Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3993 891303 280735 2026-08-04T11:31:03Z Baffa ali 47435 891303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pha That Luang..JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|File:Pha That Luang]] '''Laos''' ƙasa ce , da take a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. {{Asiya}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laos}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Asiya]] bnbew7ol36jxmp3y0e7h4utmny8jq2k 0 4004 891151 642220 2026-08-04T01:04:57Z Baffa ali 47435 891151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' a kasar a [[Asiya]].wani birnine dake a yankin Asiya . [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} gzsm760vf8t4ezqco4jrwp44hy6153m 891180 891151 2026-08-04T03:11:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2). [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} gk4a05yoclqsn81q9wi2i8v3rmmqo0p 891181 891180 2026-08-04T03:14:32Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2). Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} 5zvl5rq7uw12d7em3168h7alkbq9q09 891182 891181 2026-08-04T03:16:21Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2). Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} ejtg6u6z8d4tiw07kopsjf3y2yw4e6a 891183 891182 2026-08-04T03:16:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2). Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. Yawan mutanen kasar sun zarce miliyan 11. [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} 200zey12vmi9ktoe50randck74mh49t 891185 891183 2026-08-04T03:19:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dušanbe (City, Tajikistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113003542/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. Yawan mutanen kasar sun zarce miliyan 11. [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} s9sm5ztmi1br1qhjuslqpj9ruzbl2br 891186 891185 2026-08-04T03:19:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dušanbe (City, Tajikistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113003542/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. Yawan mutanen kasar sun zarce miliyan 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} f9owgcopx9g6ndb2wx7xwqlqweg7j21 891187 891186 2026-08-04T03:20:21Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dušanbe (City, Tajikistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113003542/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. Yawan mutanen kasar sun zarce miliyan 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tajikistan Population (2025) |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tajikistan-population/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} hi5tbww9wcc3e4abdy7fpau8o013iw4 891188 891187 2026-08-04T03:21:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 891188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Folk singers in Ishkashim.jpg|thumb|wasu mawaƙan kasar Tajikistan]] '''Tajikistan''' ko kuma '''Tarayyar Tajikistan,''' kasar ce da ke yankin [[Asiya|Tsakiyar Asiya]]. Babban birnin kasar itace kuma birni mafi girman a kasar itace [[Dushanbe]], wanda ke dauke da mutane kimanin fiye da mutum miliyan daya da dubu dari biyu (1.2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dušanbe (City, Tajikistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113003542/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tajikistan/admin/4__du%C5%A1anbe/ |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> Tajikistan tana da iyaka da kasar [[Afghanistan]] daga kudu, kasar [[Uzbekistan]] daga yamma, kasar [[Kyrgyzstan]] daga arewa, da kuma kasar [[China]] daga gabas. Ta dan rabu da kasar Pakistan ne daga Kusurwar Wakhan na kasar Afganistan. Yawan mutanen kasar sun zarce miliyan 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tajikistan Population (2025) |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tajikistan-population/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> {{Stub}}[[File:Tajikistan Map TI-map.gif|thumb|left|Taswirr Tajikistan]] [[File:Мақбараи Камоли Хуҷандӣ.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kamoli Khujandi Mausoleum, Khujand]] [[File:Kara-kul_lake.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Karakul]] [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|200px|right|thumb]] [[File:Tajik_Parliament_House.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Tajikistan Parliament House]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} 4gemzjn8cuuu6o6bkvjyo0jwjaibzke 0 4025 891304 707935 2026-08-04T11:36:09Z Baffa ali 47435 891304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Switzerland''' ko '''Suwizaland: Suwizaland''' ƙasa ce da ke a nahiyar Turai. Babban birnin ƙasar ''Suwizaland'' shi ne Bern ne.sannan guri mafi tsawo shine dufourspitze. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Glacier3000.PNG|[[Fayil:General Map of Switzerland.jpg|thumb|swiss]][[Fayil:Freudenberg sg Switzerland.jpg|thumb|swiss]][[Fayil:Valère castle in Sion, Switzerland, Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|swiss]][[Fayil:Civil Ensign of Switzerland (Pantone).svg|thumb]][[Fayil:Zürich view Quaibrücke 20200702.jpg|thumb|swiss]]Glacier, Switzerland File:Picswiss_VD-44-35.jpg|Picswiss, Switzerland File:Montreux,_Switzerland.JPG|Montreux, Switzerland File:Zurichairportshopping.jpg|Filin jirgin Sama na Zurich, Switzerland File:Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg|Birnin Geneva File:Crans_Montana.jpg|Crans Montana </gallery> [[Fayil:Reliefkarte Schweiz.png|thumb|swiss]] == Manazarta == <references/>{{Hujja}}{{Turai}} {{stub}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] t0amn77yb6dk8isg58n10lyclwer5kl 0 5848 891253 879754 2026-08-04T08:55:58Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. c 1911.jpg|thumb|Kasar Argentina a wani karni]] [[Fayil:Argentina inflation.webp|thumb|Argentina]] '''Jamhuriyar Argentina''' ko '''Argentina,'''ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Amurka|Amurika]] ta Kudu.<ref>Constitution of Argentina, art. 35.</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."</ref><ref>Ley No. 5598 de la Provincia de Corrientes, 22 October 2004 (in Spanish)</ref> Argentina tayi iyaka da ƙasashe uku, Daga arewacin, ƙasar [[Bolibiya]] da kasar [[Paraguay]], Daga gabashin kasar [[Uruguay]] da Ruwan Pacific ta Kudu, Daga yammacin kasar [[Cile]], Daga kudu Drake Passage.<ref>La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? [La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.] (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..]</ref><ref>Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin [Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut...</ref><ref>Argentina Religions – Demographics". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</ref> kasa CE wacce ta shahara sosai a kwalan kafa wace ita ke rike da kambun [[duniya]] na yanzun.<ref>3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km2); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km2) [pg.23]" (PDF). www.ign.gob.ar (in Spanish). es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina) – IGN. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2025.</ref><ref>Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km2); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km2)" (XLS). www.indec.gob.ar (in Spanish). Census 2022. INDEC. 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025</ref><ref>Proyecciones y estimaciones". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</ref> Argentina wata kasa ce a cikin larduna ashirin da uku,<ref>de Onis, Juan (2 January 1977). "Argentina's Terror: Army Is Ahead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Bernstein, Adam (17 May 2013). "Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007</ref> da kuma birni daya mai cin gashin kanta, wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma,<ref>Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism" Archived 26 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976</ref><ref>Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994</ref><ref>Argentina's Dirty War". Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</ref> wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma, wanda birnin tarayya ne na tarayya, [[Buenos Aires]] na tarayya, Buenos Aires na tarayya.<ref>"Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref><ref>Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.</ref><ref>Buncombe, Andrew (11 February 2022). "Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Yahoo! Sports.</ref> The larduna da babban birnin suna da nasu ka'idojin, amma sun wanzu a karkashin tsarin tarayya.<ref>Bronstein, Hugh; Misculin, Nicolás (15 November 2021). "Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref><ref>Burke, Hilary (21 January 2007). "Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022</ref><ref>McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 January 2007). "Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022</ref><ref>Robben 2011, p. 127</ref> Argentina ta yi ikirarin cewa a kan Tsibirin Falkinland, South Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu, filin wasan kwaikwayon kankara, da kuma wani yanki na Antartica.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 423–65, vol. II.</ref><ref>Robben 2011, pp. 76–77.</ref><ref>Anderson & Sloan 2009, p. 40–41</ref> Farkon hadin gwiwar dan adam a cikin kwanakin Argentina ya dawo zuwa lokacin Paleolithic.<ref>Robben 2011, p. 145</ref><ref>Wilson 2016, p. 167</ref><ref>Robben 2011, p. 148.</ref> Daular Inca ta fadada zuwa arewa maso yammacin kasar a Pre-Columbian. Kasar tana da tushen sa a cikin mulkin mallaka na yankin a cikin karni na 16.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 467–504, vol. II</ref><ref>CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots". ''Fox News''. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref><ref>Meislin, Richard J. (16 June 1982). "THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</ref> Argentina ta tashi kamar yadda magajin gari ya samu a shekarar 1776.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 505–32, vol. II</ref><ref>Ley No. 23492, 29 December 1986, B.O., (26058) (in Spanish)</ref><ref>Ley No. 23521, 9 June 1987, B.O., (26155) (in Spanish)</ref> Bayanin kasashen [[Ispaniya|Spain]] 9110 kuma yaƙin ya kara wa 'yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1880-1825) ya biyo bayan sake tsayawa takara har zuwa shekarar 1880.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 533–49, vol. II.</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 9.</ref> Kasar da ta ji daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, tare da raƙuman fice na Turai, musamman 'yan It'iyanci, su fi ƙarfin al'adunta.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 551–573, vol. II</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 575–87, vol. II</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 12</ref> Jamumin Jami'in daular da za a yi watsi da siyasar da ke da kasa a cikin lokacin da ake kira Jamhuriyar mai ra'ayin mai ra'ayin, daga shekarar 1880 har zuwa zabukan 1916.<ref>Kirchner Sworn in as President of Argentina – 2003-05-26". VOA. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</ref><ref>Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in". France 24. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 13</ref> Babban bacin rai ya haifar da juyin mulki na farko d'état a cikin 1930 ya jagoranci José Félix Urizix, da farko da ake kira "otamous shekaru 10 (1930-1943).<ref>Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref>Rabouin, Dion (3 September 2019). "Argentine president leads economy to debt, inflation and mass poverty". Axios. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</ref><ref>Alcalá Kovalski, Manuel (5 September 2019). "Lessons learned from the Argentine economy under Macri". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</ref> Bayan wannan juyin mulkin, ya ci karin hudu a shekarar 1943, 1955, 1965, 1962, da kuma Mataimakin shugaban kasa, masu fafutukarsa,<ref>Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency". BBC News. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021</ref><ref>We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left". The Guardian. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2022</ref><ref>Administracion Federal". AFIP. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</ref> wanda ya hau zuwa dubunnan na siyasa, masu fafutukar da aka samu, wadanda aka tallafa wa mutane dubunni Yaƙi, lokacin ta'addanci na Jiha da kuma tashin hankalin jama'a wanda ya kasance har zuwa zaben ra1l Alfonsín a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1983.<ref>Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner". Merco Press. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref><ref>Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref><ref>Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</ref> Argentina ce iyaka na yanki, kuma ya riƙe matsayinta na tarihi a matsayin wani yanki na tsakiya a harkokin kasa da kasa.<ref>Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</ref><ref>Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms". 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</ref><ref>Young 2005, p. 52: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."</ref> Babban mahimmancin Amurka ne,<ref>Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Información geográfica de la República Argentina" [Geographic information of the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.</ref><ref>McKinney 1993, p. 6; Fearns & Fearns 2005, p. 31</ref><ref>Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina" [Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.</ref> Argentina ce mai tasowa tare da HDI mafi girma na biyu (index na Hali na HDI) a Latin Amurka bayan Chile.<ref>Young 2005, p. 52.</ref><ref>Lynch, David K. "Land Below Sea Level". Geology – Geoscience News and Information. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.</ref><ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 5, 7–8, 51, 175</ref> Yana kula da tattalin arziki mafi girma na biyu a Kudancin Amurka, kuma memba ne na G-15 da G20.<ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 8.</ref><ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 18.</ref><ref>Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros" [Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.</ref> Argentina kuma wani ya kafa memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya, kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya, Mercosur, jama'ar Latin Amurka da kungiyar Iribso-Amurka.<ref>"Argentina – Main Details". Montreal, Canada: Convention on Biological Diversity. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.</ref><ref>Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005" (PDF). www.bipindicators.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.</ref><ref>Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayanai sun nuna cewa mutane sun zauna a ƙasar Argentina a yanzu tun shekaru 21,000 da suka wuce. A cikin shekarar 2015,<ref>El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina". Página/12. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes, es decir, 5.927.607 de personas más que las relevadas en el último censo, en 2010. En mayo de 2022, pocos días después del relevamiento, el INDEC había difundido los primeros resultados preliminares, que indicaban que la población argentina tenía 47.327.407 habitantes. Sin embargo el dato fue corregido esta tarde.</ref><ref>World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Argentina)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.</ref><ref>GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina". World Bank. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref> an gano burbushin kasusuwa na wani katon dabbobi masu sulke da ake kira Neosclerocalyptus kusa da Buenos Aires. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan sun sami yanke alamomi masu nuni da yankan da kayan aikin dutse,<ref>Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 128.</ref> wanda ke nuna ayyukan ɗan adam a lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum.<ref>Levene 1948, p. 11: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."; Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–97: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."; Vanossi 1964, p. 11: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."</ref><ref>Gordon A. Bridger (2013). Britain and the Making of Argentina. WIT Press. p. 101. <nowiki>ISBN 9781845646844</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links</ref><ref>Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.</ref> A kudu, shafin Piedra Museo a lardin Santa Cruz ya samar da gawarwakin mutane da kayayyakin tarihi tun kimanin shekaru 11,000.<ref>O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Wood 1988, p. 18; Solomon 1997, p. 3.</ref><ref>Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre" [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures] (PDF) (in Italian). Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012</ref> Abubuwan da aka gano a wannan rukunin yanar gizon sun haɗa da mashin da ke da alaƙa da bacewar megafauna kamar Mylodon da Hippidion, wanda ke nuna ci gaban ayyukan farauta na mazaunan farko.<ref>Huntington 2000, p. 6; Nierop 2001, p. 61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."; Lake 2009, p. 55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p. 283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."; Malamud 2011, p. 9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."; Boughton 2012, p. 101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."</ref><ref>Morris 1988, p. 63: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."; Adler & Greve 2009, p. 78: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."; Ruiz-Dana et al. 2009, p. 18: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."</ref><ref>Major Non-NATO Ally Status". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</ref> Wani muhimmin rukunin yanar gizon shine Cueva de las Manos (Kogon Hannu), kuma yana cikin Santa Cruz. Wannan kogon yana da tambarin tambarin hannu da wuraren farauta da aka yi tsakanin 7,300 BC zuwa 700 AD, yana ba da haske game da rayuwar al'ummomin mafarauta na farko.<ref>Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 | countryeconomy.com". countryeconomy.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023</ref><ref>The name Argentine (Spanish) El nombre de Argentina Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Rock 1987, pp. 6, 8; Edwards 2008, p. 7.</ref> Har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai, Argentina ba ta da yawa ta yawan al'adu daban-daban tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban,<ref>Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1853, Preamble</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1826, art. 1.</ref> waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku.<ref>Rosenblat 1964, p. 78.</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1860 amd., art. 35</ref><ref>Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford, UK: Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014</ref> Rukuni na farko ’yan farauta ne da kuma masu tara abinci ba tare da yin aikin tukwane ba, kamar su Selkʼnam da Yaghan da ke kudancin ƙasar.<ref>"Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America"</ref><ref>"Welcome Argentina"</ref><ref>WHO UNESCO". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 15 May 2025.</ref> Rukuni na biyu sune manyan mafarauta da masu tattara abinci waɗanda suka haɗa da Puelche,<ref>Google Books". web.archive.org. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2025.</ref><ref>Edwards 2008, p. 12.</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 18–19</ref> Querandí da Serranos a tsakiyar gabas; da Tehuelche da ke kudu—dukkansu sun ci nasara da Mapuche da suka yaɗu daga Chile<ref>Edwards 2008, p. 13.</ref><ref>Crow 1992, pp. 129–32</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140</ref>—da Kom da Wichi a arewa.<ref>Crow 1992, p. 353</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 134</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 135.</ref> Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe ita ce manoma masu tukwane, irin su Charrúa, Minuane da Guaraní a arewa maso gabas, tare da slash da ƙonewa na zaman wuri;<ref>Crow 1992, p. 347</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 421</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 194ff</ref> ci gaban al'adun kasuwanci na Diaguita a arewa maso yamma, wanda Daular Inca ta ci a kusa da 1480; Tonocoté da Hênîa da Kâmîare a tsakiyar ƙasar, da kuma Huarpe a tsakiyar-yamma, al'adar da ke kiwon dabbobin llama kuma Incas sun yi tasiri sosai.<ref>John Lynch, San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero (2009)</ref><ref>Rock 1987, p. 81.</ref><ref>Rock 1987, pp. 82–83</ref> === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Turawa sun fara isa yankin tare da tafiya 1502 na Amerigo Vespucci.<ref>Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.</ref><ref>Mercene, Manila men, p. 52</ref><ref>Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano</ref> Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa na Spain Juan Díaz de Solís da Sebastian Cabot sun ziyarci yankin da ke a yanzu Argentina a 1516 da 1526, bi da bi.<ref>O'Donnell 1998</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40</ref><ref>Rock 1987, p. 92; Lewis 2003, p. 41.</ref> A cikin 1536 Pedro de Mendoza ya kafa ƙaramin mazaunin Buenos Aires, wanda aka watsar a cikin 1541.<ref>Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 185–252, vol. I.</ref><ref>Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</ref> Ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce ya fito daga Paraguay-kafa Gwamnar Río de la Plata-Peru da Chile.<ref>Lewis 2003, p. 41.</ref><ref>"El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref><ref>Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener". 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Francisco de Aguirre ya kafa Santiago del Estero a shekara ta 1553.<ref>Plan del Inca". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2021</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, p. 45</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, p. 43</ref> An kafa Londres a shekara ta 1558; Mendoza, a cikin 1561; San Juan, a cikin 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, a shekara ta 1565.<ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 46–47</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 48–50</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 363–541, vol. I</ref> Juan de Garay ya kafa Santa Fe a shekara ta 1573 kuma a wannan shekarar ne Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera ya kafa Cordoba.<ref>Bolt & Van Zanden 2013</ref><ref>Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1.</ref><ref>Lewis 1990, pp. 18–30</ref> Garay ya wuce kudu don sake gano Buenos Aires a 1580.<ref>Mosk 1990, pp. 88–89</ref><ref>Cruz 1990, p. 10</ref><ref>Díaz Alejandro 1970, pp. 2–3</ref> An kafa San Luis a shekara ta 1596.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 567–625, vol. I.</ref><ref>Lewis 1990, pp. 37–38.</ref><ref>Douglas A. Richmond, "Julio Argentino Roca" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4 p. 583. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996</ref> Daular Spain ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Argentina ga dukiyar azurfa da ma'adinan zinare a Bolivia da [[Peru]],<ref>Barros, Álvaro (1872). Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud (in Spanish). tipos á vapor. pp. 155–57.</ref><ref>Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "Pulgas y garrapatas" (in Spanish). Página/12. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref><ref>Ras, Norberto (2006). La guerra por las vacas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Galerna. <nowiki>ISBN 978-987-05-0539-6</nowiki>.</ref> don haka ta zama wani ɓangare na mataimakiyar Peru har sai da aka ƙirƙiri mataimakin sarauta na Río de la Plata a 1776 tare da Buenos Aires a matsayin babban birninta.<ref>Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "VIII". Historia del Chaco (in Spanish). Editorial Plus Ultra. p. 105. <nowiki>ISBN 978-950-21-1256-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). La colonización del Chaco (in Spanish). Centro Editor de América Latina. pp. 16–23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-950-25-0123-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación de Argentina. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> Buenos Aires ya kori mamaya na Birtaniyya guda biyu marasa lafiya a cikin 1806 da 1807.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 7–178, vol. II.</ref><ref>Becoming a serious country". The Economist. London. 3 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 181–302, vol. II.</ref> Tunanin zamanin wayewa da kuma misalin juyin juya halin Atlantika na farko ya haifar da suka ga mulkin kama karya da ya mulki kasar.<ref>Alexander, Robert Jackson. A History of Organized Labor in Argentina. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003.</ref><ref>Barnes 1978, p. 3</ref><ref>Barnes 1978, pp. 113ff.</ref> Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen Mutanen Espanya, hambarar da Ferdinand VII a lokacin Yaƙin Tsibiri ya haifar da damuwa sosai.<ref>Chronology: Argentina's turbulent history of economic crises". Reuters. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Rock, David (1993). Authoritarian Argentina. University of California Press.</ref><ref>Clarín". Clarin.com. 2 August 2001. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</ref> == Mulki == == Arziki == == Wasanni == [[File:Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina 05.jpg|thumb|wasu mutanen Argentina na bangaren tsaro]] == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == [[File:Aerolineas Argentinas Comet 4 Groves.jpg|thumb|filin jirgin saman kasar Argentina]] === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == [[File:Campeonas y jugadoras argentinas 1958.png|thumb|Wasu fitattun mutanen kasar Argentina a wani karni]] === Mutane === === Yaruka === === Abinci === [[File:Argentina 2015-11-10 (23370657009).jpg|thumb|Irin tufafin kasar Argentina a jikin wasu matasa]] === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === === Kiristanci === == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Glacial iceberg in Argentina.jpg|Dusan kankara a kasar Argentina File:Argentina 1836 8 Escudos.jpg|Kudin kwandala na kasar Argentina a shekrar 1836 File:Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina 05.jpg|Dawakai a kasar Argentina File:Danza de la zemba o charanda.JPG|Rawan al'ada a kasar Argentina File:Dancing in worship, Chaco Argentina (7157358789).jpg| Rawa a gurin bauta File:Robben-001.jpg|Robben File:Puelo_Lake.jpg|Alamomi na kasar File:La_Plata_desde_el_Aire.jpg|Kasar </gallery> == Noma == [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|Salta|alt=]] == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Argentina}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] 6rhuxd50msf63esq2iw11q0zv90ftp0 0 6980 891142 578926 2026-08-04T00:40:20Z Baffa ali 47435 891142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''San Francisco''' [[birni]] ne, da ke a jihar Kaliforniya, a ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka]]. Birnin na ɗauke da mutane bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2016, jimilar mutane 4,679,166 (miliyan huɗu da dubu ɗari shida da saba'in da tara da dari ɗaya da sittin da shida). An gina birnin San Francisco a shekara ta 1776. == Tarihi == == Mulki == == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Yaruka === === Abinci === === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === === Kiristanci === == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Golden_Gate_Ferry.jpg|View of Financial District from the Sonoma File:San_Francisco_Chinatown_(15792558391).jpg|San Francisco, Chainatown File:San_Francisco_(20)_-_Old_St_Mary%C2%B4s_Church_(14705086273).jpg|Old St. Mary's church and skyscraper File:TwinPeaks_098.JPG|Twin Peaks Blvd. overlooking city File:Maintenance_crane_barge_and_the_Bay_Bridge,_January_2020.JPG|Gadar Bay File:LandsEnd_599.JPG|Bakin Teku na Baker File:San_Francisco_Stow_Lake_Strawberry_Hill_pagoda.jpg|Tafkin Stow File:San Francisco Bay Bridge Western Span at night.jpg|Babban gadar San Francisco mai suna Bay da daddare File:Golden Gate Bridge at sunset 1.jpg|Gadan Golden Gate ta tirnike da raba da sanyin safiya File:Golden Gate Bridge Yang Ming Line.jpg|Golden Gate File:San Francisco International Airport at night.jpg|Babban filin jirgin saman San Francisco na duniya File:San Francisco (California, USA), Cable Car -- 2012 -- 4180.jpg|Karamin Jirgin kasa mai suna Cable a San Francisco File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 217-219 HDR.JPG| Iglesia </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:San Francisco}} [[Category:Biranen Tarayyar Amurka]] 3gxdv8o3aweijvqqofjoxgz0o7l2045 0 8282 891229 879769 2026-08-04T08:45:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Japan Yokohama.png|thumb|right|250px|Yokohama.]] '''Yokohama''' (lafazi : /yokohama/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Yokohama tana da yawan jama'a 3,732,616 bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Yokohama kafin karni na sha tara bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birni Yokohama [[Fumiko Hayashi]] ne. ==Hotuna== <Gallery> File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Yokohama_1.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Yokohama File:Yokohama_Stadium_2007_-3.jpg|Filin wasan ƙwallo na Yokohama File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg|Saint Patricks Day in Motomachi, Yokohama. File:Yokohama_Marine_Tower_Dscn1518a.jpg|Hasumiyar Marine, Yokohama File:Exhibition_Hall_Pacifico_Yokohama_JPN_001.jpg|Exhibition Hall Pacifico Yokohama_JPN File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02_cropped.jpg|Yokohama Landmark Tower File:Yokohama_Koreanwar.jpg|Yokohama Koreanwar File:HIKAWA MARU 2018.jpg|Gidan kayan tarihi na Jirgin ruwa "氷川丸" </Gallery> == Tarihi == == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da [[Kyoto]] da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a [[Tokyo]]. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. [[Fayil:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Yokohama_Foreign_Settlement_Pano.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{Circa|1880}}]] === Girgizar ƙasa ta Kantō da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1923-1945) === [[Fayil:80-G-473746_(TR-15632)_(22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama bayan hare-haren sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] An lalata yawancin Yokohama a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1923, sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta Great Kantō . 'Yan sandan Yokohama sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 30,771 kuma 47,908 sun ji rauni, daga cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu kafin girgizar ƙasa na 434,170. Saboda jita-jitar tawaye da ɓarna, 'yan banga sun kashe 'yan Koriya da yawa a cikin unguwar marasa galihu ta Kojiki-yato, abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin Kanto . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi amfani da sihirin baƙar fata don haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dokar soji ta kasance har zuwa 19 ga Nuwamba, 1923. An yi amfani da tarkace daga girgizar ƙasa don dawo da filaye don wuraren shakatawa, mafi shahara shine Yamashita Park da ke bakin teku wanda aka buɗe a 1930. An sake gina Yokohama, amma sai aka sake lalata ta sakamakon hare-haren sama na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Harin farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1942 a Doolittle Raid . An kiyasta cewa mutane 7,000–8,000 sun mutu a cikin safe ɗaya a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1945, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Hare-haren Sama na Yokohama, lokacin da jiragen B-29 suka harba bam a birnin kuma cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna tara kacal, wanda ya rage kashi 42% na birnin ya zama tarkace. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama"]. ''Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau''. Archived from [https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ the original] on May 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Ci gaba da bunƙasa bayan yaƙin === [[Fayil:The_night_view_of_Minato_Mirai_21.jpg|thumb|An sake gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tasoshin jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, da rumbunan ajiya a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Minato Mirai 21 .]] A lokacin mamayar Amurka, Yokohama babban sansanin jigilar kayayyaki da ma'aikatan Amurka ne, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya . Bayan mamayar, yawancin ayyukan sojojin ruwan Amurka na gida sun ƙaura daga Yokohama zuwa sansanin Amurka da ke kusa da Yokosuka . Shekaru huɗu bayan an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar San Francisco, an ayyana birnin bisa ga dokar gwamnati a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1956. An soke tsarin jirgin ƙasa da na trolleybus na birnin a shekarar 1972, a daidai lokacin da aka buɗe layin farko na tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Yokohama Municipal Subway . An kwatanta gina Minato Mirai 21 ("Port Future 21"), wani babban aikin ci gaban birane kan filayen da aka sake kwatowa a shekarar 1983, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da " [[Philadelphia]] da [[Boston]] na Gabas" da Cibiyar City, Philadelphia da Downtown Boston da ke Gabashin Tekun Amurka . Minato Mirai 21 ta dauki nauyin bikin baje kolin Yokohama Exotic a shekarar 1989, wanda ya ga fara aikin jiragen ƙasa na maglev a bainar jama'a a Japan da kuma buɗe Cosmo Clock 21, wanda a lokacin shine mafi tsayin ƙafafun Ferris a duniya. {{Convert|860|m|ft|-long}} Gadar Yokohama Bay ta buɗe a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1993, Minato Mirai 21 ta buɗe Hasumiyar Landmark ta Yokohama, gini na biyu mafi tsayi a Japan . An gudanar da wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2002 a watan Yuni a filin wasa na ƙasa da ƙasa na Yokohama . A shekarar 2009, birnin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma cika shekaru 120 da fara gudanar da gwamnatin birnin. Wani ɓangare na farko na aikin tunawa da wannan biki ya haɗa da taron ƙasa da ƙasa na huɗu na Tokyo kan ci gaban Afirka (TICAD).&nbsp;IV), wanda aka gudanar a Yokohama a watan Mayu na 2008. A watan Nuwamba na 2010, Yokohama ta karbi bakuncin taron hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin [[Asiya]] da Pacific (APEC). == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. [[Fayil:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Yokohama_Foreign_Settlement_Pano.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{Circa|1880}}]] === Girgizar ƙasa ta Kantō da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1923-1945) === [[Fayil:80-G-473746_(TR-15632)_(22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama bayan hare-haren sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] An lalata yawancin Yokohama a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1923, sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta Great Kantō . 'Yan sandan Yokohama sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 30,771 kuma 47,908 sun ji rauni, daga cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu kafin girgizar ƙasa na 434,170. Saboda jita-jitar tawaye da ɓarna, 'yan banga sun kashe 'yan Koriya da yawa a cikin unguwar marasa galihu ta Kojiki-yato, abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin Kanto . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi amfani da sihirin baƙar fata don haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dokar soji ta kasance har zuwa 19 ga Nuwamba, 1923. An yi amfani da tarkace daga girgizar ƙasa don dawo da filaye don wuraren shakatawa, mafi shahara shine Yamashita Park da ke bakin teku wanda aka buɗe a 1930. An sake gina Yokohama, amma sai aka sake lalata ta sakamakon hare-haren sama na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Harin farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1942 a Doolittle Raid . An kiyasta cewa mutane 7,000–8,000 sun mutu a cikin safe ɗaya a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1945, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Hare-haren Sama na Yokohama, lokacin da jiragen B-29 suka harba bam a birnin kuma cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna tara kacal, wanda ya rage kashi 42% na birnin ya zama tarkace. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama"]. ''Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau''. Archived from [https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ the original] on May 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Yokohama}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] r5pv9xt2r06f8906xgosgwp8ee3il75 0 8478 891148 881837 2026-08-04T00:55:31Z Baffa ali 47435 891148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Henri_Konan_B%C3%A9di%C3%A9,_pr%C3%A9sident_du_PDCI,_24_avril_2017_(cropped).jpg |thumb| Henri]] [[File:Henri Konan Bédié et les militants du PDCI à Abidjan, 9 avril 2019.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Henri Konan Bédié et les militants du PDCI à Abidjan, 9 avril 2019]] [[Fayil:Henri Konan Bédié et les militants du PDCI à Abidjan, 9 avril 2019.jpg|thumb|Henri Konan Bédié]] [[Fayil:Henri Konan Bedie and Keizo Obuchi on June 29th, 1999.jpg|thumb|Henri Konan Bédié]] '''Henri Konan Bédié''' (lafazi: /aneri konan bediye/) ɗan siyasan kasar [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ne. An haife shi a ran biyar ga Mayu a shekara ta 1934 a [[Daoukro]], Côte d'Ivoire. Henri Konan Bédié shugaban kasar Côte d'Ivoire ne daga Disamba a shekara ta 1993 (bayan [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]) zuwa Disamba a shekara ta 1999 (kafin [[Robert Guéï]]). A cikin Nuwamba 2021, A karshen taron PDCI jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, Henri Konan Bédié ya dauki nauyin nada mai ba da shawara na musamman mai kula da sulhu. Zaben nasa ya fada kan Noël Akossi Bendjo, tsohon magajin garin Plateau kuma mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar. {{DEFAULTSORT:Konan Bedie, Henri}} {{stub}} [[Category:'Yan siyasan Côte d'Ivoire]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1934]]Henri Konan Bédié Henri Konan Bédié (lafazi: Anri Konan Bediye) an haife shi ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1934 a garin Daoukro, a tsakiyar ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire. Ya kasance fitaccen ɗan siyasa, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma shugaban ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire na biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya mulki ƙasar daga 7 ga Disamba, 1993 zuwa 24 ga Disamba, 1999, bayan rasuwar shugaban ƙasa na farko, Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2023, yana da shekara 89. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Henri Konan Bédié ya taso a cikin iyali daga ƙabilar Baoulé, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Côte d'Ivoire. Bayan kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a ƙasarsa, ya tafi Faransa inda ya yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki da ilimin siyasa. Wannan ilimi ne ya ba shi damar shiga manyan mukaman gwamnati bayan Côte d'Ivoire ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Farkon aikinsa Bayan samun 'yancin kai, shugaban ƙasa Félix Houphouët-Boigny ya ba Bédié mukamai masu muhimmanci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin: Jakadan Côte d'Ivoire a ƙasashen duniya. Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi. Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1993. A wannan lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan amintattun shugabannin ƙasar. Zama shugaban ƙasa Bayan rasuwar Félix Houphouët-Boigny a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1993, kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanadi cewa shugaban majalisar dokoki ne zai karɓi mulki. Saboda haka Henri Konan Bédié ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A lokacin mulkinsa ya yi ƙoƙarin: Inganta tattalin arziki. Gina hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Jawo masu zuba jari zuwa ƙasar. Ci gaba da manufofin ci gaban noma, musamman noman koko da kofi. Sai dai kuma mulkinsa ya fuskanci matsaloli irin su: Zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Rikicin siyasa. Matsin tattalin arziki. Manufar "Ivoirité", wadda ta ƙayyade cancantar zama ɗan ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire. Wannan manufa ta jawo rabuwar kai da rikice-rikicen siyasa. Juyin mulki A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1999, sojoji ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Robert Guéï suka yi juyin mulki suka hambarar da gwamnatin Bédié. Wannan shi ne juyin mulki na farko a tarihin Côte d'Ivoire bayan samun 'yancin kai. Daga nan Bédié ya tsere zuwa ƙasar Faransa kafin daga baya ya dawo gida. Komawa siyasa Da ya dawo Côte d'Ivoire, ya ci gaba da jagorantar jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI zuwa RDA). Ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a lokuta daban-daban, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin adawa. A shekarar 2020, ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa amma shugaban ƙasa mai ci Alassane Ouattara ne ya lashe zaɓen. Bédié ya zargi zaɓen da rashin adalci. A watan Nuwamba 2021, taron jam'iyyar daga PDCI zuwa RDA ya sake tabbatar da shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar ta duk da tsufarsa. Rasuwa Henri Konan Bédié ya rasu ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2023 a birnin Abidjan bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. Gwamnati da shugabannin Afirka da dama sun bayyana alhini tare da yabawa irin gudummawar da ya bayar wajen gina Côte d'Ivoire. Rayuwar iyali Henri Konan Bédié ya auri Henriette Bédié, wacce ta kasance uwargidan shugaban ƙasa lokacin mulkinsa. Ta yi fice wajen ayyukan jin ƙai da tallafa wa mata da yara. Gado da tasiri Henri Konan Bédié yana cikin fitattun shugabannin siyasar Côte d'Ivoire. Duk da cece-kuce kan wasu manufofinsa, ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar da ƙasar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya shafe fiye da rabin ƙarni yana hidima a gwamnati da siyasa, kuma tasirinsa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tarihin Côte d'Ivoire. Takaitattun bayanai Cikakken suna: Henri Konan Bédié An haife shi: 5 ga Mayu, 1934 Wurin haihuwa: Daoukro, Côte d'Ivoire Ya rasu: 1 ga Agusta, 2023 Shekaru: 89 Ƙasa: Côte d'Ivoire Jam'iyya:daga PDCI zuwa RDA Shugaban ƙasa: 7 Disamba 1993 harzuwa 24 Disamba 1999 Wanda ya gada: Félix Houphouët-Boigny Wanda ya gaje shi: Robert Guéï [[Category:Mutuwan 2023]] 5ir0vnifs0ndih0x9pfvuirutgk8lji 0 9120 891227 504861 2026-08-04T08:43:47Z Baffa ali 47435 891227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Fragment wioski - Baga - 001283s.jpg|thumb|kauyen baga]] [[Fayil:Wioska nad jeziorem Czad - Baga - 001280s.jpg|thumb|kauyen baga]] [[Fayil:Samochód ekspedycji w wiosce - Baga - 001287s.jpg|thumb|kauyen baga]] '''Baga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke a [[Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno,]] [[Nijeriya]].da daga hukumomin jahar barno. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] rdo5yr5ds62la39zn1fsjkepqxa1tzg 0 9122 891153 285062 2026-08-04T01:07:25Z Baffa ali 47435 891153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Parents of Chibok kidnapping victims.png|thumb|wasu daga iyayen ƴan'matan da aka kwashe a makarantar Chibok dake Maiduguri a shekarar 2014]] [[File:Parents of Chibok kidnapping victims.png|thumb|hoton mutanen chibok]] '''Chibok''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Najeriya]]. dake kudancin jihar. Tana da a garin hedikwata Chibok. == Tsarin ƙasa == Garin chibok yanada da yanki 1,350&nbsp;km² == Yawan jama'a == Tana da yawan jama'a 66,105 a [[ƙidaya|ƙidayar]] 2006, waɗanda galibi [[mutanen Kibaku]] ne. <ref name="Amdan">{{cite news|title=Tales of censusapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/africa/boko-haram-video-kidnapped-nigerian-girls.html?hpw&rref=world&_r=0 New York Times: "Nigerian Girls Seen in Video From Militants" By ADAM NOSSITERMAY] May 12, 2014 |''"Chibok is primarily a Muslim and Christian village, and Mr. Shekau appeared to acknowledge that many of the girls seized were not Muslims. "The girls that have not accepted Islam, they are now gathered in numbers," he said. "And we treat them well the way the prophet treated the infidels he seized."''</ref> == Harshe == Yawancin kauyukan da suka hada da mbalala duk suna magana da [[Harshen Cibak|yaren Kibaku]] . <ref name="Amdan2">{{cite news|title=Tales of censusapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tana daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa [[Masarautar Borno]], [[Jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jiha ce ta gargajiya]] a jihar Borno, arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar BringBackOurGirls ta nuna damuwarta kan shirin da [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa]] (INEC) ta yi na cire garin Chibok da wasu al’ummomin da ke karkashin ikon kungiyar [[Mai jihadi|Boko]] [[Boko Haram|Haram]] a halin yanzu daga karbar katin zabe na dindindin (PVCs) a [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|babban zaben 2015]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Boko Haram == A watan Afrilun 2014, kusan 'yan mata 300, wadanda akasarinsu [[Kiristanci a Najeriya|Kiristoci]] ne, Boko Haram [[An sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok|suka sace]] daga Chibok. <ref name="NYTKibaku">{{cite news|title=Tales of Escapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/14/nigeria-launches-military-operation-to-find-kidnapped-girls The Guardian: "Military operation launched to locate kidnapped Nigerian girls" by David Smith] May 14, 2014 | ''"Although most of the abducted girls are Christian, all were wearing Muslim dress and two were singled out to say they had converted to Islam."''</ref> <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27389082 BBC: "Nigeria abduction video: Schoolgirls 'recognised'"] May 13, 2014 |''"The girls' families have said that most of those seized are Christians, although there are a number of Muslims among them."''</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Terrorists kidnap more than 200 Nigerian girls|date=April 14, 2014|work=USA Today|author=Oren Dorell|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/04/21/parents-234-girls-kidnapped-from-nigeria-school/7958307/|accessdate=April 23, 2014}}</ref>, A watan Mayun 2014 ne Boko Haram [[Chibok kwanton bauna|suka sake kai hari]] garin Chibok. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ilgq9sz6tkaud5i9nyw407mlfz5r3bx 891178 891153 2026-08-04T03:06:51Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tsarin ƙasa */ 891178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Parents of Chibok kidnapping victims.png|thumb|wasu daga iyayen ƴan'matan da aka kwashe a makarantar Chibok dake Maiduguri a shekarar 2014]] [[File:Parents of Chibok kidnapping victims.png|thumb|hoton mutanen chibok]] '''Chibok''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Najeriya]]. dake kudancin jihar. Tana da a garin hedikwata Chibok. == Tsarin ƙasa == Garin chibok yanada da yanki 1,350&nbsp;km² == Yawan jama'a == Tana da yawan jama'a 66,105 a [[ƙidaya|ƙidayar]] 2006, waɗanda galibi [[mutanen Kibaku|kabilar Kibaku]] ne. <ref name="Amdan">{{cite news|title=Tales of censusapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/africa/boko-haram-video-kidnapped-nigerian-girls.html?hpw&rref=world&_r=0 New York Times: "Nigerian Girls Seen in Video From Militants" By ADAM NOSSITERMAY] May 12, 2014 |''"Chibok is primarily a Muslim and Christian village, and Mr. Shekau appeared to acknowledge that many of the girls seized were not Muslims. "The girls that have not accepted Islam, they are now gathered in numbers," he said. "And we treat them well the way the prophet treated the infidels he seized."''</ref> == Harshe == Yawancin kauyukan da suka hada da mbalala duk suna magana da [[Harshen Cibak|yaren Kibaku]] . <ref name="Amdan2">{{cite news|title=Tales of censusapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tana daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa [[Masarautar Borno]], [[Jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jiha ce ta gargajiya]] a jihar Borno, arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar BringBackOurGirls ta nuna damuwarta kan shirin da [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa]] (INEC) ta yi na cire garin Chibok da wasu al’ummomin da ke karkashin ikon kungiyar [[Mai jihadi|Boko]] [[Boko Haram|Haram]] a halin yanzu daga karbar katin zabe na dindindin (PVCs) a [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|babban zaben 2015]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Boko Haram == A watan Afrilun 2014, kusan 'yan mata 300, wadanda akasarinsu [[Kiristanci a Najeriya|Kiristoci]] ne, Boko Haram [[An sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok|suka sace]] daga Chibok. <ref name="NYTKibaku">{{cite news|title=Tales of Escapees in Nigeria Add to Worries About Other Kidnapped Girls|date=May 14, 2014|work=New York Times|author=Adam Nossiter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/africa/tales-of-escapees-in-nigeria-add-to-worries-about-other-kidnapped-girls.html|accessdate=May 15, 2014|quote=''"Most of the Chibok residents are Christians of a small minority group who speak Kibaku, another of Nigeria's myriad languages."''}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/14/nigeria-launches-military-operation-to-find-kidnapped-girls The Guardian: "Military operation launched to locate kidnapped Nigerian girls" by David Smith] May 14, 2014 | ''"Although most of the abducted girls are Christian, all were wearing Muslim dress and two were singled out to say they had converted to Islam."''</ref> <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27389082 BBC: "Nigeria abduction video: Schoolgirls 'recognised'"] May 13, 2014 |''"The girls' families have said that most of those seized are Christians, although there are a number of Muslims among them."''</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Terrorists kidnap more than 200 Nigerian girls|date=April 14, 2014|work=USA Today|author=Oren Dorell|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/04/21/parents-234-girls-kidnapped-from-nigeria-school/7958307/|accessdate=April 23, 2014}}</ref>, A watan Mayun 2014 ne Boko Haram [[Chibok kwanton bauna|suka sake kai hari]] garin Chibok. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] goisno67b2udytaqecmrp2mbsp5gwjl 0 9286 891115 839931 2026-08-03T22:50:23Z Baffa ali 47435 891115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miga''' ({{ Audio|Miga,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) karamar hukuma ce dake a jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].karamar hukumace wadda ake cinikaiyar kayan noma.sannan ta hadu da wasu iyakokin kamar haka ,hadeja da jahun. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] 3s212sbxvc39mbd73g8bqcxwnwxtb6z 0 9321 891128 441265 2026-08-03T23:54:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 891128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Oke Ero''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce, dake a [[jihar Kwara]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].inda shedi kwatattake tana acikin garin lloffa . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Kwara]] joj33ez5dq8gv8wdiffrvbri6qpewva 0 9474 891307 878796 2026-08-04T11:45:01Z Baffa ali 47435 891307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Nijeriya|G]]<nowiki/>boko birni ne kuma yanki ne na gwamnatin jihar Benue, Arewa maso tsakiyar Najeriya. An kafa karamar hukumar Gboko a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1970, tare da fadin kasa mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,264. Tana da yawan jama'a 358,936 bisa ga kididdigar 2006, ita ce mafi girma daga cikin kananan hukumomi ashirin da uku da yawan jama'a a jihar Sannan yawan filin yankin yakai kimanin kilomita 835km^2 . Yaren Tiv, Hausa, da Ingilishi su ne harsunan da aka fi amfani da su a Gboko.<ref>"Gboko Local Government Area – I am Benue". Retrieved 26 August 2023</ref> Birnin Gboko shi ma ya ninka matsayin hedikwatar kakannin mutanen Tiv. Fadar Tor Tiv, wanda shine babban shugaban gargajiya, tana nan a tsakiyar garin. Tor Tiv na yanzu wanda ake kira Begha U Tiv (Zakin mutanen Tiv) shine Mai Martaba, Begha U Tiv, Orchivirigh, Farfesa Ortese Iorzua James Ayatse. Gboko kuma tana karbar bakuncin tsohon Kamfanin Siminti na Benue wanda yanzu haka Dangote Cement ne, kuma ita ce gidan BCC Lions Football Club, wadda ta lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka a shekarar 1990. Sun buga wasan ne a filin wasa na J.S Tarkar da ke garin Gboko. == Tattalin Arziki == Ƙaramar Hukumar Gboko na da yalwar albarkatun ma’adinai irin su limestone, granite, barite da alluvial clay. Yawancin mazauna yankin suna gudanar da harkar noma, kuma yankin ya shahara wajen noman amfanin gona kamar shinkafa, doya, masara da rogo a manyan adadi. Haka kuma, kasuwanci yana bunƙasa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Gboko, inda akwai kasuwanni da dama irin su Kasuwar Ortese, Ikpa da Tarukpe, waɗanda ke bai wa jama’a damar saye da sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gboko Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/160/gboko |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Yanayin Ƙasa == Yanayi Gboko tana cikin yankin Savannah kuma tana da jimillar fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,264. Lokacin bushewa da danshi sune manyan yanayi biyu da birnin ke fuskanta. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na gida shine digiri 28 na Celsius (digiri 82 na Fahrenheit), kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafi na gida shine kashi 49 cikin ɗari.<ref>"Gboko weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature". www.besttravelmonths.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Gboko Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Gboko, Benue, NG | Local and National Hourly Weather Forecasts". ''WeatherBug''. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref> Gboko tana da yanayi mai danshi da bushewa ko kuma savanna na wurare masu zafi (Rarraba: Aw) kuma mita sifili ne (ƙafa 0) sama da matakin teku. Gundumar tana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 29.69 °C (85.44 °F), wanda ya fi matsakaicin ƙasa na Najeriya da kashi 0.23%. Millimita 136.61 (inci 5.38) na ruwan sama da kwanaki 161.68 na ruwan sama (44.3% na lokaci) sune jimillar shekara-shekara na Gboko.<ref>"Gboko, Benue, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref> A Gboko, lokacin rani yana da zafi, yana da danshi, kuma yana da ɗan gajimare yayin da lokacin damina yana da dumi, mai wahala, kuma yana da gajimare. Yanayin zafi ba kasafai yake sauka ƙasa da 56 °F ko kuma ya tashi sama da 94 °F a duk shekara, sau da yawa yakan bambanta tsakanin 62 °F da 90 °F.<ref>"Gboko Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Gboko weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature". www.besttravelmonths.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref> Da matsakaicin zafin rana mai girma na 88 °F, lokacin zafi yana ɗaukar watanni 2.3, daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 16 ga Afrilu. Tare da matsakaicin zafi na 88 °F da ƙasa da 74 °F, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Gboko.<ref>"Gboko weather forecast for today". justweather.org. Retrieved 26 August 2023</ref><ref>"Gboko weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature". www.besttravelmonths.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref> Da matsakaicin zafin rana mai girma na yau da kullun ƙasa da 83 °F, lokacin sanyi yana ɗaukar watanni 3.9, daga 23 ga Yuni zuwa 21 ga Oktoba. A Gboko, Disamba shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na 64 °F da sama da 84 °F.<ref>"Simulated historical climate & weather data for Gboko". meteoblue. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Gboko Weather Forecast (Mkar, Benue, Nigeria)". www.tititudorancea.com. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</ref><gallery> File:Tiv_women_and_girls_in_cultural_attire.jpg|Wata Mata da yara a shigar al'adar ƙabilar Tiv File:Mkar_Hill.jpg|Tsaunin Mkar </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] q2prxv5bjg86s8vo05081nmrpee5pvh 0 9753 891124 843741 2026-08-03T23:38:20Z Baffa ali 47435 891124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aniocha ta Arewa''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]], tare da hedikwatarta a [[Issele-Uku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin ya ƙunshi wasu rukunin al’ummar [[Anioma]] da garuruwa daban-daban. Sansanin horaswa na dindindin na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSC - Home |url=https://nysc.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=nysc.gov.ng}}</ref> na Jihar Delta yana garin Issele-Ukwu. Ƙaramar Hukumar tana da faɗin ƙasa da ya kai kilomita dubu dari hudu da shida 406.00 (dakuma dubu arba'in da dari shida 40,600 ko mil dari da hammsin da shida da sigo saba'in da shida 156.76), tare da tsayin mita 259 (ƙafa 850) daga matakin teku. Aniocha ta Arewa na da yanayin savanna mai zafi bisa tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen (Aw),<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Idumuje, Igboko, Aniocha North |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2338928.html |website=Monday.org}}</ref> kuma tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai 104,062 bisa ƙidayar shekarar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya (postal code) ta yankin ita ce 320.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx| archivedate= 7 October 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] cjt4ipwtq0hmywxsjy4v6icyb2ci58r 0 9783 891119 789068 2026-08-03T23:13:02Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Hotuna */ 891119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ijebu Ode,''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce, dake a [[Jihar Ogun]], a Kudu Maso Yammacin [[Nijeriya]].daga inda karamar hukumar take zuwa arewacin Lagos akalla yakai kimanin kilomita 110. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Adeite_house,_Ijebu_ode6.jpg |Gidan Adeite, Ijebu File:Adeitan_street,_Ijebu.jpg |Titin Adeite, Ijebu File:Adedunmola_Court,_Ijebu-ode,_Ogun_state.jpg|Kotu File:Oba_palace_roundabout,_Ijebu-ode,_Ogun_state2.jpg|Shataletalen Oba Palace File:Ogun state government office, ijebu ode2.jpg|Ofishin Gwamnatin Jihar Ogun, Ijebu </gallery> {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Ogun]] elaowxt2sqwgzpmx0d2a4ugjo2ok2ze 0 10040 891056 154709 2026-08-03T17:55:31Z Baffa ali 47435 891056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irepo''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Oyo|jihar Oyo]] wadda ke a shiyar Kudu maso Yamma a kasar [[Nijeriya]]. Ita Irepo dai wannan karamar hukumace na daga daya daga cikin humar jahar Oyo wadda ta shahara da masana'antu Acikin ta dakuma makida acikin humar. {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Oyo]] kyheqfzuge53fn2rru00nzu965az3mx 0 10109 891308 511707 2026-08-04T11:50:55Z Baffa ali 47435 891308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:LL-Q2372207 (sba)-Abakar B-yorro.wav|thumb|maganan abakar yaro]] '''Yorro''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]].hedkwatarta tana a cikin garin Masu kidaya sun tabbatar da yawan mutanen yankin a kalla sukai kimanin mutane 154069. