Sector Reform in Egypt, p. 3-5, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> ===Faransa=== Hukumar Raya Ƙasashe ta Faransa tana tallafawa shirin IWSP (duba sama). Tana ba da gudunmawar Euro miliyan 40 ga jimillar kuɗin aikin da ya kai Euro miliyan 295.<ref>{{cite web | website = Agence Française de Développement | title = Improved water and wastewater services programme in the Nile Delta region | url = http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | access-date = 2009-02-06 | archive-date = 2020-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200305084905/http://www.afd-egypte.org/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/9201 | url-status = dead }}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana samar da kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari da taimakon fasaha don ayyuka a Qena da Kafr El Sheikh, da kuma shirin IWSP (duba sama), wanda KfW ita ce ke gaba wajen bayar da taimakon.<ref name="HCWW"/> Hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta GIZ tana taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki na Kamfanin Holding da Kamfanoni biyu masu alaƙa a Qena da Kafr el Sheikh.<ref>Water Supply and Wastewater Management Program of the German-Egyptian Development Cooperation, retrieved on July 22, 2011</ref> === Amurka === Ƙasar Amurka ta tallafawa haɓaka ɓangaren ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Masar tun farkon shekarun 1980. Ta ba da tallafi ga gyare-gyaren ɓangaren da suka kafa kamfanin holding da hukumar tsara tsarin. USAID ta ɗauki nauyin masana'antar sarrafa ruwan suda a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da Alexandria inda ta ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa tsarin taron ruwan suda da sarrafa shi don kawar da zubar da ruwan suda maras sarrafawa a cikin teku.<ref>USAID Egypt:2004 - 2009 Accomplishments:Potable Water and Sanitation</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin taimakon fasaha ga Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGWA) ta hanyar tsarin dabarun aiki, horo da tsarin bayanan gudanarwa.<ref>Global Water Partnership Integrated Water Resources Management Toolbox:Egypt: Improving public sector performance - institutional strengthening of the Alexandria general water authority</ref> Ta kuma ba da kuɗin masana'antar sarrafa ruwa a ƙauyuka a lardunan Minya da Beni Suef gami da birnin Mansoura, babban birnin lardin Dakahlia, waɗanda duk suke yankin Nile Delta.<ref>USAID: USAID funds slow sand filter treatment plants to provide clean village drinking water</ref><ref>USAID:Meeting water demands and improving health conditions for 650,000 Egyptians</ref> A shekara ta 2008 USAID ta fara ayyukan taimakon fasaha guda biyu, ɗaya don samar da tsarin gudanarwa da kayan aiki ga hukumomin amfanar jama'a, ɗayan kuma da nufin "ɓullo da tsarin dabarun aiki ga ɓangaren", "ƙirƙirar tsari don haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu", da "inganta tsarin saka hannun jari" a matakin ƙasa.<ref>Chemonics:Current Projects in the Middle East {{Cite web |url=http://www.chemonics.com/projects/submit_search_contracts.aspx?showBack=1&selRegion=%7B493488B1-885F-4FB7-B01D-54C73217F21A%7D |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132526/http://www.chemonics.com/projects/submit_search_contracts.aspx?showBack=1&selRegion=%7B493488B1-885F-4FB7-B01D-54C73217F21A%7D |url-status=dead }}, accessed on November 22, 2010</ref> ===Bankin Duniya=== An amince da '''Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Ababen More Rayuwa na Tsafta da Ruwan Suda''' a shekara ta 2008 kuma ana saƙon zai ƙare a shekara ta 2014. Babban makasudinsa shi ne inganta yanayin tsafta da muhalli mai dorewa gami da ingancin ruwa a lardunan Delta guda uku na Beheira, Gharbia da Kafr El-Sheikh. Bugu da ƙari, za a kafa tsarin sanya ido da auna sakamako na cikin gida domin inganta yanayin tsaftar muhalli don haka inganta yanayin muhalli da lafiya. Aikin kuma ya ƙunshi sashe na haɓaka hukumomi da gina ƙarfin aiki. Kamar yaddda Bankin Duniya ya bayyana, aikin shi ne ƙoƙari na farko na babban mataki don tattauna tsaftar muhalli na karkara a Masar. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dala miliyan 201.5 ne, wanda Bankin Duniya ke samar da fiye da rabinsa (dala miliyan 120).<ref>{{cite web | website = World Bank | title = Projects - Egypt, Arab Republic of : Integrated Sanitation& Sewerage Infrastructure Project | url= http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P094311&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2009-02-05 }}</ref> Mataki na biyu na aikin, wanda ya faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu larduna huɗu (Menoufia da Sharkia a Delta, Assiut da Sohag a Upper Egypt) an amince da shi a shekara ta 2011 tare da adadin kuɗi dala miliyan 200.<ref>{{cite web|website=IRC|title=Egypt: World Bank supports improved rural sanitation for 1.2 million people|url=http://www.source.irc.nl/page/65316|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327093036/http://www.source.irc.nl/page/65316|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sauransu=== Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar ƙasen waje na gaba sun kasance masu ƙwazo a ɓangaren a shekara ta 2008: * Ƙasar Denmark ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Aswan, * Ƙasar Italiya ta ba da taimako ga Kamfanon Ruwa na Alkahira don sayo kayan gano zubar ruwa da ba da horo, * Ƙasar Japan ta ba da taimakon fasaha ga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwan Suda na Sharqia, da kuma * Ƙasar Netherlands ta tallafawa wani Aikin Haɗaɗɗen Tsaftar Muhalli.<ref name="HCWW">[http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.i{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Manazarta == 2szi93mrang4rdsf9b11eemv93lcsxp 0 154082 890624 881144 2026-08-02T12:43:57Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mwadingusha''', kuma tashar wutar lantarki ce ta 78.3 megawatts a fadin [[Kogin Lufira]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Asalin kasuwanci ne a cikin 1930, an maye gurbin janareto na lantarki guda shida kuma an inganta su daga 11.8 MW kowannensu, zuwa 13.05 MW kowannensa, yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarni daga 71 MW zuwa 78.3 MW.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=7 April 2022 |title=DRC: Andritz and Cegelec relaunch the Mwadingusha hydroelectric plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-andritz-and-cegelec-relaunch-the-mwadingusha-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326221214/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-andritz-and-cegelec-relaunch-the-mwadingusha-hydroelectric-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gyara da haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki tsakanin 2016 da 2021, an aiwatar da shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ivanhoe Mines, kamfanin [[hakar ma'adinai]] na Kanada da Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na DR Congo.<ref name="1R"/> Wani bangare na wutar lantarki da aka samar a nan Ivanhoe Mines ne ke amfani da shi a cikin ma'adinin jan ƙarfe na Kamoa-Kakula, kimanin kilomita 250 (155 , kudu maso yammacin Mwadingusha HPP . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Gregory Poindexter |date=1 September 2018 |title=Mwadingusha hydro plant rehab supports developing world's largest copper find in Africa |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/mwadingusha-hydro-plant-rehab-supports-developing-world-s-largest-copper-find-in-africa/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=HydroReview.com}}</ref> SNEL ce ke ɗaukar ma'aunin wutar lantarki kuma an haɗa shi cikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki na ƙasa.<ref name="1R"/> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen Kogin Lufira, a garin Mwadingusha, Yankin Kambove, Lardin Haut-Katanga, a cikin matsanancin kudu maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Mwadingusha tana da nisan kilomita 72 (45 arewa maso gabashin Likasi, babban gari mafi kusa. Wannan kusan kilomita 120 ne (75 a arewacin [[Lubumbashi]], babban birnin lardin kuma babban birni mafi kusa. == Tarihi == An fara ba da izinin tashar wutar lantarki ta asali a cikin 1930 ta Société générale africaine d'électricité, Société générale des forces hydroélectriques du Katanga da Union Minière du Haut-Katanga. Babban manufar ita ce isar da makamashi ga bangaren hakar ma'adinai a Katanga. Lines na wutar lantarki na 120 da 50 kV sun haɗa garuruwan hakar ma'adinai Likasi, Kolwezi, [[Lubumbashi]] har ma da Kipushi. Tsarin asali ya haɗa da janareto shida, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 11.8 MW, don jimlar ƙarfin megawatts 71. Ya zuwa 2016, SNEL tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ivanhoe Mines, ya fara sabunta Mwadingusha HPP, wanda kuma ba shi da haɓakawa tun 1930. Da farko, an gyara janareta ɗaya a lokaci guda kuma an sabunta shi.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Gregory Poindexter |date=13 September 2016 |title=Mwadingusha hydropower plant in the DRC is online |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/mwadingusha-hydropower-plant-in-the-drc-is-online/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=HydroReview.com}}</ref> Mai ba da kayan aikin injiniya na asali shine ''Charmilles'' na [[Switzerland]]. A karkashin hulɗar farfadowa a karni na 21, an ba da kwangilar injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) ga ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Andritz AG na [[Austriya|Austria]] da Cegelec na Faransa. Cegelec reshe ne na Vinci Energies . <ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Andritz AG |date=September 2016 |title=Energy Into The Jungle |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn31/mwadingusha-dr-congo |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[Andritz AG]]}}</ref> Asalin kawai hudu daga cikin turbines masu samar da wutar lantarki guda shida ne aka yi niyya don gyarawa. Sabbin Turbines na Francis, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin samar da 13.05 MW, an tsara su kuma an ƙera su a Turai. Har ila yau, aikin ya haɗa da maye gurbin mafi yawan kayan aikin lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki, gami da bawul, masu juyawa, masu sarrafa ƙarfin lantarki, masu motsawa, masu daidaitawa da kayan aiki masu alaƙa.<ref name="6R"/> Yayin da aikin ke ci gaba, a cikin 2017, an yanke shawarar maye gurbin dukkan janareto shida da sabbin. A tsawon lokaci, aikin ya fadada har zuwa Satumba 2021, lokacin da duk turbines shida da aka gyara suka cika a lokaci guda tare da grid na SNEL.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Andritz AG |date=September 2021 |title=Restoring Renewable Energy: Mwadingusha, Congo DRC |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn35/mwandingusha-dr-congo |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[Andritz AG]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Katende == Manazarta == 81ezbjso8uke7ld56vfb3v8o26i2nwk 0 154818 890811 882865 2026-08-03T02:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aminu Sani Gadanya | image = | caption = Aminu Sani Gadanya | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice, Nigerian Bar Association Leadership | alma_mater = Bayero University Kano | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | organization = Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) }} '''Aminu Sani Gadanya''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkokin shari'a musamman a Jihar Kano. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ya samu karɓuwa a fagen shari'a ta hanyar jagoranci da kuma ayyukan inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci. A shekarar 2025 an ba shi muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi na ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CJN swears in 57 new SANs |url=https://solacebase.com/cjn-swears-in-57-new-sans/ |publisher=SolaceBase |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> == Ilimi == Aminu Sani Gadanya ya yi karatu a '''Jami'ar Bayero da ke Kano (Bayero University Kano)''', inda ya samu digirin gaba da na gaba-gaba a fannin shari'a. Ya kammala digirin '''Master of Business and Commercial Law (MBCL)''' a shekarar 2012 sannan ya samu '''Master of Laws (LL.M)''' a shekarar 2018. Waɗannan nasarori na ilimi sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa aikinsa a harkar lauya da shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bayero University Alumnus Aminu S. Gadanya Elevated to Senior Advocate of Nigeria |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/bayero-university-alumnus-aminu-s-gadanya-elevated-to-senior-advocate-of-nigeria |publisher=MySchoolNews |date=26 July 2025}}</ref> == Aikin Shari'a == Gadanya ya shahara a matsayin lauya mai zaman kansa wanda ya kware a harkokin shari'a da gudanar da ƙara a kotuna. Ya kasance cikin fitattun lauyoyin Kano da suka gina suna a fagen kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma gudanar da manyan shari'o'i. Ayyukansa a fannin shari'a ne suka taimaka wajen samun amincewar Hukumar Ba da Muƙamin SAN domin ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=CJN swears in 57 new SANs |url=https://solacebase.com/cjn-swears-in-57-new-sans/ |publisher=SolaceBase |date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref> == Shugabancin NBA Kano == A watan Yunin 2020, Aminu Sani Gadanya ya lashe zaɓen shugabancin reshen Kano na '''Nigerian Bar Association (NBA)'''. Ya samu kuri'u 214 inda ya kayar da sauran 'yan takara a zaɓen da aka gudanar cikin lumana. Nasarar tasa ta nuna irin amincewar da lauyoyin Kano suka yi da shi wajen jagorantar ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=NBA Kano branch elects chairman |url=https://dailytrust.com/nba-kano-branch-elects-new-chairman/ |publisher=Daily Trust |date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BREAKING: Gadanya Emerges Kano NBA Chairman |url=https://independent.ng/breaking-gadanya-clinches-kano-nba-chairman/ |publisher=Independent Newspaper |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> Bayan rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban NBA na Kano, Gadanya ya bayyana aniyarsa ta ƙarfafa ayyukan bayar da tallafin shari'a kyauta ga marasa ƙarfi a cikin al'umma. Haka kuma ya yi alƙawarin ƙara horas da matasa lauyoyi da bunƙasa shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa da jagoranci a tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Kano NBA Chairman pledges Free legal aid services |url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2020/07/01/new-kano-nba-chairman-pledges-free-legal-aid-services/ |publisher=Nigerian Tracker |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga Tsarin Shari'a == A lokacin da yake shugabantar NBA Kano, Gadanya ya yi kira ga gwamnati da ta tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin kuɗaɗen bangaren shari'a domin ƙarfafa 'yancin kai na kotuna. Ya bayyana cewa samun 'yancin kuɗi ga bangaren shari'a zai taimaka wajen inganta dimokuraɗiyya da ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judicial financial autonomy key to national development – NBA |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/judicial-financial-autonomy-key-to-national-development-nba-2024081721462989081 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria (NAN) |date=1 October 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har ila yau, a shekarar 2020 ya jagoranci tawagar NBA Kano zuwa ziyara a ofishin '''Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)''' a Kano domin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin lauyoyi da hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya bayyana cewa haɗin gwiwar zai taimaka wajen inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=EFCC Seeks NBA’s Intervention Against Frivolous Motions |url=https://theyesng.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |publisher=YES International Magazine |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065812/https://theyesng.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EFCC Seeks NBA’s Intervention Against Frivolous Motions |url=https://www.thegazellenews.com/efcc-seeks-nbas-intervention-against-frivolous-motions/ |publisher=The Gazelle News |date=25 August 2020}}</ref> == Karramawa == * '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' (2025) * Shugaban '''Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), Kano Branch''' (2020–2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Yusuf Congratulates Kano Lawyers Conferred with SAN Rank |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/governor-yusuf-congratulates-kano-lawyers-conferred-with-san-rank/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NBA Kano branch elects chairman |url=https://dailytrust.com/nba-kano-branch-elects-new-chairman/ |publisher=Daily Trust |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 0zxzo5oxx422wgyb5151vef2ni7gw5y 0 156273 890733 886900 2026-08-02T18:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890733 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person | name = Adesegun Akin-Olugbade | image = | citizenship = Nigerian | education = [[Nigerian Law School]] | alma_mater = [[King’s College London]]<br/>[[Harvard Law School]] | occupation = lawyer | honours = [[Officer of the Order of the Niger|OON]] }} '''Adesegun Akin-Olugbade''' (an haife shi Nuwamba 4th 1962) lauya ne kuma mai kula da kudi a Najeriya.<ref name=>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited |url=https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Akin-Olugbade ya yi karatun shari'a a Kwalejin King's London, inda ya sami LL. B (Hons) da LL. M. Daga baya ya sami LL. M da SJD daga Harvard Law School<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anaesoronye |first=Modestus |date=2021-10-05 |title=NSIA Insurance names Akin-Olugbade new board chairman |url=https://businessday.ng/insurance/article/nsia-insurance-names-akin-olugbade-new-board-chairman/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> a 1991. Ya kammala ci gaba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na zartarwa a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IMD), Kwalejin Shugaba ta Wharton, da HEC Montreal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WSG Press Release: Dr. Adesegun Akin-Olugbade Joins the AELEX Team as International Counsel - AELEX |url=https://members-staging.worldservicesgroup.com/releases.asp?action=press&pressid=9509 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=members-staging.worldservicesgroup.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar [[Taslim Olawale Elias|Kyautar Alkalin Taslim Elias]] kuma ya kasance Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a 1984 kuma an shigar da shi cikin Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya a wannan shekarar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – AF-AP Partnership |url=https://afap-partnership.org/about-us/team/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2024 |title=AFAP Appoints Akin-Olugbade Member Board of Trustees |url=https://independent.ng/afap-appoints-akin-olugbade-member-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Famuyiwa |first=Damilare |date=2019-08-08 |title=World Trade Board appoints a Nigerian as first African member |url=https://nairametrics.com/2019/08/08/world-trade-board-appoints-a-nigerian-as-first-african-member/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Akin-Olugbade ya fara aikinsa a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Tarayya Najeriya a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Jiha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – AF-AP Partnership |url=https://afap-partnership.org/about-us/team/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1991, ya shiga Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB). Yayinda yake a AfDB, an tura shi zuwa Bankin Kasuwanci na Afirka a matsayin Babban Jami'in Shari'a wanda ya kafa shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=Afreximbank Commemorates Founders Day |url=https://www.afreximbank.com/afreximbank-commemorates-founders-day/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=African Export-Import Bank |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-09 |title=New path for African financing |url=https://www.iflr.com/article/2a63733ixysbvckuq7a97/new-path-for-african-financing |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=IFLR |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar mai ba da shawara da Babban Darakta a AfDB har zuwa 2011. A lokacin da yake aiki a AfDB, ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa Cibiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Afirka (ALSF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesegun Aki-Olugbade – GC Powerlist |url=https://www.legal500.com/gc-powerlist/africa-2017/adesegun-aki-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade |url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/person/dr-adesegun-akin-olugbade |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=World Trade Symposium |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804024240/https://worldtradesymposium.com/person/dr-adesegun-akin-olugbade |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bank |first=African Development |date=2021-12-03 |title=1998/02 |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/organisational-structure/administrative-tribunal/judgments/1998/02-47255 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=African Development Bank Group |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Babban Darakta, Janar Mai ba da shawara, da Sakataren Kamfanin Kasuwanci na [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]] (AFC) kuma Ba Babban Daraktoci na Ecobank Group daga 2014 zuwa 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-11-13 |title=Akin-Olugbade bows out at AFC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akin-olugbade-bows-out-at-afc/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |date=2018-11-22 |title=AFC announces tenure completion of pioneer general counsel |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/afc-announces-tenure-completion-of-pioneer-general-counsel/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2017-10-12 |title=Ecobank announces board changes |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/ecobank-announces-board-changes/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Luwaji Nominees . Yana da matsayi Mai ba da shawara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasa da kasa ciki har da Aelex Legal da Of Counsel[[:en:Of_counsel|l]],<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-21 |title=AFAP Appoints Akin-Olugbade Member Board of Trustees |url=https://independent.ng/afap-appoints-akin-olugbade-member-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clifford Chance {{!}} Clifford Chance strengthens Africa Practice with hire of former Executive Director/General Counsel of Africa Finance Corporation |url=https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/cliffordchance/news/news/2019/05/clifford-chance-strengthens-africa-practice-with-hire-of-former-.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Clifford Chance |language=en}}</ref>. shi memba ne na Kwamitin Shari'ar Kudi na Duniya na Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya (MOCOMILA) kuma mai kula da Ƙungiyar Shariʼa ta Duniya, Sashin Najeriya (ILA-NG). A watan Yulin 2025, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Mulki ta Najeriya (NISO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Tinubu Approves Board Members for the Nigerian Independent System Operator (NISO) – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-approves-board-members-for-the-nigerian-independent-system-operator-niso/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115337/https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-approves-board-members-for-the-nigerian-independent-system-operator-niso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A cikin 2012, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba Akin-Olugbade taken [[Order of the Niger|Jami'in Order of the Niger]] (OON). A cikin 2019, ya zama memba na farko na Afirka na Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Famuyiwa |first=Damilare |date=2019-08-08 |title=World Trade Board appoints a Nigerian as first African member |url=https://nairametrics.com/2019/08/08/world-trade-board-appoints-a-nigerian-as-first-african-member/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na rayuwa na [[Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Najeriya]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited |url=https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ "Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] avn38ok4115hlb6hk8ol12ado5onomk 0 156683 890735 854716 2026-08-02T18:47:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adhuoljok Malual''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2000) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce 'yar Italiya 'yar asalin Sudan ta Kudu. Tana da 1.93 m (6) ƙafa 4 a) tsayi, kuma yana taka leda a matsayin Outside Hitter na kulob din VakıfBank da ke [[Istanbul]] a gasar Sultans League da kuma tawagar kasar Italiya . == Aikin kulob == Malual ta fara aikinta a Argentario Progetto Vollei. Daga baya ta buga wa | Club Italia Crai wasa, inda ta fara buga wasa a gasar Serie A1 ta kakar wasa ta 2018–19, da kuma a gasar Serie A2 Green Warriors Sassuolo. <ref name="vb0">{{Cite web |title=Adhuoljok Malual |url=https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/tr/oyuncu-kadrosu/adhuoljok-malual-p717 |access-date=8 May 2026 |publisher=VakıfBank Spor Kulübü |language=tr |archive-date=16 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316143959/https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/tr/oyuncu-kadrosu/adhuoljok-malual-p717 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="lvf1">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Adhu Malual alla Vero Volley: la scheda della schiacciatrice di Milano |url=https://www.legavolleyfemminile.it/%F0%9F%99%8B%F0%9F%8F%BCadhu-malual-alla-vero-volley-la-scheda-della-schiacciatrice-di-milano/ |access-date=9 May 2026 |publisher= |language=it}}</ref> A lokacin da take Amurka, ta kasance memba a kungiyar kwallon raga ta kwaleji Texas Longhorns a gasar NCAA Division I. <ref name="vb0" /> <ref name="lvf1" /> <ref name="tul0">{{Cite web |title=2021 Spring Volleyball - Adhu Malual |url=https://texaslonghorns.com/sports/womens-volleyball/roster/adhu-malual/10549 |access-date=9 May 2026 |publisher=Texas University Longhorns}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Italiya, ta buga wa VBC Trasporti Pesanti Casalmaggiore, Allianz Vero Volley Milano, Il Bisonte Firenzee da Wash4Green Monviso Volley wasa . <ref name="vb0" /> <ref name="lvf1" /> Daga nan ta koma Turkiyya ta kuma sanya hannu da ƙungiyar VakıfBank da ke [[Istanbul]] . Ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai tare da sabuwar ƙungiyarta a gasar 2025–26 ta Turkiyya, <ref name="tvf2">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=Vodafone Sultanlar Ligi'nde Şampiyon VakıfBank |url=https://tvf.org.tr/icerik/vodafone-sultanlar-liginde-sampiyon-vakifbank-1 |access-date=9 May 2026 |publisher=Türkiye Voleybol Federasyonu |language=tr}}</ref> gasar Super Cup ta Turkiyya ta 2026, <ref name="tvf1">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=2026 Kadınlar AXA Sigorta Kupa Voley'de Şampiyon VakıfBank |url=https://tvf.org.tr/icerik/2026-kadinlar-axa-sigorta-kupa-voleyde-sampiyon-vakifbank |access-date=9 May 2026 |publisher=Türkiye Voleybol Federasyonu |language=tr}}</ref> da kuma gasar zakarun mata ta CEV ta 2025–26 a [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya. <ref name="cev1">{{Cite web |title=CEV Champions League Volley 2026 Women - Final Four (CLVW 94) - VakıfBank Istanbul 3-1 Eczacıbaşı DynaVit Istanbul |url=https://www-old.cev.eu/Competition-Area/MatchStatistics.aspx?ID=82296 |access-date=9 May 2026 |publisher=CEV}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A shekarar 2018, Malual ta lashe gasar cin kofin kwallon raga ta Turai ta CEV U19 a [[Tirana]], Albania tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 19 ta kasar Italiya . <ref name="lvf1"/> Ta buga wa [[Taly women's national under-21 volleyball team|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Italiya 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21]], kuma ta lashe kyautar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIVB ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da aka yi a Mexico. <ref name="lvf1"/> A matsayinta na memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Italiya, ta shiga gasar FIVB Nations League ta 2023 a Arlington, Texas, Amurka. Ta zama zakara a gasar wasannin bazara ta jami'o'i ta duniya ta 2025 a Jamus da kuma gasar FIVB Nations League ta 2025 da aka yi a Łódź, Poland. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Adhuoljok Malual ga iyayensa Yahya Malual da Mary Agar na Sudan ta Kudu a [[Rum|Rome]], Italiya a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2000. <ref name="vb0"/> <ref name="lvf1"/> Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Mary da Ajak. <ref name="tul0"/> Ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Elsa Morante da ke garinsu. <ref name="tul0"/> == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Bankin Vakıf :; Gasar Turkiyya :: ''Zakarun Turai'' (1): 2025–26 :; Kofin Super Cup na Turkiyya :: ''Masu Nasara'' (1): 2026 :; Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV :: ''Zakarun Turai'' (1): 2025–26 == Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa == ; Italiya 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 :; Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV U19 :: ''Zakarun'' (1): 2018 ; [[Italy women's nationalunder-21 volleyball team|Italiya 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20]] :; Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB U21 :: ''Masu matsayi na biyu'' (1): 2019 ; Italiya :; Wasannin Jami'o'in Duniya na FISU :: ''Zakarun'' (1): 2025 :; Gasar Kasashe ta FIVB :: ''Zakarun'' (1): 2025 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] po7knqx77zhk9gmipijsw9qsa3c0kjx 0 156816 890567 882272 2026-08-02T12:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A tsarin dokar [[ruwa]], hakkin ruwa shi ne hakkin mai amfani na yin amfani da ruwa daga wani tushen ruwa, misali,<ref>[[Tyler v. Wilkinson, 24 F. Cas. 472, 474 (1827).]]</ref> kogi, kwarara, tafki ko tushen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A yankunan da ke da wadataccen ruwa da kuma ƙarancin masu amfani, irin waɗannan tsarin galibi ba su da rikitarwa ko jayayya. A sauran yankuna, musamman yankunan da suka bushe (arid) inda ake gudanar da aikin ban-ruwa (irrigation), irin waɗannan tsarin galibi su ne tushen rikici, na shari'a da na zahiri. Wasu tsarin suna kallon ruwan sama (surface water) da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa (groundwater) ta hanya guda, yayin da wasu kuma ke amfani da madaidaitan ƙa'idodi daban-daban ga kowane ɗaya. ==Nau'uka== Hakkokin ruwa suna buƙatar yin la'akari da mahallin da kuma asalin haƙƙin da ake tattaunawa, ko kuma ake da'awa. A al'adance, hakkokin ruwa suna nufin yin amfani da ruwa a matsayin wani abu da ke tallafawa buƙatun ɗan adam na yau da kullum kamar sha ko ban-ruwa. Hakkokin ruwa kuma za su iya haɗawa da mamaye hanyoyin ruwa na zahiri don manufar tafiye-tafiyye, kasuwanci da ayyukan nishaɗi. Ƙa'idodin shari'a da koyaswar da ke kafa tushen kowane nau'in haƙƙin ruwa ba za a iya musanya su ba kuma sun bambanta dangane da dokokin cikin gida da na ƙasa. Saboda haka, akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban da kuma tsakanin sassan gudanarwa na ƙasa wajen tattaunawa da amincewa da waɗannan hakkoki.{{cn|date=March 2022}} ===Yin amfani da ruwa a matsayin wani abu=== ====Dangane da mallakar ƙasa==== Sau da yawa,{{where|date=March 2022}} hakkokin ruwa suna ginuwa ne a kan mallakar ƙasar da ruwan yake kai ko kuma yake gudana a kai. Misali, a ƙarƙashin dokar gama-gari ta Ingila (common law), duk wani haƙƙi da ake da'awa a kan ruwa "mai motsi da yawo" dole ne ya ginu a kan hakkoki na ƙasa "tabatacciya kuma maras motsi" da ke ƙarƙashinsa.<ref>Blackstone Commentaries Vol.2, p.18; 3 Kent's Comm. p. 428, et seq. {ninth Report}; Carter v Murcot 4 Burr. 2126 (All Rights "accrue by reason of possession of the ground upon which water lies")</ref> A kan rafuka da koguna, ana kiran waɗannan da hakkokin ruwa na gaɓar kogi (riparian rights) ko hakkokin gaɓar teku (littoral rights), waɗanda ke da kariya a ƙarƙashin dokar mallakar dukiya (property law). Ƙa'idodin shari'a da aka daɗe ana amincewa da su a ƙarƙashin koyaswar gaɓar kogi sun haɗa da haƙƙin kwashe ruwa—don sha ko ban-ruwa—ko ƙara ƙarin ruwa a cikin mashigar—don magudanar ruwa ko fitar da ruwan daka. A ƙarƙashin dokar gaɓar kogi, hakkokin ruwa suna fuskantar jarrabawar "amfani mai ma'ana" (reasonable use). Ma'aikatan shari'a sun fassarar ƙa'idar "amfani mai ma'ana" kamar haka: "ainihin jarrabawar ƙa'idar da kuma girman amfani shi ne ko yana kawo lahani ga sauran masu ƙasar ko a'a."<ref>Tyler v. Wilkinson, 4 Mason 397 - 1827, and cited in PPL MONTANA v. MONTANA, '''132 S.Ct. 1215 (2012)'''</ref> Saboda iyakoki a kan amfani, koyaswar hakkokin gaɓar kogi galibi{{where|date=March 2022}} ana kiranta da "dokar mai amfani na ƙasa" (downstream user rule)—masu amfani da ke can ƙasa suna da hakkoki a kan ruwan waɗanda masu amfani da ke sama ba za su iya tauyewa ba.<ref>''E.g.'', "[https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/ndwaterlaw/acquiringwater/easternlaw/ripariandoctrine Introduction to Riparian Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303012741/https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/ndwaterlaw/acquiringwater/easternlaw/ripariandoctrine |date=2023-03-03 }}", N.D. Water Law, North Dakota State University; accessed 2021.05.28.</ref> ====Dangane da amfani na baya ko keɓancewa na farko==== {{main|Prior-appropriation water rights}} A inda ruwa ya fi ƙaranci (kamar a Yammacin Amurka), raba ruwan da ke gudana yana ginuwa ne a kan keɓancewa na farko (prior appropriation). "Koyaswar keɓancewa tana ba wa wanda ya karkatar da ruwa kuma ya yi amfani da shi damar ci gaba da yin hakan muddin ana amfani da ruwan don amfani mai ma'ana da amfani", ba tare da la'akari da ko mutumin ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kusa da hanyar ruwan ba.<ref name="USvSWRCB-1986">United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd., 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986)</ref> "A tsakanin masu keɓancewa, ƙa'idar fifiko ita ce 'wanda ya riga zuwa shi ne ke da haƙƙi.{{'"}}<ref name="United States v 1986">United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd., 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) (citing Irwin v. Phillips, 5 Cal. 140, 147 (1855)).</ref> Tsarin ƙarni na 20 na hakkokin ruwa na keɓancewa na farko yana siffantuwa da ƙa'idodi guda biyar: # Ana ba wa ainihin mai keɓancewa na farko haƙƙi na musamman, kuma duk gata da ke biye tana dogara ne a kan hakkokin da suka riga su. # Duk wata gata tana dogara ne a kan amfani mai fa'ida. # Ana iya amfani da ruwa a kan ƙasashen gaɓar kogi ko ƙasashen da ba na gaɓar kogi ba (wato, ana iya amfani da ruwa a kan ƙasar da ke kusa da tushen ruwan, ko a kan ƙasar da ke nesa da tushen ruwan). # An amince da karkatar da ruwa, ba tare da la'akari da raguwar kogi ko rafi ba. # Ana iya rasa wannan gata ta hanyar rashin amfani.<ref name="chennat">{{cite news|title=The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development: A Critical Survey|author=Gopalakrishnan, Chennat|work=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|year=1973|issue=1|volume=32|pages=61–72}}</ref> Amfani mai fa'ida an fassarar shi{{by whom|date=March 2022}} a matsayin amfanin gona, masana'antu, ko na birni. Amfani na muhalli, kamar kiyaye tarin ruwa da namun daji da ke amfani da shi, ba a fara ɗaukar su a matsayin amfani mai fa'ida ba a wasu jihohi amma an karɓe su a wasu yankuna.<ref>Western States Water Laws [http://www.blm.gov/nstc/WaterLaws/stateflowsummary.html Western States Instream Flow Summary.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715062900/http://www.blm.gov/nstc/WaterLaws/stateflowsummary.html |date=2007-07-15 }}</ref> Kowane haƙƙin ruwa yana da ma'auni na yawan amfanin shekara-shekara da ranar keɓancewa. Lokacin da aka sayar da haƙƙin ruwa, yana riƙe da ranar keɓancewarsa ta asali. ====Raba ruwa na tushen al'umma==== A wasu hukunce-hukunce, ana iya ba wa al'ummomi hakkokin ruwa na keɓancewa kai tsaye. A nan, ana adana ruwa don samar da isasshen gari na haɓakar al'ummar nan gaba. Misali, California tana ba wa al'ummomi da sauran masu amfani da ruwa a cikin magudanun ruwa matsayi na gaba a kan hakkokin ruwa na keɓancewa (na tushen amfani) kawai saboda suna can inda ruwan yake farowa kuma yake gudana ta dabi'ance.{{cn|date=March 2022}} Misali na biyu na hakkokin ruwa na tushen al'umma shi ne hakkokin ruwa na pueblo. Kamar yadda California ta amince da shi, hakkokin ruwa na pueblo kyauta ce ga mazauna guda ɗaya (wato pueblos) a kan dukkan rafuka da koguna da ke gudana ta cikin birnin da kuma dukkan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) da ke ƙarƙashin wannan birni na musamman. Da'awar pueblo tana faɗaɗa tare da buƙatun birnin kuma ana iya amfani da ita don biyan buƙatun yankunan da aka haɗa da birnin daga baya.<ref>City of Los Angeles v. Pomeroy, 124 Cal. 597, 640-41 (1899)</ref><ref>Hooker v. City of Los Angeles, 188 U.S. 314, 319-320 (1903)</ref><ref>City of Los Angeles v. City of San Fernando, 14 Cal.3d 199 (Cal 1978)</ref> Yayin da California ta amince da hakkokin ruwa na pueblo, hakkokin ruwa na pueblo suna da cece-kuce. Wasu masana da kotuna sun yi jaddadin cewa koyaswar hakkokin ruwa na pueblo ba ta da tushe na tarihi a cikin dokar ruwa ta Sipaniya ko Meziko.<ref>{{caselaw source|case=STATE of New Mexico, ex rel. Eluid L. MARTINEZ, State Engineer, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. CITY OF LAS VEGAS, Defendant-Petitioner. No. 22,283|findlaw=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nm-supreme-court/1034412.html}}</ref> ====Haƙƙin samun tsaftataccen ruwa==== Saboda dogaron ɗan adam a kan tsaftataccen ruwa, ƙasashe, jihohi da hukumomin birane da yawa sun kafa dokoki don kiyaye inganci da yawan ruwa tun da wuri. Wannan haƙƙi na gwamnati na tsara ingancin ruwa ya ginu ne a kan kiyaye ruwan da ake iya bi ta kansa da ke can ƙasa daga gurɓataccen yanayi. Waɗannan ruwaye mallakar jama'a ne kuma sun haɗa da haƙƙin karɓar waɗannan ruwaye ba tare da raguwa ba a ƙarƙashin koyaswar gaɓar kogi da na keɓancewa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaftataccen Ruwa (Clean Water Act).{{cn|date=March 2022}} ===Haƙƙin shiga da mamaye ruwa na zahiri=== Sashin Kasuwanci (Commerce Clause) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka yana ba wa Majalisa ikon tsara da mamaye "ruwaye masu zirga-zirga"; ana kiran wannan da bautar zirga-zirga (navigable servitude). Majalisa ta yi amfani da wannan iko ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa daga rafi da kuma toshewa ko taƙaita amfani da hanyoyin ruwa. Wannan bautar ikon Gwamnatin Tarayya ce, ba haƙƙi na mutum ɗaya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides : Public Rights in Water: Federal Navigation Servitude |url=https://guides.law.fsu.edu/c.php?g=84869&p=547247 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=guides.law.fsu.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902162800/https://guides.law.fsu.edu/c.php?g=84869&p=547247 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakkokin amana na jama'a don shiga da nishaɗi a kan ruwaye masu zirga-zirga na zahiri ma za su iya kasancewa. Waɗannan hakkoki galibi suna ginuwa ne a kan dokokin cikin gida na dukiya da aka riƙe a madadin amana ga jama'a. A Amurka, kowace jiha tana riƙe da ƙasar da ruwaye masu zirga-zirga suka nutsar a madadin amana ga jama'a kuma tana iya kafa haƙƙi na jama'a don shiga ko nishaɗi a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin ruwa na jama'a. Har ila yau, wannan "haƙƙin ruwa" ba haƙƙi ba ne na mutum ɗaya, face dai haƙƙi ne na jama'a da kuma gata ta mutum ɗaya wacce za ta iya haɗawa da taƙaitawa da iyakoki dangane da dokokin cikin gida.{{cn|date=March 2022}} Fasali na Biyar da na Goma sha Ɗaya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka sun taƙaita ikon jiha ko gwamnatin tarayya na shiga tsakani a kan kowane amfani na musamman na ruwa ta hanyar hana kafa duk wata doka ko ƙa'ida da ta kai matsayin "ƙwace" dukiya ta sirri. Dokoki da ƙa'idojin da ke hana mai mallakar ƙasar gaɓar kogi hakkokin ruwa da doka ta amince da su suna wakiltar ƙwace dukiya ta sirri ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da gwamnati ta yi, wanda hakan ke buƙatar biyan diyya ta adalci ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin ruwan.<ref>Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 US 164 - Supreme Court [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16160854243434985019 1979]</ref> ==Tarihi== A zamanin dā na Roma, dokar ita ce mutane za su iya samun hakkokin amfana na ɗan lokaci (usufructuary rights) don ruwa mai gudu. Waɗannan hakkoki sun kasance masu zaman kansu daban da mallakar ƙasa, kuma suna kasancewa muddin ana ci gaba da amfani da su.<ref name="Guerin, K. 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/research-policy/wp/2003/03-02|title=Property Rights and Environmental Policy: A New Zealand Perspective|last=Guerin|first=K|year=2003|publisher=New Zealand Treasury|location=Wellington, New Zealand|access-date=2012-02-12|archive-date=2020-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601031848/https://treasury.govt.nz/publications/wp/property-rights-and-environmental-policy-new-zealand-perspective-wp-03-02-html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin dokar gama-gari ta Ingila, dukkan ruwayen da ke hawa da sauka (tidal waters) Masarautar ce ke riƙe da su kuma dukkan rafukan ruwa mai daɗi suna haɗe ne da mallakar ƙasashe, tare da dukkan hakkoki masu rakiya. Koyaushe, a ƙarƙashin koyaswar gaɓar kogi, masu mallakar ƙasa suna da haƙƙin karɓar ruwa ba tare da raguwa ba ta hannun masu mallakar ƙasa na sama. Yayin da lokaci ya fita, hakkoki sun samo asali daga kasancewa na kan ƙasa kaɗai zuwa haɗawa da na tushen amfani, yana ba wa waɗanda ba masu ƙasa ba damar riƙe hakkoki masu gudanarwa don karɓar tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙa'idar amfani mai ma'ana ta samo asali a wasu ƙasashe. ==Finland== A ƙasar Finland, tarin ruwa (waterbodies) galibi mallakin sirri ne, amma Finland kuma tana amfani da ƙa'idar dokar Roma ta aqua profluens (ruwa mai gudu), wacce a cewarta ruwan da ke gudana kyauta a cikin tarin ruwa ba za a iya mallakarsa ko a mallaki ikonsa ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu mallakar tarin ruwa ba za su iya hana karkatar da ruwa don amfanin gona, masana'antu, birni, ko na gida ba bisa ga tanadin Dokar Ruwa ta Finland.<ref name="fin">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=FINLEX ® - Water Act |url=https://finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskaannokset/1961/eng/264 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=finlex.fi |pages=97 |language=fi}}Available online only in [https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/1961/264 Finnish]; available in English from email address listed [https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskaannokset/1961/eng/264 here]</ref> Wata doka ta daban tana tsara samar da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finlex |date=2001 |title=Water Services Act (119/2001)}}</ref> Akwai kuma haƙƙin amfani na jama'a a kan koguna.{{cn|date=March 2022}} ==Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Karatu na Gaba== * deVilliers, Marq. ''Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource''. Mariner Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-618-12744-5}}. * [http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterManagement/WaterRights/default.htm Idaho Department of Water Resources: Water Rights Primer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030171128/https://idwr.idaho.gov/WaterManagement/WaterRights/default.htm |date=2020-10-30 }} * [http://water.nv.gov/Water%20Rights/Water%20Law/waterlaw.cfm Nevada Water Law Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920152022/http://water.nv.gov/Water%20Rights/Water%20Law/waterlaw.cfm |date=2009-09-20 }} * [http://www.ose.state.nm.us/faq_index.html Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Water Rights in New Mexico] * [http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/PUBS/aquabook.shtml Water Rights in Oregon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616155834/http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/PUBS/aquabook.shtml |date=2012-06-16 }} * [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/publications_forms/forms/docs/app_general_info.pdf Information Pertaining to Water Rights in California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109192503/http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/publications_forms/forms/docs/app_general_info.pdf |date=2009-11-09 }} * United Nations General Comment 15. 2002. "Substantive Issues Arising in the Implementation of International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The Right to Water. New York. * [http://www.worldaware.org.uk/education/projects/water.html Whose right to water?] School resource on water rights. * [http://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/132-outcome-of-the-international-experts-meeting-on-the-right-to-water.html Outcome of the international experts’ meeting on the Right to Water (UNESCO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601031840/https://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/132-outcome-of-the-international-experts-meeting-on-the-right-to-water.html |date=2020-06-01 }} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} * [http://www.supreme.state.az.us/wm/Default.htm Arizona General Stream Adjudication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913205518/http://www.supreme.state.az.us/wm/Default.htm |date=2006-09-13 }} * [http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/water/srba/mainpage/ Idaho Snake River Basin Adjudication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163953/https://idwr.idaho.gov/water/srba/mainpage/ |date=2020-10-30 }} * [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/rights/adjhome.html Washington Department of Ecology Adjudications Website] * [http://www.thewaterreport.com/ The Water Report] * [http://www.hydrology.nl/ihpnews/222-presentations-colloquim-on-water-and-rights-available.html The right to water and water rights in a changing world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610045606/https://www.hydrology.nl/ihpnews/222-presentations-colloquim-on-water-and-rights-available.html |date=2025-06-10 }} {{Div col end}} 6haowv43x1ko2zs4fgh68pgcfzv8a5t 0 157017 890878 874298 2026-08-03T08:26:49Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 890878 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} l8faluqznenucq3qjdol6418jot5177 890879 890878 2026-08-03T08:29:16Z Maiakwai4u 37986 890879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 0zlj9ct2c5zp7zomgzt5f8n1z5lo70j 890905 890879 2026-08-03T11:28:24Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ranarta ce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:It's_Her_Day.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |Aniedi Anwah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist">Bovi Ugboma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Bovi Ugboma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Bovi Ugboma * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] * [[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] * Adunni Ade * Najite Dede * Gregory Ojefua * Thelma Ezeamaka * Femi Durojaiye * Wannan Lami George </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Emeka Madu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Akin Alabi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Harrison "Babariq" Eke </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Cibiyar Kula da Kasuwanci</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Rarraba Silverbird |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 9 Oktoba 2016 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-10-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Lagos, Najeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ofishin akwatin | class="infobox-data" |China55,021,150 (Raked 12M a farkon karshen mako) |} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na [[Warri]] ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 4wfmsanm2km0i9cd1abr7vu4csorfbq 0 157071 890807 855793 2026-08-03T02:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A farkon 2026, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar ta shafi sassan [[Zimbabwe]]. An samu rahotanni na mutuwar mutane 70 da kusan mutane 250,000 da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall Green Flood in Zimbabwe from 01 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC to 03 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/Floods/report.aspx?episodeid=1&eventid=1103715&eventtype=FL |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.gdacs.org}}</ref> == Lalacewar == Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun ci gaba a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar Disamba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Southern Africa: Heavy Rains and Floods Flash Update No. 2 (27 January 2026) {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-heavy-rains-and-floods-flash-update-no-2-27-january-2026 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2026, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a titin Dumbujena, Mbare, New Canaan da Highfield yankunan Harare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DANIEL |first=SHARON ZEBRA and Kenneth Nyangani and GRACIOUS |title=70 dead as rains wreak havoc |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200050490/70-dead-as-rains-wreak-havoc |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA) ta ba da gargadi game da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Zinwa issues flood warning |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zinwa-issues-flood-warning/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2026, Majalisar Birnin Harare ta gargadi mazauna da su bar Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndoro |first=Timothy |date=2026-01-13 |title=Leave The CBD Early: City Council Warns Residents As Floods Swamp Harare |url=https://iharare.com/city-council-warns-residents-to-leave-cbd-early-as-flash-floods-swamp-harare/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe gadar Jeka-Chegato a fadin Kogin Mwenezi a Gundumar Arewacin Mberengwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floods wash away key Mberengwa bridge, thousands stranded |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-262970.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> Farkon ambaliyar yana da alaƙa da canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Flood disaster linked to climate change hits Zimbabwe |url=https://www.thegranite.co.zw/article/la-nina-floods-zimbabwe-70-dead-1000-homes-climate-change-2026 |website=thegranite.co.zw }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Makarantu 237 sun lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Floods Kill 134 In Zimbabwe as Rains Continue to Ravage Communities |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2026/03/19/floods-kill-134-in-zimbabwe-as-rains-continue-to-ravage-communities/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == g7ih18if2br0d54b494wlgosh4rcujo 0 157311 890827 856535 2026-08-03T04:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angorangora''' wani yanki ne a cikin Gundumar Turkana ta [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RESEARCH BRIEF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Introduction. Kenya s Urbanization Context RESEARCH BRIEFING: URBANIZATION IN NORTH RIFT KENYA APRIL PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/228252210-Research-brief-socio-economic-development-introduction-kenya-s-urbanization-context-research-briefing-urbanization-in-north-rift-kenya-april-2022.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=docplayer.net }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da ƙididdigar yawan mutane 134.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nygaard |first=Ivan |date=October 2018 |title=Market for the integration of smaller wind turbines in minigrids in Kenya |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/189889183.pdf |journal=Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta Kenya]] == Tarihi == Kafin Babban zaben Kenya a shekarar 2013, Angorangora ta zabe a matsayin wani bangare na Lardin Rift Valley . == Bayanan da aka ambata == llhj2milknmb9dg207oyb9ykf1kn9v7 0 157397 890886 883107 2026-08-03T09:14:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ayyukan gaggawa na kiwon lafiya (EMS) suna ba da kulawar lafiya mai tsanani da/ko jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa asibiti ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Ababen Hawa ta Ƙasa (NHTSA) ce ke tsara su a matakin farko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS.gov &#124; What is EMS? |url=https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405192040/https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |archive-date=2019-04-05 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.ems.gov}}</ref> wanda ke saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da dole ne duk masu samar da EMS na jihohi su cika, kuma gwamnatocin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohi]] da ƙabilu daban-daban ke tsara su sosai, waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙa'idodi daga ayyukan da suke kulawa. A wasu jihohi, gwamnatocin gundumomi da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna tsara ayyuka a yankunansu. Mutane a Amurka sun fi neman taimakon gaggawa ta hanyar tuntuɓar 911, lambar wayar gaggawa ta Arewacin Amurka. A cikin 2018, EMS ta amsa buƙatun gaggawa sama da miliyan 28 911, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da rabin duk kiran gaggawa na EMS don taimako. Har da wasu ayyuka kamar jiran aiki, jigilar likitoci ta sama, da kuma taimakon gaggawa na al'umma, EMS ta amsa buƙatun sabis sama da miliyan 42. Bambance-bambance masu yawa a yawan jama'a, [[Yanayin ƙasar Amurka|yanayin ƙasa]], yanayi da sauran yanayi na iya buƙatar nau'ikan tsarin EMS daban-daban; saboda haka, sau da yawa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Lafiya da ake bayarwa a wata jiha da waɗanda ake bayarwa a wata jiha. == Ƙungiya da kuɗaɗen tallafi == === Tsarin bayar da kuɗi === Duk da cewa yawancin ayyuka, a wani mataki, ana ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati, abin da ke bambanta ayyuka sau da yawa shine yadda ake gudanar da su. Tsarin EMS na iya zama kai tsaye ta al'umma, ko kuma suna iya faɗawa hannun wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS System &#124; NHTSA EMS |url=http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308110607/http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da Kwalejin Haverford ta fitar ya gano cewa yawancin hukumomin EMS (41%) ana kula da su ne ta hannun sassan kashe gobara, sai kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (25%), ayyukan gwamnati marasa kashe gobara (21%), sannan kuma asibitoci (6%). Sauran nau'ikan mallakar sun kai kashi 6% na hukumomin. ==== EMS da ake amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ==== A cikin ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da gwamnati ke amfani da shi, tsarin EMS yana gudanar da shi kai tsaye ta hannun karamar hukuma da take bayarwa. Hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi na iya samar da ayyukan, ko kuma alhakin gwamnatin yanki (ko jiha) ne. Ayyukan da ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa na iya samun kuɗaɗen sabis kuma ana ƙara musu harajin kadarori . A lokuta da yawa, ana ɗaukar tsarin EMS a matsayin ƙarami don yin aiki da kansa, kuma an tsara shi azaman reshe na wani sashen ƙananan hukumomi, kamar sashen [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monterey County EMS |url=http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001045749/http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin ƙananan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su da yawan jama'a ko tushen haraji, irin wannan sabis ɗin ba zai iya aiki ba sai dai idan masu sa kai na al'umma ne ke aiki da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monroe Volunteer EMS website |url=http://www.monroeems.org/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyar masu sa kai na iya samun wasu kuɗaɗe daga harajin ƙananan hukumomi, amma gabaɗaya sun dogara sosai kan gudummawar son rai don biyan kuɗaɗen aiki. Wannan yana ba da babban ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyin masu sa kai, tunda dole ne a cika ƙa'idodin horo ga ma'aikata, kuma ana bin ƙa'idodin abin hawa da kayan aiki, yayin da ƙungiyar ke yin duk ko mafi yawan kuɗin tara kuɗi nata. Duk da haka, ba tare da kasancewar masu sa kai na musamman ba, ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa a Amurka ba za su iya zama ba tare da tsarin EMS na gida ba kuma ko dai ba za su sami sabis ba ko kuma a tilasta musu su dogara da sabis daga al'ummomi masu nisa. Wani tsarin aiki na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a shine abin da ake kira a masana'antar a matsayin zaɓin "sabis na uku". A cikin wannan zaɓin, maimakon zama wani ɓangare na (ko a wasu lokuta, "ƙari" ga) ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan "gaggawa" na gargajiya (gobara da 'yan sanda), ana tsara sabis ɗin a matsayin wani sashe na [[Ƙaramar hukuma|birni]] daban, mai zaman kansa, tare da ƙungiya wanda zai iya kama da, amma ana gudanar da shi daban-daban daga, ko dai sassan kashe gobara ko na 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans EMS |url=http://www.nola.gov/government/ems/ |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin wani nau'in wannan samfurin, ana iya gane tsarin EMS a matsayin sabis na gaggawa na uku na halal, amma ana bayar da shi ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kwangila da wata ƙungiya, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa ko asibiti, maimakon aiki kai tsaye. Wannan samfurin wani lokaci ana kiransa samfurin "ayyukan jama'a". Wannan na iya zama ma'auni mai ceton kuɗi, ko kuma yana iya zama saboda al'umma suna jin cewa ba su da ƙwarewar mazauna don magance matsalolin kulawa da kulawa na likita, da kuma buƙatun doka waɗanda galibi ke kewaye da Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya. A wani tsari na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a, ana iya haɗa tsarin cikin ayyukan wani sabis na gaggawa na birni, kamar sashen kashe gobara na gida ko [[Ɗan sanda|sashen 'yan sanda]] . Wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zama ɓangare ko cikakke. Idan aka haɗa ɓangare, ma'aikatan EMS na iya raba kwata, ayyukan gudanarwa, har ma da umarni da iko tare da ɗayan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FDNYEMS website |url=http://fdnyems.com/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> Idan aka haɗa gaba ɗaya, ma'aikatan EMS na iya samun cikakken horo don yin aikin matakin shiga na ɗayan sabis na gaggawa, ko dai aikin kashe gobara ko [[Ɗan sanda|aikin 'yan sanda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Al'ummomi da yawa suna ganin wannan a matsayin samar da "ƙarin ƙima" ga al'umma, tunda ma'aikatan birni suna cika ayyuka fiye da ɗaya, kuma ba sa yin aiki yadda ya kamata. ==== EMS na sirri/don riba ==== Ayyukan motar asibiti da ke aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu/don neman riba suna da dogon tarihi a Amurka Sau da yawa, musamman a ƙananan al'ummomi, al'umma suna ganin hidimar motar asibiti a matsayin mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da 'yan sanda ko ayyukan kashe gobara, kuma babu abin da ya kamata ya buƙaci tallafin jama'a. Har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aikin likitocin gaggawa a farkon shekarun 1970, ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na motar asibiti da aka fi sani a Amurka gidan jana'izar al'umma ne. Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, domin motocin jigila ne kawai ke iya ɗaukar mutum a kwance a lokacin. Ayyukan motar asibiti a lokacin jana'iza wani lokacin ana ƙara musu ayyukan "uwa da amarya", waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gidajen jana'iza amma suna aiki iri ɗaya da sabis na taksi. Babu ƙa'idodin ƙasa don ayyukan motar asibiti kuma ma'aikata gabaɗaya ba su da horo ko kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace kafin asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kossoff |first=Jackie |date=5 May 2021 |title=Private/For Profit EMS |url=https://www.iamed.com/private-for-profit-ems/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=IA MED}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna ci gaba da aiki ta wannan hanyar a wasu wurare, suna ba da ayyukan sufuri na gaggawa, sabis na gaggawa na kuɗi don sabis, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian Ambulance Ltd. website |url=http://www.guardianambulance.org/ver_1.html |access-date=2008-10-09 |archive-date=2008-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035028/http://www.guardianambulance.org/ver_1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko kwangilar sabis na motar asibiti na gaggawa ga ƙananan hukumomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin kayan aikin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Ambulance Service Ltd website |url=http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035037/http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |archive-date=2008-10-27 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an haɗa kamfanonin motar asibiti masu zaman kansu sama da 200 a Amurka a hankali zuwa manyan kamfanonin yanki, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ke ci gaba da aiki a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acadian Ambulance Company website |url=http://www.acadian.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Yayin da wannan yanayin ya ci gaba, sakamakon ya kasance wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka rage, wasu ƙananan kamfanonin yanki, da manyan kamfanoni biyu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda a halin yanzu ke mamaye dukkan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Medical Response website |url=http://www.amr.net/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Metro Corporation website |url=http://www.ruralmetro.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09 |archive-date=2010-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927133528/http://ruralmetro.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ci gaba da aiki a wasu sassan Amurka, ko dai akan kuɗin sabis ga majiyyaci, ko kuma ta hanyar kwangiloli da ƙananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan kwangiloli galibi suna haifar da aikin kuɗi-don-sabis wanda ƙaramar hukuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa, a musanya don garantin aiki mai kyau akan batutuwa kamar ma'aikata, ƙwarewar aiki, albarkatun da ake da su, da lokutan amsawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambulance Service Performance Standards, Kern County, California |url=http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204914/http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> ==== Tsarin kulawa ==== Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Gaggawa a Amurka yawanci yana bin tsarin isar da sabis na Anglo-American (kawo mara lafiya asibiti), sabanin tsarin Franco-Jamusanci (kawo asibiti ga majiyyaci). Baya ga wasu likitoci kaɗan da ke aiki a cikin jirgin Medevac ko kuma suna yin horo ko tabbatar da ingancin lafiya, ba kasafai ake ganin likita yana amsawa da gangan ga wurin gaggawa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick WF |year=2003 |title=Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system |journal=Prehosp Disaster Med |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–35; discussion 35–37 |doi=10.1017/s1049023x00000650 |pmid=14694898 |s2cid=31020961}}</ref> ==== Motar asibiti ta jirgin sama ==== Ana iya gudanar da ayyukan motar asibiti ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta asibiti, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AirLifeDenver website |url=http://www.airlifedenver.com/ |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> yayin da wasu kuma [[Ƙaramar hukuma|gwamnatin]] tarayya, [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiha]] ko ta ƙananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su; ko kuma ta hanyar sassa daban-daban, ciki har da 'yan sandan gida ko na jiha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Parks Police website |url=http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016010137/http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2004 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> ko sassan kashe gobara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles County Fire Department website |url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924022238/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |archive-date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyuka ana iya gudanar da su kai tsaye ta kowace daga cikin waɗannan tsarin EMS, ko kuma ana iya ba su kwangila ga wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfanin haya jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ba sabon abu ba ne a tilasta wa jiragen sama na sojojin Amurka su yi aiki don samar da tallafin motar asibiti ta iska. Nisa mai faɗi da Amurka ta rufe yana nufin cewa yayin da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na iya zama nau'in isar da sabis ga gaggawa "a wurin", jiragen sama masu fikafikai, gami da ƙananan jiragen sama, galibi ana amfani da su don canja wurin daga asibitocin karkara zuwa wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kulawa na gaba]] . Waɗannan jiragen galibi suna da ma'aikata iri-iri ciki har da likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], da ma'aikatan jinya, kuma a wasu lokuta, duka ukun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen K |date=November 2017 |title=Does Medical Staffing Influence Perceived Safety? An International Survey on Medical Crew Models in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.airmedicaljournal.com/article/S1067-991X(16)30280-2/fulltext |journal=Air Medical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1016/j.amj.2017.09.008 |pmid=29332773 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana ƙara wa sabis na jigilar jiragen sama na gaggawa da na gaggawa, wanda kamfanonin jigilar jiragen sama na musamman za su iya bayarwa, ko kuma kamfanonin haya jiragen sama a matsayin wani aiki na biyu na kasuwanci. 3<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" perrow="3" caption="Jirgin Sama na Ambulance a Amurka"> Fayil:MCI_Drill_2008_003.jpg|alt=Training with LifeEvac II| Horarwa tare da LifeEvac II Fayil:Tn_DSC01826.JPG| STAT MedEvac Fayil:Aircare.JPG| PHI AirMedical AirCare 2 </gallery> == Tarihi == === Na zamani === An fara aikin motar [[Ambulance|asibiti]] ta Grady a Amurka a [[Atlanta]], Georgia a shekarar 1869. Ma'aikatan Asibitin Grady Memorial sun hau kekunan dawaki da aka tsara musamman don jigilar marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni. Rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai na ceto sun shirya a kusan shekarar 1920 a Roanoke, Virginia, Palmyra, New Jersey, da kuma bakin tekun [[New Jersey]] . A hankali, musamman a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, asibitoci da likitoci sun ɓace daga aikin kafin a kai asibiti, suna bin diddigin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara a tsakiyar birane. Sau da yawa asibitoci ko sashen kashe gobara na birni ne ke kula da waɗannan. Lokaci-lokaci, ana maye gurbin wuraren jana'iza, waɗanda suka kasance hanyar sufuri ta yau da kullun, da sashen kashe gobara, ƙungiyar ceto, da motocin asibiti masu zaman kansu. Kafin shekarun 1970, ba a cika yin aikin motar asibiti ba. Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna, motocin daukar marasa lafiya na daukar marasa lafiya na matakin farko suna aiki, a wasu yankuna, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mai kula da kayan daki na yankin, wanda ke da motoci daya tilo da mutum zai iya kwanciya a ciki, yana gudanar da shagon kayan daki na yankin (inda yake yin akwatin gawa a gefe) da kuma na'urar daukar marasa lafiya ta yankin. === Ci gaban ayyukan zamani === Fitowar binciken Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1966, "Mutuwa da Nakasa a Haɗari: Cutar da Aka Saka a Hannun Jama'ar Zamani", (wanda aka sani a fannin EMS a matsayin Farin Takarda ) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaston SR |date=March 1971 |title=Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society. A progress report |journal=J Trauma |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001 |pmid=5545943}}</ref> ya haifar da haɗakar ƙoƙari don inganta kulawar gaggawa ta likita a wuraren da ba a kai asibiti ba. Binciken ya gano cewa za a iya hana mace-mace da yawa marasa amfani ta hanyar haɗakar ilimin al'umma, tsauraran ƙa'idojin tsaro, da kuma ingantattun jiyya kafin a kai asibiti. Peter Safar, wanda aka haifa a Austria, ƙwararren likitan sa barci ne a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, ya kasance majagaba a fannin CPR wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar Sashen Kula da Lafiya Mai Tsanani na Asibiti na zamani (ICU). 'Yarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1966 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar asma yayin jigilar ta daga gidanta zuwa asibiti. A martanin da ya bayar, ya tsara motar asibiti mai ɗauke da kayan aikin likita da kuma tsarin fenti. Ya kuma tsara tsarin farko mai cikakken tsari don horar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name="MEN">{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |title=The Little-Known History of the Black Men Who Became America's First Paramedics |url=https://time.com/6215072/first-paramedics-black-men-history/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=time.com |publisher=Time, USA }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sabis na Ambulance na Safar na Freedom House shine sabis na gaggawa na farko a Amurka da ma'aikatan jinya ke ɗaukar ma'aikata tare da horon likita fiye da taimakon farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corry |first=Megan |last2=Keyes |first2=Casey |last3=Page |first3=David |date=March 2013 |title=Reviving Freedom House. How the storied ambulance company has been reborn |journal=JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=70–75 |issn=0197-2510 |pmid=23717921}}</ref> Daraktan lafiya na Freedom House Nancy Caroline ta rubuta littafin horo na EMS wanda aka karɓa a matsayin ma'aunin ƙasa. <ref name="MEN" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Dr. R Adams Cowley ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, a Maryland. Ana kiran tsarin da Sashen Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da ''[http://www.miemss.org/ Cibiyar Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa ta Maryland]'' ). Haka kuma a shekarar 1969, Cowley ya sami jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na soja don taimakawa wajen jigilar marasa lafiya cikin sauri zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Rauni (wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center ), wani asibiti na musamman da ya fara don magance girgiza . Wannan sabis ɗin ba wai kawai shine shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin jihar ba, har ma shine farkon jigilar helikwafta na gaggawa na likita a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224082924/http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2005}}</ref> Shirin farko na helikwafta na likitanci na farar hula da ke aiki a asibiti a Amurka, Flight For Life Colorado, ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 da jirgin helikwafta guda ɗaya na Alouette III, wanda ke aiki a Asibitin St. Anthony Central da ke Denver, Colorado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight for Life Colorado website |url=http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/index.php?s=5 |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ce ke tantance ƙa'idodin EMS na ƙasa don Amurka kuma Ma'aikatar EMS ta kowace jiha (yawanci a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ), kuma Kwamitocin Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya na Yanki (yawanci a yankunan karkara) ko wasu kwamitoci, ko ma masu samar da EMS daban-daban suna canza su. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Rijistar Ƙasa ta Masu Fasaha na Gaggawa ta Lafiya, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, a cikin 1970 bisa shawarar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson a ƙoƙarin samar da takardar shaida da aka amince da ita a ƙasa ga masu samar da kayayyaki da kuma yarjejeniya a duk faɗin ƙasar kan yarjejeniyoyi. A halin yanzu, ana karɓar takardar shaidar Rijistar Ƙasa a wasu sassan Amurka, yayin da wasu yankuna har yanzu suna da nasu yarjejeniyoyi da manhajojin horo daban-daban. Musamman ma, a jihar [[California]] ta Amurka, a [[Seattle]], jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] ( Medic One ), da kuma a [[Miami]], ayyukan sun fara haɗawa da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin martanin EMS a farkon shekarun 1970. Ƙungiyoyi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charlottesville, Virginia da Portland, Oregon suma sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka fara horon gaggawa na likitanci kafin asibiti. Duk da adawa daga masu kashe gobara da likitoci, shirin ya sami karɓuwa yayin da ingancinsa ya bayyana a fili. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara sosai a Arewacin Amurka a shekarun 1970 tare da shirin talabijin [[NBC|na NBC]], ''Emergency!'' wanda, a wani ɓangare, ya biyo bayan balaguron ma'aikatan jinya biyu na Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles yayin da suke mayar da martani ga nau'ikan [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] daban-daban. James O. Page ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na jerin kuma ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na haɓaka EMS a Amurka. Shahararren wannan jerin ya ƙarfafa sauran al'ummomi su kafa nasu ayyukan. === Karanci === A ƙarni na 21, al'ummomin karkara waɗanda ke da raguwar yawan jama'a sun fuskanci ƙarin matsaloli wajen neman masu sa kai na EMS, yayin da yawan jama'ar yankin ke tsufa kuma suna da ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Daga 2005 zuwa tsakiyar 2019, asibitoci 160 na karkara sun rufe, da yawa a jihohin da ba su faɗaɗa Medicare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ba, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lokacin tuƙi ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=What if you call 911 and no one comes? Inside the collapse of America's EMS services. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/there-s-shortage-volunteer-ems-workers-ambulances-rural-america-n1068556 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka ta haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin aiki, matsin lamba a wurin aiki, da kuma yawan ma'aikata, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin ma'aikatan EMS a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="crippling">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=EMS services warn of 'crippling labor shortage' undermining 911 system |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ems-services-warn-crippling-labor-shortage-undermining-911-system-rcna2677 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne dakatar da horo na ɗan lokaci, ɗaukar ma'aikatan jinya da asibitoci ke yi, da kuma ƙarin albashi a wasu fannoni da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ma'aikata kuma ba bisa ƙa'idar gwamnati ba. <ref name="crippling" /> == Haɗarin lafiyar sana'a == === Hadarin da aka saba === Ma'aikatan Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]] da yawa saboda yawan aiki da kuma canje-canje a duk tsawon ranar aikinsu. Waɗannan haɗarin galibi suna kama da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . EMS yawanci yana zuwa kafin a kawar da muhalli daga sinadarai, halittu, da [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin jiki]] . Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗari fiye da idan suna cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar [[asibiti]] . Raunin da ma'aikatan EMS suka fi samu shine rauni da rauni. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=Emergency Medical Services Clinician Injury Data |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/data/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> Masu ba da sabis suna ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da mutane da kayan aiki. Yanayin damuwa mai yawa na iya haifar da rauni daga tashin hankali ga ma'aikatan EMS. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin binciken haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan EMS, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan EMS sun fuskanci wani nau'in tashin hankali a wurin aiki cikin watanni 12. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zagi, naushi, da tofa. Duk da cewa duk waɗannan [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin lafiyar jiki]] ne, tofa kuma yana iya zama haɗarin halitta, yaɗa cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Hulɗa da jinin majiyyaci kuma na iya zama babban haɗari ga ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":2" /> Jini na iya ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yaɗa cututtuka kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] da [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why is Blood Biohazardous {{!}} Eco Medical |url=https://www.ecomedicalwaste.com/blog-posts/why-blood-biohazardous#:~:text=%E2%80%8DWhy%20is%20Blood%20a%20Biohazard?&text=Blood%20is%20a%20biohazard%20due,bacteria,%20viruses,%20and%20parasites.&text=Activities%20that%20involve%20the%20exchange,fluids%20can%20transmit%20bloodborne%20pathogens. |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.ecomedicalwaste.com}}</ref> Waɗannan haɗarin na iya kamawa daga [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] daga zubewa ko fashewar gilashi da ƙarfe mai kaifi daga fashewa ko haɗarin ababen hawa. Ma'aikata suna amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kamar bleach ko kayayyakin da aka yi da barasa lokacin da suke tsaftacewa da amfani da ingantattun ka'idojin tsaro, waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya. === Sakamako === Saboda kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin EMS, masu samar da sabis suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wasu daga cikinsu sune [[Hepatitis C]] da [[Hepatitis B|B]], HIV, [[Agana|Smallpox]], da [[Influenza]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bitely |first=Colton |date=Oct 11, 2019 |title=EMS Disease Exposure, Transmission, and Prevention: a Review Article |journal=Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.1007/s40138-019-00200-6 |pmc=7100409 |pmid=32226658}}</ref> Ba wai kawai suna cikin haɗarin rashin lafiya ba, har ma da raunuka na jiki, ko dai daga rikici da marasa lafiya ko kuma daga ɗaga nauyi, na iya haifar da hutun da ake buƙata daga aiki. Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗarin matsalar kuɗi ko kuma a kore su. Damuwa da ma'aikatan gaggawa ke fuskanta, kamar kallon wahalar ɗan adam/mutuwa da yanayin aikin da ba a iya faɗi ba, na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci ga lafiyar kwakwalwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NRP |first=Taylor Shearer BS |date=2022-05-05 |title=A Frontline Battle: The Mental Health Crisis in Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.jems.com/mental-health-wellness/a-frontline-battle-the-mental-health-crisis-in-emergency-medical-services/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa a kan aiki na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na tunani, matsalolin zuciya, da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=jli0814 |date=2023-02-08 |title=EMS Burnout and Mental Health |url=https://naemsp.org/2023-2-1-ems-burnout-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=NAEMSP |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa kuma na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]], wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> Cutar COVID-19 ta ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin ma'aikatan EMS saboda ƙaruwar damuwa a fagen aiki da ƙarancin albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awais |first=Shehar Bano |last2=Martins |first2=Russell Seth |last3=Khan |first3=Muhammad Shameel |date=February 2021 |title=Paramedics in pandemics: protecting the mental wellness of those behind enemy lines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/paramedics-in-pandemics-protecting-the-mental-wellness-of-those-behind-enemy-lines/C0B1C08CF27CF1AD95EAC18B43D35E21 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.193 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=33092658}}</ref> === Dabaru na rage radadi === Abin farin ciki, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tabbatar don taimakawa wajen rage raunin ma'aikatan EMS da kuma fallasa haɗarin aiki. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ce ke tsara rage haɗari ga EMS a Amurka. Dokokin OSHA galibi suna dogara ne akan binciken da NIOSH ta samar ko ta amince da shi, wata hukuma ce da ke cikin CDC . Jihohi ashirin da ɗaya na Amurka suna da jagororin musamman na jihohi waɗanda suka fi takamaiman kuma cikakke fiye da buƙatun tarayya kuma saboda haka OSHA ta amince da su. Wani sashe na Hukumar Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA), Hukumar Kashe Gobara ta Amurka, ya buga jagororin da aka yi niyya don rage haɗarin aiki a cikin EMS. Hukumar NHTSA, wani ɓangare na hukumar DOT ta tarayya, ta kuma buga sakamakon bincike da yawa na musamman na EMS, bayanai, da jagorori ta hanyar Ofishin EMS ɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ems.gov/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=EMS.gov |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202225127/https://www.ems.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukumomin ba da shawara sun amince kan dabarun rage tasirin cutar. * Samar wa ma'aikata ayyuka da nauyin da ke kansu na iya rage yiwuwar ma'aikata su shiga cikin halayen da ke haifar da babban haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zara |first=Jamil |last2=Nordin |first2=Shahrina Md |last3=Isha |first3=Ahmad Shahrul Nizam |date=2023-08-08 |title=Influence of communication determinants on safety commitment in a high-risk workplace: a systematic literature review of four communication dimensions |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1125995Z |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225995 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10442955 |pmid=37614453 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Tsarin ɗagawa lafiya, amfani da fasaha/ [[Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics|kayan aikin ergonomic]], da ƙarin ma'aikata na iya rage katsewa da gajiya daga ɗagawa. <ref name=":12"/> * Kariya daga cututtuka masu haɗari (PPE), na'urorin kariya na musamman, da kuma ayyukan kawar da gurɓataccen iska na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=About EMS Clinician Safety |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/about/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> * Dabaru na rage radadi, hana marasa lafiya, da kuma barin jami'an tsaro su tsare wuraren tashin hankali na iya rage haɗarin cin zarafi ta jiki ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maguire |first=Brian J. |last2=O’Neill |first2=Barbara J. |last3=O’Meara |first3=Peter |last4=Browne |first4=Matthew |last5=Dealy |first5=Michael T. |date=July 2018 |title=Preventing EMS workplace violence: A mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |journal=Injury |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1258–1265 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |issn=0020-1383 |pmid=29861309 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Samun salon rayuwa mai kyau, tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa, da kuma neman tallafin takwarorinsu na iya rage damuwa mai tsanani daga gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Disaster Responder Stress Management |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/disaster-response-template-toolkit/disaster-responder-stress-management |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Horarwa sosai, rage amfani da fitilu da siren da ba dole ba, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da abubuwan da ke hana mutum yin abin da ya dace na iya rage haɗarin rauni daga karo ko haɗari a cikin abin hawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l5vm06ufq4s9jti1ctnlqp0wuipj8lm 0 157445 890763 857081 2026-08-02T21:04:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} Al'adun mai iko yana nufin samfurin al'umma inda tsoro da karfi ke kula da fahimtar iko da fifiko a cikin tsarin matsayi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Eisler |first=Riane |date=1 October 2005 |title=The Battle Over Human Possibilities: Women, Men, and Cultural Transformation |url=http://www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/eisler.html |access-date=2 April 2017 |website=Societies of Peace}}</ref> Futurist kuma marubuci [[Riane Eisler]] ya fara fadada wannan kalmar a cikin littafinta The Chalice and the Blade (HarperCollins San Francisco, 1987). A ciki, Eisler ya sanya tsarin mai iko ya bambanta da tsarin haɗin gwiwa, tsarin daidaito na al'umma wanda aka kafa akan girmama juna tsakanin mazaunanta. A cikin al'adun masu rinjaye, maza suna mulki a kan mata, yayin da al'adun haɗin gwiwa ke darajar maza da mata daidai. Sauran masu ra'ayi, ciki har da Terence McKenna da ƙugiyoyi, sun fadada kan tasirin da tasirin al'adun masu iko. Su, a tsakanin wasu, suna jayayya cewa bin tsarin mai iko akan tsarin haɗin gwiwa yana ƙaryata yiwuwar samun daidaito a cikin al'umma, yana ba da damar tsananta wa waɗanda "mafi girma" - gami da ƙabilu da kabilanci, mutanen LGBT, da mata. == Ma'anar da ƙamus == [[Riane Eisler]] ya gabatar da al'adun masu rinjaye a matsayin tsarin al'adu na matsayi da alaƙar mata da maza, inda maza "sun mamaye", ko kuma suna cikin iko a cikin al'umma. Ba tare da la'akari da wurin ba, lokacin, imani na addini, ko ci gaba a cikin fasaha, al'umma na iya bin tsarin al'adun mai iko. Eisler ya nuna al'adun mai iko kamar yadda yake nuna abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci: * tsarin zamantakewa da iyali mai mulkin mallaka * Matsayin namiji mai tsayirinjaye na namiji * babban matakin tashin hankali da cin zarafi * da kuma tsarin imani wanda ke daidaita irin wannan al'umma <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eisler |first=Riane |year=2015 |title=Human Possibilities: The Interaction of Biology and Culture |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies |volume=1 |doi=10.24926/ijps.v1i1.88 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ƙungiya bisa ga manufofin tsarin dimokuradiyya * [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin maza da mata]] * rashin haƙuri ga cin zarafi da tashin hankali * da tsarin imani wanda ke tabbatar da hangen nesa <ref name=":1"/> Ta hanyar haɗa al'adun mai iko tare da al'adun haɗin gwiwa, Eisler ya haifar da ci gaba tsakanin su biyu. Ta yi jayayya cewa inda al'umma ta fada kan wannan bakan yana rinjayar al'adun ta, imani, da ayyukanta. Bin al'adun masu iko yana shafar mutane daga mutum zuwa matakin jama'a, kamar yadda aka gani a tasirin al'umma.<ref name=":0"/> === Tarihin tarihi === Yaɗuwar al'adun masu iko ya canza a tsawon lokaci. Eisler ya yi iƙirarin cewa, a zamanin kafin mutane, haɗin gwiwa ya kasance al'ada. A zamanin Paleolithic da Neolithic, akwai misalan al'ummomin matriarchal da suka gabaci mulkin kakanninsu . Misali, masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Burtaniya James Mellaart ya ba da rahoton wani wuri na Neolithic tare da hotuna da yawa na mata kuma babu alamun yaƙi mai ɓarna tsawon kusan shekaru 1000. <ref name=":0"/> Tsawon dubban shekaru, mutane sun rayu a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin haɗin gwiwa masu lumana, har sai da ƙabilun makiyaya masu kama da yaƙi suka wargaza daidaito da al'adun masu iko. Tun daga lokacin, sauyi tsakanin al'ummomin masu iko da haɗin gwiwa ya faru a tsawon lokaci, amma babban canjin ya kasance zuwa ga al'adun masu iko. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Hollick |first=Malcolm |date=2007 |title=Dominator v Partnership Societies and Relationships |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewarticle.asp?id=34997 |access-date=2 April 2017 |website=Author's Den}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2017)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tasirin zamantakewa == Al'adun mai iko yana tasiri ga yadda al'umma ke bayyana da aiki. Eisler ya nuna cewa "labaran game da asalin al'adunmu", kamar al'adun masu iko, "sun nuna kuma suna jagorantar yadda muke tunani, ji, da aiki. " <ref name=":0"/> Ko da yake babu al'ada da ke da cikakken iko ko cikakken haɗin gwiwa a cikin gininsa, matakin da ya dace da ɗayan waɗannan samfuran yana tasiri ga imani, cibiyoyi, da alaƙar wannan al'umma. === Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi === Babban bambanci tsakanin masu rinjaye da tsarin haɗin gwiwa, a cewar Eisler, shine yadda suke bi da dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata.<ref name=":1"/> Ta yi jayayya cewa, a tarihi, maza sun kasance masu rinjaye, wanda ke haifar da al'ummar da ke goyon bayan matsayi na jinsi na gargajiya. Binciken da masanan ilimin ɗan adam Peggy R. Sanday da Scott Coltrane suka yi ya goyi bayan wannan haɗin, suna nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin al'umma da tsammanin maza da mata. Sun gano cewa mafi girman daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ya haifar da mafi yawan shiga namiji a cikin kula da yara. Koyaya, saboda al'adun masu rinjaye suna goyan bayan mummunan rarrabuwa tsakanin namiji da mace, yana rarraba namiji daga duk wani abu na mata - har ma da kuɗin fa'idodi kamar waɗanda Sanday da Coltrane suka ruwaito. Dangane da haka, a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin da ke ba da lada ga rinjaye da iko, darajar al'umma don halaye kamar tausayi, [[Mai kula da shi|kulawa]], da rashin tashin hankali yana raguwa. Maimakon haka, ta hanyar kallon mata a matsayin abin da ba a so kuma ba shi da kyau, waɗannan al'ummomin masu iko suna karɓar kuma suna ci gaba da tashin hankali da halayyar rashin adalci. ƙarfafa irin wannan matsayi ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin mai rinjaye a matsayin tsari na al'umma. A cewar Eisler, wasu masana kimiyyar zamantakewa da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam suna da'awar cewa rinjayar namiji ta samo asali ne daga kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam kuma samfurin juyin halitta ne, yana nuna tunanin mai iko.<ref name=":1" /> Ƙararrawar ƙira ta fadada a kan wannan, tana nuna cewa al'adun mai iko "yana koya mana cewa dukkanmu masu kisan kai ne amma maza sun fi iya fahimtar rawar mai cin nama. " Ta hanyar karɓar rinjaye na namiji a matsayin wajibi na kwayar halitta, al'umma ta tabbatar da tsarin mai iko. Sakamakon haka, wannan yana nuna sha'awar mamayewa da sarrafa wasu a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin ɗan adam, bisa ga ƙugiyoyi.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan bambancin matsayi ba wai kawai an bayyana shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ba amma an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar al'umma, yana fadada zuwa "ikon" gabaɗaya. Kodayake Eisler sau da yawa tana rarrabe tsakanin samfuran biyu bisa ga jinsi, tana kuma amfani da waɗannan matsayi a fili ga sauran gine-ginen iko na al'umma, kamar launin fata, aji, da [[Tsufa|Shekaru]]. Terence McKenna, abokiyar Eisler kuma ɗan'uwansa marubuci, ya tabbatar da cewa littafin Eisler The Chalice and the Blade "ya kawar da ƙamus", yana tsara shi a matsayin bambanci tsakanin mai iko da akidar haɗin gwiwa, maimakon kawai zargi na shugabanci. Da yake tallafawa wannan fassarar, Eisler ya yi jayayya cewa bukatun al'umma na yara su kasance masu biyayya da biyayya ga iyayensu yana nuna tasirin al'adun mai iko. Al'adun mai iko yana ƙarfafa akidar, tun daga ƙuruciya, cewa mutum ko dai ya mamaye ko kuma ya mamaye. Dangane da haka, al'adun masu iko ba wai kawai suna daidaita bambancin tsakanin maza da mata zuwa fifiko da ƙasƙanci ba, amma a maimakon haka "tseren duk dangantaka a matsayin gwagwarmayar iko".[s] == Tasirin tarihi da al'adu == Al'adun masu iko sun sami bayyanar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin al'umma a duk tarihin ɗan adam, daga kabilun da suka fi dacewa da yaƙi na zamanin Neolithic zuwa nune-nunen yau. Tsarin mai iko na al'umma yana tsarawa da kuma tsara al'adun da ke tare da shi. Sauran marubuta sun yi amfani, sun fadada, kuma sun fassara ra'ayin Eisler na al'adun mai iko don amfani da shi ga fannoni daban-daban, har zuwa nesa kamar jinya, yaƙi, ilmantar da harshe, tattalin arziki, da [[Ecofeminism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bortoluzzi |first=Maria |year=2003 |title=Language Learning Approaches and Some Aspects of the Partnership Model |journal=The Art of Partnership: Essays on Literature, Culture, Language, and Education Towards a Cooperative Paradigm |pages=159–175 |id={{ProQuest|53789232}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirk |first=Mary |year=2010 |title=Review: The Real Wealth of Nations |journal=Feminist Teacher |volume=20 |pages=266–268 |doi=10.1353/ftr.2010.0014 |s2cid=154841015}}</ref> === Bayanan tarihi da al'adu === Marubuci Malcolm Hollick ya ambaci Jamus ta Nazi, Rasha ta Stalin, da ƙasashen Musulunci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin misalai na zamani, kodayake suna da tsanani, na al'ummomin da ke mamaye duniya. <ref name=":4"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2017)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Da'awar Nazi ga iko, misali, ta kasance tare da kiran komawar mata zuwa ga "wuraren gargajiya", ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu, a cikin tsarin iyali. Duk da haka, bayyanar al'adar rinjaye ba koyaushe take da tsauri ba; tasirin al'adar rinjaye galibi yana bayyana ta hanyoyi masu yaɗuwa da kuma na ɓoye a cikin al'umma. A Amurka, yaƙe-yaƙe kan ta'addanci, miyagun ƙwayoyi, da laifuka suna ci gaba da amfani da ƙarfi don cimma ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raguwar wasu 'yanci. <ref name=":4" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2017)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;Ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> A wani babban mataki, bautar da mata, [[auren dole]], da kuma karɓar [[Tashin hankali na gida|duka mata]] suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a duk faɗin duniya. Duk da cewa ƙasashen yamma sun sami ci gaba mai yawa wajen samar da haɗin gwiwa a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata - al'ummar yamma tana alfahari da ' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], samun ilimi, shiga siyasa, [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|haƙƙin 'yan luwaɗi]], da mata a cikin ma'aikata - sauyi zuwa ga tsarin haɗin gwiwa ba abu ne na kowa da kowa ba kuma ba cikakke ba ne. Hakazalika, al'adun masu iko suna barazanar kiyaye muhalli. Al'ummomin da ke da daraja da'awar iko suna tabbatar da'awar mutane na mulkin mallaka akan yanayi. McKenna ya fadada aikin Eisler, ta amfani da ra'ayin al'adun mai iko don haskaka halin abin da yake gani a matsayin al'adun ubanni na Yamma - yana nuna, alal misali, da'awarsa cewa ba shi da lamirin zamantakewa kuma ba shi da damuwa ga muhalli. Ya yi jayayya cewa, "Dukan tsarin al'adun mai iko ... ya dogara ne akan nisantarmu daga yanayi, daga kanmu, da kuma juna. " A sakamakon haka, al'adun masu iko ba kawai suna karɓar ba amma suna tabbatar da gurɓata da lalata muhalli. Daniel Quinn, marubucin falsafa da muhalli, ya ɗauki waɗannan batutuwan a cikin littafinsa ''Ishma'el'', yana nuna al'adun masu rinjaye a matsayin al'adun Taker kuma yana ba da cikakken bayani game da rashin jituwa da muhallar. The term has been used and expanded upon by other writers, such as{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2017}} * Carol J. Adams a cikin Siyasa ta Jima'i ta Nama: Ka'idar Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Mata (1990) * Fritjof Capra a cikin The Turning Point (1982) * Thom Hartmann a cikin ''Sa'o'i na Ƙarshe na Hasken Rana na Dā'' (1999) * Leonard Shlain a cikin The Alphabet Versus the Goddess (1998) * Starhawk a cikin ''Mafarki da Duhu'' (1982) * ƙugiya a cikin Koyarwa: A Pedagogy of Hope (2003) * Walter Wink a cikin Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination (1992) da sauran littattafai game da Myth of Redemptive Violence[[Myth of Redemptive Violence|Labarin Cin Hanci]] === Sakamakon nan gaba === al'ummar haɗin gwiwa, al'adun masu iko sau da yawa har yanzu suna da fifiko. Eisler ya yi jayayya cewa karɓar al'adun mai iko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwayar halitta, tsari na halitta na duniya yana ba da hujja ga alhakin ɗan adam. Lokacin da mutane suka fahimci al'adun masu iko a matsayin wajibi ne na kwayar halitta, sun yi watsi da tasirin muhalli, gami da iyaye.<ref name=":1" /> Wannan yana ci gaba da sake zagayowar al'adun mai iko kuma yana watsi da binciken kimiyya wanda ya saba wa yanayin da ake zaton kwayar halitta na tashin hankali. Ta hanyar karɓar al'adun mai iko a matsayin al'ada, mutane suna rage da'awar kansu ga hukumar. Koyaya, a cikin labarinta "Ƙaunar a matsayin Ayyukan 'Yanci", ƙuƙwalwar ƙaho tana ba da damar yin amfani da al'adun masu iko. Ta bayyana cewa soyayya - "muradin haɗi tare da wani daban-daban" - ya jagoranci mutane su shawo kan tunanin mai iko a cikin aiki, ko batun yana "ƙaddamar da wariyar launin fata, jima'i, homophobia, ko ƙwararrun ɗalibai. " A ƙarshe, Eisler ya yarda cewa canjin al'adu ba ya faruwa da kansa; duk da haka, ta tabbatar, "Yawancinmu a duk duniya suna aiki don sauyawa zuwa hanyar zaman lafiya, daidaito, da ɗorewa ta hulɗa da juna da Uwarmu Duniya. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=hooks |first=bell |year=2006 |title=Love as the Practice of Freedom |url=http://collectiveliberation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/hooks_Love_As_The_Practice_Of_Freedom.pdf |journal=Outlaw Culture |via=Collective Liberation |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2024-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122055708/https://collectiveliberation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/hooks_Love_As_The_Practice_Of_Freedom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da Bil'adama * Daular al'adu * [[Daidaitawa]] * Aure na iyaye da aka raba / raba == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ps601yrbnryisb006zfj9c0aryx5tl9 0 157796 890589 858216 2026-08-02T12:23:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Romániai_magyarok_a_2021-es_népszámlálás_alapján.png|thumb|300x300px|'Yan Hungary a Romania (2021) ]]{{Databox}} The '''Hungarian minority of Romania''' (Hungarian: romániai magyarok, {{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}{{IPA|hu|ˈromaːnijɒji ˈmɒɟɒrok|pron}}; Romanian: maghiarii din România) is the largest ethnic minority in Romania. As per the 2021 Romanian census, 1,002,151 people (6% of respondents) declared themselves Hungarian, while 1,038,806 people (6.3% of respondents) stated that Hungarian was their Most ethnic Hungarians of [[Romainiya|Romania]] live in areas that were parts of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Encompassed in a region known as Transylvania, the most prominent of these areas is known generally as Székely Land (Romanian: Ținutul Secuiesc; Hungarian: Székelyföld), where Hungarians comprise the majority of the population.<ref name="insse3">{{Cite web |title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |website=Recensamantromania.ro |language=ro}}</ref> Transylvania, in the larger sense, also includes the historic regions of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. There are forty-one counties of Romania; Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita (85.67%) and Covasna (73.74%), and a large percentage in Mureș (38.09%), Satu Mare (34.65%), Bihor (25.27%), Sălaj (23.35%), and Cluj (15.93%) counties. Har ila yau, akwai al'ummar 'yan Hungary da ke zaune mafi yawa a Moldova, wanda aka sani da Csángós . Wadannan suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Csángó Land a Moldavia amma kuma a wasu sassan Transylvania da kuma wani kauye na Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz . Bugu da kari, ana iya samun ƙananan mutanen [[Bukovina]]" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Székelys of Bukovina">Székelys a kudancin Bukovina, suna zaune a ƙauyuka da yankuna da yawa a cikin Gundumar Suceava. Baya ga yankunan tarihi da aka ambata a sama na Romania, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] ma gida ne a baya kuma har yanzu yana da al'ummar Hungary-Romania. == Tarihi == === Tarihin tarihi === [[Fayil:Kingdom_of_Hungary_1102.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Transylvania, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary ta zamani a farkon karni na 12.]] Ƙabilun Hungary sun samo asali ne a kusa da Dutsen Ural kuma sun isa yankin da Romania ta yanzu ta kafa a cikin karni na 9 daga Etelköz ko ''Atelkuzu'' (kusan sararin da Kudancin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] na yanzu, [[Moldavia|Moldova]]" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Moldova">Jamhuriyar Moldova da lardin Romania na Moldavia suka mamaye). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Csáky |first=Veronika |last2=Gerber |first2=Dániel |last3=Szeifert |first3=Bea |last4=Egyed |first4=Balázs |last5=Stégmár |first5=Balázs |last6=Botalov |first6=Sergei Gennad’evich |last7=Grudochko |first7=Ivan Valer’evich |last8=Matveeva |first8=Natalia Petrovna |last9=Zelenkov |first9=Alexander Sergejevich |last10=Sleptsova |first10=Anastasiia Viktorovna |last11=Goldina |first11=Rimma Dmitrievna |last12=Danich |first12=Andrey Vasilevich |last13=Mende |first13=Balázs Gusztáv |last14=Türk |first14=Attila |last15=Szécsényi-Nagy |first15=Anna |date=5 November 2020 |title=Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=19137 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1019137C |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7645724 |pmid=33154399}}</ref> Saboda yanayi daban-daban (duba Honfoglalás), kabilun Magyar sun haye Carpathians a kusa da 895 AD kuma sun mamaye Karpathian Basin (ciki har da Transylvania na yanzu) ba tare da wata babbar juriya daga mutanen yankin ba. Ba a san ainihin ranar cin nasarar Transylvania ba; kayan tarihi na Magyar da aka samo a yankin sun kasance a farkon rabin karni na 10. A shekara ta 1526, a Yaƙin Mohács, sojojin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] sun hallaka sojojin Hungary kuma a shekara ta 1571 Transylvania ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. Masarautar Transylvania ta mallaki sarakuna da majalisa (Diet). Majalisar dokokin Transylvania ta kunshi Kasashe uku (Unio Trium Nationum): manyan mutanen Hungary (yawanci manyan mutanen Hungary da malamai); shugabannin 'yan asalin Transylvania Saxons-Jamusanci; da kuma' yanci Székely Hungarians. Tare da cin nasarar Ottomans a Yaƙin Vienna a shekara ta 1683, Masarautar Habsburg a hankali ta fara tilasta mulkin su a kan tsohon Transylvania mai cin gashin kanta. Daga 1711 zuwa gaba, bayan kammala yakin Rákóczi na Independence, an karfafa ikon Habsburg a kan Transylvania, kuma an maye gurbin sarakunan Transylvania da gwamnonin mulkin Habsburg.<ref name="Britannica-Transylvania">{{Cite web |title=Transylvania |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |access-date=7 February 2011 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> A cikin 1765 an ayyana ''Babban Masarautar Transylvania'', yana karfafa matsayi na musamman na Transylvania a cikin Daular Habsburg, wanda ''Diploma Leopoldinum'' ya kafa a cikin 1691. <ref name="Britannica-Leopoldinum">{{Cite web |title=Diploma Leopoldinum – Transylvanian history |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Britannica.com}}</ref> Tarihin Hungary yana ganin wannan a matsayin tsari ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Hunyadi: Hungary in American History Textbooks |url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820003355/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu03.htm |archive-date=20 August 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=Andrew L. Simon |publisher=Corvinus Library Hungarian History}}</ref> A cikin Daular Habsburg, Transylvania ta kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin Hungary.<ref name="Britannica-Transylvania" /> Bayan Yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867, Transylvania ta sake zama wani bangare na Masarautar Hungary, tare da harshen Hungary ya zama harshen hukuma kuma an gabatar da Magialization a yankin ba da daɗewa ba. [[Fayil:TransylvaniaProper.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Romania tare da "Transylvania daidai" a cikin rawaya mai haske]] Bayan shan kashi a yakin duniya na farko, Austria-Hungary ta rushe. Wakilan da aka zaba na kabilun Romania na Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, da Maramureș sun ayyana Tarayyar tare da Romania a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1918. Tare da ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da Yaƙin Hungary-Romania (1918-1919), Yarjejeniyar Trianon (wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1920) ta bayyana sabon iyaka tsakanin jihohin Hungary da Romania. A sakamakon haka, fiye da 'yan tsirarun Hungary miliyan 1.5 na Transylvania sun sami kansu sun zama ƙungiyar' yan tsiraru a cikin Romania. Har ila yau, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, ƙungiyar iyalai na Csángó sun kafa ƙauye a Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz, inda 'yan Hungary ke zaune a yau. [[Fayil:Northern_Transylvania_ethnic_map.svg|left|thumb|Taswirar kabilanci na Arewacin Transylvania]] A watan Agustan 1940, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an mayar da rabin Arewacin Transylvania zuwa Hungary ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Vienna ta biyu. Masanin tarihi Keith Hitchins ya taƙaita halin da aka samu ta hanyar kyautar: Wasu 'yan Romania 1,150,000 zuwa 1,300,000, ko kashi 48 cikin dari zuwa sama da kashi 50 cikin dari na yawan mutanen yankin da aka ba su, dangane da waɗanda aka yi amfani da kididdigar su, sun kasance a arewacin sabon iyakar, yayin da kimanin' yan Hungary 500,000 (sauran ƙididdigar Hungary sun kai 800,000, 'yan Romania kamar 363,000) sun ci gaba da zama a kudu. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1944, sojojin Romania da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] sun sake dawo da Arewacin Transylvania; yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Soviet har zuwa 9 ga Maris 1945, bayan haka ya sake zama wani ɓangare na Romania. Yarjejeniyar Paris (1947) ta soke lambar yabo ta Vienna kuma ta amince da yankin arewacin Transylvania a matsayin wani ɓangare na Romania. Bayan yakin, a cikin 1952, hukumomin kwaminisanci sun kirkiro Yankin Magyar mai cin gashin kansa a Romania. An rushe yankin a shekarar 1968, lokacin da sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta ƙasar (har yanzu tana aiki a yau) ta maye gurbin yankuna da yankuna. Hukumomin kwaminisanci, kuma musamman bayan mulkin Nicolae Ceaușescu ya zo mulki, sun sake fara manufofin Romanianization. A yau, "Transylvania da ya dace" (mai launin rawaya a kan taswirar da ke biyowa) an haɗa shi a cikin yankunan Romania (județe) na Alba, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mureș, Sălaj (a wani bangare) da Sibiu. Baya ga "Transylvania daidai", Transylvania ta zamani ta haɗa da Crișana da wani ɓangare na Banat; waɗannan yankuna (duhu mai launin rawaya a taswirar) suna cikin yankunan Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Sălaj (a wani ɓangare), Satu Mare, da Timiș. === Lokacin bayan Kwaminisanci === [[Fayil:Szekely04.png|thumb|355x355px|Taswirar kabilanci na Harghita, Covasna, da Mureș Counties bisa ga bayanan 2011, yana nuna yankuna tare da mafi rinjaye ko yawa na Hungary.]] Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Romania na 1989, jam'iyyun siyasa na kabilanci sun kafa su ne daga 'yan Hungary, wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of Hungarians a Romania, da kuma 'yan Transylvanians na Romania, wadanda suka kirkiro Jam'iyyar Romania National Unity Party. Rikicin kabilanci, duk da haka, bai taba faruwa a kan wani sikelin ba, duk da cewa wasu rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, kamar Abubuwan da suka faru a Târgu Mureș na Maris 1990, sun faru jim kadan bayan faduwar mulkin Ceaușescu. A cikin 1995, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta asali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hungary da Romania. A cikin yarjejeniyar, Hungary ta yi watsi da duk ikirarin yankin ga Transylvania, kuma Romania ta sake jaddada girmamawa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru. Dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta yayin da Hungary ta farko, sannan Romania, ta zama Mambobin EU a cikin 2000s. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR / RMDSZ) ita ce babbar wakilin 'yan Hungary a Romania, kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Al'ummai da Jama'a da ba a wakilce su ba. Manufar UDMR ita ce cimma karamar hukuma, ikon cin gashin kanta na al'adu da yanki da kuma haƙƙin cin gashin kai ga 'yan Hungary. UDMR memba ne na Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Turai (EDU) da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Turai (EPP). Tun daga shekara ta 1996, UDMR ta kasance memba ko mai goyon bayan kowane hadin gwiwar gwamnati. Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta kawo sannu a hankali aiwatar da harshen Hungary a rayuwar yau da kullun: Dokar Gudanar da Jama'a ta 215/2002 ta tanadi "amfani da harsunan 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa a cikin gwamnati a cikin ƙauyuka inda' yan tsiraru suka wuce 20% na yawan jama'a"; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci za su sami kwafin takardun a cikin yarensu; duk da haka, hukumomin hukuma suna adana takardun hukuma a cikin Romanian kawai; gwamnatin gida za ta samar da rubuce-rubuce don sunayen yankuna da cibiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, kuma nuna sanarwarsu ta jama'a ɗaya. Kodayake Romania ta sanya hannu kan dokokin Turai don kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, aiwatarwa ba ta gamsar da dukkan mambobin al'ummar Hungary ba. Akwai motsi daga 'yan Hungary duka don karuwar cin gashin kansu da ci gaban al'adu daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban na Hungary suka gabatar sun haɗa da kirkirar "yanki mai cin gashin kansa" a cikin yankunan da suka kafa ''Yankin Szekler'' (''Székelyföld''), kusan daidai da yankin tsohuwar lardin Hungary mai cin gashi da kuma ƙasar Szekler ta tarihi wacce gwamnatin Hungary ta soke a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, da sake kafa jami'ar yaren Hungary mai zaman kanta. Koyaya, halin da 'yan tsiraru na Hungary ke ciki a Romania wasu sun gan shi a matsayin abin koyi na bambancin al'adu da kabilanci a yankin Balkan: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld – Romania: Ethnic Hungarians (January 2001 – January 2006) |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47de378f1a.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Unhcr.org}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da ya yi wa jama'ar Amurka, [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Clinton]] ya tambayi a tsakiyar yakin iska a Kosovo: Wanene zai bayyana makomar wannan ɓangaren duniya... ''Slobodan Milošević, tare da na'urar farfaganda da dakarun soja waɗanda ke tilasta wa mutane su bar ƙasarsu, ainihi, da dukiya, ko kuma jihar kamar Romania wacce ta gina dimokuradiyya da ke mutunta haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru?'' == Shahararrun 'yan Hungary na Romania == === Wasanni === Yawancin 'yan kabilar Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mircea Dominte |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |publisher=fanatik.ro |language=ro}}</ref> sun lashe lambobin Olympics ga Romania. * Iolanda Balaș (Jolanda Balázs) (2G) Tsalle-tsalle 1960 da 1964. * Ileana Silai (Ilona Gergely) (S) 800m 1968 <ref name="udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro">{{Cite web |title=Udvardy Frigyes – A romániai magyar kisebbség történeti kronológiája 1990–2009 |url=http://udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro/index.php?action=nevmutato&nevmutato=Silai+Ilona |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro}}</ref> * Ecaterina Szabo (Katalin Szabó) (3G-mutum, 1G-team 1S-mutum) Gymnastics 1984<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Ennyivel tartozunk (Az egyetemes magyar sportért) – 2010. november 1., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/33825/ennyivel_tartozunk_az_egyetemes_magyar_sportert |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}</ref> * Emilia Eberle (Hungarian-Jamusanci) (1S-mutum, 1S-team) Gymnastics 1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gymn Forum: Emilia Eberle Biography |url=http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/eberle.html |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Gymn-forum.net}}</ref> * Zita Funkenhauser, na asalin Jamusanci da Hungary da kuma mai magana da harshen Hungary (kamar yadda ake buƙatar bayani) 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Jamus).  * Gabriela Szabo (1G, 1S, 1B) 1996, 2000 (mahaifin ɗan Hungary) * Corneliu Oros (B) Kungiyar volleyball <ref name="fanatik.ro">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești – Fanatik – Sport si pariuri |url=http://www.fanatik.ro/origini-unguresti-pentru-medalii-olimpice-romanesti-71147 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Fanatik.ro}}</ref> * Noemi Lung (Noemi Ildikó Lung) (S, B) Yin iyo 1984 <ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1984, Los Angeles |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1984.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Elena Horvat (Ilona Horvath) (G) ƙungiyar hawa 1984 <ref name="fanatik.ro" /><ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org" /> * Viorica Ioja (Ibolya Jozsa) (G, S) Team-rowing 84<ref name="3szek.ro">{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (53.) – 2013. december 30., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/66482/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_53 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}</ref> * Aneta Mihaly (S) Team-rowing 1984<ref name="fanatik.ro" /> * Herta Anitaș (S, B) Ruwa na rukuni 1988<ref name="fanatik.ro" /> * Eniko Barabas (Enikö Barabás) (B) Team-rowing 2008<ref name="fanatik.ro" /> * Elisabeta Lazăr (Erzsébet Lázár) (B) Team-rowing76<ref name="3szek.ro" /> * Ladislau Lovrenschi (László Lavrenszki) (B) Ruwa 72 (S) 88<ref name="3szek.ro" /> * Ioan Pop (János Pap) (2B) Team-sabre (B) 76, (B) 84<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ioan Pop Biography and Olympic Results &#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410213156/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/ioan-pop-1.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vívó világversenyek kulisszatitkai |url=http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119213002/http://www.erdon.ro/vivo-vilagversenyek-kulisszatitkai/2343239 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> * Alexandru Nilca (Sándor Nyilka) Team-sabre (B) 76<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (45.) – 2013. november 4., hétfő - |url=http://www.3szek.ro/load/cikk/64952/egyetemes_magyar_sport_%E2%80%93_lapozgato_45 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=3szek.ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandru Nilca Biography and Olympic Results &#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921150035/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ni/alexandru-nilca-1.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> * [[Vilhelm Szabo]] (Vilmos Szabó) (B) Team-Sabre 1984 <ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org" /> * Monika Weber-Koszto (S) Team-foil 1984 (+ 1S, 2B don Jamus) <ref name="fanatik.ro" /> * Marcela Zsak (S) Team-foil 1984 '<ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org" /><ref name="fanatik.ro" /> * Rozalia Oros (Rozália Orosz) (S) Team-foil 1984<ref name="3szek.ro" /> * Olga Orban-Szabo (Olga Orbán Szabó) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 (1S) Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mutum 1956 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KILLYÉNI ANDRÁS : SZABÓ-ORBÁN OLGA : A L Á N Y, A K I M E G H Ó D Í TOT TA A V I L Á G OT |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/10700/10755/10755.pdf |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Mek.oszk.hu}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1956.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=www.americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Ileana Gyulai-Drimba (Ilona Gyulai) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1968 Mexico City |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1968.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic (Katalin Jencsik) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 <ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Reka Zsofia Lazar-Szabo (1S, 1B) Ƙungiyar Mata 1992, 1996 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frenkiebig |title=Erdélyi Örmény Gyökerek Kulturális Egyesület |url=http://www.magyarormeny.hu/index.php?apps=ormenyek&article=28 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Magyarormeny.hu}}</ref> * Simona Pop<ref>{{Cite web |title=Csipler Attilától Simona Popig – azaz szatmári érmek és rekordok az olimpiák történelmében |url=http://www.szatmar.ro/Csipler_Attilatol_Simona_Popig/hirek/80505 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=szatmar.ro |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820190734/http://www.szatmar.ro/Csipler_Attilatol_Simona_Popig/hirek/80505 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Stefan Birtalan (István Bertalan) (1S, 2B) Team-Handball 1972, 1976,1980 <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1972 Munich |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1972.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Gabriel Kicsid (1S, 1B) Team-Handball 1972,1976 <ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Iosif Boros (József Boros) (2B) Kungiyar kwallon hannu 1980 da 1984 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iosif Boroş Bio, Stats, and Results &#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230115631/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/iosif-boros-1.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref><ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org1">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1980 Moscow (Magyar Olimpiai Bajnokok) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1980.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Stefan Tasnadi (István Tasnádi) (S) ɗaga nauyi 1984 <ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ştefan Taşnadi Bio, Stats, and Results &#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523055446/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/stefan-tasnadi-1.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=2014-12-29}}</ref> * Valentin Silaghi (B) dambe 1980 <ref name="udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro" /> [dubious - tattauna]<ref name="fanatik.ro" /><ref name="americanhungarianfederation.org1" />  * Ladislau Simon (László Simon) (B) kokawa 1976 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladislau Şimon Biography and Olympic Results &#124; Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114162836/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ladislau-simon-1.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=2012-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1976 Montreal (magyar olimpiai bajnokok listája) |url=http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/olympic_1976.htm |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=Americanhungarianfederation.org}}</ref> * Francisc Horvath <ref name="udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro" /> (Ferenc Horváth) (B) kokawa 1956 <ref name="ReferenceA" /> ==== 'Yan wasan Olympic chess ==== * Janos Balogh * Stefan Erdélyi (István Erdélyi) * Alexandru Tyroler (Sándor Tyroler) * Miklós Bródy * Szidonia Vajda * Albert-László Barabási, masanin kimiyyar lissafi * Tünde Fülöp, masanin kimiyyar plasma * Veronica Vaida, likitan magani * [[Gheorghe Elemer Vaida]], injiniyan sinadarai * George Lusztig: Azurfa 1962 * {{Interlanguage link|László Zsidó|ro}} : Zinariya 1963 * {{Interlanguage link|András Némethi|hu|Némethi András}} : Azurfa 1978 * Gabriel Nagy: Azurfa 1978 === Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics === * Adrian Mihai Devenyi: Zinariya 1982, Azurfa 1981 * Zoltan Gagyi-Palffy: tagulla 1986 * Peter Szerö: Zinariya 2009 * Vlad-Ștefan Oros: Zinariya 2023 === Waƙoƙin gargajiya === {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" style="text-align:right;" !Gundumar !Gundumar Hungary<br /> !'Yan Hungary a matsayin kashi na yawan jama'ar yankin <br /><br /> !Kamar yadda % na jimlar 'yan Hungary a Romania <br /><br /> |- |Harghita |257,707 |'''85.21%''' |20.99% |- |Covasna |150,468 |'''73.74%''' |12.25% |- |Ganuwar |200,858 |38.09% |16.36% |- |Satu Mare |112,580 |34.65% |9.17% |- |Bihor |138,213 |25.27% |11.25% |- |Sălaj |50,177 |23.35% |4.08% |- |Cluj |103,591 |15.93% |8.43% |- |Arad |36,568 |9.03% |2.97% |- |Brașov |39,661 |7.69% |3.23% |- |Maramureș |32,618 |7.22% |2.65% |- |Timiș |35,295 |5.57% |2.87% |- |Bistrița-Năsăud |14,350 |5.23% |1.16% |- |Alba |14,849 |4.61% |1.21% |- |Hunedoara |15,900 |4.04% |1.29% |- |Sibiu |10,893 |2.93% |0.88% |- |Caraș-Severin |3,276 |1.19% |0.26% |- |Bacău |4,373 |0.75% |0.35% |- |[[Bukarest|Bucharest]] |3,463 |0.21% |0.28% |- |'''Jimillar''' |'''1,222,650'''|{{N/a}} |'''6.1% a duk fadin kasar''' |} Sauran kabilun Hungary 4,973 (0.4%) suna zaune a sauran yankuna na Romania, inda suka kasance ƙasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'a. A cikin shekara ta 2011, kashi 45.9% na 'yan Hungary na Romania sun kasance masu gyara, kashi 40.8% Roman Katolika, kashi 4.5% Unitarian da kashi 2.1% na Orthodox na Romania. Ƙarin kashi 5.8% na wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rpl-2011/rezultate-2011/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 0.25 cikin dari na 'yan Hungary ba su yarda da Allah ba.<gallery class="center"> Fayil:Oameni_si_lalele_-_Cluj-Napoca,_Piata_Unirii._Statuia_lui_Matei_Corvin.jpg|Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), Statue of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary by János Fadrusz Fayil:2006_0602AlbaIuliaCatedralaCatolica0416.JPG|Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) Catholic cathedral, Romanesque, 12th century Fayil:Torocko.JPG|Rimetea (Torockó) Fayil:TarguMures2.JPG|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Hungarian Art Nouveau Fayil:Szekelyderzs_01.jpg|Dârjiu (Székelyderzs), Fortified Unitarian Church Fayil:Derzs4.jpg|Dârjiu, The murals of the Unitarian church show the legend of Ladislaus I of Hungary. Fayil:RO_HR_Odorheiu_Secuiesc_RomCat_cathedral.jpg|Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely), Franciscan Church Fayil:Katolikus_templom_vasarhely2.jpg|Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Catholic Church (former Jesuit Church) Fayil:Szekelykapuk1225.JPG|Székely Gate Fayil:Enlaka_rovas_inscription.jpg|Inlăceni (Énlaka), Hungarian runic script (Old Hungarian script) Fayil:Catedrala_Catolica.jpg|Oradea (Nagyvárad), Catholic Cathedral and Ladislaus I of Hungary Statue Fayil:Fortified_church_in_Mihăileni,_Rachel_Titiriga.jpg|Fortified church of Mihăileni, Harghita County Fayil:Piata_Sfanta_Maria,_Timisoara_2.jpg|Timișoara (Temesvár) Virgin Mary Monument, Romanesque, 20th century </gallery> * Dangantakar Hungary da Romania * 'Yan Hungary da ke zaune a kasashen waje * Shige da fice zuwa Romania * 'Yan Romania a Hungary * Jerin garuruwa a Romania ta yawan mutanen Hungary * Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Romania * Kwanakin Al'adun Hungary na Cluj * Transylvaniaism == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0356kt6cz27sjlglm8xx8pp80a51dtq 0 158009 890882 869922 2026-08-03T08:35:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Augustin "Gustl" Sandtner (8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1893 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1944) ɗan siyasan kwaminisanci ne na Jamus kuma mai fafutukar adawa da yaki wanda ya yi aiki, a takaice, a matsayin memba na Landtag na Prussia . Lokacin da Nazis sun zo mulki a 1933 ya yi kamfen na makonni da yawa game da fascism da yaki. Bayan kama shi ya tsira fiye da goma sha ɗaya daga cikin shekaru goma sha biyu na Mulkin Nazi a cikin bauta, amma an harbe shi a sansanin fursuna na Sachsenhausen da ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) 'yan watanni kafin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]].<ref name="ASlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Augustin ("Gustl") * 8.8.1893, † 11.10.1944 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5038 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals">{{Cite web |title=Augustin Sandtner (1893 – 1944) |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220712/http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Augustin_Sandtner.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Life == Augustin Sandtner was born in [[München|Munich]] on 8 August 1893. His father worked as a marble cutter/grinder. "Gustl" trained for work in a bakery. In 1911 he became an organiser in the "Bakers and Pastry Makers Trades Union". In 1912 he was conscripted to undertake his military service in the Imperial German Navy. During [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] he joined the "International Group" and the "Spartacus League" which grew out of it. As a member of the crew on the Battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz he organised (illegal) revolutionary groups and distributed anti-war literature. On 3 November 1918 he participated in the Kiel mutiny which triggered a year of insurrections across Germany. A few days later he led a delegation of the Kiel sailors south to Munich where he was elected a member of the Soldiers' and Workers' Council.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/> During this period Sandtner became a member of the leadership of the Spartacus League, which over the final days of 1918 was reconfigured, renamed and relaunched, now the core of the new Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Sandtner was a member from the outset. As a member of the so-called Bavarian "Red army" during the short lived Bavarian Soviet Republic of April/May 1919, after the movement was crushed by a combination of still loyal government forces and "Freikorps" anti-communist volunteer units Sandtner found himself imprisoned at the end of May and threatened with execution. However, the government was keen not to encourage political extremists unnecessarily: many of those involved in the Munich insurrection received amnesties: Sandtner was released at the end of 1919.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/> During 1920 and 1921 he was a member of the KPD regional leadership team (''"Bezirksleitung"'') for south Bavaria. It was here that he met Hanna Ritter whom he would later marry.<ref name="HSlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Sandtner, Hanna * 26.8.1900, † 26.2.1958 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5039 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> He was elected chair of the workers' council at BMW. In 1922 he was sentenced to three and a half years' imprisonment because of his involvement in organising solidarity support for the Communist-led insurrections in central Germany in March of the previous year.<ref name="ASlautHDK" /><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals" /> After his release he moved to Berlin where he became a full-time party official in the city's Wedding and Moabit quarters. In 1926 he was re-arrested and taken into investigative custody because of "anti-militarism work among members of the national army". However, after a relatively brief period of detention he was amnestied, possibly in response to pressure applied by comrades locally, and released. He took over as head of the "State emigration department" (''"Reichsemigrantenabteilung"'') of the party central committee. Sandtner next became local policy chief (''"Polleiter"'') for several local party sub-districts including the northern part of the Berlin-Brandenburg district.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/> His focus switched away from [[Berlin]] when he became policy chief (''"Polleiter"'') for the party leadership team in Silesia. Two months later, following the regional election in April 1932, he was elected a member of the Prussian parliament (<nowiki><i id="mwXw">"Landtag"</i></nowiki>).<ref name="LandtagPR">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2000 |title=Preußen ... Summe der Abgeordneten: 1382 |url=http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083318/http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/volumes/bioweil/preussen.htm |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Kollektive Biographie der Landtagsabgeordneten der Weimarer Republik 1918-1933 ("Bioweil") |publisher=Zentrum für Historische Sozialforschung ("gesis")}}</ref> The political backdrop changed with the Nazi take-over in January 1933 and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. The Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on "communists", and it was indeed those members (and former members) of the KPD who had not already gone into hiding or fled abroad who found themselves heading the government's political targets list. Augustin Sandtner spent the first part of 1933 in the border regions of Silesia organising joint rallies by Germany, Polish and Czechoslovak workers opposed to fascism and the looming risks of war.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/> On 7 February 1933, Sandtner was one of the participants at the {{Interlanguage link|Illegale Tagung der KPD im Sporthaus Ziegenhals|de}}, celebrated subsequently (especially during the "East German" years) as the last meeting held by the KPD leadership before the participants were arrested and killed, or in a few cases managed to flee abroad.<ref name="ZiegenhalsTagung">{{Cite web |title=Teilnehmer an der Tagung des ZK der KPD am 07. Februar 1933 |url=http://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Teilnehmer.html |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Freundeskreis "Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte" e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314112946/https://www.etg-ziegenhals.de/Teilnehmer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Augustin Sandtner was arrested in Breslau (now Wrocław) on 27 April 1933. In January 1934 he was sentenced to a three year prison term. At the end of the three year term he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/> == Death == Inside the concentration camp, as a leader of the illegal KPD organisation among the prisoners, working closely with members of resistance groups from other nations, he played a significant part in organising the anti-fascist struggle. After more than eleven years in detention, and still at Sachsenhausen, August Sandtner was one of 24 German camp inmates deemed culpable of "illegal activities" taken out, together with three French antifascists, and shot dead by ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitaries on 11 October 1944. Others killed included Ernst Schneller and {{Interlanguage link|Matthias Thesen|de}}.<ref name="ASlautHDK"/><ref name="ASlautZiegenhals"/><ref name="DenkmalRede">{{Cite web |last=Andreas Meyer (speech) |last2=Eva Schmidhuber (organiser) |date=12 October 2015 |title=Rede ... zur Einweihung des Denkmals (speech of consecration for the memorial set up on the seventieth anniversary of the shooting at Sachsenhausen) |url=https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014646/https://www.sachsenhausenkomitee-brd.de/aus-unserer-arbeit/denkmal-f%C3%BCr-die-27/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Sachsenhausen-Komitee in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V., Berlin}}</ref> == Celebration == Some of the streets named after "communist heroes" in the days of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were renamed following German reunification in 1990. However, Augustin Sandtner is still (2017) commemorated on the Berlin street map by Augustin-Sandtner-Straße in the city's Oranienburg quarter.<ref name="Augustin-Sandtner-Straße">{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.berliner-stadtplan.com/Augustin-Sandtner-Strasse-16515-Oranienburg_a29564 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005724/http://www.berliner-stadtplan.com/Augustin-Sandtner-Strasse-16515-Oranienburg_a29564 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also a Gustl-Sandtner-Straße in Teltow on Berlin's southern edge.<ref name="Gustl-Sandtner-Straße">{{Cite web |title=Augustin-Sandtner-Straße, 16515 Oranienburg |url=http://www.teltower-stadtplan.com/Gustl-Sandtner-Strasse-14513-Teltow_a10494 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=Pharus-Plan |publisher=Rolf Bernstengel, Berlin |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202073731/http://www.teltower-stadtplan.com/Gustl-Sandtner-Strasse-14513-Teltow_a10494 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the East German period an army engineering regiment, the Ingenieurbauregiment 2 ''Augustin Sandtner'', specialising in construction-engineering (including the building of large scale nuclear bunkers such as strategic command posts) was also named after Augustin Sandtner. The unit was also known by the unit designation IBR 2. In NVA nomenclature IBR was shorthand for Ingenieurbauregiment (Engineer Construction Regiment).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == 81nbzq553mp5mv9vjpklxp81q2zcvp7 0 158131 890812 859131 2026-08-03T02:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890812 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Aminu Usman''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Jihar Jigawa]] tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2023. An zabe shi a kan tikitin All Progressives Congress (APC), tare da Gwamna [[Umar Namadi]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor#:~:text=Born%20in%201963,%20a%20certified,various%20assignments%20in%20Lagos%20and |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng |archive-date=2025-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515030010/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor#:~:text=Born%20in%201963,%20a%20certified,various%20assignments%20in%20Lagos%20and |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kabuga |first=Salisu |date=2025-03-02 |title=Jigawa launches solar-powered irrigation farming |url=https://punchng.com/jigawa-launches-solar-powered-irrigation-farming/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Usman ya fito ne daga [[Gumel]] Local Government Area na Jihar Jigawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng |archive-date=2025-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515030010/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ƙwararren injiniyan lantarki ne wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano (Makarantar Fasaha),[[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]], Legas, da [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarayya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirin Gwarinpa Housing Scheme a Abuja. == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekarar 2019, an nada shi a matsayin kwamishinan Jihar Jigawa na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an nada shi Mataimakin Gwamna tare da [[Umar Namadi]] a matsayin gwamna.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Khaleel |date=2023-05-29 |title=Umar Namadi sworn in as Jigawa State Governor |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/29/umar-namadi-sworn-in-as-jigawa-state-governor/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Jigawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] qgoxl2tq6ywsbj2t7645crt02vkds6w 0 158135 890813 859172 2026-08-03T03:15:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1957) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na majalisar dokoki ta 8 da ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_Assemblycanvassesinclusivebudgetprocess |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng |archive-date=2022-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627093247/https://kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Assemblycanvassesinclusivebudgetprocess |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CEOAfrica :: Assembly constitutes 14 committees to better Kwarans' lot :: Africa Online News Portal |url=https://www.ceoafrica.com/viewnews.php?tabnews=14815 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.ceoafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=2016-09-11 |title=The Parliament: Kwara 8th Assembly: Marching in the stable footprints of Oloye |url=https://thesun.ng/the-parliament-kwara-8th-assembly-marching-in-the-stable-footprints-of-oloye/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Amosa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1957, a Ogele, Karamar Hukumar Asa ta [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya . Yana da takardar shaidar Aircraft Electronics, takardar shaidarsa ta A & C Level Maintenance a kan jirage masu saukar ungulu, da kuma Diploma na Kasa na yau da kullun a Injiniyan Kwamfuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Amosa malami ne mai horar da shi kuma mai aiki. A baya, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]] na tsawon shekaru 28, ya tashi zuwa matsayin Warrant Officer kafin ya shiga siyasa. Shi memba ne mai daraja wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a majalisar dokokin jihar Kwara ta 8th. <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] oct9gccl5qy1oepqwfs97o8tncfreb7 0 158317 890875 859691 2026-08-03T08:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Atiwurcha Sylvanus''' (Albert Sylvanus Atiwurcha) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. kuma ya wakilci Gombi / Hong a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Atiwurcha Sylvanus a watan Yunin 1968. Shi ɗan asalin [[Ikwuano]] ne a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya . Ya sami digiri a fannin Farma daga A.B.U. Zaria . Shi likitan magani ne kuma ɗan siyasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus |url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm |archive-date=2007-10-21 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nassnig.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064501/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm "House of Representatives Member | Honourable Atiwurcha Alvet Sylvanus"]. ''nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Adamawa/atiwurcha.htm the original] on 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Albert Sylvanus a Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta 2003, yana wakiltar Gombi / Hong Tarayyar Tarayya a karkashin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR Member, one other in prison over alleged N800m fraud |url=https://dailynewstimesco.wordpress.com/2025/03/18/abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-member-one-other-in-prison-over-alleged-n800m-fraud/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Daily NewsTime Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FirstNews |date=2023-02-23 |title=Saturday polls: North sealed for Atiku, says ex-lawmaker - First News Nigeria |url=https://firstnewsonline.ng/saturday-polls-north-sealed-for-atiku-says-ex-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=First News NG |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727113024/https://firstnewsonline.ng/saturday-polls-north-sealed-for-atiku-says-ex-lawmaker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thenewshawk |date=2025-03-18 |title=Alleged Fraud: Abuja High court remands Adamawa Ex-HoR, one other |url=https://www.thenewshawk.ng/alleged-fraud-abuja-high-court-remands-adamawa-ex-hor-one-other/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tqduws9uaid6nlfwmiy92ssmzqui4za 0 158783 890653 861681 2026-08-02T13:51:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890653 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Cutar [[Malaria]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malaria">zazzabin cizon sauro ta 1906 a Ceylon, babbar barkewar zazzabin sauro ce a Ceylón a farkon karni na ashirin. An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar na farko a farkon shekarun 1900 amma ba a rubuta su a hukumance ba har zuwa 1906. Malaria ta kasance a cikin tsibirin tun daga ƙarni na 3 BC Malaria ta haifar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya na ƙungiyar ''Plasmodium''. Wannan cuta yawanci ana yaduwa ta hanyar sauro na mata ''Anopheles''. Yawancin nau'ikan sauro na ''Anopheles'' 'yan asalin [[Sri Lanka]] ne. Akwai manyan nau'ikan sauro guda huɗu a tsibirin ciki har da: ''Anopheles culicifacies'', ''Anopheles subpictus'', ''Anopheles annularis'' da ''Anopheles varuna'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gayan Dharmasiri |first=A. G. |last2=Perera |first2=A. Yashan |last3=Harishchandra |first3=Jeevanie |last4=Herath |first4=Hemantha |last5=Aravindan |first5=Kandasamy |last6=Jayasooriya |first6=H. T. R. |last7=Ranawaka |first7=Gaya R. |last8=Hewavitharane |first8=Mihirini |date=2017-08-10 |title=First record of Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka: a potential challenge for prevention of malaria reintroduction |url= |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=326 |doi=10.1186/s12936-017-1977-7 |issn=1475-2875 |pmc=5553605 |pmid=28797253 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == A zamanin mulkin mallaka babu rubuce-rubuce da suka shafi cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Sri Lanka. A farkon karni na 13 ƙananan bayanai sun kafa Masarautar Polonnaruwa (1056-1236) kamar yadda 'yan [[Buddha]] suka rubuta a cikin tarihin Mahavams. Babu irin wannan rikodin da ya shafi zazzabin cizon sauro na Mulkin Anuradhapura (377 BC-1017 AD) amma wani rahoto na rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka samo daga zamanin Anuradhipura rubuce-Rubutun dutse a Sri Lanka. Ba ta taɓa gane cutar da ke da alaƙa da zazzabin cizon sauro ba. A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Dutch Ceylon (1640-1796) wanda ke Lardin Kudancin (ba tare da Gundumar Hambanthota ba) a cikin yankin rigar da aka ruwaito yaduwar cutar da ba a sani ba. Ana kiranta kale una ko ''zazzabin daji''. Saboda yawancin cututtuka sun ruwaito kusa da wuraren gandun daji. Rubuce-rubucen hukuma na farko da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya (1796-1948) ya bazu cikin sauri ya kai ga babban annoba a cikin 1934 zuwa 1935. Ana kiranta "''Babban Cutar Malaria''". A wannan lokacin an kiyasta mutane miliyan biyar da suka kamu da cutar kuma kimanin mutane 80,000 sun mutu.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da aikin da ake kira Anti-Malaria. Ya fara ne a 1911 amma ya fara ne a 1934. An kaddamar da kamfen na farko a cikin Gundumar Kurunagala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti Malaria Campaign {{!}} Sri Lanka - Anti Malaria Campaign {{!}} Sri Lanka |url=http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/en/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.malariacampaign.gov.lk |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121124117/http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dxa920jzh40orf7o1d6m6ajs2edq7ue 0 159190 890580 863496 2026-08-02T12:15:13Z BnHamid 12586 890580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Myiasis ƙwayoyin cuta ne wanda ya haifar da tsutsotsi na nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa. Bincike da magani gabaɗaya suna da sauƙi. Wannan kamuwa, duk da haka, ba a gani da yawa a yankin vulvar. Cutar yankin vulvar tare da tsutsotsi da maggots ana kiranta vulvar myiasis. An bayyana lokuta kalilan a cikin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name="idog">{{Cite journal |last=Passos MR |last2=Carvalho AV |last3=Dutra AL |last4=Filho |first4=R.A. Goulart |last5=Barreto |first5=N.A. |last6=Salles |first6=R.S. |last7=Santos |first7=C.C.C. |last8=Tibúrcioo |first8=A.S. |last9=Monteiro |first9=A.C.S. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |year=1998 |title=Vulvar myiasis |journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=69–71 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-0997(1998)6:2<69::AID-IDOG8>3.0.CO;2-2 |pmc=1784782 |pmid=9702589}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Yazar S, Ozcan H, Dinçer S, Sahin I (2002). "Vulvar Myiasis" (PDF). 43 (4): 553-5. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] <nowiki>PMID 12205748</nowiki>. ya ce "BACKGROUND: Don bayar da rahoton wani lamari mai ban mamaki na vulvarasis myi wanda Wohlfahrtia magnifica ya haifar, gami da abubuwan lura na asibiti da microscopic. CASE: An sami rauni a cikin wata mace mai shekaru 31 da ta yi aure tare da tarihin zubar da tsutsotsi daga vulva, ciwo na vulvar da jin dadi an gano larvae a matsayin nau'in Wohlfartia magnifica. An wanke cututtukan da batticon a cikin lokaci na kwanaki biyar kuma an gano shi da sauƙi.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yazar S, Ozcan H, Dinçer S, Sahin I |year=2002 |title=Vulvar Myiasis |url=http://m.eymj.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0069YMJ/ymj-43-553.pdf |journal=Yonsei Med. J. |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=553–5 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2002.43.4.553 |pmid=12205748}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [http://www.diptera.info/articles.php?article_id=8 Diptera.info] 6svtpzuajddklb5y2mqltybozg5qypz 0 159231 890564 863548 2026-08-02T12:00:26Z BnHamid 12586 890564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frederick William Stevens''' (11 ga Nuwamba 1847 - 5 ga Maris 1900) masanin injiniya ne na Ingila wanda ya yi aiki ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya a [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=George J. |title=Indo Saracenic Architecture in Chennai |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063408/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Area}}</ref> Mafi shahararren zane na Stevens shine tashar jirgin kasa ta Victoria Terminus a Bombay (a cikin 1996, an sake masa suna Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus a [[Mumbai]]). <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1997 |title=Frederick William Stevens |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/fw-stevens.html |access-date=12 September 2009 |publisher=Mumbai/Bombay Pages}}</ref> Stevens kuma ya tsara Ginin Kamfanin Municipal, Mumbai Gidan Royal Alfred Sailor, Ginin Sojoji da Sojan Ruwa a Kala Ghoda, Ofishin Jakadancin a Apollo Bunder, manyan ofisoshin BB&amp;amp;CI Railway a Churchgate, da Ofisoshin Tabbatar da Rayuwa na Gabas a Flora Fountain . Ya kuma tsara Fadar Rajmahal a Mehsana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |date=22 April 2017 |title=A Sentimental Visit to Mumbai to See Her Great Grandfather's Magnificent Buildings |url=https://thewire.in/history/victoria-terminus-chatrapati-shivaji-terminus-mumbai-f-w-stevens |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=The Wire |language=en |quote=Stevens also designed and supervised buildings in Calcutta, Kanpur, Agra, Benaras, markets at Patan and court houses at Mehsana for the Gaekwads of Baroda.}}</ref> ==Mutuwa== Ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris 1900 bayan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Kirista na Sewri . [[Fayil:Sewri.jpg|thumb]] Ana iya ganin sunansa da mutum-mutumi a cikin fim din 2006 Slumdog Millionaire . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l2fi1wwhrzozbvzli366zi7jftl3zqv 0 159461 890572 865018 2026-08-02T12:06:44Z BnHamid 12586 890572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase, 1''', wanda aka fi sani da '''C1GALT1''', enzyme ne wanda a cikin mutane an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta C1G ALT1. <ref name="pmid10580128">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amado M, Almeida R, Schwientek T, Clausen H |date=December 1999 |title=Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1473 |issue=1 |pages=35–53 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3 |pmid=10580128}}</ref><ref name="pmid11677243">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ju T, Brewer K, D'Souza A, Cummings RD, Canfield WM |date=January 2002 |title=Cloning and expression of human core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue=1 |pages=178–86 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M109060200 |pmid=11677243 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tsarin 1 O-glycan na yau da kullun Gal-beta-1-3GalNAc-R shine farkon tsarin O-glican na mucin-type da yawa a cikin kwayar halitta ta dabba da glycoproteins. Core 1 an haɗa shi ta hanyar canja wurin Gal daga UDP-Gal zuwa GalNAc-alpha-1-R ta hanyar core 1 beta-3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1). <ref name="pmid11677243" /> C1GALT1 yana da alaƙa da tsarin antigen na T-Tn.<ref name="urldbRBC - Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database">{{Cite web |title=BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/?cmd=bgmut/systems_info&system=t |access-date=2011-07-16}}</ref> == Muhimmancin asibiti == Akwai wasu shaidu cewa maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta ta ''C1GALT1'' na iya haɗawa da Cutar koda.<ref name="pmid17062753">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Alexander WS, Viney EM, Zhang JG |date=October 2006 |title=Thrombocytopenia and kidney disease in mice with a mutation in the C1galt1 gene |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=44 |pages=16442–7 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10316442A |doi=10.1073/pnas.0607872103 |pmc=1637601 |pmid=17062753 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase == Manazarta == {{Databox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t8b47hwjidzwhdvhuimhcjl426wqsq5 0 159566 890833 865729 2026-08-03T05:42:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890833 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox drug|image=|alt=|caption=<!-- Clinical data -->|tradename=Anthrasil|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|DailyMedID=Anthrasil|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Intravenous]]|ATC_prefix=J06|ATC_suffix=BB19|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_CA_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Extraordinary use | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=9 May 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/drug-health-products/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017/approved-drugs/extraordinary-use.html | access-date=13 April 2024 | archive-date=30 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530233440/https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/drug-health-products/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017/approved-drugs/extraordinary-use.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM -->|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Anthrasil FDA label">{{cite web | title=Anthrasil (anthrax immune globulin- human liquid | website=DailyMed | date=31 May 2018 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=97cc9a89-6fe0-424e-82d1-0cf9d19444db | access-date=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="FDA Anthrasil">{{cite web | title=Anthrasil | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=1 October 2024 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/approved-blood-products/anthrasil | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930035045/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/approved-blood-products/anthrasil | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2019 | access-date=7 March 2025}}</ref>|legal_status=<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!-- Identifiers -->|PubChem=|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=none|UNII=VKZ83S945Z}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Anthrax immune globulin</nowiki&gt;">Anthrax immune globulin</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Anthrasil |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Anthrasil Anthrasil]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |A cikin jijiyoyi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * J06BB19 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J06BB19 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Canada</nowiki&gt;">CA</abbr></small>: kawai&#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Sai dai </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/VKZ83S945Z VKZ83S945Z]</span> </div> |} '''[[anthrax]] immune globulin''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan alama '''Anthrasil''', shine globulin rigakafi ɗan adam wanda ake amfani dashi tare da maganin rigakafi don magance [[anthrax]].<ref name="Savransky_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Savransky V, Ionin B, Reece J |date=May 2020 |title=Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease |journal=Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=370 |doi=10.3390/pathogens9050370 |pmc=7281134 |pmid=32408493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cangene ne ya haɓaka shi kuma ya saya a cikin 2011 ta Hukumar Bincike da Ci Gaban Biomedical (BARDA) a ƙarƙashin Project Bioshield . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta ba da izini don amfani da shi wajen magance inhalation anthrax tare da maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Anthrasil Approval History |url=https://www.drugs.com/history/anthrasil.html |access-date=26 March 2015 |website= |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == An shirya globulin na rigakafin cutar anthrax daga Plasma na masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka yi musu allurar rigakafin anthrax. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tsaro da gwajin inganci == Saboda damuwa game da ɗabi'a da yiwuwar yin amfani da gwajin ingancin globulin na rigakafin anthrax a cikin mutane, an gwada shi a cikin buns da birai a ƙarƙashin Dokar ingancin dabba ta FDA. Bayan gwajin inganci, an gwada globulin na rigakafin anthrax don aminci a cikin masu sa kai na ɗan adam, inda tasirin da aka fi sani da shi shine ciwon kai, ciwon baya, ƙishirwa da ciwon wurin zubar da jini da kumburi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hlc2w5v0xz7xgoq0srpsu8fruihy09r 0 159861 890595 888655 2026-08-02T12:26:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 890595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kongo - tushen ruwan sha, amma kuma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a]] Kodayake [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) tana da mafi girman albarkatun ruwan sha mai daɗi a Afirka, tana fama da matsananciyar matsalar samar da ruwan sha. DRC tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙancin matsayi wajen samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":4" /> Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo|title=UN Data. Democratic Republic of Congo.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Bayanai na yau da kullum kuma ingantattu game da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Sakamakon rashin isasshen samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli, mazauna ƙasar da yawa suna fama da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa, haɗi da zawo, zazzabin taifot, da kwalara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalwateralliance.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/lessons-from-the-drc-the-importance-of-water-infrastructure/|title=Lessons from the DRC: The Importance of Water Infrastructure|last=Alliance|first=Global Water|date=2015-07-01|website=Global Water Alliance|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/5/07-1260_article?commit=GO|title=Lakes as Source of Cholera Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of Congo - Volume 14, Number 5—May 2008 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|doi=10.3201/eid1405.071260 |access-date=2016-05-30|last1=Bompangue |first1=Didier |last2=Giraudoux |first2=Patrick |last3=Handschumacher |first3=Pascal |last4=Piarroux |first4=Renaud |last5=Sudre |first5=Bertrand |last6=Ekwanzala |first6=Mosiana |last7=Kebela |first7=Ilunga |last8=Piarroux |first8=Martine |year=2008 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=798–800 |pmid=18439365 |pmc=2600234 }}</ref> [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa (-mini map -rivers).svg|thumb|Wurin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo take a Afirka]] Rikicin ruwa na yanzu ya samo asali ne sakamakon tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa saboda rashin isasshen jari a fannin ruwa da kuma lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula, da kuma saurin haɓakar al'umma, wanda Babban Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari a yankunan birane da kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_DRC_water.pdf|title=Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Challenges and Opportunities. Technical Report.|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|access-date=|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413185644/https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_DRC_water.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Gabaɗaya, fannin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na DRC yana da alaƙa da tsare-tsaren hukumomi da yawa da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na ikon shari'a.<ref name=":1" /> Don haka, ana iya sanya matsalar ruwa a DRC a matsayin matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /> Sashi na 48 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na DRC na shekarar 2006 ya amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.righttowater.info/progress-so-far/national-legislation-on-the-right-to-water/#DRC|title=The rights to water and sanitation in national law « Rights to Water and Sanitation|website=www.righttowater.info|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-DRC-En.pdf|title=An AMCOW Country Status Overview. Water Supply and Sanitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.No water. Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond.|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=The World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program - Africa Region.|access-date=|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407025432/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-DRC-En.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi da samar da ruwa== [[File:Aerial view of the Congo River near Kisangani.jpg|thumb|Duba ta sama na Kogin Kongo]] DRC ita ce ƙasa mafi arziki da ruwa a Afirka. Tana da kusan kashi 52 cikin ɗari na danyen ruwan saman Afirka da kuma kashi 23 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa a Afirka. An kiyasta albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 14,406 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnado929.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609135412/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO929.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 9, 2010|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo. Water and Sanitation Profile.|last=|first=|date=2010|website=|publisher=US Aid|access-date=}}</ref> Wannan adadi ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba fiye da ƙayyadaddun amfanin ruwa da aka sani a duniya na mita kyubik 1,700 ga kowane mutum a shekara. DRC tana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan 1,543 mm/shekara,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/cf/readPdf.html?f=COD-CF_eng.pdf|title=AQUASTAT Country Fact Sheet. Democratic Republic of the Congo.|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=FAO|access-date=}}</ref> wanda ya bambanta gwargwadon wuri da lokaci (800–1,800 mm/shekara). Bugu da ƙari, DRC tana da babban ikon cin gashin kanta na ruwa tun da kashi 70 cikin ɗari na jimillar albarkatun ruwanta na sabuntawa ana samun su ne a cikin gida daga ruwan sama. Albarkatun ruwa masu yawa a DRC suna da alaƙa da faffadan gandun daji, wanda ya kai sama da hekta miliyan 155.5.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Aruwimi-Ituri.png|thumb|Mafararin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Kongo]] Koguna da tafkuna sun mamaye kusan kashi 3.5 cikin ɗari na fadin kasar DRC. Albarkatun ruwan saman na DRC sun mamaye Kogin Kongo da rassan sa. Tare da matsakaicin gudu na kusan mita kyubik 41,000 a sakan guda, Kogin Kongo yana da girma na biyu mafi fitar da ruwa a duniya. Kwarin Kogin Kongo ya mamaye kashi 98 cikin ɗari na fadin ƙasar kuma yana samar wa ƙasar ɗaya daga cikin mafi faffadan hanyoyin sadarwa na koguna a duniya. Kyawun ruwan saman gabaɗaya yana da kyau ƙwarai, in ban da gurɓatattun wurare na cikin gida a tsakiyar birane da kusa da ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]]. Wannan babban ingancin ruwa ya samo asali ne yawancin lokuta saboda babban ikon tace ruwa na hanyoyin sadarwar kogin, ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma rinjayar ayyukan ɗan adam na dogaro da kai, waɗanda ke da ɗan tasiri kaɗan a kan muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> An kiyasta cewa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kai kusan kashi 47 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa. Idanuwan ruwa da ke cikin daddun gandun daji sune babban tushen samar da ruwa ga mafi yawancin al'umma. Koyaya, bayanai kan fadin da ingancin albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da idanuwan ruwa a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Idanuwan ruwa masu sauƙi da aka kiyaye ana amfani da su yawancin lokuta don samar da ruwa a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yankunan kusa da birane. Ana amfani da manyan tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa daga idanuwan ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin rarraba ruwa a birane da yawa, haɗi da Beni, Bunia, Lisala, Lubumbashi, Kisangani da Mbuji-Mayi. Samar da ruwa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi ya takaita ga ƙaramin kashi na al'ummar ƙasar. Mafi yawa daga cikin kusan rijiyoyi 1,000 an gina su ne tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 1990 kuma suna ba da tsakanin mita kyubik 15 zuwa 80 a cikin awa guda. Rijiyoyin famfo na hannu da na injina da rijiyoyin haƙawa da hannu sun kai kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwan sha.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2015, har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 1 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. A shekarar 2015, kashi 76% na al'ummar ƙasar suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa, wato kashi 96% da kashi 40% a yankunan birane da karkara bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/congo/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Congo|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12|archive-date=2020-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402032558/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/congo/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)/UNICEF Tsarin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli</ref> ==Amfani da ruwa== An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 7 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2014, wanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin tattara albarkatun ruwa kawai (kasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1511tn.pdf|title=Issues in managing water challenges and policy instruments: Regional perspectives and case studies.|last=|first=|date=2015|website=|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a DRC ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da ƙasashe da yawa na yankin Sahel masu bushewa, waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Ana amfani da ruwa mafi yawancinsa don amfanin gida, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 52 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba a DRC. Fannin noma ya kai kashi 32 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba, sai kuma masana'antu da kashi 16 cikin ɗari. Kamun kifi, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sune sauran muhimman amfanin ruwa a DRC, waɗanda yawanci ba a haɗa su cikin kididdigar amfani da ruwa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Ana sa ran ɗiban ruwa a DRC zai ƙaru sosai nan da shekarar 2025. Ana sa ran amfanin gida, noma da masana'antu za su ƙaru da kashi 470 cikin ɗari, kashi 375 cikin ɗari da kashi 225 cikin ɗari bi da bi. Koyaya, amfani da ruwa nan da shekarar 2025 zai kasance kashi 0.16 cikin ɗari kawai na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tsarin fannin ruwa== Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (DSCRP I da DSCRP II) kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Shugabancin fannin ruwa a DRC yana da rauni ta fuskar tsari kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan hukumomi da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na umarni. Ikon aiwatarwa shine babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga ci gaba a fannin ruwa. An tattara manyan kudaden tallafi don gyaran ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, amma saboda rashin aiki na hukumomi da na gwamnati, raunin aiki da kuma rashin tallafin ababen more rayuwa, kayan aiki da ayyukan tattalin arziki, amfani da kudaden ya ragu sosai. A cikin ayyukan gwamnati, amfani da jeri yawanci bai kai kashi 50 cikin ɗari ba. Haka kuma, ana buƙatar ƙarin jarin kuɗi don gudanar da gagarumin gyare-gyare a fannin ruwa. ===Tsarin Hukumomi=== Gudanar da fannin ruwa a DRC ya kasu tsakanin ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare tana da alhakin fito da dabaru da kuma sanya ido kan Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da aka ayyana. A ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Ƙasa (CNAEA), tana da ikon haɓaka manufofi da sanya ido, daidaita ma'aikatu da haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba a fannin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4002.pdf|title=Sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: identifying and responding to barriers. A case study from the Democratic Republic of Congo.|last=|first=|date=2007|website=|publisher=Tearfund|access-date=|archive-date=2016-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630010806/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamfanin REGIDESO na gwamnati ne ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankunan birane. Yana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar gudanarwa da kuɗi na Ma'aikatar Kayayyakin Jiha da kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar fasaha na Ma'aikatar Makamashi. Hukumar samar da ruwan sha ta karkara ta ƙasa, SNHR, tana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Karkara kuma ita ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara da na kusa da birane.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ita ma tana da hannu a fannin ruwa na karkara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ''Villages Assainis'' (Ƙauyuka Masu Tsafta) da ''Écoles Assainies'' (Makarantu Masu Tsafta), waɗanda UNICEF ke tallafawa kuma aka tsara su don sa hannun al'ummomin karkara wajen haɓaka ingantaccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/drcongo_62084.html|title=In DR Congo, a UNICEF programme is empowering communities to improve water and sanitation|website=UNICEF|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref> ===Tallafin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu (NGOs)=== Tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka fannin ruwa na DRC. An kiyasta tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa a kan dala miliyan 62 a shekara wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin sun fi karkata ne ga cimma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Dabarun Rage Talauci na ƙasa. Jarin ƙasa da ƙasa an yi niyya ne daidai gwargwado ga sassan ruwa na birane da na karkara. A yankunan kusa da birane da na karkara, tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan dukkan jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan jin ƙai da agajin gaggawa a lokacin tashe-tashen hankula, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasa da ƙasa sun kafa ayyuka da yawa na samar da ruwa a DRC. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankuna masu nisa da gwamnati ta yi watsi da su. Sai dai yawancinsu ba su da tsari mai kyau kuma suna mai da hankali ne kan ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta samar da ruwa na cikin gida cikin gaggawa, amma ba su da isasshen tsarin gudanarwa don kula da ababen more rayuwa a nan gaba.<ref name=":0" /> ===Gyaran Fannin Ruwa=== Fannin ruwa yana fuskantar sake tsari na ci gaba ta hanyar gyaran fuska na gwamnati wanda aka fara da taimakon abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2006, musamman aikin gyaran ruwa na GIZ na Jamus.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2010, gwamnatin DRC ta amince da cikakken Tsarin Dokar Ruwa da nufin cimma burin ci gaban ƙasa, wanda ke samar da tsarin dokoki na ƙasa don gudanar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/19928.html|title=Support to the water sector reform|last=GmbH|first=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)|website=www.giz.de|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) shine babban ƙa'ida da aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ruwa, wanda ke da nufin kafa tsari mai kyau don daidaita bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban. Muhimman sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da tsarin raba shiyyoyin filaye don tabbatar da kariya ga albarkatun ruwan sha masu mahimmanci da kwarurukansu, ƙa'idar mai amfani yana biya, ƙa'idar mai gurɓatawa yana biya, ƙa'idar riga-kafi, ƙa'idar tallafi da tattaunawa da shawarwari na jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin DRC ta kuma fitar da tsarin aiki don ci gaba da haɓaka fannin ruwan sha nan da shekarar 2020. Manufar tsarin aikin ita ce tabbatar da aiwatar da gyaran fannin ruwa. Don haka, yana kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita tsare-tsaren masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kiyaye ayyukansu dangane da tsarin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> Canjin tsari na fannin ruwa shine babban al'amari na gyaran ruwa. Ya haɗa da mayurbin CNAEA da Majalisar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, wacce za ta sami ikon jagorantar daukacin fannin ruwa bisa tsarin IWRM, da kafa Majalisun Ruwa na Jihohi, Kwamitin Ruwa na cikin gida da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin raba iko, da kuma ƙirƙirar hukumomin da ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a matakin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa da ƙananan kwaruruka. Bugu da ƙari, REGIDESO tana fuskantar canji zuwa kamfani na kasuwanci na jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manyan matsaloli a fannin ruwa== Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar DRC ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012,<ref name=":4" /> idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 60 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara.<ref name=":0" /> An kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":5" /> Rashin tsaftacen ruwan sha da ƙarancin yanayin tsabtace muhalli suna kawo babban hadari ga lafiyar jama'a. Adadin mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 11.9 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2015, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 9.2 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara, tare da yawaitar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar zawo, kwalara, zawayi mai jini da zazzabin taifot.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/1/09-020109/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126032901/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/1/09-020109/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2015|title=WHO {{!}} The Democratic Republic of the Congo: quantifying the crisis|website=www.who.int|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Akwai babban bambancin yanayin ƙasa wajen samun ruwan sha, inda kashi 79 cikin ɗari na mazauna birane ke da damar samun ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 29 cikin ɗari na mazauna karkara da na kusa da birane.<ref name=":4" /> Sai dai a yankuna da yawa na DRC, damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2011.<ref name=":0" /> Matakin samun ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana iya kwatanta shi a birane (kashi 33 cikin ɗari) da yankunan karkara (kashi 29 cikin ɗari).<ref name=":4" /> Jarin kuɗi ya karkata sosai ga yankunan birane, inda aka ware kashi 85 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗaɗen don haɓaka fannin ruwa na birane,<ref name=":0" /> kodayake al'ummar karkara sun kai kashi 58 cikin ɗari na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":5" /> ===Fannin Ruwa na Birane da na Kusa da Birane=== Kodayake samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa sosai a yankunan karkara fiye da yankunan birane a DRC, ainihin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwa yana ƙaruwa sosai a yankunan birane saboda saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Matsakaicin adadin haɓakar yawan jama'ar birane a tsakanin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2015 an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari, idan aka kwatanta da adadin haɓakar jama'a na kashi 1.9 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara. Al'ummar da ke zaune a yankunan birane an kiyasta su a kan kashi 42 cikin ɗari.<ref name=":5" /> Saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a a yankunan birane yana da alaƙa da faɗaɗa birane kuma yana haifarda manyan matsaloli wajen kafa isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa. Yawancin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa na kusa da birane suna fuskantar tasiri ta hanyar faɗaɗa gidaje ba zare da tsari ba, noma da kuma neman itacen girki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/water-issues-democratic-republic-congo-challenges-and-opportunities|title=Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and Opportunities - Technical Report|date=2011-03-22|website=ReliefWeb|language=English|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa na REGIDESO suna fama da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin wutar lantarki, rashin sabbin jari da kuma rashin kulawa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> Shekaru da dama na tashe-tashen hankula na makami, rashin jagoranci na gari, raunin shugabanci, ƙarancin kuɗaɗe da ya faru yawancinsu saboda rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa da gwamnati ke yi da kuma manufofin kuɗin fito marasa riba, da kuma jinkirin gudanar da ayyuka na REGIDESO sun haifar da tabarbarewar ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":2" /> Samar da ruwa a birane ya bambanta ƙwarai da gaske. Sama da kashi 85 cikin ɗari na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na birane suna cikin larduna huɗu ne: [[Kinshasa]], Bas Congo, Katanga da kuma South Kivu.<ref name=":0" /> Haka kuma, an karkatar da tallafin kuɗi mafi yawa ga birnin Kinshasa, inda yake samun kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa a fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name=":2" /> ===Fannin ruwa na karkara=== Mafi yawancin al'ummar DRC da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. An yi watsi da fannin ruwa na karkara a DRC na tsawon shekaru da dama kuma yana da alaƙa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kayan gyara. Haka kuma, tsarin ruwa da yawa suna da ingancin gini maras kyau. Babban tushen samar da ruwa a karkara sune idanuwan ruwa, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na jimillar samar da ruwa a karkara. Idanuwan ruwa suna da fa'idar cewa suna buƙatar ƙaramin jari kaɗan don gwaɗawa da kulawa. Sai dai yawancin lokuta ana amfani da idanuwan ruwa ba tare da isasshen kariya da haɓakawa ba. Wani muhimmin tushen samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara shine rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu, ta amfani da famfo na hannu da na inji. Sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa a karkara sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, ƙananan tsarin rarraba ruwa ta famfo da tsarin tace ruwan sama.<ref name=":0" /> Gabaɗaya, kuɗaɗen da ake caji don tsarin ruwa na karkara ba sa rufe kuɗaɗen gudanar da ayyuka.<ref name=":2" /> Kuma kusan ba a gudanar da gwajin ingancin ruwa ko kaɗan.<ref name=":0" /> Jarin da ake sakawa a halin yanzu a fannin ruwa na karkara yana da nufin faɗaɗa aikin hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo a manyan ƙauyuka, waɗanda kowannensu ke hidima ga mutane tsakanin 2,000 zuwa 5,000 kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'umma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ke gudanar da su. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen ''Villages Assainis'' da ''Écoles Assainies'' suna da nufin haɓaka fannin ruwa na karkara cikin tsari a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yawanci ke da mutane 500 zuwa 1,000. Babban ra'ayin shirin shine inganta ingancin ruwan sha ta hanyar kiyaye idanuwan ruwa da gina rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu tare da taimakon al'ummomin cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu mazauna ƙasa da mutane 100, waɗanda suka kai kashi 37 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara, shirin bai haɗa da su ba, saboda haka, suna wakiltar gibi a cikin tsare-tsaren ci gaba na fannin ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> ===Tasirin zamantakewa=== Rikicin ruwa a DRC yana shafar musamman rukunin mutane mafi rauni a cikin al'umma, wato mata da yara da ke zaune a cikin matalauta, yankunan kusa da birane marasa tsari da kuma yankunan karkara masu nisa. A cikin cunkoson birane, iyalai yawancin lokuta suna buƙatar siyan ruwansu akan farashi mai girma saboda yawan buƙata da ƙarancin wadatar ruwa, yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa inganci don samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin haɗari ga lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> Mata da yara sune suka fi ɗaukar nauyin samar da ruwa ga iyalansu. Ƙarancin samar da ruwa yana juyar da wannan tsari zuwa wani aiki mai wahala da cin lokaci, wanda ke rage yawan lokacin da za a iya amfani da shi don neman ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jessica|first1=Roy|last2=Ben|first2=Crow|date=2004-03-26|title=Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-2|journal=Center for Global, International and Regional Studies}}</ref> ===Lalacewar albarkatun ruwa=== [[File:2010 flooding Kinshasa 4581137584.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Kinshasa]] A yankuna da yawa na DRC, canje-canjen amfani da filaye yana da alaƙa da lalacewar hanyoyin ruwan sha. Babban barazana ga hanyoyin ruwan sha shine haɓakar yankunan birane da na karkara ba tare da tsari ba. Rashin samun shiyyoyin kariya ga ruwan sha yana haifar da fallasa yankuna masu rauni na tushen ruwa ga gurɓatawa da lalacewar filaye. Idanuwan ruwa, wuraren karɓar ruwa na koguna, saman rijiyoyi, sassan tafkuna da madatsun ruwa masu mahimmanci da kuma yankunan sake cika ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sune wuraren da suka fi fuskantar haɗari, waɗanda yawanci ba su da kowane irin tsari na kariya ko alamun iyaka da za a iya gane su. Canje-canje na tsarin guduwar ruwa a sama, ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar muhalli sune sakamakon faɗaɗa wuraren zama da na noma ba tare da tsari ba. Haɓaka gidaje, rashin kyawun ginin hanyoyi, ramin bandaki, ramin zubar da ruwa na septic, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, da sharar ma'adinai sune muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa. A yankunan birane, masana'antu, gidajen mai, gareji, mayanka da kuma guduwar ruwan sama sune ƙarin hanyoyin gurɓatawa. Gurɓatar kwayoyin cuta daga ruwan karkashin kasa da zubar da daddun shara da kuma ƙaruwar laka a cikin ruwa sune manyan hanyoyin gurɓatawa guda biyu.<ref name=":0" /> Babban dalilin lalacewar albarkatun ruwa shine rashin tsari da gudanarwa na amfani da filaye. Haka kuma, babu tsarin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwa a faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> ==Magance rikicin ruwa: Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya== Domin cimma manufofin fannin ruwa da aka bayyana a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta fito da shawarwari da dama don magance matsalolin ruwa a DRC a cikin rahotonta na fasaha na shekarar 2011. Waɗannan shawarwari sun ginu ne a kan manyan al'amura guda uku: Taimakawa gyaran shugabancin fannin ruwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki na fasaha da na hukumomi da kuma kafa tushen bayanan kimiyya.<ref name=":0" /> Shawarwarin da aka bayyana a matsayin "muhimman matakai" sun haɗa da: a) haɓaka manufofin ruwa na ƙasa, dabarun fannin ruwa da ƙa'idodin doka; b) kafa cikakken tsarin bayanan ruwa na ƙasa; c) aiwatar da gudanarwa mai zaman kanta na al'umma don ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na ƙananan tsari; d) kafa shirin haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don hukumomin ruwa da aka raba wa iko; e) haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kariya ga tushen ruwa bisa kwarurukan magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan matsalolin ruwa a DRC suna da ranar cika buri na shekarar 2015, daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Rahoton Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2015 na duniya ya riga ya kasance akwai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/|title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref> Sai dai ba a buga cikakken kima na halin da ake ciki yanzu a fannin ruwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ba tukunna. A watan Janairun 2016, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don tantance matakan talauci a DRC, haɗi da kimanta ingancin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gret.org/2016/05/access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-a-major-challenge-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/?lang=en|title=Access to water, sanitation and hygiene, a major challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Gret|date=2016-05-02|website=Gret|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-29|archive-date=2016-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063922/http://www.gret.org/2016/05/access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-a-major-challenge-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} nawjsbnek6iiyg1tpl4be5v4s3q26ve 3 160137 890834 870722 2026-08-03T06:03:29Z Bunnypranav 34947 Bunnypranav moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Shabazz31091]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Sbz04011]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shabazz31091|Shabazz31091]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Sbz04011|Sbz04011]]" 870722 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shabazz31091! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shabazz31091|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) pajpqx7ujb5w2f923ynz0yc68ohe641 0 160360 890818 872225 2026-08-03T03:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Andrea Goldsmith''' marubuci ce kuma gwagwalada marubuciya a Australiya, wacce aka sani da littafinta na shekarar 2002 The Prosperous Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Goldsmith a [[Melbourne]], Victoria, ga dangin Yahudawa na Australiya.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2012 |title=Andrea Goldsmith biography |url=https://andreagoldsmith.com.au/bio/ |access-date=April 5, 2019 |website=Andrea Goldsmith}}</ref> Ta fara koyon piano tun tana 'yar shekara 8, kuma kiɗa ya kasance mai sha'awa.<ref name="bio" /> == Ayyuka == Goldsmith da farko ya horar da shi a matsayin masanin ilimin magana kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa tare da yara da ke fama da mummunar matsalar sadarwa har sai ya zama marubuci na cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Jane |date=April 5, 2019 |title=Andrea Goldsmith: The joy of fiction is getting behind the characters' masks |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/andrea-goldsmith-the-joy-of-fiction-is-getting-behind-the-characters-masks-20190401-h1d127.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 5, 2020 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa cikin shekarun 1990 ta koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Jami'ar Deakin, kuma tun daga shekarar 2021 ta ci gaba da gudanar da bita da kuma ba da shawara ga sababbin marubuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Andrea Goldsmith |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A31738 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516173022/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A31738 |archive-date=2018-05-16 |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=[[AustLit]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya ko'ina, kuma [[Landan]], musamman, sun fito fili a cikin litattafanta. A lokaci guda, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin 'mutumin Melbourne mai zurfi'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dooley |first=Gillian |date=August 2014 |title=They All Begin with an Idea: A Conversation with Andrea Goldsmith |url=https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/27826/Goldsmith_Dooley.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Writers in Conversation |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=13 |via=[[Flinders University]] archive}}</ref> She also writes literary essays on topics as diverse as Oliver Sacks ("Oliver Sacks: Anthropologist of Mind"), nuclear physics, life-gwagwalada threatening illness ("Chain Reaction") and Jewish Australian identity ("Talmudic gwagwalada Excursions").{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> While a writer-in-residence at La Trobe University, she edited an gwagwalada anthology written by a group of people with gambling problems, called ''Calling A Spade A Spade''. She conducts workshops and short courses for fiction writers and mentors new novelists.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> She has been a guest at all the major literary festivals in Australia, and appeared at the shekarar 2009 Sydney Writers' Festival.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Kyaututtuka == * 1993 – Shortlisted, NBC Banjo Awards, NBC Lysbeth Cohen Memorial Prize ''Modern Interiors''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} * 2003 – Shortlisted, Miles Franklin Award, for ''The Prosperous Thief''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} * 2015 – Winner, Best Writing Award in the Melbourne Prize for Literature, for her 2013 novel ''The Memory Trap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literature |url=https://melbourneprizetrust.org/prize-for-literature/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Melbourne Prize Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Steger |first=Jason |date=2015-11-11 |title=Poet Chris Wallace-Crabbe wins the Melbourne Prize for Literature |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/poet-chris-wallacecrabbe-wins-the-melbourne-prize-for-literature-20151111-gkvvng.html |url-access=registration |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[The Age]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa 2019 Goldsmith tana zaune a Clifton Hill, a cikin unguwar gwagwalada Melbourne, a cikin gidan da ta saya tare da abokin aikinta, mawaki [[Dorothy Porter]] . <ref name="SMH 2019">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Jane |date=5 April 2019 |title=Andrea Goldsmith: The joy of fiction is getting behind the characters' masks |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/andrea-goldsmith-the-joy-of-fiction-is-getting-behind-the-characters-masks-20190401-h1d127.html |access-date=16 Oct 2020 |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwar Porter a gwagwalda shekara ta 2008. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == === Littattafai === * ''Rayuwa Mai Kyau'' (Penguin, 1990) * Gidajen zamani (Penguin, 1991) * ''Tsayayya da Kiɗa'' (Penguin, 1994) * ''A karkashin wuka'' (Penguin, 1998) * Ɓarawo mai arziki (Allen & Unwin, 2002) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Don |date=November 2002 |title=The Prosperous Thief by Andrea Goldsmith |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2002/265-november-2002-no-246/5554-don-anderson-reviews-the-prosperous-thief-by-andrea-goldsmith |journal=Australian Book Review |issue=246 |access-date=16 Oct 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419133725/https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2002/265-november-2002-no-246/5554-don-anderson-reviews-the-prosperous-thief-by-andrea-goldsmith |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Taron'' (Harper Collins, 2009) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Case |first=Jo |date=June 2009 |title='Reunion' by Andrea Goldsmith |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/june/1243819048/jo-case/reunion-andrea-goldsmith#mtr |access-date=16 Oct 2020 |publisher=The Monthly}}</ref> * ''Rashin Tunawa'' (Na huɗu, 2013) * ''Rayuwa da aka ƙirƙira'' (Scribe, 2019) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swinn |first=Louise |date=10 May 2019 |title=Invented Lives review: Andrea Goldsmith on the importance of the past |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/invented-lives-review-andrea-goldsmith-on-the-importance-of-the-past-20190503-p51jr5.html |access-date=16 Oct 2020 |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> * ''Rayuwar da aka binne'' (Transit Lounge, 2025) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.andreagoldsmith.com.au}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8dlm89dbqx6hd6elbrfjb2d8gmu3syh 0 160371 890577 872305 2026-08-02T12:12:41Z BnHamid 12586 890577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Linda Wallem''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma gwagwalagada furodusa, wacce aka fi sani da matsayinta na Dokta Paula Hutchison, Virginia Wolfe, da sauran gwagwalada mata da yawa a kan Rocko's Modern Life da Rocko'n Modern Life: Static Cling .''Rayuwar zamani ta gwagwalada Rocko: Static Cling .'' == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi gwagwalada Wallem a Madison, Wisconsin, kuma ta girma a Rockford, Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karman Kregloe |date=July 28, 2009 |title=Interview with "Nurse Jackie" creators Linda Wallem and Liz Brixius |url=http://www.afterellen.com/tv/55766-interview-with-nurse-jackie-creators-linda-wallem-and-liz-brixius |access-date=September 7, 2017 |website=[[AfterEllen.com and TheBacklot.com|After Ellen]]}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar'uwar' yar wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo Stephen Wallem, wanda ke gwagwalada taka rawa a cikin shirin Nurse Jackie a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai suna Thor gwagwalada Lundgren .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brandon Voss |date=March 23, 2010 |title=Stephen Wallem: Nurse Jackie's Hammer of Thor |url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/television/2010/03/23/nurse-jackies-hammer-thor |journal=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Wallem began gwagwalada her career at Dudley Riggs' Brave New Workshop in Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]]. She and gwagwalada fellow writer-performer Peter Tolan formed a double act called Wallem & Tolan and began gwagwalada performing on the cabaret circuit in [[New York (birni)|New York City]] at such venues as the Manhattan Punch Line. Broadway veteran Martin Charnin caught the act at the behest of producers Sanford gwagwalada Fisher and Zev Guber and worked with the duo to present it as an Off Broadway called gwagwalada ''Laughing Matters'' in 1989.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}} === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === Wallem ya bayyana a cikin fim din shekara 1993 Sleepless in Seattle a matsayin mai ba da abinci wanda gwagwalada halayyar Meg Ryan ta sayi shayi a kan hanya. A kan ''Seinfeld'' Wallem ta buga Hildy, mai ba da gwagwalada abinci wanda ya ki ya ba Elaine Benes al'adarsa ta "babban salatin" a cikin shirin 1994 "The Soup. " Daga nan sai gwagwalada ta bayyana Dokta Paula Hutchison, Virginia Wolfe, da sauran mata da yawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Nickelodeon]], Rocko's shekarar Modern Life (1993-1996). Ta koma muryar Hutchison da sauran haruffa a cikin shekara ta 2019 [[Netflix]] na musamman Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling .''Rayuwar gwagwalada zamani ta Rocko: Static Cling .'' === Rubuce-rubuce da samarwa === Wallem ya rubuta don wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo na Cybill Shepherd a lokacin da yake gudana daga 1995 zuwa shekarar 1998, kuma a wasu lokuta yana aiki a cikin jerin. Daga nan sai ta rubuta don sitcom That '70s Show daga shekara ta 1998 zuwa 2000, tana aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa daga 2000 zuwa 2001 sannan kuma mai gabatar da That '80s Show a shekara ta 2002. A cikin 2007, Wallem da Liz Brixius sun gwagwalada kirkiro kuma sun samar da matukin jirgi mai suna Insatiable for Showtime wanda ba a karɓa ba. A shekara ta gwagwalada 2008, duo (tare da marubucin Evan Dunsky) sun kirkiro jerin Nurse Jackie, wasan kwaikwayo na rabin sa'a game da gwagwalada ma'aikacin jinya na gaggawa a asibitin New York City. Edie Falco na ''Sopranos'', jerin sun fara ne a Showtime a gwagwalada watan Yunin 2009, tare da Wallem da Brixius suna aiki a matsayin masu nunawa don jerin kuma suna raba ayyukan gwagwalada zartarwa tare da Caryn Mandabach . <ref name="Reuters 2008-07-18" /><ref name="NYDN 2009-02-16" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Wallem ya auri mawaƙa Melissa Etheridge a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, a San Ysidro Ranch a Montecito, California, kwana biyu bayan gwagwalada dukansu sun cika shekaru 53. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3vv7umgggfbxcvwm501zuw88kdrc5f4 0 160767 890702 876050 2026-08-02T16:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} abinci na zamani shine abincin da ake amfani dashi kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin salon, ba tare da kasancewa ingantaccen shawarar abinci na kimiyya ba. Sau da yawa suna yin ikirarin da ba daidai ba don asarar nauyi da sauri ko inganta lafiyar jiki, kuma saboda haka galibi ana ɗaukar su nau'in Abinci na pseudoscientific.<ref name="Whitney 2019">Whitney, Eleanor Noss; Rolfes, Sharon Rady; Crowe, Tim; Walsh, Adam. (2019). ''Understanding Nutrition''. Cengage Learning Australia. pp. 321-325. {{ISBN|9780170424431}}</ref><ref name="bda" /> Yawancin lokaci ba a tallafa wa abincin da ba shi da tushe ta hanyar Binciken asibiti kuma ba a sake duba shawarwarin kiwon lafiya su ba, don haka yana haifar da maganganun da ba su da tushe game da kiwon lafiya da cututtuka.<ref name="Whitney 2019" /> Gabaɗaya, abincin gargajiya ya yi alkawarin sauye-sauyen da ake so wanda ke buƙatar ƙaramin ƙoƙari, don haka yana jawo hankalin masu amfani marasa ilimi game da abinci gaba ɗaya, canje-canjen rayuwa gaba ɗaya da ake buƙata don kiwon lafiya mai ɗorewa. Sau da yawa ana inganta abincin da ba shi da kyau tare da karin da'awar, kamar saurin asarar nauyi fiye da 1 kg / mako, inganta lafiya ta hanyar "detoxification", ko ma da'awar da ta fi haɗari da aka samu ta hanyar zaɓin abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki ko ma cin abubuwan da ba na abinci ba, kamar ulu na auduga.<ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="bda" /><ref name="katz" /> Ya kamata a guje wa cin abinci mai ƙuntatawa sosai.<ref name="AHA2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Horn L, Carson JA, Appel LJ, Burke LE, Economos C, Karmally W, Lancaster K, Lichtenstein AH, Johnson RK, Thomas RJ, Vos M, Wylie-Rosett J, Kris-Etherton P |date=29 November 2016 |others=American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Stroke Council |title=Recommended Dietary Pattern to Achieve Adherence to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Guidelines: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=134 |issue=22 |pages=e505–e529 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000462 |pmid=27789558 |s2cid=37889352 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="FTC2019" /> A mafi kyau, abincin gargajiya na iya ba da sababbin hanyoyi da ke da alaƙa don rage yawan abinci, amma a mafi muni, suna iya zama marasa dorewa, marasa dacewa da magani, ko ma haɗari.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Ya kamata a fi son shawarar maganin abinci kafin a yi ƙoƙarin kowane abinci.<ref name="bda" />&nbsp; Ana amfani da amincewar shahararrun mutane don inganta abincin gargajiya, wanda zai iya samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa ga masu kirkirar abincin ta hanyar sayar da samfuran da ke da alaƙa.<ref name="bda">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Fact Sheet{{snd}}Fad diets |url=https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/faddiets.pdf |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=British Dietetic Association |quote=Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/faddiets.pdf "Fact Sheet&nbsp;&#x2013;&#x20;Fad diets"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Dietetic Association. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.</q></cite></ref> Ba tare da la'akari da tushen shaidansu ba, ko rashin shi, abincin gargajiya ya zama ruwan dare, tare da littattafai sama da 1,500 da aka buga a kowace shekara, kuma masu amfani da yawa suna son biyan kuɗi a cikin masana'antar da ta kai dala biliyan 35 a kowace shekara a Amurka. Kimanin kashi 14-15% na Amurkawa sun bayyana cewa sun yi amfani da abincin gargajiya don asarar nauyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref name="Hart2018" /> == Bayyanawa == === Ma'anar === Babu ma'anar ma'anar abin da abincin gargajiya yake, wanda ya ƙunshi abinci daban-daban tare da hanyoyi daban-daban da tushen shaida, don haka samar da sakamako daban-daban, fa'idodi, da rashin amfani. Bugu da ƙari, lakafta abinci a matsayin al'ada koyaushe yana canzawa, ya bambanta da zamantakewa, al'adu, da kuma ra'ayi.<ref name="Hanky2017" /> Koyaya, ma'anar gama gari ta kasance a cikin abincin da ke inganta canje-canje na ɗan gajeren lokaci maimakon canje-canje ta rayuwa, kuma wannan amfani na yau da kullun (ko rashin shi) ba shi da alaƙa da tasirin abinci, lafiyar abinci mai gina jiki, ko aminci.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="bda" /> Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya Amurka ta bayyana abincin gargajiya a matsayin wadanda ke da ƙuntatawa sosai kuma suna inganta abinci mai ƙarfi wanda sau da yawa ba shi da abinci mai gina jiki. <ref name="AHA2016" /><ref name="FTC2019" /> === Nau'o'in abinci na zamani === Kodayake abincin gargajiya yana canzawa koyaushe, ana iya rarraba mafi yawansu a cikin ƙungiyoyi gaba ɗaya: * Gwajin jiki ko na jiki, kamar aikace-aikacen kinesiology da nazarin rukunin jini * Kyakkyawan abinci mai ƙarancin kuzari: Kyakkyawar abinci na musamman, wanda ke ƙarfafa cin abinci mai yawa na abinci ɗaya, kamar abincin kabewa Babban fiber, abinci mai ƙanƙanta, wanda sau da yawa ke ba da umarni sau biyu na yawan abinci mai ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar abin sha na maye gurbin abinci na SlimFast Fasting ** Abinci na musamman, wanda ke ƙarfafa cin abinci mai yawa, kamar abincin kabewaAbincin soya na kabewa ** Abinci mai yawa, mai ƙarancin adadin kuzari, wanda sau da yawa yakan ninka adadin fiber na abinci na yau da kullun ** Abincin ruwa, kamar abin sha na maye gurbin abinci na SlimFast ** [[Azumi]] * Kyakkyawan furotin, abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate, kamar Abincin Atkins, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1970s Abinci mai laushi gabaɗaya yana ƙuntata, kuma ana nuna su da alkawuran asarar nauyi da sauri <ref name="bda"/> ko babban lafiyar jiki (musamman ta hanyar "detoxification"), kuma waɗanda ba su da tushe a cikin kimiyya mai kyau. : 12 {{Rp|12}} Wasu abincin gargajiya, kamar su abinci da ke nuna cewa su madadin maganin cutar kansa ne, sun yi alkawarin tasirin kiwon lafiya ban da asarar nauyi. Kungiyoyin kula da nauyi na kasuwanci, irin su Weight Watchers, an haɗa su da cin abinci na zamani a baya. Abubuwa da yawa na iya ƙarfafa mutum ya fara cin abinci mai ban sha'awa, kamar matsin lamba na zamantakewa da al'adu akan hoton jiki, rage girman kai, da kuma rinjayar da kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="jfr2016">{{Cite journal |last=Khawandanah |first=Jomana |last2=Tewfik |first2=Ihab |date=2016 |title=Fad Diets: Lifestyle Promises and Health Challenges |url=https://www.inmed.us/wp-content/uploads/4-Fad-Diets-Lifestyle-Promises-and-Health-Challenges.-Journal-of-Food-Research-2016.pdf |journal=Journal of Food Research |volume=5 |issue=6 |page=80-94 |doi=10.5539/jfr.v5n6p80 |access-date=2023-01-01 |archive-date=2023-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101122710/https://www.inmed.us/wp-content/uploads/4-Fad-Diets-Lifestyle-Promises-and-Health-Challenges.-Journal-of-Food-Research-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbas |first=Wajeeha |last2=Ali |first2=Masooma |last3=Aslam |first3=Maria |last4=Babar |first4=Sibgha |last5=Naveed |first5=Javaria |last6=Tariq |first6=Anosha |last7=Ume Farwa |first7=Syeda |last8=Zainab |first8=Yumna |date=2022 |title=Emergence of FAD Diets and Obesity-Related Perceptions and Practices Among University Students |journal=Pakistan Biomedical Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=34}}</ref> === Rashin abinci === Kodayake ba duk abincin gargajiya ba ne ke da lahani ga kiwon lafiya, akwai "ja flags" na mummunan shawarar abinci, kamar:<ref name="bda"/><ref name="katz">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz DL, Meller S |year=2014 |title=Can we say what diet is best for health? |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=35 |pages=83–103 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351 |pmid=24641555 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="FTC2019">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |date=15 August 2019 |title=The Truth Behind Weight Loss Ads |url=https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/truth-behind-weight-loss-ads |website=Federal Trade Commission Consumer Information |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz2016">{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=J |date=March 2016 |title=Nutritional Therapy. |journal=Primary Care |type=Tutorial |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=69–81, viii |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.012 |pmid=26896201}}</ref> * Alkawarin saurin asarar nauyi fiye da {{Cvt|1|kg|lb}} a kowane mako ko wasu da'awar ban mamaki waɗanda "suna da kyau sosai don zama gaskiya" * Kasancewa da rashin daidaituwa na abinci mai gina jiki, ko kuma mai hanawa sosai, hana dukkan kungiyoyin abinci, ko ma ba da izinin abinci ɗaya ko nau'in abinci. A cikin mafi tsananin tsari, suna iya da'awar cewa mutane na iya rayuwa ba tare da cin abinci ba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Katie |title=Can humans survive on air alone? |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/breatharian1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226084504/http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/breatharian1.htm |archive-date=26 February 2013 |access-date=30 July 2009 |publisher=HowStuffWorks, Inc.}}</ref> * Ba da shawarar cin abinci a cikin takamaiman tsari ko haɗuwa, wani lokacin bisa ga kaddarorin jiki, kamar kwayoyin halitta ko nau'in jini * Ba da shawarar takamaiman abinci da ake zaton ya zama detoxing ko kuma "ƙone" kitse * Ya yi alkawarin "harsashi mai kama da guda ɗaya ba tare da ƙoƙari ba, haɗe da wasu canje-canjen salon rayuwa mai kyau (jinya, misali) * Bisa ga shaidu na labarai, kamar labarun nasarorin mutum, maimakon shaidar likita daga gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa. == Binciken kiwon lafiya == Abinci mai laushi yana da sakamako daban-daban, saboda waɗannan sun haɗa da abinci daban-daban. Suna haifar da asarar nauyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma daga baya, yawanci ana dawo da nauyin.<ref name="Hanky2017" /> Hanyar ƙuntatawa, ba tare da la'akari da ko abincin ya ba da umarnin cin kayan lambu masu yawa ba, babu hatsi, ko babu abinci mai ƙarfi, ba su da abinci mai gina jiki, kuma suna iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya idan an bi su fiye da 'yan kwanaki. Wani mummunan rashin amfani da abincin gargajiya shine cewa suna ƙarfafa ra'ayin abinci a matsayin hali na ɗan gajeren lokaci, maimakon canjin rayuwa mai ɗorewa. Lalle ne, abincin gargajiya sau da yawa ya kasa sake ilmantar da masu cin abinci game da abinci mai gina jiki ko kula da sashi, kuma ya rage ƙoƙarin da masu cin abincin ba za su iya kafa kulawar dogon lokaci na nauyin da suke so ba, koda kuwa an cimma wannan nauyin a cikin gajeren lokaci.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Yawancin abinci ba su da dorewa a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma ta haka ne masu cin abinci suka koma tsoffin halaye bayan hana wasu abinci wanda zai iya haifar da cin abinci.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Abinci mai laushi gabaɗaya ya kasa magance abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, don haka ba zai iya canza halayyar da ke tattare da sakamako na dogon lokaci ba.<ref name="Hart2018" /> Wasu abincin gargajiya suna da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]], [[Cutar Koda|duwatsun koda]], da cututtuken hankali, kamar cututtukon cin abinci, baƙin ciki, <ref name="jfr2016"/> da haɗarin hakora. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mobley |first=C |date=January 2008 |title=Fad diets: facts for dental professionals. |journal=Journal of the American Dental Association |type=Review |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=48–50 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0019 |pmid=18167384}}</ref> Misali, abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate na dogon lokaci yana da alaƙa da karuwar mutuwar zuciya da wadanda ba na zuciya ba.<ref name="ACCAHA2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC, Virani SS, Williams KA, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B |date=September 2019 |title=2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=140 |issue=11 |pages=e596–e646 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 |pmc=7734661 |pmid=30879355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matasa da ke bin abincin gargajiya suna cikin haɗarin raguwa na dindindin. Wasu abincin gargajiya suna samar da gajeren lokaci <ref name="Kuchkuntla2018">{{Cite journal |last=Kuchkuntla |first=AR |last2=Limketkai |first2=B |last3=Nanda |first3=S |last4=Hurt |first4=RT |last5=Mundi |first5=MS |date=December 2018 |title=Fad Diets: Hype or Hope? |journal=Current Nutrition Reports |type=Review |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=310–323 |doi=10.1007/s13668-018-0242-1 |pmid=30168044 |s2cid=52132504}}</ref> da kuma sakamako na dogon lokaci ga mutanen da ke da takamaiman cututtuka, kamar kiba ko farfajiya. <ref name="Atallah2014">{{Cite journal |last=Atallah |first=R |last2=Filion |first2=KB |last3=Wakil |first3=SM |last4=Genest |first4=J |last5=Joseph |first5=L |last6=Poirier |first6=P |last7=Rinfret |first7=S |last8=Schiffrin |first8=EL |last9=Eisenberg |first9=MJ |date=November 2014 |title=Long-term effects of 4 popular diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. |journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=815–827 |doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723 |pmid=25387778 |s2cid=207590516 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="EatrightKeto">{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=What is the Ketogenic Diet |url=https://www.eatright.org/health/weight-loss/fad-diets/what-is-the-ketogenic-diet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428215913/https://www.eatright.org/health/weight-loss/fad-diets/what-is-the-ketogenic-diet |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=www.eatright.org |publisher=Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics}}</ref><ref name="USGuidelines2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets 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bariatric.<ref name="NHS2018">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2018 |title=How to diet |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/how-to-diet/ |website=nhs.uk |publisher=NHS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=S |last2=Mohan |first2=V |date=November 2018 |title=Pros & cons of some popular extreme weight-loss diets. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=642–647 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1793_18 |pmc=6366252 |pmid=30666989 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ERAS2016">{{Cite journal |last=Thorell |first=A |last2=MacCormick |first2=AD |last3=Awad |first3=S |last4=Reynolds |first4=N |last5=Roulin |first5=D |last6=Demartines |first6=N |last7=Vignaud |first7=M |last8=Alvarez |first8=A |last9=Singh |first9=PM |last10=Lobo |first10=DN |date=September 2016 |title=Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Bariatric Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations. |journal=World Journal of Surgery |type=Professional 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hanyar bin doka da ma'aunin makamashi mara kyau, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in abinci ba.<ref name="Thom2017"/><ref name="Freire2020">{{Cite journal |last=Freire |first=R |year=2020 |title=Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets. |journal=Nutrition |type=Review |volume=69 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001 |pmid=31525701 |s2cid=198280773 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Matarese2014">{{Cite journal |last=Matarese |first=LE |last2=Pories |first2=WJ |date=December 2014 |title=Adult weight loss diets: metabolic effects and outcomes. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |type=Review |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=759–767 |doi=10.1177/0884533614550251 |pmid=25293593}}</ref> Abinci mai laushi, tare da amfani da su na yau da kullun da iri-iri, na iya zama da amfani don gabatar da mutane masu kiba ta hanyar shirin abinci da aka tsara don abubuwan da suka fi so da salon rayuwa a cikin canje-canje na abinci mai gina jiki na dogon lokaci da salon rayuwa karkashin kulawar masu sana'a. <ref name="Thom2017" /> <ref name="USGuidelines2013"/> Abinci daban-daban da ke da niyyar ƙuntataccen ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin kulawa, gami da cin abinci na kasuwanci, fad, da kuma ingantaccen kulawa, sun nuna gagarumin nasara da aminci, a cikin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="USGuidelines2013" /><ref name="Thom2017" /><ref name="Freire2020" /><ref name="Wadden2012">{{Cite journal |last=Wadden |first=TA |last2=Webb |first2=VL |last3=Moran |first3=CH |last4=Bailer |first4=BA |date=6 March 2012 |title=Lifestyle Modification for Obesity |journal=Circulation |volume=125 |issue=9 |pages=1157–1170 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 |pmc=3313649 |pmid=22392863}}</ref><ref name="Zarraga2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zarraga |first=IG |last2=Schwarz |first2=ER |date=29 August 2006 |title=Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health |journal=Circulation |volume=114 |issue=9 |pages=961–973 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603910 |pmid=16940205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen abinci masu zurfi sun fi tasiri fiye da cin abinci ba tare da jagora ba.<ref name="Thom2017" /><ref name="Wadden2012" /><ref name="Gudzune2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gudzune |first=KA |last2=Doshi |first2=RS |last3=Mehta |first3=AK |last4=Chaudhry |first4=ZW |last5=Jacobs |first5=DK |last6=Vakil |first6=RM |last7=Lee |first7=CJ |last8=Bleich |first8=SN |last9=Clark |first9=JM |date=7 April 2015 |title=Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=7 |pages=501–512 |doi=10.7326/M14-2238 |pmc=4446719 |pmid=25844997}}</ref> A cewar David L. Katz, "ƙoƙarin inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar abinci an hana su ba saboda rashin ilimi game da ingantaccen abinci na Homo sapiens ba amma don jan hankali da ke tattare da da'awar da ta wuce gona da iri, da kuma gazawarmu na canza abin da muka sani cikin abin da muke yi akai-akai".<ref name="katz"/> Akwai adadi da aka saba da shi cewa "95% na masu cin abinci sun sake dawo da nauyin su bayan 'yan shekaru", amma wannan shine "lore na asibiti" bisa ga binciken farko na 1953, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fritsch |first=Jane |date=25 May 1999 |title=95% Regain Lost Weight. Or Do They? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/health/95-regain-lost-weight-or-do-they.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831130036/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/health/95-regain-lost-weight-or-do-they.html |archive-date=31 August 2021 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> tare da sabbin shaidu da ke nuna asarar nauyi na dogon lokaci bayan cin abinci a karkashin kulawa. <ref name="USGuidelines2013"/> <ref name="Thom2017"/><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson J, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL |date=November 2001 |title=Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=579–584 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579 |pmid=11684524 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bita na 2007 ya gano cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na masu cin abinci ba su da asarar nauyi na dogon lokaci bisa ga ƙananan gwaje-gwaje masu inganci, suna tallafawa [[Lafiya a Kowani Mataki|Lafiya a Kowane Girma]] bisa ga marubutan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=T |last2=Tomiyama |first2=AJ |last3=Westling |first3=E |last4=Lew |first4=AM |last5=Samuels |first5=B |last6=Chatman |first6=J |date=April 2007 |title=Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2811g3r3 |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=220–233 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.220 |pmid=17469900 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tylka |first=TL |last2=Annunziato |first2=RA |last3=Burgard |first3=D |last4=Daníelsdóttir |first4=S |last5=Shuman |first5=E |last6=Davis |first6=C |last7=Calogero |first7=RM |date=2014 |title=The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss |journal=Journal of Obesity |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/983495 |pmc=4132299 |pmid=25147734 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bita na 2017 ya ba da rahoton cewa iyakancewar adadin kuzari yana hana duka da takamaiman sha'awar abinci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahathuduwa |first=CN |last2=Binks |first2=M |last3=Martin |first3=CK |last4=Dawson |first4=JA |date=October 2017 |title=Extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. |journal=Obesity Reviews |type=Systematic review and meta-analysis |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1122–1135 |doi=10.1111/obr.12566 |pmc=6226249 |pmid=28557246}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pmfla8k37bp0kpde3omfuo0ueugbqg4 0 160797 890758 882612 2026-08-02T20:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar koyon aikin hannu''' ta Jamusanci makaranta ce ko kwaleji, makarantar koyon aikin hannu ko wata cibiyar ilimi. Kalmar Akademie (ba kamar kalmomin Gymnasium ko Universität ba) ba ta da kariyar doka, kuma kowace makaranta ko kwaleji na iya zaɓar kiran kanta Akademie. Makarantar koyon aikin hannu ta Sommerakademie (Makarantar Aikin Haihuwa) shiri ne da ke koyar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yara ko manya, yawanci a lokacin bazara. Wani lokaci waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna da kyau a yanayi. == Asalin kalmar == Kalmar Akademie ta samo asali ne daga Kwalejin Platonic, wacce take kusa da ofishin Akademos . == Misalai na Makarantun Ilimi == * [[Akademie deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim]] <ref name="akademie-weinheim">{{Cite web |last=Akademie Deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim e. V. |title=Bäcker Kurse, Weiterbildung, Seminare, Bäckermeister Ausbildung - Team und Referenten - Akademie - Akademie Deutsches Bäckerhandwerk Weinheim |url=http://www.akademie-weinheim.de/akademie-weinheim.html |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akademie-weinheim.de |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705141023/http://www.akademie-weinheim.de/akademie-weinheim.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Akademie für musische Bildung und Medienerziehung]] <ref name="akademieremscheid">{{Cite web |title=Akademie Remscheid |url=http://www.akademieremscheid.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akademieremscheid.de |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517015117/http://akademieremscheid.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Makarantar Sakandare ta Künste]] <ref name="adk">{{Cite web |title=Startseite Akademie der Künste, Berlin |url=http://www.adk.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adk.de}}</ref> * Akademie der bildenden Künste <ref name="adbk">{{Cite web |title=Akademie der Bildenden Künste München - Startseite |url=http://www.adbk.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adbk.de}}</ref> <ref name="adbk-nuernberg">{{Cite web |title=AdBK Nuernberg |url=http://www.adbk-nuernberg.de/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=adbk-nuernberg.de}}</ref> <ref name="akbild">{{Cite web |title=&#93;a&#91; akademie der bildenden künste wien |url=http://www.akbild.ac.at/ |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=akbild.ac.at}}</ref> == Manazarta == foll6xu25i4laochjymnu8gbhfjpgq1 0 160832 890837 876605 2026-08-03T06:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ariane Daguin''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta [[Faransa]]-Amurka, marubuciya, shahararriyar abinci kuma malama. An haife ta ne a Auch, a yankin Gascony na Faransa, ita ce ta farko Ita ce ta kafa kamfanin rarraba nama na Amurka, D'Artagnaninda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba har zuwa 2022. Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Ta kuma kafa tushen gonar da ba ta da riba All For One For All (AOOA) Farm a cikin 2021, wanda ya haɗa da gidan giya da cafe da aka buɗe wa jama'a. Baya ga ayyukanta na abinci da kasuwanci, ita ma mai ba da agaji ce kuma mai saka hannun jari a cikin masu farawa da yawa na abinci. == Tarihin rayuwa == A shekara ta 1978, Ariane ta koma Amurka don neman digiri na ilimi a Jami'ar Columbia . Yayinda take karatu a Birnin New York, ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga mai samar da pâté na gida, gogewar da ta kafa tushe ga ayyukanta na gaba. A shekara ta 1985, ta yi amfani da damar sayar da duck da foie gras daga Catskills, wanda ya haifar da ƙaddamar da '''D'Artagnan''', kamfani da aka keɓe ga nama mai daraja, wasa, da samfuran abinci. A cikin 2021, ita da 'yarta, Alix Daguin (an haife ta a shekara ta 1988), sun kafa All For One One For All (AOOA) Farm, <ref>{{Cite web |title=All One One All Farm {{!}} Farm Stand, Farm-To-Table Food, Distillery, Workshops |url=https://www.alloneoneall.org |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=All One One All Farm |language=en}}</ref> gonar kiwo da cibiyar ilimi a cikin Hudson Valley na New York. Alexandre Dumas ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, Ginin AOOA yana inganta aikin gona mai alhakin, jin daɗin al'umma, da kuma dorewar muhalli. Har ila yau, gonar tana da kantin sayar da giya da cafe a buɗe ga jama'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=All One One All Farm {{!}} Farm Stand, Farm-To-Table Food, Distillery, Workshops |url=https://www.alloneoneall.org/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=All One One All Farm |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.alloneoneall.org/ "All One One All Farm | Farm Stand, Farm-To-Table Food, Distillery, Workshops"]. ''All One One All Farm''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gudummawar Ariane ga masana'antar abinci ta ba ta lambar yabo ta James Beard Foundation don "Wane ne na Abinci da Abin sha a Amurka", Bon Appétit's Lifetime Achievement Award, <ref>{{Cite web |last=cpadmin |date=2019-10-04 |title=Ariane Daguin |url=https://heritageradionetwork.org/ariane-daguin/#:~:text=In%202005,%20Ariane%20received%20the,a%20part%20of%20American%20life. |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Heritage Radio Network |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma Legion d'Honneur na Faransa. Har ila yau, memba ce ta kwamitin City Harvest kuma '''shugaban kafa''' Les Nouvelles Mères Cuisinières, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ariane Daguin, D'Artagnan |url=https://www.cityharvest.org/person/ariane-daguin-dartagnan/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=City Harvest |language=en}}</ref> ƙungiyar mata masu dafa abinci ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academie Culinaire De FrAnce USA & Canada Delegation |url=https://acf-usa.org/ariane-daguin-named-acfs-dame-de-lannee-2010/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=acf-usa.org}}</ref> Ariane ta bayyana a shirye-shirye irin su ''Anthony Bourdain''<nowiki/>'s No Reservations, Beat Bobby Flay, da Martha Stewart Living . Bourdain, mai sha'awar aikinta na dogon lokaci, har ma ya ba da sunan 'yarsa guda ɗaya bayan ta. Ita ce kuma marubucin littafin D'Artagnan's Glorious Game Cookbook da tarihin rayuwarta, D'Artignan à New York (Grasset). === Ayyukan sana'a na farko === Daguin ya fara samar da nama da kaji ta hanyar D'Artagnan ga masu dafa abinci, kamar Daniel Boulud, David Burke, Patrick Clark (mai dafa baki na farko da ya lashe Kyautar James Beard), da Jean-Louis Palladin . Kamfanin shine na farko a Amurka don rarraba sabon foie gras. Kamfanin ya kasance na farko da ya sayar da kaza na kwayoyin halitta a Amurka, duk da cewa USDA ba ta riga ta bayyana kwayoyin halitta ba. === Ayyukan sana'a na baya === ==== D'Artagnan ==== A watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, Daguin ta sayi wanda ya kafa ta. Kamfanin ya fara girma da sauri, ya kai tallace-tallace na dala miliyan 50 a cikin 2008 sannan ya karu zuwa dala miliyan 130 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin 2019. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar da gabatar da nau'in Rohan a cikin 2011, da buɗe ƙarin ɗakunan ajiya huɗu da cibiyoyin rarrabawa. ==== Gidauniyar D'Artagnan Farms ==== ===== Dukka Ɗaya ga Dukkanin Gona ===== Daguin da 'yarta Alix ne suka kafa shi a shekarar 2021, AOOA Farm <ref>{{Cite web |title=All One One All Farm {{!}} Farm Stand, Farm-To-Table Food, Distillery, Workshops |url=https://www.alloneoneall.org |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=All One One All Farm |language=en}}</ref> tushe ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke zaune a Goshen, NY, yana mai da hankali kan aikin gona, kiwon siliki da ilimin [[noma]] da Abinci. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 1994 - Kyautar Gidauniyar James Beard - "Wane ne na Abinci da Abin sha a Amurka" <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ariane Daguin {{!}} James Beard Foundation |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/ariane-daguin |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.jamesbeard.org |language=en}}</ref> * 2005 - Bon Appetit Magazine - "Lifetime Achievement Award" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bon Appetit' honors food industry achievers |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2005/09/28/bon-appetit-honors-food-industry-achievers/ |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> * 2006 - Faransa - "Legion d'Honneur" <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Evening with Ariane Daguin, André Daguin and Marc Levy |url=https://frenchculture.org/about-us/speeches/5424-evening-ariane-daguin-andre-daguin-and-marc-levy |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=frenchculture.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204024329/https://frenchculture.org/about-us/speeches/5424-evening-ariane-daguin-andre-daguin-and-marc-levy |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2010 - L'Académie Culinare de France - "Mace ta Shekara" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ariane Daguin – Academie Culinaire de France – USA . CANADA Delegation |url=http://acf-usa.org/tag/ariane-daguin/ |access-date=2022-01-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014 - Fast Company - "''Mafi yawan mutane masu kirkira a Kasuwanci''" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Jeff |date=2014-05-12 |title=Ariane Daguin |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3029562/ariane-daguin |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2017 - Renaissance Faransanci - "La Médaille d'Or de La Renaissance Française" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jessica |date=2017-10-04 |title=Ariane Daguin, La Médaille d'Or de La Renaissance Française |url=https://www.larenaissancefrancaiseusa.org/post/ariane-daguin-la-médaille-d-or-de-la-renaissance-française |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=La Renaissance Fr US |language=en}}</ref> * 2018 - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kwararrun Kwararru - "Trailblazer Award" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crowley |first=Chris |date=2018-02-26 |title=Here Are the 2018 IACP Award Winners |url=https://www.grubstreet.com/2018/02/the-2018-iacp-award-winners.html |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Grub Street |language=en-us}}</ref> * 2018 - Forbes - Kyautar Small Giants <ref>{{Cite web |title=Small Giants |url=https://www.forbes.com/feature/small-giants/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Kungiyar kwararru da sadaka == * memba na Majalisar Abinci - CityHarvest <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Our Food Council |url=https://www.cityharvest.org/who-is-city-harvest/food-council/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=City Harvest}}</ref> * Kwamitin Kyaututtuka - Gidauniyar James Beard * memba na kwamitin - Kamfanin Kasuwancin Faransa na Amurka (FACC-NY) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership • French-American Chamber of Commerce – New York |url=https://faccnyc.org/about/leadership/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=French-American Chamber of Commerce – New York |language=en}}</ref> == Bayyana a kafofin talabijin == * Abinci na Faransa a Amurka - Charlie Rose . " * Kasata, Kitchen na mai taken "Gascony tare da Ariane Daguin" a kan Cibiyar Abinci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gascony with Ariane Daguin |url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/my-country-my-kitchen/episodes/gascony-with-ariane-daguin |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Food Network |language=en}}</ref> * ''Bayan Sa'o'i tare da Daniel Boulud'' * ''Hoton Martha Stewart''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ariane Daguin |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3128896/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Anthony Bourdain: Babu Tsaro'' * ''Ka doke Bobby Flay'' (Alkalin Baƙo) (bayyanar da yawa) * "Cooking Live" tare da Sara Moulton <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Women In Food: Ariane Daguin |url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/cooking-live/episodes/great-women-in-food-ariane-daguin |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=Food Network |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ya kamata wani ya yi shi tare da Mike Rowe'' * Canjin Masana'antar Naman a cikin 2017 ''tare da Tanya Rivero'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=Transformation of the Meat Industry in 2017 |url=https://www.wsj.com/video/transformation-of-the-meat-industry-in-2017/AEDB97E8-241E-4E0A-A486-5C8FC9A69016 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Bugaggun Ayyuka == * ''Daga Artagnan zuwa New York'' Ariane Daguin, Jean-Michel Caradec'h. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] {{ISBN|978-2246717614}} * Littafin Cookbook na D'Artagnan mai ɗaukaka. Ariane Daguin, George Faison, Joanna Pruess. [Hasiya] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0316170758|<bdi>978-0316170758</bdi>]] {{ISBN|978-0316170758}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qob5hvmwagct9s843x222oza8k909ni 0 160846 890856 876841 2026-08-03T07:47:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 890856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Vozuća''' ( Serbo-Croatian ) hari ne da rundunar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa ta 3 ta Jamhuriyar [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] da kuma sojojin ƙasashen waje na mujahideen na Bosnia suka kai a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1995 a kan rundunar sojojin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ta ƙauyen Vozuća na Jamhuriyar Srpska, a cikin gundumar Zavidovici a lokacin Yaƙin Bosnia . <ref name="ex-yupress.com">{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Harin == [[Fayil:Map_62_-_Bosnia_-_Ozren_Mountains,_September-October_1995.jpg|left|thumb|323x323px|Dutsen Ozren, Satumba-Oktoba 1995]] El Mudžahid Detachment na 3rd Corps ne suka kai harin da kansa, tare da wasu mambobi na ARBIH na yau da kullun. An riga an shirya harin a watan Mayu 1995 kuma an aiwatar da shi a matakai uku. An kira matakin farko "Crveni lav" (Red Lion), babban burin shi ne yanke sadarwa tare da VRS a Vozuća. Wannan ya yi nasara kuma ya kori sojojin [[Serbiya|Serbia]]. Sashe na biyu an kira shi "Yaƙi don girman kai", wanda burin shi ne shirya 'yan gudun hijira daga Srebrenica da Zepa don shiga yankin bayan an sake shi. A zahiri, bayan harin, mutane kalilan ne kawai suka isa yankin Vozuća da aka lalata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Sashe na ƙarshe == Harin karshe, wanda ake kira "Uragan", (Turanci: ) ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba kuma ya ƙare a wannan rana tare da nasarar sojojin Bosnian. Sojoji da Mujahideen sun sami taimako daga Black Swans, ƙungiyar sojoji ta musamman.<ref name="ex-yupress.com">{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html "Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01"]. Archived from [http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html the original] on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Sojojin Bosnian sun ci gaba da ci gaba ta yankin Ozren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SLOBODNA DALMACIJA, ETVRTAK 27. rujna 2001. - teme dana |url=http://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20010927/temedana.htm |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Sakamakon haka == Bayan da aka kwace ƙauyen, Mujahideen sun kama kuma sun kashe wasu Serbs 50, suna cin zarafi, azabtarwa, wuka da kuma yanke wasu daga cikin fursunoni. Janar na Bosnian Rasim Delić an tuhume shi da laifuffukan yaki da ICTY ta yi saboda laifukan da ƙungiyar Mujahideen ta yi a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, wani ɓangare na abin da ya shafi shari'ar Vozuća, kodayake an wanke shi saboda waɗannan laifuka.<ref name="icty-pressrelease">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Rasim Delić Sentenced to Three Years for Cruel Treatment |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/rasim-deli%C4%87-sentenced-three-years-cruel-treatment-0 |website=ICTY.org |publisher=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an gurfanar da tsohon kwamandan rundunar soja ta uku ta Bosnia Sakib Mahmuljin a gaban shari'a saboda ya kasa hana kisan kai da azabtar da 'yan Serbia na Bosnia da mambobin ƙungiyar Mujahideen a yankunan Vozuća da Zavidovići.<ref name="Dzidic" /> An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a farkon shari'ar a watan Janairun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Army of BiH commander Mahmuljin sentenced to 10 years in prison for war crime |url=https://fena.ba/article/1193716/army-of-bih-commander-mahmuljin-sentenced-to-10-years-in-prison-for-war-crime |website=fena.ba}}</ref> == Manazarta == c5kkyu19889cbvsrzovvifbkifszvgs 890919 890856 2026-08-03T11:35:52Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 890919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Vozuća''' ( Serbo-Croatian ) hari ne da rundunar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa ta 3 ta Jamhuriyar [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] da kuma sojojin ƙasashen waje na mujahideen na Bosnia suka kai a ranar 10 ga Satumban shekarar 1995 a kan rundunar sojojin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ta ƙauyen Vozuća na Jamhuriyar Srpska, a cikin gundumar Zavidovici a lokacin Yaƙin Bosnia . <ref name="ex-yupress.com">{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Harin == [[Fayil:Map_62_-_Bosnia_-_Ozren_Mountains,_September-October_1995.jpg|left|thumb|323x323px|Dutsen Ozren, Satumba-Oktoba 1995]] El Mudžahid Detachment na 3rd Corps ne suka kai harin da kansa, tare da wasu mambobi na ARBIH na yau da kullun. An riga an shirya harin a watan Mayu 1995 kuma an aiwatar da shi a matakai uku. An kira matakin farko "Crveni lav" (Red Lion), babban burin shi ne yanke sadarwa tare da VRS a Vozuća. Wannan ya yi nasara kuma ya kori sojojin [[Serbiya|Serbia]]. Sashe na biyu an kira shi "Yaƙi don girman kai", wanda burin shi ne shirya 'yan gudun hijira daga Srebrenica da Zepa don shiga yankin bayan an sake shi. A zahiri, bayan harin, mutane kalilan ne kawai suka isa yankin Vozuća da aka lalata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Sashe na ƙarshe == Harin karshe, wanda ake kira "Uragan", (Turanci: ) ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba kuma ya ƙare a wannan rana tare da nasarar sojojin Bosnian. Sojoji da Mujahideen sun sami taimako daga Black Swans, ƙungiyar sojoji ta musamman.<ref name="ex-yupress.com">{{Cite web |title=Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01 |url=http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141918/http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html "Slobodna Bosna, War crimes: "Vozuca case", six years later, 9/13/01"]. Archived from [http://www.ex-yupress.com/slobos/slobos11.html the original] on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Sojojin Bosnian sun ci gaba da ci gaba ta yankin Ozren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SLOBODNA DALMACIJA, ETVRTAK 27. rujna 2001. - teme dana |url=http://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20010927/temedana.htm |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> == Sakamakon haka == Bayan da aka kwace ƙauyen, Mujahideen sun kama kuma sun kashe wasu Serbs 50, suna cin zarafi, azabtarwa, wuka da kuma yanke wasu daga cikin fursunoni. Janar na Bosnian Rasim Delić an tuhume shi da laifuffukan yaki da ICTY ta yi saboda laifukan da ƙungiyar Mujahideen ta yi a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, wani ɓangare na abin da ya shafi shari'ar Vozuća, kodayake an wanke shi saboda waɗannan laifuka.<ref name="icty-pressrelease">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Rasim Delić Sentenced to Three Years for Cruel Treatment |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/rasim-deli%C4%87-sentenced-three-years-cruel-treatment-0 |website=ICTY.org |publisher=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an gurfanar da tsohon kwamandan rundunar soja ta uku ta Bosnia Sakib Mahmuljin a gaban shari'a saboda ya kasa hana kisan kai da azabtar da 'yan Serbia na Bosnia da mambobin ƙungiyar Mujahideen a yankunan Vozuća da Zavidovići.<ref name="Dzidic" /> An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a farkon shari'ar a watan Janairun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Army of BiH commander Mahmuljin sentenced to 10 years in prison for war crime |url=https://fena.ba/article/1193716/army-of-bih-commander-mahmuljin-sentenced-to-10-years-in-prison-for-war-crime |website=fena.ba}}</ref> == Manazarta == ml5c1drs0n6nzmdz6yg35aifvd2y5md 0 160929 890847 883052 2026-08-03T07:05:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Rene Abdel Aziz Zagré''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] . An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso wasa]] . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|arthur-zagre/506166}}</ref> <ref name="FFF">{{Cite web |title=FFF Profile |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545109818-arthur-zagre |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204320/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545109818-arthur-zagre |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === Zagré, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru a watan Satumba na 2018, wanda hakan ya sa shi ya koma ƙungiyar har zuwa watan Yuni na 2021. <ref name="PSG">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=First professional contract |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/arthur-zagre-signs-first-professional-contract |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430170403/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/arthur-zagre-signs-first-professional-contract |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na 2019, ya lashe kyautar Titi d'Or, kyautar shekara-shekara da ake bai wa ƙwararrun 'yan wasa mafi hazaka a Kwalejin Matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain . Zagré ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a gasar [[Ligue 1]] da suka doke Toulouse da ci 4-0 a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG vs. Toulouse - 25 August 2019 - Soccerway |url=https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/25/france/ligue-1/paris-saint-germain-fc/toulouse-fc/3030567/ |website=ca.soccerway.com}}</ref> === Monaco === A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019, Zagré ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref name="monaco">{{Cite web |title=Arthur Zagre à l'AS Monaco |url=https://www.asmonaco.com/arthur-zagre-a-las-monaco/ |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008194638/https://www.asmonaco.com/arthur-zagre-a-las-monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahotanni sun ce kudin canja wurin ya kai Yuro miliyan 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Arthur Zagré to AS Monaco in an unexpected transfer |url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2019/08/arthur-zagre-to-as-monaco-in-an-unexpected-transfer/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Monaco Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Aron zuwa Dijon ==== A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Dijon ya sanar da sayen Zagré a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta kakar wasa tare da zaɓin tsawaita kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTHUR ZAGRÉ EN PRÊT AU DFCO ! |url=https://www.dfco.fr/articles/39E42CE4-CB15-4CCB-8EB5-C9AB7CAC0DD6 |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Marseille ta sha kashi a hannun 2-0 a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympique Marseille vs. Dijon - 4 April 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/04/04/france/ligue-1/olympique-de-marseille/dijon-football-cote-dor/3287699/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> ==== Lamuni zuwa Utrecht ==== A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, kulob din Utrecht na Holland ya sanar da daukar aron Zagré na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zabin siyan sa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=FC Utrecht huurt 'man van tien miljoen' Arthur Zagre |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/60281024/fc-utrecht-huurt-man-van-tien-miljoen-arthur-zagre |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> === Excelsior === A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2023, Zagré ya koma sabon aro zuwa Excelsior, wanda shi ma yake a Eredivisie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=LINKSBACK ARTHUR ZAGRE WORDT GEHUURD VAN AS MONACO |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/01/linksback-arthur-zagre-wordt-gehuurd-van-as-monaco/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Excelsior |language=nl}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yunin 2023, Excelsior ya sanya canja wurin na dindindin kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Zagré. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=EXCELSIOR WEET ARTHUR ZAGRE TE BEHOUDEN VOOR KOMENDE 3 JAAR |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/06/excelsior-weet-arthur-zagre-te-behouden-voor-komende-3-jaar/ |publisher=Excelsior Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Zagré ɗan asalin Burkinabe ne. Ya wakilci Faransa a matakin matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPORTDROME - Arthur Zagre n'oublie pas les Étalons |url=http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814162513/http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=sportdrome.com}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, Zagré ya sami kiran farko zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|tawagar kasar Burkina Faso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2026 |title=June FIFA window: Amir Abdou calls up 25 players |url=https://foot-africa.com/en/news/june-fifa-window-amir-abdou-calls-up-25-players-1211396/ |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 4 April 2021}}<ref name=goal>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/player/arthur-zagre/5wwqe546ohp130rvi8x8pt0tm |title=STATS OVERVIEW |website=Goal |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin Ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="3" | Paris Saint-Germain B | 2017–18 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 25 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 27 ! 1 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 27 ! 1 |- | [[Paris Saint-Germain]] | 2019–20 | [[Ligue 1|Gasar Lig 1]] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | Monaco B | 2019–20 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- | 2020–21 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 5 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 5 ! 0 |- | Monaco | 2019–20 | Gasar Lig 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | Dijon (aron) | 2020–21 | Gasar Lig 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 34 ! 1 ! 2 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 37 ! 1 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] | 2026 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 2 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=PSG named French champs as Ligue 1 called off |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/paris-saint-germain/story/4090528/psg-crowned-champions-as-ligue-1-cancelled-marseille-and-rennes-in-champions-league |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * Trophée des Champions : 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Mbappé and Di Maria Earn PSG First 2019-20 Trophy |url=https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150004/https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=www.ligue1.com}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Arthur Zagré at the French Football Federation (in French) {{Titi d'Or winners}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8hxii1ccdiv6ss36asg8uq49sg4a664 0 160941 890824 882901 2026-08-03T04:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andy Ariel Najar Rodríguez''' ( / nə ˈhɑːr / nə- nə- ; ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Honduras wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar MLS Nashville SC . == Rayuwar farko == Najar ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Honduras zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru goma sha uku, inda ya zauna a yankin birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . Najar ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Thomas A. Edison da ke Alexandria, Virginia kuma ya shiga makarantar matasa ta DC United a shekarar 2008. A lokacin da yake tare da shirin makarantar, Najar ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda rawar da ya taka a baya, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar USSF Development Academy Starting XI a shekarar 2009. Shi ne kuma babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a gasar ƙarshe ta US Developmental Academy a shekarar 2009 a Los Angeles. == Aikin kulob == === DC United === Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar Generation Adidas tare da DC United a ranar 22 ga Maris 2010. Da zarar ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar MLS, ƙungiyar da ƙungiyarsa sun zama masu alhakin karatunsa. Ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa kai tsaye daga Kwalejin United zuwa ƙungiyar farko, bayan mai tsaron gida Bill Hamid, wanda ya sanya hannu a watan Satumba na 2009. [[Fayil:Andy-najar.jpg|right|thumb|Najar yana shirin buga kwallo a lokacin wasan kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a filin wasa na Columbus Crew a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun United.]] Najar ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2010, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta DC a kakar wasa ta 2010 da Kansas City Wizards . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan US Open Cup da FC Dallas . Kwarewar da ya nuna a kakar wasa ta 2010 ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a gasar MLS, a gaban Tim Ream da Danny Mwanga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon Borg |date=3 November 2010 |title=Teen phenom Najar takes MLS Rookie of the Year |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/teen-phenom-najar-takes-mls-rookie-year |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> Masana kamar Paul Gardner na Soccer America sun dauki Najar a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan DC United yana da shekaru 17. Ya samu sha'awar buga wasa daga kungiyoyin Turai, a cewar wakilinsa, kuma ana sa ran zai koma can daga baya a aikinsa, watakila a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010. Duk da haka, an sanar a watan Disamba na 2010 cewa Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa da DC United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis Clark |date=21 December 2010 |title=DC sign top rookie Najar to multi-year deal |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/dc-sign-top-rookie-najar-multi-year-deal |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> Najar shi ne ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo daga Kwalejin DC United da aka gayyata don halartar gasar Olympics ta 2012. <ref name="Salazar">{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Sebastian |title=Najar's call-up a source of pride around club |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141947/http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=DC United |quote="I can only thank God for this," Najar said in a Spanish language interview Thursday. "I'll be representing not only my country, but my family as well. The Olympics are a dream for every player and I get the chance to live it."}}</ref> === Anderlecht === A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2013, Najar ya koma zakarun gasar Belgian Pro League Anderlecht a kan aro na wata ɗaya. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2013, Anderlecht ta kammala cinikin Najar gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=United's Andy Najar transferred to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht |url=http://www.dcunited.com/post/2013/01/30/united's-andy-najar-transferred-belgian-side-rsc-anderlecht |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[D.C. United]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ruwaito cewa kuɗin canja wurin ya kai dala miliyan 3. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Cercle Brugge a ranar 2 ga Agustan 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 79. A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 2014, Najar ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Anderlecht a rabin na biyu na wasansu na gasar zakarun Turai da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] amma kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa ƙungiyar Ingila a ƙarshen lokaci sun haifar da rashin nasara 2-1 ga zakarun Belgium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Arsene Wenger celebrated his 65th birthday with a vital Champions League win as Arsenal scored twice in the final two minutes to beat Anderlecht. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29362790 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin bazara na 2019, Najar bai buga wa Anderlecht wasa ba fiye da shekara guda. === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Los Angeles FC === A watan Fabrairun 2020, Najar ya yi atisaye da LAFC a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 17 ga Yunin 2020, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya sanya hannu da Los Angeles FC, wacce a farkon shekarar ta sayar da dala $350,000 a matsayin kudin da aka ware wa Nashville SC a matsayin madadin wurin da za a fara zaba a jadawalin rabon kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Najar Joins LAFC With Right Blend Of Talent & Experience |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/06/16/najar-joins-lafc-right-blend-talent-experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=LAFC.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa ta 2020, LAFC ta ki amincewa da zabin kwantiragin da za ta yi da Najar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LAFC Announces Roster Moves for 2021 Season &#124; Los Angeles Football Club |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/12/01/lafc-announces-roster-moves-2021-season}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa DC United === Bayan da LAFC ta sallame shi, Najar ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta DC United na tsawon makonni shida na gwaji. Dan wasan Black-and-Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya tare da zabin karin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Former Black-and-Red Standout Andy Najar |url=https://www.dcunited.com/post/2021/04/16/dc-united-sign-former-black-and-red-standout-andy-najar |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=D.C. United}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2021, Najar ya shigo wasa a minti na 88 a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jason |date=17 April 2021 |title=D.C. United open 2021 by fighting their way past NYCFC in 2-1 win |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Black and Red United |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424213404/https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |url-status=dead }}</ref> Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a MLS tun bayan dawowarsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta a wasan da suka doke [[CF Montreal|CF Montréal]] da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Razo |first=Eduardo |date=8 August 2021 |title=See it: DC United's Najar scores first MLS goal since 2011 |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/dc-united/see-it-dc-uniteds-andy-najar-scores-first-mls-goal-ten-years?cid=Yahoo&partner=ya4nbcs&chrcontext=WRC |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=NBC Sports}}</ref> [[Fayil:Andy_Najar_Revolution_Nashville_6.25.25-143.jpg|thumb|Andy Najar tare da Nashville SC a shekarar 2025]] Kungiyar ta yi amfani da zabin Najar don haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Andy Najar to Multi-Year Contract Extension through 2023 |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-sign-andy-najar-to-multi-year-contract-extension-through-2023 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=D.C. United}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin kocin kungiyar Hernan Losada da kuma tsaron Wayne Rooney, wani lokacin yana taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya tare da Fred Brilliant, Steve Birnbaum, Hines-Ike da Donovan Pines. Kwarewarsa ta dribbling da kuma kwarewarsa sau da yawa sun bude damar cin kwallaye ga United. Magoya bayan United da yawa sun yarda da shawarar sakinsa saboda raunuka da kuma bukatar sake ginawa, amma za a ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa na baki da ja a RFK da Buzzard Point. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Umaña |first=José |date=2 December 2023 |title=DC United releases Northern Va. product Andy Najar, 8 other players to start rebuild |url=https://wtop.com/dc-united/2023/12/dc-united-releases-northern-va-product-andy-najar-8-other-players-to-start-rebuild/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=wtop news}}</ref> === Olympia === A cikin Janairu 2024, Najar ya koma kulob din Liga Nacional de Honduras Olimpia kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=¡ANDY ES DEL LEÓN! |trans-title=ANDY IS FROM THE LION! |url=http://clubolimpia.com/2024/01/23/andy-es-del-leon/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=clubolimpia.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> === Nashville SC === A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma Nashville SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SC |first=Nashville |title=Nashville Soccer Club Signs Honduran Defender Andy Najar |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-signs-honduran-defender-andy-najar |website=Nashville SC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Andy_Najar.jpg|thumb|Najar da Honduras a shekarar 2015]] A ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2011, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai buga wa tawagar ƙasar Honduras wasa, inda ya zaɓi ƙasar da aka haife shi maimakon ƙasar Amurka, wadda har yanzu bai sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa ba. Ya fara buga wa Honduras wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011 da Colombia, inda ya shiga cikin minti na 67. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=D.C. United International Round-Up: Andy Najar Debuts For Honduras |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2011/9/3/2401781/dc-united-international-round-up-andy-najar-debuts-honduras-bill-hamid-chris-pontius-usmnt |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Black and Red United }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kira Najar zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Honduras 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar Olympics ta 2012 . A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2013, Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa ga Honduras a matakin knockout na gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013 da Costa Rica a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 wanda ya kai Honduras ga wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref name="Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT">{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/21/gold-cup-andy-najar-nets-first-intl-goal-honduras-top-costa-rica-book-semi-u |access-date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan kammala wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, ko kuma bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=cronologia/-/meta/mario-figueroa |title=Andy Nájar le pone fecha a su retiro con la Selección de Honduras y pone en duda su participación en Copa Oro |url=https://www.diez.hn/laseleccion/andy-najar-fecha-a-su-retiro-con-la-seleccion-de-honduras-y-pone-en-duda-su-participacion-en-copa-oro-CG25988831 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.diez.hn |language=es-HN}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2025, kwana guda bayan da Honduras ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, Najar ya yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan da Honduras ta tashi kunnen doki babu ci a wasanta da Costa Rica . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Honduras con nuevo técnico y adiós a varios futbolistas: Ellos no volverán a jugar una eliminatoria |trans-title=Honduras with a new coach and farewell to several players: They won’t play in another qualifying round |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/fotogalerias/deportes/honduras-seleccion-reinaldo-rueda-mundial-2026-eliminatoria-salida-copa-mundo-DN28255732 |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|17 April 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[CONCACAF Central American Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Other{{Efn|Appearances in league playoffs}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |D.C. United |2010 | rowspan="3" |MLS |26 |5 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |28 |5 |- |2011 |31 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |31 |5 |- |2012 |25 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |28 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !82 !10 !4 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !87 !10 |- | rowspan="8" |Anderlecht |{{Nowrap|[[2013–14 R.S.C. Anderlecht season|2013–14]]}} | rowspan="7" |Belgian Pro League |15 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |10 |1 |27 |3 |- |2014–15 |26 |2 |6 |1 |7 |1 |9 |4 |48 |8 |- |2015–16 |24 |2 |2 |0 |9 |1 |3 |0 |38 |3 |- |2016–17 |9 |0 |1 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2017–18 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |6 |0 |- |2018–19 |18 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- |2019–20 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !6 !11 !1 !27 !2 !26 !5 !157 !14 |- |Los Angeles FC |2020 | rowspan="4" |MLS |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |D.C. United |2021 |26 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |1 |- |2022 |23 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |0 |- |2023 |21 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !70 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !71 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Olimpia |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Honduran Liga Nacional |18 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |2024–25 |17 |1 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! ! !35 !2 !0 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !39 !2 |- |Nashville |2025 |MLS |7 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !308 !19 !16 !1 !31 !2 !27 !5 !382 !27 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 16 June 2024}}<ref name="NFTPLAYER">{{NFT player|44931|access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta yi da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo |- | rowspan="13" | Honduras | 2011 | 2 | 0 |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- | 2013 | 12 | 1 |- | 2014 | 7 | 0 |- | 2015 | 9 | 3 |- | 2016 | 2 | 0 |- | 2017 | 2 | 0 |- | 2019 | 1 | 0 |- | 2021 | 5 | 0 |- | 2022 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 4 | 0 |- | 2024 | 5 | 1 |- | 2025 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 53 ! 5 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Honduras ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Najar.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Andy Najar ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | style="text-align:center" | 1 | 21 July 2013 | Filin Wasan M&amp;amp;T Bank, Baltimore, Amurka |{{Fb|Costa Rica}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2013 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Costa Rica |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/8465/Honduras_Costa_Rica.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 2 | rowspan="2" | 29 March 2015 | rowspan="2" | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|French Guiana}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3–0 | rowspan="2" | Gasar cin Kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2015 | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. French Guiana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12816/Honduras_French_Guiana.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 3 | style="text-align:center" | 2–0 |- | style="text-align:center" | 4 | 10 July 2015 | Filin wasa na Gillette, Foxborough, Amurka |{{Fb|Panama}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–1 | style="text-align:center" | 1–1 | Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2015 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Panama |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13383/Honduras_Panama.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 5 | 9 June 2024 | Filin Wasan Kasa na Bermuda, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda |{{Fb|Bermuda}} | style="text-align:center" | 5–1 | style="text-align:center" | 6–1 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermuda vs. Honduras |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39112/Bermuda_Honduras.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |} == Daraja == '''Anderlecht''' <ref>{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Belgium : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17 * Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2013, 2014 '''Nashville SC''' * Kofin Buɗewa na Amurka : 2025 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Gwarzon Shekara na MLS : 2010 * Ɗan wasan RSC Anderlecht na kakar wasa: 2015–16, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Andy Najar verkozen tot speler van het seizoen (01 jun 16) |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/142866 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.anderlecht-online.be}}</ref> 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Wie werd verkozen tot MVP? (08 jun 17) |url=https://anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/156225 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=anderlecht-online.be}}</ref> * Tauraron MLS : 2025 == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} bgtz2msgg38ujokf18ppav8giffyay6 0 161087 890848 878944 2026-08-03T07:08:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Artyom Sergeyevich Maksimenko''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Rasha wanda ke bugawa Rodina Moscow wasa. == Aikin kulob == Ya fara buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Rasha a Nizhny Novgorod a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2019 a wasan da suka fafata da Tom Tomsk . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Game Report by FNL |url=http://1fnl.ru/champioship/results/712/713/715/4357/ |publisher=[[Russian Football National League]] |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2021, Maksimenko ya koma kulob din gasar Premier ta Rasha Ural Yekaterinburg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=Состав ФК "Урал" пополнил Артём Максименко |url=http://fc-ural.ru/novosti/glavnaya-komanda/sostav-fk-ural-popolnil-artyom-maksimenko |publisher=[[FC Ural Yekaterinburg]] |language=ru}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a RPL a Ural a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Krasnodar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=Krasnodar v Ural game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_13792.html |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2022, ya koma Baltika Kaliningrad a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=ДОБРО ПОЖАЛОВАТЬ АРТЕМ МАКСИМЕНКО |url=https://www.fc-baltika.ru/news/dobro_pozhalovat_artem_maksimenko/ |publisher=[[FC Baltika Kaliningrad|Baltika Kaliningrad]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2022, an ba da aro ga Maksimenko ga Rotor Volgograd . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2022 |title=АРТЁМ МАКСИМЕНКО — ИГРОК "РОТОРА" |url=https://rotor-vlg.com/news/80/6915/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |publisher=Rotor Volgograd |language=ru |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702123218/https://rotor-vlg.com/news/80/6915/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2023, Maksimenko ya rattaba hannu da Urartu a gasar Premier ta Armenia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2023 |title=OFFICIAL STATEMENT: ARTEM MAKSIMENKO |url=https://www.fcurartu.am/en/-2023-7-2-40-16-64a129e0a037b |publisher=FC Urartu |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718034326/https://www.fcurartu.am/en/-2023-7-2-40-16-64a129e0a037b |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2023, Urartu ya sanar da cewa Maksimenko ya bar kulob din bayan an soke kwangilarsa ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=OFFICIAL STATEMENT: ARTEM MAKSIMENKO |url=https://fcurartu.am/en/official-statement-artem-maksimenko-2023-12-29-9-9-658f0b45caf7f |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=fcurartu.am |publisher=FC Urartu |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229185004/https://fcurartu.am/en/official-statement-artem-maksimenko-2023-12-29-9-9-658f0b45caf7f |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|16 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Nizhny Novgorod |2019–20 |Russian First League |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |Zenit-2 St. Petersburg (loan) |2019–20 |Russian Second League |12 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |2 |- |Veles Moscow |2020–21 |Russian First League |25 |9 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |28 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Ural Yekaterinburg |2020–21 |Russian Premier League |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2021–22 |Russian Premier League |8 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !11 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !13 !1 |- |Ural-2 Yekaterinburg |2020–21 |Russian Second League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |Baltika Kaliningrad (loan) |2021–22 |Russian First League |13 |4 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |15 |5 |- |Rotor Volgograd (loan) |2022–23 |Russian Second League |29 |12 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |31 |13 |- |Urartu |2023–24 |Armenian Premier League |20 |5 | colspan="2" |— |4{{Efn|Two appearances, one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], two appearances, one goal in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |2 |24 |7 |- | rowspan="3" |Sokol Saratov |2023–24 |Russian First League |14 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |4 |- |2024–25 |Russian First League |21 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— |22 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !35 !9 !1 !1 !0 !0 !36 !10 |- | rowspan="3" |Rodina Moscow |2024–25 |Russian First League |11 |6 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |6 |- |2025–26 |Russian First League |34 |17 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |35 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !23 !1 !0 !0 !0 !46 !23 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !196 !65 !11 !4 !4 !2 !211 !71 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == * Babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Rasha ta farko : 2025–26 (kwallaye 17 ga Rodina Moscow ) <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2026 |title=Форвард «Родины» Артём Максименко стал лучшим бомбардиром Первой лиги, забив 17 мячей |url=https://www.championat.com/football/news-6470908-stal-izvesten-luchshij-bombardir-pervoj-ligi-2025-2026.html |access-date=16 May 2026 |publisher=Championat |language=ru}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://1fnl.ru/players/4596/ Bayanin martaba ta Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Rasha] * Artyom Maksimenko * {{Soccerway|artem-maksimenko/616300}} * Artyom Maksimenko [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1cxpxjhngweg7w4xpbfjt706eukuz6o 0 161206 890736 882544 2026-08-02T18:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adil Aouchiche''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Schalke 04. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|571822}}</ref> An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === An academy graduate of [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG), Aouchiche made his professional debut on 30 August 2019 in a 2–0 [[Ligue 1|league]] win against Metz. He started the match and played 65 minutes before getting replaced by Leandro Paredes.<ref name="prodebut">{{Cite web |title=Metz vs. PSG – 30 August 2019 – Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/30/france/ligue-1/fc-de-metz/paris-saint-germain-fc/3030585/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> He scored his first goal on 5 January 2020 in a 6–0 Coupe de France win against Linas-Montlhéry.<ref name="firstgoal">{{Cite web |title=Linas-Montlhery vs. PSG – 5 January 2020 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/05/france/coupe-de-france/linas-montlhery/paris-saint-germain-fc/3190908/ |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> This made him the youngest player ever to score a goal for PSG in the Coupe de France at 17 years and 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Premier but en professionnel pour Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/premier-but-en-professionnel-pour-adil-aouchiche |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Paris Saint-Germain |language=fr |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513110538/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/premier-but-en-professionnel-pour-adil-aouchiche |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his third and final appearance for the club as a substitute in a 6–1 cup win against Dijon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG Beat Dijon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045750/https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Aouchiche ya yi gwajin lafiya na farko da Saint-Étienne kafin ya koma kulob din kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal-linked Aouchiche undergoes Saint-Etienne medical as he turns his back on PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-linked-aouchiche-saint-etienne-medical-psg/18aas2qrn4s8s1j17whw83jl55 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, an zaɓe shi don kyautar Golden Boy Award ta 2020, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na PSG a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=2020 Golden Boy Nominees Revealed – 14 Ligue 1 players |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/2020-golden-boy-nominees-revealed-14-ligue-1-players/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> === Saint-Étienne === A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ligue 1 na Saint-Étienne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Official {{!}} St Étienne sign Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-st-etienne-sign-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a [[Ligue 1|wasan da]] suka yi nasara a kan Lorient da ci 2-0 a ranar 30 ga Agusta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Saint Etienne 2–0 Lorient |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-as-saint-etienne-fc-lorient/match-stats/2061690 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=footballcritic.com}}</ref> kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Nantes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nantes vs Saint-Étienne (2–2) Sep 20, 2020 Match Stats |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-fc-nantes-as-saint-etienne/match-stats/2061708 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=FootballCritic |language=en}}</ref> === Lorient === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2022, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ligue 1 na Lorient kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Adil Aouchiche s'engage avec les Merlus |url=https://fclweb.fr/adil-aouchiche-sengage-avec-les-merlus/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[FC Lorient]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Sunderland === A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ingila [[Sunderland A.F.C.|na Sunderland]] kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Sunderland sign Mason Burstow, Nazariy Rusyn, Timothee Pembele & Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66688539 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==== Portsmouth (aron) ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan aro zuwa Portsmouth har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche Signs On Loan |url=https://www.expressfm.com/news/football/adil-aouchiche-signs-on-loan/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Portsmouth's Express FM |language=en}}</ref> ==== Aberdeen (rance) ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ga [[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] na gasar Premier ta Scotland a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Technically gifted' Aouchiche joins Dons on loan from Sunderland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cvg874zv6j4o |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Schalke 04 === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2026, Schalke 04 ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu a Aouchiche har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Midfielder Adil Aouchiche joins FC Schalke 04 |url=https://schalke04.de/en/team/adil-aouchiche-transfer/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Aouchiche yana da ƙasashen Faransa da Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/adil-aouchiche-22900/}}</ref> wanda aka haifa ga uwa da uba daga Aljeriya. Ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, ƙasar haihuwarsa, ko kuma Aljeriya, ƙasar iyayensa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Le joueur d'origine algérienne Adil Aouchiche marque l'histoire du PSG |url=https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194325/https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa a yanzu. Ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2019 saboda ƙarfinsa na zura kwallaye. Duk da cewa shi ɗan wasan tsakiya ne, ya zira kwallaye 9 daga wasanni 5 a gasar yayin da Faransa ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da suka buga da Sweden a wasan rukuni kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye huɗu a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamhuriyar Czech . <ref name="fraswe">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – Suède – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=2019-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830182843/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="fracze">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – République Tchèque – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2853/2019-05-12/france-republique-tcheque |access-date=30 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karya tarihi da dama a lokacin gasar, ciki har da na zura kwallaye mafi yawa a kakar wasa daya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Euro, wadda 'yan kasarsa Odsonne Édouard da [[Amine Gouirin|Amine Gouiri]] suka rike a baya saboda zura kwallaye 8 a shekarar 2015 da 2017 bi da bi. <ref name="uefa2">{{Cite web |title=Aouchiche breaks record: U17 facts and figures |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375688f2-8f694a6dc02b-1000--aouchiche-breaks-record-u17-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA, wani abin da a da Édouard, Gouiri da Abel Ruiz suka raba. <ref name="uefa2" /> Jimillar kwallaye 9 da ya ci ya kuma yi daidai da tarihin yawan kwallaye a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta kasa [[UEFA|ta UEFA]], wadda a halin yanzu yake rabawa da [[Michel Platini]], Elena Danilova da Shekiera Martinez . <ref name="uefa1"/> Kwallayen da ya yi masu kyau sun sa ya samu matsayi a kungiyar gasar. <ref name="toty">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, an kira Aouchiche zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar ƙasar Algeria]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Un ancien espoir passé par le FC Lorient appelé pour la première fois en équipe d’Algérie |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/football/fc-lorient/un-ancien-espoir-passe-par-le-fc-lorient-appele-pour-la-premiere-fois-en-equipe-dalgerie-7007648.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Guatemala da ci 7-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title=Aouchiche makes his Algeria debut |url=https://schalke04.de/en/internationals/march-round-up-2526/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Aouchiche ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai kai hari, yana da baiwar ƙwarewar fasaha fiye da matsakaicin matsakaici. Ya yi fice a fannin ƙirƙirar damarmaki da kuma yin amfani da dribbling. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Wonderkids: Adil Aouchiche |url=https://soccerment.com/wonderkids-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date= |website=Soccerment}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Scottish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2019–20 |[[Ligue 1]] |1 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Saint-Étienne |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |34 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |2 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |35 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs]]}} |0 |40 |0 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !71 !2 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !77 !2 |- |Lorient |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |11 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Lorient B |2022–23 |Championnat National 2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] |2023–24 |EFL Championship |28 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |2 |- |2024–25 |EFL Championship |8 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !1 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !38 !2 |- |Portsmouth (loan) |2024–25 |EFL Championship |12 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |1 |- |[[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] (loan) |2025–26 |Scottish Premiership |20 |3 |1 |0 |2 |0 |7{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]] and five appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |Schalke 04 |2025–26 |2. Bundesliga |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !166 !11 !10 !2 !3 !0 !7 !0 !2 !0 !188 !13 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|103931}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG champions as season ended |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183551/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Ligue 1 Website}}</ref> * Coupe de France : 2019-20 '''Schalke 04''' * 2. Bundesliga : 2025–26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=Elversberg siegt – Schalke ist Meister! |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/de/2bundesliga/news/sv-elversberg-siegt-schalke-04-ist-meister-2-bundesliga-37217 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=bundesliga.com |language=de}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa''' * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta zo ta uku: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands 1–3 France: Line-ups |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924133928/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA U-17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya: 2019 * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 : Mafi yawan kwallaye: 2019 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> * Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maurice Revello Tournament 2022 best XI |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5178 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} klh3cqafo6hv50bayt6cvoerugf7g5v 0 161313 890894 889056 2026-08-03T10:41:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amiruddin Bagas Kaffa Arrizqi''' (an haife shi 16 Janairun shekarar 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar [[Indonesiya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar La Liga 2 Barito Putera . == Aikin kulob == === Barito Putera === Tun yana ƙarami, ya riga ya sami damar bugawa PS Barito Putera wasa. Bagas Kaffa ya amince da kwangila da Barito Putera a shekarar 2019. Har ma an tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2023. Ya ƙuduri aniyar samun matsayi a matsayin ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a ''Laskar Antasari'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagas Kaffa dan Sebuah Cerita Menarik dari Masa Kecil |url=https://m.bola.net/tim_nasional/bagas-kaffa-dan-sebuah-cerita-menarik-dari-masa-kecil-69017c.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=bola.net}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 6 ga Maris 2020 a matsayin fara wasa a wasan da suka yi da Bali United inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a matsayin ɗan baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagas Kaffa Ungkap Kesannya Setelah Debut Bersama Barito Putera di Liga 1 |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20200307/bagas-kaffa-ungkap-kesannya-usai-debut-bersama-barito-putera-di-liga-1 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Indosport}}</ref> An dakatar da wannan kakar wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] . An yi watsi da kakar wasa kuma an ayyana ta a matsayin ba ta da amfani a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barito Putera vs. Bali United - 6 March 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/03/06/indonesia/super-liga/barito-putra/persisam-putra-samarinda/3238845/ |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumban shekarar 2021, Bagas Kaffa ya taimaka wa Aleksandar Rakić a wasan da suka doke PSM Makassar da ci 0-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Hasil Liga 1: PSM Makassar vs Barito Putera 0-2 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1510953/hasil-liga-1-psm-makassar-vs-barito-putera-0-2 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, Bagas Kaffa ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar ga Barito Putera a wasan da suka doke Persiraj Banda Aceh da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title=Bagas Kaffa Cetak Gol Perdana di Liga 1, Bagus Kahfi Tak Dipercaya Jong FC Utrecht Lagi |url=https://bolanas.bolasport.com/read/493004049/bagas-kaffa-cetak-gol-perdana-di-liga-1-bagus-kahfi-tak-dipercaya-jong-fc-utrecht-lagi?page=all |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> Kwarewar da Bagas Kaffa ya nuna ya sa ya shiga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau na 2021-22 a gasar La Liga 1. A duk tsawon kakar wasa, ya buga wasanni 32, ya zura kwallo 1 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallo 4. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Ikrar Setia Bagas Kaffa bersama Barito Putera di Tengah Godaan Tim Lain |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2022/04/11/20400058/ikrar-setia-bagas-kaffa-bersama-barito-putera-di-tengah-godaan-tim-lain?page=all |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2022-23, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Bagas Kaffa zai koma Persija Jakarta, amma daga baya ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar. Duk da haka, ya zama dan wasan da ya fara bugawa a kungiyar Barito Putera a karkashin Rahmad Darmawan, kuma ya ga ci gaba a wasansa na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Bagas Kaffa Pilih Bertahan Di Barito Putra |url=https://m.mediaindonesia.com/sepak-bola/485360/bagas-kaffa-pilih-bertahan-di-barito-putra |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Media Indonesia |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana ga ''Laskar Antasari'' a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2022, wani kokari na mintuna na karshe a wasan da suka yi da Persik Kediri don daidaita wasan da ci 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Momen Gol Dramatis Bagas Kaffa Lawan Persik Kediri |url=https://www.libero.id/detail/20026/momen-gol-dramatis-bagas-kaffa-lawan-persik-kediri.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=www.libero.id |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, Bagas Kaffa ya taimaka wa dan kasarsa Rafael Silva a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 0-3 da Persita Tangerang a filin wasa na Maguwoharjo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=Hasil Liga 1: Persita vs Barito Putera, Rafael Silva Bikin Laskar Antasari Berpesta |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20221224/hasil-liga-1-persita-vs-barito-putera-rafael-silva-bikin-laskar-antasari-berpesta/jalannya-babak-kedua |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=www.indosport.com |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya samu rauni a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha daya a kakar wasa, inda ya buga kusan adadin wasanni tsakanin dan wasan baya na dama da dan wasan tsakiya na dama. Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sa aka kira shi zuwa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Indonesia wadda za ta shirya buga wasa a wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya na 2023 mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=Bagas Kaffa Kembali Dipanggil Isi Slot Timnas Indonesia |url=https://dutatv.com/bagas-kaffa-kembali-dipanggil-isi-slot-timnas-indonesia/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=dutatv.com |language=id}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Bagas Kaffa ya fara wakiltar Indonesia tun yana ɗan shekara 15 lokacin da ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Indonesia wasa da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Myanmar a gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta AFF ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2017 |title=Gol Injury Time Selamatkan Indonesia dari Kekalahan Lawan Myanmar |url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-3553624/gol-injury-time-selamatkan-indonesia-dari-kekalahan-lawan-myanmar |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=detik.com |language=id |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713004824/http://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-3553624/gol-injury-time-selamatkan-indonesia-dari-kekalahan-lawan-myanmar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bagas Kaffa shi ma yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Indonesia wadda ta lashe gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta AFF ta 2018, bayan da ya buga wasan ƙarshe da Thailand U17, inda ya lashe bugun fenariti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2018 |title=Sejarah, Timnas Indonesia Juara Piala AFF U-16 2018 |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/3616534/sejarah-timnas-indonesia-juara-piala-aff-u-16-2018 |website=www.liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ''Garuda Muda'', inda ya yi sauri ya doke 'yan wasa huɗu da ke fafatawa da [[Iran]] U17 a gasar cin kofin AFC U-16 ta 2018. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Pecundangi 4 Pemain Iran, Bagas Kaffa Cetak Gol Kelas Dunia untuk Timnas Indonesia U-16 |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20180921/pecundangi-4-pemain-iran-bagas-kaffa-cetak-gol-kelas-dunia |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=www.indosport.com |language=id}}</ref> An ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan da ya zura ƙwallon da ta fi kyau a gasar cin kofin AFC U-16 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2018 |title=Gol Bagas Kaffa ke Gawang Iran Jadi yang Terbaik di Piala Asia U-16 2018 |url=https://bola.okezone.com/read/2018/10/12/51/1962980/gol-bagas-kaffa-ke-gawang-iran-jadi-yang-terbaik-di-piala-asia-u-16-2018 |access-date=12 October 2018 |website=Okezone |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 ta Indonesia wadda ta zo ta uku a gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 ta AFF ta 2019 . A watan Afrilun 2023, an kira Bagas Kaffa zuwa cibiyar horar da 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 ta Indonesia domin shiryawa gasar wasannin SEA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Kembali Dipanggil, Bagas Kaffa Siap Berikan Segalanya di Laga Uji Coba Timnas Indonesia U22 |url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2023/04/11/kembali-dipanggil-bagas-kaffa-siap-berikan-segalanya-di-laga-uji-coba-timnas-indonesia-u22 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Tribunnews |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya fara buga wa 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 wasa a ranar 14 ga Afrilun 2023 a wasan sada zumunta da 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 na Lebanon a filin wasa na Gelora Bung Karno, [[Jakarta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Hasil Timnas U22 Indonesia Vs Lebanon, Garuda Muda Takluk 1-2 |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2023/04/14/22385638/hasil-timnas-u22-indonesia-vs-lebanon-garuda-muda-takluk-1-2?page=all#page2 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|25 April 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bagas-kaffa/654364/|title=Indonesia - B. Kaffa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="6" | Barito Putera | 2020 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021–22 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 4 {{Efn|Appearances in [[2021 Menpora Cup|Menpora Cup]]}} | 0 | 36 | 1 |- | 2022–23 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[Indonesia President's Cup]]}} | 0 | 35 | 1 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 21 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 21 | 2 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 121 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 9 ! 0 ! 130 ! 4 |} ; Bayanan kula  == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Bagus Kahfi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Putting it briefly: RI twins score in victory over Iran |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/09/22/putting-it-briefly-ri-twins-score-victory-over-iran.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja == ; 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 16 a Indonesiya * Tien Phong Plastic Cup: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timnas Indonesia U-16 Juara Tien Phong Plastic Cup 2017 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/id/berita/timnas-indonesia-u-16-juara-tien-phong-plastic-cup-2017/l0a4h6nmg5kd1d4djbvsbpu58 |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta JENESYS ta [[Japan]] da ASEAN : 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timnas Indonesia U-16 Juara Turnamen Jenesys 2018 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/id/berita/timnas-indonesia-u-16-juara-turnamen-jenesys-2018/1m0uxc1t4c23b1uj9wlsn4u2m3 |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * Gasar Matasa ta 'Yan Kasa da Shekaru 16 ta AFF : 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harley Ikhsan |date=11 August 2018 |title=Sejarah, Timnas Indonesia Juara Piala AFF U-16 2018 |trans-title=History, Indonesian National Team Champion of 2018 AFF U-16 Cup |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/3616534/sejarah-timnas-indonesia-juara-piala-aff-u-16-2018 |access-date=12 August 2018 |publisher=Liputan6 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> ; Indonesiya 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 19 * Gasar Matasa ta AFF U-19 ta zo ta uku: 2019 ; 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a Indonesiya * Lambobin zinare na Wasannin SEA : 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2023-05-16 |title=Hasil Indonesia Vs Thailand: Menang 5-2, Garuda Sabet Emas SEA Games 2023! |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2023/05/16/22220618/hasil-indonesia-vs-thailand-menang-5-2-garuda-sabet-emas-sea-games-2023 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar AFF U-23 : 2023 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Matashin ɗan wasan wata na Liga 1 : Satumba 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inilah Pemenang Individual Award September 2021 |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/inilah-pemenang-individual-award-september-2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Ligaindonesiabaru.com}}</ref> Nuwamba 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baru |first=PT Liga Indonesia |title=Adam Alis, Pemain Terbaik November 2021 |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/adam-alis--pemain-terbaik-november-2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=ligaindonesiabaru.com |language=en}}</ref> Fabrairu 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baru |first=PT Liga Indonesia |title=Samsul Arif Terpilih Sebagai Pemain Terbaik Edisi Februari |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/samsul-arif-terpilih-sebagai-pemain-terbaik-edisi-februari-363 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=ligaindonesiabaru.com |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar La Liga ta 1 : 2021–22 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://stats.the-afc.com/player/118029 Bagas Kaffa] a gasar AFC * Bagas Kaffa {{PS Barito Putera squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qkpl3bqx9bku1x41296s5rwxee7rucp 0 161423 890652 882318 2026-08-02T13:49:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1552 Broadway''', also known as the '''I. Miller Building''', is a commercial structure on Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, U.S. Located at the northeast corner of Broadway and 46th Street, the building was designed by Louis H. Friedland, with sculptures by Alexander Stirling Calder. The current building, designed for shoe retailer I. Miller, dates to 1926 and was combined from two 19th-century brownstone residences on the site. It contains decorative elements from several styles. The building was designed with four stories, though the top story has been removed internally. The facade was designed in a different manner on Broadway and 46th Street. The Broadway elevation is designed with a storefront at the first two stories and billboards on the top two stories. The 46th Street elevation is divided into five vertical bays, with limestone on the two lowest stories and stucco above. Between the third-story windows on 46th Street are niches with statues of actresses Ethel Barrymore, Marilyn Miller, Mary Pickford, and Rosa Ponselle. There are billboards above the roof. Inside, the storefronts were subdivided into space for I. Miller and a retail tenant, while the upper stories contained I. Miller's offices. Shoe designer Israel Miller had leased space at the previous brownstone at 1554 Broadway in the 1910s. He signed a long-term lease on the buildings in 1920 and, upon taking possession of the lease, remodeled the brownstones in 1926 with new facades by Louis H. Friedland. Miller also commissioned the actresses' sculptures from Calder, which were installed in 1929 shortly after Miller's death. The building remained an I. Miller store until the 1970s, after which the building was sold to investors. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 1552 Broadway as a city landmark in 1999, and a TGI Fridays restaurant operated at 1552 Broadway in the early 21st century. The building was sold to SL Green and Wharton Acquisitions in 2011, and the new owners made extensive renovations from 2012 to 2014, converting the building to part of an Express, Inc. store and removing the fourth floor. == Site == The I. Miller Building is at 1552 Broadway, at the northeast corner with 46th Street, along Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, U.S. While the building carries a Broadway address, it is actually on the east side of Seventh Avenue,<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1552 Broadway, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/999/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206153138/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/999/1 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref>{{Efn|As the two roads intersect at a very shallow angle, they are nearly parallel through Times Square. Broadway is west of Seventh Avenue to the north of 45th Street and east of Seventh Avenue to the south of 44th Street.<ref name=nyt-2005-06-12/> Because Broadway between 42nd and 47th Streets was closed in the 2010s, the I. Miller Building only faces Seventh Avenue.<ref name="Warerkar 2017"/><ref name="Fishbein 2017"/>}} as the adjoining section of Broadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian plaza in the 2010s.<ref name="Warerkar 2017">{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=April 19, 2017 |title=See how Snøhetta's transformation of Times Square made it more pedestrian friendly |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/19/15358234/times-square-snohetta-before-after-photos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101195300/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/19/15358234/times-square-snohetta-before-after-photos |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="Fishbein 2017">{{Cite web |last=Fishbein |first=Rebecca |date=April 19, 2017 |title=Photos: Times Square's Transformation Into A Pedestrian-Friendly Tourist Fun Zone Is Complete |url=https://gothamist.com/news/photos-times-squares-transformation-into-a-pedestrian-friendly-tourist-fun-zone-is-complete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101195259/https://gothamist.com/news/photos-times-squares-transformation-into-a-pedestrian-friendly-tourist-fun-zone-is-complete |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> The rectangular land lot covers {{Convert|3,234|ft2|m2}},<ref name="ZoLa" /> with a frontage of {{Convert|40|ft}} on Times Square and {{Convert|80|ft}} along 46th Street.<ref name="ZoLa" /> 1552 Broadway faces Duffy Square directly to the west.<ref name="ZoLa" /> The current building was adapted from a pair of four-story brownstone tenements at 1552 and 1554 Broadway.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres. The building is surrounded to the north and east by the Actors Equity Building at [[1560 Broadway]]. Immediately to the north are TSX Broadway at 1568 Broadway, containing the [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palace|Palace Theatre]], as well as the Embassy Theatre within 1560 Broadway.<ref name="ZoLa"/><ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 3-4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Other nearby buildings include the Church of St. Mary the Virgin to the east; 1540 Broadway and the Lyceum Theatre to the south; the New York Marriott Marquis to the southwest; the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre and Hotel Edison to the west; and the Morgan Stanley Building to the northwest.<ref name="ZoLa" /> == Architecture == The I. Miller Building at 1552 Broadway was designed by [[Louis H. Friedland]] as a shoe store for Israel Miller. It was adapted in 1926 from the two existing brownstone residences on the site. The building contains four statues sculpted by Alexander Stirling Calder.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The facade consists of a base with two stories and an upper section that was originally two stories. Both the western elevation on Times Square and the southern elevation on 46th Street are designed with modern classical features.<ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 5-6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Friedland designed the two elevations in different styles, since they would be seen from different viewpoints.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The modern building has three stories inside and is connected internally to 1560 Broadway.<ref name="trd">{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2019 |title=1552–1560 Broadway &#124; TRD Research |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/1552-1560-broadway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/1552-1560-broadway/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal}}</ref> [[Fayil:Times_Sq_Nov_2021_126.jpg|left|thumb|Broadway facade]] The Broadway elevation was designed with a storefront containing curved corners at the first two stories. There were originally two storefronts; the southern storefront was taken by the I. Miller store, while the northern storefront was rented out.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> At the time, it was becoming common practice in New York City to build arcaded storefronts, with the store entrances recessed behind display windows.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /> By the late 1990s, the northern storefront's arcaded entrance remained, but the southern storefront had been modified with orange marble. The second story had been covered with a curved sign that wrapped around to 46th Street.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The original storefront was restored in a 2014 renovation.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/><ref name="Tobin Parnes Design">{{Cite web |title=I. Miller Building Facade Restoration – Design – Interior Design Firm – New York |url=https://www.tobinparnes.com/i-miller-building-facade-restoration-historic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.tobinparnes.com/i-miller-building-facade-restoration-historic |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Design – Interior Design Firm – New York – Tobin Parnes Design}}</ref> Initially, the Broadway elevation contained a group of signs totaling {{Convert|3500|ft2}}. A slightly angled sign, which was in place by the 1920s, covered what was originally the top two stories.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The original brownstone on 1552 Broadway was refaced in granite, but 1554 Broadway's brownstone facade was not modified.<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> Friedland had originally planned for the top floors to be clad in stucco, with rectangular window openings on the third story.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The fourth-floor windows would have been blocked up so an oval sign with I. Miller's name would be placed there. This did not happen because there was a billboard on the existing third and fourth stories, and Miller either could not or would not break the billboard's lease.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /> {{As of|2014}}, the top stories contain {{Convert|8500|ft2}} of electronic signs, including a {{Convert|150|ft|4=-tall}} LED sign on the store's roof.<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> [[Fayil:Times_Sq_Nov_2021_138.jpg|thumb|Detail of the second bay from west, flanked by the Ethel Barrymore and Marilyn Miller niches]] The 46th Street elevation is divided into five vertical bays, with limestone on the two lowest stories and stucco above. On the first two stories, the bays are divided by piers with granite footings, and each bay has segmental arches with gray marble frames.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The arches were inspired by the French rococo style.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the westernmost bay was hidden by a marble storefront and sign, while the easternmost bay had aluminum ventilation grilles rather than windows. In the other bays, the first story had orange-marble bulkheads and spandrels, with metal-and-glass windows. The second story has tripartite windows, with two narrow panes flanking a wider pane, which largely dates from the building's 1926 conversion.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> All five bays were restored to their original design in 2014, with dark-marble bulkheads and spandrels at the first story and tripartite windows in the second story.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/><ref name="Tobin Parnes Design"/> The third and original fourth stories contain double-height arches, surrounded by terracotta frames with anthemia. Each arch is divided vertically into three panels, with dark marble spandrels separating the two formerly separate stories. Wrought-iron balconies are placed in front of the third-story windows.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The five bays flank a group of four niches, each with a statue of an actress, carved by Calder.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The statues, from west to east, depict Ethel Barrymore (in character as Ophelia), Marilyn Miller (Sunny), Mary Pickford (Little Lord Fauntleroy), and Rosa Ponselle (Norma).<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" />{{Efn|The Ethel Barrymore niche depicts drama; the Marilyn Miller niche depicts musical comedy; the Mary Pickford niche depicts film; and the Rosa Ponselle niche depicts opera.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 4" /><ref name="nyt-1997-08-17"/>}} Inscriptions to this effect are placed beneath each niche. The niches have terracotta frames and are lined with gold-mosaic tiles; they contain curved pediments at their tops.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> The 46th Street elevation contains an entablature, with a frieze and terracotta cornice, above the former fourth story. There is an inscription on the frieze, which reads: "The Show Folks Shoe Shop Dedicated to Beauty in Footwear".<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The parapet has a plaque with the letters "I. Miller Building". The original letters were removed in the 1990s,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 6" /> but the lettering was restored during the 2014 renovation.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture">{{Cite web |title=1552–1560 Broadway: SL Green |url=https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923094110/https://tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=TPG Architecture}}</ref> The plaque is flanked by terracotta scrolls and topped by a terracotta coping. The building has a flat roof, above which rise the billboards.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture" /> The building covers {{Convert|12343|ft2}} according to the New York City Department of City Planning,<ref name="ZoLa"/> or {{Convert|12091|ft2}} according to ''Real Estate Weekly''.<ref name="Free Online Library 2005">{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2005 |title=Riese pays $48m for Times Sq. spot. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Riese+pays+%2448m+for+Times+Sq.+spot.-a0138944895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205162113/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Riese+pays+$48m+for+Times+Sq.+spot.-a0138944895 |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Real Estate Weekly |via=Free Online Library}}</ref> Initially, the building had two storefronts, one each at number 1552 (south) and 1554 (north). There were four stories, with the upper stories used as offices.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, it contains a single storefront across three stories<ref name="trd"/> and is internally connected with 1560 Broadway to the north and east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SL Green – 1552–1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture |url=https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205204352/https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/portfolio/SL-Green-1552-1560-Broadway |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=www.tpgarchitecture.com}}</ref> The space is entirely occupied by an Express, Inc. store, covering {{Convert|22500|ft2}}.<ref name="WWD 2014">{{Cite web |last=Moin |first=David |date=February 25, 2014 |title=Express Goes Big in Times Square |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/express-goes-big-in-times-square-7507680/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/express-goes-big-in-times-square-7507680/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Women's Wear Daily}}</ref><ref name="Gurfein 2014">{{Cite web |last=Gurfein |first=Laura |date=February 25, 2014 |title=The New Express Store in Times Square Is 'On Steroids' |url=https://ny.racked.com/2014/2/25/7616409/new-express-hub-in-times-square-is-on-steriods-says-ceo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.racked.com/2014/2/25/7616409/new-express-hub-in-times-square-is-on-steriods-says-ceo |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Racked NY}}</ref> == History == The site of the current I. Miller Building was occupied by residential brownstones in the 19th century.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> It is unknown exactly when the predecessor buildings at 1552 and 1554 Broadway were erected, but historian Christopher Gray estimated that they dated from between 1870 and 1890. Both buildings had originally contained stoops when they were used as residences, but the stoops had been removed by the 1910s when the buildings were converted to commercial use. Additionally, billboards had been erected over the top stories of both buildings. The current building was the result of renovations for Israel Miller (1866–1929), a Polish-born shoe designer who came to New York City in the 1890s.<ref name="NYCL (1999) pp. 2-3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Miller had leased the ground-story space of the original brownstone at 1554 Broadway, the site of his first shoe store, in 1911<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> or 1915.<ref name="nyt-2008-02-10" /> Miller remodeled the buildings in 1915. === Development and early years === [[Fayil:W_46th_St_Duffy_Square_15_-_I._Miller_Building.jpg|thumb|View from 46th Street]] In December 1920, Miller signed a 63-year lease for 1552 and 1554 Broadway for $4.636 million (equivalent to $74.507 million in 2025). After the lease commenced in May 1926, Miller would have the option to buy the property for $1 million in cash (around $16 million in 2025), which would be valid for five years. Miller hired Friedland in March 1926, just before Miller was to take control of the buildings, and Friedland filed plans to remodel both structures. The work took place from May to December 1926,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> though the store seems to have reopened that November. The party wall between the buildings was demolished and new columns and beams were installed. In addition, the stairs were replaced, an elevator was installed, and the two-story rear sections of both buildings was increased to four stories.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Miller planned to put four statues in the niches on 46th Street as a gift to New York City. The I. Miller chain held a nationwide contest to determine the most popular actress in each of drama, film, musical comedy, and opera. In September 1927, Ethel Barrymore, Mary Pickford, Marilyn Miller, and Rosa Ponselle were declared the winners. Alexander Calder was hired for the project. The first of the new statues, that of Barrymore, was completed in 1928.<ref name="p1475731107" />{{Efn|''Variety'' cites the Barrymore statue as having been completed in January 1928,<ref name="p1475731107" /> while ''Women's Wear Daily'' cites the statue as having been completed in November.<ref name="p1654057451"/>}} Miller died in August 1929, just before the statues were unveiled.<ref name="nyt-1929-08-14" /><ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> Two months later, on October 20, the statues were unveiled at a ceremony. Three thousand guests were in attendance, including Miller, Ponselle, producer Daniel Frohman, comedian DeWolf Hopper, and actress Elsie Ferguson.<ref name="nyt-1929-10-21" /><ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> === Mid- and late 20th century === Initially, the building had two storefronts. The southern storefront was used by I. Miller and the northern storefront and the basement hosted a dress shop and a jewelry store.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> The dress shop space was operated by Michelson Inc. starting in January 1927. The upper floors of the combined structure were used as I. Miller's offices.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> I. Miller initially kept many offices at the nearby 562 Fifth Avenue building but, with the onset of the Great Depression, these offices were combined at 1552 Broadway.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> In 1931, the wholesale department was relocated from I. Miller's Broadway location to a warehouse in Long Island City. Meanwhile, Israel Miller's sons George and Maurice had taken over the I. Miller company after their father died.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> In 1939, Hollywood Linen Company leased the south storefront and Arnel Jewelers leased the north storefront. The owners announced in 1940 that they would build a $800,000 advertising board (equivalent to $18.385 million in 2025), comprising two panels facing Broadway and another on the roof of the building. The new billboard used {{Convert|100|mi}} of wire, according to media of the time; it was originally used to advertise whiskey.<ref name="p1247631413" /> Afterward, the Miller sons relocated the company's executive retail offices from the I. Miller Building to 450 Fifth Avenue,<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> and jeweler Adele Inc. had space at the storefront in number 1554 during the mid-1940s. The I. Miller shoe chain was acquired by Genesco in the 1950s.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5" /> A nine-story, 6,500-bulb sign was installed above the roof in 1957, advertising several of Time Life's magazines. When a five-alarm fire broke out in 1959 at the Howard Johnson's restaurant inside number 1554, firefighters had difficulty extinguishing the conflagration due to the presence of the rooftop billboards. In the fire's aftermath, the New York City fire commissioner contemplated legislation to restrict billboards on Times Square.<ref name="p962696707" /> [[Fayil:Manhattan_New_York_City_2008_PD_a91.JPG|thumb|TGI Fridays at the base]] Genesco extended the lease for 21 years in 1967, and the company continued to operate the building's I. Miller store until at least 1972.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By then, Times Square was in decline, though the city government was considering redeveloping the area. One reporter described the store as being in a "vulnerable" position because of this. The Riese family then acquired the lease on the property, as well as the building itself, in 1983.<ref name="acris-1983-03-01">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 1983 |title=Deed; Grantor: 1560 Associates; Grantee: 1552 Operating |url=https://a836-acris.nyc.gov/DS/DocumentSearch/DocumentImageView?doc_id=FT_1190000024919 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206153137/https://a836-acris.nyc.gov/DS/DocumentSearch/DocumentImageView?doc_id=FT_1190000024919 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=New York City Department of Finance; Office of the City Register}}</ref>{{Efn|{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999|ps=|p=5}}, cites a date of 1978, but the deed was not recorded until 1983.<ref name="acris-1983-03-01"/>}} The Rieses were restaurateurs who operated dozens of food franchises throughout Manhattan. In the late 1980s, the building was considered as a possible location for an Au Printemps department store. At the time, the Riese Organization operated a ground-level fast-food restaurant at the base. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) was also considering the I. Miller Building for New York City landmark designation,<ref name="nyt-1986-10-05" /> having hosted its first hearing on the matter in 1985.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7" /> The LPC again heard the building for landmark status in 1990 but did not designate the building at the time.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the building contained a Sbarro restaurant at the corner with 46th Street. The LPC designated the I. Miller Building as a landmark on June 30, 1999.<ref name="NYCL (1999) p. 1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1999}}</ref> David W. Dunlap wrote for ''The New York Times'' that the designation went against the trend of buildings on Times Square, which he said had "been chipped away piece by piece in recent years until very little remains of what was once a splendidly pungent esthetic amalgam". A TGI Fridays was proposed for the building that year.<ref name="nyt-1999-07-04" /> However, Riese was in debt by then, and it agreed to sell 1552 Broadway and another structure at 729 Seventh Avenue that year.<ref name="nyp-2005-12-07">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=December 7, 2005 |title=Fifth Ave. Pair to Fetch $80m |url=https://betweenthebricks.com/2005/12/07/fifth-ave-pair-to-fetch-80m/ |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Between the Bricks |language=en-US |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208193539/https://betweenthebricks.com/2005/12/07/fifth-ave-pair-to-fetch-80m/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The buyer, NorthStar, then leased back the buildings to Riese Management.