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] 6fklr4swvmkrq25y365setc6o8xpdpg 0 10167 890990 890172 2026-08-03T16:08:03Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (c Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ya kasance ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wato taka leda dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawan ta na gida mai launin girgije tun acikin shekarar ta 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su acikin shekara ta 2020-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880), ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League acikin shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a cikin shekara ta 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob ɗin ta faɗa cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–har zuwa zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu acikin shekara ta 1899, tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.Acikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ƙa'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai acikin shekara ta 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar acikin shekara ta 1920, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarar 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton acikin shekara ta 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth acikin shekara ta 1934. A lokacin gudu na cikin shekara ta 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, acikin shekara shekara ta 1955 da kuma cikin shekara ta 1956; kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe da tayi acikin shekara ta 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City daci 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin watan Janairun shekara shekara ta 1965. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . Acikin kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1967–zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze daci 2–1 acikin shekara ta 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na cikin shekara ta 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 1973-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1974 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne acikin shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu acikin shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin shekara ta 1983 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko acikin shekara ta 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar acikin shekara ta 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a cikin shekara ta 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su acikin shekara ta 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari.Acikin Kakar wasw ta cikin shekar ta 2002–zuwa cikin 03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2004, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yunin shekara ta 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. Acikin shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na cikin shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin watan Disamban shekara ta 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA acikin shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun cikin shekara 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na cikin ta 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar ta shekara ta 2010-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasan shekara ta 2011–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2012, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. Acikin shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu acikin shekara ta 2014–zuwa cikin shekara ta 2015 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin shekara ta 2015–har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2016, kodayake kakar shekara ta 2015–dakuma cikin shekara ta 2016 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin shekara ta 2017-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2018 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2022-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin ta 2020. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2022-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2023 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. Acikin shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin shekara ta 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2017-har18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun cikin shekara ta 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA acikin shekara ta 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku acikin shekara ta 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] mblx48fcvf0u1pl5yr8e6v70ae40dio 0 10198 891112 498190 2026-08-03T22:29:07Z Baffa ali 47435 891112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Black star square (ii-(ii).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Shataletalen Black star]] '''Yankin Greater Accra''' ta kasan ce daya daga cikin yankin gwamnatin kasar [[Ghana]]; babban birnin yankin ita ce [[Accra]].shi dai wannan yankin yana kewaye kasa wadda ta kai kimanin kilomita 3245 sannan kidaya ta tabbatar da cewa adadin mutanen yankin sukai kimanin 5,4000. [[File:Church of the Mommons Accra Ghana.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Church of the Mommons Accra Ghana]] [[File:Ghana National Mosque 01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Massallacin kasa, da ke yankin Greater Accra]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Ada_Foah_Beach_1.jpg |Bakin Teku na Ada Foah, a yankin File:Kotoka_International_Airport,_Accra,_Ghana.JPG|Filin jirgin sama na na Ghana kuma yana cikin yankin na babban birnin Accra. </gallery> {{Stub}} [[Category:Yankunan kasar Ghana]] 7uz8f3981qycrgvgeuuqh8d3aep3mfe 3 12106 891070 888248 2026-08-03T19:46:49Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Tech News: 2026-32 */ sabon sashe 891070 wikitext text/x-wiki </noinclude> [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galdiz ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar a usman|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Anasskoko|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 16:47, 24 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) </noinclude> ==Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community== <div style="padding:3em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif; font-size:110%; line-height:1.75;"> Muna gayyatan kudan shiga gasar '''WPWP Contest na Hausa Community'''! '''Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community''' gasa ce ta duk shekara wanda editoci a Wikipedia daga [[m:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Community User Group]] ke sanya hotuna a mukalolin da basu da ko keda karancin hoto articles. Wannan dan a inganta da karfafa amfani ne da dubannin hotunan da ake samu ne daga gasa daban-daban na hotuna da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wanda Wikimedia community ke shiryawa a Wikipedia. hoto na inganta fahimtar mai karatu, da bayyana bayani, da sanya mukaloli suyi kyau. Gasar Kuma zata ba sabbin editoci da tsoffi damar inganta kwarewa, dan shiga samun kwarewa tuntube mu anan [[Special:Emailuser/M-Mustapha|Emel]]. <br /> <span style="background:#ffbd4a;color:yellow;padding:5px;"><!--T:24-->[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos for Hausa Community|Danna nan dan shiga gasa da Karin bayani.]]</span>.<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> ^{<samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp>} 16:48, 26 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) Allah ya kaimu [[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]] ([[User talk:Umar a usman#top|talk]]) 12:02, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) ==Barka da ƙoƙari== Naga idan kayi gyara sai ka goge wasu masu amfani, a wani wurin ma share sashen dukka kake yi! Misali, zaka ga na mayar da yawancin gyararrakin. Ka kula sosai. [[User:M-Mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-em''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 16:25, 26 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC) == Gasar Hausa Wikipeda == '''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]]''',''' Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]], Nagode.-- [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(Yi Magana)</sup>]] 11:22, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) == Gyara akan saka manazarta == @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] barka da kokari, naga kaine ka kirkiri mukalar [[Saladin Governorate]], amma baka saka manazarta ko daya ba, yakamata mu fahimci mahimmancin manazarta. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:41, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) == Invitation to Rejoin the [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:Translation_task_force Healthcare Translation Task Force] == [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|right|frameless|125px]] You have been a [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/prior/index.php medical translators within Wikipedia]. We have recently relaunched our efforts and invite you to [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php join the new process]. Let me know if you have questions. Best [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 12:34, 13 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_translators/60&oldid=25451603 --> == Canza taken mukala == @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] Barka da Kokari, Inason inyi amfani da wannan damar domin jawo hankalinka, akan taken da mukeba mukala. Naga ka fassara mukalar mai taken '''Rabies''' da taken '''Ciwon hauka'''. Amma yanzu na mayar dashi a [[Ciwon Rabies]]...Dalili kuwa shine wannan ciwo ba ciwon hauka bane kamar yadda ka fassara...inaga idan bamusan sunan abuba da hausa kamata yayi mu rika barinsa da turancinsa a kan mubashi fassarar da ba ita bace.[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 12:29, 11 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2023 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&project=all&year=2023&start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. Consider joining '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|here]]''', there are no associated costs and we look forwards to working together in 2024. |} Thanks again :-) -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James <span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Medical_Editors_2023&oldid=26031072 --> == Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia, Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC. Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki. A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Kula == Barka @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] wannan muƙalar mai [[Wesley Koolhof]] akwai gyararraki acikinta, amma bakayi ba. Yanzu na gyara ta amma mu kula saboda gaba. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:56, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Ok toh nogode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:55, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Goyo Baya UC4C (non-voting member) == == Goyon baya == Assalam @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members<nowiki>] ayi comment.</nowiki> Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Done [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 23:21, 24 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:50, 27 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> 0wax9swqt7rqkfvj56bjnw71xfc75oh 0 12560 891136 442366 2026-08-04T00:26:12Z Baffa ali 47435 891136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ajanci''' harshen Chadic a [[Nijeriya]] ne.wata karamar hukumace da take a kano wadda ake sana ar siye da siyarwa na amfanin gona . {{Stub}} ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] nthzft8eiez7vv1yyjfq0lgz8tejszs 0 15407 891300 493719 2026-08-04T11:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ig-Ebiti Ndok-Jegede.ogg|thumb|ebiti]] '''Ebiti Ndok-Jegede''' (cikakken suna '''Ebiti Onoyom Ndok''' ) ƴar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] Najeriya [[Ɗan siyasa|ce]] . Ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 2011 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar United National Party for Development, jam'iyyar da ta taɓa zama shugabar ƙasa. == Rayuwa da aiki == Haifaffiyar garin [[Ibadan]], babban birnin [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Kudu maso Yammacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], Ndok-Jegede dan asalin [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom ne]], Najeriya. Ta fara aikinta ne a matsayin likita ta farko a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a, da ke Ibadan kafin ta tafi [[Birtaniya|Ingila]], inda ta samu digiri a kan Gudanarwa, Shari'a, da Nazarin diflomasiyya sannan kuma ta yi horo kan walwala da jin dadin jama'a. A shekarar 2011, ita kadai ce mace da ta tsaya takarar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasar Najeriya]] a karkashin jam'iyyar United National Party for Development, inda ta samu kuri'u 98,262.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0CQvFWXfcXGIXrKQ.html|title=Ebiti Onoyom Ndok|work=|publisher=[[allAfrica]]|last=|first=|date=3 March 2011|accessdate=3 September 2016|archive-date=21 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621142101/http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0CQvFWXfcXGIXrKQ.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://youthsdigest.com/ever-lead-nigerian-men/|title=Can A Woman Ever Lead Nigerian Men?|website=Youth Digest|author=Hamidat Kareem|date=11 August 2016|accessdate=3 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919225302/http://youthsdigest.com/ever-lead-nigerian-men/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/features/373288/2015-female-politicians|title=2015: Where Are The Female Politicians?|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership Newspaper]]|last=Tene Natsa|first=Ruth|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117110617/http://leadership.ng/features/373288/2015-female-politicians|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-13-fortunes-of-women-presidential-candidates|title=The African women who tried for president - and how they fared|work=[[Mail and Guardian]]|last=Mungai|first=Christine|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918023747/http://m.mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-13-fortunes-of-women-presidential-candidates|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Ndok-Jegede ta yi aure da ’ya’ya hudu. == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Mata ƴan siyasa a Najeriya]] e65c7q6faj9pl8lrodc91dnu7fx8z5h 0 15871 891134 767331 2026-08-04T00:14:43Z Baffa ali 47435 891134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiola Odumosu''' (an haife ta 31 ga Oktoba 1973) ƴar wasan ƙwallon tebur ce a Najeriya. Ta shiga gasar ne a cikin mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1012 |title=Abiola Odumosu |work=Olympedia |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> tauraruwar ta cigaba da juyawa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odumosu, Abiola}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan ƙwallon tebur a Najeriya]] lvc4xmhdmj57bjqavnrfjwxoabx9p0a 0 15894 890935 821371 2026-08-03T12:50:24Z Tomidreams 47548 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 890935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|hoton bella disu]] [[Fayil:Bella Disu.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Rayuwar mutum == [[File:Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, ta auri Jameel Disu, ɗan jari hujja, kuma suna da yara biyu. == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <nowiki></br></nowiki> Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Lagos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women'').<nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=Les 50 Femmes Les Plus Inspirantes De 2025 |url=https://forbesafrique.com/les-50-femmes-les-plus-inspirantes-de-2025/ |website=Forbes Afrique |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=1 August 2026}}</ref></nowiki> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] tuidt79g4vbo88ijvrmpfuoiblhyptj 890950 890935 2026-08-03T13:29:27Z Tomidreams 47548 /* Rayuwar mutum */ 890950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|hoton bella disu]] [[Fayil:Bella Disu.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <nowiki></br></nowiki> Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Lagos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women'').<nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=Les 50 Femmes Les Plus Inspirantes De 2025 |url=https://forbesafrique.com/les-50-femmes-les-plus-inspirantes-de-2025/ |website=Forbes Afrique |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=1 August 2026}}</ref></nowiki> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] px09q2s8e7yipkzj2pgbsmz9wp9py41 891044 890950 2026-08-03T17:24:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 891044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <nowiki></br></nowiki> Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Lagos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women'').<nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=Les 50 Femmes Les Plus Inspirantes De 2025 |url=https://forbesafrique.com/les-50-femmes-les-plus-inspirantes-de-2025/ |website=Forbes Afrique |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=1 August 2026}}</ref></nowiki> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] ojcwro0fo5yvv8l7k08wh9tco21w145 891045 891044 2026-08-03T17:25:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Kyauta da yabo */ 891045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <nowiki></br></nowiki> Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Lagos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women''). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] 8vfbjnl6hxmt05absvn8anggta6t87i 891046 891045 2026-08-03T17:25:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Kyauta da yabo */ 891046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <nowiki></br></nowiki> Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, [[Lagos]]. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women''). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] r5eziol7l5myyw78hg5joq8uuax8uhs 891047 891046 2026-08-03T17:26:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Kyauta */ 891047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belinda "Bella" Ajoke Olubunmi Disu''' (née '''Adenuga''', an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1986) kuma ta kasan ce 'yar kasuwa ce' yar Najeriya. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Globacom, kuma ba darekta janar na kamfanin [[Julius Berger|Julius Berger Nigeria Plc]]<ref>https://businessday.ng/women-hub/article/women-in-business-bella-disu/</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bella an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarata 1986 ga Emelia Adefolake Marquis, ‘yar kasuwar Nijeriya da Mike Adenuga, shugaban kamfanin Globacom . Ta yi karatu a Legas, da farko a Corona School, Victoria Island sannan kuma a Queen's College don karatun sakandare. A shekarar 1998, ta bar Kwalejin Sarauniya zuwa Kwalejin Tunawa da 'Yan mata ta Vivian Fowler, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya daga Jami'ar Massachusetts, [[Boston]], Amurka da M.Sc a Leadership daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, [[Boston]] . A shekarar 2024, Bella Disu ta kammala digirin Babbar Jagorar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration – MBA) a Imperial College Business School. A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Warwick. Bella kuma Fellow ce ta Chartered Institute of Directors Nigeria, mamba ce ta Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria, mai ba da shawara (mentor) a WIMBoard, sannan kuma tana aiki a matsayin baƙuwar malamar koyarwa (guest resource faculty member) a Lagos Business School. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2004, Bella ta shiga kamfanin sadarwa na Globacom Ltd, wani kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da ke aiki a kasashen Ghana da Najeriya, kuma a yanzu shi ne babban daraktan kungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta ɗauki ƙarin matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Cobblestone Properties da Estates Limited don zama Shugaba a shekarar 2015. Babbar darekta ce ba ta darekta ba a wani kamfanin gine-gine na Najeriya, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, kuma darakta ne a kamfanin Abumet Plc, kamfanin kera gilashi da alminiyon, shi ma a Nijeriya. <nowiki></br></nowiki> A watan Janairun shekara 2019, ta hau matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanarwa na kamfanin Globacom bayan ta shiga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. Ta halarci Taron Shugabannin Afirka a waccan shekarar, inda ta yi wata ganawa ta sirri da Shugaba [[Paul Kagame]] na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Har ila yau, ta kasance babbar magana a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata na Cibiyar Shugabannin Afirka. kuma ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin kasuwancin duniya 149 kamar [[Aliko Dangote]], Jim Ovia da Tony Elumelu a Taron Zabi na Internationalasashen Duniya na Chooseasashen Duniya na 2019 wanda aka gudanar a Chateau de Versailles a Faransa. A wajen taron, ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Nokia Alcatel-Lucent, don samarwa, girkawa, da kuma hadewa da wani sabon dandamali na hanyar sadarwa mai suna Sure Pay Intelligent Network. A ranar 31 ga Oktoban shekarar 2019, a matsayinta na Babban Daraktan rukunin gidaje na Cobblestone, ta bayyana wasu manyan gidaje masu hawa 10 a Bourdillon, Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] wacce ake kira 'Sisi Paris'. Disu ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Abumet Nigeria Limited. A Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, tana aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kanta (non-executive director), kuma a watan Afrilun 2025 aka naɗa ta shugabar Kwamitin Dabarun Kamfanin (Strategy Committee) na kwamitin gudanarwa. Haka kuma tana mamba a Kwamitin Binciken Kuɗi (Audit Committee), Kwamitin Albashi da Alawus (Remuneration Committee), da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Masu Hannun Jari (Shareholders’ Advisory Council). A shekarar 2024, ta kafa SheGlows, wani shiri na jagoranci da ba da shawara (mentorship) ga ma'aikatan mata na Globacom. Daga baya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Glo Innovation Hub domin tallafa wa tsarin fasaha da ƙirkire-ƙirkire na Najeriya, sannan ta ƙaddamar da Glo SPARK, wani shirin ƙarfafa ƙirkire-ƙirkire da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ma'aikatan kamfanin. Bella memba ce a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya da kuma Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya . == Kyauta == Disu ita ce kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Bella Disu Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ce tana da niyyar taimakawa kananan yara masu karamin karfi ta hanyar samar da ilimi da dabarun aikin yi. Ita ce mai tallata harshe da al'adun Faransa ta hanyar Alliance Fran theaise Project a Mike Adenuga Alliance Française Center da ke Ikoyi, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Tana cikin jerin "mai dorewa" na waƙa ta Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) ''Wall of Fame'' saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan yanayi don koyon kiɗa. Bella Disu, wacce ke wakiltar Gidauniyar Mike Adenuga Foundation (MAF), ta ba da gudummawar Naira biliyan 1.5 ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Legas don tallafa wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar Coronavirus ta duniya (COVID-19). Daga ranar 25 zuwa 30 ga Mayu, 2026, Gidauniyar Bella Disu (Bella Disu Foundation) ta shirya gasar farko ta Bella Disu Open, wata gayyatar gasar wasan tanis ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru ƙasa da 14. An kammala gasar ne a Lagos Lawn Tennis Club da ke Onikan, Legas. Gidauniyar ta bai wa zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinalists) tallafin karatun wasanni na tsawon watanni shida domin tallafa musu wajen horo, sayen kayan wasa, jinyar motsa jiki (physiotherapy), da kuma halartar gasa daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2026 |title="This is only the beginning," Bella Disu says one month after maiden junior tennis open |url=https://www.qed.ng/this-is-only-the-beginning-bella-disu-says-one-month-after-maiden-junior-tennis-open/ |access-date=1 August 2026 |website=QED.NG}}</ref> == Kyauta da yabo == [[File:New Bella Disu 1.jpg|thumb|Bella Disu]] Bella ta sami lambar yabo ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa a cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2019, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar kan adana zane-zane da al'adu musamman yadda ta tsara aikin gina Cibiyar Alliance Francaise Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, [[Lagos]]. A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, mujallar ''Forbes Afrique'' ta saka Disu cikin jerin mata 50 mafi ƙarfafa gwiwa a nahiyar Afirka (''50 Most Inspiring African Women''). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] 8qmstl69kuezfol3nig0e96fde65k30 0 16045 891049 854427 2026-08-03T17:28:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 891049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ego Boyo portrait.jpg|thumb|Ego Boyo]] '''Nwakaego (Ego) Boyo''' (an haife ta 6 ga Satumba, 1968). 'Yar fim ce a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] wacce ta shahara a matsayinta na Anne Haastrup a cikin sabulu a ƙarshen shekarun 80, ''Checkmate.'' Ita ce shugabar mata ta 60 ta kungiyar Mata ta Duniya (IWS), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mara siyasa, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka kafa a 1957. Ta fito ne daga [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] a gabashin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. == Ayyuka == Ego Boyo ta fara aikinta ne a farkon jerin shekarun 1990 ''Checkmate'', inda ta taka rawar Anne Haastrup. Ta kafa kamfani nata na samarda, Temple Productions a shekarar 1996. Ta gabatar da fim mara sauti ''A Hotel da ake kira Memory a cikin 2017, kuma fim din ya lashe kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim na gwaji a bikin Fim na BlackStar a [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Anazia">Daniel Anazia, [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/a-hotel-called-memory-comes-on-big-screen-in-lagos-tomorrow/ A Hotel Called Memory comes on big screen in Lagos tomorrow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106085250/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/a-hotel-called-memory-comes-on-big-screen-in-lagos-tomorrow/ |date=2020-11-06 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 November 2017.</ref>'' == Rayuwar Kai == [[Fayil:Ego Bayo.jpg|thumb|Ego Boyo]] Ego ya auri yara tare da Omamofe Boyo, Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Rukuni a Oando Plc.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16185056</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 43eeysni6z3b3snnsh3qwe0wrid39xu 891051 891049 2026-08-03T17:30:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 891051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ego Boyo portrait.jpg|thumb|Ego Boyo]] '''Nwakaego (Ego) Boyo''' (an haife ta 6 ga Satumba, 1968). 'Yar fim ce a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] wacce ta shahara a matsayinta na Anne Haastrup a cikin sabulu a ƙarshen shekarun 80, ''Checkmate.'' Ita ce shugabar mata ta 60 ta kungiyar Mata ta Duniya (IWS), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mara siyasa, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka kafa a 1957. Ta fito ne daga [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] a gabashin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. == Ayyuka == Ego Boyo ta fara aikinta ne a farkon jerin shekarun 1990 ''Checkmate'', inda ta taka rawar Anne Haastrup. Ta kafa kamfani nata na samarda, Temple Productions a shekarar 1996. Ta gabatar da fim mara sauti ''A Hotel da ake kira Memory a cikin 2017, kuma fim din ya lashe kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim na gwaji a bikin Fim na BlackStar a [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Anazia">Daniel Anazia, [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/a-hotel-called-memory-comes-on-big-screen-in-lagos-tomorrow/ A Hotel Called Memory comes on big screen in Lagos tomorrow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106085250/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/a-hotel-called-memory-comes-on-big-screen-in-lagos-tomorrow/ |date=2020-11-06 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 November 2017.</ref>'' == Rayuwar Kai == [[Fayil:Ego Bayo.jpg|thumb|Ego Boyo]] Ego ya auri yara tare da Omamofe Boyo, Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Rukuni a Oando Plc.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16185056</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] srziyaiclg61uxa0weg5zz93b9ih84o 0 18552 890956 873762 2026-08-03T14:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Bikin Kifi na [[Argungu]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyllon |first=Folarin |author-link=Folarin Shyllon |date=August 2007 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival in Tilted towers : Promoting the Idea of a Sustainable Cultural Fest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/argungu-fishing-festival-in-northwestern-nigeria-promoting-the-idea-of-a-sustainable-cultural-fest/B8F5B344A3F997E9621152AFAC547A8B |journal=International Journal of Cultural Property |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1017/S094073910707021X |issn=1465-7317 |s2cid=162837565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ko Bikin Dance na Argungu bikin ne na shekara-shekara na kwana huɗu a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] da sauran jihohin arewa kamar [[Neja|Nijar]] a arewa maso yammacin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Yankin ya kunshi yankunan kogi masu kyau na matanfada, mala tare da [[ban ruwa]] da yawa da gonaki (lambu a cikin Hausa). Yawancin mazauna masunta ne Musulmai. [[Kanta Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kanta]] shine babban cibiyar tarihi a Argungu don baƙi a duk faɗin duniya. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tafiya zuwa Argungu kawai don shaida taron. Babban manufar bikin kamun kifi na Argungu shine don kamun kiɗa da hadin kai. Bikin yawanci taron al'adu ne na kwana huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argungu Festival: Africa's Biggest Fishing Celebration |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/argungu-festival-africa-s-biggest-fishing-celebration/6AKCWE_EP-keIQ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Argungu_Fishing_Festival.jpg|thumb|Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu]] Bikin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1934 a matsayin alamar ƙarshen ƙiyayya tsakanin Khalifancin Sokoto da Masarautar Kebbi. Wannan bikin ya kawo babban ci gaba ga ci gaban jihar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta Bikin Kifi-Frenzy . Ana yin bikin ne don nuna farkon lokacin kamun kifi a Argungu, wani gari da ke gefen kogi a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Ana yin bikin ne tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing The Arugungu fishing festival at Northern Nigeria – Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria {{!}} World Scouting |url=https://sdgs.scout.org/post/showcasing-arugungu-fishing-festival-northern-nigeria-courtesy-scout-association-nigeria |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=sdgs.scout.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 kifin da ya ci nasara ya auna kilo 75, kuma yana buƙatar maza huɗu don ɗaga shi a kan ma'auni. A shekara ta 2006, bikin ya haramta kamun kifi saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da ƙananan matakan ruwa. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.A. Eyo and Y. B. Ahmed |title=Management of Inland Capture Fisheries and Challenges to Fish Production in Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4088/1/624.pdf |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An soki aikin Zauro polder, wani shirin [[ban ruwa]] a cikin ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]] a kudancin Argungu, saboda tafkin yana barazanar ambaliyar wurin gargajiya na bikin.&nbsp; Ayyuka sun hada da: * Nunin sana'a * Gasar jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-08 |title=What you need to know about Argungu international fishing festival {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-argungu-international-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin aikin gona * Ayyukan al'adu * Wasanni na gwagwarmaya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival: 5 Things You Should Know |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/activities/argungu-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Hotels.ng Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ayyukan kiɗa * Babban Nasara na Kifi * Gasar yin iyo == Gasar == A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ana gudanar da gasa inda dubban maza suka yi layi a gefen kogi kuma a sautin harbin bindiga, dukansu sun tsallake cikin kogi kuma suna da sa'a guda don kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya ci nasara zai iya kaiwa gida har zuwa US $ 7,500. Masu fafatawa suna ba da izinin amfani da kayan aikin kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son kama kifi gaba ɗaya da hannu (aikin da ya shahara a wasu wurare kuma an san shi da "noodling") don nuna ƙarfin su. == Bikin Kifi na Argungu na 2020 == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Public_Domain_809.jpg|thumb|Mazajen kamun kifi a cikin jirgin ruwa.]] A cikin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020, mutumin da ya kama kifi mafi girma mai nauyin kilo 78 an ba shi kyautar N10 miliyan, sabbin motoci biyu da kujeru biyu don tafiya ta Hajj. An kuma ba da lambar yabo ta biyu da ta uku. Fiye da masunta 50,000 sun shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] kuma an rarraba masu nasara bisa ga nauyin kifin da aka kama. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na 2020 Bikin a shekarar 2020 shi ne karo na 60 bayan shekaru 10 da aka dakatar da shi a cewar gwamnan jihar [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu|Abubakar Bagudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari Visits Kebbi For Argungu Fishing Festival |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/12/just-in-buhari-arrives-kebbi-for-argungu-fishing-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin burin bikin shine wadatar da hadin kan al'umma da karfafa manoman kifi na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladeyi |first=Oluwafikunayomi |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Fascinating Argungu Fishing Festival: A Celebration of Culture and Tradition |url=https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Places and Lifestyle |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809130428/https://placesandlifestyle.com/the-fascinating-argungu-fishing-festival-a-celebration-of-culture-and-tradition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; == Sabuntawa ta zamani da kwanan nan == [[Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_42.jpg|thumb|'''Shugaba Bola Tinubu a bikin Argungu na 61''']] Bikin ya sami lokacin dakatarwa saboda kalubalen tsaro amma Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi ta farfado da shi don inganta yawon bude ido da al'adun al'adu. An gudanar da bikin na 61 daga 11 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu 2026 a Argungu. Taron ya ja hankalin dubban mahalarta da baƙi kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta, ciki har da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] da Nasir Idris Babban Gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi gasa ta kifi ta gargajiya, nune-nunen al'adu, da sauran ayyukan da ke nuna al'adun al'adu na Jihar Kebbi. === Hotuna daga bikin kifi da al'adu na 61 na Argungu === <gallery> Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_41.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_45.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_27.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_03.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_05.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_08.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_21.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_75.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_60.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_67.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_74.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_78.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_73.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_72.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_63.jpg Fayil:Argungu_fishing_and_cultural_festival_38.jpg </gallery> * Bukukuwan a Najeriya == Manazarta == sqtiyjbemuf6onimx503yzenp354jjv 0 18770 891294 495163 2026-08-04T11:15:48Z Baffa ali 47435 891294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mar15-peace-protests-mtl.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Zanga-zanga a [[Montréal|Montreal]] .]] [[Fayil:Protests opposing Venezuelan Bolivarian Revolution in Avenida Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg|thumb|zanga zanga]] '''Zanga-zangar''' ita ce lokacin da mutane da yawa suke taruwa don nuna wa wasu cewa suna matukar so ko kuma adawa da wani ra'ayi ko taron. Misali, wasu mutane suna zanga-zangar nuna wariyar launin fata ko yaƙi. [[File:Martinique_-_manifestation_0_chrlordécone.webm|thumb|Zanga-zanga akan gubar maganin ƙari a Martinique.]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da mutane zasu iya yin zanga-zanga. Masu zanga-zangar na iya yin abubuwa kamar rubuta wasiƙu, ba cin abinci ba, raira waƙoƙi, ko tarzoma .ko suna nunawa shuwagabannin su halin da suke ciki sbd su taimaka masu.<ref>zanga </ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Speakers_at_UAW_protest_at_Geisel_Library_2.jpg|Dandazon masu zanga-zanga File:%22From_Palestine_to_the_Philippines,_Stop_the_US_War_Machine%22.jpg|Masu zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Al'ummar Falasɗinu </gallery> {{Stub}} == Duba Kuma == * Zanga-zanga * [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] * Zauna-a ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} q555vjxetqt91ptkm8kozed3cpee6pg 0 20903 891201 497351 2026-08-04T05:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:5_CP940_Luigi_Dattilo_Catania_090917.jpg |thumb|Dattilo CP940 ]] [[File:Patrol_Boat_Dattilo_(CP_940).jpg |thumb|Dattilo ]] '''''Dattilo''''' na da jiragen ruwa masu sintiri a cikin teku (OPVs) ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa biyu da aka ba da umarnin ga Kungiyar Gabar Italiya. Babban aikin OPVs shine kiyaye bakin tekun kasa ta hanyar ayyukan sintiri da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan gurbata muhalli da ayyukan ceto. Yankin da ke bayan an sanye shi da jirgin don tashi da sauka na jirgi mai saukar ungulu na matsakaici. Abubuwan da aka saba gani na irin waɗannan jiragen sune: kewayon da yawa kamar kuma kiyaye teku da wasan motsa jiki, wanda ke sanya su sassauƙa sosai ta mahangar aiki.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fincantieri.com/en/products-and-services/naval-vessels/pattugliatori-daltura/dattilo-class/ |title=Dattilo class Offshore Patrol Vessels |website=Fincantieri |accessdate=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103921/https://www.fincantieri.com/en/products-and-services/naval-vessels/pattugliatori-daltura/dattilo-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atenanazionale.it/convegni/2014/20140400incontroatena.pdf |title=Nave Dattilo e Nave Diciotti: Una Prestigiosa Realizzazione Italiana |date=10 April 2014 |website=atenanazionale.it |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140524/http://www.atenanazionale.it/convegni/2014/20140400incontroatena.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kelvinhughes.com/news/107-sharpeye-for-italian-coast-guard |title=SharpEye™ Radar for Italian Coast Guard |date=9 July 2013 |website=[[Kelvin Hughes]] |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044756/https://www.kelvinhughes.com/news/107-sharpeye-for-italian-coast-guard |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jirgin ruwa == {| class="sortable wikitable" border="1" ! colspan="11" style="background:#ffdead;" |{{Flagicon|ITA}}</img> [[Coastungiyar Italiya ta Italiya|Coast Guard]] - ajin ''Dattilo'' |- ! Suna ! Hoto ! Fata mai ciki<nowiki><br id="mwHg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> lamba ! Hull<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> lamba ! Kwanciya ! Laaddamar ! An ba da izini ! IMO<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> MMSI |- style="text-align:center;" | Luigi Dattilo |</img> | CP-940 | 6233 | 2 Mayu 2012 | 19 Disamba 2012 | 1 Oktoba 2013 | 9690418<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 247330500 |- style="text-align:center;" | Ubaldo Diciotti |</img> | CP-941 | 6234 | 9 Janairu 2013 | 15 Yuli 2013 | 20 Maris 2014 | 9690420<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 247330700 |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Jiragen Ruwa]] [[Category:Sufuri]] [[Category:Hanyoyin Sufuri]] [[Category:Gabar teku]] [[Category:Dam a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kogunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kykbd63k35x83lzl020uj5bjikzgi12 0 21199 890938 372183 2026-08-03T13:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Musa Kofar Mata''' (an haife shi a 12 ga Mayun shekara t 1988, a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] - Nuwamba 2, 2022) shi ne ɗan [[Najeriya|wasan]] ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya, wanda a yanzu haka yake wasa tare da [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars FC.]] . == Ayyuka == Ya kulla yarjejeniya da IK Start na [[Norway]], bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen da ya fuskanta tare da Ƙungiyar, tare da [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars FC]] ya lashe gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya a shekarar 2007-08 kuma yana tare da kwallaye 11 a saman dan wasan. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2008 yana cikin gwaji a LASK ta [[Austriya|Austria]] kuma ya buga wasa ɗaya na sada zumunci, dan wasan gaban ya dawo daga [[Turai]] zuwa [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Pillars]] a farkon kakar Wasa ta shekara ta 2008. Ya koma Heartland ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 2010 kan kuɗi [[naira]] miliyan biyar. Bayan shekara biyu da rabi ya bar Heartland FC kuma ya sanya hannu tare da abokiyar hamayyar Firimiyar Nigeria [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars FC]].<ref>[http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/sports/2008/oct/08/sports-08-10-2008-001.htm Kofarmata leads Pillars’ revival] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113203617/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/sports/2008/oct/08/sports-08-10-2008-001.htm |date=13 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.supersport.co.za/football/article.aspx?id=273617&print=1 Bayelsa derby is pick of NPL fixtures]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/pil1412010.html|title=triumphnewspapers.com|website=www.triumphnewspapers.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-14|archive-date=2011-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152425/http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/pil1412010.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nigerianpilot.com/pillars-sign-10-new-players-ahead-2013-league-season/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630002649/http://www.nigerianpilot.com/pillars-sign-10-new-players-ahead-2013-league-season/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 June 2013 | title=Pillars Sign 10 New Players Ahead 2013 League Season | date=18 November 2012 | publisher=Nigerian Pilot | accessdate=24 August 2019 }}</ref> == Na duniya == Ya kasance ɗan wasa ne kawai a cikin ƙungiyar FIFA U20 ta Kofin Duniya . A ƙarshe ya buga wasansa na farko a Najeriya a ranar 3 ga Maris na shekara ta 2010, ya zo ne a matsayin sub a wasan da 5-2 ta doke Congo DR.<ref>[http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3023:home-boy-bello-kofarmata-thinks-big&catid=22:fever-pitch&Itemid=112 Homeboy Kofarmata thinks big] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313171503/http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3023%3Ahome-boy-bello-kofarmata-thinks-big&catid=22%3Afever-pitch&Itemid=112 |date=13 March 2010 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{NFT player|pid=36504}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Kano Pillars F.C.]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j9ek02yovirdqjlm2c7pr74k4qehema 0 21865 891267 853614 2026-08-04T09:34:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rushewar '''Domboshaba''' wani yanki ne na al'adu da al'adu a cikin Botswana wanda aka mamaye tun farkon ƙarshen zamanin Zimbabwe (1250-1450 AD). Shafin wuri ne mai daraja ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankin kuma an yi imanin cewa basaraken ya zauna a saman tsauni tare da mataimakin sa ko mataimakan sa.<ref name="Domboshaba ruins">{{cite web|title=Domboshaba ruins|url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Visitors/Topics/Monuments/Domboshaba/|website=Republic of Botswana, Government portal|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Nick|date=2010|title=Recent Research at Domboshaba Ruin, North East District, Botswana|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237979|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=42|pages=147–153|issn=0525-5090}}</ref> Jumlar ''Dombo'' na nufin tsauni kuma kalmar Shaba na nufin ja (wanda aka fassara daga harshen Ikalanga yana nufin "ja" ko tsaunin tsauni).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Brook|first=Michael C.|title=Botswana Monuments, Heritage sites and Museums|publisher=Kwena Pools|year=2017|isbn=9789996805660|location=Gaborone, Botswana|pages=100}}</ref> Ana kuma kiran Domboshaba ''Luswingo'' a da can shine matsuguni na Babban basaraken wancan lokacin. Rushewar suna kama da Mwenemotapa. Matar sarki ta zauna a ƙasan dutsen. Domboshaba tana da rijiyar ruwa mai kyau da ake kira Rijiyar Mantenge wacce bata taɓa bushewa: rijiyar tana da zurfin mita 7 kuma tana cikin dutsen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring Tourism Botswana|url=http://www.travelobotswana.com/places-to-visit/domboshaba/|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> == Al'adun Gargajiya == <gallery> File:Dm3.jpg|Al'adun Gargajiya </gallery>Domboshaba wuri ne da ya bude sama da hekta 8. A saman dutsen akwai katangun duwatsu masu busassun duwatsu waɗanda ke yin shinge masu zaman kansu. Yawancin waɗannan bangon dutse suna da matsakaicin tsayi na mita 1.8. Tsarin bangon dutse galibi kyauta ne tare da wasu 'yan dandamali waɗanda galibi suna cikin ɓangarorin ƙofar. Akwai ɗakunan dakha 15 bayyane waɗanda ke wakiltar kasancewar bukkoki. Shafin ya kasance mai mutuntawa daga mutanen yankin kuma ya kasance yana da kariya ta hanyar tabo na gari har zuwa lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka shigo, daga wancan lokacin zuwa yanzu akwai farautar dukiya da yawa, masu farautar dukiyar da kuma masu binciken kayan tarihi sun tono shafin.<ref name=":0" /> === Dokoki a shafin === <gallery> File:Dm15.jpg|Dokoki a abin tunawa na Domboshaba </gallery>'''Dokoki''' Domboshaba wata alama ce ta kasa da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Botswana ke gudanarwa kuma aka kiyaye shi ta hanyar Dokar Tunawa da ''Relics'' (2001). == Nika dutse (dutse dutse) == An kuma yi amfani da dutsen niƙa don nika kayan abinci irin su taba da gyada.<gallery> File:Grinding Stone 1.jpg|Dutsen nika da aka yi amfani da shi a wurin gado don nika taba da goro na ƙasa </gallery> == Gallery na Domboshaba == <gallery heights="100" mode="packed" caption="Domboshaba in Pictures"> File:Letlapa le le hibidu.jpg|Dutse a kan abin tunawa File:Dm7.jpg|ƙofar Tumbin Domboshaba (Gidan ƙofar) File:Dm2.jpg|Domboshaba File:Dm10.jpg|Bishiyoyi a Domboshaba File:Dm11.jpg|Bishiyoyi a Domboshaba File:Dm15.jpg|Barka da zuwa Domboshaba (Khami site irin) File:Caverns at Domboshaba monument 2.jpg|caverns a shafin File:Dm10.jpg|Bishiyoyi a wurin File:Domboshaba Stone walls.jpg|Ganuwar dutse File:Domboshaba stone walls.jpg|Ganuwar dutse File:Grinding Stone 1.jpg|Dutsen nika (wanda ake amfani da shi don niƙan taba) File:Domboshaba Stones.jpg|Hanyar da mutanen da ke zaune a can suka tsara ta. File:Domboshaba Hill.jpg|Tudun Domboshaba File:Miti tree.jpg File:Dm9.jpg File:Dm8.jpg File:Cavern at Domboshaba Monument.jpg </gallery> == Gidan ƙofar Domboshaba == Kungiyar Kalakamati ce ta gina kuma ta buɗe ta ƙofar Domboshaba ta hanyar shirin Ipelegeng (Dogaro da kai) tare da haɗin gwiwar sashen gidan kayan gargajiya na ƙasa da abubuwan tarihi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allafrica|title=Domboshaba gate house|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511230264.html|website=Allafrica.com|publisher=Gladys Olebeng|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref><gallery> File:Dm5.jpg|Gidan ƙofar Domboshaba File:Dm7.jpg|ƙofar Tumbin Domboshaba (Gidan ƙofar) </gallery> == Gidan sarki == Katangar busassun dutse hanya ce ta gini wacce ake gina gine-gine daga duwatsu ba tare da wani turmi ba don haɗa su. Tudun dutsen shi ne mazaunin sarki, mai ba shi shawara kan addini da kuma na kusa da shi. Tsaunin yana da shinge bango shida na dutse yayin da ɓangaren ƙananan yana da babban shinge guda ɗaya wanda aka raba shi zuwa katanga da yawa inda matan sarki da danginsa suke zaune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiefs residence at Domboshaba|url=http://fortuneofafrica.com/botswana/2014/03/14/attractions-in-botswana/|website=FortuneofAfrica|accessdate=10 July 2017|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629150515/http://fortuneofafrica.com/botswana/2014/03/14/attractions-in-botswana/|url-status=dead}}</ref><gallery> File:Domboshaba Stone walls.jpg|bangon dutse na Domboshaba File:Domboshaba Stones.jpg|duwatsun Domboshaba </gallery> === Nika Dutsen === Wannan dutsen niƙa ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Domboshaba don niƙa taba, kwayoyi da dawa. Sake tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa shafin ya kasance shahararren cibiyar kasuwanci wacce manoman Iron Age suka mamaye. Duwatsu masu bakin ruwa suna aiki bibbiyu. Ana kiran dutsen da ke tsaye wanda yake Quern, yayin da ake kiran babba na sama dutse mai hannu. Wasu da ba a san su ba sun lalata tsohon dutse na asali.<gallery> File:Grinding Stone 1.jpg|Dutsen nika da ake amfani da shi wajen yin taba da goro a kango na Domboshaba </gallery> == ɗakunan Dakha == Akwai ragowar ɗakunan dakha da yawa waɗanda aka samo a dutsen Domboshaba wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda aka haɗu da shi saniyar taki saniya a shimfidar abin tunawa. Tsoffin masu binciken kayan tarihi da kuma yashewar ƙasa sun fallasa tsoffin benaye na gidan dakha. Wadannan benaye an yi su ne da kasa wacce ke da yawan yumbu da tsakuwa. An yi amannar cewa an kori benaye ne don ƙarfafa su na dogon lokaci. == Domboshaba bikin al'adu == Tunawa da Domboshaba na gudanar da bikin shekara-shekara a wurin tarihi a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domboshaba Cultural festival|url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/event/domboshaba-festival-culture-and-history-2|website=Botswana Tourism|publisher=BTO|accessdate=17 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=editor|first=Online|title=Domboshaba Festival, the heart of the Bakalanga people {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/domboshaba-festival-the-heart-of-the-bakalanga-people/|access-date=2021-03-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Taron ya kunshi manyan baki daga bangarori daban-daban don su zo su shaida al'adu da al'adun mutanen Kalanga. Kungiyar yawon buɗe ido ta Botswana tana girmamawa da ɗaukar nauyin wannan taron don ƙirƙirar wayar da kan jama'a game da taron da kuma wurin tunawa da abin tunawa, wannan ma zai zama lokacin da za a raba ƙwarewar al'adar Kalanga kuma a ɗanɗana da nau'ikan abinci na gargajiya daban-daban tun daga Delele, Nyembah, Topii , Morogo wa dinawa, Zengwe, Lebelebele da sauransu. Bikin al'adun Domboshaba ba wai kawai ya ja hankalin masu kallo daga Botswana da Zimbabwe ba ne, a'a abubuwan da aka yi a can suna nuna al'adun mutanen Kalanga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domboshaba festival|url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=14807&flag=|website=Botswana daily news online|accessdate=17 August 2017|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184328/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=14807&flag=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-09|title=Domboshaba Festival of Culture and History|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/domboshaba-festival-culture-and-history|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Music In Africa|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628165730/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/domboshaba-festival-culture-and-history|url-status=dead}}</ref><gallery heights="100" mode="packed" caption="cultural festival"> File:Dihosana dance 1.jpg|Kungiyar rawar Dihosana a bikin al'adun Domboshaba 2017 File:Kalanga food at the Domboshaba Cultural Festival 1.jpg|Abincin Chimone Kalanga File:Artefacts displayed at Domboshaba cultural festival 2017.jpg|Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya da aka nuna a bikin al'adun Domboshaba a cikin 2017 File:Dihosana Dance troupe 7.jpg|Houngiyar Dihosana Dance yayin bikin al'adu a cikin 2017 File:Folk dance troupe 2.jpg|Kungiyar rawar rawa a lokacin bikin al'adu na 2017 File:Hosanas in front of a thatched traditional house at Domboshaba cultural festival 3.jpg|Hosanas a gaban gidan gargajiya na gargajiya a bikin al'adun Domboshaba File:Kalanga man axing goat meat at the Domboshaba cultural festival 2017.jpg|Kalanga mutumin da ke yanka naman akuya a bikin al'adun Domboshaba 2017 File:Kalanga woman steering chimonye meal (Kalanga) at Domboshaba cultural festival 2.jpg|Matar Kalanga mai tu'ammali da abinci mai kyau (Kalanga) a bikin al'adun Domboshaba </gallery> === Jadawalin bikin === An shirya bikin Domboshaba a kowace shekara a cikin Satumba 26-28. === Dogara da al'adun Domboshaba === Amincewar al'adun Domboshaba ko DTC na daya daga cikin masu tallafawa bikin al'adun Domboshaba kuma tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekara ta 2007 ya zama taron shekara-shekara don tara matasa daga al'adun Kalanga da sauran kungiyoyi don koyo game da al'adu da al'adun mutanen Kalanga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domboshaba cultural trust|url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=14807|website=Daily news online|publisher=BDNO|accessdate=18 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818140355/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=14807|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4bhlsd85ov774ouvq32vzlqqhyee4d6 4 21908 891103 890783 2026-08-03T21:26:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 891103 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|[[Special:Contributions/ArioKarev|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 3 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} tlv0nn911ujwnbdfok57anu2whykwqw 0 22627 891172 689605 2026-08-04T02:38:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{stub}} [[Fayil:Asthma attack.PNG|thumb|Hutun Cutar Asthma]] [[File:Peak_flow_meter_horiz.jpg |thumb| Peek flow meter]] '''Cutar Asma''' ([[Turanci]]: ''tuberculosis, asthma'') wata cuta ce na kumburewar hanyoyin iska a [[Huhu|hunhu.]]<ref name="lancetasthma">{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/gbd/summaries/diseases/asthma.pdf|title=Asthma–Level 3 cause|journal=The Lancet|volume=396|date=October 2020|pages=S108–S109}}</ref> Ana iya Kuma ganeta ta hanyar alamomi daban daban, sashhekar numfashi, da kuma shakewar hanyoyin iska. ''Bronchospasm.''<ref name="NHLBI07p11-12">{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=11–12}}</ref><ref name="GINA_2011_page20,51">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=20,51}}</ref> Alamomin cutar sun hada da sauti yayin numfashi, tari, tsukewa ko takurewar kirji, da kuma karancin iska yayin [[Numfashi|numfashi.]]<ref name=":0">Drazen GM, Bel EH (2020). "81. Asthma". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). ''Goldman-Cecil Medicine''. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN <bdi>978-0-323-55087-1</bdi>.</ref> Wadannan alamomi kan iya faruwa na wasu 'yan lokuta a rana, ko kuma na tsawon lokuta a makwo.<ref name="lancetasthma" /> Dangane da mara [[Lafia|lafiya]], alamomin cutan ka iya tsananta da dare ko kuma yayin motsa jini.<ref name="lancetasthma" /> Anyi ittifaki cewa cutar asthma na wanzuwa ta hanyar gado ko kuma yanayin muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> Hanyoyin kamuwa da cutan ta hanyar [[yanayin muhalli]] sun haɗa da yawan shakar gurbatacciyar iska, ko kuma ''allergens'' - wato rashin lafiyar ci ko taba wani abu.<ref name="lancetasthma" /> Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke janyo wannan cuta sun hada da magunguna irinsu [[aspirin]] da kuma ''Beta Blockers.'' Ana iya gano asalin cutar ta hanyar nazarin alamominta, aunawa ta hanyar ''theraphy'' na tsawon lokaci'','' da kuma gwajin lafiyar hunhu.<ref>Lemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). "Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms". ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. '''125''' (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. <nowiki>PMID 20176271</nowiki>.</ref> Ana iya rarraba asthma dangane da yanayin yawaituwar alamominta, ''Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)'' ko kuma kololuwar yanayin fitar da iska.<ref name="Yawn2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yawn BP|title=Factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=17|issue=3|pages=138–147|date=September 2008|pmid=18264646|pmc=6619889|doi=10.3132/pcrj.2008.00004|url=http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102723/http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-26}}</ref> Ana kuma iya kasafta ta da ''atopic'' ko kuma ''non-atopic.'' Har yanzu, babu wata sananniyar maganin asthma, amma za'a iya sarrafa ta.<ref>"Asthma Fact sheet №307". ''WHO''. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</ref> Ana iya rage faruwar alamominta ta hanyar kaucewa abubuwan da suke assasa ta kamar, allergins da kuma abubuwan shaka wanda hunhun mai ita bai so, da kuma koreta ta hanyar shakar abun karin numfashi mai dauke da sinadaran ''corticosteroids''. Ana iya amfani da ''Long-acting beta agonists(LABA)'' ko kuma sinadarn ''antileukotriene agents'' tare da abun shaka idan an kasa sarrafa alamomin.<ref name="GINA_2011_page33">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=33}}</ref><ref name="Antileukotriene agents">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title=Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=188|issue=5|pages=538–44|date=September 2013|pmid=23822826|doi=10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}</ref> Ana iya magance alamomin da suka munana acikin sauri ta hanyar shakar magunguna irinsu ''salbutamol'' da ''corticosteroids'' ta baki.<ref name="NHLBI07p214">{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=214}}</ref> A yayin da alamomi suka munana sosai, ana iya amfani da intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate da kuma kwanciya a asibitin don magani.<ref name="NHLBI07p373">{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=373–75}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019, asthma ta kama akalla mutum miliyan 262, kuma ta janyo mutuwar mutum dubu 461,000.<ref>"Asthma–Level 3 cause" (PDF). ''The Lancet''. '''396''': S108–S109. October 2020.</ref> Mafi akasarin mace-macen sun faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="lancetasthma" /> Cutar asthma kan fara ne tun mutum yana yaro, sannan tsarin na kara gaba tun daga 1960s.<ref name="Ana2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x|s2cid=19525219|doi-access=free}}</ref> An fara gano cutar asthma ne tun daga zamanin [[Tsohuwar Misra]].<ref name="Manniche1999">{{cite book|vauthors=Manniche L|title=Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/49 49]|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3720-5}}</ref> Kalmar asthma ta samo asaline daga harshen Girka ἆσθμα, <nowiki>''</nowiki>âsthma,<nowiki>''</nowiki> wanda ke nufin sheshheka.<ref name="M38">{{cite book|vauthors=Murray JF|title=Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine|veditors=Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA, Martin TR, King Jr TE, Schraufnagel DE|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0|chapter=Ch. 38 Asthma|edition=5th}}</ref> == Alamominta == Alamomin cutar asthma sun hada da yawan shakewar numfashi, daukewar numfashi, cunkushewar kirji, da kuma tari.<ref name="GINA2011p2">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=2–5}}</ref> [[Majina]] na iya fitowa dalilin yawan tari mai tsawo. Alamominta kanyi tsanani da daddare, ko kuma da sassafe ko kuma a dalilin motsa jiki ko sanyi.<ref name="bts2009p14">{{harvnb|British Guideline|2009|p=14}}</ref> Kadan daga cikin masu dauke da cutar asthma ne basu fuskantar wadannan alamomin, sai dai idan sun hadu da abubuwan da ke taso ciwon, a yayinda wasu kuwa nan da nan suke kamuwa da ita tare da alamomi masu tsanani.<ref name="GINA2011_p8-9">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=8–9}}</ref> == Sauran matsaloli == Akwai ciwoce-ciwoce da dama da ke faruwa ga masu dauke da ciwon asthma, irinsu ''gastroesophageal reflux disease'' {GERD}, [[rhinosinusitis]], da kuma [[daukewar numfashi a yayin bacci (apnea)]].<ref name="Boulet2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP|title=Influence of comorbid conditions on asthma|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=33|issue=4|pages=897–906|date=April 2009|pmid=19336592|doi=10.1183/09031936.00121308|doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau ana yawan samun matsalolin tunani,<ref name="Boulay2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP, Boulay MÈ|title=Asthma-related comorbidities|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=5|issue=3|pages=377–393|date=June 2011|pmid=21702660|doi=10.1586/ers.11.34|doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma [[matsalolin natsuwa]] wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin kashi 16 zuwa 52% da kuma [[matsalolin kunci]] a kashi 14–41%.<ref name="Andrew2010">{{cite book|veditors=Harver A, Kotses H|title=Asthma, Health and Society: A Public Health Perspective|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-78285-0|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkP8_h_ewLMC&pg=PA315|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> Har yanzu ba'a gama tantacewa ba ko dai asthma ce ke kawo matsaloli na kwakwalwa ko kuma matsaloli na kwakwalwa ne ke kawo cutar asthma.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas M, Bruton A, Moffat M, Cleland J|title=Asthma and psychological dysfunction|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=20|issue=3|pages=250–256|date=September 2011|pmid=21674122|pmc=6549858|doi=10.4104/pcrj.2011.00058}}</ref> Cutar asthma irin na zamanin nan, amma banda na zamunan baya suna da alaka da yawan janyo mutuwa, mutuwa ta hanyar cututtukan zuciya, da kuma mutuwa ta hanyar munanan ciwuka na hanyoyin numfashi.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=He X, Cheng G, He L, Liao B, Du Y, Xie X, Zhang S, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang Y|display-authors=6|title=Adults with current asthma but not former asthma have higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1329|date=January 2021|pmid=33446724|pmc=7809422|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79264-4|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.1329H}}</ref> Cutar asthma, musamman mummunar cutar asthma na da alaka da haifuwar munanan cututtukan toshewar ''pulmonary'' (COPD).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA|title=Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study|journal=Chest|volume=126|issue=1|pages=59–65|date=July 2004|pmid=15249443|doi=10.1378/chest.126.1.59}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, Antó JM, Cerveri I, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Probst-Hensch N, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P|display-authors=6|title=Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=46|issue=3|pages=671–679|date=September 2015|pmid=26113674|doi=10.1183/09031936.00008615|s2cid=2169875|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gibson PG, McDonald VM|title=Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: now we are six|journal=Thorax|volume=70|issue=7|pages=683–691|date=July 2015|pmid=25948695|doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206740|s2cid=38550372|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadanda ke dauke da cutar asthma musamman idan ba'a magance ta ba da kyau suna cikin hadarin kamuwa daga martani na ''radiocontrast agents.''<ref>{{cite book|veditors=Thomsen HS, Webb JA|title=Contrast media : safety issues and ESUR guidelines.|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-3-642-36724-3|pages=54|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1O-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref> [[Rushewar hakori|Lalacewar hakori]] na yawan faruwa ga masu dauke da cutar asthma.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Agostini BA, Collares KF, Costa FD, Correa MB, Demarco FF|title=The role of asthma in caries occurrence - meta-analysis and meta-regression|journal=The Journal of Asthma|volume=56|issue=8|pages=841–852|date=August 2019|pmid=29972654|doi=10.1080/02770903.2018.1493602|s2cid=49694304}}</ref> Hakan na iya zama a dalilin illolin [[Beta 2 agonists|''beta 2 agonists'']] wajen rage yawan miyau.<ref name="Tho2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M|title=Asthma and oral health: a review|journal=Australian Dental Journal|volume=55|issue=2|pages=128–133|date=June 2010|pmid=20604752|doi=10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01226.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan matsala ka iya haifar da matsalar sauya fasalin hakori - ''dental erosion.''<ref name="Tho2010" /> == Siloli == Ana kamuwa ne da cutar asthma ta hanyar muhalli sarkakkiyar kuma mara kyau da kuma kwayoyin halitta na gado.<ref name="Martinez2007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Martinez FD|title=Genes, environments, development and asthma: a reappraisal|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=179–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17197483|doi=10.1183/09031936.00087906|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Miller RL, Ho SM|title=Environmental epigenetics and asthma: current concepts and call for studies|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=177|issue=6|pages=567–73|date=March 2008|pmid=18187692|pmc=2267336|doi=10.1164/rccm.200710-1511PP}}</ref> Hakan yana tasiri akan tsananinta da kuma jin maganinta.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Choudhry S, Seibold MA, Borrell LN, Tang H, Serebrisky D, Chapela R, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Avila PC, Ziv E, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Risch NJ, Burchard EG|display-authors=6|title=Dissecting complex diseases in complex populations: asthma in latino americans|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4|issue=3|pages=226–33|date=July 2007|pmid=17607004|pmc=2647623|doi=10.1513/pats.200701-029AW}}</ref> Anyi amanna da cewa karuwar samun masu cutar asthma yana da dangantaka da sauyin [[Epigenetics|''epigenetics'']] (abubuwan [[Gado (iyali)|gado]] wanda basu da alaka da kwayoyin haihuwa - DNA), da kuma sauyin muhalli na rayuwa.<ref name="pmid21575714">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dietert RR|title=Maternal and childhood asthma: risk factors, interactions, and ramifications|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=198–204|date=September 2011|pmid=21575714|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.007}}</ref> Cutar asthma da ke kama mutum tun yana dan shekara 12 watakila na da alaka da gado, a yayinda kuma asthma da ke kama mutum bayan shekaru 12 na da alaka da muhalli.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tan DJ, Walters EH, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC|title=Age-of-asthma onset as a determinant of different asthma phenotypes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=9|issue=1|pages=109–23|date=February 2015|pmid=25584929|doi=10.1586/17476348.2015.1000311|s2cid=23213216}}</ref> == Muhalli == Akwai al'amurran muhalli da dama da aka danganta da cutar asthma, wanda suka hada da allergies, gurbacewar iska, da sauran sinadarai dake cikin muhalli.<ref name="pmid21623970">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly FJ, Fussell JC|date=August 2011|title=Air pollution and airway disease|journal=Clinical and Experimental Allergy|volume=41|issue=8|pages=1059–71|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03776.x|pmid=21623970|s2cid=37717160}}</ref> Akwai abubuwan da aka sani wadanda ke janyo cutar asthma ga wanda suka cidanya da su kuma ana kiransu da [[Asthmagen|''Asthmagens'']]. Daga cikin wadannan sinadarai na ''asthmagens'' akwai ''ammonia, latex'', magungunan kwari, ''solder'' da burbushin walda, kura na karfe da katako, feshin fentin isocyanate a wajen gyaran ababen hawa, ''formaldehyde'', ''glutaraldehyde, anhydrides'', gam, abun rini, abubuwan aikin karfe, maiko, da kuma kwayoyin bakteriya (''molds'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/workplace/lung_disease_registry/toolkit/asthmagens.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - New York State Department of Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - HSE|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326081225/https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shan sigari ga mai ciki ko kuma bayan haihuwa na da matukan hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.<ref name="GINA2011_p6">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=6}}</ref> Karancin [[Jadawalin ingancin iska|ingancin iska]] a muhalli a dalilin hayakin ababen hawa kamar [[Gurbacewar iska ta ababen hawa|Gurbacewar iska a dalilin konewar man-fetur]], ko kuma yawaitar matakin ''[[Ozone]],''<ref name="GINA2011_p61">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=61}}</ref> na da alaka da bunkasar cutar asthma da kuma tsananinta.<ref name="Gold">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gold DR, Wright R|year=2005|title=Population disparities in asthma|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=26|pages=89–113|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144528|pmid=15760282|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kusan rabin cutar asthma a cikin kananan yara a America suna faruwa ne yankunan da ingancin iskansu bai kai matakin da [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] suka gindaya ba.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities: A Workshop Report|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=109|issue=s3|year=2001|pages=357–374|issn=0091-6765|doi=10.1289/ehp.01109s3357|doi-access=free}}</ref> Karancin iska mai inganci yafi yawa a unguwannin talakawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brooks N, Sethi R|date=February 1997|title=The Distribution of Pollution: Community Characteristics and Exposure to Air Toxics|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=32|issue=2|pages=233–50|doi=10.1006/jeem.1996.0967|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar asthma na da alaka da cudanya da abubuwan da huhu bai so (''allergens)'' na cikin gida.<ref name="pmid21301330">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ahluwalia SK, Matsui EC|title=The indoor environment and its effects on childhood asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=137–43|date=April 2011|pmid=21301330|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283445921|s2cid=35075329}}</ref> Sanannu daga cikin abubuwan cikin gida da ke janyo cutar asthma sun hada da kwayoyin halittu dake cikin kura, [[Kyankyaso|Kyankyasai]], gashin dabbobi, da ''mold.''<ref name="Arshad">{{cite journal|vauthors=Arshad SH|s2cid=30418306|title=Does exposure to indoor allergens contribute to the development of asthma and allergy?|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=49–55|date=January 2010|pmid=20425514|doi=10.1007/s11882-009-0082-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Custovic A, Simpson A|title=The role of inhalant allergens in allergic airways disease|journal=Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology|volume=22|issue=6|pages=393–401; qiuz follow 401|year=2012|pmid=23101182}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin kwayoyin virus da ke kama hanyoyin numfashi kamar [[respiratory syncytial virus]] da [[rhinovirus]] kan iya janyo karuwar sanadiyyar kamuwa da cutar asthma a kananan yara, amma kuma wasu daga cikin cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa dasu kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.<ref name="NHLBI07p11">{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=11}}</ref> ==Azancin kula da tsafta == [[Azancin kula da tsafta]] wato ''hygiene hypothesis'' yana yunkurin bayani akan yadda cutar asthma ke kara yaduwa a duk fadin duniya a sakamako na kai tsaye wanda ba cikin tsari ba na rashin sani, a yayin yarinta, ga bakteriya da kuma virus.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ramsey CD, Celedón JC|title=The hygiene hypothesis and asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=11|issue=1|pages=14–20|date=January 2005|pmid=15591883|doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000145791.13714.ae|s2cid=44556390}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bufford JD, Gern JE|title=The hygiene hypothesis revisited|journal=Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America|volume=25|issue=2|pages=247–62, v-vi|date=May 2005|pmid=15878454|doi=10.1016/j.iac.2005.03.005}}</ref> An ayyana cewa, rage yawan backeriya da virus na da alaka da tsaftar muhalli da karancin yawan iyali a cikin al'umman wannan zamani.<ref name="Brook2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brooks C, Pearce N, Douwes J|title=The hygiene hypothesis in allergy and asthma: an update|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=70–7|date=February 2013|pmid=23103806|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835ad0d2|s2cid=23664343}}</ref> Cudanya da [[endotoxin]] na backtriya yayin yarinta ka iya magance hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma, amma kuma cudanya da ita yayin tsufa ka iya janyo ''bronchoconstriction.''<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rao D, Phipatanakul W|title=Impact of environmental controls on childhood asthma|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=11|issue=5|pages=414–20|date=October 2011|pmid=21710109|pmc=3166452|doi=10.1007/s11882-011-0206-7}}</ref> Hujjar da ke karfafawa ''azacin kula da tsafa'' baya shine karancin kamuwa da cutar asthma a gonaki da kuma gidajen da ke da dabbobin gida.<ref name="Brook2013" /> Amfani da magungunan [[Antibiotic|''antibiotics'']] a farkon rayuwa na da hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} gyqv3n1yvgxw747jixdi3wav5p7xhmr 0 23127 891158 615287 2026-08-04T01:30:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cocin Saint George''' (Amharic: ''Bete Giyorgis'') tana ɗaya daga cikin majami'u guda goma sha ɗaya waɗanda aka yanka a Lalibela, wani birni ne a yankin Amhara na Habasha. Asali mai suna ''Roha'' (''Warwar''), wurin tarihi da addini an sanya masa suna Lalibela bayan Sarki Gebre Mesqel Lalibela na daular Zagwe, wanda ya bada umarnin gina shi. Cocin Ethopia Orthodox Tewahedo Church na daukar sa a matsayin waliyi. == Tarihi == [[File:Bete_Giyorgis_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bete_Giyorgis_01.jpg|left|thumb|Bete Giyorgis (Cocin St. George) daga sama, ɗaya daga cikin majami'u da aka sassaƙa dutse a Lalibela]] Cocin Saint George an sassaka shi daga ƙasa daga wani irin ƙuƙwalwar dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Wannan shine kayan aikin gine-ginen da aka yi amfani dashi a cikin tsarin. An sanya shi a ƙarshen 12 ko kuma farkon karni na 13 miladiyya, kuma ana tunanin an gina shi a zamanin Sarki Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, na zamanin daular Zagwe.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. George's Church, Ethiopia|last1=Moriarty|first1=Colm|url=http://irisharchaeology.ie/2013/04/st-georges-church-ethiopia/|website=Irish Archaeology|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602194754/https://irisharchaeology.ie/2013/04/st-georges-church-ethiopia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana daga cikin sanannun sanannen kuma ƙarshe wanda aka gina daga majami'u goma sha ɗaya a cikin yankin Lalibela, kuma an kira shi "Abin Mamaki na Takwas a Duniya".<ref name="tzuchi">{{cite web|publisher=Tzu Chi Foundation|title=Lalibela:The Eighth Wonder of the World|url=http://taipei.tzuchi.org.tw/tzquart/2000fa/qf3.htm|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121073219/http://taipei.tzuchi.org.tw/tzquart/2000fa/qf3.htm|archive-date=21 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lalibela, Sarkin Habasha, ya nemi kirkirar Kudus, kuma ya tsara yanayin majami'u da wuraren addini ta yadda za a cimma wannan nasarar. “Coci-coci a Lalibela sun haɗu a cikin manyan rukuni biyu, ɗaya tana wakiltar Urushalima ta duniya, ɗayan kuma tana wakiltar Urushalima ta sama. Wuri tsaye tsakanin su akwai rami mai wakiltar Kogin Urdun”. Girman matakalen yana da mita 25 zuwa 25 daga 30 zuwa mita 30,<ref name="sacred">{{cite web|publisher=Sacred Destinations|title=Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ethiopia/lalibela.htm|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-date=22 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222154141/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ethiopia/lalibela.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma akwai ƙaramin gulbin ninkaya na baftismar a wajen cocin, wanda ke tsaye a cikin ramin wucin gadi. Dangane da tarihin al'adun Habasha, ''Bete Giyorgis'' an gina shi ne bayan Sarki Gebre Mesqel Lalibela na daular Zagwe ya yi hangen nesa inda aka ba shi umarnin gina cocin; Saint George<ref name="GIS">{{cite web|publisher=GIS Development|title=The recording of Bet Giorgis|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/archaeology/general/archg0012pf.htm|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Diplomatist">{{cite web|publisher=L.B. Associates (Pvt) Limited|title=Ethiopia|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/page/ethiopia.htm|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301031906/http://www.diplomatist.com/page/ethiopia.htm|archive-date=1 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> da Allah<ref name="tzuchi" /> duk an ambace su a matsayin waɗanda suka ba shi umarnin. Lalibela wuri ne na hajji ga membobin Cocin Orthodox na Orthodox na Habasha; cocin da kanta bangare ne na UNESCO World Heritage Site "Rock-Hewn Church, Lalibela".<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela|url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=18|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> A hanyar farko da shafin ya bayyana babu yadda za'a iya shiga, tare da zubewa a kowane bangare kuma babu gadar shiga. Ana samun damar ta hanyar kunkuntar igiyar ruwa da aka yi da mutum, tana karkata zuwa ƙasa, wanda ke canzawa zuwa rami kusa da cocin, don ƙara ɓoye gabanta. Mahajjatan da suka mutu bayan sun isa wurin an saka su a cikin kabarin da ya buɗe a bangon waje. Abun da ke cikin rami ya ƙunshi tsafin mai sauƙi ga St. George kuma, a bayan labule (an hana shi kallo baya ga firistoci) akwai kwatankwacin akwatin alkawari. Bete Giyorgis an rubuta shi a sarari a cikin 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/ruther.pdf|title=An African Heritage Database|last=Ruhter|first=Heinz|website=isprs.org}}</ref><ref>[https://zamaniproject.org/site-ethiopia-lalibela-rock-hewn-churches.html 3D model of Bete Giyorgis]</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Fine Art Photos from the Church * Gallery of photos of the church's interior and exterior * Info on the church of Lalibela * A 3D representation of the church of Lalibela [[Category: Majami'a]] lase0ei6mxdwwrshzwi7rb9su0nb4bk 0 23387 891306 570964 2026-08-04T11:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edith Hazel''' ƴar siyasar ƙasar Ghana ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin yar majalisar dokoki ta mazaɓar Evalue Gwira a Yankin Yammacin Ghana daga shekara ta (2001 zuwa shekara ta 2005) .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.ghanamps.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title=Former Ghana Ambassador Meets LDS Leaders|url=http://news-gh.churchofjesuschrist.org/former-ghana-ambassador-meets-lds-leaders-|access-date=2020-09-04|website=news-gh.churchofjesuschrist.org|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hazel ta halarci Jami'ar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> Har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar Ghana a Denmark da Finland<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/business/ghana-finland-ties-minister-calls-for-closer-ties-with-finland/0qs8qlj |title=Minister calls for closer ties with Finland |access-date=2021-08-02 |archive-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911154937/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/business/ghana-finland-ties-minister-calls-for-closer-ties-with-finland/0qs8qlj |url-status=dead }}</ref> a watan Yulin shekara ta (2014) , ta rike mukamin mataimakiyar shugaban tawagar Ghana a Washington, D.C., U.S.<ref name=":1" /> == Siyasa == An zabi Hazel a matsayin mamba na majalisar mazabar Evalue Gwira da ke Yankin Yammacin Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta (2000),Don haka ta kasance a matsayin memba na majalisa ta( 3 ),na jamhuriyya ta (4 ),da kuri'u (6,598), tare da kwatankwacin kashi (42.80%), akan tikitin National Democratic Congress. Ta rasa kujerar ta a shekara ta (2004), a hannun Kojo Armah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edith Hazel {{!}} C-SPAN.org|url=https://www.c-span.org/person/?edithhazel|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament - Western Region Election 2000 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/western/index.php|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=GHDiaspora|date=2017-02-03|title=NDC Finland bids farewell to Ghana Ambassador to Denmark|url=http://ghdiaspora.com/ndc-finland-bid-farewell-to-ghana-ambassador-to-denmark/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=GH Diaspora|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115929/https://ghdiaspora.com/ndc-finland-bid-farewell-to-ghana-ambassador-to-denmark/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe ta akan Kojo Armah na Jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party, Sagary Nokoe na New Patriotic Party, Nana Kwabena Erskine na Jam'iyyar Reform Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Evalue Ajomoro Gwira Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/219/index.php|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912005350/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/219/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wadannan sun samu kuri'u( 5,994, 2,702), da kuri'u( 115), daidai da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da( 38.90%, 17.50% da 0.70%) bi da bi na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /> An zabi Hazel akan tikitin National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":1" /> Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe jimillar kujerun majalisa( 9), daga cikin kujeru (19), na Yankin Yammacin kasar a wannan zabubbukan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/index.php|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116133229/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin duka, jam'iyyar ta sami rinjaye na wakilai (89), daga cikin kujeru( 200), a majalisar( 3), ta jamhuriya ta (4) ta Ghana.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Ghana]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] tcaler39e6xnw76vilke3techrl7kya 0 23500 891213 565630 2026-08-04T06:30:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Global_Forest_Cover_Sub-Regional_Trends.png|right|thumb|350x350px| Wannan jadawalin yana nuna ƙimar yawan murfin gandun daji na yankuna da ƙananan yankuna na duniya ta amfani da bayanan FAO, tare da [[Gandun daji|sare bishiyoyi]] a wasu yankuna da sake sake dasawa a wasu.]] [[Fayil:Timber forest located in Ogun Nigeria.jpg|thumb]] '''Yanke sare dazuzzuka''' Ƙididdiga da abubuwan da ke haifar da '''[[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]]''' a muhallin su sun bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki a duniya. A cikin 2009, 2/3 na gandun daji na duniya suna cikin ƙasashe 10 kawai: 1) Rasha, 2) Brazil, 3) Kanada, 4) Amurka, 5) China, 6) Australia, 7) Congo, 8) Indonesia, 9 ) Indiya da 10) Peru. <ref name="Gore">[[Al Gore]]: Our Choice, A plan to solve the climate crises, Bloomsbury 2009, Chapter 9 Forests 170-195; pages 174, 192, 184, 186, 192, 172</ref> An kiyasta sare itatuwa na shekara -shekara na duniya kamar hekta miliyan 13.7 a shekara, daidai da yankin Girka. Rabin rabin wannan yanki ne ake biyan diyya ta sabbin gandun daji ko haɓaka gandun daji. Baya ga sare bishiyoyin da dan adam ke jawowa, gandun dajin da ke tsiro kuma ya shafi [[canjin yanayi]], da kara hadarin hadari, da cututtuka. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta da yarjejeniya don hana sare itatuwa amma ba ayyukan aiwatar da shi ba. <ref name="Gore">[[Al Gore]]: Our Choice, A plan to solve the climate crises, Bloomsbury 2009, Chapter 9 Forests 170-195; pages 174, 192, 184, 186, 192, 172</ref>   == Binciken duniya == A cikin wani labarin mallakar mallakar da ya fito wanda mujallar kimiyya ta sake dubawa kuma ta sake nazari a cikin 2021, ƙwararrun masana kimiyya sun bincika bayanai daga ɗakunan bayanai na jama'a da yawa don ƙirƙirar wakilcin yanki na matakan sare itatuwa na duniya wanda ƙasashe 'yan kwanan nan, galibi ba a canza su ba, kasuwanci-, samarwa- da tsarin amfani, wanda ke nuna misali ƙasashen G7 suna yin asarar matsakaicin asarar bishiyu 3.9 a kowace shekara kuma Indiya da China sun haɓaka sare bishiyoyin da ke cikin shigo da su. == [[Afirka]] == Har izuwa shekara ta 2008, Afurka na fama da kashe dajuka fiye da ko ina a fadin duniya ([[UNEP]]).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa], The Independent, June 11, 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL1064180420080610 Africa's deforestation twice world rate, says atlas], Reuters, June 10, 2008</ref> Some sources clai.<ref>Agyei, Yvonne. [http://web.mit.edu/africantech/www/articles/Deforestation.htm Deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa]. ''African Technology Forum'', Volume 8, Number 1. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.</ref> Binciken da WWF International ta gudanar a shekarata 2006 ya nuna cewa a Afirka, yawan shiga ta haramtacciyar hanya ya bambanta daga kashi 50% a Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea zuwa 70% a Gabon da 80% a Laberiya - inda kudaden shiga na katako suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa Yakin basasar Saliyo da sauran rikice -rikicen makamai na yanki har sai kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sanya dokar hana duk katako na Laberiya a 2003. === [[Kongo Basin|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ===   An yi sanadiyyar sare itatuwa a [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]] ta hanyar gungume da hakar ma'adinan da ba a kayyade ba, amma galibi s aboda buƙatun da ayyukan talauci na talakawa ke yi. A gabacin ƙasar, alal misali, sama da mutane miliyan 3 suna rayuwa ƙasa da tafiyar kwana ɗaya daga [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|gandun dajin Virunga]] . Da yawa daga cikin mutanen gandun dajin suna amfani da itace kamar itace, itace don yin gini, da kuma samar da gawayi. Gandun daji da ke haifar da rayuwa ta yau da kullun babbar barazana ce ga wurin shakatawa gaba ɗaya, da kuma mazaunin gorilla na musamman da ke cikin haɗari. <ref>These deforesting activities have been amply documented by numerous authors (Accion contra el Hambre, 1999; Biswas & Tortajada-Quiroz, 1996; Fuelwood Crisis Consortium, 1994; Henquin & Blondel, 1996; Lodhi et al., 1998; Blondel, 1997; Leusch, 1995; and Languy, 1995).</ref> Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 yawan sare itatuwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo ya ninka. === [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ===   Babban abin da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a ƙasar [[Itofiya|Habasha ta]] Gabashin Afirka shine yawan jama'a da kuma yawan buƙatun noma, samar da dabbobi da itacen mai. <ref name="Sucoff">Sucoff, E. (2003). "Deforestation". ''Environmental Encyclopedia''. pp. 358-359. Detroit: Gale.</ref> Sauran dalilan sun hada da karancin ilimi da rashin aiki daga gwamnati, <ref>Mccann, J.C. (1999). Green land, Brown land, Black land: An environmental history of Africa 1800-1990. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.</ref> kodayake gwamnati mai ci yanzu ta dauki wasu matakai don magance sare itatuwa. <ref>Maddox, G.H. (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An environmental history. Santabarbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.</ref> Ƙungiyoyi irin su [http://www.farmafrica.org.uk/ Farm Africa] suna aiki tare da tarayya da ƙananan hukumomi don ƙirƙirar tsarin kula da gandun daji. <ref name="Parry">Parry, J. (2003).</ref> Habasha, kasa ta uku mafi girma a Afirka ta yawan jama'a, ta sha fama da yunwa sau da yawa saboda karancin ruwan sama da karancin albarkatun kasa. Gandun dazuzzuka ya rage damar samun ruwan sama, wanda ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka yana haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe. Bercele Bayisa, wani manomi dan kasar Habasha, ya ba da misali guda daya da ya sa ake sare itatuwa. Ya ce gundumar sa tana dazuzzuka kuma tana cike da namun daji, amma yawan mutane ya sa mutane sun zo wannan ƙasar sun share ta don shuka amfanin gona, tare da yanke duk bishiyoyi don sayarwa azaman itace. <ref>Haileselassie, A. Ethiopia's struggle over land reform. World press Review 51.4 (April 2004):32(2). Expanded Academic ASAP</ref> Habasha ta yi asarar kashi 98% na yankunan dazuzzuka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. <ref name="Parry">Parry, J. (2003).</ref> A farkon karni na 20, kusan 420,000&nbsp;km ² ko 35% na ƙasar Habasha an rufe shi da gandun daji. Rahotannin baya -bayan nan sun nuna cewa gandun daji sun rufe ƙasa da 14.2% <ref name="Parry" /> ko ma kawai 11.9% {{As of|2005}} . Tsakanin shekarun 1990 zuwa 2005, kasar ta rasa kashi 14% na dazuzzukanta ko dubu 21,000&nbsp;km ^2. === Kenya ===   A 1963 Kenya tana da gandun daji na kusan kashi 10; ta 2006 tana da kashi 1.7 kawai. === Madagaskar ===   Yanke ciyawa <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080926085807/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1844474,00.html Saving the Wildlife of Madagascar], TIME, September 25, 2008</ref> tare da haifar da kwararowar hamada, lalacewar albarkatun ruwa da asarar ƙasa ya shafi kusan kashi 94% na ƙasar Madagascar a baya. Tun zuwan mutane shekaru 2000 da suka gabata, [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta rasa fiye da kashi 90% na ainihin gandun dajin ta. Yawancin wannan asarar ta faru ne tun samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, kuma sakamakon mutanen yankin ne ta hanyar amfani da dabarun noma da ƙonawa yayin da suke ƙoƙarin ci gaba da rayuwa. Yawanci saboda sare itatuwa, a halin yanzu ƙasar ba ta iya samar da isasshen abinci, ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli don yawan mutanen da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. === Najeriya ===   A cewar hukumar ta kungiyar FAO, Najeriya ce ta fi yawan gandun dazuzzukan firamare a duniya. Ta yi asarar fiye da rabin babban gandun dajin ta a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Dalilan da aka kawo sune gungumen itace, aikin noma na rayuwa, da tarin katakon mai. Kusan kashi 90% na [[Afirka ta Yamma|gandun dajin Afirka ta Yamma]] sun lalace. == Asiya == === Kasar Rasha ===   Rasha na da most yanki na gandun daji na kowace ƙasa a duniya, tare da kewaye miliyan 12 km ² na boreal gandun daji, ya fi girma fiye da Amazon Rainforest . Dazukan Rasha sun ƙunshi 55% na conifers na duniya kuma suna wakiltar 11% na biomass a Duniya. An kiyasta cewa 20,000&nbsp;km ² ana sare itatuwa kowace shekara. Yankunan da ke kusa da China sun fi fama da cutar, saboda ita ce babbar hanyar katako. Yanke daji a Rasha yana da illa musamman saboda gandun daji suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin girma saboda tsananin sanyi saboda haka zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci kafin ya murmure. === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ===   Asarar gandun daji tana da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, <ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5728 "China is black hole of Asia's deforestation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123021701/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5728 |date=2018-11-23 }}, Asia News, March 24, 2016</ref> na biyu na manyan wuraren rayayyun halittu na duniya. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3090071.stm SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate], BBC News</ref> Dangane da rahoton 2005 da FAO ta gudanar, [[Vietnam|Vietnam ita]] ce ta biyu mafi girman yawan sare bishiyoyin dazuzzuka a duniya, na biyu sai [[Najeriya]] . Fiye da kashi 90% na tsofaffin gandun daji na Tsibirin Philippine an yanke su. Sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya inda ake ci gaba da sare itatuwa sune [[Kambodiya]] da [[Laos]] . A cewar wani shirin fim na TelePool, lalatattun gandun dajin na sojoji da gwamnati ne (ayyukan gandun daji). ==== Kasar Cambodiya ==== ==== Indonesia ==== Kasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesiya ta]] yi asarar sama da kashi 72% na gandun dajin da ba a cika ba da kuma 40% na dukkan gandun daji gaba daya a 2005. An yi amfani da gandun dajin ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin wuraren shakatawa 37 daga cikin 41 na kasa. Itacen da ba bisa ka'ida ba yana kashe dala biliyan 4 a shekara. Dazuzzukan tsaunukan [[Sumatra]] da [[Borneo]] sun kasance cikin haɗarin halaka su nan da 2022. A cewar Transparency International, yawancin hukunce -hukuncen kotu a wannan yanki sun tayar da damuwa game da amincin sashen shari'a. ==== Maleshiya ==== {{Excerpt|Deforestation in Malaysia}} ==== Philippines ==== {{Excerpt|Deforestation in the Philippines}} ==== Thailand ==== {{Excerpt|Deforestation in Thailand}} ==== Vietnam ==== {{Excerpt|Deforestation in Vietnam}} === Japan === Yoichi Kuroda ya zana tarihi da fasali na yanzu na 'babban sikelin ƙasa da lalata shimfidar wuri' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726121234/http://wrm.org.uy/deforestation/Asia/Japan.html a nan] Duba kuma Mudslides da [[Zaizayar Kasa|Erosion]] . === Sri Lanka === {{Excerpt|Deforestation in Sri Lanka}} == Turai == [[File:Deforestation_central_Europe_-_Rodungen_Mitteleuropa.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px| Dazuzzuka a [[Turai]], 2020.]] Turai ta rasa fiye da rabin dazuzzukanta a cikin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda faɗaɗa aikin gona da buƙatar man itace. Dangane da bayanan tauraron dan adam, asarar biomass a cikin gandun dajin EU ya karu da kashi 69% a cikin lokacin daga 2016 zuwa 2018, idan aka kwatanta da lokacin daga 2011 zuwa 2015. [[File:Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg|thumb| Ƙasar karkara ta tsakiyar Sicily]] === Finland === {{excerpt|Climate change in Finland|section=Deforestation}} === Iceland === Kasar Iceland ta samu gandun daji da yawa tun lokacin da 'yan Scandinavia suka zauna a karni na tara. A lokacin sasantawar mutane kimanin shekaru 1150 da suka gabata, gandun daji na birch da gandun daji sun rufe 'aƙalla 25%' na yankin ƙasar Iceland. Mazauna sun fara ne ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka da kone kurmus don ƙirƙirar filayen da filin kiwo. An daina sare itatuwa a Iceland har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. Noman gandun daji da farfadowa ya dawo da ƙananan yankunan ƙasa. Koyaya, aikin gona shine babban dalilin dajin birch da gandun daji ba su yi girma ba. === Italiya === [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] misali ne da aka ambata da yawa na gandun daji na ɗan adam, wanda ake yi tun zamanin Romawa, lokacin da tsibirin ya zama yankin noma, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan sannu a hankali ya daidaita yanayin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ruwan sama da bushewar koguna. A yau, dukkan lardunan tsakiya da kudu maso yamma kusan babu gandun daji. Wannan kuma ya shafi gandun daji na Sicily, wanda kadan ya rage a wuraren kiwo da gonaki na tsibirin. <ref name="frommers" /> === Rasha === === Ƙasar Ingila === Kusan dukkan gandun daji a Burtaniya an mayar da su wuraren kiwo a cikin ƙarnuka. Wani wuri mai faɗi, mai jujjuyawa ya maye gurbin ra'ayin gandun daji na gaskiya a cikin zukatan yawancin 'yan Biritaniya. === Netherlands === Netherlands da ta kasance gida ga gandun daji da fadama, an mayar da ita cikin kwandon burodi. Ƙananan gandun daji da raƙuman ruwa an tsara su sosai kuma an ratsa su ta hanyoyin sabis da hanyoyin hawan keke. == Amurka ta Arewa == === Kanada === [[File:A_"Working_Forest".jpg|thumb| Kodayake an sake dasa shi a cikin 1987, wannan gandun dajin kusa da Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia ya ɓace ƙasa da yawa kuma yayi kama da hamada ta 1993]] A cikin 2005, an kiyasta hekta 56,000 a cikin daji a Kanada. Gandun daji ya shafi ƙasa da 0.02% na gandun dajin Kanada a 2005. Bangaren aikin gona ya kai kusan rabin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2005, sakamakon dazuzzuka da aka share don ciyayi ko amfanin gona. Ragowar ci gaban birane, hanyoyin sufuri, da nishaɗi ne suka haifar (19%); ci gaban wutar lantarki (10%); bangaren gandun daji (10%); da sauran masana’antun hakar albarkatun ƙasa (8%). Kimani n kashi biyu bisa uku na wannan sare bishiyoyin sun faru ne a cikin gandun daji na Kanada, galibi a Alberta, Saskatchewan, da Manitoba inda gandun dajin ke iyaka da Prairies. A Kanada, kafin 2000, kasa da kashi 8% na gandun daji ya kare daga ci gaba kuma an ware sama da kashi 50% ga kamfanonin shiga don yanke. <ref>Global Forest Watch Canada 2000. Canada's Forests At A Crossroads&nbsp;— An Assessment in the Year 2000</ref> ==== British Columbia ==== {{excerpt|Deforestation in British Columbia}} === Amurka ===   [[File:Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG|thumb| Zaune a Clatsop County, Oregon]] A cikin 1600, kafin isowar Turawan Amurkawa, kusan rabin yankin ƙasar Amurka ta yanzu shine daji-kusan {{Convert|4000000|km2|acre}} . A cikin shekaru 300 masu zuwa an share fili, akasarinsu don aikin gona, a ƙimar da ta yi daidai da ƙimar yawan jama'a. Ga kowane mutum da aka ƙara wa yawan jama'a, an noma hekta ɗaya zuwa biyu na ƙasa. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1920 lokacin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya daidaita duk da ci gaban da ake samu na yawan jama'a. Yayin da gonar da aka yi watsi da ita ta koma daji, yawan gandun daji ya karu daga 1952, ya kai kololuwa a 1963 na {{Convert|3,080,000|km2|acre}} . Tun daga 1963 aka sami raguwar gandun daji a kai a kai ban da wasu nasarori daga 1997. == Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean == Tarihin mafi yawan ƙasashen Amurka ta Tsakiya ya haɗa da hawan [[Gandun daji|dazuzzuka]] da sake sare bishiyoyi. Zuwa karni na goma sha biyar, aikin gona mai karfi na Mayan ya rage gandun daji sosai. Kafin Turawa su isa, gandun daji sun rufe murabba'in kilomita 500,000 - kusan kashi 90% na yankin. Daga ƙarshe, tilasta "tattalin arzikin kuɗi na Turai akan Latin Amurka" ya haifar da buƙatar fitar da samfuran firamare, wanda ya gabatar da buƙatar yawan wuraren aikin gona da aka share don samar da waɗannan samfuran. <ref name="Myers, Norman 1987">Myers, Norman, and Richard Tucker. "Deforestation in Central America: Spanish Legacy and North American Consumers." Environmental Review 11, no. 1 (1987): 55-71.</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1960, kiwon shanu ya zama babban dalilin share fili. Shanun ciyawar da ciyawar ciyawa ta tsakiyar Amurka ta samar (sabanin shanun da ake kiwon hatsi a wani wuri) ya dace da gidajen abinci na Amurka da sauri kuma wannan kasuwa da ake ganin ba ta da tushe ta haifar da abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" wanda ke danganta "mai amfani" salon rayuwa a A/rewacin Amurka tare da sare itatuwa a Amurka ta Tsakiya ". <ref name="Myers, Norman 1987" /> === Haiti === {{excerpt|Deforestation in Haiti}} == Kudancin Amurka == === Dajin Rain Amazon === {{Excerpt|Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest}} ==== Brazil ====    <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:">Dazuzzuka a [[Mato Grosso]], Brazil</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"></img></div><div class="thumbcaption">1992</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"></img></div><div class="thumbcaption">2006</div></div></div></div></div>Babu wata yarjejeniya kan abin da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a Brazil, kodayake akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa fadada filayen amfanin gona da wuraren kiwo suna da mahimmanci. Ƙara farashin kayayyaki na iya ƙara yawan sare itatuwa. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/aug/13/conservation.forests Amazon rainforest threatened by new wave of oil and gas exploration], guardian.co.uk, August 13, 2008</ref> Haɓaka sabon nau'in waken soya na baya -bayan nan ya haifar da ƙaura daga wuraren kiwon shanu da gonaki na wasu albarkatun gona, waɗanda, daga baya, suka yi nisa zuwa cikin dajin. Wasu yankunan kamar Ruwa na Guguwar Atlantika sun ragu zuwa kashi 7% na girman su na asali. Kodayake an yi aikin kiyayewa da yawa, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko wuraren ajiya ana aiwatar da su yadda yakamata. Wasu 80% na shiga cikin Amazon ba bisa doka ba ne . A cikin 2008, gwamnatin Brazil ta ba da sanarwar adadin yawan sare itatuwa a cikin Amazon. Yawan sare itatuwa ya yi tsalle da kashi 69% a 2008 idan aka kwatanta da watanni goma sha biyu na 2007, bisa ga bayanan gwamnati na hukuma. Gandun daji na iya gogewa ko lalata kusan kashi 60% na gandu n dajin Amazon nan da 2030, a cewar rahoton 2007 daga WWF . <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/06/conservation.endangeredhabitats "More than half of Amazon will be lost by 2030, report warns"], guardian.co.uk, December 6, 2007</ref> === Chile === Duk da ra'ayoyin zamani na hamadar Atacama kamar babu cikakken ciyayi a zamanin jahiliyya da lokacin mulkin mallaka babban yanki mai filaye da aka sani da Pampa del Tamarugal ya kasance daji, tare da buƙatar itace da ke haɗe da azurfa da hakar gishirin da ke haifar da sare bishiyu. Yayin da Tarapacá har yanzu yana cikin buƙatun itace na Peru ta hanyar sarrafa salpeter ta amfani da hanyar aljanna ya haifar da sare bishiyoyin da yawa a kusa da La Tirana da Canchones da wasu yankuna a kudu na waɗannan yankunan. An fara ƙoƙarin shuka bishiyar a Pampa del Tamarugal acikin 1963 kuma tun daga 1987 an kiyaye wuraren da aka sake shuka a cikin Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve . <ref name="Castro2020" /> === Colombiya === {{excerpt|Deforestation in Colombia}} === Peru === {{excerpt|Deforestation in Peru}} == Oceania == Sakamakon mulkin mallaka na baya -bayan nan, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] tana da yawan sare itatuwa, musamman saboda sharewa don amfanin gona. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan{{When|date=May 2012}} yawancin sharewa ya faru a Tasmania da Queensland. <ref>[http://www.climatechange.gov.au/ncas/reports/pubs/tr04final.pdf] Australian Greenhouse Office 2000, Land Clearing: A Social History, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.</ref> A cikin 2007, ana tsammanin raguwar farashin zai kasance tare da aiwatar da sabbin dokoki. A shekara ta 1998, ana tunanin sare itatuwa shine ke da alhakin kusan kashi 12% na yawan iskar carbon da ke gurɓata. Wani ƙarin abin da ke haifar da asarar gandun daji a halin yanzu shine faɗaɗa birane . Littoral Rainforest girma tare jihar bakin teku wuraren gabashin Australia yanzu rare saboda kintinkiri ci gaba don saukar da bukatar da seachange rayuwa. Ana ci gaba da samun adadi mai yawa a Ostiraliya duk da barnar da aka yi a lokacin bazara na baz ara a cikin 2019-2020. === New Zealand ===   A cikin shekaru 800 na mamayar ɗan adam na [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] 75% na gandun daji sun ɓace. Da farko ta hanyar ƙonewa ne ta turawan Ingila amma ragowar dazuzzukan sun kasance sun yi amfani da katako don yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 2000 an dakatar da duk guntayen itatuwa na asali a filayen jama'a Ana sarrafa shiga cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa tare da tsarin izini kuma tare da Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu. === Papua New Guinea ===   [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] (PNG) tana daya daga cikin gandun daji mafi girma a duniya. Shiga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana cikin mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2007, wanda aka kiyasta kamar 70-90% na duk fitar da katako. == Duba kuma == * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Rage hayaki daga gandun daji da lalata daji (REDD) * Majalisar Bincike da Ilimi ta Indiya   === Kara karantawa === *   *   == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Deforestation_in_Amazonia Encyclopedia of Earth: Yanke daji a Amazonia] * [https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=8&ll=-10.81712,-62.199097&spn=4.153702,6.635742&t=k&om=1 Dazuzzukan Amazon (Taswirar Google)] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kashe Dajuka]] [[Category:Webarchive template webcite links]] [[Category:Mukalu masu matattun hanyoyin waje]] [[Category:Duka Mukal masu Matattun hanyoyin waje]] [[Category:CS1 khmer yaruka]] [[Category:Mukalu masu bambamci]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pw1wc1a33qsysgsq047g111wq7yog14 0 23505 890958 418941 2026-08-03T14:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sarakuna da mutanen gundumar Fanteakwa da ke yankin Gabashin Ghana suna yin '''bikin Odwira'''. Mutanen Akropong-Akuapim, Aburi, Larteh da Mamfi suna yin bikin Odwira. Ana yin wannan bikin kowace shekara a cikin watan Satumba. Bikin yana murnar nasarar tarihi akan Ashanti a 1826.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travel-to-discover-ghana.com/odwira-festival.html|title=Odwira Festival|accessdate=July 3, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan shine [[Yaƙin Katamanso|yakin Katamansu]] kusa da Dodowa. Wannan shine lokacin mulkin Okuapimhene na 19 na Akropong, Nana Addo Dankwa 1 daga 1811 zuwa 1835. Lokaci ne na tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya inda ake sabunta mutane kuma suna samun kariya. Haka kuma mutanen Jamestown a Accra suna yin bikin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa ta hanyar aure tsakanin mutanen Ga da Akuapem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Odwira Story|url=https://odwirafestival.com/the-odwira-story-2/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Akropong Akuapem Odwira Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925151610/https://odwirafestival.com/the-odwira-story-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == jcwgbf8j91d9v65l0nefmruqbqf5z6t 0 23667 891079 448326 2026-08-03T20:49:58Z Baffa ali 47435 891079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Anum''' kogin Ghana ne. Wani ɓangare na yankin tsakanin kogunan Anum da [[Kogin Pra (Ghana)|Pra]] sun samar da gandun daji na Pra Anum.<ref name="Amanor1999">{{cite book|last=Amanor|first=Kojo|title=Global Restructuring and Land Rights in Ghana: Forest Food Chains, Timber, and Rural Livelihoods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEEpRZ4YGksC&pg=PA123|year=1999|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-437-0|page=123}}</ref> A cikin 1977 an ba da rahoton cewa ana samun sabbin rangwame a Kogin Anum, da kogunan [[Kogin Ofin|Lower Offin]], Pra, [[Kogin Tano|Tano]], da [[Kogin Ankobra|Ankobra]] don dalilai masu lalata.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ghana: An Official Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbdBAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Ghana Information Services|page=195}}</ref> Anum wani kogine dake a kasar Ghana wanda yabiyo ta Gulf na Guinea. Tekun Guinea babban bangare ne na Tekun Atlantika dake gabar yammaci Afirka.Inda koguna da dama ke zuwa su zuba cikin ruwansu. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} riaqj163xpu94k8i1429u7vvwsfop6c 0 24494 891189 642166 2026-08-04T03:22:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Daasebre Oti Boateng,'''(An haifeshi a shekarar ta 1938 kuma ya mutu watan Agustan Shekara ta 2021) masanin ƙididdiga ne na ƙasar Ghana, masani, kuma mai sarautar gargajiya. Ya kasance Omanhene (babban sarki) na New Juaben a Yankin Gabas daga shekarar ta 1992 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clottey|first=Peter|date=21 August 2012|title=Ghanaian Traditional Ruler Cautions Against Campaign Insults {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/ghanaian-traditional-ruler-cautions-against-campaign-insults|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Let's honour our elders - Daasebre Oti-Boateng|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/350886/lets-honour-our-elders-daasebre-oti-boateng.html|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abedu-Kennedy|first=Dorcas|date=2020-08-20|title=I stand by my letters of protestation – Daasebre Oti Boateng to Okyenhene|url=https://www.adomonline.com/i-stand-by-my-letters-of-protestation-daasebre-oti-boateng-to-okyenhene/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng swears in Akyempemhene|url=https://www.atinkaonline.com/fm/daasebre-oti-boateng-swears-in-akyempemhene/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Atinka FM|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919013744/https://www.atinkaonline.com/fm/daasebre-oti-boateng-swears-in-akyempemhene/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1100773/daasebre-oti-boateng-dies-at.html|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng dies at 83|work=[[ModernGhana]]|date=27 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalissar Sarakunan Yankin Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng raises concerns with composition of reconstituted Eastern Reg. House of Chiefs|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/daasebre-oti-boateng-raises-concerns-with-composition-of-reconstituted-eastern-reg-house-of-chiefs.html|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Konongo Odumasi don karatun sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng urges Ghanaians to let truth be their guide|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> Oti Boateng ya cigaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana inda kuma ya kammala da digirinsa na farko (BSc) a fannin tattalin arziki.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Daasebre Dr. Oti Boateng {{!}} Who's Who in Ghana|url=https://whoswhoghana.app/traditional-leaders/daasebre-dr-oti-boateng/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=whoswhoghana.app|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://whoswhoghana.app/traditional-leaders/daasebre-dr-oti-boateng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London inda ya sami digiri na biyu (MSc) a Ƙididdiga. Oti Boateng ya kuma rike digirin Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a Kididdiga daga Jami'ar Liverpool, United Kingdom.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=Daasebre Dr. Oti Boateng {{!}} Who's Who in Ghana|url=https://whoswhoghana.app/traditional-leaders/daasebre-dr-oti-boateng/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=whoswhoghana.app|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://whoswhoghana.app/traditional-leaders/daasebre-dr-oti-boateng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Oti Boateng ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙididdiga na Gwamnatin Ghana kuma shugaban Ma'aikatar Kididdiga daga shekarar ta 1982 zuwa 2000 wanda aka tattara zuwa jimlar shekaru 17 a matsayin shugaban sabis na ƙididdiga.<ref name=":02" /> Daasebre ya kuma yi aiki tare da Jami'ar Ghana na tsawon shekaru 14. A cikin shekaru 14 ya hau kan matsayin Babban Jami'in Bincike kuma daga baya Daraktan Nazarin a Cibiyar Ƙididdiga, Bincike da Tattalin Arziki (ISSER). An zaɓi Oti Boateng a matsayin shugaban bakaken fata na farko na Hukumar Kididdiga ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A shekarar ta 1987.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Graphic.com.gh|date=27 March 2019|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng launches 3 volumes of 'Unity in Development' book in Accra|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-daasebre-oti-boateng-launches-3-volumes-of-unity-in-development-book-in-accra.html?fbclid=IwAR3jKqFTzcyHKWStH6ayY5qCkja5FijT7eP1W6EqXAKY8fXd3OlZnA3s45E|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> A shekarar ta 1993, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Babban Taron Kididdiga na Kwadago na 15 wanda aka gudanar a Geneva.<ref name=":02" /> Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Ma’aikata ta Duniya (ICSC) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina a Hukumar a Hedikwatar Majalissar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghana News Agency|date=16 August 2010|title=United Nations Secretary-General meets Daasebre Oti Boateng|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-03|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghanaweb|date=23 March 2018|title=News & Event {{!}} NDPC|url=https://www.ndpc.gov.gh/news/1627/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613102609/https://www.ndpc.gov.gh/news/1627/|archive-date=2021-06-13|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.ndpc.gov.gh}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaban Jami'ar All Nations, wata jami'a mai zaman kanta a Yankin Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghana Needs New Policy Regime On Space Engineering – ANU Chancellor Oti Boateng|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/tech/201707/319907.php|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/tech/201707/319907.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sarauta == Ya hau kan kujerar Sabuwar Juaben a ƙarƙashin kujerar Daasebre Oti Boateng a shekarar 1992, ya gaji babban ɗan'uwansa kuma magabacinsa, marigayi Nana Kwaku Boateng II. Ya kasance memba na gidan sarautar Yiadom-Hwedie na Juaben, Ashanti, da New Juaben. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce sarauniyar Juaben. == Mawallafi == Oti Boateng ya wallafa littattafai da dama da takardun bincike game da mulkin gida, kididdiga da al'umma, ci gaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-23|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng Introduces Pan- African Dev't Day|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/daasebre-oti-boateng-introduces-pan-african-devt-day/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Ghana News|date=2014-11-10|title=Daasebre Oti Boateng serves UN Commission the second time|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/daasebre-oti-boateng-serves-un-commission-the-second-time/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About the Book « Development in Unity Series|url=https://www.daasebreotiboateng.com/book/|access-date=2021-01-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215539/https://www.daasebreotiboateng.com/book/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daasebre Professor Emmanuel Oti Boateng: A methodology for measuring the regional impact of Covid-19|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/daasebre-professor-emmanuel-oti-boateng-a-methodology-for-measuring-the-regional-impact-of-covid-19/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya ƙaddamar da littafin juzu'i na 3 mai taken '''Development in Unity''<nowiki/>' a Accra.