<ref name="nyp-2005-12-07" /> [[Fayil:W_46th_St_Duffy_Square_08_-_I._Miller_Building.jpg|thumb|Billboards above the building]] The building and eight others were refinanced for $43 million in 2003. NorthStar Realty sold the building in 2005 to Riese Management for $48 million, a rate of {{Convert|3970|$/ft2}}.<ref name="Free Online Library 2005"/><ref name="nyp-2005-12-07"/> By March 2011, Riese had placed the building for sale again, including the TGI Fridays restaurant at the base and the billboards above it.<ref name="Kludt 2011">{{Cite web |last=Kludt |first=Amanda |date=March 16, 2011 |title=Breaking: One of Midtown's Eight TGI Friday's May Close |url=https://ny.eater.com/2011/3/16/6692187/breaking-one-of-midtowns-eight-tgi-fridays-may-close |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.eater.com/2011/3/16/6692187/breaking-one-of-midtowns-eight-tgi-fridays-may-close |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Eater NY}}</ref><ref name="Between The Bricks 2011">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=March 16, 2011 |title=Rare Times Sq. deal Riese-ing |url=https://betweenthebricks.com/2011/03/16/rare-times-sq-deal-riese-ing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205162124/https://betweenthebricks.com/2011/03/16/rare-times-sq-deal-riese-ing/ |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Between The Bricks}}</ref> The building was sold that August<ref name="Commercial Property Executive 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ziegler |first=Nicholas |date=August 25, 2011 |title=Times Square Property Moves for $136M |url=https://www.commercialsearch.com/news/times-square-property-moves-for-136m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.commercialsearch.com/news/times-square-property-moves-for-136m/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Commercial Property Executive}}</ref><ref name="trd-2011-08-23">{{Cite web |last=Pincus |first=Adam |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Sutton and SL Green close on 1552 Broadway, city beaches improve ... and more – The Real Deal |url=https://therealdeal.com/2011/08/23/sutton-and-sl-green-close-on-1552-broadway-city-beaches-improve-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/2011/08/23/sutton-and-sl-green-close-on-1552-broadway-city-beaches-improve-and-more/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> to SL Green and Wharton Acquisitions for $136.6 million.<ref name="Commercial Property Executive 2011" /><ref name="Geiger 2012">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Sutton's Place: The Behind-the-Scenes Negotiations That Led to Jeff Sutton's Blockbuster 1552 Broadway Acquisition |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2012/07/suttons-place-the-behind-the-scenes-negotiations-that-led-to-jeff-suttons-blockbuster-1552-broadway-acquisition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://commercialobserver.com/2012/07/suttons-place-the-behind-the-scenes-negotiations-that-led-to-jeff-suttons-blockbuster-1552-broadway-acquisition/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Commercial Observer}}</ref> The sale was valued at {{Convert|9100|$/ft2}}, much higher than the average rate of {{Convert|1000|$/ft2}} for high-quality office buildings in New York City.<ref name="Geiger 2012" /> The sale helped to clear the debt load of Riese, operator of the TGI Fridays. During TGI Fridays' occupancy, 1552 Broadway had become rundown and was indistinguishable from the other Times Square buildings with billboards.<ref name="Geiger 2012" /> TGI Fridays closed in early 2012,<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2012">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Daniel |date=May 8, 2012 |title=Time runs out for TGI Friday's in Times Square |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120508/REAL_ESTATE/120509899/time-runs-out-for-tgi-friday-s-in-times-square |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120508/REAL_ESTATE/120509899/time-runs-out-for-tgi-friday-s-in-times-square |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> and clothing retailer Express signed a lease for the storefront that May.<ref name="Grinspan 2012">{{Cite web |last=Grinspan |first=Izzy |date=May 29, 2012 |title=Express Plans to Lure in Tourists with a Times Square Flagship |url=https://ny.racked.com/2012/5/29/7723441/express-plans-to-lure-in-tourists-with-a-times-square-flagship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.racked.com/2012/5/29/7723441/express-plans-to-lure-in-tourists-with-a-times-square-flagship |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Racked NY}}</ref> [[Rogers Marvel Architects]] was subsequently hired to restore the building.<ref name="Davies 2012">{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Pete |date=September 17, 2012 |title=Shoe Biz and Show Biz Collide at Times Square Landmark |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/9/17/10369068/shoe-biz-and-show-biz-collide-at-times-square-landmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/9/17/10369068/shoe-biz-and-show-biz-collide-at-times-square-landmark |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The statues in the niches were subsequently removed for restoration in 2012, and SNA replaced the existing signs with a group of seven screens. The facade was also restored.<ref name="1552-1560 Broadway : TPG Architecture"/> Since the landmark designation prevented SL Green and Wharton from adding stories to 1552 Broadway, they leased 1560 Broadway and 155 West 46th Street, connecting the buildings internally.<ref name="trd-2011-08-23"/> This arrangement allowed the owners to triple the size of the retail space without actually expanding 1552 Broadway.<ref name="trd-2011-08-23" /> The restoration of 1552 Broadway was completed in 2014,<ref name="nyt-2014-01-29" /> and the Express store soft-opened that February.<ref name="WWD 2014"/><ref name="Gurfein 2014"/> The owners acquired a $195 million loan for 1552 and 1560 Broadway from United Overseas Bank in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bautista |first=Christian |date=December 5, 2017 |title=Jeff Sutton, SL Green land $195M loan to refinance Times Square property |url=https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/05/jeff-sutton-sl-green-land-195m-loan-to-refinance-times-square-property/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220130/https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/05/jeff-sutton-sl-green-land-195m-loan-to-refinance-times-square-property/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> The Express store closed in 2024 after Express filed for bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuba |first=Julianne |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Fashion retailer Express closing stores, corporate office in New York |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/retail/express-close-5-nyc-stores-cut-169-employees-manhattan-corporate-office |access-date=March 7, 2025 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pflaumer |first=Erin |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Here's what Express stores are closing in NY, NJ |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/heres-what-express-stores-are-closing-in-ny-nj/ |access-date=March 7, 2025 |website=PIX11 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> rjgekfpmcjq2922d74ryaq3k244v96j 0 161626 890822 883482 2026-08-03T04:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''André Brock Jr.''' is an American scholar focusing on Black digital practices and online experiences, including Black Twitter. He is an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. == Career == Brock earned a bachelor's degree from City College of New York, a master's degree in English rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University, and a Ph.D. in library and information science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock |archive-date=January 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111221940/https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |url-status=dead }}</ref> Brock was an assistant professor of information science at the University of Iowa from 2007 to 2013.<ref name=":0"/> From 2013 to 2018 he taught as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he became an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. In 2021, he founded the Project on Rhetoric of Equity, Access, Computation, and Humanities (PREACH) Lab at Georgia Tech with a grant from the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2021 |title=LMC's André Brock Receives Grant for Lab to Study 'Race, Difference, and Computation' |url=https://iac.gatech.edu/news/item/646984/andr-brock-receives-grant-study-race-difference-computation |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts |publisher=Georgia Tech |language=en}}</ref> As a race and digital culture scholar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=May 30, 2020 |title=How Karen became a meme, and what real-life Karens think about it |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/us/karen-meme-trnd/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Brock's research has focused particularly on African Americans' use of new media like [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Susan J. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=#BlackTwitter and the Revolutionary Power of Horizontal Networks |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/how-blacktwitter-made-michael-browns-death-front-page-news |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[In These Times (magazine)|In These Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He is an expert on Black Twitter, which has been a focus of his studies since 2012.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPenrice2024">Penrice, Ronda Racha (May 14, 2024). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ "A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History"]. ''[[Atlanta Magazine]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> In an interview for Jason Parham's 2021 ''Wired'' series "A People's History of Black Twitter", Brock said of Black Twitter: "Many immigrant communities have a form of signifying. But for some reason, the way Black folk do it on Twitter has really taken off and has really become definitive of what internet culture is." In 2024, he was one of the primary experts for the Hulu docuseries that grew out of the ''Wired'' series, titled ''Black Twitter: A People's History''.<ref name=":1" /> === ''Distributed Blackness'' === Brock is the author of ''Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures'', published in 2020 by New York University Press. He uses a methodological approach proposed in his earlier work, called Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA), which he describes as a "holistic approach to analyzing technology as discourse, practice, and artifact".<ref name=":2" /> He also draws on Jean-François Lyotard's libidinal economy to analyze Black technology use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suren |first=Nora |date=2021 |title=Review of Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures by André Brock, Jr. (New York University Press) |journal=[[Lateral (journal)|Lateral]] |language=en-US |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.25158/L10.2.21 |issn=2469-4053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He argues that "Black folk have made the internet a 'Black space' whose contours have become visible through sociality and distributed digital practice while also decentering whiteness as the default internet identity." A main theme of the book is Black joy as it is expressed and experienced in digital spaces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Francesca Sobande reviewed ''Distributed Blackness'' for <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Convergence</i></nowiki>, describing it as "significant and detailed" and important to researchers focused on Black cybercultures and philosophy.<ref name=":2"/> Kamilles Gentles-Peart gave the book a "recommended" review in ''Choice'', writing that the book is "one corrective to Western pathologizing and to the misconception of Black subjectivity and agency in online spaces".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentles-Peart |first=Kamille |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Understanding Blackness Online: Race and Cyberculture |url=https://www.choice360.org/choice-pick/understanding-blackness-online-race-and-cyberculture/ |journal=[[Choice (publisher)|Choice]] |volume=61 |issue=3}}</ref> The book earned a starred review in ''Booklist.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Lesley |date=February 2020 |title=Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Distributed-Blackness/pid=9728419 |journal=[[Booklist]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Distributed Blackness'' earned the 2021 Harry Shaw and Katrina Hazzard-Donald Award for Outstanding Work in African-American Popular Culture Studies from the [[Nazarin al'adu|Popular Culture Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Literary, Film and Electronic Award Winners |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/pcaaca.org/resource/collection/ECD85287-0E20-4E5B-8DA3-009B2EB5AA35/2021_Award_Winners.pdf |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Popular Culture Association}}</ref> and the 2021 Nancy Baym Annual Book Award from the Association of Internet Researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Baym Annual Book Award |url=https://aoir.org/awards/nancy-baym-annual-book-award/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Association of Internet Researchers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Selected works and publications == === Books === === Selected academic works === * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |last2=Kvasny |first2=Lynette |last3=Hales |first3=Kayla |date=2010 |title=Cultural appropriations of technical capital: Black women, weblogs, and the digital divide |journal=[[Information, Communication & Society]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1040–1059 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2010.498897 |issn=1369-118X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2011 |title='When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong': Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers |journal=[[Games and Culture]] |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1177/1555412011402676 |issn=1555-4120}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2012 |title=From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation |url= |journal=[[Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media]] |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=529–549 |doi=10.1080/08838151.2012.732147 |issn=0883-8151}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2018 |title=Critical technocultural discourse analysis |journal=[[New Media & Society]] |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1012–1030 |doi=10.1177/1461444816677532 |issn=1461-4448}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i63grpc1pu6gqfb6rwi5bqszuok5e4w 0 161800 890655 884459 2026-08-02T13:56:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wasan Sun Bowl na 1982 ya kasance wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji wanda ya ƙunshi Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina da Texas Longhorns . == Tarihi == Tar Heels sun gama daura a matsayi na 3 a taron Atlantic Coast . Wannan shi ne karo na uku na Sun Bowl na Arewacin Carolina a cikin shekaru 10, kuma na farko tun 1974, a kakar wasa ta huɗu a jere suna zuwa kwano. Longhorns sun gama na 2 a Taron Kudu maso Yamma bayan asarar zuwa # 4 SMU, kodayake Texas ta cancanci kwano don kakar wasa ta 6 a jere. Wannan shi ne na uku na Longhorns 'Sun Bowl a cikin shekaru hudu, kuma na farko tun 1979. Kungiyoyin biyu sun fuskanci juna a cikin kwano Shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Snow flurries da iska sanyi karantawa a kusa da digiri 12 sun kasance a lokacin wasan. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Ronnie Mullins ya dawo da punt da aka toshe a cikin ƙarshen don ba Longhorns jagora 7-0 na farko. Tar Heels sun amsa da burin Rob Rogers daga yadudduka 53 a kwata na biyu. Goal din da Raul Allegre ya yi a filin wasa na 24 ya sanya shi 10-3 a rabin lokaci. Texas tana da damar a kwata na 3 don kara jagora, har ma da samun kwallon a Tar Heel 1, amma an dakatar da su kuma sun juya kwallon a kan saukar, yayin da kwata na uku ya tafi ba tare da ci ba. Tare da 14:51 da suka rage a wasan, Rogers ya zira kwallaye daga yadudduka 47 don ya zama 10-6. Brooks Barwick ya kara kwallaye daga 23 da 42 yadudduka, wanda ya sa ya zama 12-10 Tar Heels tare da 4:56 hagu. Ethan Horton ya gudu don ci 3 wanda ya sanya shi 19-10 tare da 2:17 da ya rage. A kan tafiyar Longhorn da ta biyo baya, wani fumble a cikin endzone ya haifar da Mike Wilcher farfadowa don touchdown wanda ya sanya ci 26-10 tare da 1:35 don tafiya. Sauran lokacin ba su da kwallo yayin da Arewacin Carolina ta sake doke Texas a cikin kwano, yayin da kuma kasancewa kungiyar ACC ta farko da ta lashe wasanni 4 a jere. Texas tana da jimlar yadudduka 48 kawai a rabi na biyu. Ethan Horton ya yi sauri don yadudduka 119 a kan 27 da aka ɗauka.<ref name="NCWeb">{{cite book |title=2015 North Carolina Tar Heels Media Guide |year=2015 |chapter=History: Bowl Recaps |page=131 |publisher=University of North Carolina Department of Athletics |location=North Carolina |url=http://www.goheels.com/fls/3350/Football/2015mediaguide1.pdf |access-date=December 27, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051219/http://www.goheels.com/fls/3350/Football/2015mediaguide1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunbowl.org/the_sun_bowl_game/recap/49|title = North Carolina 26, Texas 10 &#124; Recaps – Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl &#124; December 31, 2021 &#124; el Paso, Texas}}</ref> == Bayani game da ƙwallon ƙafa == * Texas - Mullins ya dawo da punt da aka toshe a yankin ƙarshe (Allegre kick) * Arewacin Carolina - Rogers 53 FG * Texas - Allegre 24 FG * Arewacin Carolina - Rogers 47 FG * Arewacin Carolina - Barwick 24 FG * Arewacin Carolina - Barwick 42 FG * Arewacin Carolina - Horton 3 gudu (Barwick kick) * Arewacin Carolina - Wilcher ya dawo da fumble a yankin ƙarshe (Barwick kick) == Sakamakon haka == Tar Heels sun koma Sun Bowl a wannan shekarar da Longhorns suka yi a 1994 wanda ya haifar da nasarar Texas ta 35-31. == Kididdiga == {| class="wikitable" !Kididdiga !Arewacin Carolina !Texas |- |Farko da ya sauka |15 |10 |- |Yarda masu gudu |224 |80 |- |Yankin wucewa |10 |50 |- |An jefa shayarwa |0 |1 |- |Jimlar yadudduka |234 |130 |- |Komawa yadudduka |0 |19 |- |Matsakaicin maki |6–25.2 |5–32.8 |- |Wadanda suka ɓace |3–3 |2–2 |- |Gidan azabtarwa |4–20 |2–20 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nf5vps2p0xwjwf3xs2c393mjfakkd3h 0 162008 890586 885659 2026-08-02T12:22:13Z BnHamid 12586 890586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Group Captain Joshua Obademi''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1951) ya kasance Mai Gudanarwa na [[Jihar Benuwai]], [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]].<ref name=wstate>{{cite web |url=[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm) |title=Nigerian States |publisher=WorldStatesmen |access-date=2010-01-03}}</ref><ref name="Quadri 2019">{{cite web | last=Quadri | first=Opeyemi | title=History Of Benue State: Past Governors From 1976 Till Date And Natural Resources | website=Actionable Info | date=2019-02-04 | url=[https://infomediang.com/benue-state-history-and-past-governors/](https://infomediang.com/benue-state-history-and-past-governors/) | access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa== An haifi Obademi a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1951 a Ikaramu da ke ƙaramar hukumar [[Akoko North-East]] ta [[Jihar Ondo]]. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Andrew's Senior Primary School da ke [[Okene]] a jihar [[Kogi]] ta yanzu a shekarar 1964, sannan ya halarci makarantar African Church Secondary Modern School da ke [[Ikare]]. Daga bisani ya shiga [[Nigerian Military School, Zaria]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1969. Ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Nigeria Defence Academy]], [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], kafin ya zama jami'in matukin jirgi a rundunar sojin saman Najeriya ([[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF)) a shekarar 1972.<ref name=bio> {{cite web |url=[http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180](http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180) |title=Group Capt. Joshua Obademi |publisher=Government of Benue State |access-date=2010-01-03 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123521/http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180](https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123521/http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180) |archive-date=2011-07-11 |url-status=dead }} </ref> ==Ayyuka== A watan Janairun 1993, an tura shi Kamfanin Masana'antun Tsaro na Najeriya (Defence Industries Corporation), [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], a matsayin Daraktan Samar da Kayayyaki. A watan Oktoban 1993 kuma, an mayar da shi Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya da ke Lagos a matsayin Daraktan Makamai.<ref name=bio/> Janar Sani Abacha ya naɗa Obademi a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Soja na Jihar Benuwai da ke yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1993, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 14 ga Agusta, 1996.<ref name=wstate/> A lokacin mulkinsa, an samu barkewar [[rikicin addini]]. Ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa ayyukan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna barazana ga tsaro da ci gaba, sannan ya ce an samar da “ingantattun dabaru” domin dakile ƙarin rikice-rikicen addini.<ref>{{cite web |url = [http://ericwatt.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=414](http://ericwatt.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=414) |title = Nigerian Military Authorities Pledge to Curb Religious Violence |publisher = Compass Direct |date = Aug 22, 1996 |access-date = 2010-01-03 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma inganta ilimin karatu da rubutu na mata a jihar a matsayin hanyar bunƙasa lafiya da ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1995/WHO_DGH_95.2.pdf](http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1995/WHO_DGH_95.2.pdf) |title=Promoting Health Through Women's Functional Literacy and Intersectoral Activity |date=24 November 1994 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2010-01-03}}</ref> ===Mukamai=== Muƙaman da ya riƙe sun haɗa da: * Kwamandan Rundunar Makamai (Officer Commanding Armament Squadron), Central Logistics Wing, [[Lagos]] (Yuli 1976 – Maris 1978); * Kwamandan Rumbun Ajiye Makamai (Officer Commanding Armament Sub-Depot), NAF Station, [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]] (1981–1982); * Jami'in Ma'aikata (Ayyuka), Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (1983–1985); * Jami'in Ma'aikata (Makamai), Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (1985–1987); * Kwamandan Babban Rumbun Makamai, [[Makurdi]] (1987–1990); * Daraktan Makamai, Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (Afrilu 1990 – 1993). ==Duba kuma== * [[Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Benuwai]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} r5yyysjsbh2kwztb3y3rjurfyehwith 890587 890586 2026-08-02T12:22:43Z BnHamid 12586 890587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Group Captain Joshua Obademi''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1951) ya kasance Mai Gudanarwa na [[Jihar Benuwai]], [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]].<ref name=wstate>{{cite web |url=[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm) |title=Nigerian States |publisher=WorldStatesmen |access-date=2010-01-03}}</ref><ref name="Quadri 2019">{{cite web | last=Quadri | first=Opeyemi | title=History Of Benue State: Past Governors From 1976 Till Date And Natural Resources | website=Actionable Info | date=2019-02-04 | url=[https://infomediang.com/benue-state-history-and-past-governors/](https://infomediang.com/benue-state-history-and-past-governors/) | access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa== An haifi Obademi a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1951 a Ikaramu da ke ƙaramar hukumar [[Akoko North-East]] ta [[Jihar Ondo]]. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Andrew's Senior Primary School da ke [[Okene]] a jihar [[Kogi]] ta yanzu a shekarar 1964, sannan ya halarci makarantar African Church Secondary Modern School da ke [[Ikare]]. Daga bisani ya shiga [[Nigerian Military School, Zaria]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1969. Ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Nigeria Defence Academy]], [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], kafin ya zama jami'in matukin jirgi a rundunar sojin saman Najeriya ([[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF)) a shekarar 1972.<ref name=bio> {{cite web |url=[http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180](http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180) |title=Group Capt. Joshua Obademi |publisher=Government of Benue State |access-date=2010-01-03 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123521/http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180](https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123521/http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=180) |archive-date=2011-07-11 |url-status=dead }} </ref> ==Ayyuka== A watan Janairun 1993, an tura shi Kamfanin Masana'antun Tsaro na Najeriya (Defence Industries Corporation), [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], a matsayin Daraktan Samar da Kayayyaki. A watan Oktoban 1993 kuma, an mayar da shi Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya da ke Lagos a matsayin Daraktan Makamai.<ref name=bio/> Janar Sani Abacha ya naɗa Obademi a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Soja na Jihar Benuwai da ke yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1993, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 14 ga Agusta, 1996.<ref name=wstate/> A lokacin mulkinsa, an samu barkewar [[rikicin addini]]. Ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa ayyukan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna barazana ga tsaro da ci gaba, sannan ya ce an samar da “ingantattun dabaru” domin dakile ƙarin rikice-rikicen addini.<ref>{{cite web |url = [http://ericwatt.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=414](http://ericwatt.org/index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=414) |title = Nigerian Military Authorities Pledge to Curb Religious Violence |publisher = Compass Direct |date = Aug 22, 1996 |access-date = 2010-01-03 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma inganta ilimin karatu da rubutu na mata a jihar a matsayin hanyar bunƙasa lafiya da ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1995/WHO_DGH_95.2.pdf](http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1995/WHO_DGH_95.2.pdf) |title=Promoting Health Through Women's Functional Literacy and Intersectoral Activity |date=24 November 1994 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2010-01-03}}</ref> ===Muƙamai=== Muƙaman da ya riƙe sun haɗa da: * Kwamandan Rundunar Makamai (Officer Commanding Armament Squadron), Central Logistics Wing, [[Lagos]] (Yuli 1976 – Maris 1978); * Kwamandan Rumbun Ajiye Makamai (Officer Commanding Armament Sub-Depot), NAF Station, [[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]] (1981–1982); * Jami'in Ma'aikata (Ayyuka), Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (1983–1985); * Jami'in Ma'aikata (Makamai), Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (1985–1987); * Kwamandan Babban Rumbun Makamai, [[Makurdi]] (1987–1990); * Daraktan Makamai, Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya (Afrilu 1990 – 1993). ==Duba kuma== * [[Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Benuwai]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] rylkq1z1zknq1l6qx0hq1x6qnyesxnf 0 162231 890784 887079 2026-08-02T21:27:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Wahab''' " '''Alade''' " '''Aminu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1987) ɗan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] . Ya buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji a Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, kafin ya buga wasa a Faransa, Turkiyya, Italiya, Isra'ila, da Lebanon. A shekarar 2015–16, shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya yi fice a gasar Firimiya ta Baseball ta Isra'ila . == Rayuwar farko da kuma aikin jami'a == Aminu ya yi karatun Sakandare a Stephenson da ke Stone Mountain, Georgia . Ya buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Georgia 's Yellow Jackets . A shekararsa ta farko a Georgia Tech, Aminu ya fito daga benci a wasanni 24, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 2.4 da kuma bugun ƙwallo 1.8 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya zura kwallaye 48.9% daga filin wasa. A shekararsa ta biyu, rawar da Aminu ya taka ta ƙaru kaɗan, inda ya buga wasanni 18, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.4 da kuma bugun ƙwallo 3.2 a kowane wasa, inda ya samu kashi 58.3% daga filin wasa (mafi kyawun kaso na harbi a lokacin da yake jami'a). A shekararsa ta ƙarshe, ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.8, bugun ƙwallo 7.9 da kuma sata 1.1 a kowane wasa, inda ya zura ƙwallo da kashi 52.2% daga filin wasa. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == === D-League (2009–2010) === Bayan an cire Aminu daga cikin ' yan wasan NBA na 2009, ya shiga Washington Wizards don gasar NBA ta bazara ta 2009. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2009, an zaɓi Aminu da ɗan wasa na 10 a gasar NBA D-League ta 2009 daga ƙungiyar Fort Wayne Mad Ants . Duk da haka, daga baya Erie BayHawks ya saye shi a cikin wata sana'a. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Aminu ya shiga gasar D-League All-Star ta 2010 . A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2010, BayHawks ta aika Aminu zuwa Bakersfield Jam a cikin wani aiki. A wasanni 9 da ya buga wa Jam, ya samu matsakaicin maki 19.3 da kuma ramuwar ramuwar 9.2 a kowane wasa. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2010, Aminu ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin kwanaki 10 da Miami Heat . Duk da haka, daga baya an yi watsi da Aminu daga Heat a ranar 7 ga Afrilu. === Élan Chalon (2010–2012) === A watan Yulin 2010, Aminu ya shiga Charlotte Bobcats da Atlanta Hawks don gasar NBA Summer League ta 2010. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2010, Aminu ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Faransa Élan Chalon don kakar wasa ta 2010–11. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2011, Aminu ya sami maki 27 mafi yawa a rayuwarsa, inda ya zura kwallaye 13 cikin 14 daga filin wasa, tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida shida a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun ASVEL Basket da ci 85-107. Aminu ya lashe gasar cin kofin Faransa ta 2011 tare da Chalon. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2011, Aminu ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da Chalon. A kakar wasa ta biyu da ya yi da ƙungiyar, Aminu ya lashe kofuna uku a jere - Kofin Shugabannin Faransa na 2012, Kofin Faransa na 2012 da kuma Kofin Zakarun Faransa na 2012 tare da Chalon. A wasanni 54 da ya buga a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.9, bugun ramuwar gayya 6.7 da kuma satar kwallo 1 a kowane wasa. === Pınar Karşıyaka (2012-2013) === A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2012, Aminu ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Pınar Karşıyaka ta Turkiyya don kakar wasa ta 2012-13. Aminu ya taimaka wa Karşıyaka wajen kaiwa ga wasan karshe na FIBA EuroChallenge na 2013, inda daga karshe suka sha kashi a hannun Krasnye Krylia . === Enel Brindisi da Banvit (2013-2014) === A watan Yulin 2013, Aminu ya shiga Toronto Raptors don gasar NBA Summer League ta 2013. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2013, Aminu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya Enel Brindisi . Duk da haka, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2013, Aminu ya rabu da Brindisi. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2014, Aminu ya koma Turkiyya a karo na biyu, inda ya koma Banvit a sauran kakar wasa. Aminu ya taimaka wa Banvit ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar Turkish League ta 2014, inda Galatasaray ta fitar da su daga gasar. === TED Ankara (2014–2015) === [[Fayil:Alade_Aminu_Eilat.JPG|thumb| Aminu a watan Satumba na 2015]] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2014, Aminu ya sanya hannu da TED Ankara don kakar wasa ta 2014-15. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Aminu ya sami maki 26 mafi yawa a kakar wasa ba tare da ya rasa ko da kwallo ɗaya ba (12 cikin 12 daga filin wasa), tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida goma sha ɗaya a rashin nasara da Eskişehir ta yi da ci 85-97. === Hapoel Eilat (2015–2016) === [[Fayil:Aminu_over_Rougeau.JPG|thumb| Aminu (hagu) tare da Hapoel Eilat a watan Satumba na 2015]] A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015, Aminu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Hapoel Eilat ta Isra'ila. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, Aminu ya samu maki 25 mafi yawa a kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye 8 cikin 13 daga filin wasa, tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida goma sha biyu, taimakawa wajen taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye biyar da kuma satar kwallo biyu a wasan da Ironi Nahariya ya sha kashi da ci 84-86. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016, Aminu ya shiga gasar All-Star ta Isra'ila ta 2016 da kuma gasar Slam Dunk a wannan taron. A wasanni 37 da ya buga wa Eilat, Aminu ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin Shugaban Gasar Cin Kofin Isra'ila ta 2016 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 10 a kowane wasa, kuma ɗan wasa na uku a cikin ƙimar inganci (22.6 a kowane wasa). Ya kuma samu matsakaicin maki 14.7, taimakawa wajen zura kwallo 1.5 da kuma toshe kwallo 1.7 a kowane wasa. Aminu ya taimaka wa Eilat ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar Isra'ila ta 2016, inda daga karshe suka sha kashi a hannun Hapoel Jerusalem . === Al Riyadh (2016–2017) === A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2016, Aminu ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lebanan Sporting Al Riyadh Beirut . A wasanni 37 da ya buga a kakar wasa ta 2016-17, ya samu matsakaicin maki 15, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 9.3, da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallo 1.5. Sata 1.3 da toshe 1.1 a kowane wasa. Aminu ya lashe gasar cin kofin Lebanon League ta 2017 tare da Al Riyadh. === Nanterre 92 (2017–2018) === A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2017, Aminu ya koma Faransa a karo na biyu, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Nanterre 92. Aminu ya taimaka wa Nanterre zuwa zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta FIBA ta 2018, inda tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa Banvit ta fitar da su daga gasar. === Hapoel Tel Aviv (2018–2019) === A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2018, Aminu ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Hapoel Tel Aviv ta Isra'ila don kakar wasa ta 2018–19. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2018, Aminu ya yi nasarar zura kwallaye 21 a kakar wasa da maki 13, inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin 13 daga filin wasa, a wasan da suka yi da Maccabi Rishon LeZion da ci 85-62. Aminu ya taimaka wa Hapoel ta kai zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin Isra'ila ta 2019, inda daga karshe Maccabi Tel Aviv ta fitar da su a zagayen kwata na biyu. === Polski Cukier Torun (2019-2020) === A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2019, ya sanya hannu tare da Polski Cukier Toruń na PLK . === Kwando na Bilbao (2020–2021) === A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2020, Aminu ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni biyu da Bilbao Basket na Liga ACB . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Bilbao signs Alade Aminu to a two-month contract |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/fiba-champions-league/1143131/bilbao-signs-alade-aminu-to-a-two-month-contract/ |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Eurohoops}}</ref> === Shahrdari Gorgan (2021) === A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Aminu ya sanya hannu da Shahrdari Gorgan na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Iran (IBSL). <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Alade Aminu (ex Bilbao) joins Gorgan |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/667373/Alade-Aminu-(ex-Bilbao)-joins-Gorgan |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Eurobasket}}</ref> A watan Afrilu, ya lashe gasar IBSL ta 2020–21 . === Atléticos de San Germán / Gigantes de Carolina (2021-2022) === A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, Aminu ya rattaba hannu da Atléticos de San Germán na Baloncesto Superior Nacional . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Alade Aminu (ex Gorgan) joins San German |url=https://www.latinbasket.com/Puerto-Rico/news/686228/Alade-Aminu-(ex-Gorgan)-joins-San-German/ |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Eurobasket}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Aminu reforzará a los Atléticos |url=https://www.guerrabsn.com/aminu-reforzara-a-los-atleticos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416223911/https://www.guerrabsn.com/aminu-reforzara-a-los-atleticos/ |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |publisher=GuerraBSN.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2022, ya rabu da ƙungiyar. <ref name="GigCar">{{Cite tweet|user=LaGuerraBSN}}</ref> Washegari, ya sanya hannu da Gigantes de Carolina . <ref name="GigCar" /> == Tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya == Aminu memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasa ta maza ta Najeriya . Ya halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 da ta 2016. A watan Agusta na 2015, Aminu ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar Najeriya wajen lashe gasar AfroBasket ta 2015 kuma ya sami lambar zinare. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifin Aminu ɗan [[Najeriya]] ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] ce. An haife shi a [[Atlanta]], kuma ya girma a kusa da Dutsen Stone, Georgia . Ɗan'uwansa, [[Al-Farouq Aminu|Al-Farouq]], ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda ya fi taka rawa a ƙungiyar Portland Trail Blazers ta [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Alade Aminu at FIBA (archive) * [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Alade-Aminu/Summary/1779 Alade Aminu] at RealGM * [https://www.tblstat.net/player/2354 Alade Aminu] at TBLStat.net * [http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Alade-Aminu-1389/ Alade Aminu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223192242/http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Alade-Aminu-1389/ |date=2016-12-23 }} at DraftExpress.com * [https://www.lnb.fr/elite/joueur/?id=159 Alade Aminu] at LNB Élite {{In lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161019080934/http://www.lnb.fr/fr/Pro-A/200006/Joueurs/A47627/Aminu-Alade?saison=2011 Alade Aminu] at LNB Pro A (archived) {{In lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160814193550/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/aminu_alade00.html Alade Aminu] at Georgia Tech (archived) * Alade Aminu at Olympedia * Alade Aminu at Olympics.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a47gscm3w0i43rjhtpzbjn5gekwc8xn 0 162262 890740 887315 2026-08-02T19:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Thandiwe Nkosi''' ƙwararriyar manaja ce a Afirka ta Kudu kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasa wacce a yanzu ita ce mataimakiyar koci a ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|SAFA Women's League]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsoelengoe |first=Tshepo |date=2021-09-03 |title=Sundowns Ladies coach admits Buffaloes gave them a tough time |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/sundowns-ladies-coach-admits-buffaloes-gave-them-a-tough-time/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Tsohuwar [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron]] baya, Nkosi ta yi ritaya daga aikinta tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies, inda ta kasance kyaftin, a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Abrahams |first=Celine |date=2021-01-05 |title=Sundowns Ladies Prepare for Continental Success |url=https://gsport.co.za/sundowns-ladies-prepare-for-continental-success/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Daga baya aka naɗa ta mataimakiyar koci ga Sundowns Ladies daga kakar wasa ta shekarar 2021. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Motshwane |first=Gomolemo |title=Coach Nkosi is loving it in the deep end |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/sport/coach-nkosi-is-loving-it-in-the-deep-end-20210911 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mothowagae |first=Daniel |title=History beckons for Sundowns Ladies team in the chase for golden ticket to Egypt |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/sport/history-beckons-for-sundowns-ladies-team-in-the-chase-for-golden-ticket-to-egypt-20210903 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Nkosi tsohuwar kyaftin ce ta ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies . <ref name=":0"/> Ta jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League ta 2015 inda ta zura kwallo a wasan ƙarshe lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Cape Town Roses a Sasolburg . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies win Sasol League |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-win-sasol-league-20151214 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326035518/https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-win-sasol-league-20151214 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan ta yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar kocin Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies . <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Agnes Nkosi shares what is next for Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/agnes-nkosi-shares-what-is-next-for-mamelodi-sundowns-ladies |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya aka naɗa ta a matsayin babbar kocin ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies U/20 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=Downs Ladies lining up next generation {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/downs-ladies-lining-up-next-generation |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar fasaha lokacin da ƙungiyar mata ta manyan 'yan mata ta Sundowns ta lashe gasar Hollywoodbets Super League a kakar wasa ta 2021, 2022, da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net |url=https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sun kuma lashe gasar zakarun mata ta COSAFA a shekarun 2021 da 2023, kuma sun zo na biyu a kakar wasa ta 2022, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Green Buffaloes daga Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsoelengoe |first=Tshepo |date=2021-09-03 |title=Sundowns Ladies coach admits Buffaloes gave them a tough time |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/sundowns-ladies-coach-admits-buffaloes-gave-them-a-tough-time/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta lashe [[CAF Women's Champions League|gasar zakarun mata ta CAF]] a karon farko a shekarar 2021, kuma ta zo ta biyu a shekarar 2022, sannan ta sake lashe gasar nahiyar a shekarar 2023, inda ta kasance cikin tawagar kwararru ta Jerry Tshabalala . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shelat |first=Neel |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns Reclaim Their Crown With A Perfect Campaign |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/neelshelat/2023/11/20/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-reclaim-their-crown-with-a-perfect-campaign/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Sport24 |title=Sundowns taste defeat in CAF Women's Champions League final: 'We lost with pride' |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/psl/sundowns-taste-defeat-in-caf-womens-champions-league-final-we-lost-with-pride-20221114 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mataimakin koci''' '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta COSAFA : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 * [[CAF Women's Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF]] : 2021, 2023 Ta zo ta biyu: 2022 '''Ɗan wasa''' '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2019-20 * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2015 <ref name=":2"/> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8fpeavbec8aidd8ujqikjl6g73reqd8 0 162316 890821 887814 2026-08-03T04:00:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andriy Mykolayovych Yarmolenko''' ( Ukrainian ; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1989) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Ukraine wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] ko kuma ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ukraine . Yarmolenko ya kasance cikakken ɗan wasa a ƙasar Ukraine tun daga shekarar 2009, inda ya zira kwallaye 47 a wasanni 126, sannan ya buga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a shekarun 2012, 2016, 2020 da 2024 . == Rayuwa ta farko == Iyayen Yarmolenko, 'yan asalin Ukrain, sun fito ne daga ƙauyen Smolianka, Kulykivka Raion, Chernihiv Oblast . Bayan aurensu, Valentyna da Mykola Yarmolenko sun ƙaura zuwa [[Saint-Petersburg|Leningrad]] inda aka haifi Andriy a shekarar 1989. <ref name="Tighe">{{Cite web |last=Tighe |first=Sam |title=Premier League-Linked Andriy Yarmolenko Is One of Europe's Underrated Players |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2550304-premier-league-linked-andriy-yarmolenko-is-one-of-europes-underrated-players |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> Yana da ƙanwarsa. Bayan shekaru uku (bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ), iyalin sun koma ƙasarsu ta asali suka zauna a birnin Chernihiv . <ref name="uaftbl-3">[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/458ab04c.html Андрей Ярмоленко: "Для академии "Динамо" был слаб" (Andriy Yarmolenko: I was too weak for Dynamo Kiev's youth academy)] interview with Lyudmila Rusanova of ''Komanda'' {{In lang|ru}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=La storia dell'infanzia di Andriy Yarmolenko, oltre a fatti di biografie indicibili |url=https://lifebogger.com/it/la-storia-dell%27infanzia-di-andriy-yarmolenko%2C-oltre-a-fatti-di-biografia-non-raccontati/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=www.lifebogger.com}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ta tuna cewa Andriy ya fara wasa da ƙwallon tun yana ɗan shekara 4-5. "A farko bai ma da ƙwallon da ta dace ba, don haka dole ne ya yi wasa da wadda ya yi da kansa. Mu talakawa ne kuma ƙwallon ƙafa ta gaske abin jin daɗi ne a wancan lokacin". <ref>{{Cite web |last=1927.kiev.ua |date=23 October 2013 |title=Хто не ходить, той і не падає |url=https://1927.kiev.ua/news/view/3426 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=1927.kiev.ua |language=uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="Він постійно з м'ячем". Батьки Андрія Ярмоленка розповіли про шлях сина до футболу |url=https://suspilne.media/175393-na-cernigivsini-policejski-sklali-21-protokol-na-pereviznikiv-za-porusenna-pravil-karantinu/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=www.suspilne.media}}</ref> Mykola Lypoviy ya lura da Yarmolenko wanda ya gayyace shi makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa (Makarantar Wasannin Matasa "Yunist" da ke Chernihiv) kuma ya zama kocinsa na farko. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Yarmolenko ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Wasannin Matasa ta Chernihiv "Yunist". Ya shiga Dynamo Kyiv Youth Academy yana da shekaru 13. Duk da haka, ya koma Chernihiv bayan shekara guda da ya kasa cika buƙatun motsa jiki a horo. <ref name="uaftbl-3" /> Kafin ya koma Dynamo Kyiv a 2007, ya buga wa Yunist Chernihiv, Desna Chernihiv, Lokomotyv Kyiv, Vidradnyi Kyiv da kuma Yunist Chernihiv. === Desna Chernihiv === A lokacin bazara na 2006, daga Yunist Chernihiv, ya koma Desna Chernihiv, babban kulob a Chernihiv, a ƙarƙashin kocin Oleksandr Tomakh . A nan ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006–07 a gasar Ukrainian First League, inda ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andriy Yarmolenko |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/oekr07.html |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[rsssf]].com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andriy Yarmolenko at FC Desna Chernihiv |url=https://www.desna.football/vihovanets-chernigivskogo-futbolu-v-dortmundskij-borusiyi/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=www.desna.football}}</ref> === Dynamo Kyiv === [[Fayil:Андрій_Ярмоленко.jpg|left|thumb|238x238px| Yarmolenko yana bugawa Dynamo Kyiv wasa a shekarar 2009]] A shekara ta 2007, Yarmolenko ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Dynamo Kyiv na Ukraine, inda ya koma kungiyar ta biyu, Dynamo-2, wacce ke buga wasa a ƙananan lig, na tsawon shekaru biyu. 'Yan jarida sun yaba wa matashin mai hazaka a matsayin "sabon Andriy Shevchenko ", waɗanda suka lura da halayensa na kyawawan jiki, harbi da kuma musamman gudunsa. Mataimakin shugaban Dynamo na wancan lokacin, Yozhef Sabo, shi ma ya yaba wa matashin, yana mai cewa, "Yarmolenko yana da dukkan abubuwan da zai iya yi don zama ɗan wasa mai kyau." <ref name="uaftbl-1">[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/4587b2c9.html Андрей Ярмоленко перешел в "Динамо" (Andriy Yarmolenko moved to "Dynamo")] article on ua-football.com {{In lang|ru}}</ref> <ref name="uaftbl-2">[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/4587b2c9.html Уже не "Шева", а "Блохин" (Now not "Sheva", but "Blokhin")] article on ua-football.com {{In lang|ru}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2008, Yarmolenko ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar farko ta Dynamo wasa a wasan da suka buga da Vorskla Poltava a waje kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ta ba su nasara a wasan da suka yi da Kyiv da ci 2-1. <ref name="uaftbl-4">[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/4827e464.html Андрей Ярмоленко: "Мне просто повезло" (Andriy Yarmolenko: I was lucky)] interview with Dynamo's website {{In lang|ru}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye 7 a wasanni 21 a kakarsa ta farko, sannan ya zura kwallaye 11 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu. Yanzu ana amfani da shi akai-akai a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na hagu ko tsakiya. A wani wasa da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2015, Yarmolenko ya yi wani ƙalubale mai haɗari wanda ya kusan karya ƙafar ɗan wasan Shakhtar Donetsk Taras Stepanenko . Bayan wasan, 'yan wasan biyu sun yi sulhu bayan wasan kuma suka yi musayar riguna, amma daga baya Yarmolenko ya jefa rigar Stepanenko a ƙasa yayin da yake gode wa magoya bayan Dynamo. A wasan Shakhtar da Dynamo Derby a watan Afrilun 2016, bayan da Stepanenko ya ci 3-0, ya taka wa magoya bayan Dynamo birki yana sumbatar lambar yabo ta Shakhtar. A cikin faɗan da ya yi tsanani, Yarmolenko ya buge Stepanenko ƙasa. === Borussia Dortmund === A ranar 28 ga Agusta 2017, Yarmolenko ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Borussia Dortmund . A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2017, ya fara buga wa Dortmund wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti 79 da fara wasansu da Freiburg. <ref>{{Cite web |last=September 2017 |first=FourFourTwo Staff 15 |date=15 September 2017 |title=Yarmolenko's Champions League cracker just the beginning, says Dortmund's Zorc |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/yarmolenkos-champions-league-cracker-just-beginning-says-dortmunds-zorc |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa Dortmund wasa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Dortmund ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1. === West Ham United === [[Fayil:Hertha_BSC_vs._West_Ham_United_20190731_(168).jpg|thumb| Yarmolenko tare da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a shekarar 2019]] A ranar 11 ga Yulin 2018, Yarmolenko ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] [[West Ham United FC|na West Ham United]] kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2018 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko: West Ham sign Ukraine winger from Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44793242 |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a wasan da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ta doke su da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2018 |title=Salah, Mane & Sturridge on target as Liverpool beat West Ham 4–0 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45073328 |access-date=13 August 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Da ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 16 ga Satumba, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke [[Everton FC|Everton]] da ci 3-1 a waje, wanda shi ne nasarar farko da kungiyar ta samu a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Everton 1-3 West Ham: Hammers end losing start to season |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45462681 |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Yarmolenko ya ji rauni a wasansa na Achilles a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2018 a wasan da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] ta doke su da ci 1-0, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2018 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko: West Ham winger suffers Achilles tear in Tottenham defeat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45939474 |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Yarmolenko ya koma cikin tawagar farko ta ƙungiyar a farkon kakar wasa ta 2019-20 . A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2019, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko tun bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, inda ya ninka yawan kwallayen da West Ham ta ci da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=West Ham United boss Manuel Pellegrini says striker Sebastien Haller is a "complete player" after he scored a third goal in two games during their win against Norwich City. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49456558 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo a wasan da West Ham za ta buga a gida na gaba a gasar Premier, inda ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2019 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko and Aaron Cresswell struck as West Ham extended Manchester United's winless Premier League away run to seven matches |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/sep/22/west-ham-manchester-united-premier-league-live |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2019 ya ji rauni a tsokar sa ta adductor kuma har yanzu bai dawo wasa ba lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] a watan Maris na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilmot |first=Lee |date=10 June 2020 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko's agent pours cold water on talk of West ham transfer |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/transfer-news/andriy-yarmolenkos-agent-responds-west-18393965 |website=footballlondon}}</ref> Ya koma atisaye a watan Mayu na 2020 kuma a ranar 1 ga Yuli na 2020, a karo na biyu da ya buga tun 2019, ya zura kwallon da ta ba [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] nasara a wasan da suka tashi 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title=West Ham Boosted by Returns to Training for Andriy Yarmolenko & Jack Wilshere |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/west-ham-boosted-by-returns-to-training-for-andriy-yarmolenko-jack-wilshere-01e8vpkm851b |website=90min.com |access-date=26 July 2026 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905101731/https://www.90min.com/posts/west-ham-boosted-by-returns-to-training-for-andriy-yarmolenko-jack-wilshere-01e8vpkm851b |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=West Ham United 3-2 Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52080261 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2021, Yarmolenko ya zura kwallo a ragar Rapid Wien a filin wasa na Allianz kuma ya ba da bugun fenariti a wasan da West Ham ta ci 2-0 a waje a matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Southby |first=Ben |date=25 November 2021 |title=Rapid Wien 0-2 West Ham: Andriy Yarmolenko and Mark Noble send hammers through to knockouts as group winners |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/europa-league/2021-2022/rapid-vienna-v-west-ham-follow-live_sto8641081/story.shtml |access-date=13 March 2022 |publisher=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> Bayan mamayar da Rasha ta kai wa Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 2022, kocinta David Moyes ya ba Yarmolenko hutu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Yarmolenko given time off by West Ham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60520646 |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya dawo a ranar 13 ga Maris, inda ya maye gurbin [[Michail Antonio]] wanda ya ji rauni sannan ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] da ci 2-1. Kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, Yarmolenko ya ci wa West Ham kwallo mai kyau a wasan da suka yi da [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] a gasar Europa League zagaye na 16, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 2-1, wanda hakan ya bai wa West Ham damar shiga zagayen kwata fainal na Turai a karon farko tun 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=West Ham United 2–0 Sevilla |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60771093 |access-date=18 March 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2022, West Ham ta sanar da cewa za a bar Yarmolenko ya tafi a ƙarshen kwangilarsa ta yanzu a watan Yunin 2022. === Al-Ain === A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2022, Yarmolenko ya sanya hannu a kulob din Al-Ain na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kan kwantiragin shekara guda. === Komawa zuwa Dynamo Kyiv === A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2023, Yarmolenko ya koma Dynamo Kyiv, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref name="СПОРТ.UA 2023 h020">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=ОФІЦІЙНО. Андрій Ярмоленко повернувся в Динамо Київ |url=https://sport.ua/uk/news/631773-ofitsiyno-andriy-yarmolenko-povernuvsya-v-dinamo-kiiv |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=СПОРТ.UA |language=uk}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2025, Dynamo ta sanar da cewa ta tsawaita kwangilarta da Yarmolenko na wani kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Андрій Ярмоленко продовжив контракт з «Динамо» |url=https://fcdynamo.com/news/andrij-yarmolenko-prodovzhiv-kontrakt-z-dinamo |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=fcdynamo.com |publisher=FC Dynamo Kyiv |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2026, Yarmolenko ya sake sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na shekara guda da Dynamo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=Андрій Ярмоленко продовжив контракт із «Динамо» |trans-title=Andriy Yarmolenko extended his contract with Dynamo |url=https://fcdynamo.com/news/andrij-yarmolenko-prodovzhiv-kontrakt-z-dinamo-2 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=FC Dynamo Kyiv |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Andriy_Yarmolenko_-_Martin_Olsson_20120611.jpg|thumb|225x225px| Yarmolenko yana bugawa Ukraine wasa a gasar UEFA Euro 2012]] A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 2007, Yarmolenko ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Ukraine a wasan baje kolin da suka yi da Japan, inda suka yi nasara da ci 1-0. Ya kuma shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta UEFA ta shekarar 2008 . Bayan kammala wasan share fage a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2008, an gayyaci Yarmolenko zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 da za ta buga da Netherlands . Daga baya ya shiga gasar neman cancanta da kuma wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta UEFA ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 ta shekarar 2011 . A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2009, a wasan neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010 da Andorra, Yarmolenko ya fara buga wa Ukraine wasa a matakin 'yan wasa na farko kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka ci 5-0. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2011, a wani wasan sada zumunta na kasa da kasa da Uruguay a [[Kharkiv]], Yarmolenko ya kafa tarihi a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta hanyar zura kwallaye dakika 14 a wasan, wanda shine lokaci mafi sauri da dan wasan kasar Ukraine ya zura kwallo a raga. Yarmolenko ya zura kwallaye uku a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2014, inda ya zura dukkan kwallayen da Ukraine ta ci a wasan da suka doke Luxembourg da ci 3-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2016. A watan Nuwamba na 2015, Yarmolenko ya zura kwallaye a duka bangarorin biyu na nasarar da Ukraine ta samu a kan Slovenia da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta cancanci shiga zagayen karshe na gasar Euro 2016. Daga baya an saka Yarmolenko a cikin tawagar Ukraine don gasar Euro 2016, inda ya buga dukkan wasanni uku yayin da Ukraine ta kasa cin kwallo kuma ta kare a matsayi na karshe a rukunin . Yarmolenko ya zura kwallo a ragar Netherlands a filin wasa na Johan Cruyff da ke [[Amsterdam]] da kuma a kan Arewacin Macedonia a filin wasa na Arena Națională da ke [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] don gasar UEFA Euro 2020 kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Ukraine 2-1 North Macedonia: Round of 16 in Ukraine's sights |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/match/2024444--ukraine-vs-north-macedonia/postmatch/report/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine 2 - 1 North Macedonia |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/match/2024444/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317164431/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/match/2024444/ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2021, Yarmolenko ya buga wa Ukraine wasa na 100, a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 da Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan 2 - 2 Ukraine |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2030837/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Round-Up: Yarmolenko earns 100th Ukraine cap |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2021/september/01-september/international-round-yarmolenko-earns-100th-ukraine-cap |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=www.whufc.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрій Ярмоленко — четвертий футболіст, що зіграв за збірну Україну 100 матчів |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/09/02/%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%96%d0%b9-%d1%8f%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%ba%d0%be-%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d1%84%d1%83%d1%82%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%96%d1%81/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814073601/http://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/09/02/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2021 ya zura kwallo a ragar Bosnia da Herzegovina a Arena Lviv da ke [[Lviv]] kuma an zaɓe shi ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрій Ярмоленко вдруге поспіль "Лев матчу" |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/10/13/%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%96%d0%b9-%d1%8f%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%ba%d0%be-%d0%b2%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bf%d1%96%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b2/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126075928/http://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/10/13/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2022, Yarmolenko ya yi nasarar cin bugun daga [[Gareth Bale|kai]] sai mai tsaron gida, Heorhiy Bushchan, wanda hakan ya bai wa Wales damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko tun 1958. Da farko an ba shi kwallo a matsayin kwallo da kansa, daga baya aka ba shi ga Bale a ƙarshen watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Gareth Bale awarded goal that sent Wales to World Cup following review |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2022-06-29/gareth-bale-awarded-goal-that-sent-wales-to-world-cup-following-review |website=ITV News}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2024, an kira Yarmolenko don wakiltar Ukraine a gasar UEFA Euro 2024. == Aikin koyarwa == A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2024, Yarmolenko ya sami lasisin horarwa na UEFA "A" ta hanyar kammala kwasa-kwasan horarwa cikin nasara a Kyiv, Ukraine. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yarmolenko yana da 'ya'ya maza uku tare da matarsa Inna. <ref>{{Cite web |last=autty |date=3 March 2022 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko has flown to rescue his family from the Ukraine border, reveals Andriy Shevchenko |url=http://m.allfootballapp.com/news/Headline/Andriy-Yarmolenko-has-flown-to-rescue-his-family-from-the-Ukrainian-border-reveals-Andriy-Shevchenko/2783525 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Dmitry Adehiro ya yi zane mai siffar Yarmolenko, a lokacin sake gina ginin Makarantar Wasannin Matasa ta Yunost, kusa da Filin Wasan Yunist da ke Chernihiv. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Андрей Ярмоленко |url=http://ecity.cn.ua/news/16722-mural-s-andreem-yarmolenko-v-chernigove-poyavitsya-na-fasade-detskoy-sportivnoy-shkoly-yunost-foto-video.html |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=www.ecity.cn.ua}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Мурал із зображенням Андрія Ярмоленка з'явиться на фасаді дитячої спортивної школи "Юність" у Чернігові |url=https://nizhyn.in.ua/mural-iz-zobrazhennyam-andriya-yarmolenka-zyavitsya-na-fasadi-dityacho%D1%97-sportivno%D1%97-shkoli-yunist-u-chernigovi-foto.html |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=www.nizhyn.in.ua |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134730/https://nizhyn.in.ua/mural-iz-zobrazhennyam-andriya-yarmolenka-zyavitsya-na-fasadi-dityacho%D1%97-sportivno%D1%97-shkoli-yunist-u-chernigovi-foto.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=У Чернігові створюють музей з експозицією про футболіста Андрія Ярмоленка |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/3129302-u-cernigovi-stvoruut-muzej-z-ekspozicieu-pro-futbolista-andria-armolenka.html |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=www.ukrinform.ua}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2021, tare da [[Igor Cheredinov]] (mai horar da Olena Kostevych ), an zabe shi ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Chernihiv . A watan Nuwamba na 2021, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin Andriy Yarmolenko a birnin Chernihiv a filin wasa na Yunist . <ref>{{Cite web |title=У Чернігові відбулися змагання на Кубок Андрія Ярмоленка |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/12/01/%d1%83-%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%96%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%96-%d0%b2%d1%96%d0%b4%d0%b1%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%8f-%d0%b7%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%b1/ |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202144125/https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2021/12/01/%D1%83-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96-%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022, Yarmolenko ya bai wa Rundunar Sojin Ukraine £75,000 domin taimakawa wajen kare kasar bayan mamayar Rasha. Ya kuma tashi zuwa kan iyakar Ukraine don ceto matarsa da ɗansa bayan sun tsere daga ƙasar bayan mamayar, a cewar tsohon ɗan wasan Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko . Magajin garin Chernihiv Vladyslav Atroshenko da gwamnan Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus sun gode wa Yarmolenko da kansu saboda kokarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Владислав Атрошенко подякував Андрію Ярмоленку за допомогу Чернігову |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/03/18/vladyslav-atroshenko-podyakuvav-andriyu-yarmolenku-za-dopomogu-chernigovu/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082004/https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/03/18/vladyslav-atroshenko-podyakuvav-andriyu-yarmolenku-za-dopomogu-chernigovu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Голова Чернігівської обласної військової адміністрації: Дякую Андрію Ярмоленку за "ніштяки" для розвідників |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/03/14/golova-chernigivskoyi-oblasnoyi-vijskovoyi-administracziyi-dyakuyu-andriyu-yarmolenku-za-nishtyaky-dlya-rozvidnykiv/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411113434/https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/03/14/golova-chernigivskoyi-oblasnoyi-vijskovoyi-administracziyi-dyakuyu-andriyu-yarmolenku-za-nishtyaky-dlya-rozvidnykiv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yarmolenko ya taimaka wajen ceto iyayen matar Roman Yaremchuk . Dan wasan gaba na tawagar ƙasar Ukraine da Benfica, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa Olympiacos (Girka), Roman Yaremchuk ya bayyana yadda aka fitar da iyayen matarsa daga Chernihiv tare da taimakon Andriy Yarmolenko. "Na juya ga Andriy Yarmolenko, da na san cewa daga Chernihiv yake, na ce, " ''Ku taimake ni gwargwadon iyawarku, na gode'' ." "Tabbas, Andriy ya amsa buƙatata kuma bayan kwana biyu aka tafi da su. Yanayin ya yi tsauri sosai," in ji Yaremchuk. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ярмоленко посприяв порятунку батьків дружини Яремчука |url=https://football24.ua/yarmolenko_pospriyav_poryatunku_batkiv_druzhini_yaremchuka_n720386/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.football24.ua}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Роман Яремчук: "Ярмоленко допоміг вивезти батьків дружини з Чернігова" |url=https://ua.tribuna.com/football/1108603039-roman-yaremchuk-yarmolenko-dopomig-vivezti-batkiv-druzhini-z-chernigov/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.ua.tribuna.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ярмоленко допоміг врятувати батьків дружини Яремчука |url=https://champion.com.ua/football/2022/04/29/900748/yarmolenko-dopomih-vryatuvaty-batkiv-druzhyny-yaremchuka |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.champion.com.ua}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, bayan ya zura wa West Ham kwallo a kan [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] ta Spain a gasar Europa League don tabbatar da cewa kulob din ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar, Yarmolenko ya bai wa wani mai goyon baya rigar West Ham da ke dauke da tutar Ukraine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Andriy Yarmolenko gave West Ham shirt to fan holding Ukraine flagв |url=https://talksport.com/football/1066535/andriy-yarmolenko-west-ham-ukraine-europa-league-declan-rice-mark-noble-tears/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.talksport.com}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2022, Yarmolenko ya gabatar da motar asibiti zuwa garinsu Chernihiv, inda ya aika da ita kai tsaye daga Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Андрій Ярмоленко подарував рідному місту реанімобіль |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/05/04/andrij-yarmolenko-podaruvav-ridnomu-mistu-reanimobil/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411124005/https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/05/04/andrij-yarmolenko-podaruvav-ridnomu-mistu-reanimobil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=Ярмоленко придбав машину швидкої для Чернігова |url=https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/04/30/yarmolenko-prydbav-mashynu-shvydkoyi-dlya-chernigova/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.chesport.cn.ua |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408095119/https://www.chesport.cn.ua/2022/04/30/yarmolenko-prydbav-mashynu-shvydkoyi-dlya-chernigova/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 23 July 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|andriy-yarmolenko/53039}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Ukrainian Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[FA Cup]], [[UAE President's Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]], [[UAE League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Desna Chernihiv |2006–07 |Ukrainian First League |9 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Dynamo-2 Kyiv |2006–07 | rowspan="2" |Ukrainian First League |15 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |4 |- |2007–08 |22 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !37 !9 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !37 !9 |- | rowspan="12" |Dynamo Kyiv |2007–08 |Vyshcha Liha |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |- |2008–09 | rowspan="10" |Ukrainian Premier League |10 |0 |3 |5 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Ukrainian Super Cup]]|name=USC}} |0 |14 |5 |- |2009–10 |28 |7 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}} |0 |1{{Efn|name=USC}} |0 |37 |7 |- |2010–11 |26 |11 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |16{{Efn|Four appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, twelve appearances and three goals in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |4 | colspan="2" |— |47 |16 |- |2011–12 |28 |12 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— |10{{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |0 |1{{Efn|name=USC}} |0 |40 |13 |- |2012–13 |27 |11 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12{{Efn|Ten appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |2 | colspan="2" |— |40 |13 |- |2013–14 |26 |12 |4 |4 | colspan="2" |— |9{{Efn|name=UEL}} |5 | colspan="2" |— |39 |21 |- |2014–15 |26 |14 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |11{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League|name=UEL}} |4 |1{{Efn|name=USC}} |0 |43 |19 |- |2015–16 |23 |13 |3 |4 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|name=UCL}} |2 |1{{Efn|name=USC}} |0 |34 |19 |- |2016–17 |28 |15 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |— |5{{Efn|name=UCL}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |36 |19 |- |2017–18 |5 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |1 |1{{Efn|name=USC}} |0 |10 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !228 !99 !27 !19 ! colspan="2" |— !80 !19 !6 !0 !341 !137 |- |Borussia Dortmund |2017–18 |Bundesliga |18 |3 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|name=UCL}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |26 |6 |- | rowspan="5" |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |2018–19 | rowspan="4" |[[Premier League]] |9 |2 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |- |2019–20 |23 |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |5 |- |2020–21 |15 |0 |3 |1 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |3 |- |2021–22 |19 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |8{{Efn|name=UEL}} |2 | colspan="2" |— |32 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !8 !5 !1 !7 !2 !8 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !86 !13 |- |Al Ain |2022–23 |UAE Pro League |23 |11 |5 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UAE Super Cup]]}} |0 |33 |12 |- | rowspan="5" |Dynamo Kyiv |2023–24 | rowspan="4" |Ukrainian Premier League |17 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |20 |8 |- |2024–25 |21 |7 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |9{{Efn|Six appearances and two goals in UEFA Champions League, three appearances and two goals in UEFA Europa League}} |4 | colspan="2" |— |33 |12 |- |2025–26 |22 |9 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— |9{{Efn|Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League, four appearances and one goal in UEFA Conference League}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |35 |12 |- |2026–27 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|name=UEL}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !24 !8 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !22 !5 ! colspan="2" |— !90 !32 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !439 !157 !46 !24 !11 !3 !116 !27 !7 !0 !623 !213 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 31 May 2026}}<ref name=NFT>{{NFT|33151|name=Yarmolenko, Andriy |access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="18" | Ukraine | 2009 | 6 | 2 |- | 2010 | 2 | 1 |- | 2011 | 9 | 3 |- | 2012 | 10 | 2 |- | 2013 | 11 | 6 |- | 2014 | 8 | 4 |- | 2015 | 9 | 4 |- | 2016 | 12 | 7 |- | 2017 | 8 | 4 |- | 2018 | 5 | 3 |- | 2019 | 6 | 1 |- | 2020 | 6 | 1 |- | 2021 | 14 | 6 |- | 2022 | 6 | 1 |- | 2023 | 4 | 1 |- | 2024 | 8 | 0 |- | 2025 | 1 | 0 |- | 2026 | 1 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 126 ! 