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /> == Rayuwar mutum == Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙabilanci a ƙarƙashin Babban Lodge na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Starrfm.com.gh|date=2019-04-28|title=Stop fake news about Freemasons - Daasebre Oti Boateng|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/04/stop-fake-news-about-freemasons-daasebre-oti-boateng/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Starr Fm|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503031444/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/04/stop-fake-news-about-freemasons-daasebre-oti-boateng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] s370xldyfsrb222e59l5pgef8qi4gj0 0 27388 890977 872397 2026-08-03T15:47:01Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347064978|A Promising Africa]]" 890977 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Zuriel Oduwole]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Najeriya * Ƙasar Ingila * Afirka ta Kudu </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} iqn0496iajjj9h8em0snawnxobxzfz1 890978 890977 2026-08-03T15:49:10Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Zuriel Oduwole]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Najeriya * Ƙasar Ingila * Afirka ta Kudu </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} mnhbw27kwj3f889mows9urmh4kerqgb 890979 890978 2026-08-03T15:50:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Zuriel Oduwole]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Najeriya * Ƙasar Ingila * Afirka ta Kudu </div> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ch5c3vb1igmypkyvchax77k2z29dgrw 890980 890979 2026-08-03T15:50:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Najeriya * Ƙasar Ingila * Afirka ta Kudu </div> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} e3chr1e9ibn0j9e4irezk31bqey6si5 890981 890980 2026-08-03T15:51:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Najeriya * Ƙasar Ingila * Afirka ta Kudu </div> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 6i4xm200n2yutxvh9pkpg0wv5pt2w93 890982 890981 2026-08-03T15:52:09Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} l6ciyngkbc0x1yt0u984nz08ws6aay1 890983 890982 2026-08-03T15:52:49Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasashe A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ry1uonrrpx8p1odm3xc2inss7nqqzxq 890984 890983 2026-08-03T15:53:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2014 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} lh2dkw91pbwdn1snaaviuekzkpl8923 890985 890984 2026-08-03T15:54:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} q2hoeyyyep8mhe4syf6t9enenrds7q8 890987 890985 2026-08-03T16:02:57Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} lhoxw70ok4lalq1c2d8zieg1aouxg4a 890988 890987 2026-08-03T16:03:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 03aqsg5h1qm35y3qzye4w3d4e9a727g 890989 890988 2026-08-03T16:07:34Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-spac A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} o47kaj9pyocc6t4xikqtn0tqdaeg1j6 890991 890989 2026-08-03T16:09:45Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 890991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Zuriel Oduwole A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} st99alu7ty1s5iaze6q9xpl2hoe3w2m 891000 890991 2026-08-03T16:15:34Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 9rxr3csnvrkzc4njk9sxwen668eougj 891001 891000 2026-08-03T16:16:18Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} sdhrx1yb6yz6db0zrsh2gzv34azrowo 891004 891001 2026-08-03T16:17:20Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 8wvxqjrnl6jo8pun0cpgdd1mqalhi16 891006 891004 2026-08-03T16:17:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} q3zlp1r7wkbdr42g3flu86q20govedh 891009 891006 2026-08-03T16:28:48Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba d A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 9q1n229739s2doczrit50yieof15hwc 891010 891009 2026-08-03T16:29:11Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 42lvyotr5mnwo3d18nswfdx6g0wgtn7 891012 891010 2026-08-03T16:29:39Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Afirka mai Alkawari A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 3ytzmgvq7ua4kxlx2jbi9lbgj2lvg2x 891015 891012 2026-08-03T16:51:25Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-styl A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} m7ur7hc25qfqwildkxtrtqtourd6vuu 891016 891015 2026-08-03T16:51:47Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} n6m80k1ljik2mrbi86m9ayashyp80my 891017 891016 2026-08-03T16:52:06Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} d6jfc0glhk2i52xw8gsmkr02fnztc7t 891018 891017 2026-08-03T16:52:25Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class=" ! colspan="2" A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} m701mmvatiw7bz2z1kk5adbaj5xuy1l 891019 891018 2026-08-03T16:52:40Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class= A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} da2r2ealzh8ijohhspehk6y4dm1xf32 891020 891019 2026-08-03T16:52:57Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hgbafreq4rq3duv0cuk33wsf9x383ae 891021 891020 2026-08-03T16:53:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 51kg9r2t35lcp55o4evs2mp5oehfxj9 891022 891021 2026-08-03T16:53:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 891022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == aan75wgspc2vwqbngssvsjjhxhkxxuv 891024 891022 2026-08-03T17:11:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 891024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa. == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Manazarta == 7xfzb3x8nfjc7y2io57v2kgb5xunj5o 891025 891024 2026-08-03T17:12:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 891025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Promising Africa fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/africa/zuriel-oduwole-filmmaker/|title=She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state - oh, and she's only 12|work=[[CNN]]|author=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Manazarta == ouxfrajvmzp58rn7zsrb1tpgphwje3l 891026 891025 2026-08-03T17:13:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 891026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''A Promising Africa''' fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/africa/zuriel-oduwole-filmmaker/|title=She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state - oh, and she's only 12|work=[[CNN]]|author=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. == Manazarta == nplnltcdmh2aotinwaohs7wfogdf3s2 891027 891026 2026-08-03T17:14:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 891027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''A Promising Africa''' fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/africa/zuriel-oduwole-filmmaker/|title=She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state - oh, and she's only 12|work=[[CNN]]|author=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == re97hbi4sfmyqk4q0str7vd4iimq8u8 891061 891027 2026-08-03T19:06:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 891061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''A Promising Africa''' fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/africa/zuriel-oduwole-filmmaker/|title=She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state - oh, and she's only 12|work=[[CNN]]|author=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == jbuv4r1x05cu6wn8l6t1zqsf9rnk39r 891062 891061 2026-08-03T19:08:54Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 891062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''A Promising Africa''' fim ne na 2014 wanda [[Zuriel Oduwole]] ya samar da kansa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/africa/zuriel-oduwole-filmmaker/|title=She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state - oh, and she's only 12|work=[[CNN]]|author=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sake shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014 a gidan fina-finai na fim a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], an nuna jerin shirye-shiryen A Promising Africa a kasashe biyar a cikin shekaru uku. A Promising Africa ya sanya Oduwole ƙaramin mai yin fim a duniya don fitar da fim ɗin da ya samar da kansa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == re97hbi4sfmyqk4q0str7vd4iimq8u8 0 27426 891240 862091 2026-08-04T08:52:24Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891240 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> m4bbpv72qejf8l1e0mtev9vddn7hbe5 891242 891240 2026-08-04T08:52:43Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891242 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == nclgtetsvxlndehfu3zakx9c8oqq9o7 891243 891242 2026-08-04T08:53:21Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891243 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. qp97yl5orkk8qj13eqj8zbvkutfzl69 891245 891243 2026-08-04T08:53:37Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891245 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == 17vmkm7wjkdr9l7hl4k9cfd81r8zq31 891247 891245 2026-08-04T08:54:21Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891247 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin g9c92u7ym3qfkmhkqtukv0o7n0oco4m 891249 891247 2026-08-04T08:54:40Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891249 wikitext text/x-wiki Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == jcdeb2j6qk287cpv8gp4od283lkx7iz 891251 891249 2026-08-04T08:55:33Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891251 wikitext text/x-wiki   Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == An fara nuna shirin ''Thy Will Be Done'' a duniya a BFI IMAX da ke [[Landan]] a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/}}</ref> Ya fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/}}</ref> kuma FilmOne ya rarraba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> aljqeh8hd68ymtj4n284vshn7a9cuc6 891252 891251 2026-08-04T08:55:57Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339101065|Thy Will Be Done (film)]]" 891252 wikitext text/x-wiki   Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == An fara nuna shirin ''Thy Will Be Done'' a duniya a BFI IMAX da ke [[Landan]] a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/}}</ref> Ya fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/}}</ref> kuma FilmOne ya rarraba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Sharhin ''Sodas da Popcorn'' : "Abu mafi kyau game da wannan fim ɗin shine wasan kwaikwayo. ''Your Will Be Done'', yana bayar da labari na asali wanda ke jan hankali da ban sha'awa. Labari ne da kowa zai iya fahimta da shi" 0nylqgc4ec3o9gdn9qgfotb6uiu67if 891255 891252 2026-08-04T08:57:11Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 891255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == An fara nuna shirin ''Thy Will Be Done'' a duniya a BFI IMAX da ke [[Landan]] a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/}}</ref> Ya fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/}}</ref> kuma FilmOne ya rarraba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Sharhin ''Sodas da Popcorn'' : "Abu mafi kyau game da wannan fim ɗin shine wasan kwaikwayo. ''Your Will Be Done'', yana bayar da labari na asali wanda ke jan hankali da ban sha'awa. Labari ne da kowa zai iya fahimta da shi" fj1wco1xys4yvzo0sry9x5bfikv21ee 891256 891255 2026-08-04T08:57:43Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 891256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == An fara nuna shirin ''Thy Will Be Done'' a duniya a BFI IMAX da ke [[Landan]] a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/}}</ref> Ya fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/}}</ref> kuma FilmOne ya rarraba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Sharhin ''Sodas da Popcorn'' : "Abu mafi kyau game da wannan fim ɗin shine wasan kwaikwayo. ''Your Will Be Done'', yana bayar da labari na asali wanda ke jan hankali da ban sha'awa. Labari ne da kowa zai iya fahimta da shi" ==Manazarta 9i1m0c9a9ugypvyseyebz34pr292qja 3 28200 891254 875371 2026-08-04T08:56:28Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter */ sabon sashe 891254 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hussaini Mohammed Inusa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hussaini Mohammed Inusa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 00:01, 24 Disamba 2021 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == Request for filling up Google Form for Feminism and Folklore 2023 == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg | logo.svg|right|frameless|300px]] Greetings Organisers, We appreciate your enthusiasm for '''Feminism and Folklore''' and your initiative in setting up the competition on your local wikipedia. We would want to learn more about the needs of your community and for that please fill out the google form ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScusayFXTzNWV-QgIiT3bRHQbAs_pVczvput2jehOcahnCdMg/viewform here]) as soon as possible so that we can plan and adapt the demands according to your specifications. By February 8, 2023, all entries for this form will be closed. Do share about the contest on your local Wikipedia. Ask your local administrator to add Feminism and Folklore to [[Mediawiki:Sitenotice]]. Create your own or see an example [[:m:User:Tiven2240/sn-fnf|on meta]] Also a reminder regarding the prior Google form sent for Internet and Childcare Support Financial Aid ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this]). Anyone who hasn't already filled it out has until February 5, 2023 to do so. Feel free to contact us via talkpage if you have any questions or concerns. Thanks and Regards, Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team --[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] ([[User talk:Tiven2240|talk]]) 17:22, 5 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Maris, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mayu 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - Local prize winners == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Congratulations on your remarkable achievement of winning a local prize in the '''Feminism and Folklore 2023''' writing competition! We greatly appreciate your valuable contribution and the effort you put into documenting your local Folk culture and Women on Wikipedia. To ensure you receive your prize, please take a moment to complete the preferences form before the 1st of July 2023. You can access the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWlxDwI6UgtPXPfjQTbVjgnAYUMSYqShA5kEe4P4N5zwxaEw/viewform?usp=sf_link by clicking here]. We kindly request you to submit the form before the deadline to avoid any potential disappointments. If you have any questions or require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us via talkpage or Email. We are more than happy to help. Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|FNF 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:47, 10 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023&oldid=25134473 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikimedian, We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor. As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023. Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity. Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia. With warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:37, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023p&oldid=25345565 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:23, 1 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mayu 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia, Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC. Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki. A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Satumba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disamba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:28, 1 ga Afirilu, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear El-hussain14, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear El-hussain14, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear El-hussain14 Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disamba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 == We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''. === About the General Assembly === The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to: * Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work. * Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem. * Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input. === How to participate === Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you. * '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]''' [[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]] Looking forward to your participation, Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ''<small>You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]</small>'' (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30182212 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 == [[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]] The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''. The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals: * '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic * '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&A) * '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics) * '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on: * Potential impact and expected outcomes * Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission. '''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]''' For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com <!-- Message sent by User:~~~~~ on behalf of the Language Diversity Hub --> (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30405990 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mayu 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 6, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/07/04/photowalk-at-the-purbachal-reserve-forest/|Photowalk at the Purbachal Reserve Forest]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/07/13/welcoming-women-into-wikimedia-tech-a-guide-based-on-lived-experiences/|Welcoming Women+ into Wikimedia Tech: A Guide Based on Lived Experiences]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/07/14/empowering-youth-through-knowledge-wikipedia-for-freedom-of-elections-in-armenia/|Empowering Youth Through Knowledge: “Wikipedia for Freedom of Elections” in Armenia]] (SDG 16) * [[diffblog:2026/07/19/water-for-life-knowledge-for-all-how-wikiverse-botswana-is-showcasing-africas-water-story-through-the-africa-wiki-challenge-2026/|Water for Life, Knowledge for All: How WikiVerse Botswana is Showcasing Africa’s Water Story Through the Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] (SDG 6) * Wikimania: There were so many sessions and posters related to the SDGs, they can't all be listed here. But on [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions|this Wikimania page]] you can find them all and the session pages have links to the recordings. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 08:56, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)• [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30853204 --> tr5lbsolrh5fx1vearttsyq7f82u0w7 0 29361 891144 871682 2026-08-04T00:42:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon daji na baka''', wanda aka fi sanin shi da suna ciwon '''kansar bakin''', shi ne [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na rufin lebe, baki, ko babban [[makogwaro.]] <ref name="AJCC72">{{Cite book|title=AJCC cancer staging manual|date=2010|publisher=Springer|vauthors=Edge SB|collaboration=American Joint Committee on Cancer|isbn=9780387884400|edition=7th|location=New York|oclc=316431417}}</ref> A cikin baki, yawanci yana farawa azaman facin fari mara radadi, wanda yayi kauri, yana tasowa jajayen faci, ulcer, kuma yana ci gaba da girma. Lokacin da yake kan lebe, yawanci yakan yi kama da kwankwasa miki wanda baya warkewa, kuma a hankali yana girma.<ref name="Marx2">{{Cite book|title=Oral and maxillofacial pathology : a rationale for diagnosis and treatment|vauthors=Marx RE, Stern D|date=2003|publisher=Quintessence Pub. Co|others=Stern, Diane.|isbn=978-0867153903|location=Chicago|oclc=49566229}}</ref> Sauran alamomin na iya hadawa da hadiya yawo mai wahala ko mai radadi, sabbin kullutu ko kumburi a wuya, koh a baki, ko jin kumbura a baki ko lebe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/headneck/index.htm|title=Head and Neck Cancers|date=2019-01-17|website=CDC|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> Abubuwan hadari sun hada da shan taba da [[barasa]] .<ref name="Gandini20082">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P|title=Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=122|issue=1|pages=155–64|date=January 2008|pmid=17893872|doi=10.1002/ijc.23033|s2cid=27018547|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Goldstein BY, Chang SC, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C, Zhang ZF|title=Alcohol consumption and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1988 to 2009: An update|journal=European Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=19|issue=6|pages=431–65|date=November 2010|pmid=20679896|pmc=2954597|doi=10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32833d936d}}</ref> Wadanda ke amfani da barasa da taba suna da hadarin kansar baki sau 15 fiye da wadanda ba sa amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oralcancerfoundation.org/understanding/tobacco/|title=The Tobacco Connection|last=admin|website=The Oral Cancer Foundation|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan hadari sun hada da kamuwa da cutar HPV, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S|title=Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review|journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention|volume=14|issue=2|pages=467–75|date=February 2005|pmid=15734974|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551|doi-access=free}}</ref> taunar tauna, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, Kim MM, Trink B, Sidransky D, Moon CS|title=Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=131|issue=6|pages=986–93|date=December 2004|pmid=15577802|doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.035|s2cid=34356067}}</ref> Da bayyanar rana a kasan lebe.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kerawala C, Roques T, Jeannon JP, Bisase B|title=Oral cavity and lip cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=130|issue=S2|pages=S83–S89|date=May 2016|pmid=27841120|pmc=4873943|doi=10.1017/S0022215116000499}}</ref> Ciwon daji na baka rukuni ne na kansa da wuyansa. <ref name="AJCC72" /> Ana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar biopsy na yankin da ya shafi, sannan bincike tare da CT scan, MRI, PET scan, da jarrabawa don sanin ko ya yadu zuwa sassa masu nisa na jiki. Ana iya kare cutar kansa ta baka ta hanyar guje wa shan sigari, iyakance amfani da barasa, kariya daga rana akan lebe na kasa, allurar HPV, da nisantar bacin rai. Magungunan da ake amfani da su don ciwon daji na baka na iya hadawa da hadin tiyata (don cire c kwayar cuta da kwayar lymph nodes ), maganin radiation, chemotherapy, ko kuma maganin da aka yi niyya. Nau'o'in jiyya za su dogara da girman, wurare, da yaduwar cutar kansa da aka yi la'akari da lafiyar mutum gaba daya.<ref name="AJCC72" /> A cikin shekara ta 2018, ciwon daji na baki ya faru a duniya a cikin kusan mutane 355,000, kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 177,000.<ref name="IARC20192">{{cite web|title=Cancer today|url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-table?v=2018&mode=cancer&mode_population=continents&population=900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=1&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&nb_items=5&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1|website=gco.iarc.fr|access-date=9 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 1999 da 2015 a Amurka, yawan ciwon daji na baka ya karu da kashi 6% (daga 10.9 zuwa 11.6 cikin 100,000). Mutuwar cutar kansar baki a wannan lokacin ta ragu da kashi 7% (daga 2.7 zuwa 2.5 a cikin 100,000).<ref name="IARC20193">{{cite web|title=Cancer today|url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-table?v=2018&mode=cancer&mode_population=continents&population=900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=1&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&nb_items=5&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1|website=gco.iarc.fr|access-date=9 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> Ciwon daji na baka yana da jimlar adadin rayuwa na shekara 5 na 65% a cikin Amurka kamar na 2015. <ref name="SEER20192">{{cite web|title=Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html|website=NCI|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Wannan ya bambanta daga 84% idan an gano shi lokacin da aka gano shi, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 66% idan ya yadu zuwa kwayoyin lymph a wuya, da 39% idan ya yada zuwa sassan jiki masu nisa.<ref name="SEER20192" /> Yawan tsira kuma ya dogara ne da wurin da cutar ke cikin baki. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html|title=Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> == Alamomin cutar dajin == [[File:Cervical_lymphadenopathy_right_neck.png|thumb| Kumburi na wuyan dama daga yaduwar ciwon daji na baki.]] [[File:Left_lower_lip_cancer.jpg|right|thumb| Ulceration akan leben kasa na hagu wanda ciwon daji ke haifarwa]] Alamu da alamun ciwon daji na baka sun dogara ne akan wurin da kari yake amma gabadaya suna sirara, marasa daidaituwa, fararen faci a baki. Hakanan zasu iya zama gaurayawan faci na ja da fari (hade-haden facin ja da fari sun fi kamuwa da cutar daji idan aka yi musu rai). Alamar fadakarwa ta al'ada alama ce mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da ulceration, da tsayin iyaka wanda ke da dan radadi. A kan lebe, gyambon ya fi kumbura da bushewa, kuma a cikin pharynx ya fi yawa. Hakanan ana iya hada shi da farar faci, kwancen hakora, gumi na zubar jini, ciwon kunne mai dagewa, jin kumbura a cikin lebe da gabobinsa, ko kumburi.<ref name="textbookom2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unNtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA387|page=387|title=Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology|editor=Ravikiran Ongole, Praveen B N|isbn=978-8131230916|year=2014|publisher=Elsevier India}}</ref> Lokacin da ciwon daji ya mike zuwa makogwaro, ana iya samun wahalar hadiye, hadiye mai radadi, da kuma sauya murya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/oral/signs-and-symptoms/?region=on|title=Symptoms of oral cancer—Canadian Cancer Society|website=www.cancer.ca|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> Yawanci, raunuka suna da kananan zafi har sai sun girma sannan kuma suna hade da jin zafi. <ref name=":162">{{cite journal|vauthors=Markopoulos AK|title=Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma|journal=The Open Dentistry Journal|volume=6|issue=1|pages=126–30|date=2012-08-10|pmid=22930665|pmc=3428647|doi=10.2174/1874210601206010126}}</ref> Yayin da raunin ya yadu zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph na wuyansa, rashin jin zafi, taro mai wuya zai ci gaba. Idan ya yada wani wuri a cikin jiki, ciwon daji na gaba daya zai iya tasowa, mafi sau da yawa saboda kasusuwan kashi.<ref name=":163">{{cite journal|vauthors=Markopoulos AK|title=Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma|journal=The Open Dentistry Journal|volume=6|issue=1|pages=126–30|date=2012-08-10|pmid=22930665|pmc=3428647|doi=10.2174/1874210601206010126}}</ref> == Dalilai == Cutar sankarau ta baka cuta ce ta abubuwan muhalli, mafi girma daga cikinsu ita ce taba. Kamar duk abubuwan muhalli, kimar da ciwon daji zai hadaka ya dogara ne akan adadin, mita da kuma hanyar aikace-aikacen [[carcinogen]] (abun da ke haifar da ciwon daji). Baya ga shan taba sigari, sauran cututtukan daji na ciwon daji na baka sun hada da barasa, kwayoyin cuta (musamman HPV 16 da 18), radiation, da hasken UV. === Taba === [[Taba]] ita ce mafi girman sanadin ciwon daji na baka da na pharyngeal. Sanannen ciwon daji ne na gabobin jiki da yawa, wanda ke da huldar hadin gwiwa tare da barasa don haifar da ciwon daji na baki da pharynx ta hanyar lalata DNA ta salula kai tsaye. An kiyasta cewa taba yana kara hadarin kansar baki ta hanyar 3.4 -6.8 kuma yana da alhakin kusan kashi 40% na duk ciwon daji na baki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancercareontario.ca/sites/ccocancercare/files/assets/CCOCancerRiskTobacco.pdf|title=Cancer Risk Factors in Ontario: Tobacco|last=Cancer Care Ontario|date=2014|website=www.cancercare.on.ca|access-date=2022-02-16|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028111137/https://www.cancercareontario.ca/sites/ccocancercare/files/assets/CCOCancerRiskTobacco.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Barasa === Wasu bincike a Ostiraliya da Brazil da Jamus sun yi nuni da wankin baki mai dauke da barasa kamar yadda kuma ke iya zama sanadi. Da'awar ita ce bayyanar da kullun ga wadannan kurrukan da ke dauke da barasa, ko da idan babu shan taba da sha, yana haifar da hadakar hadakar ciwon daji na baka. Duk da haka, binciken da aka gudanar a 1985,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mashberg A, Barsa P, Grossman ML|title=A study of the relationship between mouthwash use and oral and pharyngeal cancer|journal=Journal of the American Dental Association|volume=110|issue=5|pages=731–4|date=May 1985|pmid=3859544|doi=10.14219/jada.archive.1985.0422}}</ref> 1995,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Elmore JG, Horwitz RI|title=Oral cancer and mouthwash use: evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=113|issue=3|pages=253–61|date=September 1995|pmid=7675486|doi=10.1016/S0194-5998(95)70114-1|s2cid=20725009}}</ref> da 2003<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cole P, Rodu B, Mathisen A|title=Alcohol-containing mouthwash and oropharyngeal cancer: a review of the epidemiology|journal=Journal of the American Dental Association|volume=134|issue=8|pages=1079–87|date=August 2003|pmid=12956348|doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0322}}</ref> ya takaita cewa wanke baki mai dauke da barasa ba ya da alaka da ciwon daji na baki. A cikin takaitaccen Maris na 2009, gungiyar Hakori ta Amurka ta ce "shaidar da ake da ita ba ta goyi bayan alaka tsakanin ciwon daji na baki da kuma shan barasa mai dauke da barasa".<ref>[http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/topics_cancer_brief_mouthrinses.pdf Science brief on alcohol-containing mouthrinses and oral cancer], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319153756/http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/topics_cancer_brief_mouthrinses.pdf|date=March 19, 2012}} ''American Dental Association'', March 2009</ref> Wani bincike na 2008 ya nuna cewa acetaldehyde (wani samfurin barasa) yana cikin ciwon daji na baki,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Warnakulasuriya S, Parkkila S, Nagao T, Preedy VR, Pasanen M, Koivisto H, Niemelä O|title=Demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer|journal=Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine|volume=37|issue=3|pages=157–65|date=March 2008|pmid=18251940|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00605.x}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=755&year=2008 Alcohol and oral cancer research breakthrough] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502074028/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=755&year=2008|date=May 2, 2009}}</ref> amma wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali ga masu cin zarafin barasa kuma bai yi magana game da wanke baki ba. === Human papillomavirus === Kamuwa da [[Human papillomavirus|cutar papillomavirus]] (HPV), musamman nau'in 16 (akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sama da 180), sanannen hadarin hadari ne kuma sanadin cutar kansa mai zaman kanta ga kansar baka. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C|title=Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=33|issue=29|pages=3235–42|date=October 2015|pmid=26351338|pmc=4979086|doi=10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995}}</ref> Wani yanki mai girma cikin sauri na wadanda aka gano baya gabatar da kwararrun alkaluma na tarihi. A tarihi wanda ya kasance mutane sama da 50, baƙar fata fiye da farare 2 zuwa 1, maza akan mata 3 zuwa 1, da 75% na lokutan mutanen da suka yi amfani da kayan sigari ko masu yawan shan barasa. Wannan sabuwar kabila mai girma da sauri tsakanin shekaru 30 zuwa 50,<ref name="Martín-Hernán 20132">{{cite journal|vauthors=Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J|title=Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission|journal=Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal|volume=18|issue=3|pages=e439-44|date=May 2013|pmid=23524417|pmc=3668870|doi=10.4317/medoral.18419}}</ref> galibi marasa shan taba ne, farare, kuma maza sun fi mata yawa. Bincike na baya-bayan nan daga labaran mujallolin da aka bita da yawa ya nuna cewa HPV16 shine babban abin hadari a cikin wannan sabon yawan mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa ta baki. HPV16 (tare da HPV18) kwayar cuta iri daya ce da ke da alhakin mafi yawan duk [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|cututtukan daji na mahaifa]] kuma ita ce mafi yawan kamuwa da kamuwa da jima'i a Amurka. Ciwon daji na baka a cikin wannan rukuni yana kula da tonsil da ginshiƙan tonsillar, tushe na harshe, da kuma [[oropharynx]]. Bayanai na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa mutanen da suka kamu da cutar daga wannan dalili na musamman suna da fa'ida mai mahimmanci na rayuwa, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/2010/06/hpv-positive-tumor-status-indicates-better-survival-in-patients-.html|title=HPV-Positive Tumor Status Indicates Better Survival in Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer—MD Anderson Cancer Center|website=www.mdanderson.org}}</ref> yayin da cutar ta fi dacewa da jiyya na radiation fiye da yadda taba ke haifar da cuta. === Kwayar goro === [[File:Sweet_Beeda.jpg|right|thumb|Rukunin sayar da betel quid]] Cin dusar [[Paan|kankara, paan]] [[Betel|da]] [[Areca]] an san su zama hadari mai karfi don hadaka ciwon daji na baki koda kuwa babu taba. Yana kara yawan ciwon daji na baka sau 2.1, ta hanyar nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan da ke da alaka ta hanyar hangula na gida na kwayoyin mucous membrane, musamman daga gwaya da lemun tsami. A [[Indiya]] inda irin wadannan ayyuka suka zama ruwan dare, ciwon daji na baka yana wakiltar kusan kashi 40% na duk cututtukan daji, idan aka kwatanta da kawai 4% a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. === Dashen kwayar halitta === Mutane bayan dashen kwayar cutar hematopoietic (HSCT) suna cikin hadari mafi girma ga carcinoma na bakin squamous cell. Bayan-HSCT ciwon daji na baka na iya samun karin hali mai muni tare da rashin fahimta, idan aka kwatanta da ciwon daji na baki a cikin mutanen da ba a bi da su tare da HSCT ba. Ya kamata wannan tasirin ya kasance ne saboda ci gaba da danne garkuwar jiki na tsawon rayuwa da kuma na yau da kullun na baka -da-masu cuta.<ref name="HSCT2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Elad S, Zadik Y, Zeevi I, Miyazaki A, de Figueiredo MA, Or R|title=Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence|journal=Transplantation|volume=90|issue=11|pages=1243–4|date=December 2010|pmid=21119507|doi=10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa}}</ref> === Launuka masu tasowa === [[File:Severe_dysplasia.jpg|right|thumb|[[Leukoplakia]] na baka (fararen faci) akan harshen hagu. An tabbatar da kasancewar dysplasia mai tsanani akan biopsy]] An bayyana raunin da ba a taba gani ba (ko wanda ya rigaya ya rigaya) a matsayin "nama mara kyau, mai canza yanayin halitta wanda ke da hadari fiye da al'ada na canji mara kyau." Akwai nau'o'in nau'ikan raunuka daban-daban wadanda ke faruwa a cikin baki. Wasu cututtukan daji na baka suna farawa azaman facin fari ( leukoplakia ), jajayen faci ( erythroplakia ) ko gauraye ja da fari faci (erythroleukoplakia ko “speckled leukoplakia”). Sauran cututtuka na yau da kullun sun hada da fibrosis submucous na baka da actinic cheilitis .<ref name="Neville 20022">{{cite book|vauthors=Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE|title=Oral & maxillofacial pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/oralmaxillofacia00nevi|url-access=limited|year=2002|publisher=W.B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0721690032|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oralmaxillofacia00nevi/page/n349 337], 345, 349, 353|edition=2nd}}</ref> A cikin nahiyoyin Indiya, fibrosis na baka na baka ya zama ruwan dare saboda cin goro. Wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da iyakancewar bube baki da zafi mai zafi akan cin abinci mai yaji. Wannan ciwo ne mai ci gaba wanda bude baki ya zama mai iyakancewa, kuma daga baya ko da cin abinci na yau da kullum yana da wahala. == Pathophysiology == Kwayar Cuta mara tsari. Tantanin halitta guda daya yana canzawa zuwa clone wanda ya kunshi sel dan mata da yawa tare da tarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halittar da ake kira oncogenes. Abin da ke nuna mummunan kwayar cuta a kan mara lafiya shine ikonsa na metastasize. Wannan ikon ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga girman ko darajar kwayar cuta (sau da yawa kamar jinkirin girma ciwon daji kamar adenoid cystic carcinoma na iya metastasis a ko'ina). Ba wai kawai saurin girma ne ke nuna [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ba, amma ikon su na boye enzymes, abubuwan angiogeneic, abubuwan mamayewa, abubuwan haɓaka da sauran abubuwan da ke ba da damar yaduwa. == Bincike == [[File:SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png|thumb|Babban ciwon daji na harshe kamar yadda aka gani akan hoton CT]] [[File:Squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_p16_positive_--_very_low_mag.jpg|thumb|Siffar histopathologic na nau'in kwayar kwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mara kyau. Hematoxylin-eosin tabo. p16 tabbatacce, EBV mara kyau]] An kammala gano ciwon daji na baka don (1) ganewar asali, (2) tsarawa, da (3) shirin magani. Cikakken tarihin tarihi, kuma an fara kammala gwajin asibiti, sannan an yanke wani yanki na nama daga raunin da ake tuhuma don ganewar asali. Ana iya yin wannan tare da biopsy na fatar jiki, biopsy na punch, lafiya ko ainihin kwayar allura . A cikin wannan hanya, likitan fida ya yanke duka, ko guntun nama, don a duba shi a karkashin na'urar gani da ido ta wurin likitan ilimin cututtuka.<ref name="Gullane162">{{Cite book|title=Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery: Head and Neck Surgery|volume=5|vauthors=Gullane P|publisher=The Health Sciences Publisher|year=2016|isbn=978-93-5152-458-8|location=New Delhi, India|pages=600}}</ref> Ba a yi la'akarin ɓangarorin goge goge daidai don gano ciwon daji na baki.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=H Alsarraf A, Kujan O, Farah CS|title=The utility of oral brush cytology in the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine|volume=47|issue=2|pages=104–116|date=February 2018|pmid=29130527|doi=10.1111/jop.12660|s2cid=46832488}}</ref> Tare da biopsy na farko, likitan ilimin cututtuka zai samar da ganewar kwayar cuta (misali squamous cell carcinoma ), kuma ya rarraba tsarin tantanin halitta. Za su iya kara karin bayani wadanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin tsarawa, da tsarin kulawa, irin su mitotic rate, zurfin mamayewa, da kuma matsayin HPV na nama. Bayan an tabbatar da nama yana da kansa, za a kammala wasu gwaje-gwaje zuwa: * mafi kyawun tantance girman raunin ( CT scan, MRI ko PET scan tare da 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)), : 143  * nemo wasu cututtuka na ciwon daji a cikin sashin jiki na sama (wanda zai iya haɗawa da endoscopy na kogon hanci / pharynx, larynx, bronchus, da esophagus da ake kira panendoscopy ko quadoscopy ), * yaduwa zuwa nodes na lymph ( CT scan ) ko * yaduwa zuwa [[Metastasis|wasu sassan]] jiki ( X-ray na kirji, maganin nukiliya ). Sauran, karin gwaje-gwaje masu cin zarafi, ana iya kuma iya kammala su kamar kyakkyawan fata na allura, biopsy na nodes na lymph, da biopsy node na sentinel. Lokacin da ciwon daji ya yada zuwa kananan kwayoyin lymph, ainihin wurin su, girman su, da yadawa fiye da capsule (na lymph nodes) yana bukatar kayyade, saboda kowannensu na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan jiyya da tsinkaye. Wwnanan bambance-bambance a cikin nau'in kwayar kwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, na iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci akan jiyya da tsinkaye. Ana iya ba da shawarar Panendoscopy, saboda kyallen takarda na gabaɗayan sashin iska na sama gaba ɗaya suna shafar carcinogens iri ɗaya, don haka sauran cututtukan daji na farko sun zama ruwan dare gama gari.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Levine B, Nielsen EW|title=The justifications and controversies of panendoscopy--a review|journal=Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal|volume=71|issue=8|pages=335–40, 343|date=August 1992|pmid=1396181|doi=10.1177/014556139207100802|s2cid=25921527}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Clayburgh DR, Brickman D|s2cid=19124543|title=Is esophagoscopy necessary during panendoscopy?|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=127|issue=1|pages=2–3|date=January 2017|pmid=27774605|doi=10.1002/lary.25532|doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga waɗannan binciken gama-gari, wadanda aka yi la’akari da lafiya da sha’awar mutum, gungiyar ciwon daji ta hadaka shirin jiyya. Tunda yawancin ciwon daji na baka suna buƙatar cirewar tiyata, za a kammala saiti na biyu na gwaje-gwaje na histopathologic akan duk wani ƙari da aka cire don tantance hasashen, bukatar karin tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, ko wasu tsoma baki. === Rabewa === Ciwon daji na baka rukuni ne na [[Ciwon kai da wuya|kansa da wuyansa]] wanda ya hada da na [[Farynx|oropharynx]], [[larynx]], [[kogon hanci]] da sinuses na [[Paranasal sinuses|paranasal]], [[Salivary gland|glandan salivary]], da [[Thyroid|glandar thyroid]] . [[Melanoma]] na baka, yayin da ake la'akari da wani bangare na kansa da wuyansa daban. Sauran cututtukan daji na iya faruwa a cikin baki (kamar [[Osteosarcoma|ciwon daji na kashi]], [[lymphoma]], ko ciwon daji na [[Metastasis|metastatic]] daga wurare masu nisa) amma kuma ana la'akari da su daban da ciwon daji na baka. === Tsayawa === Matsayin [[Ciwon daji|ciwon daji na]] baka shine kimanta girman yaduwar cutar kansa daga asalinsa.<ref name="Holland-Frei22">{{cite book|vauthors=Connolly JL, Goldsmith JD, Wang HH, etal|title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine|edition=8th|chapter=37: Principles of Cancer Pathology|publisher=People's Medical Publishing House|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60795-014-1}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi duka [[Hasashen|tsinkaye]] da yuwuwar maganin ciwon daji na baka. Kimar ciwon daji na squamous cell carcinoma na baki da pharynx staging yana amfani da [[Tsarin tsari na TNM|tsarin TNM]] (tumor, node, metastasis). Wannan ya dogara ne akan girman kwayar kwayar cuta ta farko, shigar kumburin lymph, da metastasis mai nisa.<ref name="AJCC8th2">{{cite web|title=AJCC Cancer Staging Form Supplement. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, eighth Edition Update 05 June 2018|url=https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/AJCC%20Cancer%20Staging%20Form%20Supplement.pdf|website=www.cancerstaging.org|access-date=7 April 2019|date=5 June 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;margin-left:1em;" |<div style="float:left;width:39%;min-width:30em;margin:0.2em;"> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |T: Ciwon farko |- |TX | colspan="2" |Ba za a iya tantance kwayar cuta ta farko ba |- |Tis | colspan="2" |[[Carcinoma a wurin]] |- |T1 | colspan="2" |Tumor ≤ 2&nbsp;cm tare da zurfin mamayewa (DOI*) ≤5mm |- |T2 | colspan="2" |Tumor ≤ 2&nbsp;cm tare da DOI*>5mm ''ko'' ƙari>2&nbsp;cm da ≤ 4&nbsp;cm tare da DOI * ≥10mm |- |T3 | colspan="2" |Tumor> 2&nbsp;cm da ≤4&nbsp;cm tare da DOI*> 10mm ''ko'' ƙari> 4&nbsp;cm tare da DOI* ≤ 10mm |- |T4 | colspan="2" |Cututtukan gida masu matsakaicin ci gaba ko ci gaba sosai |- | rowspan="2" | |T4a |Ciwon gida mai matsakaicin ci gaba, kumburi>4&nbsp;cm tare da DOI *> 10mm ''ko'' kari yana mamaye tsarin da ke kusa da shi kawai (kashin cortical na mandible ko maxilla (ban da yashewar hakori kawai a cikin ciwan gingival) ko ya haɗa da maxillary sinus ko fatar fuska) |- |T4b |Ciwon gida mai ci gaba sosai. Tumor ya mamaye sararin masticator, faranti na pterygoid, ko gindin kwanyar da/ko ya gunshi jijiya carotid na ciki. |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |*DOI zurfin mamayewa ne '''ba''' kauri ba. |} </div><div style="float:left;width:39%;min-width:30em;margin:0.2em;"> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |N: Nodes na Lymph na asibiti (rarrabuwa daban don rarrabuwar cututtuka) |- |NX | colspan="2" |Ba za a iya tantance nodes na yanki ba |- |N0 | colspan="2" |Babu metastasis na yankin lymph nodes |- |N1 | colspan="2" |Metastasis a cikin kumburin lymph na [[ipsilateral]] guda daya, <3&nbsp;cm da ENE (-) |- |N2 | colspan="2" |Metastasis a cikin kumburin lymph na ipsilateral guda daya, ≤3&nbsp;cm ko karami da ENE(+) ko> 3&nbsp;cm da ≤6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-); ko metastases a cikin nodes na kwayar cuta na ispsilateral, babu> 6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-); ko a cikin nodes (s) na lymph na [[Sabani|gefe]] ko na gaba, ba> 6&nbsp;cm ENE (-) |- | rowspan="3" | |N2a |Metastasis a cikin kumburin ipsilateral guda daya <3&nbsp;cm da ENE (+); ko guda ipsitereral node ≥3&nbsp;cm da <6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-) |- |N2b |Metastases a cikin nodes na ipsilateral da yawa, <6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-) |- |N2c |Metastases a cikin nodes na lymph na biyu ko na gaba; <6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-) |- |N3 | colspan="2" |Metastasis a cikin kumburin lymph ≥6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-); ko metastasis a cikin kowane nbodes (s) da na asibiti overt ENE (+) |- | rowspan="2" | |N3a |Metastasis a cikin kumburin lymph ≥6&nbsp;cm da ENE (-) |- |N3b |Metastasis a cikin kowane nodes (s) da ENE (+) na asibiti. |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Lura: Za a iya amfani da alamar "U" ko "L" don kowane nau'in N don nuna metastasis a sama (U) ko kasa (L) wananan iyakar cricoid. ENE (+/-) yana nuna kasancewar ko rashi na cutar extranodal |} </div><div style="float:left;width:19%;min-width:15em;margin:0.2em;"> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |M: Metastasis |- |cM0 | colspan="2" |Babu metastasis mai nisa |- |cM1 | colspan="2" |Metastasis mai nisa |- |pM1 | colspan="2" |Metastasis mai nisa, an tabbatar da san karamin abu |} </div> |} Kimar TMN yana ba da damar a rarraba mutumin zuwa gungiyar tsinkaya; [[File:PET-CT_scanning_of_lymph_node_metastases_in_cancer_2.jpg|right|thumb|Spread of cancer beyond the capsule of a lymph node (ENE+).]] TMN evaluation allows the person to be classified into a prognostic staging group;<ref name="AJCC8th3" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;" |'''AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups'''<ref name="AJCC8th3" /> !When T is... !And N is... !And M is... !Then the stage group is... |- |Tis |N0 |M0 |0 |- |T1 |N0 |M0 |I |- |T2 |N0 |M0 |II |- |T3 |N0 |M0 |III |- |T1,T2,T3 |N1 |M0 |III |- |T4a |N0,N1 |M0 |IVA |- |T1,T2,T3,T4a |N2 |M0 |IVA |- |Any T |N3 |M0 |IVB |- |T4b |Any N |M0 |IVB |- |Any T |Any N |M1 |IVC |} [[File:PET-CT_scanning_of_lymph_node_metastases_in_cancer_2.jpg|right|thumb|Yaduwar cutar kansa fiye da capsule na kumburin lymph (ENE+).]] == Nunawa == Miyagun Ayyukan Tsoratarwar Amurka (Uspstf) a cikin 2013 da aka bayyana hujjoji ba su da isasshen inganci da cutar kansa ba tare da alamomi ta hanyar ba da kulawa. <ref name="US2013Oral2">{{cite web|title=Final Recommendation Statement: Oral Cancer: Screening—US Preventive Services Task Force|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/oral-cancer-screening1|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|access-date=23 November 2017|date=November 2013}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka ta zo ga irin wannan matsaya yayin da gungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa manya sama da shekaru 20 wadanda ke yin gwajin lafiya na lokaci-lokaci yakamata a bincika kogon baki don ciwon daji. gungiyar Haƙori ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa masu ba da sabis su kasance a fadake don alamun ciwon daji yayin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun. Akwai nau'ikan na'urorin dubawa iri-iri irin su toluidine blue, brush biopsy, ko hoto mai haske, duk da haka, babu wata shaida cewa yin amfani da waɗannan na'urori na yau da kullun a aikin haƙori na gaba daya yana taimakawa. <ref name=":182">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, O'Malley LA, Ogden G, Shepherd S, Glenny AM|title=Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=11|pages=CD004150|date=November 2013|volume=2021|pmid=24254989|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004150.pub4|pmc=8078625|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hadarin da za a yi amfani da su na yin amfani da na'urorin tantancewa sun hadaa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, gwajin kwayoyin cuta marasa amfani, da nauyin kudi. Kididdigar kananan kwayoyin cuta na iya taimakawa a farkon ganewar cututtuka na pre-malignant da m raunuka, don haka inganta rayuwa da kuma rage cututtuka da ke hade da magani. Haka kuma an yi bincike da ke nuna yuwuwar yin amfani da ilimin sinadarai na baka a matsayin gwajin cutar kansar baki maimakon dabarun biopsy na gargajiya. A cikin cytology na baka, ana amfani da goga don daukar wasu sel daga raunin da ake zargi kuma ana aika su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don dubawa. <ref name=":172">{{Cite journal|last1=Walsh|date=2021-07-20|pmid=34282854|pmc=8407012|issn=1469-493X|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010276.pub3|pages=CD010276|issue=7|volume=2021|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|title=Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions|first6=Saman|first1=Tanya|last6=Warnakulasuriya|first5=Graham R.|last5=Ogden|first4=Mark W.|last4=Lingen|first3=Alexander R.|last3=Kerr|first2=Richard|last2=Macey|pmc-embargo-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref> Wannan na iya zama kasa da barna da zafi fiye da kwayar kwayar cuta ga mai hakuri, duk da haka, akwai bukatar karin bincike kafin a iya daukar cytology na baka azaman kayan aikin tantancewa na yau da kullun idan aka kwatanta da biopsies. == Gudanarwa == [[File:Dvt_rendering_bionerd.gif|right|thumb|Hoton bayan aikin bayan an cire ciwon daji na baka tare da wani yanki na [[mandible]] ( [[Bututun ciyarwa|bubin ciyarwa]] a hanci)]] Ciwon daji na baka (squamous cell carcinoma) yawanci ana yi masa tiyata ne kawai, ko kuma a hade tare da jiyya, gami da radiation, tare da ko ba tare da chemotherapy ba. {{Rp|pages=602}}Tare da kananan raunuka (T1), tiyata ko radiation suna da nau'o'in kulawa iri daya, don haka yanke shawara game da abin da za a yi amfani da shi ya dogara ne akan sakamakon aiki, da kuma rikitarwa. === Tiyata === A mafi yawan cibiyoyi, kawar da ciwon daji na [[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous cell]] daga kogon baka da wuya ana samun su da farko ta hanyar tiyata. Wannan kuma yana ba da damar cikakken nazarin nama don halaye na [[Histopathological|tarihi]], kamar zurfin, da kuma yada zuwa nodes na lymph wadanda zasu bukaci radiation ko chemotherapy. Don kananan raunuka (T1-2), samun dama ga kogon baka yana ta bakin. Lokacin da raunin ya fi girma, ya haɗa da kashi na [[maxilla]] ko [[mandible]], ko samun damar shiga ya iyakance saboda buɗe baki, babba ko kananan lebe ya rabu, kuma kunci ya ja baya don ba da damar shiga bakin. Lokacin da dari ya kunshi kashin muƙamuƙi, ko lokacin tiyata ko radiation zai haifar da iyakacin buɗe baki, ana kuma cire ɓangaren kashi tare da kari. === Gudanar da wuyansa === [[File:Diagram_showing_the_scar_line_after_lymph_node_dissection_in_the_neck_CRUK_368.svg|right|thumb|Layin tabo na gama gari bayan rarraba kumburin kumburin mahaifa]] Yaduwar ciwon daji daga kogon baka zuwa ga nodes na [[Kwayoyin lymph na mahaifa|lymph]] na wuyansa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan [[Yawan tsira da ciwon daji|rayuwa]] . Tsakanin 60-70% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji na baki ba za su sami kumburin ƙwayar lymph na wuyansa a [[Lymphadenopathy na mahaifa|asibiti]] ba, amma 20-30% na mutanen (ko har zuwa 20% na duk wadanda abin ya shafa) za su sami ciwon daji wanda ba za a iya gano shi ba. Kwayoyin lymph na wuyansa (wanda ake kira cutar occult). Gudanar da wuyansa yana da mahimmanci, tun lokacin da aka yada shi yana rage yiwuwar rayuwa ta hanyar 50%.<ref name=":172" /> Idan akwai shaidar shigar kumburin lymph na wuyansa, a lokacin lokacin ganewar asali, to, ana yin gyaran gyare-gyaren [[Rarraba wuya|wuyan wuyansa]] gabaɗaya. Inda ƙwayoyin lymph na wuyansa ba su da shaidar shiga asibiti, amma raunin kogin baki yana da haɗari ga yaduwa (misali. T2 ko sama da raunuka), sa'an nan kuma za a iya kammala rarraba wuyan wuyansa na kwayoyin lymph sama da matakin [[tsokar Omohyoid|tsokar omohyoid]] . Lokacin da cutar idan aka samu a cikin nodes bayan cirewa (amma ba a gani a asibiti ba) yawan maimaitawa shine 10-24%. Idan an ƙara radiation bayan tiyata, ƙimar gazawar ita ce 0-15%. Lokacin da aka gano ƙwayoyin lymph a asibiti a lokacin lokacin ganewar asali, kuma an ƙara radiation bayan tiyata, kula da cututtuka shine> 80%.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zelefsky MJ, Harrison LB, Fass DE, Armstrong JG, Shah JP, Strong EW|title=Postoperative radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx: impact of therapy on patients with positive surgical margins|journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics|volume=25|issue=1|pages=17–21|date=January 1993|pmid=8416876|doi=10.1016/0360-3016(93)90139-m}}</ref> === Radiotherapy da chemotherapy === [[File:Radiation_(10613606134).jpg|right|thumb|Maganin radiation]] Chemotherapy da [[radiotherapy]] yawanci ana amfani da su, azaman hadin kai ga tiyata, don sarrafa ciwon daji na baka wanda ya fi mataki na 1, ko kuma ya yadu zuwa ko dai kwayoyin lymph na yanki ko wasu sassan jiki. Radiotherapy kadai za a iya amfani da shi a maimakon tiyata, don wananan raunuka, amma ana amfani dashi a matsayin hadin gwiwa lokacin da raunuka suka yi girma, ba za a iya cire su gaba daya ba, ko kuma sun yada zuwa kwayoyin lymph na wuyansa. [[Chemotherapy]] yana da amfani a cikin ciwon daji na baka idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da wasu hanyoyin magani kamar radiation far amma ba a yi amfani da shi kadai a matsayin monotherapy. Lokacin da magani ba shi da wuya, ana iya amfani da shi don tsawaita rayuwa kuma ana iya la'akari da shi azaman [[Kulawar warkewa|magani amma ba kula]] da warkewa ba. <ref name="Petrelli142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrelli F, Coinu A, Riboldi V, Borgonovo K, Ghilardi M, Cabiddu M, Lonati V, Sarti E, Barni S|display-authors=6|title=Concomitant platinum-based chemotherapy or cetuximab with radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies|journal=Oral Oncology|volume=50|issue=11|pages=1041–8|date=November 2014|pmid=25176576|doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.08.005}}</ref> [[Monoclonal antibody far]] (tare da jamiái irin su [[cetuximab]] ) an nuna cewa yana da tasiri a cikin maganin ciwon daji na squamous cell da wuyansa, kuma yana iya samun tasiri mai yawa a cikin kula da wannan yanayin a nan gaba idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da sauran maganin da aka kafa. modalities, ko da yake ba maye gurbin chemotherapy a kai da kuma wuyansa cancers. <ref name="Chan20152">{{cite journal|vauthors=Chan KK, Glenny AM, Weldon JC, Furness S, Worthington HV, Wakeford H|title=Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=12|pages=CD010341|date=December 2015|pmid=26625332|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010341.pub2}}</ref> Hakazalika, hanyoyin da aka yi niyya ta kwayoyin cuta da magungunan rigakafi na iya zama tasiri don maganin ciwon daji na baka da na oropharyngeal. Kara abubuwan hadakar hadakar epidermal receptor monoclonal antibody (EGFR mAb) zuwa daidaitaccen magani na iya hadaka rayuwa, kiyaye ciwon daji iyakance ga wannan yanki na jiki kuma yana iya rage bayyanar cutar kansa. === Gyaran jiki === Bayan jiyya, [[Magungunan jiki da gyarawa|gyara]] na iya zama dole don inganta motsi, taunawa, hadiye, da magana. [[Magana da ilimin harshe|Masana magana da harshe]] na iya shiga cikin wannan matakin. Maganin ciwon daji na baki yawanci zai kasance ta gungiyar kwararrun , tare da kwararrun jiyya daga yanayin radiation, tiyata, chemotherapy, abinci mai gina jiki, likitan hakori, har ma da ilimin halin dan adam duk mai yuwuwar hadawa da ganewar asali, jiyya, gyarawa, da kulawa. Saboda wurin ciwon daji na baka, ana iya samun lokacin da mutum ya bukaci [[tracheotomy]] da [[bututun ciyarwa]] . == Manazarta == [[Category:Cutar daji]] tff6nt9nn5h91k45rvy16ehks908vac 0 30078 891127 663628 2026-08-03T23:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox organization with unknown parameters|opened byEnvironment Centre (Swansea)]] [[Fayil:Hurricane-Katrina-Pass-Christian-debris-EPA.jpg|thumb]] Cibiyar '''Muhalli''' a Swansea, Wales, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta agaji don bayanin muhalli, ilimi da ayyuka. ''Cibiyar Muhalli'' kuma na iya komawa zuwa ginin da ƙungiyar agaji ke ciki. Manufar Cibiyar Muhalli ita ce ta wayar da kan mutane game da al'amuran muhalli, don ƙara yawan shiga ayyukan muhalli da kuma yin aiki don samun makoma mai dorewa . Kuma Yana haɓaka, alal misali, manufar Rs guda uku (rage, sake amfani da, sake yin fa'ida) . <ref>Peregrine, Chris. Waste not want not – recycling is all bagged up. In: The Evening Post, Thu 2 December 2010.</ref> Cibiyar tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyi, bayanai kan batutuwan muhalli da ayyukan ilimi. Duka ƙungiyar agaji da gininta suna aiki azaman tsakiyar wurin musanya da haɗin kai don ƙungiyoyin muhalli a duk kewayen Swansea da South Wales. Ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci za su iya hayar ɗakuna a Cibiyar don tarurruka, horo, tattaunawa, taro, tambayoyi da Kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Cibiyar kuma tana da filin ofis mai rahusa don ƙungiyoyin sa kai na gida. <ref name="sa 07-08">{{Cite web |title=Social Accounts 2007–2008 |url=http://www.environmentcentre.org.uk/aboutus/Social_Accounts_2007-08.pdf |access-date=2022-03-14 |archive-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715000703/http://www.environmentcentre.org.uk/aboutus/Social_Accounts_2007-08.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="BBC EC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/nature/organisations/pages/swansea_ec.shtml Swansea Environment Centre] in BBC's register of South West Wales Nature Organisations</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyar Muhalli ta Swansea ce ta kafa Cibiyar Muhalli (SEF) a watan Mayu shekarata 1994 <ref name="trusteesreport">[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/ScannedAccounts/Ends78%5C0001039378_ac_20100331_e_c.pdf Trustees' report and financial statement]{{Dead link|date=August 2019|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Rukuni:Articles with dead external links from August 2019]] [[Rukuni:Articles with permanently dead external links]] of the Environment Centre (March 2010), provided by the UK Charity Commission</ref> <ref name="sef">[http://www.swanseaenvironmentalforum.net/ Swansea Environmental Forum (SEF)] official website.</ref> tare da Majalisar City of Swansea, Majalisar Ƙarƙara don Wales da Kwamitin Yariman Wales. SEF kanta yanzu tana cikin Cibiyar Muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1995 Yariman Wales ya buɗe ginin. Located in Pier Street, wani bangare ne na sake farfado da kwata- kwata na Maritime Quarter na Swansea. == Ginin == Kafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta zo don amfani da tsohuwar ginin bulo mai ja a cikin Quarter Maritime, an yi amfani da shi azaman ɗaya daga cikin musayar tarho na Swansea (yanzu yana cikin BT Tower ). Lokacin sabunta Musanya Tsohuwar Waya don tsara Cibiyar Muhalli, sake amfani da tsoffin kayan ya rage buƙatun sababbi. Yankin yammacin zamani na ginin, Cibiyar Albarkatu ko annexe, Air Architecture ne ya gina shi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ya buɗe a 2001. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙirar yanayi, sake amfani da sake yin amfani da tsohuwar abu da dacewa da ginin tare da fasahohi masu ɗorewa. Cibiyar Muhalli don haka tana nuna matakan ingantaccen makamashi. An ba da lambar yabo ta Annexe tare da ''kyaututtukan ƙira na Lord Mayor's shekarata 2000'' a cikin Rukunin ''Mafi kyawun sabon gini - mara zamanai'' da ''ingantaccen makamashi'' . Ana amfani da na'urar hasken rana akan rufin cibiyar don dumama ruwan annexe da ma na'urar dumama ƙasa. Rufin turf da lambun halitta a bayan gida suna ba da yanayi mai dacewa ga ma'aikata da baƙi na cibiyar. == Kayayyakin muhalli, kwayoyin halitta da gaskiya == Annexe yana ɗaukar bakuncin gidan kafe na intanet na gaskiya da kantin kore, yana ba da samfuran waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daidai, na halitta ko samarwa ta hanyar muhalli. Daga cikin kewayon samfuran akwai Ecoleaf (ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Suma ), Doy Bags da samfuran tsaftacewa na Ecover, waɗanda ake da'awar suna da inganci kuma gabaɗaya . Don dalilai na rage sharar gida, shagon yana ba da damar sake cika tsoffin tasoshin kayayyakin tsaftacewa. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu zaman kansu na amfani da dakunan da yawa na Cibiyar Muhalli, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin Cibiyar Muhalli na tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli. == Bayani a Cibiyar == Bayan amsoshi na sirri daga mutane a Cibiyar, akwai bayanan masu zuwa: * Labari mai kyau, jaridar kwata-kwata da aka buga a Burtaniya * ''Green Light'', Cibiyar ta kansa na wata-wata labarai, dauke da 'yan al'amurran da suka shafi, dacewa labarai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da Swansea * littattafai, ƙasidu, fastoci, ƙasidu, katunan rubutu da sauran abubuwa da yawa kan batutuwan muhalli da jin kai == EC a matsayin ƙungiyar laima == Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi uku na Cibiyar Muhalli shine don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli na gida. Kuma Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar samar da fili ga wasu. Don haka Cibiyar Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga sauran ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Undercurrents, ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar bidiyo da ke ba da madadin labarai <ref name="Undercurrents">[http://www.undercurrents.org/ Undercurrents] official website.</ref> <ref name="guardian.undercurrents">[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/aug/20/mondaymediasection.politics/print Good evening, here is the real news], by Paul O'Connor, in: The Guardian, Monday 20 August 2001</ref> * Abokan Duniya, Ƙungiya na gida na Swansea na ''Abokan Duniya na Ingila, Wales & Ireland ta Arewa'', ƙungiyar matsa lamba na muhalli <ref name="foe">[http://www.swanseafoe.org.uk/ Friends of the Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324114904/http://www.swanseafoe.org.uk/ |date=2021-03-24 }} local group Swansea</ref> * [http://www.sustainableswansea.net/ Sustainable Swansea Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317095420/http://www.sustainableswansea.net/ |date=2022-03-17 }}, wani aikin da nufin kara matakin dorewa a duk matakan da mutum mataki a Swansea. Ɗayan ayyukanta shine Green Map na Swansea. <ref name="susswan">[http://www.sustainableswansea.net/ Sustainable Swansea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317095420/http://www.sustainableswansea.net/ |date=2022-03-17 }} official website.</ref> * [http://www.seeforum.org.uk/ Swansea Environmental Education Forum (SEEF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116180824/http://www.seeforum.org.uk/ |date=2019-01-16 }}, ƙungiya ce ta haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da ingancin ilimin muhalli a cikin Swansea, samar da bayanai, albarkatu da lambobin sadarwa * [http://www.moregreen.org.uk/ More Green Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124110/http://www.moregreen.org.uk/ |date=2022-03-31 }}, ƙungiyar tattarawa da rarraba kayan daki don sake amfani da su da sake amfani da su * [http://www.onepeople.org.uk OnePeople Productions], ƙungiyar shirya fina-finai da ke nuna ''rashin ƙarfi'' <ref name="onepeople">[http://www.onepeople.org.uk OnePeople Productions] official website.</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162256/http://www2.btcv.org.uk/display/btcv_wales BTCV Wales], Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Wales * [http://www.bikeabilitywales.org.uk/ BikeAbility Wales], ƙungiya ce da ke haɓaka hawan keke ga mutane masu iyawa duka <ref name="BikeAbility">[http://www.bikeabilitywales.org.uk/ BikeAbility Wales] official website</ref> * [http://www.wyfsd.org Dandalin Matasa na Welsh akan Ci gaba mai dorewa (wyfsd)]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <ref name="wyfsd">[http://www.wyfsd.org Welsh Youth Forum on Sustainable Development (wyfsd)]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} official website.</ref> * [http://www.bats.org.uk/ Amintaccen Tsaro na Jet]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110212052120/http://www.environmentcentre.org.uk/scrap/index.htm Abokin Hulɗar Sake Amfani da Al'umma na Swansea (SCRAP)], aikin da ke nufin rage yawan sharar gida a Swansea * DJ Transport Consultants * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110108140938/http://www.fairtradeswansea.org.uk/index.htm Swansea Fair Trade Forum], don bayani da aiki akan Fairtrade * [http://www.groundwork.org.uk/ Groundwork], ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa tare da canje-canje don rayuwa a cikin mafi kyawun unguwannin ''Undercurrents'', ''Mutane Daya'' da ''Sustainable Swansea'' duka suna samar da bidiyo da hotuna da aka raba akan Swansea Telly, tashar bidiyo ta gida mai kama da YouTube. == Manazarta == mpqmxjgvjt2u8i951swpvcjjfcuiew4 0 30089 891131 449403 2026-08-04T00:03:48Z Baffa ali 47435 891131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regina Ansah''' (an haife ta 23 ga Agusta 1974) ƴar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ghana wadda ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 1999. A matakin kulob ta buga wa Bluna Ladies a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1883721/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702171951/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/archive/usa1999/teams/team=1883721/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2015|title=FIFA Women's World Cup USA 1999 - Ghana|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=1999|work=FIFA Women's World Cup United States 1999}}</ref> tacigaba taka rawar a kwallan kafa ta mata. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1974]] aojclcqh6dg51zdcivbez4h5bgta8na 0 31777 891125 879885 2026-08-03T23:42:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 891125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Djibril Moussa Souna''' (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, 1992) a [[Niamey|Yamai]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Nijar (ƙasa)|ƙasar Nijar]]. A halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar AS GNN ta Nijar. Shi memba ne a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Nijar, wanda ake kira a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2012.<ref>"Niger - M. Djibrilla - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com.</ref> halin Yanzu tauraruwarsa na juyawa. {{Stub}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|pid=39940}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] Djibril Moussa Souna Djibril Moussa Souna (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1992 a Yamai (Niamey), Nijar) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Nijar. Ya fi taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (defender). Ya shahara da ƙarfin jiki, iya tare hare-haren abokan hamayya, da kuma taka rawar gani a tsaron ƙungiyarsa. Rayuwarsa ta farko An haifi Djibril Moussa Souna a birnin Yamai, babban birnin Nijar. Tun yana ƙarami yake sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a matakin matasa kafin ya samu damar shiga manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar. Hazakarsa da jajircewarsa suka sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na Nijar. Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa Djibril ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na Nijar, ciki har da AS FAN da kuma AS GNN. A waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kare gida da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hare-hare daga baya. A matakin ƙasa Souna ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar, kuma an saka shi cikin tawagar Nijar da ta halarci Gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) ta 2012. Wannan ne karo na farko da Nijar ta taka leda a wannan babbar gasa, kuma kasancewarsa cikin tawagar ya kasance babban ci gaba a rayuwarsa ta wasa. Salon wasansa Djibril Moussa Souna ɗan wasa ne mai: Ƙarfin jiki da iya fafatawa da 'yan gaba. Iya karanta wasan da katse hare-hare. Kyakkyawan amfani da ƙafafu wajen fara gina wasa daga baya. Jajircewa da ƙoƙari a duk lokacin wasa. Takaitaccen bayani Cikakken suna: Djibril Moussa Souna Ranar haihuwa: 7 ga Mayu, 1992 Wurin haihuwa: Yamai, Nijar Ƙasa: Nijar Matsayi: Mai tsaron baya (Defender) Ƙungiyoyin da ya buga wa: AS FAN, AS GNN Ƙungiyar ƙasa: Nijar Babbar gasa: Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) 2012. bq88yya1tvlrff9ur9t594g4qxg2tyc 0 32272 891224 874762 2026-08-04T07:47:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dipo''' bikin gargajiya ne na kasar Ghana da al'ummar kasar Krobo ke yi a yankin Gabashin Ghana.<ref name="Bak">{{cite web|title=Festivals in Ghana|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/tourism/festivals.php|publisher=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne a cikin watan Afrilu na kowace shekara.<ref name="Bak" /> Ana amfani da bikin ne don shigar da ’yan mata balaga ko balaga, kuma yana nuna cewa yarinyar da ke halarta ta kai shekarun aure.<ref name="DIPO DISTRICT">{{cite web|title=Some festivals in Ghana|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/home/?_=33|publisher=www.ghanadistricts.com|accessdate=28 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220062338/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/home/?_=33|archivedate=20 December 2011}}</ref> Da iyaye suka ji sanarwar bikin sun aika da ƙwararrun ’yan matan zuwa wurin babban firist. Sai dai kuma wadannan ’yan mata sai sun yi ta al’ada da gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da tsaftar su kafin su samu damar halartar bikin.<ref name="bb">{{cite web|url=http://www.travel-to-discover-ghana.com/dipo-festival.html|title=dipo rite|accessdate=6 September 2014|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422111346/http://www.travel-to-discover-ghana.com/dipo-festival.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar farko ta bikin, 'yan matan suna aske kawunansu da kuma sanye da mayafi a kugunsu har zuwa gwiwa. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar uwa ta musamman na al'ada kuma yana nuna canjin su daga ƙuruciya zuwa girma.<ref name="ccc">{{cite web|url=http://bradtghanaupdate.wordpress.com/2013/04/07/dipo-festival-of-the-krobo-somanya-odumasi/|title=dipo festival|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> Ana nuna su ga dukkan al'umma a matsayin masu farawa (dipo-yo).<ref name="bb" /> Washe gari, babban firist ya yi wa waɗanda suka fara yin wanka. Yana zuba libation domin neman albarka ga 'yan matan. Sannan ya wanke kafarsu da jinin akuya da iyayensu suka gabatar. Wannan shi ne don kawar da duk wani ruhin bakarariya.<ref name="bb" /> Muhimmin sashi na bikin shine lokacin da 'yan mata suka zauna a kan dutse mai tsarki. Wannan shine tabbatar da budurcinsu.<ref name="aaa">{{cite web|url=http://site.uit.no/ruhta/dipo/|title=dipo|accessdate=6 September 2014|archive-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907005441/http://site.uit.no/ruhta/dipo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, duk yarinyar da aka samu tana da ciki ko ba budurwa ba, al'umma sun kyamace ta kuma ba za ta yaudari namiji daga kabilar ba. Daga nan sai a zaunar da ’yan matan na tsawon mako guda, inda ake ba su horo kan yadda ake girki, da kula da gida, da haihuwa da renon yara. Mata masu tsafi suna ba su darussa na musamman kan lalata da yadda mazajensu za su yi tsammanin za a yi musu. Suna koyon raye-rayen Klama da za a yi a ranar ƙarshe na bukukuwan.<ref name="ccc" /> Bayan kammala karatun sati daya, an sallame su, jama'a sun taru domin murnar sauya shekarsu zuwa mace. An sanye su da kyau sanye da kayan kente mai arziƙi wanda aka haɗa da beads a kusa da kugu, wuyansu da hannaye. Tare da rera waƙa da ganguna, suna yin rawan Klama.<ref name="bb" /> A wannan lokacin, duk wani namiji mai sha'awar ɗayansu zai iya fara bincike game da danginta. Ana ɗauka cewa duk macen da ta shiga cikin ayyukan ibada ba kawai tana kawo wa kanta girma ba amma ga danginta gaba ɗaya. Ana yin hakan ne domin farantawa mata matasa sanin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu kafin su shiga aure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upper Manya Krobo – Eastern Regional Official Website|url=http://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/upper-manya-krobo/|access-date=2020-08-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220090118/http://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/upper-manya-krobo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0pgqd104pxuzqzxi74x4mwpa8c22ydv 0 38907 891212 474333 2026-08-04T06:28:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi,_Kenya.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mutum-mutumin Dedan Kimathi Waciuri]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Dedan Kimathi Waciuri''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1920 - 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1957), an haife shi ''Kimathi wa Waciuri'' a cikin Kenya ta Burtaniya a lokacin, shi ne babban soja kuma jagoran ruhaniya na tashin Mau Mau . Wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin jagoran juyin juya hali, ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar soji dauke da makamai da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Kenya a shekarun, 1950 har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a shekara ta, 1956 sannan aka zartar da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta, 1957. Kimathi yana da alhakin jagorantar ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tsarin soja na yau da kullun a cikin Mau Mau, da kuma kiran majalisar yaƙi a shekara ta, 1953. Shi, tare da Musa Mwariama da Muthoni Kirima, na ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Filaye uku. [[Fayil:Dedan Kimathi. (Detail). c 1952. Nairobi. Photo by Gopal Singh Chandan of Star Studio.jpg|thumb|Dedan Kimathi]] Masu kishin ƙasar Kenya suna kallonsa a matsayin gwarzon dan gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai na ƙasar Kenya da Turawan mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Kenya, yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ke kallonsa a matsayin dan ta’adda. Duk da cewa shugabannin biyu na farko na Kenya mai cin gashin kanta, [[Jomo Kenyatta]] da Daniel Arap Moi, Kimathi da takwarorinsa na 'yan tawayen Mau Mau sun yi wa kallon kyama a hukumance a matsayin gwarzaye a fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai na Kenya a karkashin gwamnatin Mwai Kibaki, wanda ya kai ga kaddamar da bikin. wani mutum-mutumi na Kimathi a cikin shekara ta, 2007. An ƙarfafa hakan ne ta hanyar amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta, 2010 da ke kira da a ƙarama jaruman ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kimathi a kauyen Thegenge, yankin Tetu, gundumar Nyeri . Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Satumba shekara ta, 1920, wata guda kafin a haifi Kimathi. Kimathi ya kasance mahaifiyarsa, Waibuthi, daya daga cikin matan mahaifinsa uku. Yana da ’yan’uwa biyu, Wambararia da Wagura, da ’yan’uwa mata biyu. Yana dan shekara sha biyar ya shiga makarantar firamare ta garin Karuna-ini inda ya kammala karatunsa na [[turanci]] . Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Tumutumu CMS. Ya kasance marubuci mai kishi, kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kafin da lokacin tashin Mau Mau. Ya kasance memba Club Debate a makarantarsa kuma ya nuna iyawa a cikin waƙa. Kimathi ya yi tir da duk wani yunƙuri na horo ko sarrafa shi, kuma koyaushe yana cikin matsala da malamansa; <ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.287">David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.287</ref> a sakamakon haka, ya shiga da fita daga tsarin ilimi. Tumutumu ba zai iya ɗaukar halinsa na tawaye ba. Ana zargin har da yunkurin gurgunta karatu a makarantar ta hanyar satar ƙarar kararrawa. Abokan nasa sun ce ya ɗauki kararrawa ya buga da karfi a saman tudun Tumutumu. Duk da haka masu wa'azin mishan sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi, har yanzu sunansa yana cikin rajistar makaranta. A cikin shekara ta, 1940, Kimathi ya shiga cikin Sojan Burtaniya, amma an sallame shi bayan wata guda, ana zarginsa da buguwa da tashin hankali a kan abokan aikinsa. <ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.287" /> Ya tashi daga aiki zuwa aiki, daga barawon alade zuwa malamin firamare, daga inda aka kore shi bayan zargin cin zarafin dalibansa. <ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.287" /> Sai dai makusantan nasa sun ce an kore shi ne saboda ya yi magana game da hukumar makarantar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} == Mau Mau motsi == A kusa da shekarar, 1947 ko shekarar, 1948, yayin da yake aiki a Ol Kalou, Kimathi ya sadu da membobin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KAU). A shekara ta 1950 ya zama sakatare a reshen KAU a Ol Kalou, wanda magoya bayan kungiyar Mau Mau ke iko da shi. Mau Mau ya fara ne a matsayin Sojojin Kasa da 'Yanci (KLFA), mayakan Kikuyu, da sojojin Embu da Meru wadanda suka nemi kwato filayen, wanda a hankali turawan Ingila suka kwace daga hannunsu. Yayin da tasirin kungiyar da kuma kasancewarta mambobi ya zama babbar barazana ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} [[Fayil:Dedan Kimathi (R) & unidentified comrades. Nairobi. c 1952. Photo by Gopal Singh of Star Studio.jpg|thumb|Dedan Kimathi a tsakiya ]] Bayan da aka rantsar da Mau Mau, Kimathi a cikin shekara ta, 1951 ya shiga Rukunin Arba'in, reshen tsageru na rusasshiyar kungiyar Kikuyu ta tsakiya . A matsayin sakataren reshe, Kimathi ya jagoranci rantsuwa. Ya yi imani da tilasta wa Kikuyu ta hanyar rantsuwa don kawo hadin kai ga yunkurin 'yancin kai. Don cimma haka sai ya yi ta dukan tsiya tare da daukar bindigu mai yawan gaske. <ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.288">David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.288 </ref> Ayyukan da ya yi da kungiyar sun sa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi masa hari, kuma a waccan shekarar ne aka kama shi a takaice amma ya tsere da taimakon ‘yan sandan yankin. Wannan shi ne mafarin shigarsa cikin boren, kuma ya kafa hukumar tsaron Kenya domin hada kai da dukkan mayakan dajin a shekarar, 1953.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} == Kama da kisa == Yaƙin Kimathi na samun ‘yancin kai ya zo ƙarshen shekarar, 1956. A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba na waccan shekarar, Ian Henderson, wani jami'in 'yan sandan Birtaniya da ke mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kasance a kan "farautar kima" don Kimathi, ya yi nasarar kama shi a cikin ɓoye a cikin dajin. <ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.288">David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.288 </ref> An harbe Kimathi a kafa kuma wani dan sandan kabilanci da ake kira Ndirangu Mau {{Efn|Ndirangu Mau had joined the Tribal Police in 1940 at a salary of Sh60 a month to help maintain peace in tribal settlements. He patrolled villages around Nyeri, Karatina and Ihururu. He said he joined the colonial forces and not the freedom fighters because he thought it would "help ease the tension between the two forces". He hoped that he would somehow "help the white man understand Africans were angry about the loss of their land". After the capture and execution of Kimathi, Ndirangu Mau was shunned and pilloried by local villagers. His family bore the brunt, his children being treated as outcasts in school and physically bullied. They lived on a small piece of land under a cloud of suspicion.}} ya kama shi wanda ya tarar da Kimathi dauke da panga (kayan aiki na Afirka da aka zare kamar machete). Kame shi ya nuna farkon ƙarshen yakin dajin; Hoton Kimathi da ake ɗauke da shi a kan shimfiɗa, Birtaniyya ne suka buga a cikin takardu (fiye da 120,000 aka rarraba), don kashe Mau Mau da magoya bayansu. An tuhumi Kimathi da laifin mallakar .38 Webley Scott revolver. Kotun da ke karkashin jagorancin Alkalin Alkalai O'Connor tare da alkalan bakar fata na 'yan Kenya sun yanke masa hukuncin kisa a lokacin da yake kwance a gadon asibiti a babban asibitin Nyeri . An yi watsi da daukaka karar da ya yi, kuma an zartar da hukuncin kisa. Kwana ɗaya kafin a kashe shi, ya rubuta wa wani Uba Marino wasiƙa yana roƙonsa ya koya wa ɗansa ilimi: “Ya yi nisa da yawancin makarantunku, amma na yi imani cewa dole ne a yi wani abu don ganin ya fara tun da wuri ƙarƙashin kulawar ku." Ya kuma rubuta game da matarsa, Mukami, yana mai cewa, “An tsare ta a gidan yarin Kamiti, kuma ina ba da shawarar a sake ta na wani lokaci. Ina so ta samu ta'aziyya daga 'yan'uwa mata misali Sister Modester, da dai sauransu domin ita ma tana jin kadaici. Kuma idan ta kowace hanya za ta iya zama kusa da manufa kamar kusa da Mathari domin ta kasance kusa da ’yan’uwa mata da ikilisiya.” Ya nemi ganin matarsa, kuma da safe aka kashe Mukami ya ga Kimathi. Su biyun sun shafe kusan awa biyu suna hira. Ya ce mata “Babu shakka a raina cewa Turawan Ingila sun kuduri aniyar kashe ni. Ban aikata wani laifi ba. Laifin da na yi shi ne, ni dan juyin-juya-halin kasar Kenya ne wanda ya jagoranci rundunar 'yantar da kasa. Yanzu Idan dole in bar ku da iyalina ba abin da zan yi nadama a kai. Jinina zai shayar da itacen 'yanci." A safiyar ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1957 an kashe shi ta hanyar rataya a gidan yarin Kamiti mafi girman tsaro . <ref> [[The EastAfrican]]: ''[http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/17122001/Regional/Regional15.html 'Dedan Kimathi was buried at Lang'ata']'' 10 December 2001</ref> An binne shi ne a cikin wani kabari da ba a bayyana ba, kuma ba a san inda aka binne shi ba tsawon shekaru 62 har zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2019 lokacin da gidauniyar Dedan Kimathi ta ba da rahoton cewa an gano wurin da aka binne shi a harabar gidan yarin Kamiti. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kimathi ya auri Mukami Kimathi. Daga cikin ‘ya’yansu akwai maza Wachiuri da Maina da ‘ya’ya mata Nyambura, Waceke, Wangeci, Nyakinyua Nyawira, Muthoni, Wangui da Wanjugu. <ref>The Standard: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150205224217/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/InsidePage.php?id=29886 Mandela heaps praise on freedom fighters]'' 3 October 2005</ref> Gwamnati ta gina wa Mukami gida mai dakuna uku a gonarta da ke Kinangop, gundumar Nyandarua a shekarar, 2009 kuma ta samar mata da gidan daukar gida biyu don amfanin sirri a shekarar, 2012. A shekara ta, 2010, matar Kimathi ta bukaci a sabunta neman gawar mijinta domin ta yi masa jana'iza mai kyau. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11515186 Kenya urged to find Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi's body] BBC News, 11 October 2010&#x3C;</ref> == Legacy == === Rijistar hukuma ta Mau Mau === A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2003, gwamnatin Kibaki ta yi rajistar ƙungiyar Mau Mau a hukumance, ba tare da la’akari da dokar zamanin mulkin mallaka da ta haramta ƙungiyar tare da sanya mambobinta a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda ba. A jawabinsa yayin mika takardar shaidar, mataimakin shugaban kasar Moody Awori ya yi nadama kan cewa an kwashe shekaru 40 ana yi wa kungiyar rajista a hukumance duk kuwa da sadaukarwar da Mau Mau ya yi don samun ‘yancin kai na kasar Kenya. === Hoton Dedan Kimathi === {{Multiple image|caption_align=center}} Gwamnatin Kibaki ta gina wani mutum-mutumin tagulla mai tsayin mita 2.1 mai taken Freedom Fighter Dedan Kimathi a kan wani katako mai zane, a tsakiyar [[Nairobi|birnin Nairobi]] . Mutum-mutumin yana mahadar titin Kimathi da titin Mama Ngina. Kimathi, sanye da kayan soja, yana rike da bindiga a hannun dama da wuka a hagu, makamai na karshe da ya rike a gwagwarmayar sa. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Awori ne ya aza harsashin ginin mutum-mutumin a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta, 2006 da kuma cikakken mutum-mutumi da shugaba Kibaki ya kaddamar a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2007 wanda ya yi daidai da cika shekaru 50 na ranar da aka kashe shi. A cikin jawabin nasa, Kibaki ya jinjinawa Kimathi a matsayin mutumin da ba wai kawai ya biya kudin da ya dace ba wajen ‘yantar da kasar Kenya, har ma da karfafa gwiwar sauran mutane wajen yakar zalunci. Mutum-mutumin ya jawo yabo daga al'ummar Kenya a matsayin karramawar Mau Mau da suka yi a fafutukar neman 'yancin kai. Wannan ya sha banban da yadda gwamnatin [[Jomo Kenyatta]] da Daniel Arap Moi suka yi wa Mau Mau a matsayin 'yan ta'adda bayan mulkin mallaka. A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2015, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Mau Mau a filin shakatawa na Uhuru na Nairobi wanda ta bayar da kudade "a matsayin alamar sulhu tsakanin gwamnatin Burtaniya, Mau Mau, da duk wadanda suka sha wahala". Hakan ya biyo bayan matakin da Birtaniyya ta dauka a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2013 na biyan wasu ‘yan Kenya sama da 5,000 da aka azabtar da su a lokacin rikicin Mau Mau. === Nelson Mandela === Kimathi dai ya samu karramawa daga jagoran yaki da wariyar launin fata [[Nelson Mandela]] . A watan Yulin 1990, watanni biyar bayan sakinsa daga shekaru 27 da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi, Mandela ya ziyarci birnin Nairobi inda ya bukaci ya ga kabarin Kimathi ya gana da matar sa Mukami. Bukatar Mandela ta kasance abin kunya ga gwamnatin Moi, wadda ta yi watsi da Kimathi, kamar gwamnatin Jomo Kenyatta da ke gabanta. Wani bala'i ne ake nemanta a ƙauyen da ita da danginta suke zaune an manta da ita cikin talauci. Ba a biya bukatar Mandela ba. A lokacin da yake jawabi ga jama'a a filin wasa na Kasarani da ke Nairobi kafin ya bar kasar, Mandela ya bayyana jin dadinsa ga Kimathi, Musa Mwariama, Waruhiu Itote da sauran shugabannin Mau Mau wadanda suka zaburar da kansa kan gwagwarmayar rashin adalci. Bayan shekaru 15 ne kawai a shekarar 2005, a ziyararsa ta biyu a Kenya, daga karshe Mandela ya samu damar ganawa da Mukami da kuma wasu 'ya'yan Kimati guda biyu. Mutuncin Mandela ga Kimathi a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ana ishara da shi a cikin ''My Moment with Legend'' by Ronnie Kasrils, tsohon babban jami'in leken asiri na reshen ANC mai dauke da makamai Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK) kuma ministan tsaro a gwamnatin Mandela. === Wurare masu suna Kimati === * Dedan Kimathi University of Technology * Filin wasa na Dedan Kimathi, Nyeri, Kenya (wanda aka fi sani da Kamukunji Grounds) <ref>The Standard, 4 November 2009: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/sports/InsidePage.php?id=1144027812&cid=39& RESTORING LOST GLORY: Nyeri half Marathon organisers keen to make the event a success]</ref> * Titin Kimathi, Nairobi, Kenya - Daya daga cikin manyan tituna a Babban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Nairobi da kuma inda akwai mutum-mutumi don girmama shi. * Titin Dedan Kimathi, [[Lusaka]], [[Zambiya]] - Ana kan wannan hanyar ita ce Tashar Bus ta Intercity da Jami'ar ZCAS. * Kimathi Avenue, [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] * Dedan Kimathi Road, [[Mombasa]], Kenya * Kimathi Road, Garin Nyeri, Kenya * Kimathi Road, Nanyuki Town, Kenya * Titin Dedan Kimathi, Embalenhle, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] * Dedan Kimathi Memorial High School, Nyeri, Kenya * Kimathi Crescent, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania == Shahararrun al'adu da ƙarin karatu == * ''Gwajin Dedan Kimati'' (wasa) - Micere Mugo da Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o * Karimi, Joseph (2013). ''Dedan Kimathi: Cikakken Labari.'' Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. * Mukami Kimathi (2017). ''Mau Mau Freedom Fighter.'' Kudin hannun jari Mdahalo Bridging Divides Limited * * Kahiga, Samuel (1990). ''Dedan Kimathi: Gaskiyar Labari.'' * Maina wa Kinyatti. ''Gwagwarmayar 'Yanci ta Kenya: Takardun Dedan Kimathi.'' * Jabali Afrika (2011). ''Dedan Kimathi'' (waƙa) == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}}{{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Daily Nation: [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/18022004/News/News_Spotlight180220043.html Ƙauyen ƙauye sun tuna da jarumi Mau Mau Kimathi]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Kenya Times: [http://www.timesnews.co.ke/19feb06/nwsstory/opinion2.html Kimathi ya mutu a banza?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518142723/http://www.timesnews.co.ke/19feb06/nwsstory/opinion2.html |date=2006-05-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040814061355/http://www.misterseed.com/NEWYEAR/FEB2002/TOseeANDtoKEEP.htm Bayanan Dedan Kimathi (labarin a tsakiyar shafin)] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3196245.stm Takaitaccen Tattaunawar Tashi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208164825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818044,00.html Rahoton daga Kenya]d {{Authority control}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i910h1knyj0jur7ad7oozoc0u60gjou 0 39071 891069 648196 2026-08-03T19:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:ALHASSAN SAYIBU SUHIYINI.jpg|thumb|Cassiel Ato Forson]] '''Cassiel Ato Baah Forson''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar [[Ghana]] ta hudu kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta takwas a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana]] mai wakiltar mazabar Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam a yankin tsakiyar kasar a kan tikitin takarar jamhuriya ta hudu. National Democratic Congress (NDC).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=24|access-date=2022-11-21|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130081625/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ato Forson's Court Case: An Attempt To Cow Minority Via Machiavellian Tactics – MP|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202201/459152.php|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2013 ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-spent-GH-63m-on-foreign-travels-in-9months-NDC-s-Ato-Forson-820321|title=Akufo-Addo spent GH¢63m on foreign travels in 9months – NDC's Ato Forson|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122624/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-spent-GH-63m-on-foreign-travels-in-9months-NDC-s-Ato-Forson-820321|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/meet-cassiel-ato-forson-the-deputy-finance-minister-designate/|title=Meet Cassiel Ato Forson: The Deputy Finance Minister Designate|last=Ghana|first=News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Dr. Forson a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1978 kuma ya fito daga Ajumako Bisease a yankin tsakiyar [[Ghana]].<ref name=":2" /> Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa (zabin kuɗi) a watan Satumba na 2020 daga Jami'ar [[Kimiyya da fasaha|Kimiyya da Fasaha]] ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-19|title=Ato Forson gets PhD from KNUST|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/09/ato-forson-gets-phd-from-knust/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin samun digirin digirgir, dan majalisar yana da digiri na biyu na Masters: Jagoran Kimiyya a Haraji daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da kuma wani Jagoran Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arziki daga KNUST. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin lissafi a jami'ar bankin kudu da ke [[Landan]]. Dr. Forson memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants, [[Ghana]] kuma ɗan'uwan Chartered Institute of Taxation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5362|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Forson, Cassiel Ato Baah|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2024-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926074234/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5362|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Dokta Forson dan majalisar dokoki ne na [[Ghana]], Masanin tattalin arziki na kasafin kudi, Chartered Accountant, Masanin Haraji kuma Dan kasuwa tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararru shekaru ashirin a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Ya kasance manajan darakta na Forson Contracts Limited a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. Kuma ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na [[Afirka|Omega Africa Holding Limited]]. == Siyasa == Dr. Forson dan jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) ne. Ya kasance dan majalisar NDC mai wakiltar mazabar Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam daga shekarar 2009. A halin yanzu shi ne kakakin marasa rinjaye a kan kudi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt’s reckless fiscal behaviour, creative accounting cause of economic crisis – Ato Forson|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-27|title=Your ‘Mickey Mouse’ debt restructuring will hurt Ghana – Ato Forson to gov’t|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/10/your-mickey-mouse-debt-restructuring-will-hurt-ghana-ato-forson-to-govt/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> === Zaben 2008 === A shekarar 2008 ya tsaya takara a babban zaben [[Ghana]] kuma ya yi nasara. Ya samu kuri'u 18,593 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 51.66% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya doke sauran 'yan takarar da suka hada da William Kow Arthur-Baiden, Alex Arthur, Rexford Mensah da Evans Addo-Nkum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121172247/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2012 === Karkashin tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress kuma ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar [[Ghana]] na shekarar 2012 inda ya samu kuri'u 24,752 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 52.67% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2012 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122630/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2016 === A shekarar 2016, ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar [[Ghana]] na shekarar 2016, inda ya sake lashe zaben wanda ya ba shi damar wakiltar mazabarsa a karo na uku. A lokacin zaben 2016, ya fafata da Ransford Emmanuel Kwesi Nyarko, Jerry Henry Quansah, Sarah Mensah da Monica Daapong. Ya kayar da su ne da samun kuri'u 25,601 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 53.55% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122629/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === A babban zaben [[Ghana]] na 2020, ya sake lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin kasar da kuri'u 39,229 wanda ya samu kashi 58.1% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NPP Etuaful Rashid Kwesi ya samu kuri'u 28,229 wanda ya samu kashi 41.8% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar NDP Samuel Akombisa. yana da kuri'u 117 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election-Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/ajumako_enyan_essiam/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Ghana Election-Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121112520/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/ajumako_enyan_essiam/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajumako Enyan Esiam–Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/ajumako-enyan-esiam/|access-date=2022-11-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604051635/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/ajumako-enyan-esiam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mataimakin ministan kudi === A shekarar 2009 ya zama dan majalisar dokokin [[Ghana]] kuma ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi a shekarar 2013.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayin mataimakin minista ya taba zama mamba a kungiyar kula da tattalin arzikin [[Ghana]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan hukumomi da dama da suka hada da na Bankin [[Ghana]] da [[Ghana]] Cocoa Board. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan [[Ghana]] a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da [[Bankin Duniya]]. An kuma bayyana gwanintarsa ​​a lokacin da ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya aiwatar da tsarin gyara tsarin kula da harkokin kudi na [[Ghana]] (GIFMIS). === Kwamitoci === Forson memba ne mai daraja a kwamitin kudi; dan kwamitin majalisar; memba na kwamitin harkokin waje sannan kuma memba na kwamitin zaben.<ref name=":2" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Forson Kirista ne. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyu.<ref name=":0" /> == Rigima == Ana zargin Forson da yi wa [[Ghana]] asarar kudi a cikin sayan motocin daukar marasa lafiya 200 tsakanin 2014 da 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2022-01-18|title=Dr Ato Forson to appear in court today over allegations of causing financial loss to the state|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dr-ato-forson-to-appear-in-court-today-over-allegations-of-causing-financial-loss-to-the-state/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ato Forson’s trial: Health Minister, counsel clash over ambulance deal|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ato-forson-s-trial-health-minister-counsel-clash-over-ambulance-deal.html|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] o4ealh6hpb13ywe2vo4cctsaxmete15 0 39918 891132 518362 2026-08-04T00:07:27Z Baffa ali 47435 891132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bah-dir-rooble, geographically largest dynastic pre-colonial dominion in East Africa.png|thumb|taswirar garinsu ]] [[Fayil:Burhaan Kinu 01.jpg|thumb|Hoton burhanna kinu]] [[Fayil:BurhaanKinu.JPG|thumb|Burhaan]] Sarki '''Burhan''' Sarki '''Musse''', shi ne lakabin sarauta na Sarki Burhan, magajin masarautar Majeerteen. A watan Mayun 2014, an naɗa shi a matsayin Sarkin majeerteen na 34. Bikin naɗin nasa ya samu halartar jami'ai daga [[Puntland]], da gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya, da [[Jubaland]], da [[Kenya]] da kuma na [[Somaliya]] na [[Habasha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horseedmedia.net/2014/05/24/daarood-kingdom-somalia-will-inaugurate-34-king/|title=Somalia: The Daarood kingdom will inaugurate its 34th King • Horseed Media|date=24 May 2014|website=Horseed Media}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, tawagogin ƙabilun Somaliya da ke Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia da Kenya, sun halartaci taron kwanaki uku da Sarki Burhan Musa, Sarkin Daarood na 34 ya shirya. Wannan dai shi ne taro na farko da aka yi wa shugabannin gargajiya na Somaliya tun bayan ɓarkewar yaƙin basasar Somaliya a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Horseed |date=2016-05-25 |title=SOMALIA: Somali Clan Elders meet in Puntland [Photos/Video] |url=https://horseedmedia.net/somalia-somali-clan-elders-meet-in-puntland-photosvideo-237883 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Horseed Media |language=en-US}}</ref> anamasa lakabi da sarkin Burhaan {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] hlmjehz3hsogoxrjwdawu2k586z2o7h 0 41845 891241 813229 2026-08-04T08:52:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Havana''' / / h əˈvænə / ; Espanya: ''La Habana'' [la aˈβana] (babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na kasar [[Cuba]] . Zuciyar lardin La Habana, Havana ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasar. <ref name="CIA Factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |date=2021-08-12 }}.</ref> Birnin yana da yawan jama'a miliyan biyu da dubu dari ukku mazaunan, <ref name="CIA Factbook" /> kuma ya kai jimlar {{Convert|728.26|km2}} - sanya shi birni mafi girma ta yanki, birni mafi yawan jama'a, kuma yanki na huɗu mafi girma a cikin yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] . <ref name="Official_census" /> [[File:Cuba libre (6941395159).jpg|thumb|right]] Birnin yana jan hankali kan a{{Spaces}}miliyan masu yawon bude ido a kowace shekara; Ƙididdigar Hukuma ta Havana ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2010, masu yawon bude ido na duniya 1,176,627 sun ziyarci birnin, ya karu da kashi 20% daga 2005. An ayyana Old Havana a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya [[UNESCO|ta UNESCO]] a cikin 1982. An kuma san birnin don tarihi, al'adu, gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi. Kamar yadda ake yi a Cuba, Havana tana fuskantar yanayi mai zafi . <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Havana |title = Havana|work = The Free Dictionary|quote = capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552}}</ref> Yawan jama'arta ya kasance 1,814,207 mazauna a cikin 2023. Mutanen Espanya ne suka kafa Havana a karni na 16. Ya yi aiki a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don cin nasarar Mutanen Espanya na Amurka, ya zama wurin tsayawa ga galleons na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da ke komawa Spain. Sarki Philip na uku na Spain ya ba Havana taken babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1607.<ref>Havana". The Free Dictionary. capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552</ref> An gina ganuwa da garu don kare birnin.<ref>Old Havana". www.galenfrysinger.com.</ref> Birnin shi ne wurin zama na gwamnatin Cuba da ma'aikatu daban-daban, da kuma hedkwatar kasuwanci da ofisoshin diflomasiyya fiye da 100.<ref>"Cuba – Embassies and Consulates". Embassypages.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018.</ref> Gwamna shi ne Reinaldo García Zapata na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Cuba (PCC).<ref>San Miguel, Raúl (18 January 2020). "Electos el Gobernador y Vicegobernadora en La Habana". Tribuna de La Habana (in Spanish).</ref><ref>(in Spanish) [1] Archived 22 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Preside Esteban Lazo toma de posesión de las autoridades de Gobierno en La Habana</ref> A shekara ta 2009, birni/lardi ne ke da matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasar.<ref>"Workforce and Salary (Section 4.5)" (in Spanish and English). Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas – Republica de Cuba. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16.</ref> Havana na yau da kullun ana iya kwatanta shi azaman birane uku a ɗaya: Tsohuwar Havana, Vedado da sabbin gundumomi na kewayen birni.<ref>"Havana | History, Climate, Population, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21.</ref> Garin ya shimfida galibi zuwa yamma da kudu daga bakin tekun, wanda ake shiga ta wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar mashiga kuma wacce ta raba zuwa manyan tashoshin ruwa guda uku: Marimelena, Guanabacoa da Antares. Kogin Almendares yana ratsa birnin daga kudu zuwa arewa, yana shiga mashigin [[Florida]] da ke da nisan mil kadan daga yammacin bakin teku.<ref>"Anuario Estadistico de Ciudad de La Habana" (in Spanish). ONE – Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas (National Statistics Office). Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011</ref> Birnin yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido sama da miliyan guda a shekara; <ref>Section 15 (Turismo), article 15.7 (Visitantes por mes)" (in Spanish). ONE- Oficina de Estadisticas de Cuba. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.</ref> (1,176,627 yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa a cikin 2010, <ref>Section 15 (Turismo), article 15.7 (Visitantes por mes)" (in Spanish). ONE- Oficina de Estadisticas de Cuba. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.</ref> karuwa 20% daga 2005). An ayyana Old Havana a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1982.<ref>Old Havana and its Fortification System". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO.ORG.</ref> An kuma san birnin saboda tarihi, al'adu, gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi.<ref>Goodsell, James Nelson (11 April 2017). "Havana". Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Kamar yadda ake yi a Cuba, Havana tana fuskantar yanayi mai zafi<ref>Havana climate summary". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref>. == Asali == A shekara ta 1514, Diego Velázquez ya kafa birnin San Cristóbal de la Habana, wanda ke nufin " Saint Christopher na Habana" kuma daga baya ya zama babban birnin Cuba. Habana shine sunan rukunin mutanen yankin. Har ila yau a a san inda aka samo sunan ba, amma an yi la'akari da cewa roƙon ya samo asali ne daga Habaguanex, wanda shi ne babban dan kabilar Amirka. Sunansa Taíno, wanda yaren Arawakan ne, amma ba a san wani abu ba.<ref>Aleksic, Adam. "HABAGUANEX". ''The Etymology Nerd''.</ref> Lokacin da aka daidaita Habana zuwa Turanci, an canza ⟨ zuwa ⟨ saboda wani yanayi na harshe da aka sani da betacism, wanda shine rudani tsakanin bilabial plosive da sautin muryoyin labiodental wanda ke faruwa a yawancin yarukan Espanya na zamani. Amfani da kalmar Havana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka fahimta a lokacin yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka, amma har yanzu ana inganta shi da yawa saboda yana wakiltar nau'in sigari, launi, da nau'in [[zomo]] da kuma birnin. == Tarihi == Karni na 16 Wani dan fashin teku na Faransa Jacques de Sores ya yi fashi da kona Havana a 1555 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar ya kafa Havana a shekara ta 1514, a bakin tekun kudancin tsibirin, kusa da garin Surgidero de Batabanó na yanzu a bakin kogin Mayabeque kusa da Playa Mayabeque. Sai dai duk kokarin da aka yi na gano wani birni a gabar tekun kudancin Cuba ya ci tura; farkon taswirar Cuba da aka zana a cikin 1514 ya sanya garin a bakin kogin.<ref>in Spanish) Fundación de La Habana a orillas del Río Onicajinal o Mayabeque</ref><ref>"San Cristóbal de La Habana en el Sur". Mayabeque.blogia.com. August 19, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-08.</ref> Tsakanin 1514 zuwa 1519 Mutanen Espanya sun kafa ƙauyuka guda biyu a bakin tekun arewa, ɗaya daga cikinsu a La Chorrera, a kusa da wurin Torreón de la Chorrera, abin da ya zama unguwannin Vedado da Miramar, kusa da bakin kogin Almendares. Garin da ya zama Havana ya samo asali ne kusa da abin da ake kira Puerto de Carenas a lokacin (a zahiri, "Port Careening"), a shekara ta 1519. Ingancin wannan bakin teku, wanda yanzu ya karbi tashar jiragen ruwa na Havana, ya ba da tabbacin canjin wurin. Karni na 20[gyara tushe] Ƙarin bayani: Jamhuriyar Cuba (1902-1959) Tada tutar Cuban a fadar Gwamna da tsakar rana a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1902 Paseo del Prado, Havana, a cikin 1909. [30] Ginin Capitol, Havana, a cikin 1933, bugun hoto (katin gidan waya) Zaman shugaban kasa na farko na Cuba a karkashin Tomás Estrada Palma daga 1902 zuwa 1906 an yi la'akari da shi da kiyaye mafi girman ma'auni na amincin gudanarwa a tarihin Jamhuriyar Cuba.<ref name=":0" /> Yayin da Cuba ke da mafi girman rabo na gadaje asibiti da yawan jama'a a cikin Caribbean, kusan kashi 80% na waɗannan gadaje suna cikin birnin Havana, asibitin karkara ɗaya ne kawai kuma yana da gadaje 10 kawai. A cikin watan Yulin 1940, lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], an gudanar da taron Havana kuma kasashe 21 na Amurka, ciki har da kasar Cuba mai masaukin baki, sun amince su mallaki yankunansu da ke karkashin ikon Axis. A cikin 1958, Cuba wata ƙasa ce mai ci gaba ta hanyar ƙa'idodin Caribbean, kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar ƙa'idodin duniya.<ref>Smith & Llorens 1998</ref> A gefe guda kuma, wataƙila mafi girman gata na ƙungiyar ƙwadago a Amurka, gami da hana korar kora da injina ya shafe Cuba. An same su da yawa "a kan farashin marasa aikin yi da na talakawa", wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa.<ref>Baklanoff 1998</ref> Tsakanin 1933 da 1958, Cuba ta tsawaita ka'idojin tattalin arziki mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki.<ref>Thomas, Hugh (1998). Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press. p. 1173. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-80827-2</nowiki>.</ref> Rashin aikin yi ya zama matsala yayin da wadanda suka kammala karatun<ref>Averhoff Purón, Mario. ''Los primeros partidos políticos''. La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1971. p. 66</ref> digiri suka kasa samun aikin yi.Masu matsakaicin matsayi, wanda ya yi kama da na Amurka, sun ƙara nuna rashin gamsuwa da rashin aikin yi da kuma zalunci na siyasa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun goyi bayan Batista har zuwa ƙarshe. Batista ya ci gaba da mulki har sai da aka tilasta masa gudun hijira a watan Disambar 1958. Fidel Castro da mutanensa a Saliyo Maestra, ca. 1957 Bayan juyin juya halin 1959, sabuwar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Fidel Castro ta fara inganta ayyukan zamantakewa, gidajen jama'a, da gine-gine na hukuma. Duk da haka, bayan da Castro ya kwashi dukiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana'antu ba zato ba tsammani (Mayu 1959 gaba) a ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin gurguzu wanda [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta goyi bayan takunkuman Amurka, ƙarancin da ya shafi Cuba gabaɗaya ya shafi Havana sosai. A shekara ta 1966-68, gwamnatin Cuba ta mayar da duk wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na kasuwanci a Cuba, har zuwa "wasu nau'o'in kananan nau'o'in kasuwanci" kamar yadda doka ta 1076. <ref>Nigel Hunt. "Cuba Nationalization Laws". cuba heritage .org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2009.</ref> ta tanada. Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta faru ne bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991. Tallafin da Tarayyar Soviet ya ƙare, wanda ke wakiltar biliyoyin daloli da Tarayyar Soviet ta bai wa gwamnatin Cuba. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa gwamnatin juyin juya hali za ta rushe nan ba da jimawa ba, kamar yadda ya faru da kasashen Soviet tauraron dan adam na Gabashin Turai. == Gudanarwa == Mulkin Sifen (1550 - 1601)[gyara tushe] An fara majalisar birnin Havana a shekara ta 1550.<ref>UNESCO recognizes the Acts of the Havana City Council | Arte por Excelencias". www.arteporexcelencias.com. 2025-03-10. Retrieved 2025-03-22.</ref> A shekara ta 1557, Majalisar ta kada kuri'a ta haramtawa duk wani bakar fata da aka 'yantar da su mallakar gidajen abinci, dakunan kwana, sayar da tabaco, ko giya.<ref>"Cuban history timeline: 1492 thru 1775". www.historyofcuba.com. Retrieved 2025-03-22.</ref> Babban Kyaftin (1550 - 1898)[gyara tushe] A karkashin Janar Kyaftin na Cuba, majalisar birnin Havana ta wanzu.<ref>"Acts of the Havana City council (colonial period 1550-1898) - Memory of the World". 2024-12-03. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</ref> Majalisar birni da "Plaza de Armas", 1937 Jamhuriyar Cuba (1901 - 1959)[gyara tushe] Bayan yakin 'yancin kai na Cuba, Cuba ta kirkiro sabon tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1901.<ref>"The Economic History and Economy of Cuba". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</ref> An sake buɗe majalisar birnin Havana a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1901.<ref>"Havana City Council Inaugurated". ''The New York Times''. 1901-07-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</ref> An nada Alfredo Zayas magajin gari a takaice, sannan sai kashi na Miguel Gener y Rincón, mukaddashin sakataren shari'a na Cuba,<ref>Department, United States War (1901). ''Annual Reports of the War Department''. U.S. Government Printing Office.</ref> bayan ya ci zaben kananan hukumomin Cuban na 1900.<ref>Alfredo Zayas". www.latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</ref> <ref>"Havana City Council Inaugurated". The New York Times. 1901-07-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-03-23.</ref> A cikin 1902, yayin da Emilio Núñez ya gudanar da bincike, Leonard Wood ya tsige Gener a matsayin magajin garin Havana, bayan kuri'ar wakilai ashirin da uku cikin ashirin da biyar na majalisar birnin sun bukaci ya yi murabus.<ref>"Salt Lake Herald | 1902-01-09 | Page 7 | Mayor of Havana Said to be a Boodler Already". newspapers.lib.utah.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-23</ref><gallery> File:Hershey_Electric_train_at_Havana_Casablanca.jpg|Hershey Electric Railway, Jirgin ƙasa a Havana File:DJI_0198_CRP_wiki.jpg|hotel Deauville (esq. Malecón y Galiano File:Panor%C3%A1mica_de_La_Habana_(Cuba)_01.jpg|Tsohon birnin Havana / Habana Vieja. File:Cuba_Panorama_de_L%27Habana.jpg|Birnin Habana, Cuba File:El_Moro_Havanna_Cuba.jpg|El Moro, the lighthouse and storm warning mast at the entrance to Havana </gallery><gallery> File:Memorial_marti_havana.jpg|Memorial Jose Marti, Plaza de la Revolucion File:Cuba_L%27Habana_palazzo_del_governatore.jpg|Old Governator's Palace </gallery> [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ==Manazarta== st31b89o6hj2ghoq4z9jdrjd3f2md2y 0 45537 891217 875111 2026-08-04T06:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203633/https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Angola]], [[Serbian Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Kwalejin Lobito | 2019–20 | Girabola | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 13 | 1 |- | Recreativo da Caála | 2020–21 | Girabola | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 21 | 11 |- | Sagrada Esperança | 2021–22 | Girabola | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 19 |- | Petro de Luanda | 2022–23 | Girabola | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Gil Vicente | 2022–23 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 24 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | Lamuni ( Vojvodina ) | 2024–25 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 21 | 0 | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- | Radomik Radom | 2025–26 | Ekstraklasa | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 107 ! 36 ! 9 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 121 ! 38 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=84726}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Angola | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 2 |- | 2024 | 10 | 5 |- | 2025 | 6 | 8 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 16 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Angola, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Depú ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Depú ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |16 January 2023 | rowspan="2" |Miloud Hadefi Stadium, [[Oran]], Algeria | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MLI}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–3 | rowspan="2" |2022 African Nations Championship |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |1 July 2024 | rowspan="2" |Isaac Wolfson Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|SEY}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2–2 |- | align="center" |5 |3 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |6 |5 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|COM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |7 |7 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |5–0 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |8 |5 June 2025 |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |9 | rowspan="3" |8 June 2025 | rowspan="3" |Dr. Petrus Molemela Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |10 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |12 | rowspan="2" |13 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MAD}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |13 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |15 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|RSA}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |16 |9 June 2026 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |} == Daraja == '''Sagrada Esperança''' * Supertaça de Angola : 2021-22 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> '''Angola''' * Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m"/> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Babban wanda ya ci Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m"/> * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar COSAFA : 2025 <ref name="Echo"/> '''Bayanan tarihi''' * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar COSAFA Cup a tarihi: kwallaye 13 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 0zgboqbpmatii3mzokzivz6ubm0ophd 0 48349 891194 562255 2026-08-04T04:09:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Shongweni,''' yana cikin [[Durban]], KwaZulu-Natal . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1927 <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=The uMkhomazi Water Project Phase 1 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwrp/uMkhomazi/Documents/Module%201/2/P%20WMA%2011_U10_00_3312_2_3_1%20-%20SD%201%20-%20Sediment%20yield%20report_Final.pdf |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Department of water and sanitation |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810130706/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwrp/uMkhomazi/Documents/Module%201/2/P%20WMA%2011_U10_00_3312_2_3_1%20-%20SD%201%20-%20Sediment%20yield%20report_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kumasi|kuma]] ya ƙunshi kadada dubu 17 na ajiyar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Travel |title=4 picnic spots to visit once restrictions are eased |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/4-picnic-spots-to-visit-once-restrictions-are-eased-87642a96-8f2e-46a0-b0d3-b879d5fdf15e |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Shongweni_Dam_Wall_09-04-2016.jpg|thumb| Dam Shongweni]] Wurin ajiya yana da eutrophic <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=Minister of water and environmental affairs_ National assembly: Questions 2279 for written reply |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/communications/Q%26A/2012/NA%202279.pdf |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Department of Water and Sanitation |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817115446/https://www.dws.gov.za/communications/Q%26A/2012/NA%202279.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin yanayi kuma yana gida ne ga nau'ikan namun daji da suka haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga buffalo, raƙuma, daji da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da guda 250 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Travel |title=4 picnic spots to visit once restrictions are eased |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/4-picnic-spots-to-visit-once-restrictions-are-eased-87642a96-8f2e-46a0-b0d3-b879d5fdf15e |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da madatsar ruwa ta Shongweni don yawon buɗe ido da cinikayya da aka yi la'akari da namun daji iri-iri, da ayyukan jiki kamar kwale-kwale da kallon wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The South African State of Rivers Report: uMngeni River and Neighbouring Rivers and Streams |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_umngeni_02/umlazi.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.dws.gov.za |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810125512/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_umngeni_02/umlazi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kogin Umlazi wanda ya samo asali daga kudu maso yammacin Pietermaritzburg yana gudana ta Baynesfield da Mapstone Dam, Thornlea Dam kafin ya isa Dam Shongweni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The South African State of Rivers Report: uMngeni River and Neighbouring Rivers and Streams |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_umngeni_02/umlazi.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.dws.gov.za |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810125512/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_umngeni_02/umlazi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Travel |title=4 picnic spots to visit once restrictions are eased |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/4-picnic-spots-to-visit-once-restrictions-are-eased-87642a96-8f2e-46a0-b0d3-b879d5fdf15e |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin tanadin yanayi a cikin eThekwini == Manazarta == <references /> 5pqoywd8jsas00fncl3eo91njbtroyi 0 49165 891043 689772 2026-08-03T17:24:39Z Kaddi123 38060 891043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Blood vessels-en.svg|thumb|[[Fayil:Osmotic pressure on blood cells diagram.svg|thumb|Osmotic pressure on blood cells ]]]] [[Fayil:Blood vessels-en.svg|thumb|jini]] [[Fayil:Osmotic pressure on blood cells diagram.svg|thumb|Jini]] [[Fayil:Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Blood bags.jpg|thumb|ledar jini]] [[Fayil:Blood gives life image.jpg|thumb|Jini]] [[Fayil:Sickle Cell Anaemia red blood cells in blood vessels.png|thumb|hanyar jini]] [[Fayil:Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Blood Bags.jpg|thumb|Jini]] [[Fayil:Drawn blood from wet cupping 01.jpg|thumb|jini]] [[Fayil:Blood Test (15575812743).jpg|thumb|jini]] [[Fayil:Osmotic pressure on blood cells diagram.svg|thumb|kwayoyin jini]]    {{databox}} ''Jini''' wani ruwa ne na jiki a cikin tsarin zagayar jini na [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] da sauran [[Dabbobi a cikin Kogin|dabbobi]] masu kashin baya wadanda ke isar da abubuwan da jiki ke bukata kamar sinadaran gina jiki da iskar oxygen zuwa sel, kuma yana jigilar abubuwan da jiki baya bukata daga wadannan kwayoyin halittaakwai wasu abubuwa Dake sa jini ya karanta ko ya kone jini, akwai ciwon sikila, akwai ciwon malaria masaman ga Yara da Mata masu juna biyu, akwai ciwon gazawa zuciya..<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of BLOOD|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323030751/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood|archive-date=23 March 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Jini a cikin tsarin zagayar jini an san shi da ''peripheral blood,'' sannan kuma jinin da yake ɗauka, ''peripheral blood cells.''<ref name="cancer">{{cite web|title=def/peripheral-blood|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peripheral-blood|website=www.cancer.gov|access-date=13 September 2022|language=en|date=2 February 2011|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913202857/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peripheral-blood|url-status=live}}</ref> Jini ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin jini da ke watse a cikin wani abu da ake kira ''blood plasma''. Plasma, wanda ya ƙunshi kaso 55% na ruwan jini, galibinsa ruwa ne (92% a yawa),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|title=Blood – The Human Heart|access-date=19 March 2009|author=The Franklin Institute Inc.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> kuma ya ƙunshi sunadarai, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma ya kasance muhimmin wajen jigilar fitar da abubuwan da jiki baya bukata), da kuma kwayoyin jinin da kan kansu. Albumin shine babban furotin a cikin plasma, kuma yana aiki don daidaita karfin osmotic colloidal na jini.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}} Kwayoyin jinin mafi akasarinsu sunkasance jajayen kwayoyi jini ne - ''red blood cell'' (wanda kuma ake kira RBCs ko erythrocytes), fararen kwayoyin jini- ''white blood celles'' (wanda ake kira WBCs ko leukocytes), da kuma a tsakanin dabbobin mammals platelets (wanda ake kira thrombocytes).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-02|title=Definition of red blood cell|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell|access-date=2022-04-28|website=National Cancer Institute|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425130740/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell|url-status=live}}</ref> Kwayoyin da suka fi yawa a cikin jinin dabbobi masu kashin baya sune jajayane kwayoyin jini.