47 |} == Daraja == '''Dynamo Kyiv''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine : 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16 2024–25 * Kofin Ukraine : 2013–14, 2014–15, 2025–26 * Kofin Super na Ukraine : 2009, 2011, 2016 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan matasa na Ukraine: 2010, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=Лучший молодой футболист Украины: от Реброва до Коваленко |url=https://dynamo.kiev.ua/news/245864-luchshij-molodoj-futbolist-ukrainyi-ot-rebrova-do-kovalenko |website=dynamo.kiev.ua}}</ref> * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Shekara na Gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine : 2011, <ref>{{Cite web |last=источники |first=Внешние |date=31 December 2011 |title=Андрей Ярмоленко - лучший в 2011 году |url=https://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/high/1325283083-andrey-yarmolenko-luchshiy-v-2011-godu.html |website=www.ua-football.com}}</ref> 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title="Команда": Ярмоленко - лучший игрок УПЛ |url=https://football24.ua/ru/komanda_jarmolenko__luchshij_igrok_upl_n237978/ |website=Футбол 24}}</ref> * Ɗan Wasan Kwallo na Shekara na Ukraine : 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Срок предоставления хостинга для ukrfootball.ua истек |url=http://ukrfootball.ua/news/kozhnomu-grandu-po-nagorodi |website=ukrfootball.ua}}</ref> 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=Срок предоставления хостинга для ukrfootball.ua истек |url=http://www.ukrfootball.ua/news/yarmolenko-boyko-adriano-rebrov-vacko-peremozhci-referendumu-ukrayinskogo-futbolu |website=www.ukrfootball.ua}}</ref> 2015, 2017{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} * Ɗan Wasan Shekara na Gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine : 2014–15, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2015 |title=Визначено лауреатів сезону 2014/2015 в УПЛ - Офіційний сайт Федерації футболу України |url=http://www.ffu.org.ua/ukr/tournaments/premier_liga/14069/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005045725/http://www.ffu.org.ua/ukr/tournaments/premier_liga/14069/ |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> 2015–16, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Визначено лауреатів сезону 2015/16! |url=https://upl.ua/ua/news/view/310 |website=upl.ua}}</ref> 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=П'ять номінацій + «33 найкращих |url=https://upl.ua/ua/news/view/982 |website=upl.ua}}</ref> * Wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine : 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ліга Парі-Матч (2016/17) |url=https://www.upl.ua/ua/tournaments/championship/3/attackers |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.upl.ua}}</ref> * Taurarin Kwallon Kafa na Ukraine – Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan UPL: 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Футбольные звезды Украины-2016 на телеканале Футбол 1 |url=https://footballua.tv/news/35569-futbolyni-zirki-ukrajini-2016-na-telekanali-futbol-1-1 |website=Телеканал Футбол}}</ref> * Babban mai bayar da taimako na UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics — Tournament phase — Player statistics — Assists |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2015/statistics/round=2000587/players/type=assists/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112201906/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2015/statistics/round=2000587/players/type=assists/index.html |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na maza da suka buga wa ƙasa da ƙasa wasanni 100 ko fiye. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://fcdynamo.com/en/players/yarmolenko-andriy Andriy Yarmolenko] a FC Dynamo Kyiv * [https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/jun/06/euro-2012-ukraine-andriy-yarmolenko Yuro 2012: Bayanin Ukraine – Andriy Yarmolenko] a [[The Guardian|Jaridar Guardian]] * Andriy Yarmolenko * Andriy Yarmolenko * Andriy Yarmolenko * Andriy Yarmolenko * Andriy Yarmolenko (an adana shi) * {{NFT player}} * Andriy Yarmolenko * {{Soccerway}} * Andriy Yarmolenko [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == a9j5o00efzo0qa5g6d3jvg6godvar4j 0 162326 890828 887848 2026-08-03T04:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anji Play''' ( Chinese [[Cheng Xueqin|Xueqin]], Darakta a Ofishin Ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=安吉县人民政府 安吉骄傲候选人物——程学琴：带领"安吉游戏"走向国际 |url=http://www.anji.gov.cn/default.php?mod=article&do=detail&tid=55301 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=anji.gov.cn |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084312/http://www.anji.gov.cn/default.php?mod=article&do=detail&tid=55301 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, [[:zh:教育局|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta]] Gundumar Anji, Lardin Zhejiang, ne ya tsara manhajar karatu ta yara tun suna ƙanana . Muhimman abubuwan da suka haɗa Anji Play sune tsarin koyarwarsa, muhallin da ya shafi wurin, kayan aiki na musamman da kuma fasahar da aka haɗa. Manufar shirin ita ce yadda yaran da ke shiga [[Ƙaddamar da kai|za]] su zaɓi abin da za su yi wasa da shi, inda za su yi wasa da shi, da kuma rawar da malamin zai taka a matsayin mai lura, musamman a lokutan da ake fuskantar haɗarin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Politics of True Play with Cheng Xueqin (Learning at the Library) |url=https://vialogues.com/vialogues/play/20933/ |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=vialogues.com |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512040628/https://vialogues.com/vialogues/play/20933/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anji Play manhaja ce ta cikakken lokaci ta dukkan makarantun yara na gwamnati a gundumar Anji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=中国学前教育研究会 |url=http://www.cnsece.com/KindTemPlate/MsgDetail/33680}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Asali === A shekarar 1989, kasar Sin ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|kan 'yancin yara]] . Mataki na 31 ya amince da "haƙƙin yaro na hutawa da nishaɗi, shiga cikin wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi da suka dace da shekarun yaron da kuma shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu da fasaha cikin 'yanci." <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=A summary of the rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213074327/http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-13 |access-date=2016-06-09 |publisher=unicef.org}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta fitar da "Ma'aunin Ilimi na Yara Masu Karatu." Yana ɗaukar wasan yara a makarantar yara a matsayin "aikin tushe da za a haɗa a cikin kowane nau'in ayyukan ilimi" - watau wasa dole ne a cikin ilimi. Tun daga shekarar 2001, Anji Play an ƙirƙiro shi gaba ɗaya ba tare da tasirin falsafar ilimi ta Yamma ba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=人民日报海外版-人民网 |url=http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2015-06/24/content_1580135.htm |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=people.com.cn}}</ref> kodayake ƙa'idodin shirin da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka shi sun yi kama da Montessori <ref>{{Cite web |last=coffino |first=jesse |date=21 March 2016 |title=The 21st Century Maria Montessori is Changing China, We Should All Be Paying Attention |url=https://medium.com/@AnjiPlay/the-21st-century-maria-montessori-is-changing-china-we-should-all-be-paying-attention-461acf0e8bfb#.jytdvmsqq |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=medium.com}}</ref> <ref name="PENN">{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Program Director Encourages Early Childhood Play |url=https://www.gse.upenn.edu/news/program-director-encourages-early-childhood-play |access-date=June 19, 2016 |website=www.gse.upenn.edu |publisher=Penn Graduate School of Education |quote=(Penn GSE Senior Fellow Frances Rust) Rust found many similarities to the Montessori method she was trained in. Rust’s panel outlined the ways children learn through play. She arrived with a presentation focused on images from American schools, but was delighted to adopt examples from her observations in Anji.}}</ref> da Froebel . Duk da cewa ci gaban Anji Play ya fuskanci turjiya daga iyaye, an aiwatar da wani shirin wayar da kan iyaye don koyar da muhimmancin wasa a fannin ilimi. === Faɗaɗa === A yau, Anji Play an amince da ita a duniya a matsayin manhajar karatu ta yara ƙanana <ref name="PENN"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title="安吉游戏"：缘何风靡欧美-光明日报-光明网 |url=http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2014-12/23/nw.D110000gmrb_20141223_3-05.htm |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=gmw.cn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Julie Nicholson (organizer) |title=Learn About AnjiPlay |url=https://www.eventbrite.com/e/learn-about-anjiplay-tickets-19969110146 |access-date=June 19, 2016 |website=www.eventbrite.com |publisher=Eventbrite |quote=Mills College School of Education, Center for Play Research and WestEd's Center for Child and Family Studies invite you to learn about Anji Play! (And earn 3 hours of professional growth hours by attending. Certificates will be available same day).}}</ref> da ake amfani da ita a makarantun yara ƙanana 130 a gundumar Anji, China. Ya faɗaɗa a duk faɗin duniya kuma ana daidaita shi a Amurka tun daga Cibiyar Koyar da Yara ta Ɗaya a Madison, Wisconsin <ref>{{Cite web |title=One City » It's Official! |url=http://www.onecityearlylearning.org/its-official/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813024056/http://www.onecityearlylearning.org/its-official/ |archive-date=August 13, 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=onecityearlylearning.org}}</ref> da kuma Laburaren Jama'a na Madison. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makers |first=Library |date=15 June 2016 |title=library makers: Let the Wild Rumpus Start! |url=http://librarymakers.blogspot.com/2016/06/let-wild-rumpus-start.html |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=librarymakers.blogspot.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Wild Rumpus [in the park!] Alicia Ashman Library 06/21/2016 2:00 pm - 4:00 pm |url=http://www.madisonpubliclibrary.org/events/wild-rumpus-park-54707 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612014239/http://www.madisonpubliclibrary.org/events/wild-rumpus-park-54707 |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2016 |website=www.madisonpubliclibrary.org |publisher=Madison Public Library |quote=The library will provide special Anji Play equipment to inspire your children's imagination.}}</ref> == Falsafa == A cikin tsarin Anji Play na yanzu, yara suna da akalla sa'o'i biyu na wasa kyauta kowace rana. Ana yin wasannin a waje ba tare da tsari mai yawa ba, kuma ana samar da kayan aiki masu sauƙi da aka yi da kayan halitta (misali, igiyoyi, tsani mai sauƙi na bamboo, tukwane na yumbu) a matsayin kayan wasa, maimakon abubuwan da ake sayarwa da tallatawa a matsayin kayan wasa. A lokacin wasa, malamai suna lura, suna rubutawa, kuma suna aiki a matsayin mahalarta a lokaci guda. Anji Play ya ƙunshi kayan aiki masu sauƙi da aka yi da kayan halitta kamar tukwane na yumbu, igiyoyi, tsani mai sauƙi na bamboo da sauran abubuwan yau da kullun kamar ganga da tayoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anji Play China - Cas Holman |url=http://casholman.com/anji-play-china-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814171216/http://casholman.com/anji-play-china-2/ |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=casholman.com}}</ref> Yara a cikin yanayin Anji Play suna mu'amala da waɗannan abubuwa don ƙirƙirar nasu filin wasa suna gudanar da su bisa ga ƙa'idodinsu. A zahiri ta hanyar Anji Play, yara suna haɗa kai wajen haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa da motsa jiki domin yin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=专题：什么是安吉游戏？中美专家的对话 |url=http://jiaoyan.jxedu.gov.cn/jxedu/jxeduRoot/jxjy/xkjy/xqjy/2015/09/20150924025947846.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806062800/http://jiaoyan.jxedu.gov.cn/jxedu/jxeduRoot/jxjy/xkjy/xqjy/2015/09/20150924025947846.html |archive-date=2016-08-06 |access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref> Ana shawartar manya da malamai da kada su shiga tsakani su kuma yi umarni, amma su kiyaye. Daga hangen nesa na waje, ana koya wa malamai su amince da yaran kuma su fahimci yadda yara ke tafiyar da rikici da haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=浙江日报 |url=http://zjrb.zjol.com.cn/html/2014-11/07/content_2821107.htm?div=-1}}</ref> Wannan salon wasan kwaikwayo mara koyarwa ya bayyana kalmar '"Wasan Gaskiya"'. Anji Play ya bayyana falsafar True Play a cikin rukunoni da dama <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philosophy |url=http://www.anjiplay.com/philosophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005953/http://www.anjiplay.com/philosophy |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=anjiplay.com}}</ref> (wanda aka raba tsakanin "Hakkokin Yara" da "Nauyin Malami/Babba"): * Wasan da Ya Ƙuduri Kai * Lokaci da Sarari * Tunani * Bayyanawa * Kayan Aiki * Muhalli == Duba kuma == * [[Hanyar Reggio Emilia]] == Manazarta == jos99z4im3be67tv12b4bbr74rti6kw 0 162470 890896 889019 2026-08-03T10:47:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bakri Wahab''' ɗan siyasan Indonesia ne, na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indonesia (PKI). Bakri Wahab ya kasance magajin garin Salatiga 1961-1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=¤¤¤ Kota Salatiga (0298) &#124; Beknopte informatie over Salatiga Midden Java Indonesia - Info Salatiga ¤¤¤ |url=http://www.salatiga.nl/info/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724164653/http://www.salatiga.nl/info/ |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Daga asalin Pekalongan, Wahab ya zama Magajin garin Salatiga a 1961, ya maye gurbin Soewandi Martosoewojo . Ya kasance memba na PKI. <ref name="BW">{{Cite web |last=Setiawan |first=Andri |title=Peristiwa G30S di Kota Salatiga |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/peristiwa-g30s-di-kota-salatiga-DEaNx/page/3 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=historia.id |publisher=Historia |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219080157/https://historia.id/politik/articles/peristiwa-g30s-di-kota-salatiga-DEaNx/page/3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan abin da ya faru na 30 ga Satumba, an kama Wahab a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1965, kuma ba a san makomarsa ba.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen da suka ɓace ta hanyar ban mamaki: 1910-1990 == Manazarta == 3mlqe0g8cla7faxhree9ijo7qqmoc2f 3 162553 890743 889538 2026-08-02T19:38:57Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Barka da zuwa! */ 890743 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Baffa ali! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake yin gyara cikin ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ms44mbr1t2vrjbsbmbjvxv07kf5sv5w 0 162652 890924 890129 2026-08-03T11:37:46Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357132043|Nuno Santos (footballer, born 1999)]]" 890924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nuno Miguel Valente Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Maris 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Benfica === An haife shi a [[Porto]], Santos ɗan wasan matasa ne a manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na birninsa, Boavista FC da FC Porto, kafin ya koma SL Benfica a 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resendes |first=Manuel |date=18 August 2020 |title=Mercado: Boavista garante médio ofensivo Nuno Santos ao Benfica |trans-title=Transfer market: Boavista confirm attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from Benfica |url=https://www.futebol365.pt/artigo/239596-mercado-boavista-garante-medio-ofensivo-nuno-santos-ao-benfica/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Futebol 365 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta LigaPro a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017 yayin da kakar wasa ta fara da rashin nasara a waje da UD Oliveirense 2-1, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 6 ga Janairu a ƙarshen rashin nasara da FC Porto B ta yi da ci 3-1. A shekarar 2018-19 ya zira kwallaye bakwai mafi kyau a rayuwarsa (ya ƙara biyar a wasanni bakwai a gasar matasa ta UEFA ), daga baya ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Benfica renova com Nuno Santos até 2024 |trans-title=Benfica renew with Nuno Santos until 2024 |url=https://www.tsf.pt/desporto/benfica-renova-com-nuno-santos-ate-2024-11202102.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin kyaftin na Benfica B, an ba Santos aron zuwa kulob din Primeira Liga Moreirense FC a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2020. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a manyan gasa bayan kwana hudu da fara wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Gil Vicente FC da ci 5-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2020 |title=Gil Vicente FC em "dia não" é goleado por Moreirense FC |trans-title=Gil Vicente FC on "off day" are thrashed by Moreirense FC |url=https://barcelosnahora.pt/gil-vicente-fc-em-dia-nao-e-goleado-por-moreirense-fc/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Barcelos na Hora |language=pt}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko a matakin ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli domin ya lashe wasan a B-SAD . Santos ya ci gaba da ba da bashi a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa, zuwa Boavista <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Oficial: Benfica empresta Nuno Santos ao Boavista |trans-title=Official: Benfica loan Nuno Santos to Boavista |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1566700/oficial-benfica-empresta-nuno-santos-ao-boavista |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref> da FC Paços de Ferreira . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2021 |title=Nuno Santos vai defender o amarelo |trans-title=Nuno Santos will defend yellows |url=https://www.fcpf.pt/2021/07/11/nuno-santos-vai-defender-o-amarelo/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=F.C. Paços Ferreira |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2021, yayin da yake yi wa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe hidima, ya sanya ƙungiyarsa a gaba a wasan da suka yi da ƙungiyar iyayensa a zagaye na huɗu na Taça de Portugal, amma a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=VÍDEO: Nuno Santos deu vantagem ao Paços na Luz e pediu desculpa |trans-title=VIDEO: Nuno Santos put Paços in front at the Luz and apologised |url=https://tvi24.iol.pt/taca-portugal/taca/video-nuno-santos-deu-vantagem-ao-pacos-na-luz-e-pediu-desculpa |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Pedro Miguel |date=19 November 2021 |title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Águia apanha susto mas acaba a golear e segue em frente na Taça |trans-title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Eagle got scare but end up thrashing and go through in Cup |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/taca-de-portugal/artigos/benfica-4-1-pacos-de-ferreira-aguia-apanha-susto-mas-acaba-a-golear-e-segue-em-frente-na-taca |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> === Charlotte FC === A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2022, Santos ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Charlotte FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Charlotte FC acquires Portuguese attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from SL Benfica |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-acquires-portuguese-attacking-midfielder-nuno-santos-sl-benfica |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Major League Soccer a ranar 17 ga Satumba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Chicago Fire FC da ci 3-2, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Karol Swiderski helps Charlotte FC come back to beat Fire |url=https://sportsnaut.com/karol-swiderski-helps-charlotte-fc-come-back-to-beat-fire/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Sportsnaut}}</ref> sannan kuma ya shafe lokaci tare da kungiyar Crown Legacy FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Charlotte FC loans Nuno Santos to Crown Legacy FC |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/clfc/news/charlotte-fc-loans-nuno-santos-to-crown-legacy-fc |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> === Vitória Guimarães === Santos ya koma Portugal a watan Yulin 2023, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Vitória SC mai buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Charlotte FC midfielder Nuno Santos joins Vitória S.C. |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-midfielder-nuno-santos-joins-vitoria-s-c |access-date=19 July 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=OFICIAL: Nuno Santos regressa a Portugal e assina pelo Vitória |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Nuno Santos returns to Portugal and signs for Vitória |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/vitoria-guimaraes/liga/oficial-nuno-santos-regressa-a-portugal-e-assina-pelo-vitoria |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2024, bugunsa na farko da aka yi a minti na 43 daga kusa da bugun fenariti ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta samu damar yin kunnen doki 2-2 da CF Estrela da Amadora, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Goal of the Month na Satumba/Oktoba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Remate de primeira de Nuno Santos eleito Golo do Mês da Liga Portugal Betclic |trans-title=Nuno Santos first-time shot voted Goal of the Month in Liga Portugal Betclic |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20242025/noticias/geral/premios/liga-portugal-betclic/setembrooutubro/remate-de-primeira-de-nuno-santos-eleito-golo-do-mes-da-liga-portugal-betclic/ |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=[[Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki a Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, Santos ya buga wasanni 90, ya zura kwallaye takwas, sannan ya taimaka aka ci 14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=Nuno Santos deixa Vitória de Guimarães e reforça Mamelodi Sundowns |trans-title=Nuno Santos leaves Vitória de Guimarães and bolsters Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://sapo.pt/artigo/nuno-santos-deixa-vitoria-de-guimaraes-e-reforca-mamelodi-sundowns-68d1a978b6cbcc619b78df4a |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=SAPO |language=pt}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns === A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2025, Santos ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns FC na gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Nic |date=23 September 2025 |title=Sundowns sign former Portuguese youth international |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/830864/Sundowns-sign-former-Portuguese-youth-international |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=African Football}}</ref> A gasar zakarun CAF ta wannan kakar, wadda suka lashe, <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan rukuni da suka doke FC Saint-Éloi Lupopo da ci 3-1 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwenya |first=Mzwakhe |date=22 November 2025 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns cruises past ST Eloi Lupopo with a 3–1 win at home. Nuno Santos bagged a brace in this Caf Champions League match |url=https://dailysports.net/news/mamelodi-sundowns-cruises-past-st-eloi-lupopo-with-a-3-1-win-at-home-nuno-santos-bagged-a-brace-in-this-caf-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=Daily Sports}}</ref> sannan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Stade Malien da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sang |first=Kiplagat |date=13 March 2026 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns 3–0 Stade Malien: 'Shoe shine and piano is back; hand Miguel Cardoso a new five-year contract! The only difference between Kaizer Chiefs and the Malian team is location, did Masandawana buy Kevin De Bruyne in Nuno Santos?' |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/lists/mamelodi-sundowns-3-0-stade-malien-shoe-shine-and-piano-is-back-hand-miguel-cardoso-a-new-five-year-contract-the-only-difference-between-kaizer-chiefs-and-the-malian-team-is-location-did-masandawana-buy-kevin-de-bruyne-in-nuno-santos/bltc39c6e3433c4dcb7 |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 83zktt8mej2r28jn8wqb8mb8im475nn 890925 890924 2026-08-03T11:38:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357132043|Nuno Santos (footballer, born 1999)]]" 890925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nuno Miguel Valente Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Maris 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Benfica === An haife shi a [[Porto]], Santos ɗan wasan matasa ne a manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na birninsa, Boavista FC da FC Porto, kafin ya koma SL Benfica a 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resendes |first=Manuel |date=18 August 2020 |title=Mercado: Boavista garante médio ofensivo Nuno Santos ao Benfica |trans-title=Transfer market: Boavista confirm attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from Benfica |url=https://www.futebol365.pt/artigo/239596-mercado-boavista-garante-medio-ofensivo-nuno-santos-ao-benfica/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Futebol 365 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta LigaPro a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017 yayin da kakar wasa ta fara da rashin nasara a waje da UD Oliveirense 2-1, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 6 ga Janairu a ƙarshen rashin nasara da FC Porto B ta yi da ci 3-1. A shekarar 2018-19 ya zira kwallaye bakwai mafi kyau a rayuwarsa (ya ƙara biyar a wasanni bakwai a gasar matasa ta UEFA ), daga baya ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Benfica renova com Nuno Santos até 2024 |trans-title=Benfica renew with Nuno Santos until 2024 |url=https://www.tsf.pt/desporto/benfica-renova-com-nuno-santos-ate-2024-11202102.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin kyaftin na Benfica B, an ba Santos aron zuwa kulob din Primeira Liga Moreirense FC a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2020. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a manyan gasa bayan kwana hudu da fara wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Gil Vicente FC da ci 5-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2020 |title=Gil Vicente FC em "dia não" é goleado por Moreirense FC |trans-title=Gil Vicente FC on "off day" are thrashed by Moreirense FC |url=https://barcelosnahora.pt/gil-vicente-fc-em-dia-nao-e-goleado-por-moreirense-fc/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Barcelos na Hora |language=pt}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko a matakin ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli domin ya lashe wasan a B-SAD . Santos ya ci gaba da ba da bashi a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa, zuwa Boavista <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Oficial: Benfica empresta Nuno Santos ao Boavista |trans-title=Official: Benfica loan Nuno Santos to Boavista |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1566700/oficial-benfica-empresta-nuno-santos-ao-boavista |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref> da FC Paços de Ferreira . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2021 |title=Nuno Santos vai defender o amarelo |trans-title=Nuno Santos will defend yellows |url=https://www.fcpf.pt/2021/07/11/nuno-santos-vai-defender-o-amarelo/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=F.C. Paços Ferreira |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2021, yayin da yake yi wa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe hidima, ya sanya ƙungiyarsa a gaba a wasan da suka yi da ƙungiyar iyayensa a zagaye na huɗu na Taça de Portugal, amma a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=VÍDEO: Nuno Santos deu vantagem ao Paços na Luz e pediu desculpa |trans-title=VIDEO: Nuno Santos put Paços in front at the Luz and apologised |url=https://tvi24.iol.pt/taca-portugal/taca/video-nuno-santos-deu-vantagem-ao-pacos-na-luz-e-pediu-desculpa |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Pedro Miguel |date=19 November 2021 |title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Águia apanha susto mas acaba a golear e segue em frente na Taça |trans-title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Eagle got scare but end up thrashing and go through in Cup |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/taca-de-portugal/artigos/benfica-4-1-pacos-de-ferreira-aguia-apanha-susto-mas-acaba-a-golear-e-segue-em-frente-na-taca |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> === Charlotte FC === A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2022, Santos ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Charlotte FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Charlotte FC acquires Portuguese attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from SL Benfica |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-acquires-portuguese-attacking-midfielder-nuno-santos-sl-benfica |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Major League Soccer a ranar 17 ga Satumba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Chicago Fire FC da ci 3-2, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Karol Swiderski helps Charlotte FC come back to beat Fire |url=https://sportsnaut.com/karol-swiderski-helps-charlotte-fc-come-back-to-beat-fire/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Sportsnaut}}</ref> sannan kuma ya shafe lokaci tare da kungiyar Crown Legacy FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Charlotte FC loans Nuno Santos to Crown Legacy FC |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/clfc/news/charlotte-fc-loans-nuno-santos-to-crown-legacy-fc |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> === Vitória Guimarães === Santos ya koma Portugal a watan Yulin 2023, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Vitória SC mai buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Charlotte FC midfielder Nuno Santos joins Vitória S.C. |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-midfielder-nuno-santos-joins-vitoria-s-c |access-date=19 July 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=OFICIAL: Nuno Santos regressa a Portugal e assina pelo Vitória |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Nuno Santos returns to Portugal and signs for Vitória |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/vitoria-guimaraes/liga/oficial-nuno-santos-regressa-a-portugal-e-assina-pelo-vitoria |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2024, bugunsa na farko da aka yi a minti na 43 daga kusa da bugun fenariti ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta samu damar yin kunnen doki 2-2 da CF Estrela da Amadora, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Goal of the Month na Satumba/Oktoba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Remate de primeira de Nuno Santos eleito Golo do Mês da Liga Portugal Betclic |trans-title=Nuno Santos first-time shot voted Goal of the Month in Liga Portugal Betclic |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20242025/noticias/geral/premios/liga-portugal-betclic/setembrooutubro/remate-de-primeira-de-nuno-santos-eleito-golo-do-mes-da-liga-portugal-betclic/ |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=[[Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki a Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, Santos ya buga wasanni 90, ya zura kwallaye takwas, sannan ya taimaka aka ci 14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=Nuno Santos deixa Vitória de Guimarães e reforça Mamelodi Sundowns |trans-title=Nuno Santos leaves Vitória de Guimarães and bolsters Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://sapo.pt/artigo/nuno-santos-deixa-vitoria-de-guimaraes-e-reforca-mamelodi-sundowns-68d1a978b6cbcc619b78df4a |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=SAPO |language=pt}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns === A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2025, Santos ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns FC na gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Nic |date=23 September 2025 |title=Sundowns sign former Portuguese youth international |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/830864/Sundowns-sign-former-Portuguese-youth-international |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=African Football}}</ref> A gasar zakarun CAF ta wannan kakar, wadda suka lashe, <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan rukuni da suka doke FC Saint-Éloi Lupopo da ci 3-1 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwenya |first=Mzwakhe |date=22 November 2025 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns cruises past ST Eloi Lupopo with a 3–1 win at home. Nuno Santos bagged a brace in this Caf Champions League match |url=https://dailysports.net/news/mamelodi-sundowns-cruises-past-st-eloi-lupopo-with-a-3-1-win-at-home-nuno-santos-bagged-a-brace-in-this-caf-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=Daily Sports}}</ref> sannan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Stade Malien da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sang |first=Kiplagat |date=13 March 2026 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns 3–0 Stade Malien: 'Shoe shine and piano is back; hand Miguel Cardoso a new five-year contract! The only difference between Kaizer Chiefs and the Malian team is location, did Masandawana buy Kevin De Bruyne in Nuno Santos?' |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/lists/mamelodi-sundowns-3-0-stade-malien-shoe-shine-and-piano-is-back-hand-miguel-cardoso-a-new-five-year-contract-the-only-difference-between-kaizer-chiefs-and-the-malian-team-is-location-did-masandawana-buy-kevin-de-bruyne-in-nuno-santos/bltc39c6e3433c4dcb7 |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Santos yana cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Hélio Sousa ta Portugal wadda ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2018 a Finland. Ya buga wasanni uku a madadin 'yan wasa a gasar, ciki har da ɗaya a ƙarin lokaci na wasan ƙarshe. <ref name="MF">{{Cite web |last=Esteves |first=Adérito |date=30 July 2018 |title=Conheça os 20 (mais um) campeões europeus de sub-19 |trans-title=Meet the 20 (plus one) under-19 European champions |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/internacional/europeu-sub-19/conheca-os-20-mais-um-campeoes-europeus-de-sub-19 |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2019, Santos ya fara buga wa ' yan ƙasa da shekara 21 wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Gibraltar da ci 4-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2021. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|new_id=santos-nuno/AJtflCoH}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[U.S. Open Cup]] and [[Nedbank Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]] and [[Carling Knockout Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Benfica B |2017–18 |LigaPro |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- |2018–19 |LigaPro |30 |7 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |7 |- |2019–20 |LigaPro |16 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !13 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !13 |- |Moreirense (loan) |2019–20 |Primeira Liga |14 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |1 |- |Boavista (loan) |2020–21 |Primeira Liga |29 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- |Paços Ferreira (loan) |2021–22 |Primeira Liga |31 |5 |1 |0 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |38 |5 |- | rowspan="3" |Charlotte FC |2022 |Major League Soccer |4 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- |2023 |Major League Soccer |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !9 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 !0 !0 !9 !1 |- |Crown Legacy |2023 |MLS Next Pro |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Vitória Guimarães |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |27 |2 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |2 |- |2024–25 |Primeira Liga |33 |3 |3 |0 |1 |1 |14[c] |2 | colspan="2" |— |51 |6 |- |2025–26 |Primeira Liga |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !5 !9 !0 !2 !1 !14 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !90 !8 |- |Mamelodi Sundowns |2025–26 |South African Premiership |18 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |9{{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} |3 |0 |0 |29 |5 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !227 !29 !12 !0 !5 !1 !27 !5 !0 !0 !271 !35 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Benfica''' * Campeonato Nacional de Juniores : 2017-18 * Gasar Matasa ta UEFA da ta zo ta biyu: 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2017 |title=Benfica cai perante reviravolta do Salzburgo |trans-title=Benfica fall as Salzburg come from behind |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefayouthleague/news/0253-0d0476fdfb96-54a96b7b83eb-1000/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=UEFA |language=pt}}</ref> '''Mamelodi Sundowns''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2025–26 <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ "African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria"]. </cite></ref> '''Portugal''' * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta UEFA : 2018 <ref name="MF">{{Cite web |last=Esteves |first=Adérito |date=30 July 2018 |title=Conheça os 20 (mais um) campeões europeus de sub-19 |trans-title=Meet the 20 (plus one) under-19 European champions |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/internacional/europeu-sub-19/conheca-os-20-mais-um-campeoes-europeus-de-sub-19 |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsteves2018">Esteves, Adérito (30 July 2018). </cite></ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Nuno Santos at ForaDeJogo (archived) * Nuno Santos national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] ap8o4wv50awv6tbhzt7ds5sr7q9m1lh 890926 890925 2026-08-03T11:39:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuno Miguel Valente Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Maris 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Benfica === An haife shi a [[Porto]], Santos ɗan wasan matasa ne a manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na birninsa, Boavista FC da FC Porto, kafin ya koma SL Benfica a 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resendes |first=Manuel |date=18 August 2020 |title=Mercado: Boavista garante médio ofensivo Nuno Santos ao Benfica |trans-title=Transfer market: Boavista confirm attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from Benfica |url=https://www.futebol365.pt/artigo/239596-mercado-boavista-garante-medio-ofensivo-nuno-santos-ao-benfica/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Futebol 365 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta LigaPro a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017 yayin da kakar wasa ta fara da rashin nasara a waje da UD Oliveirense 2-1, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 6 ga Janairu a ƙarshen rashin nasara da FC Porto B ta yi da ci 3-1. A shekarar 2018-19 ya zira kwallaye bakwai mafi kyau a rayuwarsa (ya ƙara biyar a wasanni bakwai a gasar matasa ta UEFA ), daga baya ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Benfica renova com Nuno Santos até 2024 |trans-title=Benfica renew with Nuno Santos until 2024 |url=https://www.tsf.pt/desporto/benfica-renova-com-nuno-santos-ate-2024-11202102.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin kyaftin na Benfica B, an ba Santos aron zuwa kulob din Primeira Liga Moreirense FC a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2020. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a manyan gasa bayan kwana hudu da fara wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Gil Vicente FC da ci 5-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2020 |title=Gil Vicente FC em "dia não" é goleado por Moreirense FC |trans-title=Gil Vicente FC on "off day" are thrashed by Moreirense FC |url=https://barcelosnahora.pt/gil-vicente-fc-em-dia-nao-e-goleado-por-moreirense-fc/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Barcelos na Hora |language=pt}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko a matakin ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli domin ya lashe wasan a B-SAD . Santos ya ci gaba da ba da bashi a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa, zuwa Boavista <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Oficial: Benfica empresta Nuno Santos ao Boavista |trans-title=Official: Benfica loan Nuno Santos to Boavista |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1566700/oficial-benfica-empresta-nuno-santos-ao-boavista |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref> da FC Paços de Ferreira . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2021 |title=Nuno Santos vai defender o amarelo |trans-title=Nuno Santos will defend yellows |url=https://www.fcpf.pt/2021/07/11/nuno-santos-vai-defender-o-amarelo/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=F.C. Paços Ferreira |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2021, yayin da yake yi wa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe hidima, ya sanya ƙungiyarsa a gaba a wasan da suka yi da ƙungiyar iyayensa a zagaye na huɗu na Taça de Portugal, amma a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=VÍDEO: Nuno Santos deu vantagem ao Paços na Luz e pediu desculpa |trans-title=VIDEO: Nuno Santos put Paços in front at the Luz and apologised |url=https://tvi24.iol.pt/taca-portugal/taca/video-nuno-santos-deu-vantagem-ao-pacos-na-luz-e-pediu-desculpa |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Pedro Miguel |date=19 November 2021 |title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Águia apanha susto mas acaba a golear e segue em frente na Taça |trans-title=Benfica 4–1 Paços de Ferreira: Eagle got scare but end up thrashing and go through in Cup |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/taca-de-portugal/artigos/benfica-4-1-pacos-de-ferreira-aguia-apanha-susto-mas-acaba-a-golear-e-segue-em-frente-na-taca |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> === Charlotte FC === A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2022, Santos ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Charlotte FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Charlotte FC acquires Portuguese attacking midfielder Nuno Santos from SL Benfica |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-acquires-portuguese-attacking-midfielder-nuno-santos-sl-benfica |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Major League Soccer a ranar 17 ga Satumba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Chicago Fire FC da ci 3-2, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Karol Swiderski helps Charlotte FC come back to beat Fire |url=https://sportsnaut.com/karol-swiderski-helps-charlotte-fc-come-back-to-beat-fire/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Sportsnaut}}</ref> sannan kuma ya shafe lokaci tare da kungiyar Crown Legacy FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Charlotte FC loans Nuno Santos to Crown Legacy FC |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/clfc/news/charlotte-fc-loans-nuno-santos-to-crown-legacy-fc |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> === Vitória Guimarães === Santos ya koma Portugal a watan Yulin 2023, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Vitória SC mai buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Charlotte FC midfielder Nuno Santos joins Vitória S.C. |url=https://www.charlottefootballclub.com/news/charlotte-fc-midfielder-nuno-santos-joins-vitoria-s-c |access-date=19 July 2023 |publisher=Charlotte FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=OFICIAL: Nuno Santos regressa a Portugal e assina pelo Vitória |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Nuno Santos returns to Portugal and signs for Vitória |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/vitoria-guimaraes/liga/oficial-nuno-santos-regressa-a-portugal-e-assina-pelo-vitoria |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2024, bugunsa na farko da aka yi a minti na 43 daga kusa da bugun fenariti ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta samu damar yin kunnen doki 2-2 da CF Estrela da Amadora, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Goal of the Month na Satumba/Oktoba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Remate de primeira de Nuno Santos eleito Golo do Mês da Liga Portugal Betclic |trans-title=Nuno Santos first-time shot voted Goal of the Month in Liga Portugal Betclic |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20242025/noticias/geral/premios/liga-portugal-betclic/setembrooutubro/remate-de-primeira-de-nuno-santos-eleito-golo-do-mes-da-liga-portugal-betclic/ |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=[[Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki a Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, Santos ya buga wasanni 90, ya zura kwallaye takwas, sannan ya taimaka aka ci 14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=Nuno Santos deixa Vitória de Guimarães e reforça Mamelodi Sundowns |trans-title=Nuno Santos leaves Vitória de Guimarães and bolsters Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://sapo.pt/artigo/nuno-santos-deixa-vitoria-de-guimaraes-e-reforca-mamelodi-sundowns-68d1a978b6cbcc619b78df4a |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=SAPO |language=pt}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns === A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2025, Santos ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns FC na gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Nic |date=23 September 2025 |title=Sundowns sign former Portuguese youth international |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/830864/Sundowns-sign-former-Portuguese-youth-international |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=African Football}}</ref> A gasar zakarun CAF ta wannan kakar, wadda suka lashe, <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan rukuni da suka doke FC Saint-Éloi Lupopo da ci 3-1 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwenya |first=Mzwakhe |date=22 November 2025 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns cruises past ST Eloi Lupopo with a 3–1 win at home. Nuno Santos bagged a brace in this Caf Champions League match |url=https://dailysports.net/news/mamelodi-sundowns-cruises-past-st-eloi-lupopo-with-a-3-1-win-at-home-nuno-santos-bagged-a-brace-in-this-caf-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=Daily Sports}}</ref> sannan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Stade Malien da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sang |first=Kiplagat |date=13 March 2026 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns 3–0 Stade Malien: 'Shoe shine and piano is back; hand Miguel Cardoso a new five-year contract! The only difference between Kaizer Chiefs and the Malian team is location, did Masandawana buy Kevin De Bruyne in Nuno Santos?' |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/lists/mamelodi-sundowns-3-0-stade-malien-shoe-shine-and-piano-is-back-hand-miguel-cardoso-a-new-five-year-contract-the-only-difference-between-kaizer-chiefs-and-the-malian-team-is-location-did-masandawana-buy-kevin-de-bruyne-in-nuno-santos/bltc39c6e3433c4dcb7 |access-date=19 May 2026 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Santos yana cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Hélio Sousa ta Portugal wadda ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2018 a Finland. Ya buga wasanni uku a madadin 'yan wasa a gasar, ciki har da ɗaya a ƙarin lokaci na wasan ƙarshe. <ref name="MF">{{Cite web |last=Esteves |first=Adérito |date=30 July 2018 |title=Conheça os 20 (mais um) campeões europeus de sub-19 |trans-title=Meet the 20 (plus one) under-19 European champions |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/internacional/europeu-sub-19/conheca-os-20-mais-um-campeoes-europeus-de-sub-19 |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2019, Santos ya fara buga wa ' yan ƙasa da shekara 21 wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Gibraltar da ci 4-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2021. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|new_id=santos-nuno/AJtflCoH}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[U.S. Open Cup]] and [[Nedbank Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]] and [[Carling Knockout Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Benfica B |2017–18 |LigaPro |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- |2018–19 |LigaPro |30 |7 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |7 |- |2019–20 |LigaPro |16 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !13 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !60 !13 |- |Moreirense (loan) |2019–20 |Primeira Liga |14 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |1 |- |Boavista (loan) |2020–21 |Primeira Liga |29 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- |Paços Ferreira (loan) |2021–22 |Primeira Liga |31 |5 |1 |0 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |38 |5 |- | rowspan="3" |Charlotte FC |2022 |Major League Soccer |4 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- |2023 |Major League Soccer |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !9 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 !0 !0 !9 !1 |- |Crown Legacy |2023 |MLS Next Pro |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Vitória Guimarães |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |27 |2 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |2 |- |2024–25 |Primeira Liga |33 |3 |3 |0 |1 |1 |14[c] |2 | colspan="2" |— |51 |6 |- |2025–26 |Primeira Liga |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !5 !9 !0 !2 !1 !14 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !90 !8 |- |Mamelodi Sundowns |2025–26 |South African Premiership |18 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |9{{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} |3 |0 |0 |29 |5 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !227 !29 !12 !0 !5 !1 !27 !5 !0 !0 !271 !35 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Benfica''' * Campeonato Nacional de Juniores : 2017-18 * Gasar Matasa ta UEFA da ta zo ta biyu: 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2017 |title=Benfica cai perante reviravolta do Salzburgo |trans-title=Benfica fall as Salzburg come from behind |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefayouthleague/news/0253-0d0476fdfb96-54a96b7b83eb-1000/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=UEFA |language=pt}}</ref> '''Mamelodi Sundowns''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2025–26 <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/african-champions-parade-totalenergies-caf-champions-league-trophy-to-thousands-of-fans-in-pretoria/ "African champions parade TotalEnergies CAF Champions League trophy to thousands of fans in Pretoria"]. </cite></ref> '''Portugal''' * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta UEFA : 2018 <ref name="MF">{{Cite web |last=Esteves |first=Adérito |date=30 July 2018 |title=Conheça os 20 (mais um) campeões europeus de sub-19 |trans-title=Meet the 20 (plus one) under-19 European champions |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/internacional/europeu-sub-19/conheca-os-20-mais-um-campeoes-europeus-de-sub-19 |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsteves2018">Esteves, Adérito (30 July 2018). </cite></ref> == Manazarta == * Nuno Santos at ForaDeJogo (archived) * Nuno Santos national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == d55v6534znomqcum8kq0ew1249ywjtw 3 162677 890738 890331 2026-08-02T19:04:57Z ZionistischeSauterParamilitar 47489 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 890738 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZionistischeSauterParamilitar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZionistischeSauterParamilitar|gudummawarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummawa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 1 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) :Yatsun hannu sama! [[User:ZionistischeSauterParamilitar|ZionistischeSauterParamilitar]] ([[User talk:ZionistischeSauterParamilitar|talk]]) 19:04, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) bpl3aoiqc3dxgg4dtcajmtmo82v2xmt 0 162686 890588 2026-08-02T12:23:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 890588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly''' Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. pphn8uqlcl5y6ke5fr9224kxu6agbue 890591 890588 2026-08-02T12:24:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly''' Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. 2w4gsfe2v50d78c8ckqybb43e1h8ze3 890594 890591 2026-08-02T12:25:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly''' Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. 9eo2jb4vvv8p1xwl7v2aumrdu6sikkt 890596 890594 2026-08-02T12:26:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly''' Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. A lokacin wasan da aka yi da ZESCO United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, Ultras Ahlawy ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a minti na 55. 5w0r65ici6m4eh8p0zbld4e8nn9tmqr 890597 890596 2026-08-02T12:28:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly''' Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. A lokacin wasan da aka yi da ZESCO United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, Ultras Ahlawy ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a minti na 55. == Mambobin == Membobin Ultras Ahlawy sun haɗa da masu karatun koleji, ma'aikata, da matasa daga matakai da yawa na zamantakewa a Misira. Taken su shine "Together Forever", wanda aka nufa don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin membobinsu. Sauran taken sune "WE ARE EGYPT", "Kungiyar mafi kyau a sararin samaniya" ko "Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da wanzuwar" (Masar pronunciation:A'zam Nady Fi El Koon), da kuma "Jin Girma Ba ta taɓa ɓoye Kai ba Ultras Ahlawy". Membobin suna da sauri su zama masu haɗin kai a cikin rukuni, kuma rawar da suke takawa tana ƙaruwa tare da lokaci. Kungiyar ta samar da CD mai taken "A'zam Nady Fi El Koon", wanda ke nuna dukkan waƙoƙin Ultras Ahlawy. 6mmzkg671bs6zv2ge186ldhdgteavbw 890598 890597 2026-08-02T12:31:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 890598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy</ref> Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. A lokacin wasan da aka yi da ZESCO United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, Ultras Ahlawy ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a minti na 55. == Mambobin == Membobin Ultras Ahlawy sun haɗa da masu karatun koleji, ma'aikata, da matasa daga matakai da yawa na zamantakewa a Misira. Taken su shine "Together Forever", wanda aka nufa don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin membobinsu. Sauran taken sune "WE ARE EGYPT", "Kungiyar mafi kyau a sararin samaniya" ko "Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da wanzuwar" (Masar pronunciation:A'zam Nady Fi El Koon), da kuma "Jin Girma Ba ta taɓa ɓoye Kai ba Ultras Ahlawy". Membobin suna da sauri su zama masu haɗin kai a cikin rukuni, kuma rawar da suke takawa tana ƙaruwa tare da lokaci. Kungiyar ta samar da CD mai taken "A'zam Nady Fi El Koon", wanda ke nuna dukkan waƙoƙin Ultras Ahlawy. 677p565gnvbudabrzqnr1kknfl4a9ad 890601 890598 2026-08-02T12:33:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy</ref> Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/585682-soccer-fans-play-key-role-in-egyptian-protests |title=Soccer Fans Play Key Role in Egyptian Protests |publisher=Bleacher Report |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2012-09-26}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. A lokacin wasan da aka yi da ZESCO United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, Ultras Ahlawy ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a minti na 55. == Mambobin == Membobin Ultras Ahlawy sun haɗa da masu karatun koleji, ma'aikata, da matasa daga matakai da yawa na zamantakewa a Misira. Taken su shine "Together Forever", wanda aka nufa don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin membobinsu. Sauran taken sune "WE ARE EGYPT", "Kungiyar mafi kyau a sararin samaniya" ko "Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da wanzuwar" (Masar pronunciation:A'zam Nady Fi El Koon), da kuma "Jin Girma Ba ta taɓa ɓoye Kai ba Ultras Ahlawy". Membobin suna da sauri su zama masu haɗin kai a cikin rukuni, kuma rawar da suke takawa tana ƙaruwa tare da lokaci. Kungiyar ta samar da CD mai taken "A'zam Nady Fi El Koon", wanda ke nuna dukkan waƙoƙin Ultras Ahlawy. 62fikhnx441nsbmal7m13e3ajekwqlg 890602 890601 2026-08-02T12:34:18Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 890602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadon Al-Ahly'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy</ref> Ultras Ahlawy (UA07; Larabci) kungiya ce ta Masar da ke tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta Al Ahly da ke Alkahira . Ita ce kungiyar Ultras ta farko a Misira.[1] An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 2007 ta tsoffin mambobin kungiyar goyon bayan Ahly ta farko, Ahly Fans Club (AFC). Ultras Ahlawy ta ɗaga tutar ta a karo na farko a wasan da ta yi da ENPPI a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2007. Ultras Ahlawy kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyin kwallon Kwando na Al Ahly, volleyball, da kwallon hannu. An dakatar da kungiyar a shekarar 2015 tare da sauran kungiyoyin Ultras a Misira saboda shawarar gwamnati kuma an kama mutane da yawa ga mambobin kungiyar, kodayake yawancin mambobin kungiyar sun kasance a ɓoye kuma suna tallafawa Al Ahly a lokacin da aka tsara da wasannin abokantaka a kasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/585682-soccer-fans-play-key-role-in-egyptian-protests |title=Soccer Fans Play Key Role in Egyptian Protests |publisher=Bleacher Report |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2012-09-26}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ultras Ahlawy ya fara zama sananne ga banners da pyro shows. Daga baya kungiyar ta fara gabatar da wasannin derby suna rera "Muna Misira". Ultras Ahlawy kuma ya gabatar da waƙoƙin goyon baya na dogon lokaci ga filayen wasa na Masar. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 Ultras Ahlawy ta sanar a Facebook cewa za su dakatar da ayyukansu na wani lokaci mara iyaka saboda kama mambobinsu da 'yan sanda suka yi. == Bayanan tutar da pyro == Ultras Ahlawy an san shi da banners na membobinta a wasannin gida da na waje. Misalai mafi shahara sune tambarin El-Ahly a wasan Fata-linkid="90" href="./SuperSport_United_F.C." id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, jan shaidan a wasan Zamalek a Gasar Firimiya, da kuma tutar Freedom for Ultras a wasan da Espérance a gasar zaran Turai ta CAC. A lokacin wasan da aka yi da ZESCO United FC a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF, Ultras Ahlawy ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a minti na 55. == Mambobin == Membobin Ultras Ahlawy sun haɗa da masu karatun koleji, ma'aikata, da matasa daga matakai da yawa na zamantakewa a Misira. Taken su shine "Together Forever", wanda aka nufa don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin membobinsu. Sauran taken sune "WE ARE EGYPT", "Kungiyar mafi kyau a sararin samaniya" ko "Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da wanzuwar" (Masar pronunciation:A'zam Nady Fi El Koon), da kuma "Jin Girma Ba ta taɓa ɓoye Kai ba Ultras Ahlawy". Membobin suna da sauri su zama masu haɗin kai a cikin rukuni, kuma rawar da suke takawa tana ƙaruwa tare da lokaci. Kungiyar ta samar da CD mai taken "A'zam Nady Fi El Koon", wanda ke nuna dukkan waƙoƙin Ultras Ahlawy. == Manazarta == 32i2jc4n48mkvj0c67fh605kugc62qi 0 162687 890613 2026-08-02T12:38:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 890613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. 75iqvq7bqatsxefs5z5fb5fv1qfmxgk 890615 890613 2026-08-02T12:39:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000-01 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 da 2001. az2qkzuweirs3bmb9z6yneodx9xvtur 890618 890615 2026-08-02T12:40:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000-01 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 da 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Bjärred, Andersson ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din yankin, Bjärreds IF . A shekara ta 1988, ya koma kungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . q25tjf7q2lc97l1vuipsmal95oxyj9o 890621 890618 2026-08-02T12:42:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: On the move |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |date=20 December 1992 |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000-01 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref name="blackburn">{{cite web Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 da 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Bjärred, Andersson ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din yankin, Bjärreds IF . A shekara ta 1988, ya koma kungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . 9qbreu8379c10s63lvp8w1gsg2q491x 890622 890621 2026-08-02T12:43:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 890622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: On the move |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |date=20 December 1992 |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000-01 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref name="blackburn">{{cite web Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 da 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === == Manazarta == An haife shi a Bjärred, Andersson ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din yankin, Bjärreds IF . A shekara ta 1988, ya koma kungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . 9sglpj0t7spayxdc4ypj5yfspq2me19 890625 890622 2026-08-02T12:44:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 890625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: On the move |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |date=20 December 1992 |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000-01 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref name="blackburn">{{cite web Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 da 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Bjärred, Andersson ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din yankin, Bjärreds IF . A shekara ta 1988, ya koma kungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . == Manazarta == 7hxa1zd0391ievh6ezjgrvo7bh3jl6i 890658 890625 2026-08-02T15:08:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyukan kulob din */ 890658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrik Jonas Andersson''' an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sweden wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: On the move |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-on-the-move-1564571.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |date=20 December 1992 |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa tare da Malmö FF a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya ci gaba da yin wasa a Ingila, Jamus, da Spain, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2000 zuwa 2001 tare da Bayern Munich . Ya koma Malmö a shekara ta 2004, kafin ya yi ritaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa.<nowiki><ref name="blackburn">{{cite web </nowiki> Cikakken kasa da kasa tsakanin 1992 da 2002, ya lashe kwallo 96 ga tawagar kasar Sweden kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Sweden da ta kammala ta uku a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar Olympics ta 1992 ta bazara, UEFA Euro 1992, UEFA Euro 2000, kuma ya kasance dan wasan tawagar a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2002. An ba shi kyautar Guldbollen a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau na Sweden na shekara a 1995 zuwa 2001. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Bjärred, Andersson ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din yankin, Bjärreds IF . A shekara ta 1988, ya koma kungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . == Manazarta == 0n3w36eov5p4ol5aetwwhufwbt2wava 0 162688 890635 2026-08-02T12:53:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367325985|Cape Verde national football team]]" 890635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasa ta [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]''' tana wakiltar Cape Verde a wasan kwallon kafa na maza na kasa da kasa, kuma Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde ce ke sarrafa ta.{{Efn|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: {{Lang|pt|Seleção nacional de futebol de Cabo Verde}}; recognised as '''Cabo Verde''' by [[FIFA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/CPV |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[FIFA]]}}</ref>}} An kira shi "Blue Sharks" ({{Lang|pt|Tubarões Azuis}} a Portuguese), ƙungiyar ƙasa ta buga wasan farko a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1978 a kan [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]], wasan da suka rasa 0-1. Bayan hadewar tarayyar tare da Tarayyar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka da FIFA a 1982, tawagar kasa ta shiga gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]] a karo na farko a 1992 kuma ta fara fitowa a gasar cin kocin duniya ta FIFA a 2003. Cape Verde tana buga mafi yawan wasanninta na gida a Estádio Nacional de Cabo Verde . Sun cancanci gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]] a karo na farko a shekarar 2013. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sun kuma bayyana a gasar 2015, 2021 da [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]], sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe a 2013 da 2023. Cape Verde ta cancanci gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] a karo na farko a [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]], ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta ta ƙasa kuma ta biyu mafi ƙarancin jama'a (bayan Iceland) don samun cancanta ga gasar cin kofen duniya, tare da yankin ƙasa na kilomita 4,033 (1,557 sq da kuma yawan jama'a ƙasa da 525,000, har sai Curaçao ta karya duka rikodin makonni biyar bayan haka ta hanyar samun cancanta don wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens, Rob |date=13 October 2025 |title=Cape Verde become second-smallest nation to reach World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c04q0gd0yedo |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2025 |title='Biggest thing since independence' - Cape Verde celebrates World Cup spot |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c5yldj6nz46o |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A matakin rukuni, sun kammala na biyu tare da zane uku: 0-0 a kan Zakarun Turai na Spain, 2-2 tare da Uruguay, da 0-0 tare da Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alanis Thames |date=21 June 2026 |title=Another World Cup stunner: Cape Verde gets 1st goal of tournament and holds Uruguay to 2-2 draw |url=https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-cape-verde-uruguay-vozinha-fd5ad696b6eb54626600a16d51c98741 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Cape Verde ta cancanci zagaye na knockout kuma an kawar da su a cikin asarar 3-2 ga [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|masu karewa]] zakarun Argentina bayan karin lokaci. == Tarihi == === Tarihi na Farko === [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta sami 'yanci daga [[Portugal]] a 1975. Wasan farko na kasa da kasa ya kasance 1-0 da aka ci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1978, a gasar da aka yi a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney |first=Barry |date=5 June 2006 |title=Cape Verde Islands – List of International matches |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kaapv-intres.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810235255/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kaapv-intres.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=27 June 2010 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> An kafa Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde a 1982, kuma ta shiga [[FIFA]] a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Verde Islands |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cpv/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603161104/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cpv/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]].com}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2002, Cape Verde ta fuskanci tawagar da ba ta Afirka ba a karon farko, a wasan sada zumunci da ba ta ci kwallo ba da Luxembourg. Mutanen Cape Verde a kasashen waje, wadanda suka fi yawan mutanen tsibirin da kansu, sune babbar hanyar 'yan wasa ga tawagar kasa. Yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya na Cape Verde na yanzu suna wasa a waje da Cape Verde (musamman a Turai, amma kuma a Asiya), kuma an haifi wasu a waje da tsibirin.<ref name="FIFA1">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=Foreign contingent boost Cape Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508222918/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> 9j5sh5uy34qoyuqd080ldzkaf98278e 890638 890635 2026-08-02T12:58:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367325985|Cape Verde national football team]]" 890638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasa ta [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]''' tana wakiltar Cape Verde a wasan kwallon kafa na maza na kasa da kasa, kuma Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde ce ke sarrafa ta.{{Efn|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: {{Lang|pt|Seleção nacional de futebol de Cabo Verde}}; recognised as '''Cabo Verde''' by [[FIFA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/CPV |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[FIFA]]}}</ref>}} An kira shi "Blue Sharks" ({{Lang|pt|Tubarões Azuis}} a Portuguese), ƙungiyar ƙasa ta buga wasan farko a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1978 a kan [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]], wasan da suka rasa 0-1. Bayan hadewar tarayyar tare da Tarayyar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka da FIFA a 1982, tawagar kasa ta shiga gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]] a karo na farko a 1992 kuma ta fara fitowa a gasar cin kocin duniya ta FIFA a 2003. Cape Verde tana buga mafi yawan wasanninta na gida a Estádio Nacional de Cabo Verde . Sun cancanci gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]] a karo na farko a shekarar 2013. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sun kuma bayyana a gasar 2015, 2021 da [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]], sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe a 2013 da 2023. Cape Verde ta cancanci gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] a karo na farko a [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]], ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta ta ƙasa kuma ta biyu mafi ƙarancin jama'a (bayan Iceland) don samun cancanta ga gasar cin kofen duniya, tare da yankin ƙasa na kilomita 4,033 (1,557 sq da kuma yawan jama'a ƙasa da 525,000, har sai Curaçao ta karya duka rikodin makonni biyar bayan haka ta hanyar samun cancanta don wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens, Rob |date=13 October 2025 |title=Cape Verde become second-smallest nation to reach World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c04q0gd0yedo |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2025 |title='Biggest thing since independence' - Cape Verde celebrates World Cup spot |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c5yldj6nz46o |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A matakin rukuni, sun kammala na biyu tare da zane uku: 0-0 a kan Zakarun Turai na Spain, 2-2 tare da Uruguay, da 0-0 tare da Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alanis Thames |date=21 June 2026 |title=Another World Cup stunner: Cape Verde gets 1st goal of tournament and holds Uruguay to 2-2 draw |url=https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-cape-verde-uruguay-vozinha-fd5ad696b6eb54626600a16d51c98741 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Cape Verde ta cancanci zagaye na knockout kuma an kawar da su a cikin asarar 3-2 ga [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|masu karewa]] zakarun Argentina bayan karin lokaci. == Tarihi == === Tarihi na Farko === [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta sami 'yanci daga [[Portugal]] a 1975. Wasan farko na kasa da kasa ya kasance 1-0 da aka ci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1978, a gasar da aka yi a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney |first=Barry |date=5 June 2006 |title=Cape Verde Islands – List of International matches |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kaapv-intres.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810235255/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kaapv-intres.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=27 June 2010 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> An kafa Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde a 1982, kuma ta shiga [[FIFA]] a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Verde Islands |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cpv/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603161104/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cpv/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]].com}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2002, Cape Verde ta fuskanci tawagar da ba ta Afirka ba a karon farko, a wasan sada zumunci da ba ta ci kwallo ba da Luxembourg. Mutanen Cape Verde a kasashen waje, wadanda suka fi yawan mutanen tsibirin da kansu, sune babbar hanyar 'yan wasa ga tawagar kasa. Yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya na Cape Verde na yanzu suna wasa a waje da Cape Verde (musamman a Turai, amma kuma a Asiya), kuma an haifi wasu a waje da tsibirin.<ref name="FIFA1">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=Foreign contingent boost Cape Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508222918/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2009, Cape Verde ta fuskanci Malta a wasan sada zumunci, wanda ya haifar da nasara 2-0. === Shekaru na 2010 === A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2010, Cape Verde ta buga wasan 0-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Portugal mai karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2010 |title=Report: Portugal v Cape Verde Islands – International Friendly – ESPN Soccernet |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=289370&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021142155/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=289370&cc=5901 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A lokacin, Portugal ta kasance ta uku a cikin matsayi na FIFA kuma Cape Verde ta kasance ta 117.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking - Associations - Cape Verde Islands - Men's |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=cpv/men/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140223/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=cpv/men/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=20 May 2018 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> Gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko ta kasance a gasar cin kofin 2002, inda aka kawar da Cape Verde a zagaye na farko bayan daya da aka ci [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]].<ref name="FIFA2">{{Cite web |title=Cape Verde Islands: Profile |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/africa/teams/team=43850/profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411023424/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/africa/teams/team=43850/profile.html |archive-date=11 April 2008 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A cikin Kamfen ɗin cancanta na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 da Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2006, Cape Verde ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na karshe bayan nasarar da suka samu a gasar cin kofen duniya, inda suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasar Eswatini|Swaziland]]. A zagaye na karshe, tawagar ta yi tasiri tare da nasarar da ta samu a waje da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], amma ta kammala ta biyar a cikin rukuni kuma ta kasa samun cancanta ga kowanne gasar.<ref name="FIFA2" /> Daga nan kocin João de Deus daga Portugal ya kawo sabbin 'yan wasa da yawa daga wasannin Turai don gasar cin Kofin Duniya da kuma AFCON qualifiers.<ref name="FIFA1">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=Foreign contingent boost Cape Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508222918/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140508222918/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=772955/ "Foreign contingent boost Cape Verde"]. </cite></ref> Cape Verde ta kammala ta biyu a rukuni a zagaye na biyu, a gaban Tanzania da Mauritius, amma a bayan [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Kamaru|Kamaru]], kuma ba ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na uku ba. Sa'an nan kuma, Cape Verde ta fara AFCON a shekarar 2013, bayan da ta yi nasara da Kamaru 3-2 a jimillar, bayan da aka ci 2-1 a Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], bayan ta lashe wasan gida 2-0 a Praia. Cape Verde ta shiga rukuni na A na wasan karshe, tare da Angola, Morocco da kasar da ta karbi bakuncin [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]]; sun buga wasan buɗe gasar a Soccer City a [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, a kan masu masaukin baki a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2013. An cire shi daga tukunya ta huɗu a lokacin wasan rukuni na gasar, Cape Verde a zahiri yana da matsayi mafi girma na FIFA na kowane kungiya a cikin rukuni a lokacin wasan, matsayi a matsayi na 51 gabaɗaya, sannan Morocco (71st), Afirka ta Kudu (72nd) da Angola (83rd). Cape Verde ta zana da Afirka ta Kudu 0-0 a wasan [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]] na gasar, kafin ta zana da Morocco 1-1. Platini ya zira kwallaye na farko na Cape Verde a AFCON, kafin su lashe wasan AFCON na farko da suka yi da Angola, 2-1 (duk da burin da kyaftin din Nando Maria Neves ya yi), sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe. meafev0zipnu88de1a2z98z22pblzxw 0 162689 890639 2026-08-02T13:00:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357898459|Andy Bishop]]" 890639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] slen5zxcnh9n04ft7i52e2omupjs0ta 890910 890639 2026-08-03T11:32:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357898459|Andy Bishop]]" 890910 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Walsall === An haife shi a Cannock, Staffordshire, Bishop ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa na Walsall a matsayin mai horo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2002. Ya koma [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002. Kidderminster ya tsawaita wannan rancen a watan Disamba na 2002. Ya koma Kidderminster a karo na biyu, inda ya koma aro a farkon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 . An tsawaita lokacin aronsa a Kidderminster na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Satumba na 2003. <ref name="Harriers extend Bishop loan" /> Rochdale ya sanya hannu a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2003. An tsawaita wannan rancen na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Disamba na 2003. Ya koma Walsall a watan Janairun 2004, bayan da Rochdale ya zaɓi kada ya tsawaita lokacin aronsa. Ya koma Yeovil Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2004. Yeovil ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Bishop, saboda matsalolin raunin da ya samu. === Birnin York === Kungiyar Conference National ta York City ta sanya hannu kan Bishop a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004 bayan kin amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya a Walsall. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa na taron ƙasa na watan Fabrairu na 2006, bayan ya zira kwallaye bakwai don taimakawa York ya koma buga wasa a wannan watan. Ya zira kwallaye 22 ga York a gasar Conference National a kakar wasa ta 2005–06, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics: 2005/2006: Top scorers |url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-conference/27/statistics/scorers?season=2005 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 2eaglfwf06ihpuf6e0sul1pqjwbdz2w 890913 890910 2026-08-03T11:33:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357898459|Andy Bishop]]" 890913 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Walsall === An haife shi a Cannock, Staffordshire, Bishop ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa na Walsall a matsayin mai horo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2002. Ya koma [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002. Kidderminster ya tsawaita wannan rancen a watan Disamba na 2002. Ya koma Kidderminster a karo na biyu, inda ya koma aro a farkon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 . An tsawaita lokacin aronsa a Kidderminster na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Satumba na 2003. <ref name="Harriers extend Bishop loan" /> Rochdale ya sanya hannu a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2003. An tsawaita wannan rancen na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Disamba na 2003. Ya koma Walsall a watan Janairun 2004, bayan da Rochdale ya zaɓi kada ya tsawaita lokacin aronsa. Ya koma Yeovil Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2004. Yeovil ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Bishop, saboda matsalolin raunin da ya samu. === Birnin York === Kungiyar Conference National ta York City ta sanya hannu kan Bishop a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004 bayan kin amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya a Walsall. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa na taron ƙasa na watan Fabrairu na 2006, bayan ya zira kwallaye bakwai don taimakawa York ya koma buga wasa a wannan watan. Ya zira kwallaye 22 ga York a gasar Conference National a kakar wasa ta 2005–06, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics: 2005/2006: Top scorers |url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-conference/27/statistics/scorers?season=2005 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Bury === [[Fayil:Andy_Bishop_shot.png|thumb| Bishop yana wasa a [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a shekarar 2008]] Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2006, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Ya fara kakar wasansa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar zura kwallaye 21 a dukkan gasa, ya zama ɗan wasan Bury na farko da ya zura kwallaye 20 ko fiye a kakar wasa guda na tsawon shekaru 13. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Bury, wadda za ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2010, a watan Satumba na 2007. Bury ya bai wa Bishop sabuwar kwangila a watan Janairun 2009, amma ya ƙi amincewa da hakan domin ya yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukansa. Duk da haka, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi, wadda ta ƙulla masa kwangila a kulob ɗin har zuwa watan Yunin 2012. Bishop ya rasa mafi yawan shekarun 2009–10 saboda tiyata guda biyu, kuma ya dawo cikin cikakkiyar lafiya ne kawai a watan Fabrairun 2010. Grimsby Town ta yi bincike kan Bishop a watan Mayu na 2010, bayan faduwarsu a gasar Premier ta Conference . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2011, Bishop ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragi da Bury har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2013-14. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012, Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din Conference Premier Wrexham a matsayin aro har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Wrexham ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da [[Luton Town FC|Luton Town]] a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Dartford a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bury ya sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2012, bayan ya buga wasanni huɗu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. Dawowarsa cikin ƙungiyar ta zo ne bayan fara wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Rochdale a zagaye na biyu na Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda Bury ya lashe 5-4 a bugun fenariti . === Wrexham === Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier Wrexham har abada kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 9 ga Yuli 2013. Bishop ya fara buga wasa a karo na biyu a wasan da suka doke Welling United da ci 2-1, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013 a wasan da suka doke Luton da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Bishop ya cimma nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a karon farko a Wrexham a watan Nuwamba na 2013, yayin da suka yi tahowa daga baya suka doke Gateshead da ci 3-2. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Sabon manaja Gary Mills ne ya sake shi a watan Mayun 2015. === FC Halifax Town === Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din National League FC Halifax Town a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2015. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2015–16, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Boreham Wood da ci 3-1 a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> Bishop ya buga wasanni hudu a Halifax, <ref name="A. Bishop" /> kafin ya koma ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsu ta Southport a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2015. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] lw33hfvo0p01v0m3u56kly2bjy60o7p 890914 890913 2026-08-03T11:33:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357898459|Andy Bishop]]" 890914 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Walsall === An haife shi a Cannock, Staffordshire, Bishop ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa na Walsall a matsayin mai horo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2002. Ya koma [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002. Kidderminster ya tsawaita wannan rancen a watan Disamba na 2002. Ya koma Kidderminster a karo na biyu, inda ya koma aro a farkon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 . An tsawaita lokacin aronsa a Kidderminster na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Satumba na 2003. <ref name="Harriers extend Bishop loan" /> Rochdale ya sanya hannu a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2003. An tsawaita wannan rancen na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Disamba na 2003. Ya koma Walsall a watan Janairun 2004, bayan da Rochdale ya zaɓi kada ya tsawaita lokacin aronsa. Ya koma Yeovil Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2004. Yeovil ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Bishop, saboda matsalolin raunin da ya samu. === Birnin York === Kungiyar Conference National ta York City ta sanya hannu kan Bishop a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004 bayan kin amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya a Walsall. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa na taron ƙasa na watan Fabrairu na 2006, bayan ya zira kwallaye bakwai don taimakawa York ya koma buga wasa a wannan watan. Ya zira kwallaye 22 ga York a gasar Conference National a kakar wasa ta 2005–06, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics: 2005/2006: Top scorers |url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-conference/27/statistics/scorers?season=2005 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Bury === [[Fayil:Andy_Bishop_shot.png|thumb| Bishop yana wasa a [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a shekarar 2008]] Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2006, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Ya fara kakar wasansa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar zura kwallaye 21 a dukkan gasa, ya zama ɗan wasan Bury na farko da ya zura kwallaye 20 ko fiye a kakar wasa guda na tsawon shekaru 13. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Bury, wadda za ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2010, a watan Satumba na 2007. Bury ya bai wa Bishop sabuwar kwangila a watan Janairun 2009, amma ya ƙi amincewa da hakan domin ya yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukansa. Duk da haka, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi, wadda ta ƙulla masa kwangila a kulob ɗin har zuwa watan Yunin 2012. Bishop ya rasa mafi yawan shekarun 2009–10 saboda tiyata guda biyu, kuma ya dawo cikin cikakkiyar lafiya ne kawai a watan Fabrairun 2010. Grimsby Town ta yi bincike kan Bishop a watan Mayu na 2010, bayan faduwarsu a gasar Premier ta Conference . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2011, Bishop ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragi da Bury har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2013-14. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012, Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din Conference Premier Wrexham a matsayin aro har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Wrexham ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da [[Luton Town FC|Luton Town]] a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Dartford a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bury ya sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2012, bayan ya buga wasanni huɗu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. Dawowarsa cikin ƙungiyar ta zo ne bayan fara wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Rochdale a zagaye na biyu na Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda Bury ya lashe 5-4 a bugun fenariti . === Wrexham === Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier Wrexham har abada kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 9 ga Yuli 2013. Bishop ya fara buga wasa a karo na biyu a wasan da suka doke Welling United da ci 2-1, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013 a wasan da suka doke Luton da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Bishop ya cimma nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a karon farko a Wrexham a watan Nuwamba na 2013, yayin da suka yi tahowa daga baya suka doke Gateshead da ci 3-2. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Sabon manaja Gary Mills ne ya sake shi a watan Mayun 2015. === FC Halifax Town === Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din National League FC Halifax Town a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2015. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2015–16, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Boreham Wood da ci 3-1 a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> Bishop ya buga wasanni hudu a Halifax, <ref name="A. Bishop" /> kafin ya koma ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsu ta Southport a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2015. === Southport === Bishop ya fara bayyana a Southport a wasan da suka fafata da Barrow a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a wani wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 1-0. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015, kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Kidderminster Harriers da ci 1-0. An naɗa shi a matsayin kocin riƙo na Southport a ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, kuma ya ɗauki nauyin rashin nasara a hannun Torquay United da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar. An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa-manaja na dindindin a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2016, bayan ya sha kashi a wasanni bakwai na farko da ya jagoranci ƙungiyar. Ƙungiyarsa ta Southport ta kammala gasar National League ta 2015–16 a matsayi na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Southport 2015–2016: Table: Final Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502195309/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=2 May 2016 |publisher=Statto Organisation}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2016, Bishop ya rabu da Southport, bayan da ƙungiyar ta lashe wasa ɗaya kacal daga cikin wasanni takwas na farko na 2016–17 . === Hyde United === Bishop ya koma buga wasa da ƙungiyar [[Northern Premier League|North Premier League]] Division One, Hyde United, wanda ya fara wasa a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016, lokacin da ya fara wasa a wasan da suka ci Prescot Cables 4-0 a waje. <ref name="The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season">{{Cite web |title=The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season |url=http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=21 January 2017 |publisher=Hyde United F.C.}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An bai wa Bishop damar buga wasanni sau huɗu a Ingila, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu, daga 2004 zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Tony}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d02v78vz5zl54jsb5ry8mzwvxregvj7 890916 890914 2026-08-03T11:34:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357898459|Andy Bishop]]" 890916 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Walsall === An haife shi a Cannock, Staffordshire, Bishop ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa na Walsall a matsayin mai horo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2002. Ya koma [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002. Kidderminster ya tsawaita wannan rancen a watan Disamba na 2002. Ya koma Kidderminster a karo na biyu, inda ya koma aro a farkon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 . An tsawaita lokacin aronsa a Kidderminster na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Satumba na 2003. <ref name="Harriers extend Bishop loan" /> Rochdale ya sanya hannu a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2003. An tsawaita wannan rancen na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Disamba na 2003. Ya koma Walsall a watan Janairun 2004, bayan da Rochdale ya zaɓi kada ya tsawaita lokacin aronsa. Ya koma Yeovil Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2004. Yeovil ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Bishop, saboda matsalolin raunin da ya samu. === Birnin York === Kungiyar Conference National ta York City ta sanya hannu kan Bishop a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004 bayan kin amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya a Walsall. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa na taron ƙasa na watan Fabrairu na 2006, bayan ya zira kwallaye bakwai don taimakawa York ya koma buga wasa a wannan watan. Ya zira kwallaye 22 ga York a gasar Conference National a kakar wasa ta 2005–06, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics: 2005/2006: Top scorers |url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-conference/27/statistics/scorers?season=2005 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Bury === [[Fayil:Andy_Bishop_shot.png|thumb| Bishop yana wasa a [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a shekarar 2008]] Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2006, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Ya fara kakar wasansa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar zura kwallaye 21 a dukkan gasa, ya zama ɗan wasan Bury na farko da ya zura kwallaye 20 ko fiye a kakar wasa guda na tsawon shekaru 13. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Bury, wadda za ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2010, a watan Satumba na 2007. Bury ya bai wa Bishop sabuwar kwangila a watan Janairun 2009, amma ya ƙi amincewa da hakan domin ya yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukansa. Duk da haka, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi, wadda ta ƙulla masa kwangila a kulob ɗin har zuwa watan Yunin 2012. Bishop ya rasa mafi yawan shekarun 2009–10 saboda tiyata guda biyu, kuma ya dawo cikin cikakkiyar lafiya ne kawai a watan Fabrairun 2010. Grimsby Town ta yi bincike kan Bishop a watan Mayu na 2010, bayan faduwarsu a gasar Premier ta Conference . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2011, Bishop ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragi da Bury har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2013-14. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012, Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din Conference Premier Wrexham a matsayin aro har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Wrexham ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da [[Luton Town FC|Luton Town]] a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Dartford a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bury ya sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2012, bayan ya buga wasanni huɗu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. Dawowarsa cikin ƙungiyar ta zo ne bayan fara wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Rochdale a zagaye na biyu na Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda Bury ya lashe 5-4 a bugun fenariti . === Wrexham === Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier Wrexham har abada kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 9 ga Yuli 2013. Bishop ya fara buga wasa a karo na biyu a wasan da suka doke Welling United da ci 2-1, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013 a wasan da suka doke Luton da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Bishop ya cimma nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a karon farko a Wrexham a watan Nuwamba na 2013, yayin da suka yi tahowa daga baya suka doke Gateshead da ci 3-2. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Sabon manaja Gary Mills ne ya sake shi a watan Mayun 2015. === FC Halifax Town === Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din National League FC Halifax Town a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2015. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2015–16, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Boreham Wood da ci 3-1 a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> Bishop ya buga wasanni hudu a Halifax, <ref name="A. Bishop" /> kafin ya koma ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsu ta Southport a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2015. === Southport === Bishop ya fara bayyana a Southport a wasan da suka fafata da Barrow a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a wani wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 1-0. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015, kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Kidderminster Harriers da ci 1-0. An naɗa shi a matsayin kocin riƙo na Southport a ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, kuma ya ɗauki nauyin rashin nasara a hannun Torquay United da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar. An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa-manaja na dindindin a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2016, bayan ya sha kashi a wasanni bakwai na farko da ya jagoranci ƙungiyar. Ƙungiyarsa ta Southport ta kammala gasar National League ta 2015–16 a matsayi na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Southport 2015–2016: Table: Final Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502195309/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=2 May 2016 |publisher=Statto Organisation}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2016, Bishop ya rabu da Southport, bayan da ƙungiyar ta lashe wasa ɗaya kacal daga cikin wasanni takwas na farko na 2016–17 . === Hyde United === Bishop ya koma buga wasa da ƙungiyar [[Northern Premier League|North Premier League]] Division One, Hyde United, wanda ya fara wasa a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016, lokacin da ya fara wasa a wasan da suka ci Prescot Cables 4-0 a waje. <ref name="The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season">{{Cite web |title=The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season |url=http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=21 January 2017 |publisher=Hyde United F.C.}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An bai wa Bishop damar buga wasanni sau huɗu a Ingila, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu, daga 2004 zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Tony}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Walsall |2002–03 |First Division |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2003–04 |First Division |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] (loan) |[[2002–03 Kidderminster Harriers F.C. season|2002–03]]<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2002/2003" /> |Third Division |29 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy|Football League Trophy]]}} |0 |30 |5 |- |[[2003–04 Kidderminster Harriers F.C. season|2003–04]]<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |11 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !40 !7 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !1 !0 !41 !7 |- |Rochdale (loan) |2003–04<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |10 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Yeovil Town (loan) |2003–04<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |York City |2004–05 |Conference National |38 |11 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3{{Efn|One appearance in Football League Trophy, one appearance in [[FA Trophy]], one appearance and one goal in [[Conference League Cup]]}} |1 |42 |12 |- |2005–06 |Conference National |40 |22 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}} |1 |43 |25 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !33 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !2 !85 !37 |- | rowspan="8" |[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |[[2006–07 Bury F.C. season|2006–07]] |League Two |43 |15 |4 |5 |2 |1 |0 |0 |49 |21 |- |2007–08 |League Two |44 |19 |5 |5 |1 |0 |2[a] |1 |52 |25 |- |2008–09 |League Two |41 |16 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in Football League Trophy, two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}} |1 |47 |17 |- |2009–10 |League Two |25 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1[a] |0 |26 |3 |- |2010–11 |League Two |19 |4 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |20 |4 |- |2011–12 |League One |40 |8 |1 |0 |1 |1 |1[a] |0 |43 |9 |- |2012–13 |League One |24 |4 |1 |0 |1 |0 |1[a] |0 |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !236 !69 !12 !10 !7 !2 !9 !2 !264 !83 |- |Wrexham (loan) |2012–13<ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> |Conference Premier |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Wrexham |2013–14<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |Conference Premier |38 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |42 |9 |- |2014–15<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |Conference Premier |39 |7 |5 |5 | colspan="2" |— |9[c] |3 |53 |15 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !81 !16 !8 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !10 !3 !99 !26 |- |F.C. Halifax Town |2015–16<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |National League |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Southport |2015–16<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |National League |23 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |25 |3 |- |2016–17 |National League |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !27 !4 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !1 !0 !29 !4 |- |Hyde United |2016–17<ref name="The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season">{{Cite web |title=The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season |url=http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=21 January 2017 |publisher=Hyde United F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 "The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season"]. </cite></ref> |[[Northern Premier League]] Division One North |15 |6 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |16 |6 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !496 !138 !25 !19 !7 !2 !26 !7 !554 !166 |} {{Notelist}} == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|3 September 2016}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Tarihin gudanarwa ta ƙungiya da kuma lokacin aiki ! rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Daga ! rowspan="2" | Zuwa ! colspan="5" | Rikodi ! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- ! {{Abbr|P|Matches played}} ! {{Abbr|W|Matches won}} ! {{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}} ! {{Abbr|L|Matches lost}} ! {{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}} |- | align="left" | Southport | align="left" | 19 Maris 2016 | align="left" | 3 Satumba 2016{{WDL|16|4|4|8|decimals=1}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results/matches: 2015/16 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2432&teamTabs=results&season_id=145 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Centurycomm}}</ref> |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla {{WDLtot|16|4|4|8|decimals=1}} ! — |} == Daraja == '''Wrexham''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar FA : 2014–15 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2008–09 League Two == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Andy Bishop at Soccerbase [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 94ucjmn9ygt12ox5a27u5fb0xl1l2jz 890927 890916 2026-08-03T11:46:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Jamie Bishop''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Bishop ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa a Walsall, yana karɓar rance tare da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]], Rochdale da Yeovil Town. Walsall ya sake shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya koma York City inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya sanya hannu ga Bury. Bishop ya kasance mai kula da kulob din National League na Southport a shekarar 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Walsall === An haife shi a Cannock, Staffordshire, Bishop ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa na Walsall a matsayin mai horo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2002. Ya koma [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002. Kidderminster ya tsawaita wannan rancen a watan Disamba na 2002. Ya koma Kidderminster a karo na biyu, inda ya koma aro a farkon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 . An tsawaita lokacin aronsa a Kidderminster na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Satumba na 2003. <ref name="Harriers extend Bishop loan" /> Rochdale ya sanya hannu a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2003. An tsawaita wannan rancen na tsawon wata na biyu a watan Disamba na 2003. Ya koma Walsall a watan Janairun 2004, bayan da Rochdale ya zaɓi kada ya tsawaita lokacin aronsa. Ya koma Yeovil Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2004. Yeovil ya yanke shawarar kin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Bishop, saboda matsalolin raunin da ya samu. === Birnin York === Kungiyar Conference National ta York City ta sanya hannu kan Bishop a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004 bayan kin amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya a Walsall. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa na taron ƙasa na watan Fabrairu na 2006, bayan ya zira kwallaye bakwai don taimakawa York ya koma buga wasa a wannan watan. Ya zira kwallaye 22 ga York a gasar Conference National a kakar wasa ta 2005–06, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics: 2005/2006: Top scorers |url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-conference/27/statistics/scorers?season=2005 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Bury === [[Fayil:Andy_Bishop_shot.png|thumb| Bishop yana wasa a [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a shekarar 2008]] Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2006, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Ya fara kakar wasansa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar zura kwallaye 21 a dukkan gasa, ya zama ɗan wasan Bury na farko da ya zura kwallaye 20 ko fiye a kakar wasa guda na tsawon shekaru 13. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Bury, wadda za ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2010, a watan Satumba na 2007. Bury ya bai wa Bishop sabuwar kwangila a watan Janairun 2009, amma ya ƙi amincewa da hakan domin ya yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukansa. Duk da haka, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi, wadda ta ƙulla masa kwangila a kulob ɗin har zuwa watan Yunin 2012. Bishop ya rasa mafi yawan shekarun 2009–10 saboda tiyata guda biyu, kuma ya dawo cikin cikakkiyar lafiya ne kawai a watan Fabrairun 2010. Grimsby Town ta yi bincike kan Bishop a watan Mayu na 2010, bayan faduwarsu a gasar Premier ta Conference . A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2011, Bishop ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragi da Bury har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2013-14. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012, Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din Conference Premier Wrexham a matsayin aro har zuwa 2 ga Janairu 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Wrexham ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da [[Luton Town FC|Luton Town]] a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Dartford a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bury ya sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2012, bayan ya buga wasanni huɗu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. Dawowarsa cikin ƙungiyar ta zo ne bayan fara wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Rochdale a zagaye na biyu na Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda Bury ya lashe 5-4 a bugun fenariti . === Wrexham === Bishop ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier Wrexham har abada kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 9 ga Yuli 2013. Bishop ya fara buga wasa a karo na biyu a wasan da suka doke Welling United da ci 2-1, kafin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013 a wasan da suka doke Luton da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Bishop ya cimma nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a karon farko a Wrexham a watan Nuwamba na 2013, yayin da suka yi tahowa daga baya suka doke Gateshead da ci 3-2. <ref name="A. Bishop" /> Sabon manaja Gary Mills ne ya sake shi a watan Mayun 2015. === FC Halifax Town === Bishop ya sanya hannu a kulob din National League FC Halifax Town a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2015. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2015–16, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Boreham Wood da ci 3-1 a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015. <ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> Bishop ya buga wasanni hudu a Halifax, <ref name="A. Bishop" /> kafin ya koma ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsu ta Southport a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2015. === Southport === Bishop ya fara bayyana a Southport a wasan da suka fafata da Barrow a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a wani wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 1-0. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015, kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Kidderminster Harriers da ci 1-0. An naɗa shi a matsayin kocin riƙo na Southport a ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, kuma ya ɗauki nauyin rashin nasara a hannun Torquay United da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar. An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa-manaja na dindindin a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2016, bayan ya sha kashi a wasanni bakwai na farko da ya jagoranci ƙungiyar. Ƙungiyarsa ta Southport ta kammala gasar National League ta 2015–16 a matsayi na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Southport 2015–2016: Table: Final Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502195309/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/southport/2015-2016/table |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=2 May 2016 |publisher=Statto Organisation}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2016, Bishop ya rabu da Southport, bayan da ƙungiyar ta lashe wasa ɗaya kacal daga cikin wasanni takwas na farko na 2016–17 . === Hyde United === Bishop ya koma buga wasa da ƙungiyar [[Northern Premier League|North Premier League]] Division One, Hyde United, wanda ya fara wasa a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016, lokacin da ya fara wasa a wasan da suka ci Prescot Cables 4-0 a waje. <ref name="The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season">{{Cite web |title=The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season |url=http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=21 January 2017 |publisher=Hyde United F.C.}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An bai wa Bishop damar buga wasanni sau huɗu a Ingila, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu, daga 2004 zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Tony}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Walsall |2002–03 |First Division |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2003–04 |First Division |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] (loan) |[[2002–03 Kidderminster Harriers F.C. season|2002–03]]<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2002/2003" /> |Third Division |29 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy|Football League Trophy]]}} |0 |30 |5 |- |[[2003–04 Kidderminster Harriers F.C. season|2003–04]]<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |11 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !40 !7 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !1 !0 !41 !7 |- |Rochdale (loan) |2003–04<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |10 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |Yeovil Town (loan) |2003–04<ref name="Games played by Andy Bishop in 2003/2004" /> |Third Division |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |York City |2004–05 |Conference National |38 |11 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3{{Efn|One appearance in Football League Trophy, one appearance in [[FA Trophy]], one appearance and one goal in [[Conference League Cup]]}} |1 |42 |12 |- |2005–06 |Conference National |40 |22 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}} |1 |43 |25 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !33 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !2 !85 !37 |- | rowspan="8" |[[Bury F.C.|Bury]] |[[2006–07 Bury F.C. season|2006–07]] |League Two |43 |15 |4 |5 |2 |1 |0 |0 |49 |21 |- |2007–08 |League Two |44 |19 |5 |5 |1 |0 |2[a] |1 |52 |25 |- |2008–09 |League Two |41 |16 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in Football League Trophy, two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}} |1 |47 |17 |- |2009–10 |League Two |25 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1[a] |0 |26 |3 |- |2010–11 |League Two |19 |4 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |20 |4 |- |2011–12 |League One |40 |8 |1 |0 |1 |1 |1[a] |0 |43 |9 |- |2012–13 |League One |24 |4 |1 |0 |1 |0 |1[a] |0 |27 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !236 !69 !12 !10 !7 !2 !9 !2 !264 !83 |- |Wrexham (loan) |2012–13<ref name="A. Bishop">{{Cite web |title=A. Bishop |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214308/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/andy-bishop/50434/ "A. Bishop"]. </cite></ref> |Conference Premier |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Wrexham |2013–14<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |Conference Premier |38 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |42 |9 |- |2014–15<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |Conference Premier |39 |7 |5 |5 | colspan="2" |— |9[c] |3 |53 |15 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !81 !16 !8 !7 ! colspan="2" |— !10 !3 !99 !26 |- |F.C. Halifax Town |2015–16<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |National League |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Southport |2015–16<ref name="A. Bishop" /> |National League |23 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |25 |3 |- |2016–17 |National League |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !27 !4 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !1 !0 !29 !4 |- |Hyde United |2016–17<ref name="The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season">{{Cite web |title=The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season |url=http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=21 January 2017 |publisher=Hyde United F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152246/http://www.hydeunited.co.uk/teams/94781/player/andy-bishop-1765207/39372 "The team: Andy Bishop: 2016/17 season"]. </cite></ref> |[[Northern Premier League]] Division One North |15 |6 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |16 |6 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !496 !138 !25 !19 !7 !2 !26 !7 !554 !166 |} {{Notelist}} == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|3 September 2016}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Tarihin gudanarwa ta ƙungiya da kuma lokacin aiki ! rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Daga ! rowspan="2" | Zuwa ! colspan="5" | Rikodi ! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- ! {{Abbr|P|Matches played}} ! {{Abbr|W|Matches won}} ! {{Abbr|D|Matches drawn}} ! {{Abbr|L|Matches lost}} ! {{Abbr|Win %|Win percentage}} |- | align="left" | Southport | align="left" | 19 Maris 2016 | align="left" | 3 Satumba 2016{{WDL|16|4|4|8|decimals=1}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results/matches: 2015/16 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2432&teamTabs=results&season_id=145 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Centurycomm}}</ref> |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla {{WDLtot|16|4|4|8|decimals=1}} ! — |} == Daraja == '''Wrexham''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar FA : 2014–15 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2008–09 League Two == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Andy Bishop at Soccerbase [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 4r13lgro926xoi5x1618aazptbjfgat 0 162690 890640 2026-08-02T13:01:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361195068|Idrissa Doumbia]]" 890640 wikitext text/x-wiki Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016-17 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0" /> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . == Ayyukan kulob din == Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016-17 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Royal Excel Mouscron vs. Anderlecht - 30 July 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203018/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 60ouwi3kzohikfpdysmagaia3fuazqg 890660 890640 2026-08-02T15:14:31Z Baffa ali 47435 890660 wikitext text/x-wiki Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016 harzuwa 2017 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0" /> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . == Ayyukan kulob din == Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016 zuwa 2017 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Royal Excel Mouscron vs. Anderlecht - 30 July 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203018/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] j54yoknqfhgc4golelu9onc693wnxug 0 162691 890641 2026-08-02T13:02:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344992974|Yuri Kirillov]]" 890641 wikitext text/x-wiki   (Russian; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Rasha wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Metallurg Asha ta Rasha . == Ayyuka == Kirillov ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2009 ga FC Khimki a wasan da ya yi da FC Kuban Krasnodar . <ref name="career">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=Khimki v Kuban game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_5989.html}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, FC Dynamo Moscow ta sanya hannu kan dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 daga FC Khimki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |script-title=ru:Кириллов перешёл в "Динамо" |url=http://www.championat.ru/football/news-378207.html |publisher=Championat.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> A cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, Kirillov ya kwashe lokaci a aro. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, jim kadan bayan kulob din ya koma Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=ru:ЮРИЙ КИРИЛЛОВ ВЕРНУЛСЯ В "УРАЛ" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231622/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=Russian}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan ya buga wasanni biyar kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-2014, an saki Kirillov a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=ru:Юрий Кириллов покидает "Урал" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=ru}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] kbz80k3gmhewccp5vx0mxkn9s6grd0j 890659 890641 2026-08-02T15:11:44Z Baffa ali 47435 890659 wikitext text/x-wiki   (Russian; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Rasha wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Metallurg Asha ta Rasha . == Ayyuka == Kirillov ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2009 ga FC Khimki a wasan da ya yi da FC Kuban Krasnodar . <ref name="career">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=Khimki v Kuban game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_5989.html}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, FC Dynamo Moscow ta sanya hannu kan dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 daga FC Khimki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |script-title=ru:Кириллов перешёл в "Динамо" |url=http://www.championat.ru/football/news-378207.html |publisher=Championat.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> A cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, Kirillov ya kwashe lokaci a aro. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, jim kadan bayan kulob din ya koma Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=ru:ЮРИЙ КИРИЛЛОВ ВЕРНУЛСЯ В "УРАЛ" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231622/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=Russian}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan ya buga wasanni biyar kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013 zuwa 2014, an saki Kirillov a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=ru:Юрий Кириллов покидает "Урал" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=ru}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] cov2kb543wlu6xkzchlhmbhnvhzmgy8 890921 890659 2026-08-03T11:36:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344992974|Yuri Kirillov]]" 890921 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  (Russian; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Rasha wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Metallurg Asha ta Rasha . == Ayyuka == Kirillov ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2009 ga FC Khimki a wasan da ya yi da FC Kuban Krasnodar . <ref name="career">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=Khimki v Kuban game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_5989.html}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, FC Dynamo Moscow ta sanya hannu kan dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 daga FC Khimki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |script-title=ru:Кириллов перешёл в "Динамо" |url=http://www.championat.ru/football/news-378207.html |publisher=Championat.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> A cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, Kirillov ya kwashe lokaci a aro. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, jim kadan bayan kulob din ya koma Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=ru:ЮРИЙ КИРИЛЛОВ ВЕРНУЛСЯ В "УРАЛ" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231622/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=Russian}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan ya buga wasanni biyar kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-2014, an saki Kirillov a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=ru:Юрий Кириллов покидает "Урал" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Yuri Kirillov at Russian Premier League (in Russian) (archive in English) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 82q8aoumydh9x6rvcmkpy4g4vhbmnxf 890928 890921 2026-08-03T11:48:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Russian an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Rasha wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Metallurg Asha ta Rasha . == Ayyuka == Kirillov ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2009 ga FC Khimki a wasan da ya yi da FC Kuban Krasnodar . <ref name="career">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=Khimki v Kuban game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_5989.html}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, FC Dynamo Moscow ta sanya hannu kan dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 daga FC Khimki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |script-title=ru:Кириллов перешёл в "Динамо" |url=http://www.championat.ru/football/news-378207.html |publisher=Championat.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> A cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, Kirillov ya kwashe lokaci a aro. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, jim kadan bayan kulob din ya koma Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=ru:ЮРИЙ КИРИЛЛОВ ВЕРНУЛСЯ В "УРАЛ" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231622/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=Russian}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan ya buga wasanni biyar kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-2014, an saki Kirillov a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=ru:Юрий Кириллов покидает "Урал" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Yuri Kirillov at Russian Premier League (in Russian) (archive in English) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] nkyxzqkaaxu4yun90xx2ao704i9aztk 0 162692 890662 2026-08-02T15:25:18Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322053778|Maldivian cuisine]]" 890662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == * Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, an furta dv) – ƙwallan da aka soya mai zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Ita ce abincin ƙasa na Maldives Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abinci da aka fi sani a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (Maldvian congee). Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi Masroshi – wani abun ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu soyayye da aka cika da kayan abinci kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta.  Ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. Miruhulee boava – octopus tentacles da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa .Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta dv) – miya mai kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wanda shine sakamakon yin kifin Maldives. Ana shan Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa daidaiton ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda ke haifar da ragowar kauri. Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – sinadari ne da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] doso5a9e20t84z3xh0wa4athpxkrfl6 890663 890662 2026-08-02T15:26:19Z Alubaki 30448 890663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == * Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, an furta dv) – ƙwallan da aka soya mai zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Ita ce abincin ƙasa na Maldives Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abinci da aka fi sani a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (Maldvian congee). Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi Masroshi – wani abun ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu soyayye da aka cika da kayan abinci kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta.  Ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. Miruhulee boava – octopus tentacles da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa .Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta dv) – miya mai kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wanda shine sakamakon yin kifin Maldives. Ana shan Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa daidaiton ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda ke haifar da ragowar kauri. Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – sinadari ne da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2j3tm4e5kjb7lszfvcvnt32ybdycvxv 890664 890663 2026-08-02T15:26:23Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 890664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == * Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, an furta dv) – ƙwallan da aka soya mai zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Ita ce abincin ƙasa na Maldives Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abinci da aka fi sani a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (Maldvian congee). Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi Masroshi – wani abun ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu soyayye da aka cika da kayan abinci kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta.  Ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. Miruhulee boava – octopus tentacles da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa .Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta dv) – miya mai kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wanda shine sakamakon yin kifin Maldives. Ana shan Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa daidaiton ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda ke haifar da ragowar kauri. Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – sinadari ne da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kgaixnkzn3hmbiba5eve6t94b8co16 890667 890664 2026-08-02T15:30:11Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abinci */ 890667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] he77dkwpxlns1col4kjckjtx7cfimgt 890668 890667 2026-08-02T15:31:57Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abinci */ 890668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == {{Portal|Food}} * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 86ezsf2jetfhij32y69oukz94ppg53h 890669 890668 2026-08-02T15:32:20Z Alubaki 30448 /* Duba kuma */ 890669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nftwkewdfjosx2635nt02y0bbx4e3ja 890670 890669 2026-08-02T15:33:50Z Alubaki 30448 /* Duba kuma */ 890670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7puno0vwyes5087539pm7kzwtxfxetl 890672 890670 2026-08-02T15:35:44Z Alubaki 30448 /* Littattafai */ 890672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c7wu77mmr5mln767szww4kbpp63w1px 890673 890672 2026-08-02T15:37:10Z Alubaki 30448 /* Littattafai */ 890673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian. == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] gm3bu8ngoh6vgzh9gfaeev23slqekxl 890675 890673 2026-08-02T15:38:39Z Alubaki 30448 /* Kifi */ 890675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian.<ref>[http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm MIFCO; Rihaakuru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |date=2013-06-04 }}</ref> == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] cang6lid1fjqfjh4oe1vj53us05f4zx 890676 890675 2026-08-02T15:39:08Z Alubaki 30448 /* Littattafai */ 890676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian.<ref>[http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm MIFCO; Rihaakuru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |date=2013-06-04 }}</ref> == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] qx6z7wdv6uloizbhtexvv3uhwudz4w7 890677 890676 2026-08-02T15:39:58Z Alubaki 30448 890677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita. == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian.<ref>[http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm MIFCO; Rihaakuru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |date=2013-06-04 }}</ref> == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] nkpqsr153hao93e6o75vvkoueb4oeny 890678 890677 2026-08-02T15:41:37Z Alubaki 30448 /* Kyakkyawar kwakwa */ 890678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni, da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita.<ref>[http://nadiyas-tastesofmaldives.blogspot.com/2011/08/use-of-coconut-in-maldivian-cooking.html "Use of coconut in Maldivian cooking"]</ref> == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian.<ref>[http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm MIFCO; Rihaakuru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |date=2013-06-04 }}</ref> == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] 2yn022kw6lcba8ikkkd4zdqpwnftylp 890679 890678 2026-08-02T15:43:01Z Alubaki 30448 /* Kyakkyawar kwakwa */ 890679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Malefood.jpg|right|thumb|Curries daban-daban na Maldives da ''[[Paratha|farata]]'' (gurasa ta parotha) ]] [[Fayil:MalikuBonda.jpg|thumb|''Bonda (bondi) '' abincin dankalin turawa mai zurfi daga Minicoy, [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:KekkiMas.jpg|right|thumb|Tuna, daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran a cikin abinci da yawa]] [[Fayil:Masroshi_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Masroshi'', gurasar da aka dafa]] [[Fayil:Mas_huni-roshi087.JPG|thumb|''Mas huni'' (ƙananan tuna da kwakwa) tare da burodi na [[Chapati|roshi]]]] [[Fayil:Mashuni_(382668832).jpg|thumb|''Mas huni'']] [[Fayil:Garudiya.jpg|thumb|''Garudhiya'', burodi mai tsabta da Abincin ƙasa Maldives]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_gulha33.JPG|thumb|Kwano na ''gulha'', kwallaye masu zurfi cike da kwakwa, tuna, da chili pepper]] [[Fayil:Maldivian_dish_-_Kandu_Kulkulhu_14.jpg|thumb|Ba da ''kandu kukulhu'' daga Taron Ciniki da Bikin Abinci na Duniya na 2018Taron Ciniki na Duniya da Bikin Abinci na 2018]] [[Fayil:Kashikeyo-screw-pine-maldives.jpg|thumb|Screwpine (''Kasikeyo'') 'ya'yan itace da ake siyarwa a kasuwa a Maldives]] [[Fayil:Rihaakuru.JPEG|thumb|''Rihaakuru'', wani nau'in sauce mai kauri]] [[Fayil:Mas_riha_Maldives.jpg|thumb|''Mas riha'', tuna coconut curry.]] Abinci na Maldivian, wanda kuma ake kira '''Abincin Dhivehi''', shine abincin [[Maldives]] da Minicoy, [[Lakshadweep]], [[Indiya]]. Abinci na gargajiya na Maldivians da Lakshadweep ya dogara ne akan manyan abubuwa uku da abubuwan da aka samo asali: [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], kifi, da starches. == Kyakkyawar kwakwa == Ana amfani da kwakwa a cikin nau'i mai laushi, an matse shi don samun [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko kuma ana amfani da [[man kwakwa]] a cikin jita-jita da aka dafa sosai. ''Hunigondi'' kayan aiki ne na gargajiya na Maldivian da aka yi amfani da shi don yin amfani da kwakwa, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon kujera mai laushi tare da takalmin ƙarfe a ƙarshen sa. Ana amfani da kwakwa mai laushi a cikin jita-jita kamar mas huni,<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Xavier Romero-Frias]], ''The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom'', Barcelona 1999, {{ISBN|84-7254-801-5}}</ref> da maskurolhi . Ana iya tsoma kwakwa a cikin ruwa kuma a matse shi don samun madarar kwakwa (''kaashi kiru''). Madarar kwakwa muhimmiyar sinadarai ce a yawancin curries na Maldivian da sauran jita-jita.<ref>[http://nadiyas-tastesofmaldives.blogspot.com/2011/08/use-of-coconut-in-maldivian-cooking.html "Use of coconut in Maldivian cooking"]</ref> == Kifi == kifi da aka zaɓa galibi shine skipjack tuna (''kaṇḍumas''), ko dai bushe ko sabo. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye masu kama da juna waɗanda suke cikin matsakaicin abincin Maldivian sune ƙananan tunny (''laṭṭi''), yellowfin tuna (''kanneli''), frigate tuna (''raagondi''), bigeye scad (''mushimas''), wahoo (''kurumas''), mahi-mahi (''fiyala''), bluefin jack '' (handi) '', da mackerel scad '' (Rimmas) ''. Ana iya cin waɗannan a tafasa ko a sarrafa su. Ana amfani da ɓangarori ko askewar kifin Maldives (tuna da aka warkar da ita). Don yin curries, ana yanka ruwan inabi ko ruwan inabi mai laushi zuwa sassan -inch (13 . {{Convert|1/2|in|mm|-thick}}Ana amfani da tuna da aka bushe don yin gajeren abinci (''hedhika'') kamar ''gulha'', ''masroshi'', ''kulhi'' (''bōkiba''), ''Kavaabu'', ''fathafolhi'', da ''Bajiyaa'' (tsarin yankin na samosa na Indiya). ''Mas huni'' sanannen abu ne na karin kumallo wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka gauraya da kwakwa, albasa, da chili. Ba kamar mazaunan tsibirin Pacific ba, mutanen Maldivian ba su da al'adar cin kifi. Tushen launin ruwan kasa mai laushi wanda aka sani da ''rihaakuru'' kuma abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Maldivian.<ref>[http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm MIFCO; Rihaakuru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |date=2013-06-04 }}</ref> == Sitati == Shahararrun starches sune [[shinkafa]], wanda ake cinyewa da gasa ko ƙasa a cikin gari, tubers kamar [[Gwaza|taro]] (ala), [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] (''Kattala''), da [[Rogo|cassava]] (''dandialuvi''), da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar breadfruit (''bambukeyo'') ko screwpine (''Kasikeyo''). Ana cin Tubers da 'ya'yan itacen burodi da aka dafa. Ana yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen screwpine ba tare da an yanke su ba. == Curries == Mafi mahimmancin curry a cikin abincin Maldives ana dafa shi tare da sabon tuna kuma an san shi da mas riha . ''Kukulhu riha'' (kurry na kaza) ana dafa shi tare da cakuda kayan yaji daban-daban. Curries na kayan lambu a cikin Maldives sun haɗa da waɗanda ke amfani da ''bashi'' (tsire-tsire), ''Torah'' (''Luffa aegyptiaca''), ''Barba'' (tsire), ''Chichanda'' (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') da ''muranga faiy'' ([[Zogale|ganyen moringa]]), da kuma [[ayaba]] mai kore da wasu ganye a matsayin manyan sinadaran su. Ana ƙara ɓangarorin Kifi na Maldives don ba da kayan lambu curry wani ɗanɗano. Sau da yawa ana cin curries tare da shinkafa mai tururi ko tare da [[Chapati|''roshi'']]. == Abinci == *Bis riha – curry wanda babban sinadarin shine ƙwai da aka dafa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. *Gulha (Dhivehi: ގުޅަ, wanda aka furta [guɭa]) – ƙwallo mai soyayye cike da kwakwa, tuna, da barkono barkono. Sauran sinadaran kamar ganyen curry, citta, da turmeric suma ana iya ƙarawa. Yawanci ana ba da Gulha da shayi mai zafi a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. *Garudhiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) – miyar kifi, galibi tare da tuna da aka dafa ko tuna skipjack. Abincin ƙasa ne na Maldives *Huni roshi – burodi mai laushi na kwakwa wanda ya samo asali daga Maldives. Yawanci ana cin sa lokacin karin kumallo kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kayan ƙanshi ko kayan ƙanshi.[4] *Kandu kukulhu – Curry tuna na Maldivian, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar birgima fillets na tuna ta hanyar kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya waɗanda sannan aka dafa su a cikin madarar kwakwa. *Kifin Maldives (Dhivehi: ވަޅޯމަސް, romanized: valhoamas) – ɗaya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da kuma shahara a Maldives. Kifin da aka dafa a ciki da kuma wanda aka yi da fata ana tafasa shi, ana hayaƙi, sannan a busar da shi rana. Kifin Maldives launinsa baƙi ne mai laushi tare da busasshiyar siffa. *Maskurolhi – chutney na tuna da kwakwa iri ɗaya ne da na mas huni. Yawanci ana cin sa da baipen (congee na Maldivian). *Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) – abincin karin kumallo wanda ya ƙunshi tuna da kwakwa. Ana iya ƙara gishiri da albasa. *Mas riha (Dhivehi: މަސް ރިހަ) – curry na kifi *Masroshi – wani abincin ciye-ciye na gargajiya da aka yi da kullu da aka soya wanda aka cika da sinadarai kamar tuna, kwakwa, albasa, tafarnuwa, da citta. Haka kuma ana iya zuba ruwan lemun tsami a kai. *Miruhulee boava – miyar octopus da aka gasa a cikin ganyen curry, barkono, tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono, da man kwakwa *Rihaakuru (Dhivehi: ރިހާކުރު; an furta [ɾihaːkuru]) – miyar kauri, launin ruwan kasa, kusan baƙi wadda ta samo asali daga yin kifin Maldives. Ana cin Rihaakuru kusan kowace rana a kowace gida a Maldives da Minicoy tun zamanin da. Ana dafa Rihaakuru a kan wuta mai zafi har sai ya rasa ɗanɗanonsa sakamakon ƙafewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ragowar kauri. *Screwpine (Dhivehi: ކަށިކެޔޮ, wanda aka fassara zuwa romanized: kashikeyo) – wani sinadari da aka saba amfani da shi a girkin Maldives amma kuma ana iya cinsa shi kaɗai. Yawanci ana sayar da su a kasuwanni. == Duba kuma == * [[Indian cuisine]] * ''[[Garudhiya]]'', the [[national dish]] of Maldives * ''[[Maahefun]]'', a Maldivian celebration marking the beginning of [[Ramadan]] * ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a sauce consumed almost daily in all Maldivian households == Littattafai == *Xavier Romero-Frias, Cin Abinci a Tsibiran, Himal Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, shafi na 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== *{{commons category inline|Cuisine of the Maldives}} *[https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture] * [http://dhumashi.wordpress.com/ Dhumashi] *[https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128171623/http://cbsop.com/reviews/maldives-cuisine/ Maldives Cuisine] * [https://maldivescook.com/ Maldivian Recipes ] {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Maldives topics}} {{cuisines}} [[Category:Maldivian cuisine| ]] [[Category:South Asian cuisine]] dto4gd3019vp9dufmicvw00bgot3z97 0 162693 890682 2026-08-02T15:59:30Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314538406|Macaroni casserole]]" 890682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Macaroni casserole|image=Soijamakaronilaatikko.JPG|caption=Macaroni casserole baked with cheese}}Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne na burodi, musamman wanda aka sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da aka dafa macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 0id7c4v0i547fvqbj1b8eszj094u1nk 890683 890682 2026-08-02T16:02:36Z Alubaki 30448 890683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Macaroni casserole|image=Soijamakaronilaatikko.JPG|caption=Macaroni casserole baked with Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne na burodi, musamman wanda aka sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da aka dafa macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] fjvmi5pq4sjeq18ur65bo9bz430k4td 890684 890683 2026-08-02T16:03:12Z Alubaki 30448 890684 wikitext text/x-wiki Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne na burodi, musamman wanda aka sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da aka dafa macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] lhh4yeixnr6kkwrq8mesfr4u0h8hw3i 890685 890684 2026-08-02T16:04:37Z Alubaki 30448 890685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne na burodi, musamman wanda aka sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da aka dafa macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] t2kk7hyj7hsy49te5nt2x9zk4zoaoox 890707 890685 2026-08-02T17:25:09Z Baffa ali 47435 890707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne da ake hadashi da burodi, musamman wanda aka fi sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da aka dafa macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] k2h6g32sipnxgxrqy4r253a10i50ben 890710 890707 2026-08-02T17:28:24Z Baffa ali 47435 890710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne da ake hadashi da burodi, musamman wanda aka fi sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da ake dafa shi da macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahuriyar abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] mqjqq820arrdu00w5xdvyhhoemun3ck 890716 890710 2026-08-02T17:32:43Z Baffa ali 47435 890716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Macaroni casserole [[Pasta]]- Abinci ne da ake hadashi da burodi, musamman wanda aka fi sani da kayan abinci a cikin gida na arewacin Turai. Abincin abincin da ake dafa shi da macaroni ne da aka gauraya da ƙwai da [[madara]] tare da ƙarin sinadaran kamar nama, kayan lambu ko kifi. Ana yawan yin sa da [[cuku]] ko burodi da aka yayyafa a saman. A wasu ƙasashe yawanci ana cinye shi tare da ketchup.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Finnish macaroni and cheese |url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921094416/http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/8_10.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=Dlc.fi}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance ta ƙasa == === Finland === A [[Finland]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronilaatikko'' (Finnish) ko ''makaronilåda'' (Swedish), lit.  'macaroni casserole'. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan gargajiya. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 na masu amsa 1,100 sun sanya shi a matsayin na biyu mafi mashahurin abinci na yau da kullun don abincin dare a Finland. Ana yin abincin ne da nama. Ana samun casseroles na Macaroni a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi na Finnish a matsayin abincin da aka riga aka shirya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="nolines" widths="250"> Fayil:Makaronilaatikko.jpg|Home made Macaroni casserole in Finland Fayil:Einesmakaronilaatikko.jpg|Finnish prepared macaroni casserole </gallery> === Sweden === A [[Sweden]], ana kiran abincin ''makaronipudding'' ko ''makaronilåda'' . Ana yin sigar Yaren mutanen Sweden da [[ham]], [[Albasa mai kara|leek]], da cuku.   === Malta === A [[Malta]], ana yin abincin da ake kira ''imqarrun'' tare da macaroni, naman nama na salon Bolognese da kwai. Sauran sassan suna ƙara hanci na kaza, ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya, wake da naman alade. Macaroni yawanci ana rufe shi da wani nau'i na cuku ko besciamella (bechamel) wanda zai narke yayin aikin yin burodi kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaurewa da saita pasta. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da [[Pastitsio|timpana]] ba, wanda ke da murfin burodi na waje. === Arewacin Makidoniya === A [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]], ana kiran abincin ''makaroni vo tava'', kuma ana yin shi da macaroni, nama da kuma salon nama na Bolognese. Ana rufe casserole na macaroni tare da cuku mai laushi ko farin cuku mai lalacewa lokacin yin burodi. Wani lokaci yana iya haɗawa da kwai, kamar sigar Maltese. === Indonesia === [[Fayil:Indonesian_macaroni_schotel.jpg|right|thumb|Makaroni schotel da aka yi da shi]] A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wani lokacin ana kiran abincin '''makaroni schotel''' ko '''makaroni schaal''' . <ref name="schotel">{{Cite web |title=English Translation for Schotel. |url=http://www.eudict.com/?lang=duteng&word=schotel,%20schaal |access-date=2013-03-03 |publisher=www.eudict.com}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da wannan abincin a lokacin da aka mamaye Indonesia. Sabili da haka, 'Schotel' ko 'schaal' (ma'anar 'abinci' ), wanda aka aro daga yaren Dutch, yana nufin akwati da aka yi amfani da shi don yin wannan abinci.<ref name="schotel" /> Ana yin fasalin Indonesian yawanci tare da cuku da nama (an yi amfani da naman sa da aka sha a ko'ina, a madadin sausage ko tuna. Ana amfani da dankali a wasu lokuta). == Duba kuma ==   * Frittata * Chili mac * Macaroni da cuku * Kugel * Jerin jita-jita == Tushe ==   == Haɗin waje == * Glossary of Finnish Dishes An adana shi 2013-09-21 a [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] sf0b94oszydx77f5ig6dntmp1sedavc 0 162694 890689 2026-08-02T16:12:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361969829|Osipovo, Vladimir Oblast]]" 890689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010. == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.[1] == Manazarta == fux4qi31iggs0zizvzrxogkojjkzrqb 890690 890689 2026-08-02T16:12:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361969829|Osipovo, Vladimir Oblast]]" 890690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ц._Димитрия_Солунского.Ворота.с.Осипово.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010. == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.[1] == Manazarta == 2cz8rxeliafes0ncfezgvnbwiwkwxbt 890691 890690 2026-08-02T16:14:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 890691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ц._Димитрия_Солунского.Ворота.с.Осипово.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010.<ref>Село Осипово на карте</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.[1] == Manazarta == bmddwwku72b1rilhudrh5wxb6iyt2k2 890692 890691 2026-08-02T16:15:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 890692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ц._Димитрия_Солунского.Ворота.с.Осипово.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010.<ref>Село Осипово на карте</ref><ref>Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-07-21.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.[1] == Manazarta == bedtmbz1jleuywokqg33v51yw51719t 890694 890692 2026-08-02T16:15:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 890694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ц._Димитрия_Солунского.Ворота.с.Осипово.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010.<ref>Село Осипово на карте</ref><ref>Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-07-21.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.<ref>Расстояние от Осипова до Коврова</ref> == Manazarta == 60ubocg2cjlijudbqmfdlmrmjh57mlt 0 162695 890693 2026-08-02T16:15:12Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360029219|Bing (bread)]]" 890693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bing''''' (Sinanci) burodi ne na kasar Sin da aka samo asali daga garin alkama tare da siffar da aka shimfiɗa ko siffar faifai. Wadannan abinci na iya kama da gurasar, pancakes, pies da abinci mara yisti na abincin da ba na kasar Sin ba. Da yawa suna kama da Roti ko crepe; wasu sun fi kama da kek da kukis. Kalmar [[Sinanci]] ce amma kuma tana iya nufin gurasa ko kek na wasu al'adu. Misali, ana kiran crêpe da [[Pizza]] a matsayin ''keli bing'' (可麗餅) da pisa bing (披薩餅) bi da bi, bisa ga sautin sunayensu na Latin, kuma an san tortilla na gari a matsayin Mexican thin bing (墨西哥薄餅), bisa ga asalinsa. == Nau'o'i == [[Fayil:Food_朝天鍋餐廳,_台北,_台灣,_Taipei,_Taiwan_(46557246121).jpg|thumb|Cong ka yi amfani da scallionsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ''Bing'' yawanci abinci ne na yau da kullun kuma ana cinye su don abincin rana, amma kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin abinci na yau da kullum. Dukkanin Peking duck da moo shu alade suna mirginewa a cikin gari mai laushi ''bo bing'' tare da scallions da soya mai zaki ko soya mai laushi. ''Bing'' na iya samun cikawa kamar nama mai laushi. Ana yawan dafa ''Bing'' a kan kek ko griddle kodayake ana yin burodi da wasu. Wasu nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su sun hada da: * Cong you bing ([[[[[[<nowiki>[[kastilla simi]]</nowiki>]]]]) * ''[[Fa mian bing]]'' (發麵餅; yisti-risen bing) * ''Laobing'' ([[[[[[[[T]Bread fried]] * ''Chun bing'' (春餅; spring pancake), wani m, Arewa bing da aka saba cinyewa don bikin farkon bazara. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da cikawa iri-iri. * ''Shaobing'' (燒餅; burodi) * Gurasar jaki, wani nau'in ''shaobing'' da aka cika da nama tare da * ''Jianbing'', sanannen abincin titi a kasar Sin. * Popiah (薄餅; a zahiri "ƙananan pancakes"), mai laushi mai kama da crepe ko "fat" (薄餅皮) wanda ke rufe abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "Mandarin pancake" ko "moo shu pancake" (木須餅, mù xū bǐng) a cikin yanayin Abinci na kasar Sin na Amurka. [[Fayil:Oven_baked_Hujiao_bing_ready_being_fetched_and_for_sale_in_Taipei.jpg|thumb|Ana yin burodi na Hujiao]] * Luóbo si bing, wani nau'in panfried bing wanda ya kunshi fatar alkama cike da radish * ''Rou jia bing'', wanda kuma ake kira ''rou jia mo'' yana nufin bing wanda aka yanka a buɗe kuma ya cika da nama, yawanci naman alade ko naman ragon. Wasu bambance-bambance, kamar ''niu rou jia bing'' (臘牛肉́) suna amfani da gurasar sesame kuma an cika su da nama da karoshi da da daikon, kama da banh mi. * Hé yè bǐng (荷葉餅; bing mai laushi da aka yi don wakiltar ganye na lotus), ana amfani da shi don tafiya tare da kayan nama masu yawa kuma ana amfani da su ta hanyar gua bao, bambancin da ke da naman alade da aka dafa ja. * ''''jin'' bing'' (筋餅) wani bing ne mai laushi wanda aka yi da gari mai ƙarfi (jin (筋) ma'ana gluten) wanda ya shahara a Arewacin China. Har ila yau an san shi da ''zhua bing'' (抓餅) tunda ana iya kama yadudduka (''zhua (抓) '' ma'ana kamawa) da hannu. * ''Guokui'' (鍋盔), daga Shaanxi * ''Hujiao bing'', an yi shi da baƙar fata ''Yuè Fending'' (月餅; mooncakes) hakika burodi ne mai dadi wanda aka saba samarwa kuma a ci shi a tsakiyar bikin kaka. Wasu kayan zaki sune "Matar" cake (老婆餅), wanda ya ƙunshi albasa na hunturu, da kuma nau'in cakulan 1000 (千層餅) wanda ya ƙunshi tianmianjiang, sukari, da kayan yaji biyar ko cinnamon. Ana kuma cin Binges a wasu al'adun Gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune Korean Jeon (Yaren Koriya: 전; Hanja: 煎) wanda galibi yana ɗauke da abincin teku. A Japan, halin 餅 yawanci yana nufin ''Mochi'' (keke na shinkafa), amma kuma ana amfani dashi ga wasu abinci ciki har da ''senbei'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]), wanda aka rubuta tare da haruffa iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta da jianbing. Yawancin kekunan bing na Jafananci ana kiransu ''yaki'' (焼き), kamar yadda yake a dorayaki, taiyaki, okonomiyaki, da sauransu.<gallery mode="packed" widths="160px" heights="160px"> Fayil:Jinyun_Shaobing_sold_from_Huangdao_Service_Area_(20191004135437).jpg|Jinyun-style ''shaobing''(縉雲燒餅) Fayil:Food_(40528887634).jpg|Wrapped ''bing'' Fayil:Donkey_sandwich,_Hejian_style_(20160220143311).jpg|Donkey burgers Fayil:Pot-helmets-2511801_1920.jpg|''Guokui'' Fayil:VM_5574_Lanzhou_market_Dongxiang_ganmian_da_bing.jpg|''Dongxiang dabing'' in Lanzhou Fayil:GuanBingG.JPG|''Guang bing'' in Fujian Fayil:Dan_Bing_(Taiwanese_egg_crepe).jpg|Taiwanese egg ''bing'' Fayil:Fennel_pie_at_Huatian_Eryouju,_Maliandao_(20220214134542).jpg|[[Fennel]] ''bing'' </gallery> == Tarihi == Tarihin farko na kalmar bing yana cikin Mozi, wanda aka rubuta kimanin 400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa – kimanin 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda ya bayyana abinci. A daular Han, ƙamus ɗin Shuowen Jiezi (kimanin 100) ya bayyana bing a matsayin kayan zaki da aka yi da garin alkama, yayin da ƙamus ɗin Shiming (kimanin 200) ya bayyana bing a matsayin abinci mai kullu ciki har da taliya, kullu soyayye, da burodin da aka dafa ko aka gasa wanda masana tarihi suka ɗauka daidai yake da taliya. A lokacin Daular Yammacin Jin (266–316), Shu Xi [zh] ya rubuta game da bing dalla-dalla. Ya bayyana nau'ikan bing daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu asalinsu daga ƙauyuka ko ƙasashen waje. Ya ba da shawarar buns ɗin da aka cika da ruwa don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai laushi don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai yisti don kaka, da. Girke-girke na farko na bing sun bayyana a cikin rubutun noma na ƙarni na shida Qimin Yaoshu. A ƙarshen Daular Tang (618-907), lokacin da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci masu yawa, bing ya fi nufin tururi ko burodi yayin da noodles suka zama abin da ake kira ''mian''. Abinci na alkama ciki har da bing sun kasance kayan masarufi a arewacin China kuma sun zama sanannun a kudancin China. == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Bánh]] ([[bánh cuốn]], [[bánh xèo]], etc.) *[[Jeon (food)]] *[[Naan]] *[[Okonomiyaki]] *[[Paratha]] *[[Qistibi]] *[[Red tortoise cake]] *[[Rice noodle roll]] *[[Roti]] *[[Roti canai]] *[[Hotteok]] *[[Kouign-amann]]|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ljzj40kqwoe31iebqajkvh7br9aihk 890695 890693 2026-08-02T16:16:18Z Alubaki 30448 890695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bing''''' (Sinanci) burodi ne na kasar Sin da aka samo asali daga garin alkama tare da siffar da aka shimfiɗa ko siffar faifai. Wadannan abinci na iya kama da gurasar, pancakes, pies da abinci mara yisti na abincin da ba na kasar Sin ba. Da yawa suna kama da Roti ko crepe; wasu sun fi kama da kek da kukis. Kalmar [[Sinanci]] ce amma kuma tana iya nufin gurasa ko kek na wasu al'adu. Misali, ana kiran crêpe da [[Pizza]] a matsayin ''keli bing'' (可麗餅) da pisa bing (披薩餅) bi da bi, bisa ga sautin sunayensu na Latin, kuma an san tortilla na gari a matsayin Mexican thin bing (墨西哥薄餅), bisa ga asalinsa. == Nau'o'i == [[Fayil:Food_朝天鍋餐廳,_台北,_台灣,_Taipei,_Taiwan_(46557246121).jpg|thumb|Cong ka yi amfani da scallionsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ''Bing'' yawanci abinci ne na yau da kullun kuma ana cinye su don abincin rana, amma kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin abinci na yau da kullum. Dukkanin Peking duck da moo shu alade suna mirginewa a cikin gari mai laushi ''bo bing'' tare da scallions da soya mai zaki ko soya mai laushi. ''Bing'' na iya samun cikawa kamar nama mai laushi. Ana yawan dafa ''Bing'' a kan kek ko griddle kodayake ana yin burodi da wasu. Wasu nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su sun hada da: * Cong you bing ([[[[[[<nowiki>[[kastilla simi]]</nowiki>]]]]) * ''[[Fa mian bing]]'' (發麵餅; yisti-risen bing) * ''Laobing'' ([[[[[[[[T]Bread fried]] * ''Chun bing'' (春餅; spring pancake), wani m, Arewa bing da aka saba cinyewa don bikin farkon bazara. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da cikawa iri-iri. * ''Shaobing'' (燒餅; burodi) * Gurasar jaki, wani nau'in ''shaobing'' da aka cika da nama tare da * ''Jianbing'', sanannen abincin titi a kasar Sin. * Popiah (薄餅; a zahiri "ƙananan pancakes"), mai laushi mai kama da crepe ko "fat" (薄餅皮) wanda ke rufe abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "Mandarin pancake" ko "moo shu pancake" (木須餅, mù xū bǐng) a cikin yanayin Abinci na kasar Sin na Amurka. [[Fayil:Oven_baked_Hujiao_bing_ready_being_fetched_and_for_sale_in_Taipei.jpg|thumb|Ana yin burodi na Hujiao]] * Luóbo si bing, wani nau'in panfried bing wanda ya kunshi fatar alkama cike da radish * ''Rou jia bing'', wanda kuma ake kira ''rou jia mo'' yana nufin bing wanda aka yanka a buɗe kuma ya cika da nama, yawanci naman alade ko naman ragon. Wasu bambance-bambance, kamar ''niu rou jia bing'' (臘牛肉́) suna amfani da gurasar sesame kuma an cika su da nama da karoshi da da daikon, kama da banh mi. * Hé yè bǐng (荷葉餅; bing mai laushi da aka yi don wakiltar ganye na lotus), ana amfani da shi don tafiya tare da kayan nama masu yawa kuma ana amfani da su ta hanyar gua bao, bambancin da ke da naman alade da aka dafa ja. * ''''jin'' bing'' (筋餅) wani bing ne mai laushi wanda aka yi da gari mai ƙarfi (jin (筋) ma'ana gluten) wanda ya shahara a Arewacin China. Har ila yau an san shi da ''zhua bing'' (抓餅) tunda ana iya kama yadudduka (''zhua (抓) '' ma'ana kamawa) da hannu. * ''Guokui'' (鍋盔), daga Shaanxi * ''Hujiao bing'', an yi shi da baƙar fata ''Yuè Fending'' (月餅; mooncakes) hakika burodi ne mai dadi wanda aka saba samarwa kuma a ci shi a tsakiyar bikin kaka. Wasu kayan zaki sune "Matar" cake (老婆餅), wanda ya ƙunshi albasa na hunturu, da kuma nau'in cakulan 1000 (千層餅) wanda ya ƙunshi tianmianjiang, sukari, da kayan yaji biyar ko cinnamon. Ana kuma cin Binges a wasu al'adun Gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune Korean Jeon (Yaren Koriya: 전; Hanja: 煎) wanda galibi yana ɗauke da abincin teku. A Japan, halin 餅 yawanci yana nufin ''Mochi'' (keke na shinkafa), amma kuma ana amfani dashi ga wasu abinci ciki har da ''senbei'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]), wanda aka rubuta tare da haruffa iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta da jianbing. Yawancin kekunan bing na Jafananci ana kiransu ''yaki'' (焼き), kamar yadda yake a dorayaki, taiyaki, okonomiyaki, da sauransu.<gallery mode="packed" widths="160px" heights="160px"> Fayil:Jinyun_Shaobing_sold_from_Huangdao_Service_Area_(20191004135437).jpg|Jinyun-style ''shaobing''(縉雲燒餅) Fayil:Food_(40528887634).jpg|Wrapped ''bing'' Fayil:Donkey_sandwich,_Hejian_style_(20160220143311).jpg|Donkey burgers Fayil:Pot-helmets-2511801_1920.jpg|''Guokui'' Fayil:VM_5574_Lanzhou_market_Dongxiang_ganmian_da_bing.jpg|''Dongxiang dabing'' in Lanzhou Fayil:GuanBingG.JPG|''Guang bing'' in Fujian Fayil:Dan_Bing_(Taiwanese_egg_crepe).jpg|Taiwanese egg ''bing'' Fayil:Fennel_pie_at_Huatian_Eryouju,_Maliandao_(20220214134542).jpg|[[Fennel]] ''bing'' </gallery> == Tarihi == Tarihin farko na kalmar bing yana cikin Mozi, wanda aka rubuta kimanin 400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa – kimanin 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda ya bayyana abinci. A daular Han, ƙamus ɗin Shuowen Jiezi (kimanin 100) ya bayyana bing a matsayin kayan zaki da aka yi da garin alkama, yayin da ƙamus ɗin Shiming (kimanin 200) ya bayyana bing a matsayin abinci mai kullu ciki har da taliya, kullu soyayye, da burodin da aka dafa ko aka gasa wanda masana tarihi suka ɗauka daidai yake da taliya. A lokacin Daular Yammacin Jin (266–316), Shu Xi [zh] ya rubuta game da bing dalla-dalla. Ya bayyana nau'ikan bing daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu asalinsu daga ƙauyuka ko ƙasashen waje. Ya ba da shawarar buns ɗin da aka cika da ruwa don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai laushi don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai yisti don kaka, da. Girke-girke na farko na bing sun bayyana a cikin rubutun noma na ƙarni na shida Qimin Yaoshu. A ƙarshen Daular Tang (618-907), lokacin da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci masu yawa, bing ya fi nufin tururi ko burodi yayin da noodles suka zama abin da ake kira ''mian''. Abinci na alkama ciki har da bing sun kasance kayan masarufi a arewacin China kuma sun zama sanannun a kudancin China. == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Bánh]] ([[bánh cuốn]], [[bánh xèo]], etc.) *[[Jeon (food)]] *[[Naan]] *[[Okonomiyaki]] *[[Paratha]] *[[Qistibi]] *[[Red tortoise cake]] *[[Rice noodle roll]] *[[Roti]] *[[Roti canai]] *[[Hotteok]] *[[Kouign-amann]]|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c2dgocqkfwuv9gzz4b0er5bnl7qflyb 890696 890695 2026-08-02T16:17:57Z Alubaki 30448 /* Tarihi */ 890696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bing''''' (Sinanci) burodi ne na kasar Sin da aka samo asali daga garin alkama tare da siffar da aka shimfiɗa ko siffar faifai. Wadannan abinci na iya kama da gurasar, pancakes, pies da abinci mara yisti na abincin da ba na kasar Sin ba. Da yawa suna kama da Roti ko crepe; wasu sun fi kama da kek da kukis. Kalmar [[Sinanci]] ce amma kuma tana iya nufin gurasa ko kek na wasu al'adu. Misali, ana kiran crêpe da [[Pizza]] a matsayin ''keli bing'' (可麗餅) da pisa bing (披薩餅) bi da bi, bisa ga sautin sunayensu na Latin, kuma an san tortilla na gari a matsayin Mexican thin bing (墨西哥薄餅), bisa ga asalinsa. == Nau'o'i == [[Fayil:Food_朝天鍋餐廳,_台北,_台灣,_Taipei,_Taiwan_(46557246121).jpg|thumb|Cong ka yi amfani da scallionsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ''Bing'' yawanci abinci ne na yau da kullun kuma ana cinye su don abincin rana, amma kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin abinci na yau da kullum. Dukkanin Peking duck da moo shu alade suna mirginewa a cikin gari mai laushi ''bo bing'' tare da scallions da soya mai zaki ko soya mai laushi. ''Bing'' na iya samun cikawa kamar nama mai laushi. Ana yawan dafa ''Bing'' a kan kek ko griddle kodayake ana yin burodi da wasu. Wasu nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su sun hada da: * Cong you bing ([[[[[[<nowiki>[[kastilla simi]]</nowiki>]]]]) * ''[[Fa mian bing]]'' (發麵餅; yisti-risen bing) * ''Laobing'' ([[[[[[[[T]Bread fried]] * ''Chun bing'' (春餅; spring pancake), wani m, Arewa bing da aka saba cinyewa don bikin farkon bazara. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da cikawa iri-iri. * ''Shaobing'' (燒餅; burodi) * Gurasar jaki, wani nau'in ''shaobing'' da aka cika da nama tare da * ''Jianbing'', sanannen abincin titi a kasar Sin. * Popiah (薄餅; a zahiri "ƙananan pancakes"), mai laushi mai kama da crepe ko "fat" (薄餅皮) wanda ke rufe abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "Mandarin pancake" ko "moo shu pancake" (木須餅, mù xū bǐng) a cikin yanayin Abinci na kasar Sin na Amurka. [[Fayil:Oven_baked_Hujiao_bing_ready_being_fetched_and_for_sale_in_Taipei.jpg|thumb|Ana yin burodi na Hujiao]] * Luóbo si bing, wani nau'in panfried bing wanda ya kunshi fatar alkama cike da radish * ''Rou jia bing'', wanda kuma ake kira ''rou jia mo'' yana nufin bing wanda aka yanka a buɗe kuma ya cika da nama, yawanci naman alade ko naman ragon. Wasu bambance-bambance, kamar ''niu rou jia bing'' (臘牛肉́) suna amfani da gurasar sesame kuma an cika su da nama da karoshi da da daikon, kama da banh mi. * Hé yè bǐng (荷葉餅; bing mai laushi da aka yi don wakiltar ganye na lotus), ana amfani da shi don tafiya tare da kayan nama masu yawa kuma ana amfani da su ta hanyar gua bao, bambancin da ke da naman alade da aka dafa ja. * ''''jin'' bing'' (筋餅) wani bing ne mai laushi wanda aka yi da gari mai ƙarfi (jin (筋) ma'ana gluten) wanda ya shahara a Arewacin China. Har ila yau an san shi da ''zhua bing'' (抓餅) tunda ana iya kama yadudduka (''zhua (抓) '' ma'ana kamawa) da hannu. * ''Guokui'' (鍋盔), daga Shaanxi * ''Hujiao bing'', an yi shi da baƙar fata ''Yuè Fending'' (月餅; mooncakes) hakika burodi ne mai dadi wanda aka saba samarwa kuma a ci shi a tsakiyar bikin kaka. Wasu kayan zaki sune "Matar" cake (老婆餅), wanda ya ƙunshi albasa na hunturu, da kuma nau'in cakulan 1000 (千層餅) wanda ya ƙunshi tianmianjiang, sukari, da kayan yaji biyar ko cinnamon. Ana kuma cin Binges a wasu al'adun Gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune Korean Jeon (Yaren Koriya: 전; Hanja: 煎) wanda galibi yana ɗauke da abincin teku. A Japan, halin 餅 yawanci yana nufin ''Mochi'' (keke na shinkafa), amma kuma ana amfani dashi ga wasu abinci ciki har da ''senbei'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]), wanda aka rubuta tare da haruffa iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta da jianbing. Yawancin kekunan bing na Jafananci ana kiransu ''yaki'' (焼き), kamar yadda yake a dorayaki, taiyaki, okonomiyaki, da sauransu.<gallery mode="packed" widths="160px" heights="160px"> Fayil:Jinyun_Shaobing_sold_from_Huangdao_Service_Area_(20191004135437).jpg|Jinyun-style ''shaobing''(縉雲燒餅) Fayil:Food_(40528887634).jpg|Wrapped ''bing'' Fayil:Donkey_sandwich,_Hejian_style_(20160220143311).jpg|Donkey burgers Fayil:Pot-helmets-2511801_1920.jpg|''Guokui'' Fayil:VM_5574_Lanzhou_market_Dongxiang_ganmian_da_bing.jpg|''Dongxiang dabing'' in Lanzhou Fayil:GuanBingG.JPG|''Guang bing'' in Fujian Fayil:Dan_Bing_(Taiwanese_egg_crepe).jpg|Taiwanese egg ''bing'' Fayil:Fennel_pie_at_Huatian_Eryouju,_Maliandao_(20220214134542).jpg|[[Fennel]] ''bing'' </gallery> == Tarihi == Tarihin farko na kalmar bing yana cikin Mozi, wanda aka rubuta kimanin 400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa – kimanin 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda ya bayyana abinci. A daular Han, ƙamus ɗin Shuowen Jiezi (kimanin 100) ya bayyana bing a matsayin kayan zaki da aka yi da garin alkama, yayin da ƙamus ɗin Shiming (kimanin 200) ya bayyana bing a matsayin abinci mai kullu ciki har da taliya, kullu soyayye, da burodin da aka dafa ko aka gasa wanda masana tarihi suka ɗauka daidai yake da taliya. A lokacin Daular Yammacin Jin (266–316), Shu Xi [zh] ya rubuta game da bing dalla-dalla. Ya bayyana nau'ikan bing daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu asalinsu daga ƙauyuka ko ƙasashen waje. Ya ba da shawarar buns ɗin da aka cika da ruwa don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai laushi don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai yisti don kaka, da. Girke-girke na farko na bing sun bayyana a cikin rubutun noma na ƙarni na shida Qimin Yaoshu. A ƙarshen Daular Tang (618-907), lokacin da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci masu yawa, bing ya fi nufin tururi ko burodi yayin da noodles suka zama abin da ake kira ''mian''. Abinci na alkama ciki har da bing sun kasance kayan masarufi a arewacin China kuma sun zama sanannun a kudancin China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Anderson">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=E. N |title=Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8122-9009-7 |pages=115 |doi=10.9783/9780812290097}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Bánh]] ([[bánh cuốn]], [[bánh xèo]], etc.) *[[Jeon (food)]] *[[Naan]] *[[Okonomiyaki]] *[[Paratha]] *[[Qistibi]] *[[Red tortoise cake]] *[[Rice noodle roll]] *[[Roti]] *[[Roti canai]] *[[Hotteok]] *[[Kouign-amann]]|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h4hxgg9836dpoe0ut87fy0ry2kdwtt0 890697 890696 2026-08-02T16:19:23Z Alubaki 30448 /* Tarihi */ 890697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bing''''' (Sinanci) burodi ne na kasar Sin da aka samo asali daga garin alkama tare da siffar da aka shimfiɗa ko siffar faifai. Wadannan abinci na iya kama da gurasar, pancakes, pies da abinci mara yisti na abincin da ba na kasar Sin ba. Da yawa suna kama da Roti ko crepe; wasu sun fi kama da kek da kukis. Kalmar [[Sinanci]] ce amma kuma tana iya nufin gurasa ko kek na wasu al'adu. Misali, ana kiran crêpe da [[Pizza]] a matsayin ''keli bing'' (可麗餅) da pisa bing (披薩餅) bi da bi, bisa ga sautin sunayensu na Latin, kuma an san tortilla na gari a matsayin Mexican thin bing (墨西哥薄餅), bisa ga asalinsa. == Nau'o'i == [[Fayil:Food_朝天鍋餐廳,_台北,_台灣,_Taipei,_Taiwan_(46557246121).jpg|thumb|Cong ka yi amfani da scallionsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ''Bing'' yawanci abinci ne na yau da kullun kuma ana cinye su don abincin rana, amma kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin abinci na yau da kullum. Dukkanin Peking duck da moo shu alade suna mirginewa a cikin gari mai laushi ''bo bing'' tare da scallions da soya mai zaki ko soya mai laushi. ''Bing'' na iya samun cikawa kamar nama mai laushi. Ana yawan dafa ''Bing'' a kan kek ko griddle kodayake ana yin burodi da wasu. Wasu nau'ikan da aka saba amfani da su sun hada da: * Cong you bing ([[[[[[<nowiki>[[kastilla simi]]</nowiki>]]]]) * ''[[Fa mian bing]]'' (發麵餅; yisti-risen bing) * ''Laobing'' ([[[[[[[[T]Bread fried]] * ''Chun bing'' (春餅; spring pancake), wani m, Arewa bing da aka saba cinyewa don bikin farkon bazara. Yawancin lokaci ana cinye shi tare da cikawa iri-iri. * ''Shaobing'' (燒餅; burodi) * Gurasar jaki, wani nau'in ''shaobing'' da aka cika da nama tare da * ''Jianbing'', sanannen abincin titi a kasar Sin. * Popiah (薄餅; a zahiri "ƙananan pancakes"), mai laushi mai kama da crepe ko "fat" (薄餅皮) wanda ke rufe abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "Mandarin pancake" ko "moo shu pancake" (木須餅, mù xū bǐng) a cikin yanayin Abinci na kasar Sin na Amurka. [[Fayil:Oven_baked_Hujiao_bing_ready_being_fetched_and_for_sale_in_Taipei.jpg|thumb|Ana yin burodi na Hujiao]] * Luóbo si bing, wani nau'in panfried bing wanda ya kunshi fatar alkama cike da radish * ''Rou jia bing'', wanda kuma ake kira ''rou jia mo'' yana nufin bing wanda aka yanka a buɗe kuma ya cika da nama, yawanci naman alade ko naman ragon. Wasu bambance-bambance, kamar ''niu rou jia bing'' (臘牛肉́) suna amfani da gurasar sesame kuma an cika su da nama da karoshi da da daikon, kama da banh mi. * Hé yè bǐng (荷葉餅; bing mai laushi da aka yi don wakiltar ganye na lotus), ana amfani da shi don tafiya tare da kayan nama masu yawa kuma ana amfani da su ta hanyar gua bao, bambancin da ke da naman alade da aka dafa ja. * ''''jin'' bing'' (筋餅) wani bing ne mai laushi wanda aka yi da gari mai ƙarfi (jin (筋) ma'ana gluten) wanda ya shahara a Arewacin China. Har ila yau an san shi da ''zhua bing'' (抓餅) tunda ana iya kama yadudduka (''zhua (抓) '' ma'ana kamawa) da hannu. * ''Guokui'' (鍋盔), daga Shaanxi * ''Hujiao bing'', an yi shi da baƙar fata ''Yuè Fending'' (月餅; mooncakes) hakika burodi ne mai dadi wanda aka saba samarwa kuma a ci shi a tsakiyar bikin kaka. Wasu kayan zaki sune "Matar" cake (老婆餅), wanda ya ƙunshi albasa na hunturu, da kuma nau'in cakulan 1000 (千層餅) wanda ya ƙunshi tianmianjiang, sukari, da kayan yaji biyar ko cinnamon. Ana kuma cin Binges a wasu al'adun Gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune Korean Jeon (Yaren Koriya: 전; Hanja: 煎) wanda galibi yana ɗauke da abincin teku. A Japan, halin 餅 yawanci yana nufin ''Mochi'' (keke na shinkafa), amma kuma ana amfani dashi ga wasu abinci ciki har da ''senbei'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]), wanda aka rubuta tare da haruffa iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta da jianbing. Yawancin kekunan bing na Jafananci ana kiransu ''yaki'' (焼き), kamar yadda yake a dorayaki, taiyaki, okonomiyaki, da sauransu.<gallery mode="packed" widths="160px" heights="160px"> Fayil:Jinyun_Shaobing_sold_from_Huangdao_Service_Area_(20191004135437).jpg|Jinyun-style ''shaobing''(縉雲燒餅) Fayil:Food_(40528887634).jpg|Wrapped ''bing'' Fayil:Donkey_sandwich,_Hejian_style_(20160220143311).jpg|Donkey burgers Fayil:Pot-helmets-2511801_1920.jpg|''Guokui'' Fayil:VM_5574_Lanzhou_market_Dongxiang_ganmian_da_bing.jpg|''Dongxiang dabing'' in Lanzhou Fayil:GuanBingG.JPG|''Guang bing'' in Fujian Fayil:Dan_Bing_(Taiwanese_egg_crepe).jpg|Taiwanese egg ''bing'' Fayil:Fennel_pie_at_Huatian_Eryouju,_Maliandao_(20220214134542).jpg|[[Fennel]] ''bing'' </gallery> == Tarihi == Tarihin farko na kalmar bing yana cikin Mozi, wanda aka rubuta kimanin 400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa – kimanin 300 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda ya bayyana abinci. A daular Han, ƙamus ɗin Shuowen Jiezi (kimanin 100) ya bayyana bing a matsayin kayan zaki da aka yi da garin alkama, yayin da ƙamus ɗin Shiming (kimanin 200) ya bayyana bing a matsayin abinci mai kullu ciki har da taliya, kullu soyayye, da burodin da aka dafa ko aka gasa wanda masana tarihi suka ɗauka daidai yake da taliya. A lokacin Daular Yammacin Jin (266–316), Shu Xi [zh] ya rubuta game da bing dalla-dalla. Ya bayyana nau'ikan bing daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu asalinsu daga ƙauyuka ko ƙasashen waje. Ya ba da shawarar buns ɗin da aka cika da ruwa don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai laushi don bazara, abin da zai iya zama burodi mai yisti don kaka, da. Girke-girke na farko na bing sun bayyana a cikin rubutun noma na ƙarni na shida Qimin Yaoshu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dunlop |first=Fuchsia |title=Invitation to a banquet: the story of Chinese food |date=2023 |publisher=Particular Books, an imprint of Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-51698-0 |location=[London] UK |pages=236-247}}</ref> A ƙarshen Daular Tang (618-907), lokacin da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci masu yawa, bing ya fi nufin tururi ko burodi yayin da noodles suka zama abin da ake kira ''mian''. Abinci na alkama ciki har da bing sun kasance kayan masarufi a arewacin China kuma sun zama sanannun a kudancin China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Anderson">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=E. N |title=Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8122-9009-7 |pages=115 |doi=10.9783/9780812290097}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Bánh]] ([[bánh cuốn]], [[bánh xèo]], etc.) *[[Jeon (food)]] *[[Naan]] *[[Okonomiyaki]] *[[Paratha]] *[[Qistibi]] *[[Red tortoise cake]] *[[Rice noodle roll]] *[[Roti]] *[[Roti canai]] *[[Hotteok]] *[[Kouign-amann]]|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4puk52miidm099m7ma77bxso9i7dy9 0 162696 890748 2026-08-02T20:10:31Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366466655|Montorie Foster]]" 890748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''What i love pleasure to shi kenan a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba Montorie Foster Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Seattle Seahawks na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . == Rayuwa ta farko == Foster ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Edward a Lakewood, Ohio, kuma tana da tayin buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji daga Akron da Gabashin Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Phil |date=21 May 2020 |title=MSU signee Montorie Foster planned to play college basketball. Then he stepped on the football field |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/football/2020/05/21/montorie-foster-michigan-state-football-st-edward/5223724002/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Lansing State Journal}}</ref> An kuma kiyasta shi a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa na taurari uku duk da cewa bai buga wasan ba har sai da ya kammala makarantar sakandare kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goul |first=Matt |date=12 November 2019 |title=St. Edward's Montorie Foster commits to Michigan State after first season of football |url=https://www.cleveland.com/highschoolsports/2019/11/st-edwards-montorie-foster-commits-to-michigan-state-after-first-season-of-football.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Foster ya buga wasanni bakwai inda ya yi kwallo biyu, yayin da bai yi liyafa ba.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Montorie Foster College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/montorie-foster-1.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2021, ya fara aikinsa na farko inda ya kawo kwallaye uku don yadudduka 33 da Purdue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=11 November 2021 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster 'totally ready' for larger role |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2021/11/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-totally-ready-for-larger-role.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2021, Foster ya zira kwallaye 12 don yadudduka 164 da kuma touchdown a cikin farawa uku ga Spartans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=14 April 2023 |title=Michigan State football's Montorie Foster looks to win WR starting job |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/04/14/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-wide-receiver-starting-job/70113057007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Foster ya zira kwallaye bakwai don yadudduka 98 da kuma touchdown. <ref name="SR" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Kyle |date=4 August 2023 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster looks to show off 'a different Montorie' this fall |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/08/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-looks-to-show-off-a-different-montorie-this-fall.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2023, ya yi karɓar bakuncin hudu don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Nebraska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=19 November 2023 |title=Michigan State football stock watch: Maliq Carr, Montorie Foster put on show with catches |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/19/michigan-state-football-stock-watch-maliq-carr-montorie-foster-harlon-barnett/71645556007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin mako na 12, Foster ya kawo liyafa bakwai don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsey |first=Jared |date=18 November 2023 |title=Michigan State's Montorie Foster makes ridiculous one-handed touchdown catch |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/18/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-makes-one-handed-touchdown/71635906007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya fara a dukkan wasanni 12 na Spartans, inda ya samu wasanni 43 don yadudduka 576 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=21 December 2023 |title=Michigan State leading receiver returning; another WR pulls name from portal |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/12/michigan-state-leading-receiver-returning-another-wr-pulls-name-from-portal.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=11 5/8|weight=188|dash=4.63|ten split=1.57|twenty split=2.68|shuttle=4.47|cone drill=7.01|vertical=35.0|broad ft=9|broad in=8|bench=14|arm span=29 1/4|hand span=9 1/4|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27625&ovl=Michigan+State |title=Montorie Foster RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=May 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040202&DraftYear=2025 |title=Montorie Foster Jr. College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref>}}Foster ya sanya hannu tare da Seattle Seahawks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign WR Montorie Foster Jr. & LB D'Eryk Jackson |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-wr-montorie-foster-jr-lb-d-eryk-jackson |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi tare da raunin rauni a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |title=Seahawks Sign Defensive End Seth Coleman |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-defensive-end-seth-coleman |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An sake sanya Foster hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=December 30, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign T Amari Kight Off Practice Squad, Place Cody White On IR & Other Roster Moves |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-t-amari-kight-off-practice-squad-place-cody-white-on-ir-other-roster-moves |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Seattle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |date=February 12, 2026 |title=Seahawks Sign 15 To Future Contracts |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-15-to-future-contracts |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.seahawks.com/team/players-roster/montorie-foster-jr/ Tarihin Seattle Seahawks] * [https://msuspartans.com/sports/football/roster/montorie-foster-jr-/14020 Tarihin Spartans na Jihar Michigan] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 1o38f5w5xp12ok9jyp5emewesm2ac52 890749 890748 2026-08-02T20:11:47Z Aluja 30485 890749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montorie Foster Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Seattle Seahawks na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . == Rayuwa ta farko == Foster ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Edward a Lakewood, Ohio, kuma tana da tayin buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji daga Akron da Gabashin Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Phil |date=21 May 2020 |title=MSU signee Montorie Foster planned to play college basketball. Then he stepped on the football field |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/football/2020/05/21/montorie-foster-michigan-state-football-st-edward/5223724002/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Lansing State Journal}}</ref> An kuma kiyasta shi a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa na taurari uku duk da cewa bai buga wasan ba har sai da ya kammala makarantar sakandare kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goul |first=Matt |date=12 November 2019 |title=St. Edward's Montorie Foster commits to Michigan State after first season of football |url=https://www.cleveland.com/highschoolsports/2019/11/st-edwards-montorie-foster-commits-to-michigan-state-after-first-season-of-football.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Foster ya buga wasanni bakwai inda ya yi kwallo biyu, yayin da bai yi liyafa ba.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Montorie Foster College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/montorie-foster-1.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2021, ya fara aikinsa na farko inda ya kawo kwallaye uku don yadudduka 33 da Purdue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=11 November 2021 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster 'totally ready' for larger role |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2021/11/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-totally-ready-for-larger-role.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2021, Foster ya zira kwallaye 12 don yadudduka 164 da kuma touchdown a cikin farawa uku ga Spartans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=14 April 2023 |title=Michigan State football's Montorie Foster looks to win WR starting job |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/04/14/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-wide-receiver-starting-job/70113057007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Foster ya zira kwallaye bakwai don yadudduka 98 da kuma touchdown. <ref name="SR" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Kyle |date=4 August 2023 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster looks to show off 'a different Montorie' this fall |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/08/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-looks-to-show-off-a-different-montorie-this-fall.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2023, ya yi karɓar bakuncin hudu don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Nebraska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=19 November 2023 |title=Michigan State football stock watch: Maliq Carr, Montorie Foster put on show with catches |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/19/michigan-state-football-stock-watch-maliq-carr-montorie-foster-harlon-barnett/71645556007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin mako na 12, Foster ya kawo liyafa bakwai don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsey |first=Jared |date=18 November 2023 |title=Michigan State's Montorie Foster makes ridiculous one-handed touchdown catch |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/18/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-makes-one-handed-touchdown/71635906007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya fara a dukkan wasanni 12 na Spartans, inda ya samu wasanni 43 don yadudduka 576 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=21 December 2023 |title=Michigan State leading receiver returning; another WR pulls name from portal |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/12/michigan-state-leading-receiver-returning-another-wr-pulls-name-from-portal.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=11 5/8|weight=188|dash=4.63|ten split=1.57|twenty split=2.68|shuttle=4.47|cone drill=7.01|vertical=35.0|broad ft=9|broad in=8|bench=14|arm span=29 1/4|hand span=9 1/4|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27625&ovl=Michigan+State |title=Montorie Foster RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=May 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040202&DraftYear=2025 |title=Montorie Foster Jr. College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref>}}Foster ya sanya hannu tare da Seattle Seahawks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign WR Montorie Foster Jr. & LB D'Eryk Jackson |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-wr-montorie-foster-jr-lb-d-eryk-jackson |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi tare da raunin rauni a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |title=Seahawks Sign Defensive End Seth Coleman |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-defensive-end-seth-coleman |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An sake sanya Foster hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=December 30, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign T Amari Kight Off Practice Squad, Place Cody White On IR & Other Roster Moves |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-t-amari-kight-off-practice-squad-place-cody-white-on-ir-other-roster-moves |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Seattle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |date=February 12, 2026 |title=Seahawks Sign 15 To Future Contracts |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-15-to-future-contracts |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.seahawks.com/team/players-roster/montorie-foster-jr/ Tarihin Seattle Seahawks] * [https://msuspartans.com/sports/football/roster/montorie-foster-jr-/14020 Tarihin Spartans na Jihar Michigan] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 6jt7p5djjnp31k4lqw0hj4ylidzlzv4 890750 890749 2026-08-02T20:12:33Z Aluja 30485 890750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Montorie Foster Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Seattle Seahawks na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . == Rayuwa ta farko == Foster ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Edward a Lakewood, Ohio, kuma tana da tayin buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji daga Akron da Gabashin Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Phil |date=21 May 2020 |title=MSU signee Montorie Foster planned to play college basketball. Then he stepped on the football field |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/sports/college/msu/football/2020/05/21/montorie-foster-michigan-state-football-st-edward/5223724002/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Lansing State Journal}}</ref> An kuma kiyasta shi a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa na taurari uku duk da cewa bai buga wasan ba har sai da ya kammala makarantar sakandare kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Michigan State Spartans . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goul |first=Matt |date=12 November 2019 |title=St. Edward's Montorie Foster commits to Michigan State after first season of football |url=https://www.cleveland.com/highschoolsports/2019/11/st-edwards-montorie-foster-commits-to-michigan-state-after-first-season-of-football.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Cleveland.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Foster ya buga wasanni bakwai inda ya yi kwallo biyu, yayin da bai yi liyafa ba.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Montorie Foster College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/montorie-foster-1.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2021, ya fara aikinsa na farko inda ya kawo kwallaye uku don yadudduka 33 da Purdue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=11 November 2021 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster 'totally ready' for larger role |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2021/11/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-totally-ready-for-larger-role.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2021, Foster ya zira kwallaye 12 don yadudduka 164 da kuma touchdown a cikin farawa uku ga Spartans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=14 April 2023 |title=Michigan State football's Montorie Foster looks to win WR starting job |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/04/14/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-wide-receiver-starting-job/70113057007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Foster ya zira kwallaye bakwai don yadudduka 98 da kuma touchdown. <ref name="SR" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Kyle |date=4 August 2023 |title=Michigan State WR Montorie Foster looks to show off 'a different Montorie' this fall |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/08/michigan-state-wr-montorie-foster-looks-to-show-off-a-different-montorie-this-fall.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> A cikin mako na 10 na kakar 2023, ya yi karɓar bakuncin hudu don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Nebraska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solari |first=Chris |date=19 November 2023 |title=Michigan State football stock watch: Maliq Carr, Montorie Foster put on show with catches |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/19/michigan-state-football-stock-watch-maliq-carr-montorie-foster-harlon-barnett/71645556007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A cikin mako na 12, Foster ya kawo liyafa bakwai don yadudduka 94 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsey |first=Jared |date=18 November 2023 |title=Michigan State's Montorie Foster makes ridiculous one-handed touchdown catch |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2023/11/18/michigan-state-football-montorie-foster-makes-one-handed-touchdown/71635906007/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya fara a dukkan wasanni 12 na Spartans, inda ya samu wasanni 43 don yadudduka 576 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenzel |first=Matt |date=21 December 2023 |title=Michigan State leading receiver returning; another WR pulls name from portal |url=https://www.mlive.com/spartans/2023/12/michigan-state-leading-receiver-returning-another-wr-pulls-name-from-portal.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=11 5/8|weight=188|dash=4.63|ten split=1.57|twenty split=2.68|shuttle=4.47|cone drill=7.01|vertical=35.0|broad ft=9|broad in=8|bench=14|arm span=29 1/4|hand span=9 1/4|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27625&ovl=Michigan+State |title=Montorie Foster RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=May 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040202&DraftYear=2025 |title=Montorie Foster Jr. College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref>}}Foster ya sanya hannu tare da Seattle Seahawks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign WR Montorie Foster Jr. & LB D'Eryk Jackson |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-wr-montorie-foster-jr-lb-d-eryk-jackson |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi tare da raunin rauni a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |title=Seahawks Sign Defensive End Seth Coleman |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-defensive-end-seth-coleman |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> An sake sanya Foster hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle, John |date=December 30, 2025 |title=Seahawks Sign T Amari Kight Off Practice Squad, Place Cody White On IR & Other Roster Moves |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-t-amari-kight-off-practice-squad-place-cody-white-on-ir-other-roster-moves |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2026, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Seattle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=John |date=February 12, 2026 |title=Seahawks Sign 15 To Future Contracts |url=https://www.seahawks.com/news/seahawks-sign-15-to-future-contracts |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=Seahawks.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.seahawks.com/team/players-roster/montorie-foster-jr/ Tarihin Seattle Seahawks] * [https://msuspartans.com/sports/football/roster/montorie-foster-jr-/14020 Tarihin Spartans na Jihar Michigan] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] sm2py8hhsjd4rqft2y99b71g6jnidkq 0 162697 890753 2026-08-02T20:21:25Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366259654|Bill Dugan]]" 890753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William H. Dugan''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, 1959) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan wasa mai tsayayya a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa (NFL) na Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings, da New York Giants . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2014 |title=Dugan Honored at Seattle Seahawks Game |url=https://wlea.net/dugan-honored-at-seattle-seahawks-game/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> Dugan ya buga wasan Ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Penn State Nittany Lions kuma an zaɓe shi na 58 gaba ɗaya a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Dugan |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DugaBi20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513040814/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DugaBi20.htm |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] i12dp24s2hyfb28fdynzswacwuqrvx0 890754 890753 2026-08-02T20:21:54Z Aluja 30485 890754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William H. Dugan''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, 1959) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan wasa mai tsayayya a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa (NFL) na Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings, da New York Giants . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2014 |title=Dugan Honored at Seattle Seahawks Game |url=https://wlea.net/dugan-honored-at-seattle-seahawks-game/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> Dugan ya buga wasan Ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Penn State Nittany Lions kuma an zaɓe shi na 58 gaba ɗaya a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Dugan |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DugaBi20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513040814/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DugaBi20.htm |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 4m8jkwnhwgvsuby4jrv6fhzlng7bkin 3 162698 890764 2026-08-02T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lachica Abbas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lachica Abbas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 4lc30g3v2x8zgvqlupj3hnwdbgiku30 3 162699 890765 2026-08-02T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890765 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eratosthenes12051! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eratosthenes12051|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 88yvm2y4fxs4mvfpnqfls59d806l9ao 3 162700 890766 2026-08-02T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890766 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pilania Raja! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pilania Raja|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0ilz7lqt8nbez1sscqedjgboy2tp7r0 3 162701 890767 2026-08-02T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890767 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Victoria047! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Victoria047|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2utsdbk2845fsp6r01j6c8urmyvwm5j 3 162702 890768 2026-08-02T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890768 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jarkn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jarkn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) tlo1k33kaya6dv10equ87o5bi5xrm03 3 162703 890769 2026-08-02T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890769 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Libyanmilitaryman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Libyanmilitaryman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dj2vxy9yvqw1ju1re7t4xcuxkeq27l8 3 162704 890770 2026-08-02T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yes my name! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yes my name|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) jyhu97hhmr4as3uc8oxp3evyqw8k1ac 3 162705 890771 2026-08-02T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890771 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kelvin Kiptumm! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kelvin Kiptumm|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) k5hletvbbx9ogh8mezdtnj4iiiorhx1 3 162706 890772 2026-08-02T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890772 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aidmarn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aidmarn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8872194ks457luv8f1iuqqkucxjp0dd 3 162707 890773 2026-08-02T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890773 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Minomacc21! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Minomacc21|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 35ezid5mtvkqpfky36jmdr0aqm4548m 3 162708 890774 2026-08-02T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890774 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu Muhammad rabil! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu Muhammad rabil|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 056hxycaq4zf9mtikfrdv2r9uwq160y 3 162709 890775 2026-08-02T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890775 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ethan0809! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ethan0809|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mlc7csm68sud3ypdhbozcgbfmtrwtkl 3 162710 890776 2026-08-02T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890776 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hediedinthelivingroom! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hediedinthelivingroom|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) d13otg19douks0zg59dnx22l4xgn95w 3 162711 890777 2026-08-02T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890777 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikichanger814! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikichanger814|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 1mcx1l789nozb9txdwox5ldcr82zdpg 3 162712 890778 2026-08-02T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890778 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZahraddeenDB! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZahraddeenDB|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 96056r8df0bsr96lx8qy9b51yfo0uqx 3 162713 890779 2026-08-02T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890779 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pburka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pburka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2cuk8s0tydi39s1qbhhpty0l19a9j94 3 162714 890780 2026-08-02T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890780 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shiana1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shiana1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) tpiw6c8862z0ahbe56ls8lyt2kgn3bt 3 162715 890781 2026-08-02T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890781 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zerofanta! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zerofanta|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) l24zhl25su0u03kgy3a0prfsrl3s94y 3 162716 890782 2026-08-02T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 890782 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vsbobclear! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vsbobclear|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dmn0i9khgrafs8o6qkw2wwuvhn229g0 3 162717 890793 2026-08-02T22:33:38Z Superpes15 11792 Superpes15 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Storiaditaliayt]] to [[Tattaunawar user:IannisAnto]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Storiaditaliayt|Storiaditaliayt]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/IannisAnto|IannisAnto]]" 890793 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:IannisAnto]] 6c9uuvcurjraa6f37l37m5cekr0gs8h 3 162718 890835 2026-08-03T06:03:29Z Bunnypranav 34947 Bunnypranav moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Shabazz31091]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Sbz04011]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shabazz31091|Shabazz31091]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Sbz04011|Sbz04011]]" 890835 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Sbz04011]] lhrsf9a8fcv2lizhqpnoid34x28sfea 0 162719 890839 2026-08-03T06:48:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341417414|Psychotherapy and social action model]]" 890839 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa shine hanyar da ake amfani da ita ta hanyar mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka gabata da na yanzu na mutum, zamantakewa, da siyasa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Musamman, manufar wannan hanyar warkarwa ita ce ta yarda cewa alamun mutum ba na musamman ba ne, amma a maimakon haka mutanen da aka zalunta da kuma warewa sun raba su. A ƙarshe, tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa suna da niyyar taimakawa abokan ciniki wajen shawo kan rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar maganin kwakwalwa na mutum, jimrewa rukuni, da aikin zamantakewa. == Tarihi == Sue Holland ce ta fara gabatar da tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da aikin zamantakewa, likitan kwakwalwa tare da asali a cikin aikin al'umma. Holland ta haɓaka wannan tsarin a cikin 1980 biyo bayan kwarewarta ta aiki tare da mata da ke fama da rikice-rikicen tunani a wani gidaje a Yammacin London. A wannan yanki, Holland ta lura da matsalolin tunanin da mata ke fuskanta, ta lura cewa lafiyar hankalinsu tana da alaƙa da matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata. Bugu da kari, Holland ta dauki matsala da yadda ake bi da Mawuyacin hali a mafaka. Magani na mutum, musamman tare da amfani da magungunan psychotropic, bai sami nasarar magance tushen matsalar ba. Maimakon haka, Holland ta gabatar da hanya daga maganin mutum zuwa aikin zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ya ba mata damar magance matsalar tunanin su a asirce da zamantakewa. Saboda haka, tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa sun samo asali ne daga manufofin maganin kwakwalwa na gargajiya da kuma karfafa mata. Aiwatar da samfurin ya fara ne tare da gwajin shekaru uku kuma, a cewar Holland (1992), ya cimma burinsa na farko guda uku, gami da samar da maganin hankali na sirri, inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, da inganta ci gaba da al'umma. Akwai shaidar farko da ke tallafawa ingancin samfurin wajen magance matsalar tunanin mutum. == Misali == Tsarin murabba'i ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar zamantakewar al'umma na tsarin huɗu don nazarin ka'idar jama'a. A waje da tsarin samfurin, ana wakiltar dichotomy na mutum da zamantakewar zamantakewa ga jin daɗin mutum. Kwayoyin biyu na ƙasa na murabba'in suna nuna canjin mutane don bin yarjejeniyar zamantakewa yayin da manyan sel biyu na murabbaʼin suna wakiltar canjin tsarin zamantakewa ba kamar yadda mutum yake ba. Kwayoyin huɗu a cikin firam ɗin suna wakiltar tsarin huɗu na ka'idar zamantakewa ciki har da mai aiki, mai fassara, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, da tsarin tsarin tsarin. Ayyuka a nan sun samo asali ne daga tsari da tunani mai ma'ana, kuma suna wakiltar mutum, tsarin matsayi na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Tsarin fassarar yana nunawa ta hanyar fahimtar duniyar zamantakewa ta hanyar kwarewar ra'ayi, kuma yana wakiltar ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin tsarin maganin halayyar dan adam. An bayyana tsarin ɗan adam mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar hanyar canji tare da jaddadawa kan "ƙetare iyakokin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na yanzu". (Burrell & Morgan, 1979, shafi na 32). Dangane da hanyar warkarwa, wannan matakin yana da alaƙa da karɓar mutum na zamantakewa, irin wannan warkarwa tana faruwa a rukuni ko matakin rukuni. Tsarin tsarin tsari mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana mai da hankali kan canji mai tsattsi ta hanyar 'yanci na siyasa ko tattalin arziki. Wannan shine ƙarshen maganin, a wannan lokacin ana ba abokin ciniki ikon kalubalantar tsarin zamantakewar siyasa wanda ke inganta yanayin da ke ci gaba da bayyanar cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin ƙungiyar da aka zalunta. === I. Mai haƙuri a kan magunguna === A wannan matakin, marasa lafiya suna amincewa da halin da ake ciki na "mai haƙuri na mutum".Saboda haka, suna kula da cutar su ba tare da magani ba kuma suna karɓar lakabin da ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar su. === Na biyu. Magungunan mutum-mutum === Wannan mataki yana wakiltar madadin farko ga maganin matsayi na cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa: maganin magana. A wannan matakin, abokan ciniki da masu warkarwa suna iya bincika ma'anar ilimin halayensu da kuma gano abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da su ta hanyar maganin mutum. === Na uku. Tattaunawa a cikin rukuni === A wannan matakin, abokin ciniki yana iya wucewa bayan ƙalubalen mutum waɗanda aka amince da su kuma aka magance su a cikin maganin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ya gano cewa ƙalubalen na duniya ne tsakanin irin waɗannan mutane. Tare, abokan ciniki suna da niyyar amincewa da abin da ya fi dacewa ga rukuni. === Na huɗu. Yin aiki === Mataki na ƙarshe, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, shine lokacin da ƙungiyar ke tattarawa don canza tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke ba da damar zaluntar su. Bayan sun canza daga mutum zuwa rukuni, ya kamata abokan ciniki su ji an ba su ikon yin canjin zamantakewa. An haɗa shi a cikin wannan tsarin shine zaton cewa wasu abokan ciniki ne kawai a cikin wannan magani za su ratsa dukkan matakai uku. A cikin kalmomin Holland, "... mutane da yawa za su gamsu da sauƙi daga alamomi da kuma 'yancin ci gaba da rayuwarsu ta mutum wanda maganin mutum ke ba su. " (Holland, 1992, shafi na 73) &nbsp;Don haka, wannan tsarin yana da ruwa bisa ga sha'awar abokin ciniki a duk lokacin warkarwa. == Misalan ayyukan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa tare da tushensu a cikin maganin zamantakewa == * Ayyukan Mata don Lafiya ta Zuciya (WAMH) * Cibiyar Ba da Shawara ta Maza (MAN) * Travers (1997) == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin fafutuka * Ilimin halayyar jama'a * [[Kimiyar al'umma|Ilimin zamantakewa]] == Manazarta == 2kj0gdv0tv90qt1sx0si32iygx5sb5z 890843 890839 2026-08-03T06:56:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 890843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa shine hanyar da ake amfani da ita ta hanyar mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka gabata da na yanzu na mutum, zamantakewa, da siyasa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Musamman, manufar wannan hanyar warkarwa ita ce ta yarda cewa alamun mutum ba na musamman ba ne, amma a maimakon haka mutanen da aka zalunta da kuma warewa sun raba su. A ƙarshe, tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa suna da niyyar taimakawa abokan ciniki wajen shawo kan rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar maganin kwakwalwa na mutum, jimrewa rukuni, da aikin zamantakewa. == Tarihi == Sue Holland ce ta fara gabatar da tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da aikin zamantakewa, likitan kwakwalwa tare da asali a cikin aikin al'umma. Holland ta haɓaka wannan tsarin a cikin 1980 biyo bayan kwarewarta ta aiki tare da mata da ke fama da rikice-rikicen tunani a wani gidaje a Yammacin London. A wannan yanki, Holland ta lura da matsalolin tunanin da mata ke fuskanta, ta lura cewa lafiyar hankalinsu tana da alaƙa da matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata. Bugu da kari, Holland ta dauki matsala da yadda ake bi da Mawuyacin hali a mafaka. Magani na mutum, musamman tare da amfani da magungunan psychotropic, bai sami nasarar magance tushen matsalar ba. Maimakon haka, Holland ta gabatar da hanya daga maganin mutum zuwa aikin zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ya ba mata damar magance matsalar tunanin su a asirce da zamantakewa. Saboda haka, tsarin maganin kwakwalwa da tsarin aikin zamantakewa sun samo asali ne daga manufofin maganin kwakwalwa na gargajiya da kuma karfafa mata. Aiwatar da samfurin ya fara ne tare da gwajin shekaru uku kuma, a cewar Holland (1992), ya cimma burinsa na farko guda uku, gami da samar da maganin hankali na sirri, inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, da inganta ci gaba da al'umma. Akwai shaidar farko da ke tallafawa ingancin samfurin wajen magance matsalar tunanin mutum. == Misali == Tsarin murabba'i ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar zamantakewar al'umma na tsarin huɗu don nazarin ka'idar jama'a. A waje da tsarin samfurin, ana wakiltar dichotomy na mutum da zamantakewar zamantakewa ga jin daɗin mutum. Kwayoyin biyu na ƙasa na murabba'in suna nuna canjin mutane don bin yarjejeniyar zamantakewa yayin da manyan sel biyu na murabbaʼin suna wakiltar canjin tsarin zamantakewa ba kamar yadda mutum yake ba. Kwayoyin huɗu a cikin firam ɗin suna wakiltar tsarin huɗu na ka'idar zamantakewa ciki har da mai aiki, mai fassara, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, da tsarin tsarin tsarin. Ayyuka a nan sun samo asali ne daga tsari da tunani mai ma'ana, kuma suna wakiltar mutum, tsarin matsayi na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Tsarin fassarar yana nunawa ta hanyar fahimtar duniyar zamantakewa ta hanyar kwarewar ra'ayi, kuma yana wakiltar ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin tsarin maganin halayyar dan adam. An bayyana tsarin ɗan adam mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar hanyar canji tare da jaddadawa kan "ƙetare iyakokin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na yanzu". (Burrell & Morgan, 1979, shafi na 32). Dangane da hanyar warkarwa, wannan matakin yana da alaƙa da karɓar mutum na zamantakewa, irin wannan warkarwa tana faruwa a rukuni ko matakin rukuni. Tsarin tsarin tsari mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana mai da hankali kan canji mai tsattsi ta hanyar 'yanci na siyasa ko tattalin arziki. Wannan shine ƙarshen maganin, a wannan lokacin ana ba abokin ciniki ikon kalubalantar tsarin zamantakewar siyasa wanda ke inganta yanayin da ke ci gaba da bayyanar cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin ƙungiyar da aka zalunta. === I. Mai haƙuri a kan magunguna === A wannan matakin, marasa lafiya suna amincewa da halin da ake ciki na "mai haƙuri na mutum".Saboda haka, suna kula da cutar su ba tare da magani ba kuma suna karɓar lakabin da ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar su. === Na biyu. Magungunan mutum-mutum === Wannan mataki yana wakiltar madadin farko ga maganin matsayi na cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa: maganin magana. A wannan matakin, abokan ciniki da masu warkarwa suna iya bincika ma'anar ilimin halayensu da kuma gano abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da su ta hanyar maganin mutum. === Na uku. Tattaunawa a cikin rukuni === A wannan matakin, abokin ciniki yana iya wucewa bayan ƙalubalen mutum waɗanda aka amince da su kuma aka magance su a cikin maganin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ya gano cewa ƙalubalen na duniya ne tsakanin irin waɗannan mutane. Tare, abokan ciniki suna da niyyar amincewa da abin da ya fi dacewa ga rukuni. === Na huɗu. Yin aiki === Mataki na ƙarshe, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, shine lokacin da ƙungiyar ke tattarawa don canza tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke ba da damar zaluntar su. Bayan sun canza daga mutum zuwa rukuni, ya kamata abokan ciniki su ji an ba su ikon yin canjin zamantakewa. An haɗa shi a cikin wannan tsarin shine zaton cewa wasu abokan ciniki ne kawai a cikin wannan magani za su ratsa dukkan matakai uku. A cikin kalmomin Holland, "... mutane da yawa za su gamsu da sauƙi daga alamomi da kuma 'yancin ci gaba da rayuwarsu ta mutum wanda maganin mutum ke ba su. " (Holland, 1992, shafi na 73) &nbsp;Don haka, wannan tsarin yana da ruwa bisa ga sha'awar abokin ciniki a duk lokacin warkarwa. == Misalan ayyukan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa tare da tushensu a cikin maganin zamantakewa == * Ayyukan Mata don Lafiya ta Zuciya (WAMH) * Cibiyar Ba da Shawara ta Maza (MAN) * Travers (1997) == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin fafutuka * Ilimin halayyar jama'a * [[Kimiyar al'umma|Ilimin zamantakewa]] == Manazarta == oneo0jra11rhgvv1mzht87jpubhcdl6 0 162720 890840 2026-08-03T06:49:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365796135|Radical chic]]" 890840 wikitext text/x-wiki Radical chic shine al'ada na mutanen da ke cikin matsayi na sama da ke hulɗa da mutane masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa da abubuwan da suka haifar da hakan. Jaridar Tom Wolfe ta kirkiro kalmar a cikin labarinsa "Radical Chic: Wannan jam'iyya a Lenny's", wanda mujallar New York ta buga a watan Yunin 1970. {{Spaces}}Kalmar tun daga lokacin ta zama ana amfani da ita sosai a Turanci na Amurka, [[Faransanci]] da [[Italiyanci]]. Ba kamar masu fafutuka ba, masu juyin juya hali ko masu adawa, wadanda ke shiga cikin "radical chic" sun kasance masu tayar da hankali na siyasa - suna saka hannun jari a cikin dalilin da suka zaɓa kawai har sai da yake inganta matsayinsu na zamantakewar jama'a. An bayyana manufar a matsayin "a motsa jiki a biye da siffar jama'a sau biyu: a gefe guda, bayyana kansa ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga wani dalili mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, amma a gefe guda kuma, da muhimmanci, nuna wannan biyayya saboda ita ce hanyar da za a iya gani a cikin al'umma mai kudi, mai suna". <ref name="Molotov">{{Cite web |last=Bracewell |first=Michael |date=November–December 2004 |title=Molotov Cocktails |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/molotov_cocktails |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190439/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/molotov_cocktails |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2009-04-05 |website=[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze Magazine]]}}</ref>"Torist chic" kalma ce ta zamani tare da irin wannan ma'anar. Wannan derivative, duk da haka, ya rage jaddada satire na asali na Wolfe, a maimakon haka ya jaddada damuwa game da semiotics na radicalism (kamar aestheticization na tashin hankali). == Asalin da ma'ana == Kalmomin "radical chic" sun samo asali ne a cikin wani labarin New York na 1970 na Tom Wolfe, mai taken "Radical Chic: Wannan jam'iyya a Lenny's", wanda daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin littattafansa ''Radical Chic &amp;amp; Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers'' da The Purple Decades . A cikin rubutun, Wolfe ya yi amfani da kalmar don satirize mawaƙi Leonard Bernstein da abokansa saboda wauta da suka yi wajen karbar bakuncin wata ƙungiya ta tara kuɗi ga Black Panthers - ƙungiyar da membobinta, ayyukanta, da burin su ba daidai ba ne da waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar Bernstein. Manufar Wolfe game da tsattsauran ra'ayi an yi niyya ne don yin ba'a ga mutane (musamman masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa kamar jet) waɗanda suka amince da tsattstsauran ra-tsattsauranuran ra'ayinsu na hagu kawai don shafar duniya, rage [[Laifin Fararen Fata|fararen laifi]], ko samun daraja, maimakon tabbatar da sahihan tabbacin siyasa. {{Blockquote|[Wolfe's] subject is how culture's patrician classes – the wealthy, fashionable intimates of high society – have sought to luxuriate in both a vicarious glamour and a monopoly on virtue through their public espousal of street politics: a politics, moreover, of minorities so removed from their sphere of experience and so absurdly, diametrically, opposed to the islands of privilege on which the cultural aristocracy maintain their isolation, that the whole basis of their relationship is wildly out of kilter from the start. ... In short, Radical Chic is described as a form of highly developed decadence; and its greatest fear is to be seen not as prejudiced or unaware, but as middle-class.|Michael Bracewell|"Molotov Cocktails"<ref name=Molotov />}} == Tarihi == Ma'anar "fashion" na goyon bayan dalilai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga membobin al'umma masu arziki a wannan yanayin matar Bernstein, Felicia Montealegre, ta yi jayayya da ita kafin a buga "Radical Chic: Wannan Jam'iyyar a Lenny's", gaskiyar da Wolfe ya ba da cikakkun bayanai a ciki. Rubutun ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 8 ga Yuni, 1970 na New York, makonni 20 bayan an gudanar da ainihin tara kuɗi a gidan Bernstein a ranar 14 ga Janairu. Rahoton farko na taron - wanda ya tara kudi don tallafawa Panther 21 [1] - ya bayyana washegari a cikin wani yanki na mai ba da rahoto na The New York Times Charlotte Curtis, wanda ke halarta. Curtis ya rubuta a wani bangare: "Leonard Bernstein da jagoran Black Panther sun yi jayayya da fa'idodin falsafar jam'iyyar Black Panther a gaban kusan baƙi 90 da suka gabata a cikin kyakkyawan Park Avenue duplex na Bernsteins. "A cewar Wolfe, fitowar labarin a duk duniya ta biyo bayan zargi mai karfi game da taron: "Turanci, musamman, ya shayar da labarin saboda duk abin da ya cancanci kuma ya zama kamar ya samo daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a shekara daga gare ta. "[2] Halin da ba shi da kyau ya haifar da buga wani labari a cikin Times a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu mai taken "False Note on Black Panthers" wanda ya soki Black Panther Party da Bernstein sosai: == Manazarta == frqqe8ejqr74h934wf300pawkka5n6m 890844 890840 2026-08-03T06:56:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 890844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Radical chic shine al'ada na mutanen da ke cikin matsayi na sama da ke hulɗa da mutane masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa da abubuwan da suka haifar da hakan. Jaridar Tom Wolfe ta kirkiro kalmar a cikin labarinsa "Radical Chic: Wannan jam'iyya a Lenny's", wanda mujallar New York ta buga a watan Yunin 1970. {{Spaces}}Kalmar tun daga lokacin ta zama ana amfani da ita sosai a Turanci na Amurka, [[Faransanci]] da [[Italiyanci]]. Ba kamar masu fafutuka ba, masu juyin juya hali ko masu adawa, wadanda ke shiga cikin "radical chic" sun kasance masu tayar da hankali na siyasa - suna saka hannun jari a cikin dalilin da suka zaɓa kawai har sai da yake inganta matsayinsu na zamantakewar jama'a. An bayyana manufar a matsayin "a motsa jiki a biye da siffar jama'a sau biyu: a gefe guda, bayyana kansa ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga wani dalili mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, amma a gefe guda kuma, da muhimmanci, nuna wannan biyayya saboda ita ce hanyar da za a iya gani a cikin al'umma mai kudi, mai suna". <ref name="Molotov">{{Cite web |last=Bracewell |first=Michael |date=November–December 2004 |title=Molotov Cocktails |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/molotov_cocktails |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190439/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/molotov_cocktails |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2009-04-05 |website=[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze Magazine]]}}</ref>"Torist chic" kalma ce ta zamani tare da irin wannan ma'anar. Wannan derivative, duk da haka, ya rage jaddada satire na asali na Wolfe, a maimakon haka ya jaddada damuwa game da semiotics na radicalism (kamar aestheticization na tashin hankali). == Asalin da ma'ana == Kalmomin "radical chic" sun samo asali ne a cikin wani labarin New York na 1970 na Tom Wolfe, mai taken "Radical Chic: Wannan jam'iyya a Lenny's", wanda daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin littattafansa ''Radical Chic &amp;amp; Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers'' da The Purple Decades . A cikin rubutun, Wolfe ya yi amfani da kalmar don satirize mawaƙi Leonard Bernstein da abokansa saboda wauta da suka yi wajen karbar bakuncin wata ƙungiya ta tara kuɗi ga Black Panthers - ƙungiyar da membobinta, ayyukanta, da burin su ba daidai ba ne da waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar Bernstein. Manufar Wolfe game da tsattsauran ra'ayi an yi niyya ne don yin ba'a ga mutane (musamman masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa kamar jet) waɗanda suka amince da tsattstsauran ra-tsattsauranuran ra'ayinsu na hagu kawai don shafar duniya, rage [[Laifin Fararen Fata|fararen laifi]], ko samun daraja, maimakon tabbatar da sahihan tabbacin siyasa. {{Blockquote|[Wolfe's] subject is how culture's patrician classes – the wealthy, fashionable intimates of high society – have sought to luxuriate in both a vicarious glamour and a monopoly on virtue through their public espousal of street politics: a politics, moreover, of minorities so removed from their sphere of experience and so absurdly, diametrically, opposed to the islands of privilege on which the cultural aristocracy maintain their isolation, that the whole basis of their relationship is wildly out of kilter from the start. ... In short, Radical Chic is described as a form of highly developed decadence; and its greatest fear is to be seen not as prejudiced or unaware, but as middle-class.|Michael Bracewell|"Molotov Cocktails"<ref name=Molotov />}} == Tarihi == Ma'anar "fashion" na goyon bayan dalilai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga membobin al'umma masu arziki a wannan yanayin matar Bernstein, Felicia Montealegre, ta yi jayayya da ita kafin a buga "Radical Chic: Wannan Jam'iyyar a Lenny's", gaskiyar da Wolfe ya ba da cikakkun bayanai a ciki. Rubutun ya bayyana a cikin fitowar 8 ga Yuni, 1970 na New York, makonni 20 bayan an gudanar da ainihin tara kuɗi a gidan Bernstein a ranar 14 ga Janairu. Rahoton farko na taron - wanda ya tara kudi don tallafawa Panther 21 [1] - ya bayyana washegari a cikin wani yanki na mai ba da rahoto na The New York Times Charlotte Curtis, wanda ke halarta. Curtis ya rubuta a wani bangare: "Leonard Bernstein da jagoran Black Panther sun yi jayayya da fa'idodin falsafar jam'iyyar Black Panther a gaban kusan baƙi 90 da suka gabata a cikin kyakkyawan Park Avenue duplex na Bernsteins. "A cewar Wolfe, fitowar labarin a duk duniya ta biyo bayan zargi mai karfi game da taron: "Turanci, musamman, ya shayar da labarin saboda duk abin da ya cancanci kuma ya zama kamar ya samo daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a shekara daga gare ta. "[2] Halin da ba shi da kyau ya haifar da buga wani labari a cikin Times a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu mai taken "False Note on Black Panthers" wanda ya soki Black Panther Party da Bernstein sosai: == Manazarta == nws7nwb2xkp5ylv4fcx0nctesf42ogd 0 162721 890841 2026-08-03T06:49:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323492811|Security culture]]" 890841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'adun tsaro''' tsari ne na ayyukan da masu gwagwarmaya ke amfani da su, musamman masu fafutuka na zamani, don kauce wa, ko rage tasirin, sa ido da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da kuma kula da jihar.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Al'adun tsaro sun fahimci yiwuwar cewa ana sa ido kan sararin samaniya da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da / ko masu ba da labari ko masu ɓoyewa.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Al'adun tsaro suna da abubuwa uku: ƙayyade lokacin da kuma yadda ake sa ido, kare al'ummomin anarchist idan shiga ya faru, da kuma amsawa ga keta doka.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}}Asalinsa ba shi da tabbas, kodayake wasu 'yan tawaye sun gano asalinsa a cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shekarun 1960, waɗanda ayyukan COINTELPRO na [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya]] suka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}}Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Christine M. Robinson ya gano al'adun tsaro a matsayin martani ga lakabin 'yan ta'adda a matsayin' yan ta'adda bayan hare-haren Satumba 11.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} Masanin ilimin ƙasa {{Interlanguage link|Nathan L. Clough}} ya bayyana al'adun tsaro a matsayin "dabara don haɓaka sabon tsarin motsin rai". {{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Sean Parson ya ba da ma'anar da ke biyowa: "'al'adun tsaro' ... ya haɗa da irin waɗannan dokoki kamar ba a bayyana cikakken sunaye ba, tarihin mai fafutuka, ko wani abu da za a iya amfani da shi don gano kansa ko wasu ga hukumomi. Manufar al'adun tsaro ita ce ta raunana tasirin masu shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da damuwa da kamawa ba. Masanin kafofin watsa labarai {{Interlanguage link|Laura Portwood-Stacer}} ya bayyana al'adun tsaro a matsayin "ka'idojin sirri da kula da bayanai da 'yan tawaye suka kirkira don mayar da martani ga shiga cikin kungiyoyinsu na yau da kullun da kuma sa ido daga ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka. "{{Sfn|Parson|2008}}{{Sfn|Portwood-Stacer|2013}} Al'adun tsaro ba su haɗa da watsar da dabarun siyasa na rikici ba, amma a maimakon haka suna guje wa yin alfahari game da irin waɗannan ayyukan bisa ga cewa yin hakan yana sauƙaƙa niyya da kuma tabbatar da masu gwagwarmayar anarchist.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Masu ba da shawara game da al'adun tsaro suna da niyyar yin ayyukanta na halitta, na atomatik ko ba tare da sani ba.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Wadanda suka halarci ƙungiyoyin anarchist suna ganin al'adun tsaro suna da mahimmanci ga ikon su na aiki, musamman a cikin yanayin yaƙin ta'addanci.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} Portwood-Stacer ya lura cewa al'adu tsaro suna da tasiri a kan bincike a kan al'adun anarchist kuma cewa, yayin da al'adun suna yawan tsayayya da lura, "gwagwarmayar sau da yawa sun fi girma ga masu gwagwarmayarsa, saboda suna da manufa ta sa ido da zalunci. "{{Sfn|Portwood-Stacer|2013}} == Abubuwan da ke ciki == [[Fayil:March_on_Crystal_City,_black_bloc_near_World_Bank.jpg|thumb|Christine Robinson ta gano dabarar baƙar fata a matsayin wani bangare na al'adun tsaro.]] Al'adun tsaro suna tsara waɗanne batutuwa za a iya tattauna, a cikin wane mahallin, kuma daga cikinsu.[1]Ya haramta yin magana da masu tilasta bin doka, kuma an gano wasu kafofin watsa labarai da wurare a matsayin haɗarin tsaro; Intanet, tarho da wasiku, gidajen mutane da motoci, da wuraren taron al'umma ana zaton suna dauke da na'urorin sauraron ɓoye.[1]Al'adun tsaro sun haramta ko kuma sun hana tattauna shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko na sirri.[1]Duk da haka, an jawo banbanci guda uku: tattauna shirye-shirye tare da wasu da ke da hannu, tattauna ayyukan aikata laifuka waɗanda aka yanke wa mutum hukunci, da kuma tattauna ayyukan da suka gabata ba tare da izini ba a cikin zines ko tare da amintaccen kafofin watsa labarai.[1]Robinson ya gano dabarar baƙar fata, inda 'yan tawaye suka rufe fuskokinsu kuma suka sa tufafin baƙar fata.[1]Sauran ayyuka sun haɗa da amfani da sunaye da kuma "[i]nverting the dube don bincika corporeality na wasu".[1]Ana iya fuskantar keta al'adun tsaro ta hanyar gujewa, warewa ko guje wa waɗanda ke da alhakin.[1] == Taron Jamhuriyar Republican na 2008 == A cikin tattaunawarsa game da al'adun tsaro a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka yi a kusa da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta 2008 (RNC), Clough ya lura cewa "tsoron sa ido da shiga tsakani" ya hana amincewa tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya kuma ya haifar da makamashi da ake jagorantar zuwa ga matakan adawa.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan al'adun tsaro na iya sa sabbin mahalarta a cikin ƙungiyoyi su ji ƙarancin maraba ko ƙarancin amincewa, sabili da haka ba za su iya yin aiki da dalilai ba, kuma, a cikin mahallin RNC na 2008, sun hana waɗanda ba su bi ka'idodin anarchist daga ɗaukar manyan mukamai a cikin Kwamitin Maraba da RNC.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Da yake kimanta rawar da al'adun tsaro ke takawa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da RNC, wanda jami'an 'yan sanda hudu suka shiga, Clough ya gano cewa yana da "rikodin rikitarwa", yana cin nasara wajen takaici ga masu shiga cikin gajeren lokaci da ke aiki a wuraren motsi, amma ya kasa hana masu shiga cikin dogon lokaci daga samun amincewar wasu.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}} == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa * Tsaro * Tsaro na aiki == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Anarchism]] k1052e5rdzu0of1krno2yfzsonmrane 890845 890841 2026-08-03T06:57:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 890845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al'adun tsaro''' tsari ne na ayyukan da masu gwagwarmaya ke amfani da su, musamman masu fafutuka na zamani, don kauce wa, ko rage tasirin, sa ido da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da kuma kula da jihar.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Al'adun tsaro sun fahimci yiwuwar cewa ana sa ido kan sararin samaniya da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da / ko masu ba da labari ko masu ɓoyewa.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Al'adun tsaro suna da abubuwa uku: ƙayyade lokacin da kuma yadda ake sa ido, kare al'ummomin anarchist idan shiga ya faru, da kuma amsawa ga keta doka.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}}Asalinsa ba shi da tabbas, kodayake wasu 'yan tawaye sun gano asalinsa a cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shekarun 1960, waɗanda ayyukan COINTELPRO na [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya]] suka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}}Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Christine M. Robinson ya gano al'adun tsaro a matsayin martani ga lakabin 'yan ta'adda a matsayin' yan ta'adda bayan hare-haren Satumba 11.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} Masanin ilimin ƙasa {{Interlanguage link|Nathan L. Clough}} ya bayyana al'adun tsaro a matsayin "dabara don haɓaka sabon tsarin motsin rai". {{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Sean Parson ya ba da ma'anar da ke biyowa: "'al'adun tsaro' ... ya haɗa da irin waɗannan dokoki kamar ba a bayyana cikakken sunaye ba, tarihin mai fafutuka, ko wani abu da za a iya amfani da shi don gano kansa ko wasu ga hukumomi. Manufar al'adun tsaro ita ce ta raunana tasirin masu shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da damuwa da kamawa ba. Masanin kafofin watsa labarai {{Interlanguage link|Laura Portwood-Stacer}} ya bayyana al'adun tsaro a matsayin "ka'idojin sirri da kula da bayanai da 'yan tawaye suka kirkira don mayar da martani ga shiga cikin kungiyoyinsu na yau da kullun da kuma sa ido daga ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka. "{{Sfn|Parson|2008}}{{Sfn|Portwood-Stacer|2013}} Al'adun tsaro ba su haɗa da watsar da dabarun siyasa na rikici ba, amma a maimakon haka suna guje wa yin alfahari game da irin waɗannan ayyukan bisa ga cewa yin hakan yana sauƙaƙa niyya da kuma tabbatar da masu gwagwarmayar anarchist.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Masu ba da shawara game da al'adun tsaro suna da niyyar yin ayyukanta na halitta, na atomatik ko ba tare da sani ba.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Wadanda suka halarci ƙungiyoyin anarchist suna ganin al'adun tsaro suna da mahimmanci ga ikon su na aiki, musamman a cikin yanayin yaƙin ta'addanci.{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} Portwood-Stacer ya lura cewa al'adu tsaro suna da tasiri a kan bincike a kan al'adun anarchist kuma cewa, yayin da al'adun suna yawan tsayayya da lura, "gwagwarmayar sau da yawa sun fi girma ga masu gwagwarmayarsa, saboda suna da manufa ta sa ido da zalunci. "{{Sfn|Portwood-Stacer|2013}} == Abubuwan da ke ciki == [[Fayil:March_on_Crystal_City,_black_bloc_near_World_Bank.jpg|thumb|Christine Robinson ta gano dabarar baƙar fata a matsayin wani bangare na al'adun tsaro.]] Al'adun tsaro suna tsara waɗanne batutuwa za a iya tattauna, a cikin wane mahallin, kuma daga cikinsu.[1]Ya haramta yin magana da masu tilasta bin doka, kuma an gano wasu kafofin watsa labarai da wurare a matsayin haɗarin tsaro; Intanet, tarho da wasiku, gidajen mutane da motoci, da wuraren taron al'umma ana zaton suna dauke da na'urorin sauraron ɓoye.[1]Al'adun tsaro sun haramta ko kuma sun hana tattauna shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko na sirri.[1]Duk da haka, an jawo banbanci guda uku: tattauna shirye-shirye tare da wasu da ke da hannu, tattauna ayyukan aikata laifuka waɗanda aka yanke wa mutum hukunci, da kuma tattauna ayyukan da suka gabata ba tare da izini ba a cikin zines ko tare da amintaccen kafofin watsa labarai.[1]Robinson ya gano dabarar baƙar fata, inda 'yan tawaye suka rufe fuskokinsu kuma suka sa tufafin baƙar fata.[1]Sauran ayyuka sun haɗa da amfani da sunaye da kuma "[i]nverting the dube don bincika corporeality na wasu".[1]Ana iya fuskantar keta al'adun tsaro ta hanyar gujewa, warewa ko guje wa waɗanda ke da alhakin.[1] == Taron Jamhuriyar Republican na 2008 == A cikin tattaunawarsa game da al'adun tsaro a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka yi a kusa da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta 2008 (RNC), Clough ya lura cewa "tsoron sa ido da shiga tsakani" ya hana amincewa tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya kuma ya haifar da makamashi da ake jagorantar zuwa ga matakan adawa.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan al'adun tsaro na iya sa sabbin mahalarta a cikin ƙungiyoyi su ji ƙarancin maraba ko ƙarancin amincewa, sabili da haka ba za su iya yin aiki da dalilai ba, kuma, a cikin mahallin RNC na 2008, sun hana waɗanda ba su bi ka'idodin anarchist daga ɗaukar manyan mukamai a cikin Kwamitin Maraba da RNC.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}{{Sfn|Clough|2012}}Da yake kimanta rawar da al'adun tsaro ke takawa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da RNC, wanda jami'an 'yan sanda hudu suka shiga, Clough ya gano cewa yana da "rikodin rikitarwa", yana cin nasara wajen takaici ga masu shiga cikin gajeren lokaci da ke aiki a wuraren motsi, amma ya kasa hana masu shiga cikin dogon lokaci daga samun amincewar wasu.{{Sfn|Clough|2012}} == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa * Tsaro * Tsaro na aiki == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Anarchism]] g6qi6ltj9qwvdr65baxdh6t987r7loq 0 162722 890842 2026-08-03T06:50:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367333649|TalentoCubano.net]]" 890842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]] TalentoCubano. Net shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan yanar gizo da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == 052isq54cuey4ejxoltubomfgz0mj7f 890846 890842 2026-08-03T06:58:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 890846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]]{{Databox}} TalentoCubano. Net shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan yanar gizo da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == a2pugde35lhbftja00nczbiqwrn9k8h