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aryal|first=Sagar|date=2017-01-03|title=Blood cells and its types with functions|url=https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Microbiology Info.com|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412041337/https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/|url-status=live}}</ref> Waɗannan sun ƙunshi haemoglobin, furotin da ke ɗauke da sinadaran ''iron'', wanda ke sauƙaƙe jigilar iskar oxygen ta hanyar jujjuyawar iskar [[numfashi]] ta haka yana ƙara narkar da shi iskan a cikin jini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Low Hemoglobin: Causes & Symptoms|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin|access-date=2022-04-28|website=Cleveland Clinic|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428204042/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin|url-status=live}}</ref> Sabanin haka, carbon dioxide galibi ana jigilarsata hanyar [[:en:Extracellular|extracellularly]] a matsayin bibicarbonate ion wanda ake jigilar su a cikin palasma. Jinin dabbobi masu kashin baya (''vertebrate'') yana da launin ja mai haske idan yana dauke da sinadarn ''oxygen'' sannan kuma yana komawa launin ja mai duhu idan babu sinadaran ''oxeygen'' a tattare da shi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Séguin|first=Chantal|date=2022-01-08|title=Did You Know That Not All Blood is Red? • The Blood Project|url=https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/|access-date=2022-07-02|website=The Blood Project|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702161612/https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-10|title=Is blood blue? 7 facts about blood|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442|access-date=2023-03-29|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062539/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu dabbobin irinsu [[crustaceans|''crustaceans'']] da [[mollusks|''mollusks'']], suna amfani da hemocyanin wajen sufurin jini a maimakon ''hemoglobin''. Kwari irinsu mollusks suna amfani da wani ruwa mai suna ''[[Hemolymph]]'' a maimakon jini, bambanci shine shi hemolymph ba ya shiga tsarin zagayar jini - ''circulatory system''. A cikin mafi yawancin wadannan kwari, mafi akasarinsu basu dauke da sinadaran da ke sufurin oxygen kamar hemoglobin, saboda jikinsu karami kuma ya wadatar wajen gudanar tsarin ''tracheal system'' don sufurin iskar oxygen. Jini yana gudana ne acikin jiki ta hanyar [[tashohin jini]] ta hanyar bugun zuciya. A cikin dabbobin da ke da [[Huhu|huhu,]] artery na cikin jini yana daukar iskar oxygen zuwa gabobin jiki sa'annan kuma veins yana daukar iskar ''carbondioxide,'' wani iska wanda jiki baya bukata da kyayoyin sel ke samarwa, daga wadannan gabobi zuwa huhu don fitar da su. Kalmomin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaka da jini sukan fara ne da ''hemo-'', ''hemato-'', ''haemo-'' ko kuma ''haemato-'' daga kalmar Girkanci αἷμα (''haima'') wato "jini". == Amfanin jini == Jini yana taka muhimman rawa acikin jiki, kamar: * Jigilar oxygen zuwa gabobi (ta hanyar hemoglobin, wanda ake dauka acikin jajayen kwayoyin jini). * Samar da sinadaran gina jiki irinsu ''glucose, amino acids'', da ''fatty acids'' (wanda ke narke acikin plasma proteins, misali ''blood lipids)'' * Cire abubuwan da jiki baya bukata irinsu ''carbon dioxide, urea,'' da kuma ''lactic acid'' * Kariyar jiki kamar watsa sindaran ''white blood cells'' da kuma gano abubuwan waje wanda basu cikin tsarin jiki daga ''antibodies''. * ''[[Coagulation,]]'' martani ga tashoshin jini da suka lalace, da kuma sauya jini daga ruwa zuwa daskararren jini - ''semisolid gel'' don tsayar da zubar jini * Aika sakonni kamar jigilar hormones da kuma nuna alamun lalacewar tsoka. * Daidaita zafi da sanyin jiki * Sauran amfanin ruwan jiki {{stub}} == Manazarta == ikajvq1it6ymiplgv4ee0ghh31qi6zy 0 50727 891154 584103 2026-08-04T01:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891154 wikitext text/x-wiki     '''Claudia Dreifus''' 'yar jarida ce ta Amurka, malama da malama mai shirya fasalin mako-mako ''"Tattaunawa tare da ..."'' na Sashen Kimiyya na ''[[New York Times]]'', kuma an santa da tambayoyin da ta yi da manyan mutane a siyasar duniya da kimiyya.Ita ce mataimakiyar farfesa a harkokin kasa da kasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai a Makarantar International da Harkokin Jama'a (SIPA) na Jami'ar Columbia. == Kuruciya == Claudia Dreifus an haife ta a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] ga Marianne da Henry Dreifus, 'yan gudun hijirar Jamus-Yahudu. <ref name="ar25656">[http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=3390733 Marianne Jorjorian Collection]. AR 25656. Leo Baeck Institute, New York, NY.</ref> <ref>Dreifus, Claudia. "[http://www.lbi.org/digibaeck/results/?qtype=pid&term=400136 Berlin Stories]." ME 1227. Memoir Collection. Leo Baeck Institute, New York, NY.</ref> Henry Dreifus makanike ne a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin da aka haife ta kuma daga baya ta shiga harkokin siyasa na cikin gida. <ref name="ar25656" /> <ref>"Dreifus, Henry H." ''The New York Times'', Deaths. 28 June 1970: 65. Retrieved 7 December 2015.</ref> Claudia Dreifus ta sami digirin farko na kimiyya a fannin zane-zane daga Jami'ar New York. <ref name="wpi">[http://www.worldpolicy.org/claudia-dreifus Claudia Dreifus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009103602/http://www.worldpolicy.org/claudia-dreifus |date=2016-10-09 }}, World Policy Institute (downloaded 24 March 2012)</ref> Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin harkokin siyasa na dalibai a matsayin jagorar Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) da Students for Democratic Reform (SDR). Bayan kammala karatun,ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara aiki na ma'aikatan asibiti,Local 1199.A wannan lokacin,ta kuma fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta. == Aiki == === Aikin Jarida === Dreifus ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a tsakiyar shekarun 1960.Tana da ginshiƙi na yau da kullun a cikin jaridar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ''The East Village Other'' <ref>[http://eastvillageother.org/who-was-who "Who Was Who"]. ''The East Village Other: The Rise of Underground Comix and the Alternative Press''. Retrieved 7 December 2015.</ref> kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu ƙananan latsawa.A cikin shekarun 1970s,ta yi hira da ƴan mata da suka haɗa da masu fasaha Goldie Hawn da Loretta Lynn da 'yan majalisa Patsy Mink da Eleanor Holmes Norton.Ta kuma buga sharhin marubutan mata Germaine Greer <ref>Dreifus, Claudia. "The Selling of a Feminist." Review of ''The Female Eunuch'' by Germaine Greer. ''The Nation''. June 7, 1971. p. 728</ref> da Florynce Kennedy.<ref>Dreifus, Claudia. "Female bodies and the law." Review of ''Abortion Rap'' by Diane Schulder and Florynce Kennedy. ''The Nation''. October 11, 1971. p. 342.</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980,ta yi suna saboda hirar da ta yi da manyan mutane a siyasa da al'adu. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CFn9GgAACAAJ&dq=claudia+dreifus About the author (2002)], ''Scientific Conversations'', Amazon.com (downloaded 25 March 2012)</ref> A wannan lokacin,ta yi hira da Harry Belafonte (1982), Gabriel Garcia Marquez ( ''Playboy'', 1983), da Daniel Ortega ( ''Playboy'', 1987). A cikin 1990s, Dreifus ta ƙara ɗaukar tambayoyin da suka shafi manyan ƴan siyasa.Ta yi hira da [[Benazir Bhutto]] (1994) da Aung San Suu Kyi don ''The New York Times'' (1996). Ta kuma ci gaba da aikin da aka kafa a matsayin mai yin tambayoyi ga manyan mashahuran mutane,irin su Toni Morrison, Bette Midler da Samuel L. Jackson. ''[[The liberal democrat (magazine)|A]]'' ''cikin'' ''tsawon'' lokacin aikinta, ''tambayoyin'' ''Dreifus'' ''da'' ''kuma'' labaran ''da'' suka dade sun bayyana ''a'' ''Ms.'' ''Post'', ''Newsday'', ''Parade'', ''Penthouse'', ''Present Tense'', ''Redbook'',da sauransu. <ref name="wpi"/> A cikin 1999, Dreifus tya fara rubuta "Tattaunawa tare da ..." na yau da kullum na Sashen Kimiyya na Talata na ''New York Ti''es''s'' . Masu tambayoyin sun haɗa da Abraham Loeb 2012 Eric R Kandel da Ruslan M. Medzhitov a cikin 2011 George DysonjJack W. Szostak, Daniel Lieberman, [[Stephen Hawking]], Janet Rowley, a cikin 2010 Jane Goodall, David Weatherall, Diana Reiss Vanessa Woods Elaine Fuchs Jeffrey L. BadaSSean M Carroll, Peter Pronovost, [[Samuel Wang]], a cikin 2009 Frank A. Wilczek, Laurence Steinberg, Brian J. Druker Carol W. Greider, Martin Chalfie, Paul Root Wolpe Ta wannan aikin na Sashen Kimiyya na Talata ''New York Times'', Dreifus ta ƙara shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwa da aikin masana kimiyya.<ref name="wpi"/> Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu daban-daban ciki har da ''The New York Times Magazine'', ''Newsweek'', ''Smithsonian'', ''AARP Mujallar'', da kuma ''Scientific American''.<ref>[http://sipa.columbia.edu/academics/directory/cd2106-fac.html SIPA faculty: Claudia Dreifus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115080356/http://sipa.columbia.edu/academics/directory/cd2106-fac.html |date=2013-01-15 }} Columbia School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) (downloaded 24 March 212)</ref> A shekara ta 2006,an nada Dreifus a matsayin mamba mai daraja ta Sigma Xi saboda yadda ta iya haskaka aikin masana kimiyya ga jama'a.<ref>"[https://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/prizes-awards/honorary-membership/award-winner/claudia-dreifus Claudia Dreifus]." ''Sigma Xi''. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</ref> === Malamar jami'a === A cikin 1990s, Dreifus ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Sashen Graduate na Turanci a Jami'ar City na New York. Tun game da 2004,ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a harkokin kasa da kasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai a Makarantar International and Public Affairs (SIPA) na Jami'ar Columbia. === Marubuciya === Dreifus ta rubuta,gyara, ko haɗin gwiwar littattafai takwas,kuma aikinta ya bayyana a cikin fiye da goma. A cikin littafinsu na 2010 ''Higher Education ?: Yadda Kwalejoji ke Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids-kuma Abin da Za Mu Iya Yi Game da Shi'', Andrew Hacker da Claudia Dreifus sun yi nazari sosai kan tsarin ilimin kimiyya wanda ke ba da ilimi mafi girma,da kuma tambayar abubuwan da ke haifar da karatun.biyan kuɗi,kashe kuɗi da saka hannun jari a cikin ilimi. <ref>[http://jodisolomonspeakersblog.blogspot.de/search/label/Claudia%20Dreifus%20and%20Andrew%20Hacker We're thrilled to welcome Claudia Dreifus and Andrew Hacker to our speaking raster!], Jodi Solomon Speakers Bureau, May 24, 2010 (downloaded March 25, 2012)</ref> == Girmamawa, kyaututtuka da alaƙa == Daga cikin girmamawa da alaƙa daban-daban, Dreifus babban ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya. <ref name="wpi"/> A cikin 2006, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Sigma Xi, kuma a cikin 2007 an ba ta ''lambar yabo ta Nasarar Ma'aikata'' daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida da Marubuta ta Amurka. A cikin 1977 Dreifus ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin Jarida (WIFP). Tun da farko kyaututtuka ga Dreifus sun haɗa da, a cikin 1980, ''Kyauta ta Musamman don Sabis ga Mata'' daga New York YWCA kuma ta sami lambobin yabo uku a cikin 1987: Kyautar ''Mujallar Fita'' daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida da Marubuta don ''Gidan Tafiya na Ƙarshe na Rodrigo'', ''lambar yabo ta Amurka.''Ga ''Yadda Matar Karkara Ke Ceton Gidan Gonar Iyali'',da lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Jarida ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ''ta Simon Rockower don Babban Sharhi'' don ''Me yasa Na Rubuta.''An zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Mujallar Ƙasa ta 1992 ta Jagoran TV na ''TVs Censor daga Tupelo'', wani rahoton bincike kan censorship. <ref name="wpi"/> A cikin 2000 an jera ta a cikin Wanene wane ''a Amurka'' da ''Wanene Wane A Duniya'', duka biyun Marquis Wanene Wane . <ref name="wpi"/> == Labarai == ; Littattafai marubuci ko marubuciya) * Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: ''Ilimi mafi girma ?: Ta yaya Kwalejoji ke Batar da Kuɗin Mu da Kasawa Yaranmu-da Abin da Za Mu Iya Yi Game da Shi'', Henry Holt & Co., 2010,  * Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: ''The Athletics Incubus: Ta yaya Wasannin Kwaleji ke Rasa Ilimin Kwalejin'', Henry Holt da Co., 2011 (wanda aka buga a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Ilimi mafi girma?'' ),  * Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: ''Dozin Zinare: Shin Ivy League Ya cancanci Dala?'', 2011 (da aka buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Higher Education?'' ),  * Claudia Dreifus: ''Tattaunawar Kimiyya: Tambayoyi akan Kimiyya daga ''The New York Times'''', Times Books, 2002,  * Claudia Dreifus: ''Tambayoyi'', Latsa Labarai Bakwai, 1999, , tare da gaba ta Clyde Haberman * Claudia Dreifus: ''Ƙaddamar mace: raps daga ƙungiyar haɓaka fahimtar mata'', Bantam Books, 1973 * Claudia Dreifus: ''Rayuwar Radical'', Littattafan Lancer, 1971 ( [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/003459330 taƙaice] ) ; Edita da/ko mai ba da gudummawa * Claudia Dreifus, ed.: ''Kame jikinmu: Siyasar lafiyar mata'', Littattafai na Vintage, 1977,  * Dreifus, Claudia. " Gaba." ''Shari'ar Likita game da Kwaya'' . Barbara Seaman, ed. Buga na Shekaru 25. Alameda, CA: Gidan Hunter, 1995. * Strainchamps, Ethel R. ''Rooms ba tare da Ra'ayi ba: Jagorar Mace ga Duniyar Namiji na Media'' . Harper da Row, 1974. (Kungiyar Matan Kafafen Yada Labarai ta haɗa ta ba tare da bayyana sunanta ba). ; Anthologies ciki har da aikin Dreifus * Kabaldi, Nicholas. ''Shige da Fice: Tattaunawar Batutuwa'' . Amherst, NY: Littattafan Prometheus, 1997. (Ya haɗa da hira da Doris Meissner "Aiki mafi muni a duniya?" ) * Denard, Carolyn C. ''Toni Morrison: Tattaunawa'' . Jackson: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2008. (Ya haɗa da hira "Chloe Wofford yayi magana game da Toni Morrison") * Funk, Robert, Linda S. Coleman, da Susan Day. ''Dabarun Rubutun Kwalejin: Mai Karatun Rubutu'' . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. * García, Márquez G., da Gene H. Bell-Villada. ''Tattaunawa tare da Gabriel García Márquez'' . Jackson: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2006. (Ya hada da hirar Playboy) * Gartner, Alan, Colin Greer, da Frank Riessman.''Abin da Nixon ke yi mana'' . New York: Harper & Row, 1973. (Babin "Mata: Bayan Kowane Mutum") * Jaggar, Alison M, da Paula S. Rothenberg. ''Tsarin Mata: Madadin Ƙididdiga na Ka'idar Dangantakar Mata da Maza'' . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. * Katzman, Allen. ''Zamanin Mu: Anthology na Tattaunawa Daga Ƙauyen Gabas Sauran'' . New York: Dial Press, 1972. * Polner, Murray, da Stefan Merken. ''Aminci, Adalci, da Yahudawa: Maido da Al'adunmu'' . New York: Bunim Bannigan, 2007. ("Labarun Berlin" na Claudia Dreifus) * Farashin, Barbara R, da Natalie J. Sokoloff. ''Tsarin Shari'a na Laifuka da Mata: Masu Laifin Mata, Wadanda aka Zalunta, Ma'aikata'' . New York, NY: Clark Boardman, 1982. * Schulder, Diane, da kuma Florynce Kennedy. ''Zubar da ciki Rap'' . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971. * Stambler, Sooki. ''<nowiki/>'Yancin Mata: Tsari don Gaba'' . New York: Littafin Ace, 1970. ("Babban Tutar Zubar da ciki") * Winburn, Janice. ''Maganar Kasuwanci da Labarun Yaki: 'Yan Jarida na Amurka Sun Yi Nazarin Sana'ar Su'' . [[Boston]]: Bedford/St. Martin, 2003. ("Shiri, sunadarai, da hira a matsayin aikin lalata" na Claudia Dreifus. ) == Magana == {{Reflist}} * [http://claudiadreifus.com/ Gidan yanar gizon Claudia Dreifus na hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603130905/https://www.claudiadreifus.com/ |date=2023-06-03 }} * * [http://www.worldpolicy.org/claudia-dreifus Bio na Dreifus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009103602/http://www.worldpolicy.org/claudia-dreifus |date=2016-10-09 }} daga Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya a Sabuwar Makaranta don Nazarin zamantakewa * [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ADreifus%2C+Claudia Bugawa daga Claudia Dreifus a WorldCat] * [http://eastvillageother.org/pdf/the-paper/EVO-ISSUE-V04N24.pdf Kauyen Gabas Wani] Juzu'i na 4, lamba 24. Misalin aikin farko na Dreifus, duba shafi na 6 ("Crusade na Mata"). {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2385j6iuelhd11mryjb4u8hkyz8xidt 0 53342 891133 525586 2026-08-04T00:11:20Z Baffa ali 47435 891133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Leila Amirarjmand with Farah Pahlavi-Official Party.jpg|thumb|Lily Amir-Arjomand]] [[Fayil:Leila Amirarjmand with Farah Pahlavi in Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (2).jpg|thumb|Lily Amir-Arjomand]] [[Fayil:Leila Amirarjmand with Farah Pahlavi in Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (1).jpg|thumb|Lily Amir-Arjomand]] [[Fayil:Leili Amir Arjmand.jpg|thumb|Lily Amir-Arjomand]] '''Lily Amir-Arjomand''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/61354 |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720182652/https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/61354/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tsohuwar shugabar cibiyar ci gaban basirar yara da matasa ce ta Iran kuma ta kafa tsarin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na yara a Iran.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=GB_hAAAAMAAJ</ref>. A lokacin aikinta, Cibiyar ta bunkasa daruruwan dakunan karatu da cibiyoyin al'adu a duk fadin kasar Iran<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=efG6AAAAIAAJ</ref> akalla tada shekara tamanin da takwas (88).{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje == * [https://asiasociety.org/video/tribute-legacy-and-vision-lily-amir-arjomand-and-kanoon A Tribute to the Legacy and Vision of Lily Amir Arjomand and Kanoon] ([[Asia Society]], 2022) * {{Cite news|url=https://www.gettyimages.no/detail/news-photo/arjomand-lily-amir-mrs-managing-director-institute-for-news-photo/161894565#/arjomand-lily-amir-mrs-managing-director-institute-for-intellectual-picture-id161894565|title=MAY 1 1974, MAY 2 1974; Arjomand, Lily Amir, Mrs. - Managing Director Institute for Intellectual Dev|work=Getty Images|access-date=2018-07-08|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708104950/https://www.gettyimages.no/detail/news-photo/arjomand-lily-amir-mrs-managing-director-institute-for-news-photo/161894565#/arjomand-lily-amir-mrs-managing-director-institute-for-intellectual-picture-id161894565|url-status=dead}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amir-Arjomand, Lily}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] sjexkybn9q5tk9gzo8kyafa2uk9y1ko 0 54078 891081 887755 2026-08-03T21:00:47Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341987228|Chika Anadu]]" 891081 wikitext text/x-wiki Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] su46bqx8zplfq5us9to1agnyfhi0z7g 891082 891081 2026-08-03T21:02:53Z Hamza DK 12444 891082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4sgnuvldxsi1ltfq5x7drmvosne6r52 0 54166 890946 887528 2026-08-03T13:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Benneth Nwankwo''' listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1995) ɗan Najeriya ne mai daukar hoto kuma [[Darakta|Daraktan fim]]. Ya ''Fitowa'' ne daga Orumba North, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya. Har ila yau, an san shi da jagorantar miniserie na yanar gizo na makarantar sakandare kamar Filtered Water,<ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=2021-05-25 |title=TV/WEB Miniseries, Like Filtered Water, Debuts On Cinema June 19th 2021 |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164715/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> jerin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na makarantar sakandaren Najeriya Class of Secrets 2023-2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title='Class of Secrets' Season 2 Will Unveil Deeper Mysteries and Welcome new faes |url=https://blexmedia.com/class-of-secrets-season-2/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=blexmedia.com}}</ref> da 2022 jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Dance Drama na Najeriya Breakout . A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award, a cikin 2022 Edition na Anambra Media And Entertainment Award . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-09-10 |title=AMEA 2022: Benneth Nwankwo Wins Outstanding Movie Maker Award |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/09/10/amea-2022-benneth-nwankwo-wins-outstanding-movie-maker-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nwankwo ya ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na zamani, ciki har da Like Filtered Water (2021), Breakout (2022), Abuse Of Rights (2021), This Is My Story (2020) da Dreams and Survival (2020). A watan Afrilu na 2021, an gaya masa cewa zai jagoranci fim din A Place Between Colours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada, Sheriff Owolabi |date=2 April 2021 |title=Nigerian Filmmaker Benneth Nwankwo announces plans for an upcoming feature film; A place between colours. |url=https://somolunewspaper.com.ng/2021/04/02/nigerian-filmmaker-benneth-nwankwo-announces-plans-for-an-upcoming-feature-film-a-place-between-colours/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Somolu Newspaper |language=}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2023, Benneth Nwankwo ya kasance mai magana a TED - wani taron TED da aka shirya da kansa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka, Jihar Anambra, wanda TED ta ba da lasisi. Benneth ya raba mataki tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Sarauniya Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144236/https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award a cikin 2022 Anambra Media And Entertainment Award.<ref name=":2"/> An zabi shi tare da masu shirya fina-finai Anthony Alex Rapulu Oramali, [[Uche Nancy|Nancy Uche]] da Jamie Godsword.<ref name=":2" /> A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otosirieze |first=Obi-young |date=30 March 2018 |title=Nigeria Through The Lens {{!}} Benneth Nwankwo's Richly-Textured Documentary Photographs |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/nigeria-lens-benneth-nwankwos-richly-textured-documentary-photography-project/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 ya bakuncin abin da aka dauka a matsayin nune-nunen hoto na farko na asali a Jihar Anambra. Taron da aka lakafta "Akaraka: Anambra Through A Lens", ya ja hankalin masu son fasaha da nishaɗi daga Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da bayan haka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Izunna |date=11 February 2020 |title=Akaraka Exhibition Showcases Anambra's Beauty Through Photos |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/285165/akaraka-exhibition-showcases-anambras-beauty-through-photos.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Wannan taron, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye, an yi niyya ne a wani bangare don nuna damar jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido, da fatan samar da tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka.<ref name=":1" /> Baya ga Nwankwo, sauran masu daukar hoto da aka nuna sune Uju Egwin, Obiora Okoye, da Michael Ike.<ref name=":1" /> Tsohon Kwamishinan Matasa da Tattalin Arziki a Jihar Anambra, Afam Mbanefo, ya yaba da Benneth Nwankwo na amfani da hotunan takardu don ba da labarun jihar Anambra.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Benneth Nwankwo ya buga hotunan wani yaro mai shekaru tara da ke sayar da groundnut a jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Tireni |date=5 October 2017 |title=Street photographer, Benneth Nwankwo shares encounter with a 9 year old groundnut hawker (photos) |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/2017/10/street-photographer-benneth-nwankwo.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hotunan da sauri sun bazu a duk faɗin intanet kuma jaridu daban-daban a Najeriya sun buga su. Yawancin 'yan Najeriya, ciki har da dan takarar Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra na 2017, Okeke Chika Jerry, sun nuna sha'awar taimakawa yaron, Sunday Nweke, wajen inganta iliminsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=D. |date=24 October 2017 |title="If I take you to my house, my aunty will kill me"- 9 year old groundnut seller cries |url=https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111730/https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Theinfong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙarfafawa == A watan Oktoba 2020, wani kamfani na gidaje na Najeriya, De-GraceLand Home Consults, ya sanya hannu kan Benneth Nwankwo tare da Chioma Okonkwo (tsohuwar Miss Impact Anambra) a matsayin jakadun alama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAINT |first=AUGUSTINE |date=6 October 2020 |title=Straight Talk with Benneth gets sponsorship boost from De-GraceLand Home Consults |url=http://primetimereporters.com/2020/10/straight-talk-with-benneth-gets-sponsorship-boost-from-de-graceland-home-consults/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Prime Time Reporters}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta dauki shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Real Estate Brand De-GraceLand Home Consults looks to the future as Chioma Okonkwo and Benneth Nwankwo become Ambassadors. |url=https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520182609/https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=De-GraceLand |language=}}</ref> == Littafin == * ''Yadda za a rubuta game da Najeriya: Tarin Bayani na Satirical wanda ke ƙoƙarin haskaka yanayin Najeriya''. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Mafarki da Rayuwa'' (2020) * ''Abin da ba za a iya musanyawa ba'' (2020) * ''Ƙananan Abubuwa Masu Muhimmanci'' (2020) * Wannan shine Labata (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=7 January 2021 |title=SHORT FILMS: "This Is My Story" and "The Little Things That Matter" are coming back to Cinema on the 31st of January 2021. - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908183923/https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cin zarafin 'yanci (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=9 February 2021 |title=Abuse of Right, Benneth Nwankwo's directed short film in Cinemas February 14th |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160003/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Hustler'' (2021) * ''Yanar gizo'' (2020) * ''Kamar Ruwa Mai Fitarwa - Jerin'' (2021), 3 episodes <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Benneth Nwankwo Ready to Impress with Like Filtered Water |url=https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160005/https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Square Today |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Wuri Tsakanin Launuka'' (2021) * Breakout (2022 TV miniseries), 1 episode * ''Rashin daidaituwa (2022) '' * Class of Secrets (2023), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya * Ba cikakke ba (2025), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Career == Nwankwo ya ba da umarni a wasu fina-finai na zamani, ciki har da ''Like Filtered Water'' (2021), ''Breakout'' (2022), ''Abuse Of Rights'' (2021), ''This Is My Story'' (2020) da kuma ''Dreams and Survival''(2020). Benneth ya raba wasan tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Queen Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144236/https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kwaikwayo kai tsaye, an yi shi ne don nuna ƙarfin jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon buɗe ido, da fatan samar da damammaki na tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka .<ref name=":1" /> == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|11776379}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 9rahq44f3wl6i4bpomf424vwgas3pvx 0 54177 891105 886078 2026-08-03T21:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chike C. Nwoffiah''' listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1965 a Najeriya) ɗan fim ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan zane-zane. An lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Top Ten Most Influential African Americans" a cikin San Francisco Bay Area ta City Flight Magazine a cikin 2000. == Ilimi da aiki == Nwoffiah ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]], da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPEAKER: Chike Nwoffiah |url=https://www.twasummit.com/chike-nwoffiah |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Trade With Africa}}</ref> kafin ta koma Amurka don karatu a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Columbia (INM) da [[Hollywood Film Institute|Cibiyar Fim ta Hollywood]] . Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Rhesus Media Group kuma babban darakta na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Oriki, duka biyu a California.[1][2] Ya kasance memba na ma'aikata a Kwalejin Menlo, California . [3][4] Ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa a C3 Media, Abuja, Najeriya. Ya kasance darektan bikin fina-finai na Silicon Valley na Afirka . [4] == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2000: Girman baki a Amurka''Girma da baƙar fata a Amurka'' * 2001: ''Jamaica - Ruhun Kasuwanci'' * 2002: ''Tantu'' * 2003: ''Wani Gishiri a Tarihi'' * 2004: Kisan kai a Choctaw''Kashewa a cikin Choctaw'' * 2005: Kowane Ƙididdigar Sauka''Kowane Kashi na Sauka'' * 2006: ''Bridges'' * 2007: ''Farka Afirka'' * 2009: ''Addu'a don Inauguration'' * 2009: ''Sabar - rayuwa rawa ce!'' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Education and career == Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Rhesus Media Group kuma babban darektan Oriki Theatre, duka a California. .<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Chike Nwoffiah Biography: All You Need To Know |url=https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419050401/https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |archive-date=19 April 2023 |accessdate=16 February 2023 |work=GossipTrendz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Music - Chike C. Nwoffiah |url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2010 |work=Palo Alto Online - page 15 - Worth a Look |publisher=Palo Alto Weekly |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616014138/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Education and career == Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Rhesus Media Group kuma babban darektan Oriki Theatre, duka a California. .<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Chike Nwoffiah Biography: All You Need To Know |url=https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419050401/https://gossiptrendz.com/chike-nwoffiah-biography/ |archive-date=19 April 2023 |accessdate=16 February 2023 |work=GossipTrendz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Music - Chike C. Nwoffiah |url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |accessdate=16 February 2010 |work=Palo Alto Online - page 15 - Worth a Look |publisher=Palo Alto Weekly |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616014138/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morguepdf/2007/2007_03_30.paw.section1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] bniwpgj4hv49d1uo4yz7dy09n210ooh 0 54760 891071 732850 2026-08-03T19:48:24Z Amherst99 12684 891071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:-_AssembleeAI-096_(53610184602).jpg |thumb|Taro game da fasahar ]] [[File:2019_-_Centre_Stage_-_Day_2_VJR21610_(49024163091).jpg |thumb|2019 - Centre Stage ]] '''kirkirarriyar''' Fasaha ''(artificial intelligence - AI)'' shine ikon kwamfuta ko '''robot''' da kwamfuta ke sarrafa su don yin ayyukan da dan Adam ke yi saboda amfani da fasaha zamani. Ilimin Artificial (AI), a cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, shine hankali da na ura ke nunawa, musamman tsarin kwamfuta. fannin bincike ne a kimiyyar na urar kwamfuta wanda ke haɓaka da nazarin hanyoyin da software waɗanda ke ba da damar na ura su fahimci mahallinsu kuma su yi amfani da ilmantarwa da hankali don ɗaukar matakai waɗanda ke haɓaka damar cimma burin da aka ƙayyade.[1] Irin waɗannan na'urorin ana iya kiransu AIs. <ref> Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1–4</ref> <ref>https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence</ref> == Goals == Matsalolin gaba ɗaya na kwaikwayon (ko ƙirƙira) hankali an warware su zuwa matsuguni. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi takamaiman halaye ko iyawar da masu bincike ke tsammanin tsarin mai hankali zai nuna. Halayen da aka bayyana a ƙasa sun sami kulawa sosai kuma sun rufe iyakokin binciken AI.{{Efn|name="Matsalolin AI"|Wannan jerin halaye masu hankali sun dogara ne akan batutuwan da manyan littattafan AI suka yi bayani, gami da: {{Efn|name="Problems of AI"|Wannan jerin halaye na hankali sun dogara ne akan batutuwan da manyan litattafan AI suka tattara, gami da: === Hankali da warware matsala === Masu bincike na farko sun ƙirƙiro algorithms waɗanda suka kwaikwayi tunani mataki-mataki wanda ɗan adam ke amfani da shi lokacin da suke warware wasanin gwada ilimi ko yin ma'ana [[Deductive reasoning | deductions]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-15</ref> A ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s, an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin magance rashin tabbas ko cikakkun bayanai, yin amfani da dabaru daga yuwuwar da tattalin arziki.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-16</ref> Yawancin waɗannan algorithms ba su isa don magance manyan matsalolin tunani ba saboda suna fuskantar " fashewar haɗuwa ": Suna zama a hankali yayin da matsalolin suka girma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Intractability-17</ref> Ko da ɗan adam ba safai suke amfani da ragi na mataki-mataki wanda farkon binciken AI zai iya ƙima. Suna magance yawancin matsalolinsu ta amfani da hukunci mai sauri, da hankali.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_sub-symbolic_reasoning-18</ref> Daidaitaccen tunani mai inganci matsala ce da ba a warware ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupermanReichleyBailey2006-22</ref> === Wakilin ilimi === [[File:General Formal Ontology.svg|thumb|upright=1.2| Ontology yana wakiltar ilimi azaman tsarin ra'ayoyi a cikin yanki da alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan ra'ayoyin.]] [[Wakilin Ilimi]] da [[injinin ilmi]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-19</ref> ba da damar shirye-shiryen AI don amsa tambayoyi cikin hankali da yin ragi game da gaskiyar duniya. Ana amfani da wakilcin ilimi na yau da kullun a cikin bayanan tushen abun ciki da dawo da su,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoliarZhang1994-20</ref> tafsirin yanayi,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumannM%C3%B6ller2008-21</ref> goyan bayan shawarar asibiti,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupermanReichleyBailey2006-22</ref> gano ilimin (haƙar ma'adinai "mai ban sha'awa" da abubuwan da za a iya aiki daga manyan [[bayanan bayanai]]),<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2005-23</ref> da sauran fannoni.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006-24</ref> [[Tushen ilimi]] wani yanki ne na ilimin da aka wakilta a cikin nau'i wanda shirin zai iya amfani da shi. [[Ontology]] shine saitin abubuwa, alaƙa, dabaru, da kaddarorin da wani yanki na ilimi ke amfani dashi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021272-25</ref> Tushen ilimi yana buƙatar wakiltar abubuwa kamar abubuwa, kadarori, nau'ikan, da alaƙa tsakanin abubuwa;<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Representing_categories_and_relations-26</ref> yanayi, abubuwan da suka faru, jihohi, da lokaci;<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Representing_time-27</ref> haddasawa da tasiri;<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Representing_causation-28</ref> ilimi game da ilimi (abin da muka sani game da abin da wasu suka sani);<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Representing_knowledge_about_knowledge-29</ref> dalilan da ba su dace ba (abubuwan da mutane suke ɗauka gaskiya ne har sai an gaya musu daban kuma za su kasance gaskiya ko da lokacin da wasu abubuwan ke canzawa);<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Default_reasoning_and_non-monotonic_logic-30</ref> da sauran bangarori da fagagen ilimi. == manazarta == <references /> 3hblm7q05udr8tqfsw1au3x7u4ue0so 0 54874 891296 344590 2026-08-04T11:22:24Z Baffa ali 47435 891296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Erdősmárok ƙauye ne a lardin Baranya, a ƙasar Hungary.<ref>https://www.ksh.hu/pls/portal/cp.hnt_telep?NN=25821</ref>hallau dai wani karamin garine dayake a kudancin Hungari.{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} c42u4739oaxo38kf8e4wsjew9pc3qt6 0 56369 891122 433410 2026-08-03T23:26:14Z Baffa ali 47435 891122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lower Igonigoni''' ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Abi]] ta [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]].sannan wajibai ne a gabashin Najeriya. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 07s9v3481f7wxn07bwql816z4bhtv4q 0 56468 891141 495960 2026-08-04T00:38:14Z Baffa ali 47435 891141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Akpan Udo-Ekpo Road, Ikot Abasi.jpg|thumb|Ikot Udo]] '''Ikot Udo''' ƙauye a ƙaramar hukumar [[Uruan]] a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]] a [[Najeriya]]. Yakine Wanda basada yawan kidaya .{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0pd4q8glmltijmsmpqsfiznb4p5rqa6 0 56941 891083 407216 2026-08-03T21:09:32Z Baffa ali 47435 891083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Shitalnath Temple, Madhuban.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Lunch at Madhuban (199491851).jpg|thumb|abincin Madhuban]] Gari ne da yake a Yankin Purba Champaran dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar indiya. Akidayar shekarar 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 17,510. Madhuban: wannan kalmar ta nufin dajin zuma sannan yarabu kashi kashi kamar haka, Braham ,kumaris hedikwata.{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} lgoma0o1am5zmjnpc6xmg4nc5g5xw4w 0 57656 890995 578795 2026-08-03T16:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Boutros Harb (بطرس حرب)''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1944), ɗan siyasan [[Lebanon]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a muƙaman majalisar ministoci daban-daban ciki har da Ministan Sadarwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpt.gov.lb/index.php/en/about-mpt-2/mpt-info?start=1 |title=About MPT |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Telecommunications |accessdate=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630183657/http://mpt.gov.lb/index.php/en/about-mpt-2/mpt-info?start=1 |archive-date=30 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Harb a cikin dangin Maronite a Tannourine, [[Lebanon]] a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1944.<ref name=Ass/><ref name=lwire23sept>{{cite news|title=Lebanon leading presidential candidates|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/0709MLN/07092329AF.asp|accessdate=24 March 2013|newspaper=Lebanon Wire|date=23 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120134157/http://lebanonwire.com/0709MLN/07092329AF.asp|archive-date=20 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana da digiri na lauya. <ref name="lwire23sept" /> == Aiki == [[File:Boutros_Harb_-_1988.jpg|thumb| Harb a cikin taron manema labarai, 1988.]] Lauyan a fannin sana'a, Harb ya fara riƙe muƙamin siyasa lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a shekarar 1972 a matsayin mataimakin Maronite na Batroun, a cikin lardin Arewacin Lebanon, an naɗa shi ministan sufuri na jama'a kuma ministan ilimi da makarantun fasaha na ƙasa a shekarar 1979 a Salim Hoss '. s gwamnatin, da kuma saura minista har zuwa shekarar 1980.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/innersection/tahkikat/daman/daman_en.htm|title=Social Protection and Retirement|newspaper=NNA|accessdate=24 October 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa ta 1992 Harb ya koma ma'aikatar ilimi a majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Omar Karame .<ref>{{cite news|author=Farid Emile Chedid|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/prominent/presidential_candidates/harb_boutros/harb_boutros.asp|title=Prominent presidential candidates|newspaper=Lebanonwire|accessdate=24 October 2012|archive-date=5 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105140113/http://www.lebanonwire.com/prominent/presidential_candidates/harb_boutros/harb_boutros.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harb an yi la'akari  tare da taimakawa yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Taef, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Lebanon ta hanyar zaɓar yarjejeniyar raba iko a cikin majalisar dokokin Lebanon, yana ba wa Kiristoci da Musulmai wakilci daidai a majalisar ta hanyar ba da kujeru ga ƙungiyoyi. Ya kasance ɗan adawa a zamanin gwamnatin Rafic Hariri ; musamman ga Nassib Lahoud, Salim Hoss, Omar Karami, Mohammad Youssef Baydoun da Hussein Husseini . A shekarar 1998 ne ya sanar da takararsa na neman shugabancin kasar Lebanon amma ya janye takararsa a ranar da aka fara kada kuri’a. An zaɓi Emile Lahoud gaba daya. Bayan wani dan lokaci na goyon bayan gwamnatin Salim Hoss a shekarar 1998, ya koma jam'iyyar adawa. A shekara ta 2000, ya karya dangantakarsa da Nayla Moawad da Omar Karami, kuma ya haɗa kai a rumfar zaɓe tare da Soleiman Franjieh Jr, da kuma [[Tripoli]] Bloc na Mohammad Safadi da [[Najib Mikati]] . A babban zaben da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2000, Harb ya lashe kujerar Battroun, gunduma ta biyu a arewacin Lebanon.<ref name=aps9sep>{{cite news|title=Opposition Candidates Win Elections|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEBANON+-+Sept.+3+-+Opposition+Candidates+Win+Elections.-a073739331|accessdate=10 March 2013|newspaper=APS Diplomat Recorder|date=9 September 2000}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, a matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Qornet Shehwan Gathering,<ref name=qornet>{{cite journal|title=Qornet Shehwan Gathering|journal=Middle East Mirror|url=http://themiddleeastmirror.weebly.com/uploads/7/5/3/0/7530186/qornet_shehwan_gathering.pdf|accessdate=14 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005052919/http://themiddleeastmirror.weebly.com/uploads/7/5/3/0/7530186/qornet_shehwan_gathering.pdf|archivedate=5 October 2012}}</ref> ya nuna matukar adawarsa ga manufofin gwamnatin Hariri da kuma mulkin Syria. A cikin shekarar 2004, Harb ya shiga, tare da Nayla Moawad, Omar Karami, Salim Hoss, Hussein Husseini da Albert Mansour, a cikin ƙirƙirar Fuskar Ƙasa don Gyarawa. A shekara ta 2004, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasar Lebanon, duk da haka saboda gyaran tsarin mulkin Syria da injiniyanci ya yi na tsawaita wa'adin shugaba Emile Lahoud, ya kasa tsayawa takara. Sannan ya karya alakarsa da Omar Karami wanda ya ke ganin ya fi goyon bayan Syria. A shekara ta 2005, bayan kisan tsohon Firaminista Rafik Hariri, Harb ya shiga gaggarumar zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da mamayar da [[Siriya]] ta yi wa Labanon inda ya bukaci sojojin Siriya su janye cikin gaggawa. Kamar sauran jama’a, ya zargi gwamnatin Syria da bayar da umarnin kashe Rafiq Hariri. A matsayinsa na memba na 14 Maris Alliance, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara da dama da za su tsaya takarar shugabancin Lebanon a shekarar 2008, amma duk manyan jam'iyyun sun yanke shawarar zabar dan takarar sulhu, Michel Sleiman . Harb shi ne lauyan dangin Tueni, kuma ya shigar da ƙara a kan wasu jami'an Syria biyu saboda zarginsu da hannu a kisan Gebran Tueni a cikin watan Disambar 2005.<ref name=tds10oct>{{cite news|title=Tueni family sues Syrian officers implicated in MP's murder|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tueni+family+sues+Syrian+officers+implicated+in+MP's+murder.-a0304853373|accessdate=26 March 2013|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Boutrs Harb shi ne zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Amurka . == Rigimar Hizbullah == A shekara ta 2007 Harb ya yi kira da a shigar da hannun sojojin [[Hezbollah|Hizbullah]] cikin sojojin Lebanon .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/10/harb_armed_fact.php|title=Harb: Armed faction of Hezbollah has no future in Lebanon|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=6 October 2007|accessdate=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222065126/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/10/harb_armed_fact.php|archivedate=22 February 2012}}</ref> Tashar yanar gizo ta Wikileaks ta yi nuni da cewa, ya shaida wa jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka da ke Lebanon a yakin Lebanon na 2006 cewa, farmakin da Isra'ila ke yi na mamaye wuraren Hizbullah na Maroun al-Ras da Bint Jbeil ka iya ba da damar tsagaita bude wuta da Amurka ke yi, kuma Syria ba za ta kasance cikin kungiyar ba. maganin rikicin. Ya kuma ce ba za a iya barin [[Hassan Nasrallah]] ya bayyana a matsayin jarumi a yankin ba, duk da karuwar farin jininsa da ake yi sakamakon nuna juyayi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/6637 |title=MP Boutros Harb: Nasrallah cannot become region's Rambo|newspaper=Al Akhbar|date=8 January 2006|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> == Yunkurin kisa == Bayan wani yunƙuri na kashe ɗan'uwa mamba na ƙungiyoyin 14 ga Maris kuma shugaban rundunar sojojin Lebanon Samir Geagea, a farkon watan Yulin 2012 Harb ya tsallake rijiya da baya, wanda wani jami'in gwamnati ya ce wani "ɓangare ne na jerin yunƙurin kisan gilla" kan 'yan siyasar Lebanon. Harb ya yi tsokaci cewa jami'an tsaron Lebanon sun yi masa gargadin cewa sun gano "masu tayar da bama-bamai a cikin wata tawaga" a ofishinsa na Beirut.<ref name="Ass">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gUf4oaDXAwxBgyCrfB0GNSqi1D-w?docId=CNG.eaa34134fddcd70a643da3af3fae860b.21|title=Lebanon MP escapes assassination bid: official|newspaper=AFP|date=5 July 2012|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Taron Gathering na Qornet Chehwan * Cedar juyin juya halin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cl8my0c4ai49iuwnpan6f7m5ajts3le 0 58818 891302 486048 2026-08-04T11:28:53Z Baffa ali 47435 891302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ISS012-E-6369 - View of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Erer]] [[Fayil:ISS012-E-6357 - View of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Erer]] Kogin '''Erer''' wani kogin gabashin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ne wanda ba ya dawwama.Ya tashi kusa da birnin [[Harar]], kuma ya bi ta hanyar kudu ta farko zuwa mahadar sa da Shabel.A kalla yana da kilomita dari biyu da sittin da hudu 264 kg.{{stub}} == Duba kuma == * Kogin Habasha == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} 197afluqacxiicl94n9eb6e6s7d370e 0 61317 891312 369225 2026-08-04T11:58:11Z Baffa ali 47435 891312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mbine''' kogin [[Gabon]] ne. Yana daya daga cikin yankunan [[Kogin Ogooué|Ogooué]].labarin kasar 0.5908°S 10.2839.{{stub}} == Nassoshi == * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydroloji. a cikin ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustre'' wanda The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise ke jagoranta. shafi na 14-15. Paris, Faransa: Edif. * Sunan mahaifi André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) a cikin ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustre'' wanda The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise ya jagoranta. shafi na 10-13. Paris, Faransa: Edif. mx1uhrpktag85z2dsk2n0y06nv8tr7e 0 61597 891292 829598 2026-08-04T11:14:00Z Baffa ali 47435 891292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mandragora Udinese (cropped).png|thumb|Rolando Mandragora]] '''Rolando Mandragora'''<ref>https://supersport.com/football/players/c3619c4f-8f46-43d9-9a02-97b94cac332b{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta dubu daya da daritara da casa'in da bakwai 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Fiorentina<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/241020/Show/Rolando-Mandragora</ref> a serie A na Italiya.<ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/210392/rolando-mandragora</ref><ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/rolando-mandragora_prs402717/person.shtml</ref>yana daya daga cikin yanwasan kwallon kafa da tauraruwarsa kejuyawa. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] 36n1idz4tb8tamg45dvkeptv2snvkw1 0 63779 891137 433401 2026-08-04T00:28:02Z Baffa ali 47435 891137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Louise Freeland Jenkins''' (daga Yuli 5,1888 zuwa Mayu 9,1970) wani masanin falaki Ba'amurke ne wanda ya tsara kasida mai mahimmanci na taurari a cikin kwata 10 na rana,da kuma gyara bugu na 3 na Yale Bright Star Catalog. An haife ta a Fitchburg,Massachusetts .A 1911 ta sauke karatu daga Dutsen Holyoke College,sa'an nan ta sami digiri na biyu a ilmin taurari a 1917 daga wannan cibiyar.Daga 1913 zuwa 1915 ta yi aiki a Allegheny Observatory a Pittsburgh.Bayan haka,ta kasance mai koyarwa a Dutsen Holyoke daga 1915 zuwa 1920. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 3k3yw451zmq2s8m0nbvy3wp6n9nf9w1 0 64377 891298 431638 2026-08-04T11:23:59Z Baffa ali 47435 891298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emil Henry Kristoffer Krafth''' (an haife shi aranar 2 ga watan Agusta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama ko tsakiya don ƙungiyar Premier League Newcastle United da kuma Sweden ta ƙasa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] i09vupbx5p1r9tvb6p9s10gzz88z0pg 0 64528 891120 364344 2026-08-03T23:18:55Z Baffa ali 47435 891120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christ-Emmanuel Faitout Maouassa''' (an haifeshi ranar 6 ga watan Yuli, 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na Lens na Ligue 1, a kan aro daga ƙungiyar Belgian Pro League Brugge.Sannan danwasan yanada tsayi kamar haka:1.70m .{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] chzfcp8v4ahkgsvp41yvc7l62e0p07q 0 65034 891138 366462 2026-08-04T00:31:33Z Baffa ali 47435 891138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Igor Paixão''' (an haifeshi ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Barazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko na hagu don ƙungiyar Eredivisie Yana daya daga cikin yan wasan kwallon kafa na barazil Wanda yake taka leda a kasar .{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2000]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 449obrfic4m2wwk5xtxnh4vnnrumn1z 0 65105 890974 791407 2026-08-03T15:24:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Mudavanhu''' kwararre ne a fannin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe, babban jami'in gudanarwa, Malami, ɗan kasuwa, wanda shi ne ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanin Dura Capital Limited, kamfanin da ya kafa a shekara ta 2006, yana da shekaru 35.<ref name="Prof">{{cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/fm-fox/2017-03-23-profile-self-confessed-mathematics-nerd-blessing-mudavanhu/ |title=Profile: Self-confessed mathematics nerd Blessing Mudavanhu |accessdate=3 October 2017 |first=Moyagabo |date=23 March 2017 |last=Maake |newspaper=[[Financial Mail]] |location=Johannesburg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004040300/https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/fm-fox/2017-03-23-profile-self-confessed-mathematics-nerd-blessing-mudavanhu/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2018, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Rukunin CBZ Holdings, kamfani na sabis na kuɗi (kamfanin) a Zimbabwe.<ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201805290227.html | title=Zimbabwe: CBZ Appoints New CEO |access-date=31 May 2018 | date=29 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Zimbabwe Herald]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Harare}}</ref> Daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015 har ya yi murabus a watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙon kwarya na BancABC, cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi, tare da rassa a ƙasashen Afirka shida.<ref name="Ind">{{cite web |accessdate=3 October 2017 |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2016/09/30/former-abch-interim-ce-leave-group/ |date=30 September 2016 |first=Bernard |last=Mpofu |newspaper=The Independent (Zimbabwe) |location=Harare |title=Former ABCH interim CE to leave group |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004040124/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2016/09/30/former-abch-interim-ce-leave-group/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife shi a Zimbabwe a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1971 kuma ya halarci makarantun Zimbabwe don karatun gaba da jami'a. Ya yi karatu a jami'ar ƙasar Zimbabwe inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin [[lissafi]].<ref name="Prof"/> Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu na Injiniyancin Kuɗi, daga Jami'ar California Berkeley. A cikin shekara ta 2002, an ba shi Dokta na Falsafa a fannin lissafi, daga Jami'ar Washington, wanda ya halarta a kan malanta na Fulbright.<ref name="Prof"/><ref name="Bio">{{cite web| url=http://www.duracapital.com/ | title=Dura Capital: Our Expertise: Dr Blessing Mudavanhu – Founder and President of Dura Capital Limited |publisher=Dura Capital Limited (DCL) | author=DCL |accessdate=3 October 2017 |date=3 October 2017 | location=New York City}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ya shiga Rukunin Ƙasashen Duniya na Amurka (AIG), a matsayin Babban Babban Haɗaɗɗen Risk Analytics, wanda ke birnin New York. Lokacin da ya bar AIG, ya shiga Bankin Amurka Merrill Lynch a matsayin darektan Gudanar da Hadarin Duniya da ke da alhakin New York City, London, Mexico City da Sao Paulo.<ref name="Prof"/><ref name="Bio"/> Ya shiga rukunin BancABC a cikin shekara ta 2009, a matsayin "Babban Jami'in Hatsari na Rukunin", wanda ke [[Johannesburg]]. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, an naɗa Dr. Mudavanhu Shugaban Rukunin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/bancabc-comes-clean-on-appointments/ |title=BancABC comes clean on appointments |location=Harare | accessdate=3 October 2017 | date=12 April 2015 |newspaper=Sunday Mail Zimbabwe|author=Business}}</ref> Ya yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a watan Agusta shekara ta 2016, kuma ya yi murabus daga BancABC Group, a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2017.<ref name="Ind"/> == Sauran nauye-nauye == Blessing Mudavanhu babban Malami ne mai ziyara a Makarantar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Makarantar Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Adjunct Professor of Risk Management in the Financial Mathematics Program a Baruch College of City University of New York.<ref name="Bio"/> A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi, a matsayin darekta mara zartarwa, zuwa hukumar [[Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu|bankin raya kudancin Afirka]], don yin wa'adin shekaru uku da za a saɓunta.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=263 Chat | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201708110473.html | title=South Africa: SA Appoints Zim Mathematician On DBSA Board | first=Moses | date=11 August 2017 | accessdate=3 October 2017 | last=Matenga | location=Harare | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034735/http://allafrica.com/stories/201708110473.html | archive-date=4 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe * Tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 3yskw5axdqgulpd1mpryki41yzdobir 0 65200 891052 517449 2026-08-03T17:30:54Z Baffa ali 47435 891052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Arsenal v Everton - 52222904853.jpg|thumb|lokonga]] '''Albert Sambi Lokonga''' Albert-Mboyo Sambi Lokonga (an haife shi 22 ga Oktoba 1999) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a matsayin danwasan tsakiya wasan kwallon Premier League Luton Town, a matsayin danwasan aro daga Arsenal, da kuma Belgium na ƙasa. Yazo ta makarantar matasa ta Anderlecht kuma ya fara halartan babban babban rukunin yanwasan kwallo a shekara ta 2017.{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] gb3oztj6h9zbmsbg1qedsngfwrl88v8 0 65562 891040 677122 2026-08-03T17:21:57Z Baffa ali 47435 891040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Glen L. Taggart (daga shekarar 1914 harzuwa 1997) shi ne mataimakin shugaba na biyu na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka kuma Ba'amurke daya tilo da ya jagoranci cibiyar (ashekarar 1964 har izuwa 1966) wanda tsarinsa ya kasance na mutunta al'adun jami'ar mai masaukin baki. maimakon yin tallan shi da tsauri bayan salon Amurka.<ref>https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/01/portraits/glen-l-taggart-educator-with-a-global-view?lang=eng</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Utah na 11 daga 1968 zuwa 1979<ref>http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/USU_Photos/id/1420{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124734/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1914]] [[category:Mutuwan 1997]] hfyr0h7cxkat7bodc53kr9mis6av4yr 891041 891040 2026-08-03T17:22:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 677122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Glen L. Taggart (1914-1997) shi ne mataimakin shugaba na biyu na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka kuma Ba'amurke daya tilo da ya jagoranci cibiyar (1964 - 1966) wanda tsarinsa ya kasance na mutunta al'adun jami'ar mai masaukin baki. maimakon yin tallan shi da tsauri bayan salon Amurka.<ref>https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/01/portraits/glen-l-taggart-educator-with-a-global-view?lang=eng</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Utah na 11 daga 1968 zuwa 1979<ref>http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/USU_Photos/id/1420{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124734/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1914]] [[category:Mutuwan 1997]] 3zjbqx5aciggde7v4fcqp9xttsw21h4 891042 891041 2026-08-03T17:23:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 891042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Glen L. Taggart''' (1914-1997) shi ne mataimakin shugaba na biyu na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka kuma Ba'amurke daya tilo da ya jagoranci cibiyar (1964 - 1966) wanda tsarinsa ya kasance na mutunta al'adun jami'ar mai masaukin baki. maimakon yin tallan shi da tsauri bayan salon Amurka.<ref>https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/01/portraits/glen-l-taggart-educator-with-a-global-view?lang=eng</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Utah na 11 daga 1968 zuwa 1979<ref>http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/USU_Photos/id/1420{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006124734/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/577529/Glen-Laird-Taggart.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1914]] [[category:Mutuwan 1997]] jav4hp8ews0bgdsnonn5u0pdqpk7pu3 0 66085 891117 661445 2026-08-03T23:06:00Z Baffa ali 47435 891117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Garry Kasparov at Google.jpg|thumb|garry]] [[Fayil:Garry Kasparov - 1987 - cropped.jpg|thumb|garry]] [[Fayil:Garry Kasparov (Luzern 1982, 2).jpg|thumb|garry]] '''Garry Kimovich Kasparov''' [a] (an haife shi Garik Kimovich Weinstein [b] a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1963) ya kasance babban malamin chess ne na kasar [[Rasha]], tsohon Zakaran Chess na Duniya (daga 1985 zuwa 2000), ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa kuma marubuci. Matsayinsa mafi girma na FIDE dara na 2851, da aka samu a cikin 1999, shine mafi girman rikodin har sai Magnus Carlsen ya zarce shi a 2013. Daga 1984 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga gasar chess na yau da kullun a 2005, Kasparov ya kasance a matsayi na 1 a duniya. 1 don rikodin watanni 255 gabaɗaya. Kasparov kuma yana rike da tarihin lashe gasar kwararru a jere (15) da Chess Oscar (11).<ref>http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/</ref> [[Fayil:Garry Kasparov (37549229760) (cropped).jpg|thumb|garry]] [[Fayil:Garry Kasparov European Union 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|garry]] == Magana == <references />{{Stub}} kvq84s3styxq90knxs2wb5ke5fw74ka 0 66105 891295 363068 2026-08-04T11:17:40Z Baffa ali 47435 891295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adrianne Wadewitz''' ( daga Janairu 6, 1977 zuwa Afrilu 8, 2014) ƙwararren masanin mata ne na wallafe-wallafen Biritaniya na ƙarni na 18, sanannen Wikipedian, kuma mai sharhi kan (musamman) batutuwan jinsi a Wikipedia.<ref name=LATimesObit>{{cite news | date = April 23, 2014 | url = http://www.latimes.com/obituaries/la-me-adrianne-wadewitz-20140424,0,1077455.story | title = Adrianne Wadewitz dies at 37; helped diversify Wikipedia | first = Elaine |last=Woo | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == izdp18veqnp3coubebr4dficsqdhgbr 0 69630 891170 374876 2026-08-04T02:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891170 wikitext text/x-wiki Crazy People fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya na hukumar shirya finafinai ta [[Nollywood]] wanda akai a shekara ta 2018 wanda Moses Inwang ya samarwa kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim din mayar da hankali kan matsalolin tunani da kuma nuna kansu a cikin al'umma a hanyar da ta dace da ilimi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=2018-05-08 |title=Ramsey Nouah battles impostor in ‘Crazy People’ |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/267716-ramsey-nouah-battles-impostor-in-crazy-people.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> fim din [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]], [[Monalisa Chinda]], [[Desmond Elliot]], Kunle Afolayan, [[Bryan Okwara]], da Benjamin Toutoui.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=2018-05-28 |title=Actor on why his new movie "Crazy People" is worth seeing in cinemas |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ramsey-nouah-actor-on-why-his-new-movie-crazy-people-is-worth-seeing-in-cinemas/f1fh8ym |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127211900/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ramsey-nouah-actor-on-why-his-new-movie-crazy-people-is-worth-seeing-in-cinemas/f1fh8ym |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-11 |title=Ramsey Nouah nabs his impostor in ‘Crazy People’ |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/ramsey-nouah-nabs-impostor-crazy-people/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayani game da fim == shahararren tauraron Nollywood koma masana'antar don manufa ɗaya kawai; don neman mai yaudara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-11 |title=New Movie Alert : ‘Crazy People’ |url=https://independent.ng/new-movie-alert-crazy-people/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Farko == nuna fim din a duk fadin kasar a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2018. == Ƴan wasa == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] * [[Chigul|Chioma Omeruha]] * Emem Inwang * Francis Onwochei * Sola Sobowale * Ireti Doyle * Monalisa Chinda * Desmond Elliot * Kunle Afolayan * Bryan Okwara * Benjamin Toutoui * Patrick Onyeke * Kashi mai ban dariya. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ipuuzjll3u259ee28pomr2xoh8zo5y3 0 69631 891222 618890 2026-08-04T07:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dinner fim ne na [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]] wanda akai a Najeriya a Shekara ta 2016 wanda ya shafi ɓangaren soyayya, cin amana da yafiya. Jay Franklyn Jituboh da Chris Odeh ne suka samar da shi. Babban furodusa na fim ɗin shine David Jituboh. An sake shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, na shekara ta 2016 kuma an fara shi a IMAX Cinema a Lekki. Firayim Minista na Dinner ya dauki nauyin Amstel Malta kuma ya halarci shahararrun masana'antar fina-finai. Fim din sami zargi mai rikitarwa, kodayake an yaba da wasan kwaikwayonsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=2016-11-24 |title="Dinner" buoyed by great acting |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-dinner-buoyed-by-great-acting/4rf6fnc |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2022-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720075424/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-dinner-buoyed-by-great-acting/4rf6fnc |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * Okey Uzoeshi a matsayin Mike Okafor * Enyinna Nwigwe a matsayin Adetunde George Jnr * [[Kehinde Bankole]] a matsayin Lola Coker<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-15 |title=MOVIE: Watch RMD, Ireti Doyle, Kehinde Bankole in The Trailer For "Dinner" - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2016/09/movie-watch-rmd-ireti-doyle-kehinde-bankole-trailer-dinner/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004043045/https://fab.ng/2016/09/movie-watch-rmd-ireti-doyle-kehinde-bankole-trailer-dinner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Keira Hewatch]] a matsayin Diane Bassey Sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim din sun hada da [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], RMD da [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-27 |title=FRANKLYN premieres ‘Dinner’ |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/franklyn-premieres-dinner-2/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Adetunde George jnr ya gayyaci abokinsa, Mike Okafor zuwa wurinsa don yin karshen mako tare da shi da budurwarsa Lola Coker wanda ke zaune tare da shi don shirya bikin aurensu. Mike Okafor ya kuma kawo budurwarsa Diane Bassey don ya nemi ta. Abubuwa sun tashi zuwa arewa lokacin asirin game da dangantakarsu ya ɓace. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Beyond Blood (fim)|Fiye da jini]] * 'Yan uwa mata na jini (jerin 2022) == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6bb2q2vl5sth31y1x9r8njdy4hdwbb3 0 73360 891150 453507 2026-08-04T01:02:29Z Baffa ali 47435 891150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwogai''' (Tsagu) wani harshe ne na Afro-Asiatic da ake magana da shi a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] .hallau dai wata kalar maganace da iya ayan Bauchi irin wannan ar. . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7pkzsnhs4k28chz3yujc4ou19w5k69t 0 73541 891209 433166 2026-08-04T06:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <ref>[http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=6868 David Vlok - TVSA]. TVSA. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</ref>'''David Vlok''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma tsohon ɗan wasa <ref>[http://news24.com/news24/Entertainment/SouthAfrica/Egoli-actors-nightmare-Comrades-20100602 Egoli actor's nightmare Comrades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028232606/https://www.news24.com/news24/Entertainment/SouthAfrica/Egoli-actors-nightmare-Comrades-20100602 |date=2023-10-28 }}. News24. June 2, 2010.</ref> wanda ya yi fina-finai da yawa kuma an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin. Tim Voster a cikin sabulu na Afirka ta kudu Egoli: Place of Gold . <ref>[http://www.nedbank.co.za/WEBSITE/content/sportAffinities/SportlifeProject_detail.asp?ItemID=88&Article=Articles Shattering Stereotypes]. [[Nedbank]]. Heather Dugmore. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |Fim din |- !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1985 |''Ninja na Amurka'' | | |- |1988 |''[[Red Scorpion]]'' | | |- |1990 |''Dalilin Mutuwa'' |Jami'in 'yan sanda | |- |1998 |''Wanene Ni?'' |Shugaba Thug | |- |- ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |Talabijin |- !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1991 |''Egoli: Wurin Zinariya'' |Tim Voster | |- |2016 |''Getroud ya sadu da rugby'' |Gideon Bekker | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k5znlemt61a59lzudt4t7gsfktiimb1 0 74191 891199 567812 2026-08-04T04:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Danny Keogh''' (3 Maris 1948 - 23 Yuli 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://allafrica.com/stories/201907240630.html|title = South Africa: Veteran Actor Danny Keogh Dies|date = 24 July 2019|access-date = 6 March 2024|archive-date = 24 July 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204648/https://allafrica.com/stories/201907240630.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Uganda wanda aka sani da matsayinsa a shirye-shiryen talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu kamar Known Gods, <ref>{{cite web|title = KNOWN GODS – M-Net Corporate|url = http://mnetcorporate.co.za/genres/known-gods/|website = M-Net Corporate|accessdate = 2016-01-05|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090122/http://mnetcorporate.co.za/genres/known-gods/|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> Interrogation Room, da Julius Galt a cikin Charlie Jade .<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Jade (a Titles & Air Dates Guide) |url=http://epguides.com/CharlieJade/ |website=epguides.com |accessdate=2016-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105210718/http://epguides.com/CharlieJade/ |archivedate=5 January 2016 }}</ref> An haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 1948 a [[Kampala|Kampala]] dake kasar Uganda . Danny Keogh ya buga Sarki Dunchaid a fim din Northmen: A Viking Saga . <ref>{{cite web|title = Film Review: 'Northmen: A Viking Saga'|url = https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/northmen-review-a-viking-saga-1201554005/|website = Variety|date = 31 July 2015|accessdate = 2016-01-05|language = en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {{Expand list|date=February 2018}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1977 |''Gidan Gida na Zinariya'' |Mai kai hari #7 | |- |1978 |''Wani Kamar Kai'' |Willem Labuschagne | |- |1978 |''[[Witblits and Peach Brandy|Witblits da Peach Brandy]]'' |Bitrus | |- |1978 |''Lokaci na Biyar'' |Lukas Mellet | |- |1980 |''Afrilu 1980'' |Maj. Harrison | |- |1987 |''Kashewa'' |Manufar | |- |1987 |''[[N’ Wêreld Sonder Grense|N"Yana da Sonder Grense]]'' |Baƙo | |- |1988 |''Adalci Mai Duhu'' |Hamish Burns | |- |1989 |''[[The Rutanga Tapes|Rubutun Rutanga]]'' |Dokta Blunt | |- |1989 |''Zaɓuɓɓuka'' |Filibus | |- |1989 |''[[Kill Slade|Kashe Slade]]'' |Flannigan | |- |1989 |''[[Jobman]]'' |Dokta na Kurkuku | |- |1989 |''[[Wild Zone|Yankin daji]]'' |Emilio Cortez | |- |1989 |''Haɗin Kai na Ƙasa'' |Jack Rattigan | |- |1990 |''Kashewa mai dadi'' |Jerry Scott | |- |1990 |''[[The Sandgrass People|Mutanen Sandgrass]]'' |Lieutenant Cox | |- |1990 |''[[African Express (1990 film)|African Express]]'' |Helmut | |- |1990 |''Maigidan Makarantar'' |Boetman Coetzee | |- |1990 |''A.W.O.L.'' |J.H van der Merwe | |- |1992 |''Zuwa Mutuwa'' |Hank | |- |1994 |''[[Project Shadowchaser ll|Shadowchaser ll]]'' |John O'Hara | |- |1994 |''[[Kalahari Harry]]'' |Oscar Kowalski | |- |1995 |''Mai cin abinci'' |Diment na ganye | |- |1995 |''Zuciya da Zuciya'' |Andries Fourie | |- |1997 |''Jumping the Gun'' |J.J. | |- |1998 |''Operation Delta Force 3: A bayyane Manufa'' |Umberto Salvatore | |- |1999 |''Masu satar teku na Filayen'' |Murzol | |- |2000 |''[[Falling Rocks|Dutse da ke Faɗuwa]]'' |Mai tono zinariya | |- |2000 |''A cikin Hasken Wata'' |Hunter | |- |2001 |''Jinin Mai Tsarki'' |Eugene | |- |2001 |''[[Malunde]]'' |Andy | |- |2002 |''Rashin jituwa'' |Jethro | |- |2002 |''[[The Piano Player (2002 film)|Mai kunna Piano]]'' |James - Lauyan | |- |2003 |''Hukuncin Dan kasa'' |Laftanar Joe Cook | |- |2003 |''[[Consequence (film)|Sakamakon]]'' |Paparoma | |- |2003 |''Rashin jituwa'' |Bill | |- |2004 |''Tashin Mutuwa'' |Mac Hoggins | |- |2007 |''Barka Bafana'' |Coloner Stander | |- |2008 |''Sojojin Jirgin Sama 3: Marauder'' |Dokta Wiggs | |- |2008 |''Fata'' |Van Tonder | |- |2009 |''[[Tornado and the Kalahari Horse Whisperer|Guguwa da Kalahari Horse Whisperer]]'' |Barrie Burger | |- |2009 |''Invictus'' |Shugaban Rugby | |- |2010 |''Maigida Harold...da kuma yara maza'' |Mista Prentice | |- |2010 |''Mutuwa Race 2'' |Dokta Klein | |- |2011 |''Mista Bob'' |Walker Van Dijk | |- |2012 |''[[Labryinth (2012 TV miniseries)|Labryinth]]'' |Bertrand Pelletier |Abubuwa 2 |- |2013 |''Zulu'' |Kruger | |- |2013 |''[[Durban Poison|Durban Guba]]'' |Klippie | |- |2014 |''Ceto'' |Calder Jenkins | |- |2014 |''Kite'' |Clive Thornhill | |- |2014 |''Northmen - Saga na Viking'' |Sarki Dunchaid | |- |2016 |''[[Detour (fim 2016)|Tafiya]]'' |Mutumin Kasuwanci | |- |2016 |''Siege na Jadotville'' |Mahaifin Gorman | |- |2016 |''[[Dora's Aminci|Zaman Lafiya na Dora]]'' |Stavro | |- |2017 |''Wadanda aka gafarta musu'' |Rian Blomfeld | |- |2018 |''[[The Harvesters (fim)|Masu girbi]]'' |Upa | |- |2018 |''Gidan shakatawa na Red Sea'' |Janar Weiss | (aikin fim na ƙarshe) |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cw1z9d83d5zy4t1yl25xhe53lqrfhww 0 76546 891272 839685 2026-08-04T10:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dsamou Micheline''' (an haifi Moutio Micheline ranar 1 ga watan Yunin, shekarar 1947, a Bangaren yammacin kasar Kamaru) 'yar ƙasar Kamaru ce kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. Ta kasance sanata a majalisar dokokin Kamaru tun a watan Maris shekarar 2018. == Tarihin Rayuwa == == Yarantaka da Rayuwar Farko == Dsamou Micheline ta halarci makarantar firamare a makarantar gwamnati a New Bell, unguwar masu aiki a cikin birnin [[Douala]]. Ta yi karatun sakandare a [[Noutong College|Kwalejin Noutong]] da ke Bangangté, sannan ta yi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata a Douala, daga karshe kuma a [[Lycée d'Etampes]] a Faransa. A farkon shekarar 1970s, ta yi rajista a Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy a [[Angers]], ta sami takardar shaidar kantin magani. == Sana'a == Dsamou Micheline kuma 'yar kasuwa ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Cameroun : La milliardaire Dsamou Micheline lance le plus gros projet agro-industriel |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroun-La-milliardaire-Dsamou-Micheline-lance-le-plus-gros-projet-agro-industriel-713117 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=CamerounWeb |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ta kammala karatunta ne ta yanke shawarar komawa ƙasar Kamaru domin bayar da gudunmuwar ci gaban ƙasar a lokacin bunƙasar tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promotion de l’agro-industrie : un parc intégré annoncé à l’Ouest |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/45530/fr.html/promotion-de-lagro-industrie-un-parc-integre-annonce-louest |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan dawowarta, ta sami kantin magani na Guely daga wani ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Tana da shekaru 28, ta kafa Pharmacie du Soleil a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a cikin shekarar 1975. A cikin shekarar 1986, ta kafa Pharmacam, kamfanin rarraba magunguna, kuma a farkon shekarun 1990, ta shiga cikin zirga-zirga da dabaru tare da ƙirƙirar Line Transit. Ta riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a wasu kamfanoni da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Cameroun : Un Parc Agro-industriel Intégré Pour Produire Plus De Huit Cents Tonnes De Riz Par An - 237online.com |url=https://www.237online.com/cameroun-un-parc-agro-industriel-integre-pour-produire-plus-de-huit-cents-tonnes-de-riz-par-an/,%20https://www.237online.com/cameroun-un-parc-agro-industriel-integre-pour-produire-plus-de-huit-cents-tonnes-de-riz-par-an/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tafiya ta Siyasa == A watan Satumbar shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Dsamo Micheline a matsayin mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na [[Cameroonian People's Democratic Rally|jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=webmaster |title=Les Membres Suppléants du comité Central |url=http://www.rdpcpdm.cm/les-membres-suppleants-du-comite-central/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Site Web Officiel du RDPC |language=fr-FR}}</ref> kuma a cikin shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Sanata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Sénateurs élus du RDPC {{!}} RDPC/CPDM |url=http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/fr/services |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309142616/http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/fr/services |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake zaɓen ta a matsayin Sanata a watan Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-03-24 |title=Cameroun-Sénatoriale 2023 : la liste des 70 sénateurs élus dévoilée |url=https://237infos.net/cameroun-senatoriale-2023-la-liste-des-70-senateurs-elus-devoilee/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=237infos |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == f58riej7ne06i4fn7gv3alfqvbj6j29 0 76590 891167 826248 2026-08-04T02:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Constance Elizabeth Swaniker''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1973) ƴar Ghana ce mai zane-zane, malami, kuma ɗan kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Precision quality, mindset change major game changers for businesses – Constance Swaniker |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/06/precision-quality-mindset-change-major-game-changers-for-businesses-constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Accent & Arts kuma ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Zane da Fasaha (DTI) a [[Accra]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=We need to make vocational schools more attractive - Constance Swaniker - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/we-need-to-make-vocational-schools-more-attractive-constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Constance Swaniker |url=https://thehacsa.org/constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The HACSA |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814034133/https://thehacsa.org/constance-swaniker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://dtiafrica.com/leadership/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Design & Technology Institute |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817044342/https://dtiafrica.com/leadership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimeku |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-03-10 |title=RING THE BELL FOR GENDER EQUALITY |url=https://gse.com.gh/ring-the-bell-for-gender-equality/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Ghana Stock Exchange |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527190328/https://gse.com.gh/ring-the-bell-for-gender-equality/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haffar |first=Anis |author-link=Anis Haffar |date=2021-07-05 |title=Challenge for 21st Century industry in Ghana, Africa: Constance Swaniker on precision quality, technical skills |url=https://www.myghanalinks.com/index.php/all-sections/features/17900-challenge-for-21st-century-industry-in-ghana-africa-constance-swaniker-on-precision-quality-technical-skills |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.myghanalinks.com |language=en-gb }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Volta |date=2021-02-01 |title=Graduates Urged to Venture into Job Creation Even as they Seek Jobs |url=https://voltaonlinegh.com/graduates-urged-venture-in-job-creation-even-as-they-seek-jobs/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Volta Online |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Swaniker a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 1973 a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Constance Elizabeth Swaniker {{!}} WEF |url=https://www.wef.org.in/constance-elizabeth-swaniker/,%20https://www.wef.org.in/constance-elizabeth-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Constance Swaniker: Sculptures {{!}} Feather Of Me |url=https://featherofme.com/constance-swaniker-sculptures/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=featherofme.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da wasu sassan karatunta na farko a [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], da [[Gambiya]]. Daga baya ta shiga Kwalejin Accra don karatun sakandare, inda ta sami takardar shaidarta ta A-Level a 1993. [1] Bayan karatun sakandare, ta shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Kwame Nkrumah]] don neman digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane, bayan haka ta kammala a shekarar 1999.<ref name=":0"/>[1][2]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constance Swaniker, Ghana,Those Who Inspire, Book, Inspire, Mentor |url=https://www.thosewhoinspire.com/meet-the-ip/constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Those Who Inspire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yayinda yake a jami'a, Swaniker ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan koyo wanda ke ƙwarewa a aikin masassaƙa a Art Deco Ltd. <ref name=":2"/> Watanni shida bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, ta kafa Accents & Art Ltd kamfani ne na Ghana wanda ke samar da kayayyakin fasaha tare da ƙarfe, igiya da gilashi, kuma ya haɗa da Cibiyar Zane da Fasaha (DTI). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murungi |first=Nelly |date=2019-04-18 |title=The journey so far: Constance Swaniker, CEO, Accents & Art |url=https://howwemadeitinafrica.com/the-journey-so-far-constance-swaniker-ceo-accents-art/63158/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521015548/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/the-journey-so-far-constance-swaniker-ceo-accents-art/63158/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constance Swaniker {{!}} 2017 Fellow |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constance Swaniker |url=https://gsgii.org/contacts/constance-swaniker/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=GSG |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820031510/https://gsgii.org/contacts/constance-swaniker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Expanding Financing for Small Businesses in Ghana through Improved Fin |url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/NEWS_EXT_CONTENT/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/News+and+Events/News/Expanding_Financing_for_Small_Businesses_in_Ghana |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.ifc.org |language=en}}</ref> Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i kamar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, Jami'ar Ashesi, Jami'an Fasaha ta Takoradi, da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ho, Accent & Arts ta sami damar samar da horo da kwangila ga matasa sama da 600 tun daga shekara ta 2009. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Swaniker ya kafa kuma ya zama babban jami'in zartarwa na Cibiyar Zane da Fasaha (DTI), <ref name=":4"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Young entrepreneurs receive $22,000 support |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/5-young-entrepreneurs-receive-22-000-support.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Tony |title=Let's change the narrative around technical and vocational education - DTI CEO |url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21254639 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.gna.org.gh |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625001408/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21254639 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wata cibiyar ilimi da aka nufa don rufe gibin tsakanin ilimi da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's change the narrative around technical and vocational education -DTI CEO – The Chronicle News Online |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/lets-change-the-narrative-around-technical-and-vocational-education-dti-ceo/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |title=Precision and quality, pre-requisite tools for producing excellent results - DTI |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/precision-and-quality-pre-requisite-tools-for-producing-excellent-results-dti/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=newsghana.com.gh/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Let's change the narrative around Technical and Vocational Education – DTI CEO |url=https://myrepubliconline.com/lets-change-the-narrative-around-technical-and-vocational-education-dti-ceo/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Republic Media Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=Develop core values to propel your businesses, artisans told |url=https://freedomradiogh.com/develop-core-values-to-propel-your-businesses-artisans-told/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Freedom Radio GH Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625162727/https://freedomradiogh.com/develop-core-values-to-propel-your-businesses-artisans-told/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benghan |first=Bernard |last2=Connielove Mawutornyo Dzodzegbe |date=2021-11-12 |title=Provide roadmap on how to fix unemployment …Prof. Dodoo to tertiary institutions |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/provide-roadmap-on-how-to-fix-unemployment-prof-dodoo-to-tertiary-institutions/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Mafarkinta shine ta yi amfani da labarinta ta karfafa mata da yawa su shiga ayyukan da aka ware don maza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTANCE SWANIKER - CONFIRMED SPEAKERS |url=https://www.sheroesforum.com/registrant_profile.cfm?CONSTANCE%20SWANIKER&registration_id=389 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.sheroesforum.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An nuna ayyukan Swaniker a nune-nunen da yawa a Ghana da wajen Ghana. Sun hada da nune-nunen ta na farko; Passage of Discovery, wanda aka gudanar a Alliance of Artists Gallery. Taron ya gudana daga 22 ga Yuni zuwa 6 ga Yuli 2011. An kuma nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin Juxtaposed, Light & Darkness wanda aka gudanar a cikin gine-ginen Nike Arts da Al'adu a [[Najeriya]] daga 5 ga Nuwamba zuwa 14 ga Nuwamba 2011. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, an nuna ayyukanta a babban ofishin [[UNESCO]] a birnin [[Faris|Paris]]. <ref name=":0"/> == Daraja == Ayyukan Swaniker an san su a cikin gida da kuma duniya. A shekara ta 2010, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta The Network Journal Africa 40 a ƙarƙashin 40 Achievement. A wannan shekarar, an amince da ita a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan kasuwa ta hanyar shirin SME Innovation Award. A shekara ta 2013 an ba ta lambar yabo ta LISCO Be Your Dream Award, da kuma Metal Product of the Year Award. A wannan shekarar ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Yankin Kasar Afirka a cikin Jagora da Gudanarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2014, kamfaninta, Accent and Arts ita ce Kamfanin Kasar da Yankin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekara.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 2017 ta kasance mai karɓar Mata Mafi Tasiri a Afirka a Kasuwanci da Gwamnati, da kuma Kyautar Mata ta Kwarewa a lokacin lambobin yabo na masana'antu na Ghana. Ta sami wani lambar yabo ta Ghana Manufacturing a shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Constance Swaniker mahaifiyar yara biyu ce (2). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constance Elizabeth Swaniker - User Profile |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/5625 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=AGLN - Aspen Global Leadership Network |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Ghana]] [[Category:Mawaka]] [[Category:Mata]] 5hw1g1on9z4rsg35io38bbi8n2hfigh 0 78237 891246 495409 2026-08-04T08:54:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Al-Anfal.svg |thumb| Al-Anfaal]] [[File:008001_Al-Anfaal_UrduScript.jpg |thumb| Ayar farko na surar]] '''Al-Anfal'''<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal</ref> A Larabci: ٱلأنفال, al-ʾanfāl; ma'ana ,ganimar Yaki, Samun Kuɗi, Tattaunawa, Riba) shine sura ta takwas na Alqur'ani mai girma, mai ayoyi 75. Dangane da lokacin wahayi da mahallin wahayi (asbāb al-nuzūl), “surar [[Madinah|Madina]]” ce, wacce aka kammala bayan [[Badar|Yaƙin Badar]]. Ya samar da biyu tare da surah ta gaba, At-Tawba. A cewar fitaccen malamin falsafa na musulmi Abul A'la Maududi, wata kila babin ya bayyana a shekara ta 2 bayan yakin Badar, karon farko na kare kai tsakanin mutanen [[Makkah|Makka]] da musulmin Madina bayan da suka gudu daga fitina a Makka. Kamar yadda ya ƙunshi babban bincike-bincike na Yaƙin, yana ba da ra'ayin cewa galibi an gano shi a lokaci guda. Amma duk da haka, yana da kyau a yi tunanin cewa wani yanki na ayar da ta shafi batutuwan da suka kunno kai saboda wannan Yaƙin na iya buɗewa daga baya kuma an haɗa su a mafi kyawun wurare don tabbatar da shi cikakke. == Takaitawa == '''1''' Ganimar yaki na Allah ne da Manzonsa '''2-4''' Muminai na gaskiya da ladarsu na gaba '''5-6''' An tsawatar da Musulmi saboda rashin aminta da Annabinsu. '''7''' Allah yana bawa musulmai ko dai Quraishawa ko ayarinsu '''8''' Nasarar Badar hatimi ce ga Musulunci '''9''' Taimakon da Allah yayi ma Annabi Muhammadu na Mala'iku '''10-11''' Musulmi sun wartsake da ta'aziyya kafin yaƙin '''12''' Mala’iku sun yi wasiyya da ta’aziyya ga muminai ta hanyar halaka kafiran Quraishawa '''13-14''' Kafirai an yanke musu hukunci anan da kuma lahira '''15-16''' Musulmi ba za su juya wa kafirai baya ba saboda zafin wutar jahannama. '''17-18''' Nasarar Badar abin al'ajabi ne '''19''' An gargadi Quraishawa game da ci gaba da yaƙi da musulmi '''20-21''' An yi wa Musulmai wasiyya da tsayin daka cikin imani '''22-23''' Kafirai idan aka kwatanta da kurame da bebaye '''24''' Muminai su miƙa kansu ga Allah da Manzonsa '''25-28''' An gargaɗe su game da rikicin cikin gida, yaudara, da ha'inci '''29''' Ni'imar Allah ga muminai na gaskiya '''30''' Makirci akan Muhammadu Allah ya ba su takaici '''31''' Kafirai suna kamanta Alqur'ani da tatsuniyoyi '''32-33''' Kuraishawa sun sami kariya daga hukuncin da suka dace da kasancewar Muhammadu a cikinsu '''34-38''' Masu shirki na Makka sun tsawatar da kuma tsoratarwa '''39''' An yi wa Quraishawa afuwa '''40''' Masu bautar gumaka da ba su tuba ba da za a kawar da su daga ƙasa '''41''' Yadda za a raba ganimar yaƙi '''42-43''' Allah ne ya jagoranci musulmi suka yi yaƙi a Badar don tabbatar da gaskiyar Musulunci '''44''' Musulmi sun kwadaitar, kuma kafirai sun shagaltu da halaka, ta yadda kowannensu ya ga dayan kadan ne. '''45-46''' Muminai sun kwadaitar da yin biyayya '''47''' Muminai sun yi gargaɗi game da girman kai na banza '''48''' Shaidan ya bar Quraishawa a Badar '''49-51''' Kaddarar munafukai '''52-54''' halaka su kamar ta Fir'auna da mutanensa '''55''' Mafi sharrin dabbobi su ne kafirai '''56-58''' Yin ha'inci da za a sadu da shi '''59''' Lalle ne Allah Ya kasance a kan kãfirai '''60''' Musulmi sun yi farin ciki da yaƙi da kafirai '''61''' Yanayin salama da kafirai '''62-64''' Abin al'ajabi na ƙungiyar Larabawa '''65-66''' Allah tare da Annabi da musulmai a cikin yaƙin imani '''67-69''' An tsawatar wa Musulmai kan karbar kudin fansa ga wadanda aka kama a Badar. '''70-71''' Ƙaure Quraishawa sun gargaɗi su yarda da Musulunci, kuma sun yi gargaɗi game da yaudara '''72-73''' 'Yan uwantakar Musulmi (da wajibcinta da ita), kasancewar kafirai masu taimakon juna ne, kuma yana tasiri ga musulmi idan ba su taimaki wani ba. '''74''' 'Yan uwantakar Ansar da Muhaj Jirín '''75''' An sake kafa haƙƙoƙin gado na dangantakar jini == Asalin suna == Sunan wannan surar Al-Anfal (Falala) daga aya ta farko. Kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin aya ita ce الْأَنفَالِ. Kalmar أَنفَال tana yin ishara da abin da aka bayar a matsayin ƙarin adadin da ya wuce abin da ake buƙata. Anyi hangen nesa sosai wajen amfani da wannan kalma: ladan yin jihadi don Allah yana samun ceto na dindindin a wurin Allah. Ban da wannan kyauta, ganimar da ake karbowa daga Kafirai, wani kari ne ga irin wadannan mutane; Kafin tashin kiyama, Allah madaukakin sarki yana bayar da wadannan ga wadanda suka halarci yakin. == Manazarta == 59hogr5jbewfdhmudgt9ddvys1fdbm1 0 79056 891057 883481 2026-08-03T17:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KAMFEDI,''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kamfen don Ilimi na Mata) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a 1993 wacce manufarta ita ce kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar, ilimin 'yan mata da kuma karfafawa mata matasa. Shirye-shiryen CAMFED suna aiki a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]]. == Tarihi == Ann Cotton ce ta kafa '''KAMFEDI''' a 1993 don tallafawa 'yan mata su je makaranta wadanda in ba haka ba za a hana su ilimi saboda talauci. Tunanin CAMFED ya fito ne daga bayan tafiyar '''KAMFEDI''' zuwa Zimbabwe inda ta yi imani cewa karancin mata a makaranta saboda talauci ne wanda bai ba su damar rufe kuɗin makaranta ba.<ref name="cotton">{{Cite web |title=Our team – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#ann-cotton |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Ya fara ne tare da goyon baya ga 'yan mata 32 don halartar makarantar sakandare a gundumomi biyu na karkara na Zimbabwe. Ya zuwa 2017, Camfed ya tallafa wa yara sama da miliyan 1.5 ta hanyar ilimi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantu 5,500 a Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2016 |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, Camfed ya ba da rahoton taimakawa yara miliyan 6.4 gabaɗaya, gami da 'yan mata miliyan 1.8 a makarantar sakandare. Da yake tsammanin buƙatar damar tattalin arziki na bayan makaranta ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, an kafa kungiyar '''KAMFEDI''' Alumnae <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMA: Young women leading change – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> (CAMA) a cikin 1998 don haɗa matasan mata masu barin makaranta da kuma ba da hanyoyi don damar makarantar sakandare. CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. A shekara ta 2017, CAMA tana da mambobi 84,675 matasan mata, daga cikinsu yanzu malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="auto"/> Alamar Camfed ita ce gwagwarmaya da taimakon jama'a na cibiyar sadarwar tsofaffi, waɗanda ke aiki sosai wajen tarawa da gudanar da kudade don tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na yara a makaranta. == Ayyuka == '''KAMFEDI''' tana mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara na [[Afirka]] inda talauci ya yadu, kuma 'yan mata da matasa mata suna fuskantar warewa daga ilimi da kuma damar da ilimi ke ba da ita. CAMFED tana aiki don gi'''KAMFEDI''' da 'yan mata wani yanayi na tallafi wanda za su iya halarta, kuma su yi nasara, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, da ci gaba zuwa matashi tare da damar da ta haɗa da horar da sana'a, ilimi mafi girma da samar da aiki. '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da taimako ta hanyar biyan kuɗin makaranta, samar da kayan makaranta, littattafai, da kariya ta tsabta. Suna kuma aiki tare da makarantar ta hanyar horar da malamai don zama masu ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we operate - our unique model - CAMFED |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/camfed-model/}}</ref> === CAMA === CAMA, kungiyar '''KAMFEDIKAMFEDI''', ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffi don masu karatun CAMFED. <ref>[https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ "CAMA alumnae: Young women leading change"], Camfed.</ref> CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin 'CAMA Multiplier Effect', inda waɗannan matasan mata masu digiri yanzu suna jagorantar motsi don ilimin 'yan mata a cikin al'ummominsu. Ikon mambobin CAMA don jagorantar da aiwatar da irin wannan canji na dindindin ya fito ne daga kwarewar rayuwarsu. === Shirin Jagoran Mai Koyi === Shirin Learner Guide an fara shi kuma mata ne ke gudanar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta '''KAMFEDI''' CAMA waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa a makarantun gida don isar da tsarin karatun da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da jagoranci, kiwon lafiya, ilmantarwa da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ƙwaroransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Learner Guide Program – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/learner-guide-program/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin bangare biyu ne wanda a lokaci guda ke magance daidaitattun damar samun ilimi ga yara da kuma lokacin sauya makarantar sakandare ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Da farko, Shirin Jagora na Malami yana ba da shirin horo ga matasan mata don zama Masu Jagora, buɗe damar bayan sakandare, samar da horo na ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Abu na biyu, masu jagorantar masu ba da gudummawa suna ba da shirin da aka tsara wanda ke tallafawa yara da aka ware ta hanyar iliminsu, tare da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == '''KAMFEDI''' da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban, jerin manufofi na duniya da nufin magance [[talauci]], rashin daidaito, [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da [[Canjin yanayi]] a duk faɗin duniya, sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an tsara waɗannan manufofi don tattara ƙoƙarin duniya don canza duniya cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=The Sustainable Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ci gaba tare da SDG4: Ilimi mai inganci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar'''KAMFEDI'''-shiryen ci gaba masu ɗorewa da haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Priyanka |date=2016-11-22 |title=Ensuring millions of children have the opportunity to learn |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2016/11/22/ensuring-millions-of-children-have-the-opportunity-to-learn/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda CAMFED ta gabatar wajen ilimantar da 'yan mata, da kuma tallafawa mata matasa ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu aminci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=How Many Girls Can One Woman Teach? You'd Be Surprised |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2014/09/16/how-many-girls-can-one-woman-teach-youd-be-surprised/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> aikin CAMFED yana ba da gudummawa ga cimma yawancin Manufofin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ciki har da Manufar 1: Talauci, Manufar 3: Lafiya mai kyau, Manufar 5: Daidaitaccen jinsi, Manufar 13: Ayyukan Yanayi, da sauransu. == Takaddun shaida == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta amince da '''KAMFEDI''' don mafi kyawun aiki wajen daukar sabbin abubuwan ci gaba.<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD DAC Prize |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacprize.htm |access-date=2015-01-22 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba da kyautar WISE Award na Shirin Jagora na Malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 WISE Awards |url=http://www.wise-qatar.org/wise-awards-2017 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.wise-qatar.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2019, '''KAMFEDI''' USA an kiyasta ta Charity Navigator a 96.30 daga cikin 100 gabaɗaya, tare da ƙimar 96.64 daga cikin 100 don kuɗin sa da kuma 96.00 daga cikin 100 saboda gaskiya da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Camfed USA Foundation |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11479 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref> == Shahararrun magoya baya == '''KAMFEDI''' ta sami amincewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Morgan Freeman]], tsohon Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], marubuciya [[Doris Lessing]], tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Shugaban Kwamitin GPE Julia Gillard, mawaƙa / marubuciya Joan Armatrading, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa - marubuciya, kuma mai ba da agaji [[Rihanna]], 'yar kasuwa da mai ba da taimako Martha Lane Fox da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, samfurin da mai fafutuka [[Emma Watson]]. Kasuwancin zamantakewa '''KAMFEDI'''="cx-link" data-linkid="138" href="./Ayisha_Fuseini" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ayisha Fuseini">Ayisha Fuseini ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin CAMFED lokacin da ta gabatar da ita ga kasuwancin [[Man kaɗe|man shanu]]. == Ƙarin karantawa == * '''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf KAMFEDI]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2016]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="auto"/> * Tsarin dabarun '''KAMFEDI''' 2015-19 <ref>[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf Camfed Strategic Plan 2015-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701082145/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf |date=2023-07-01 }} Camfed</ref> * Hukumar Ilimi ta 2016, ''The Learning Generation: Zuba jari a ilimi don duniya mai canzawa'' <ref>[http://report.educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Learning_Generation_Full_Report.pdf Learning generation] educationcommission.org</ref> * Winthrop, R., Nuwamba 2016, Stanford Social Innovation Review: Ta yaya Za Mu iya "Leapfrog" Sakamakon Ilimi? <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> * Winthrop, R., Perlman Robinson, J., Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Brookings: Miliyoyin Ilimi: Ƙara Ilimi mai inganci a Kasashe masu tasowa <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/FINAL-Millions-Learning-Report-1.pdf Millions Learning: Scaling up Quality Education in Developing Countries] brookings.edu</ref> * Shapiro, J., Mayu 2016, Forbes: Ta yaya Wasu daga cikin 'yan mata mafi talauci a duniya suka sami daidai ilimin da suke bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Oktoba 2015, Forbes: [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/#3fab14e223fd ''Ilimi shine mabuɗin Dukkanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Duniya (Q&A Tare da Julia Gillard) ''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=Education Is The Key To All Global Development Goals (Q&A With Julia Gillard) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Fabrairu 2015, Forbes: Don Gyara Makarantu na Amurka, Ka yi la'akari da Ayyukan Camfed a Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=To Fix U.S. Schools, Consider Camfed's Work In Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/02/27/to-fix-u-s-schools-consider-camfeds-work-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Bincike Horizons, Jami'ar Cambridge, Fitowa 32 Fabrairu 2017 "Ilimi shine Duk abin da"[https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/issue_32_research_horizons.pdf "Ilimi shine Dukkanin"] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] CAMFED ''Gudanarwa, Lissafi ga Yarinya. '' ''Yin aiki zuwa ga daidaitattun Gudanarwa a Sashin Ci Gaban Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camfed Governance Accounting to the Girl |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626093151/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 2010. "A Power-Sharing Model for Systemic Change". Rahoton Tasirin Camfed na 2010. * Kristof, N., da S. WuDunn, 2010. ''Rabin Sama: Juya zalunci zuwa Dama ga Mata a Duniya''. Rubuce-rubuce. * Gidan zura kwarin nan, 2012. [http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf "Abin da ke aiki a cikin Ilimi na 'yan mata a Ghana".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816023502/http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf |date=2020-08-16 }} * CAMFED International, 2004. ''Ina da Labari da zan fada: Bikin Shekaru Goma na CAMFED International'',   * Joann Weiner, "Wata mace mai ƙarfi ta Afirka tana rayuwa daidai da kiran Michelle Obama don ba 'yan mata damar zuwa makaranta", The Washington Post, 12 Disamba 2014. * "Mutumin da ya kammala karatu don zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin ilimi na duniya", Zambia: Newsline, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://camfed.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * Yara marasa makaranta: Sabon Bayyanawa na Bayyana ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oagb1sz98emzhyg3xxadws89gunkuu5 0 79836 891114 578697 2026-08-03T22:46:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana''' ('''GIMPA''') jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke da haɗin kai da ke shimfiɗa a kan makarantun huɗu ([[Accra]], Tema, [[Kumasi]] da Takoradi) kuma ta ƙunshi makarantu shida, cibiyoyin bincike goma da ke Greenhill a Accra, Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIMPA |url=http://www.ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522084017/http://ghanaschoolsonline.com/intermediate/school_profile.cfm?levelID=9&schID=845 |archive-date=2013-05-22 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=Ghana Schools Online}}</ref> Wurin GIMPA, Greenhill, Nicholas T. Clerk (1930 - 2012) ne ya sanya masa suna wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Rector na cibiyar daga 1977 zuwa 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-11 |title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMINI PORTAL |url=http://www.odadee.net/school |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school |archive-date=2016-11-11 |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> Sunan, "Greenhill", yana nufin kayan lambu da tsaunuka na babban harabar, da kuma wurin da yake a Legon wanda a tarihi ya kasance a gefen babban birnin Ghana, [[Accra]].<ref name=":0" /> Tare da cibiyoyin jihohi 200, GIMPA ta samu nasarar shiga cikin Shirin Gyara na Sashen Jama'a a karkashin jagorancin [[Bankin Duniya]] kuma ta zama cibiyar tallafawa kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Gyaran Cibiyoyin Kasa a shekara ta 2001. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar a shekara ta 2004. [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] ce ta kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1961 tare da taimakon Shirin Asusun Musamman na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma da farko an kira ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a, wanda aka nufa a matsayin makarantar digiri ta kwararru ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A yau, GIMPA tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci, kasuwanci, doka, gudanar da jama'a, gudanar da ci gaba, shugabanci, jagoranci da fasaha.<ref name=":1">gimpa.edu.gh</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Background |url=http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623015344/http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=2013-06-23 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=www.gimpa.edu.gh}}</ref> === Alamar Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana === '''Ziyarar:''' Don sanya GIMPA a bayyane a matsayin babbar Cibiyar Kwarewa da ke mai da hankali kan gina iyawa a cikin jagoranci, gudanarwa, gudanar da jama'a da dorewa don tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ghana da Afirka.<ref name="gimpa_about-us">{{Cite web |title=About Us – GIMPA |url=https://gimpa.edu.gh/about-us/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Manufar:''' Babban manufar GIMPA ita ce bunkasa ma'aikatan gwamnati masu ban sha'awa da masu iyawa, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da shugabannin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tare da karfi na bil'adama don tallafawa ci gaban kasa mai ɗorewa.<ref name="gimpa_about-us"/> A tsakiyar tambarin GIMPA shine hasumiyar tripodal, wanda ke tasowa cikin sama. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da asalin taken "Ragewa da Kai, Ilimi da Kula da Kai". An dauki wannan taken daga waka "Oenone" ta mawaki na Burtaniya na karni na 19 Alfred Lord Tennyson. Sashe mai dacewa ya karanta: "...Rashin girmamawa, sanin kai, kame kai, Wadannan uku ne kawai ke jagorantar rayuwa zuwa ikon mallaka. Duk da haka ba don iko ba (ikon kanta) Zai zo ba tare da an kira shi ba) amma ya rayu ta hanyar doka, Yin aiki da doka muna rayuwa ba tare da tsoro ba; Kuma, saboda dama daidai ne, bi dama Sun kasance hikima a cikin ƙyamar sakamako. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=guyfinley |date=2020-01-10 |title=Lord Alfred Tennyson Quote – "Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control..." |url=https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=One Journey |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617173112/https://onejourney.net/lord-alfred-tennyson-quote-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control: These three alone lead life to sovereign power." —Alfred Lord Tennyson |url=https://www.passiton.com/inspirational-quotes/4119-self-reverence-self-knowledge-self-control |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Foundation for a Better Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin aro daga al'adun gargajiya, waɗannan kayan bikin da aka yi da hannu suna haifar da sha'awa da girmamawa daga mahalarta da masu kallo. Su ne muhimman wakilci da ke girmama ci gaba da GIMPA da ƙarfin ilimi. == Makarantu / fannoni == * Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA * Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa * Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a * Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA * Makarantar Fasaha * Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == Makarantar Kasuwanci ta GIMPA (GBS) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na lissafi * Bachelor na Kudi * Bachelor na Kasuwanci * Bachelor, Gudanar da Kasuwanci * Bachelor na Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Bachelor, Sayarwa, Daidaitawa, da Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa * Bachelor, Hospitality da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Bachelor, Gudanar da Ayyuka === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (CBA) * Diploma a cikin Nazarin Gudanarwa (DMS) * Diploma a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Jagoran Lissafi da Kudi * Jagoran Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Jagoran Kasuwanci * Jagoran Gudanar da Inganci * Jagoran Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa (MSCM) * Jagoran Gudanar da Ayyuka (MPM) * Jagoran Asusun Ilimin Halitta * Babban Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (EMBA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) * Jagoran Bincike A Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MRes) === Shirye-shiryen PhD === * Dokta na Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (PhD) * Dokta na Gudanarwa (DMGT) == Makarantar GIMPA ta Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, (SPSG) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare === * Bachelor na Gudanar da Jama'a === Shirye-shiryen digiri === * Shirin Horar da Gudanar da Sashen Jama'a (PSMTP) * Masana a cikin Lafiya ta Jama'a (MPH) * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a (MPA) * Jagoran Gudanar da Jama'a * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Kudin Ci Gaban * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora * Jagoran Gudanar da Ci Gaban (MDM) * Jagoran Fasaha a Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da diflomasiyya (MAIRD) * Masana a cikin Haɗin Yankin da Ci gaban Afirka (MAIRD) * MSc Nazarin Muhalli da Manufofin (ESP) * Shugabannin zartarwa a cikin Gudanarwa da Jagora (Emgl) da Shugabannin zattaka a cikin Gudun Jama'a (EMPA) === Shirin PhD === Shirin Ph.D. A cikin Gudanar da Jama'a, Manufofin da Gudanarwa == Kwalejin Shari'a, GIMPA == An kafa fannin shari'a a GIMPA a cikin 2010 kuma ya girma da sauri daga ƙaramin girmansa na kimanin dalibai saba'in da ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci guda biyar zuwa sama da dalibai ɗari huɗu da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci ashirin da shida ban da mataimakan goma sha huɗu. Faculty of Law, GIMPA ya nuna cewa na farko ne kuma kawai na zamani ne kawai a Ghana. * LL.Shirin Ranar B * LL.B Shirin na yau da kullun * LL.B Shirin Modular === Law Library & Cibiyoyin === * Laburaren Shari'a * Cibiyar Shari'a da Gudanarwa ta Atta Mills * Cibiyar SKB Asante don Tattaunawa da Matsakaici ta Duniya == Makarantar Fasaha ta GIMPA (SOT) == === Shirye-shiryen karatun digiri === * BSc Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa (BSc ICT) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Computer Science (BSc CS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc Management Information Systems (BSC MIS) [Daytime and Evening Sessions] * BSc. Bayanan Lafiya [Daytime da Evening Sessions] * Diploma a cikin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (Taron Rana) === Shirye-shiryen Masters (Taron maraice da Modular) === * Jagoran Falsafa MIS (MPhil MIS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Falsafa ICT (MPhil ICT) [Taron maraice da Modular] * Jagoran Kimiyya MIS (MSc MIS) [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Kimiyya ICT (MSc ICT) [Maganar, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Tsarin Bayanai (MPhil IS) [Taron maraice da Modular] * MSc. IT & Law [Da yamma, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Digital Forensics da Cybersecurity [Mafin, karshen mako da kuma Modular Sessions] * MSc. Lissafi mai amfani [Mafin dare, karshen mako da kuma Sessions Modular] === Shirye-shiryen Digiri === * Diploma na ICT (PD ICT) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] * Diploma na Post-Graduate MIS (PD MIS) [Taron maraice da karshen mako] === Takaddun shaida da gajerun darussan === * Takardar shaidar a cikin ICT (CICT) [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] * Mature Entrance Course [Daytime, Evening and Weekend Sessions] == Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a == * MSc a cikin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * MSc a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Mphil a cikin Tattalin Arziki * Bachelor of Science a cikin Gudanar da Baƙi === Gajerun Shirye-shiryen === * Takardar shaidar a cikin Karɓar Baƙi da Gudanar da Yawon Bude Ido * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Otal * Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Gidaje * Takardar shaidar a cikin Kwarewar Ingilishi == Makarantar Bincike da Nazarin Digiri == * Shirin Binciken Muhalli da Albarkatun Halitta (ENRRI - EfD Ghana) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENRRI– EfD Ghana – GIMPA |url=https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607214652/https://www.gimpa.edu.gh/schools/school-of-graduate-studies-and-research/enrri-efd-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jagorancin jami'a == {| {{table}} | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Rector''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''Matsayin Ofishin''' |- |E. V. Mamphey |1965–1968 |- |E. A. Nasara |1968–1972 |- |James Nti |1972–1977 |- |[[Nicholas T. Clerk|Nicholas T. magatakarda]] |1977–1982 |- |R. K. O. Djang |1982–1986 |- |T. B. Wereko |1986–1999 |- |[[Stephen Adei]] |1999–2008 |- |Yaw Agyemang Badu |2008–2012 |- |Franklin A. Manu |2012–2017 |- |Philip Ebow Bondzi-Simpson |2017–2021 |- |Samuel Kwaku Bonsu |2021-yanzu |- |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Becca - mawaƙa, mawaƙa, marubuciya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Rebecca Acheampong (Becca) Bio: 10 Lesser Known Facts About Her |url=https://buzzghana.com/rebecca-acheampong-becca-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ghanaian-songstress/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=BuzzGhana}}</ref> * Kenneth Gilbert Adjei - Tsohon Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro * Gifty Afenyi-Dadzie - Matar farko da aka nada shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA) kuma jami'in da ya fi dadewa a wannan mukamin * [[Roland Agambire]] - Shugaba na Agams Holdings kuma shugaban da Shugaba na kamfanin ICT Rlg CommunicationsRlg Sadarwa * Charles Agyin-Asare - Wanda ya kafa Perez Chapel International da Precious TV * Samuel Kwame Adibu Asiedu - Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana * [[Akua Sena Dansua]]- Tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Arewacin Dayi, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Mata da Yara, Matasa da Wasanni da Yawon Bude Ido. * Eldah Naa Abiana Dickson (Abiana) - Mawakin mawaƙa kuma marubucin waƙa * Patrick Amoah-Ntim - diflomasiyyar Ghana * Mimi Areme - Miss Duniya 2010 (1st Runner Up Beauty with A Purpose, Miss Ghana 2009) (Winner) * [[Theresa Lardi Awuni]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na mazabar Okaikwei ta ArewaGundumar Okaikwei ta Arewa * Samira Bawumia - Uwargidan [[Ghana]] ta biyu * [[Aliu Mahama]] - Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana na 4 (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na 3) * Lordina Mahama - tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ghana (2012-2017) * [[Daniel McKorley]] - Kamfanoni na McDan * Kojo Oppong Nkrumah - Ministan Bayanai kuma MP na Ofoasi / Ayirebi * Paskal A. B. Rois, Mai ba da izini na Indonesia a Ghana <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Asare |first=Fred Quame |date=15 April 2022 |title=From street musician to ambassador, the story of Paskal Rois |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/from-street-musician-to-ambassador-the-story-of-paskal-rois/ |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> * Imoro Yakubu Kakpagu - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana don Kumbungu (Janairu 2009 -Janairu 2013) * [[Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi]] - memba na majalisar dokokin Ghana na Asante Akim-Central * [[John Dumelo]] - Dan wasan Ghana, Dan siyasa, kuma Manomi. * [[Yvonne Nelson]] - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ghana, Model, mai shirya fina-finai, da kuma dan kasuwa. * Rita Korankye Ankrah - Firayim Minista na Royalhouse Chapel International * Issah Adam Yakubu - Shugaban Ma'aikatan Ruwa == Bincike da bayar da shawarwari == * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Binciken Manufofin (CHESPOR) * Cibiyar Ilimi kan Bincike da Sakamakon (CLEAR) * Cibiyar Ci gaban Gudanarwa (CMD) * Cibiyar Ci gaban IT (CITD) * Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa ta Afirka (ACICJ) * Cibiyar Kula da Jima'i da Ci Gaban (GDRC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka (CWAS) * Cibiyar Afirka kan Shari'a da Da'a * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Jagora da Horar da Zartarwa (ALET) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.gimpa.edu.gh Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form GIMPA Amincewa Form] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617101505/https://www.justschoolnews.com/gimpa-admission-form |date=2024-06-17 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ttn0675vl729bcxyowclf2epa13wyg 0 80101 891297 715402 2026-08-04T11:22:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eamonn Brophy''' (An haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Maris, 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Ross County, a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Brophy a baya ya buga wa Celtic, Hibernian, Hamilton Academical, Queen's Park, Dumbarton, Kilmarnock da St Mirren, kuma ya fara buga wasan farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Scotland a shekarar 2019. == Ayyukan kulob dinsa == Brophy ya zo ne daga Celtic da Hibernian , amma dukansu sun ɗauke shi wanda yazo a gajeren a lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title='Celts exit fuelled me' Eamonn Brophy defying doubters who said he was too small |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/celtic-heartbreak-spurred-on-kilmarnock-13254636}}</ref> Ya zama ƙwararre tare da Hamilton Academic a watan Yulin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2012 |title=New Signings |url=http://www.acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1884:new-signings&catid=44:news&Itemid=140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706195115/http://www.acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1884:new-signings&catid=44:news&Itemid=140 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |publisher=Hamilton Academical F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Accies 5 Airdrie United 0 |url=http://acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2192:accies-5-airdrie-united-0&catid=79:season-2012-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706201222/http://acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2192:accies-5-airdrie-united-0&catid=79:season-2012-13 |archive-date=6 July 2013 |publisher=Hamilton Academical F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Hamilton Academical 5–0 Airdrie Utd |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22088504 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew McGilvray |date=11 April 2013 |title=Five-star show from Hamilton puts Diamonds closer to drop |url=http://www.hamiltonadvertiser.co.uk/hamilton-lanarkshire-sport/hamiltonaccies/2013/04/11/five-star-show-from-hamilton-puts-diamonds-closer-to-drop-51525-33152104/ |publisher=Hamilton Advertiser}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Brophy ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Scottish League Two Queen's Park a kan aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2013-14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2014 |title=Brophy goes out on loan |url=http://www.acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2533:brophy-goes-out-on-loan&catid=44:news&Itemid=140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306184754/http://www.acciesfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2533:brophy-goes-out-on-loan&catid=44:news&Itemid=140 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=6 March 2014 |publisher=acciesfc.co.uk}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, inda ya ci kwallaye 3-1 a kan [[Clyde FC|Clyde]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=Queen's Park 1–3 Clyde |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26396773 |access-date=10 March 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Dumbertom ta Scottish Championship a aro a watan Satumbar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumbarton Football Club – LOAN SIGNING: BROPHY JOINS FROM ACCIES |url=https://www.dumbartonfootballclub.com/news/?mode=view&id=2074 |website=www.dumbartonfootballclub.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Brophy ya sanya hannu a [[Kilmarnock FC|Kilmarnock]], kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2017 |title=Kilmarnock sign Eamonn Brophy and Brad Spencer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40981144 |access-date=18 August 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar ƙarshe ta kakar 2018-19, hukuncin Brophy na minti na 89 ya ga Kilmarnock ya doke [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] 2-1 don rufe wuri a cikin 2019-20 uefa eUROPA - karo na farko da kulob din ya cancanci gasar Turai tun daga 2001-02 UEFA Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2019 |title=Kilmarnock 2–1 Rangers: Steve Clarke's side finish third to qualify for Europe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48242023 |access-date=20 May 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spiers |first=Graham |date=20 May 2019 |title=Late Eamonn Brophy penalty seals Kilmarnock's place in Europe |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/late-eamonn-brophy-penalty-seals-kilmarnocks-place-in-europe-v2rmz8x7n |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=The Times}}</ref> Brophy ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangila tare da [[St Mirren FC|St Mirren]] a watan Janairun 2021 don canja KULOB a lokacin rani, kodayake St Mirren suna fatan sanya hannu a SHI wannan watan a wannan Lokacin..<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Mirren delighted to confirm signing of Eamonn Brophy on pre-contract |url=https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/3876-st-mirren-delighted-to-confirm-signing-of-eamonn-brophy-on-pre-contract |website=www.stmirren.com |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130181006/https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/3876-st-mirren-delighted-to-confirm-signing-of-eamonn-brophy-on-pre-contract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=St Mirren confirm Eamonn Brophy capture as Jim Goodwin hails Saints-bound striker |url=https://www.nottheoldfirm.com/news/st-mirren-confirm-eamonn-brophy-capture-as-jim-goodwin-hails-saints-bound-striker/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=St Mirren aiming to sign Eamonn Brophy in January window |url=https://news.stv.tv/sport/st-mirren-aiming-to-sign-brophy-in-january-transfer-window?top |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=STV News}}</ref> Kocin Kilmarnock alex dyer ya ce "watakila" ba zai sake saka Brophy ba, saboda Ɗan wasan yana so ya bar kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=Eamonn Brophy: Striker played last game for Kilmarnock, says Alex Dyer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55543614 |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> An ba da aron Brophy ga St Mirren don sauran kakar 2020-21, yana cika lokacin kafin ya koma dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=St Mirren sign Kilmarnock's Eamonn Brophy on loan after securing Collin Quaner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55596234 |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, ya koma aro zuwa Ross County don sauran kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brophy switches to County from St Mirren on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64403829 |via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> An sanya canjin na dindindin a watan Yunin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Mirren sell Brophy to County and sign Nahmani |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66054567 |via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Brophy ya buga wa Scotland wasa a matakin na yan ƙasa da shekara 19 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eamonn Brophy – Scotland – Scottish FA |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/players/?pid=114420&lid=9 |website=www.scottishfa.co.uk}}</ref> An zaba shi a kungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 a karo na farko a watan Oktoba 2016, don wasan sada zumunci da Slovakia inda ya fara bugawa yayin da Scotland ta rasa 4-0 a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. Ya karbi kiransa na farko zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland don wasannin cancantar UEFA Euro 2020 a watan Mayu 2019. Ya fara bugawa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2019 a nasarar 2-1 a kan Cyprus a Hampden Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2016 |title=Scotland Under-21s: Morton winger Jai Quitongo given first call-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37821662 |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2016 |title=International friendly: Slovakia U21 4–0 Scotland U21 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37930204 |access-date=16 January 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eamonn Brophy – Scotland – Scottish FA |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/players/?pid=114420&lid=5 |website=www.scottishfa.co.uk}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Scottish Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="6" |Hamilton Academical |2012–13 |Scottish First Division |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |- |2013–14 |Scottish Championship |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |9 |0 |- |2014–15 | rowspan="3" |Scottish Premiership |16 |0 |0 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |19 |1 |- |2015–16 |14 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |4 |- |2016–17 |28 |2 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |31 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !7 !5 !0 !3 !1 !1 !0 !75 !8 |- |Queen's Park (loan) |2013–14 |Scottish League Two |9 |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |7 |- |Dumbarton (loan) |2015–16 |Scottish Championship |10 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |10 |1 |- | rowspan="5" |Kilmarnock |2017–18 | rowspan="4" |Scottish Premiership |28 |7 |4 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |32 |8 |- |2018–19 |29 |11 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |– |33 |12 |- |2019–20 |28 |9 |2 |1 |2 |0 |2 |1 |34 |11 |- |2020–21 |15 |2 |0 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 |17 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !100 !29 !7 !2 !7 !2 !2 !1 !116 !34 |- |St Mirren (loan) |2020–21 |Scottish Premiership |6 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |St Mirren |2021–22 | rowspan="2" |Scottish Premiership |31 |7 |1 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |36 |8 |- |2022–23 |12 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !7 !2 !1 !5 !0 !0 !0 !50 !8 |- |Ross County (loan) |2022–23 |Scottish Premiership |8 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |3 |- |Ross County |2023–24 |Scottish Premiership |25 |3 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !267 !56 !16 !3 !18 !4 !3 !1 !304 !64 |} # '''^''' Appearance in the Scottish Challenge Cup. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] cl0mkqd1zdo4pqb9u2b471xda2ctzlo 0 80345 891195 826277 2026-08-04T04:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damakasuwa''' gari ne kuma garin ne hedikwatar masarautar Tsam ta al'ummar Atsam <ref name="KSG">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=Kaduna State Government}}</ref> a [[Kauru|karamar hukumar Kauru]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] a [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damakasuwa, Nigeria |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/9412066-region2-damakasuwa.html |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=Places in the World }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 811, ita ce lambar gidan waya na yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices - with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2024-01-07 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> Har wayau, garin ne cibiyar gundumar Damakasuwa ta Masarautar Tsam. <ref name="Verb">{{Cite web |title=ASPECTS OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF ATSAM LANGUAGE |url=https://iproject.com.ng/linguistics-and-communication/aspects-of-the-morphology-of-atsam-language/index.html |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=Eduproject.com.ng |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107194643/https://iproject.com.ng/linguistics-and-communication/aspects-of-the-morphology-of-atsam-language/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Garuruwa a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Jihar Kaduna]] 5vu83dc56ly05nw21ywz6znp7p7qjlk 0 80763 891147 553412 2026-08-04T00:52:38Z Baffa ali 47435 891147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Domingo Okorie''' (An haifeshi ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1942) <ref>{{cite web |last1=nyaknno |first1=esso |title=OKORIE, Prof Domingo Amechi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okorie-professor-domingo-amechi/ |website=Blerf's Who is who in Nigeria |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> farfesa ne a fannin sinadarai 'dan Najeriya kuma sakataren Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/ |title=Members of Council |work=Nigerian Academy of Science |accessdate=June 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707061854/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/ |archivedate=July 7, 2015 }}</ref> Ya rasu a Ibadan a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2023.abokan aikin kimiya da fasaha suyi rashi abokin aikin su.kasar kuma yayi babban masanin sunadarai a Najeriya. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2023]] fnfvk2kevg3h71xce61go4d27xwarmu 0 81339 890970 853945 2026-08-03T14:58:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg|thumb|Kayan filastik da za a iya lalata suKayan aiki]] [[Fayil:Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|Rufewar furanni da akayi da PLA-blend bio-flex]] [[Fayil:Classification of bioplastics.jpg|thumb|rabe raben kayan roba]] '''Bioplastics''' kayan filastik ne da aka samar daga tushen biomass mai sabuntawa, kamar su kitse na kayan lambu da mai, [[starch]]" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Corn starch">starch na masara, kara, woodchips, sawdust, sharar abinci da aka sake amfani da su, da dai sauransu. Ana samun wasu bioplastics ta hanyar sarrafawa kai tsaye daga Biopolymers na halitta ciki har da polysaccharides (misali, starch, cellulose, chitosan, da Alginate) da sunadarai (misali), yayin da suka samo asali daga [[sukari]] ko kuma shuke-shuke da suka zama sinadarin sukari, sinadarin sinadarin (sugar, sinadarai) (sugar da sinadarin da sinadarai, sinadurin sinadarin) (samar, sinadari, sinadaran (misali) (s. Sabanin haka, filastik na yau da kullun, kamar filastik mai burbushin halittu (wanda ake kira polymers na [[Danyen mai|man fetur]]) an samo su ne daga man fetur ko iskar gas. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin bioplastics shine 'yancin kansu daga man fetur a matsayin albarkatun kasa, wanda shine iyaka kuma ba'a rarraba shi ba'a duniya wanda keda alaƙa da siyasar man fetur da Tasirin muhalli. Nazarin nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwa ya nuna cewa ana iya yin wasu bioplastics tare da ƙananan sawun carbon fiye da takwarorinsu na burbushin halittu, misali lokacin da ake amfani da biomass a matsayin albarkatun kasa da kuma samar da makamashi. Koyaya, wasu hanyoyin bioplastics basu da inganci kuma suna haifar da sawun carbon mafi girma fiye da burbushin filastik. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenboom |first=Jan-Georg |last2=Langer |first2=Robert |last3=Traverso |first3=Giovanni |date=2022-02-20 |title=Bioplastics for a circular economy |journal=Nature Reviews Materials |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=117–137 |bibcode=2022NatRM...7..117R |doi=10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8 |issn=2058-8437 |pmc=8771173 |pmid=35075395}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=S. |last2=Rothman |first2=R. |date=2020-07-10 |title=Life cycle assessment of bio-based and fossil-based plastic: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620312051 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=261 |page=121158 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121158 |issn=0959-6526 |s2cid=216414551 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pellis |first=Alessandro |last2=Malinconico |first2=Mario |last3=Guarneri |first3=Alice |last4=Gardossi |first4=Lucia |date=2021-01-25 |title=Renewable polymers and plastics: Performance beyond the green |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871678420301813 |journal=New Biotechnology |language=en |volume=60 |pages=146–158 |doi=10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.003 |issn=1871-6784 |pmid=33068793 |s2cid=224321496}}</ref> Bambanci tsakanin filastik daba na ''burbushin halittu'' ba (bio) da filastik na burbushi yana da iyakacin dacewa tunda kayan kamar man fetur kansu kawai burbushin burbushin halitta ne. Saboda haka, ko kowane irin filastik yana da lalacewa ko wanda ba zai iya lalacewa ba (mai dorewa) ya dogara da tsarin kwayoyinsa, ba'a kan ko biomass dake samar da albarkatun kasa ya zama burbushin ba. Dukkanin bioplastics masu ɗorewa, kamar su Bio-PET ko [[polyethylene]]" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Biopolyethylene">biopolyethylene (masu kama da polyethylene terephthalate da polyethylene na burbushin halittu), da bioplastics mai lalacewa, kamar Polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, ko polyhydroxyalkanoates, sun wanzu. Bioplastics dole ne a sake amfani dasu kamar filastik na burbushin halittu don kauce wa gurɓata filastik; "sauka-in" bioplastics (kamar biopolyethylene) ya dace da kogunan sake amfani da yanzu. A gefe guda, sake amfani da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kogunan sake amfani na yanzu yana haifar da ƙarin ƙalubale, saboda yana iya haɓaka farashin rarrabawa da rage amfanin gona da ingancin sake amfani. Koyaya, biodegradation ba shine kawai hanyar da aka yarda da ita ba don maganin halittu mai lalacewa, kuma sake amfani da inji da sinadarai galibi shine zaɓi da aka fi so daga ra'ayin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fredi |first=Giulia |last2=Dorigato |first2=Andrea |date=2021-07-01 |title=Recycling of bioplastic waste: A review |journal=Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=159–177 |doi=10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.006 |s2cid=237852939 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Biodegradability na iya bada hanyar ƙarshen rayuwa a wasu aikace-aikace, kamar su mulch na noma, amma manufar biodegradation ba ta da sauƙi kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi imani. Samun yiwuwar biodegradation ya dogara sosai da tsarin kashin sinadarai na polymer, kuma bioplastics daban-daban suna da tsari daban-daban, don haka ba za'a iya ɗauka cewa bioplastic a cikin muhalli zai rushe cikin sauƙi ba. Hakanan, ana iya haɗa filastik masu narkewa daga man fetur.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioplastics (PLA) - World Centric |url=http://www.worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309234733/http://www.worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics |archive-date=2019-03-09 |access-date=2018-07-15 |website=worldcentric.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2018, bioplastics ya wakilci kusan 2% na fitar da filastik na duniya (> tan miliyan 380). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chinthapalli |first=Raj |last2=Skoczinski |first2=Pia |last3=Carus |first3=Michael |last4=Baltus |first4=Wolfgang |last5=de Guzman |first5=Doris |last6=Käb |first6=Harald |last7=Raschka |first7=Achim |last8=Ravenstijn |first8=Jan |date=2019-08-01 |title=Biobased Building Blocks and Polymers—Global Capacities, Production and Trends, 2018–2023 |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ind.2019.29179.rch |journal=Industrial Biotechnology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=237–241 |doi=10.1089/ind.2019.29179.rch |issn=1550-9087 |s2cid=202017074}}</ref> Tare da cigaba da bincike kan bioplastics, saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanonin bioplastic da haɓaka bincike kan filastik na burbushin burbushin halittu, bioplastics suna zama mafi rinjaye a wasu kasuwanni, yayin da fitar da filastik burbushin kuma ke ƙaruwa a hankali. == Ma'anar IUPAC == Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Pure da Applied Chemistry ta bayyana polymer mai laushi kamar haka: {{Reflist|2}} == Aikace-aikacen da aka gabatar == [[Fayil:Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg|thumb|Kayayyakin akwatin da akayi daga bioplastics da sauran filastik masu lalacewa]] Akwai aikace-aikacen kasuwanci kaɗan don bioplastics. Farashi da aiki sun kasance matsala. Misali na Italiya ne, inda jakunkunan filastik masu lalacewa suka zama tilas ga masu siye tun daga 2011 tare da gabatar da takamaiman doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consiglio dei Ministri conferma la messa al bando dei sacchetti di plastica non biodegradabili - Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare |url=http://www.minambiente.it/comunicati/consiglio-dei-ministri-conferma-la-messa-al-bando-dei-sacchetti-di-plastica-non |website=minambiente.it}}</ref> Baya ga kayan tsari, ana haɓaka bioplastics na lantarki wanda ke alkawarin ɗaukar wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suszkiw |first=Jan |date=December 2005 |title=Electroactive Bioplastics Flex Their Industrial Muscle |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/dec05/plastic1205.htm |access-date=2011-11-28 |website=News & Events |publisher=[[USDA]] Agricultural Research Service}}</ref> Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta don abubuwan da za'a iya zubar dasu, kamar marufi, kayan kwalliya, tukwane, kwano, da kara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=G. |last2=Patel |first2=M. |year=2012 |title=Plastics derived from biological sources: Present and future: P technical and environmental review |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=2082–2099 |doi=10.1021/cr200162d |pmid=22188473}}</ref> Biopolymers suna samuwa a matsayin murfin takarda maimakon murfin man fetur na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khwaldia |first=Khaoula |last2=Elmira Arab-Tehrany |last3=Stephane Desobry |year=2010 |title=Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=82–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00095.x |pmid=33467805 |doi-access=}}</ref> Bioplastics da ake kira drop-in bioplastics suna da sunadarai iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na burbushin halittu amma anyi sune daga albarkatun sabuntawa. Misalan sun hada da [[bio-PE]], [[bio-PET]], [[Propylene|bio-propylene]], [[bio-PP]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals |url=https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102122527/https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-02 |access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> da kuma biobased nylons. <ref>[https://www.wur.nl/nl/Onderzoek-Resultaten/Onderzoeksinstituten/food-biobased-research/Oplossingen/Duurzame-bioplastics-op-basis-van-hernieuwbare-grondstoffen.htm Duurzame bioplastics op basis van hernieuwbare grondstoffen]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioplastics.guide/ref/bioplastics/what-are-bioplastics/ |title=What are bioplastics? |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605220227/http://www.bioplastics.guide/ref/bioplastics/what-are-bioplastics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Drop in bioplastics2">[https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/08/28/drop-ins-bioplastics/ Drop in bioplastics]</ref> Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin bioplastics da ke cikin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals |url=https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102122527/https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-02 |access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> Hanyar da aka keɓe ta hanyar rayuwa tana ba da damar samar da samfuran da baza'a iya samun su bata hanyar halayen sunadarai na gargajiya kuma suna iya ƙirƙirar samfuran dake da halaye na musamman da mafi girma, idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da suka dace da burbushin halittu.<ref name="Drop in bioplastics2" /> == Nau'o'in == === Polysaccharide-based bioplastics === ==== Gilashin da aka samo asali ==== [[Fayil:Stärke-Packstoff_Pömpel_CG.jpg|thumb|Ruwan kwalliya da akayi daga bioplastics (thermoplastic starch) ]] Thermoplastic starch yana wakiltar mafi yawan amfani da bioplastic, wanda ya zama kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na kasuwar bioplastics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Bioplastic {{!}} InnovativeIndustry.net |url=http://www.innovativeindustry.net/types-of-bioplastic |access-date=2020-07-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409192929/http://www.innovativeindustry.net/types-of-bioplastic |url-status=dead }}</ref> Za'a iya yin fim din bioplastic mai sauƙi a gida ta hanyar gelatinizing starch da kuma Maganin gyare-gyare.<ref>[http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-Potato-Plastic!/ Make Potato Plastic!]. Instructables.com (2007-07-26). Retrieved 2011-08-14.</ref> Tsarkake starch yana iya shan [[danshi]], kuma saboda haka kayan da suka dace don samar da magungunan magunguna ta bangaren magunguna. Koyaya, tsattsarkan kwayoyin halitta masu tsabta suna da rauni. Plasticizer irin su glycerol, glycol, da sorbitol kuma ana iya ƙara su don a iya sarrafa starch ta hanyar thermo-plastically.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Hongsheng |last2=Xie |first2=Fengwei |last3=Yu |first3=Long |last4=Chen |first4=Ling |last5=Li |first5=Lin |date=2009-12-01 |title=Thermal processing of starch-based polymers |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670009000653 |journal=Progress in Polymer Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1348–1368 |doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.07.001 |issn=0079-6700}}</ref> Ana iya daidaita halaye na sakamakon bioplastic (wanda ake kira "thermoplastic starch") don takamaiman buƙatu ta hanyar daidaita adadin waɗannan abubuwan. Ana iya amfani da dabarun sarrafa polymer na al'ada don aiwatar da starch a cikin bioplastic, kamar extrusion, injection molding, matsa lamba molding da kuma warwarewa simintin.<ref name=":1" /> Abubuwan dake tattare da starch bioplastic suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar amylose / amylopectin ratio. Gabaɗaya, starch mai ƙarfi yana haifar da kyawawan halaye na inji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Ming |last2=Liu |first2=Peng |last3=Zou |first3=Wei |last4=Yu |first4=Long |last5=Xie |first5=Fengwei |last6=Pu |first6=Huayin |last7=Liu |first7=Hongshen |last8=Chen |first8=Ling |date=2011-09-01 |title=Extrusion processing and characterization of edible starch films with different amylose contents |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877411002196 |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |language=en |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.04.021 |issn=0260-8774}}</ref> Koyaya, starch mai girma yana da ƙarancin sarrafawa saboda yawan zafin jiki na gelatinization da ƙaranci mai narkewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Hongsheng |last2=Yu |first2=Long |last3=Xie |first3=Fengwei |last4=Chen |first4=Ling |date=2006-08-15 |title=Gelatinization of cornstarch with different amylose/amylopectin content |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861706000506 |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |language=en |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.026 |issn=0144-8617 |s2cid=85239192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Fengwei |last2=Yu |first2=Long |last3=Su |first3=Bing |last4=Liu |first4=Peng |last5=Wang |first5=Jun |last6=Liu |first6=Hongshen |last7=Chen |first7=Ling |date=2009-05-01 |title=Rheological properties of starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733521009000083 |journal=Journal of Cereal Science |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=371–377 |doi=10.1016/j.jcs.2009.01.002 |issn=0733-5210}}</ref> Sau dayawa ana haɗa kwayoyin halitta na Starch tare da polyesters masu lalacewa don samar da starch / polylactic acid, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Saud |last2=Yu |first2=Long |last3=Meng |first3=Linghan |last4=Liu |first4=Hongsheng |last5=Ali |first5=Amjad |last6=Chen |first6=Ling |year=2017 |title=Poly(lactic acid)/starch composites: Effect of microstructure and morphology of starch granules on performance |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=134 |issue=46 |page=45504 |doi=10.1002/app.45504}}</ref> starch / polykrolactone <ref>{{Cite web |title=Starch based Bioplastic Manufacturers and Suppliers |url=http://bioplasticsonline.net/2010/06/starch-based-bioplastic-manufacturers-and-suppliers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814061041/http://bioplasticsonline.net/2010/06/starch-based-bioplastic-manufacturers-and-suppliers/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |website=bioplasticsonline.net}}</ref> ko starch / Ecoflex <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Lilli Manolis |date=1 July 2008 |title=Enhancing biopolymers: additives are needed for toughness, heat resistance & processability. |url=https://www.ptonline.com/articles/enhancing-biopolymers-additives-are-needed-for-toughness-heat-resistance-processability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417023038/https://www.ptonline.com/articles/enhancing-biopolymers-additives-are-needed-for-toughness-heat-resistance-processability |archive-date=17 April 2016 |website=Plastics Technology}}</ref> (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate wanda BASF <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASF announces major bioplastics production expansion |url=http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2008/04/22/basf-announces-major-bioplastics-production-expansion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122532/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2008/04/22/basf-announces-major-bioplastics-production-expansion/ |archive-date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2011-08-31}}</ref> ya samar). Ana amfani da waɗannan cakuda don aikace-aikacen masana'antu kuma ana iya yin compostable. Sauran masu samarwa, kamar Roquette, sun haɓaka wasu cakuda starch / polyolefin. Wadannan cakuda ba su da biodegradable, amma suna da ƙananan sawun carbon fiye da filastik na man fetur da akayi amfani da su don aikace-aikace iri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roquette, nouvel acteur sur le marché des plastiques, lance GAÏALENE®: une gamme innovante de plastique végétal |url=http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2010/10/16/roquette-nouvel-acteur-sur-le-marche-des-plastiques-lance-gaialene%C2%AE-une-gamme-innovante-de-plastique-vegetal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122551/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2010/10/16/roquette-nouvel-acteur-sur-le-marche-des-plastiques-lance-gaialene%C2%AE-une-gamme-innovante-de-plastique-vegetal/ |archive-date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2011-08-31}}</ref> Starch yana da arha, mai yawa, kuma mai sabuntawa. Fim din da aka samo asali (wanda akafi amfani dashi don dalilai na marufi) galibi ana yin su ne daga starch da aka gauraya da polyesters na thermoplastic don samar da kayayyakin biodegradable da compostable. Ana ganin waɗannan fina-finai musamman a cikin kayan masarufi na mujallu da fina-ffinai. A cikin Kunshin abinci, ana ganin waɗannan fina-finai a matsayin burodi ko jakar 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu. Ana amfani da jaka masu hadawa tare da wannan fina-finai a cikin zaɓaɓɓen tattara sharar gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da fina-finai na starch a matsayin takarda.<ref name="StarchPlasticsPaperUsda">{{Cite web |last=Avant |first=Sandra |date=April 2017 |title=Better Paper, Plastics With Starch |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2017/apr/starch/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214152835/https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2017/apr/starch/ |archive-date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2018-12-14 |publisher=USDA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cate |first=Peter |date=January 2017 |title=Collaboration delivers better results |journal=Reinforced Plastics |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=51–54 |doi=10.1016/j.repl.2016.09.002 |issn=0034-3617}}</ref> An yi nazarin nanocomposites na Starch-based a ko'ina, suna nuna ingantaccen kayan aikin inji, kwanciyar hankali na zafi, juriya na danshi, da kuma kayan shingen gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Fengwei |last2=Pollet |first2=Eric |last3=Halley |first3=Peter J. |last4=Avérous |first4=Luc |date=2013-10-01 |title=Starch-based nano-biocomposites |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670013000439 |journal=Progress in Polymer Science |series=Progress in Bionanocomposites: from green plastics to biomedical applications |language=en |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1590–1628 |doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.002 |issn=0079-6700}}</ref> ==== Gilashin dake dauke da cellulose ==== [[Fayil:Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg|thumb|Blisin kunshe-kunshe da akayi da cellulose acetate, bioplastic]] Cellulose bioplastics galibi sune cellulose esters (ciki har da cellulose acetate da nitrocellulose) da abubuwan da suka samo asali, gami da celluloid. Cellulose na iya zama thermoplastic lokacin da aka canza shi sosai. Misali na wannan shine cellulose acetate, wanda yake da tsada sabili da haka ba'a amfani dashi don marufi. Koyaya, fiber na cellulosic da aka kara zuwa starches na iya inganta kaddarorin inji, permeability ga gas, da juriya na ruwa saboda kasancewa ƙasa da hydrophilic fiye da starch. Wata kungiya a Jami'ar Shanghai ta sami damar gina sabon filastik mai kore wanda ya dogara da cellulose ta hanyar hanyar da ake kira matsin zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=Na |last2=Hou |first2=Xingshuang |last3=Chen |first3=Li |last4=Cui |first4=Siqi |last5=Shi |first5=Liyi |last6=Ding |first6=Peng |date=2017-05-16 |title=A Green Plastic Constructed from Cellulose and Functionalized Graphene with High Thermal Conductivity |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |volume=9 |issue=21 |pages=17914–17922 |doi=10.1021/acsami.7b02675 |issn=1944-8244 |pmid=28467836}}</ref> === Gilashin dake da tushen furotin === [[Fayil:Edible_packaging_film.jpg|thumb|Cigaban fim din casein mai cin abinci a USDA <ref>{{Cite journal |last=OBrien |date=February 2018 |title=That's a Wrap: Edible Food Wraps from ARS |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2018/feb/wraps/#printdiv |journal=USDA Agricultural Research |page=22 |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>]] Bioplastics za'a iyayin su daga sunadarai daga tushe daban-daban. Misali, gluten na alkama da casein suna nuna kyawawan halaye a matsayin albarkatun kasa don polymers daban-daban masu lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=J. H. |last2=Murphy |first2=R. J. |last3=Narayan |first3=R. |last4=Davies |first4=G. B. H. |date=2009-07-27 |title=Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=364 |issue=1526 |pages=2127–2139 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0289 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=2873018 |pmid=19528060}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar furotin soya a matsayin wani tushen bioplastic. Anyi amfani da sunadarai na soya a cikin samar da filastik sama da shekaru ɗari. Misali, bangarorin jiki na motar Ford ta asali anyi su ne da filastik na soya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Brian E. |last2=Osswald |first2=Tim A. |date=February 2008 |title=The History of Tomorrow's Materials: Protein-Based Biopolymers |journal=Plastics Engineering |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=36–40 |doi=10.1002/j.1941-9635.2008.tb00292.x |issn=0091-9578}}</ref> Akwai matsaloli tare da amfani da filastik na soya mai gina jiki saboda ƙarancin ruwa da tsada mai yawa. Sabili da haka, samar da cakuda furotin soya tare da wasu polyesters masu lalacewa da suka riga sun kasance yana inganta ƙwarewar ruwa da tsada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Jinwen |last2=Jiang |first2=Long |last3=Zhu |first3=Linyong |last4=Jane |first4=Jay-lin |last5=Mungara |first5=Perminus |date=May 2006 |title=Morphology and Properties of Soy Protein and Polylactide Blends |url=http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/fshn_ag_pubs/108 |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1551–1561 |doi=10.1021/bm050888p |issn=1525-7797 |pmid=16677038}}</ref> === Wasu polyesters na aliphatic === Aliphatic biopolyesters galibi polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) ne kamar poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydrexyvalerate (PHV) da polyhydроxyhexanoate (PHH). ==== Polylactic acid (PLA) ==== [[Fayil:Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|left|thumb|Fim din Mulch da aka yi da Polylactic acid (PLA) -blend bio-flex]] Polylactic acid (PLA) filastik ne mai haske wanda aka samar daga [[masara]] <ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{Cite web |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/plastic.html |website=smithsonianmag.com}}</ref> ko dextrose . A saman, yana kama da filastik na al'ada na petrochemical kamar PS. An samo shine daga tsire-tsire, kuma yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin masana'antu. Abin takaici, yana nuna ƙarfin tasirin ƙasa, ƙarfin zafi, da kuma abubuwan shingen (toshe jigilar iska a fadin membrane) idan aka kwatanta da filastik marasa lalacewa. Haɗuwa da PLA yawanci suna zuwa a cikin nau'ikan granulates. Ana amfani da PLA a kan iyakantaccen sikelin don samar da fina-finai, fiber, kwantena na filastik, kofuna, da kwalabe. PLA kuma shine mafi yawan nau'in filastik da akayi amfani dashi don yin samfurin igiya a cikin na'urorin bugawa na 3D. ==== Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate ==== biopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) polyester ne wanda wasu kwayoyin cuta ke samar da glucose, starch na masara <ref name="bioplastic-innovation.com">{{Cite web |title=Mirel: PHAs grades for Rigid Sheet and Thermoforming |url=http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/06/08/mirel-phas-grades-for-rigid-sheet-and-thermoforming/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122556/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/06/08/mirel-phas-grades-for-rigid-sheet-and-thermoforming/ |archive-date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2011-08-31}}</ref> ko ruwa mai guba. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Micromidas is using carefully constructed populations of bacteria to convert organic waste into bio-degradable plastics. |url=http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/07/29/micromidas-is-using-carefully-constructed-populations-of-bacteria-to-convert-organic-waste-into-bio-degradable-plastics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023230713/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/07/29/micromidas-is-using-carefully-constructed-populations-of-bacteria-to-convert-organic-waste-into-bio-degradable-plastics/ |archive-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> Halayensa suna kama da na polypropylene (PP). Fitar da PHB yana ƙaruwa. Masana'antar [[sukari]] ta [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], alal misali, ta yanke shawarar fadada samar da PHB zuwa sikelin masana'antu. PHB ya bambanta da farko ta hanyar halaye na jiki. Ana iya sarrafa shi a cikin fim mai haske tare da narkewa sama da digiri 130 na Celsius, kuma yana iya lalacewa batare da raguwa ba. === Polyhydroxyalkanoates === Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) sune polyesters na layi wanda aka samar a cikin yanayi ta hanyar fermentation na [[sukari]] ko lipids. Kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da su don adana carbon da makamashi. A cikin samar da masana'antu, ana cire polyester kuma an tsarkake shi daga ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar inganta yanayin fermentation na sukari. Fiye da 150 daban-daban monomers za'a iya haɗawa a cikin wannan iyali don ba da kayan dake da kyawawan halaye daban-daban. PHA yafi ductile kuma bashi da ƙarfi fiye da sauran filastik, kuma yana da biodegradable. Ana amfani da waɗannan filastik a masana'antar kiwon lafiya. === Kashewa 11 === PA 11 wani abu ne wanda aka samo daga man fetur. An kuma san shi a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci Rilsan B, wanda Arkema ke kasuwanci. PA 11 na cikin dangin polymers na fasaha kuma ba biodegradable ba ne. Abubuwan dake ciki suna kama da na PA 12, kodayake ana rage hayaki na iskar gas da amfani da albarkatun da baza'a iya sabuntawa ba yayin samar da shi. Har ila yau, juriya ta zafi ta fi ta PA 12. Ana amfani dashi a cikin aikace-aikace masu inganci kamar layin man fetur na mota, bututun iska na pneumatic, bututun kebul na lantarki, bututun mai da gas mai sassauƙa, bututun ruwa na sarrafawa, takalma na wasanni, kayan aikin lantarki, da catheters. Irin wannan filastik shine Polyamide 410 (PA 410), wanda aka samo kashi 70% daga man castor, a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci EcoPaXX, wanda DSM ke kasuwanci.<ref name="EcoPaXX">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.dsm.com/en_US/cworld/public/media/pages/press-releases/19_10_dsm_launches_bio_based_performance_materials_for_automotive_industry.jsp |website=dsm.com |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2012-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121074454/http://www.dsm.com/en_US/cworld/public/media/pages/press-releases/19_10_dsm_launches_bio_based_performance_materials_for_automotive_industry.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref>PA 410 babban polyamide ne wanda ya haɗu da fa'idodin babban narkewa (kimanin 250 °C), ƙarancin danshi da kyakkyawan juriya ga abubuwa masu sinadarai daban-daban.&nbsp; === Polyethylene da aka samo daga kwayoyin halitta === {{Plastics}}Tsarin gini na asali (monomer) na [[polyethylene]] shine ethylene . Ethylene yana da kama da, kuma ana iya samo shi daga ethanol, wanda za'a iya samar dashi ta hanyar fermentation na kayan aikin gona kamar sukari ko masara. Polyethylene da aka samo daga kwayoyin halitta yana da kama da polyethylene na gargajiya - ba ya lalacewa amma ana iya sake amfani dashi. &nbsp;Kungiyar sunadarai ta Brazil tayi iƙirarin cewa ta amfani da hanyar samar da polyethylene daga sukari ethanol kamawa (yana cirewa daga muhalli) tan 2.15 na CO a kowace tan na Green Polyethylene da aka samar === Abinci da aka canza ta hanyar kwayar halitta === Tare da masara na GM kasancewa abinci na yau da kullun, ba abin mamaki bane cewa anyi wasu kwayoyin halitta daga wannan. A karkashin fasahar masana'antar bioplastics akwai samfurin "masana'antar shuka", wanda ke amfani da amfanin gona da aka canza kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta don inganta inganci. === Polyhydroxyurethanes === Rashin polyamines da cyclic carbonates suna samar da polyhydroxyurethanes . <ref name="From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes">{{Cite journal |last=Nohra |first=Bassam |last2=Laure Candy |last3=Jean-Francois Blanco |last4=Celine Guerin |last5=Yann Raoul |last6=Zephirin Mouloungui |year=2013 |title=From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes |url=https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9942/1/Nohra_9942.pdf |journal=Macromolecules |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=3771–3792 |bibcode=2013MaMol..46.3771N |doi=10.1021/ma400197c |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232716/https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9942/1/Nohra_9942.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba kamar polyurethanes da aka haɗa da giciye ba, polyhydroxyurethanes dake da alaƙa da giciye suna da ka'ida mai sauƙi ga sake amfani da sake sarrafawa ta hanyar halayen transcarbamoylation.<ref name="Mechanically Activated, Catalyst-Free Polyhydroxyurethane Vitrimers">{{Cite journal |last=Fortman |first=David J. |last2=Jacob P. Brutman |last3=[[Christopher J. Cramer]] |last4=Marc A. Hillmyer |last5=William R. Dichtel |year=2015 |title=Mechanically Activated, Catalyst-Free Polyhydroxyurethane Vitrimers |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=137 |issue=44 |pages=14019–14022 |doi=10.1021/jacs.5b08084 |pmid=26495769 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Polymers da aka samo daga lipid === An kirkiro nau'ikan bioplastic dayawa daga kitse da mai da aka samo daga shuka da dabba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meier |first=Michael A. R. |last2=Metzger |first2=Jürgen O. |last3=Schubert |first3=Ulrich S. |date=2007-10-02 |title=Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1788–802 |doi=10.1039/b703294c |issn=1460-4744 |pmid=18213986}}</ref> Polyurethanes, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Floros |first=Michael |last2=Hojabri |first2=Leila |last3=Abraham |first3=Eldho |last4=Jose |first4=Jesmy |last5=Thomas |first5=Sabu |last6=Pothan |first6=Laly |last7=Leao |first7=Alcides Lopes |last8=Narine |first8=Suresh |year=2012 |title=Enhancement of thermal stability, strength and extensibility of lipid-based polyurethanes with cellulose-based nanofibers |journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1970–1978 |doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pillai |first=Prasanth K. S. |last2=Floros |first2=Michael C. |last3=Narine |first3=Suresh S. |date=2017-07-03 |title=Elastomers from Renewable Metathesized Palm Oil Polyols |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=5793–5799 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00517}}</ref> polyesters, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Can |first=E. |last2=Küsefoğlu |first2=S. |last3=Wool |first3=R. P. |date=2001-07-05 |title=Rigid, thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. I. Synthesis and polymerization of soy oil monoglyceride maleates |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |doi=10.1002/app.1414 |issn=1097-4628}}</ref> epoxy resins <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stemmelen |first=M. |last2=Pessel |first2=F. |last3=Lapinte |first3=V. |last4=Caillol |first4=S. |last5=Habas |first5=J.-P. |last6=Robin |first6=J.-J. |date=2011-06-01 |title=A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol-ene reaction to the study of the final material |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587993/file/JPOLSCI.pdf |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=2434–2444 |bibcode=2011JPoSA..49.2434S |doi=10.1002/pola.24674 |issn=1099-0518 |s2cid=78089334}}</ref> da wasu nau'ikan polymers an haɓaka su tare da kwatankwacin kaddarorin kayan mai. Cigaban da aka samu kwanan nan na olefin metathesis ya buɗe nau'ikan abinci iri-iri zuwa sauya tattalin arziki zuwa biomonomers da polymers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meier |first=Michael A. R. |date=2009-07-21 |title=Metathesis with Oleochemicals: New Approaches for the Utilization of Plant Oils as Renewable Resources in Polymer Science |journal=Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics |volume=210 |issue=13–14 |pages=1073–1079 |doi=10.1002/macp.200900168 |issn=1521-3935 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da karuwar samar da man kayan lambu na gargajiya da kuma man fetur da aka samo daga microalgae mai arha, akwai babbar damar ci gaba a wannan yanki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mata |first=Teresa M. |last2=Martins |first2=António A. |last3=Caetano |first3=Nidia. S. |year=2010 |title=Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=217–232 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020 |s2cid=15481966 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin muhalli == [[Fayil:Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG|thumb|Gilashin da aka yi da cellulose acetate biograde]] Ana amfani da kayan aiki irin su starch, cellulose, itace, sukari da biomass a matsayin maye gurbin albarkatun man fetur don samar da bioplastics; wannan ya sa samar da bioplatics ya zama aiki mai ɗorewa idan aka kwatanta da samar da filastik na al'ada.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte">Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Bioplastics and Petroleum-Based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 33, no. 21, 2011, pp. 1949–59, doi:10.1080/15567030903436830.</ref> Sau dayawa ana muhawara game da tasirin muhalli na bioplastics, saboda akwai ma'auni daban-daban don "kore" (misali, amfani da ruwa, amfani da makamashi, sare daji, biodegradation, da dai sauransu). <ref>Yates, Madeleine R., and Claire Y. Barlow. "Life Cycle Assessments of Biodegradable, Commercial Biopolymers - A Critical Review." Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 78, Elsevier B.V., 2013, pp. 54–66, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010.</ref> <ref name="BiodegradableEnvironmentalImpactAxion">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=Are biodegradable plastics better for the environment? |url=https://axiongroup.co.uk/news/biodegradable-plastics-better-environment/ |access-date=2018-12-14 |publisher=Axion}}</ref><ref name="BiodegradableImpactMiles">{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Lindsay |date=22 March 2018 |title=Biodegradable Plastic: Is It Really Eco-Friendly? |url=https://treadingmyownpath.com/2018/03/22/biodegradable-plastic-is-it-really-eco-friendly/ |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref> Saboda haka tasirin muhalli na bioplastic ana rarraba shi cikin amfani da makamashi mara sabuntawa, canjin yanayi, eutrophication da acid.<ref name="Weis et al">Weiss, Martin, et al. "A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials." Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 16, no. SUPPL.1, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x.</ref> Samar da kwayoyin halitta yana rage fitar da iskar gas kuma yana rage amfani da makamashi mara sabuntawa.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte" /> Kamfanoni a duk duniya zasu iya kara dorewar muhalli na samfuran su ta hanyar amfani da bioplastics <ref>Brockhaus, Sebastian, et al. "A Crossroads for Bioplastics: Exploring Product Developers' Challenges to Move beyond Petroleum-Based Plastics." Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 127, Elsevier Ltd, 2016, pp. 84–95, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.003. </ref> Kodayake bioplastics suna adana karin makamashi wanda baza'a iya sabuntawa ba fiye da filastik na al'ada kuma suna fitar da ƙananan iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da filastic na al'adu, bioplastics suma suna da mummunan tasirin muhalli kamar eutrophication da acidization.<ref name="Weis et al">Weiss, Martin, et al. "A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials." Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 16, no. SUPPL.1, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x.</ref> Bioplastics suna haifar da mafi girman yiwuwar eutrophication fiye da filastik na al'ada.<ref name="Weis et al" /> Samar da kwayoyin halitta a lokacin ayyukan noma na masana'antu yana haifar da nitrate da phosphate don tacewa cikin jikin ruwa; wannan yana haifar da eutrophication, tsarin da jiki na ruwa ke samun wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki.<ref name="Weis et al" /> Eutrophication barazana ce ga albarkatun ruwa a duniya tun lokacin da yake haifar da fure mai cutarwa wanda ke haifar da wuraren da suka mutu na oxygen, yana kashe dabbobin ruwa.<ref>Sinha, E., et al. "Eutrophication Will Increase during the 21st Century as a Result of Precipitation Changes." Science, vol. 357, no. July, 2017, pp. 405–08.</ref> Bioplastics kuma suna kara yawan acid.<ref name="Weis et al" /> Babban karuwa a cikin eutrophication da acidisation wanda bioplastics ya haifar ya haifar da amfani da taki na sinadarai a cikin noman albarkatun kasa masu sabuntawa don samar da bioplastics.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte">Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Bioplastics and Petroleum-Based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 33, no. 21, 2011, pp. 1949–59, doi:10.1080/15567030903436830.</ref> Sauran tasirin muhalli na bioplastics sun haɗa da yin amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam da na ƙasa da kuma yiwuwar cutar kansa idan aka kwatanta da filastik na al'ada.<ref name="Weis et al">Weiss, Martin, et al. "A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials." Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 16, no. SUPPL.1, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x.</ref> Koyaya, bioplastics suna yin amfani da mafi girman ecotoxicity na ruwa fiye da kayan al'ada.<ref name="Weis et al" /> Bioplastics da sauran kayan da suka danganci halittu suna kara raguwar ozone na stratospheric idan aka kwatanta da filastik na al'ada; wannan shine sakamakon fitar da nitrous oxide yayin aikace-aikacen taki yayin aikin gona na masana'antu don samar da biomass.<ref name="Weis et al" /> takin zamani yana ƙara hayakin nitrous oxide musamman lokacin da amfanin gona ba ya buƙatar duk nitrogen.<ref>Rosas, Francisco, et al. "Nitrous Oxide Emission Reductions from Cutting Excessive Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications." Climatic Change, vol. 132, no. 2, 2015, pp. 353–67, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1426-y.</ref> Ƙananan tasirin muhalli na bioplastics sun haɗa da guba ta hanyar amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a kan amfanin gona da akayi amfani dasu don yin bioplastics.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte">Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Bioplastics and Petroleum-Based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 33, no. 21, 2011, pp. 1949–59, doi:10.1080/15567030903436830.</ref> Bioplastics kuma suna haifar da hayakin carbon dioxide daga motocin girbi.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte" /> Sauran ƙananan tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da yawan amfani da ruwa don noma, rushewar ƙasa, asarar carbon na ƙasa da asarar halittu masu yawa, kuma galibi sakamakon amfani da ƙasa ne da ke da alaƙa da bioplastics.<ref name="Weis et al" /> Amfani da ƙasa don samar da kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ɓacewar carbon kuma yana ƙara farashin carbon yayin karkatar da ƙasa daga amfanin dake akwai <ref>Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Land-Use Change Emissions: How Green Are the Bioplastics?" Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 30, no. 4, 2010, pp. 685–691, doi:10.1002/ep.10518.</ref> Kodayake bioplastics suna da fa'ida sosai saboda suna rage amfani da baza'a iya sabuntawa bada kuma fitar da GHG, suna kuma shafar muhalli ta hanyar amfani da ƙasa da ruwa, ta amfani da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, eutrophication da acidization; saboda haka fifiko na mutum ga ko dai bioplastics ko filastik na al'ada ya dogara da abinda mutum ya ɗauka mafi mahimmancin tasirin muhalli.<ref name="Gironi and Piemonte">Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Bioplastics and Petroleum-Based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 33, no. 21, 2011, pp. 1949–59, doi:10.1080/15567030903436830.</ref> Wani batu tare da bioplastics, shine cewa wasu bioplastics ana yin su ne daga sassan amfanin gona masu cin abinci. Wannan yana sa bioplastics su yi gasa da samar da abinci saboda amfanin gona da ke samar da bioplastics ana iya amfani da su don ciyar da mutane.<ref name="Cho">{{Cite web |last=Cho |first=Renee |title=The truth about bioplastics |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-12-truth-bioplastics.html |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan bioplastics ana kiransu "1st generation feedstock bioplastics".Bioplastics na ƙarni na 2 suna amfani da amfanin gona wanda ba abinci ba (abinci na cellulosic) ko kayan sharar gida daga kayan shararru na ƙarni 1 (misali man kayan lambu). Bioplastics na ƙarni na uku suna amfani da algae a matsayin kayan abinci.<ref>[https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/09/12/bioplastic-feedstock-1st-2nd-and-3rd-generations/ Bioplastic Feedstock 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generations]</ref> === Biodegradation na Bioplastics === {{Packaging}} [[Fayil:Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|Kunshin matashin iska da akayi da PLA-blend bio-flex]] Biodegradation na kowane filastik tsari ne wanda ke faruwa a tsayayyen / ruwa inda enzymes a cikin ruwa suka lalata tsayayyen.<ref>Degli-Innocenti, Francesco. "Biodegradation of Plastics and Ecotoxicity Testing: When Should It Be Done." Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 5, no. SEP, 2014, pp. 1–3, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00475.</ref> Wasu nau'ikan bioplastics da filastik na al'ada dake dauke da kari suna iya lalacewa.<ref>Gómez, Eddie F., and Frederick C. Michel. "Biodegradability of Conventional and Bio-Based Plastics and Natural Fiber Composites during Composting, Anaerobic Digestion and Long-Term Soil Incubation." Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 98, no. 12, 2013, pp. 2583–2591., doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018.</ref> Bioplastics suna iya lalacewa a cikin mahalli daban-daban saboda haka sunfi karɓa fiye da filastik na al'ada.<ref name="Emadian et al">Emadian, S. Mehdi, et al. "Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Natural Environments." Waste Management, vol. 59, Elsevier Ltd, 2017, pp. 526–36, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006.</ref> Biodegradability na bioplastics yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli ciki har da ƙasa, yanayin ruwa da takin mai.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Dukkanin tsari da abun dake ciki na biopolymer ko bio-composite suna da tasiri a kan tsarin biodegradation, saboda haka canza abun da ke cikinsa da tsari na iya kara biodegradability.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Ƙasa da takin mai a matsayin yanayin muhalli sunfi dacewa a cikin biodegradation saboda yawan bambancin microbial.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Compoosting ba wai kawai biodegrades bioplastics yadda ya kamata ba amma kuma yana rage fitar da iskar gas.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Biodegradability na bioplastics a cikin mahalli mai narkewa za a iya inganta ta hanyar ƙara karin sukari mai narkewar da kara yawan zafin jiki.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Yanayin ƙasa a gefe guda suna da babban bambancin microorganisms wanda ke sauƙaƙa lalacewar bioplastics.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Koyaya, bioplastics a cikin yanayin ƙasa suna buƙatar yanayin zafi mafi girma da kuma lokaci mai tsawo don biodegrade.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Wasu kwayoyin halitta sun lalace yadda ya kamata a cikin ruwa da tsarin ruwa; duk da haka, wannan yana haifar da haɗari ga yanayin halittu na ruwa da ruwa mai laushi.<ref name="Emadian et al" /> Saboda haka daidai ne a kammala cewa biodegradation na bioplastics a cikin ruwa jiki wanda ke haifar da mutuwar ruwa da ruwa mara lafiya ana iya lura da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mummunar tasirin muhalli na bioplastic. == Bioplastics don kayan gini == Ma'anar bioplastics ta samo asali ne daga farkon karni na 20. Koyaya, gagarumin cigaba yafaru a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 lokacin da masu bincike suka fara haɓaka filastik masu narkewa daga tushen halitta. Masana'antar gine-gine ta fara lura da yiwuwar bioplastics a ƙarshen 2000s, wanda aka motsa ta hanyar turawa ta duniya don ayyukan gine-gine masu kyau. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bioplastics sun ga ci gaba mai yawa dangane da dorewa, tsada-tasiri, da aiki. Sabbin abubuwa a cikin cakuda biopolymer da sinadarai sun sanya bioplastics sunfi dacewa da aikace-aikacen gini, daga rufi zuwa kayan aikin tsari. === Aikace-aikacen A Ginin === ; Rufewa : Ana iya amfani da kwayoyin halitta don ƙirƙirar kayan kariya masu inganci da muhalli. Polylactic acid (PLA) da polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) ana amfani da su don wannan dalili saboda yanayin zafi da biodegradability.<ref>https://www.ecbf.vc/biodegradable-bioplastics</ref> ; Gidauniyar ƙasa : Abubuwan dake tattare da halittu, kamar waɗanda aka yi daga PLA da fiber na halitta, suna bada madaidaiciya da ɗorewa ga kayan ado na gargajiya. Suna da daraja musamman saboda ƙananan sawun carbon da sake amfani dasu. ; Panels da Rufewa : Binciken Bioplastic, wanda akayi daga cakuda fiber na halitta da biopolymers, suna bada zaɓi mai kyau don rufe bango da rarraba. Wadannan kayan suna da sauƙi, masu ɗorewa, kuma ana iya tsara su don kwaikwayon kayan gargajiya kamar itace ko dutse. ; Ayyuka : Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsari don simintin simintin. Suna bada fa'idodi dangane da sake amfani, rage nauyi, da rage tasirin muhalli idan aka kwatanta da kayan al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://plasticconcreteformwork.com/environmental-benefits-of-plastic-formwork-in-concrete-construction/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708211733/https://plasticconcreteformwork.com/environmental-benefits-of-plastic-formwork-in-concrete-construction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Ƙarfafawa : Za'a iya amfani da sinadaran Bioplastic da aka ƙarfafa tare da fiber na halitta ko wasu kayan aiki a aikace-aikacen tsari, suna bada madadin mai ɗorewa ga ƙarfe ko fiberglass. === Fa'idodin Bioplastics a cikin Gine-gine Tasirin Muhalli === ; Rage sawun carbon : Bioplastics an samo su ne daga hanyoyin sabuntawa, wanda ke rage sawun carbon na kayan gini. ; Rashin lalacewa : Yawancin bioplastics suna iya lalacewa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage sharar gida da gurɓata muhalli a ƙarshen rayuwarsu. ; Ingancin Makamashi : Samar da kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya yana buƙatar ƙarancin makamashi idan aka kwatanta da filastik na al'ada, ƙara rage tasirin muhalli. === Fa'idodin Tattalin Arziki === ; Kyakkyawan albarkatu : Amfani da bioplastics na iya rage dogaro da man fetur na burbushin halittu kuma yabada gudummawa ga ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun halitta. ; Cigaban Kasuwanci : Kasuwar bioplastics tana fadada, ta hanyar karuwar buƙatun kayan gini masu ɗorewa. Wannan ci gaban yana gabatar da sabbin damar tattalin arziki ga masana'antun da masu samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/bioplastics-market-2274?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708210043/https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/bioplastics-market-2274?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ƙalubalen da Ƙuntatawa === ; Kudin : Bioplastics sau dayawa sunfi tsada don samarwa fiye da filastik na gargajiya, wanda zai iya zama shingen ga yaduwar tallafi a cikin masana'antar gine-gine mai tsada. Koyaya, anasa ran cigaban bincike da fasaha don rage farashin a tsawon lokaci. ; Ayyuka : Duk da yake bioplastics sunyi gagarumin cigaba, wasu nau'ikan har yanzu suna bayan kayan gargajiya dangane da ƙarfi, tsayi, da juriya ga abubuwan muhalli kamar bayyanar UV da danshi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://primebiopol.com/bioplasticos-y-plasticos-convencionales-un-analisis-comparativo/?lang=en |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708213727/https://primebiopol.com/bioplasticos-y-plasticos-convencionales-un-analisis-comparativo/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Ƙayyadaddun Aikace-aikace : A halin yanzu, bioplastics sun dace da iyakantaccen aikace-aikace a cikin gini. fadada amfani dasu zuwa matsayi mai mahimmanci zai buƙaci cigaba da gwaji. === Abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba === Makomar bioplastics a cikin gini tana da kyau, tare da cigaba da bincike da kirkire-kirkire masu yiwuwa su faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen su da inganta ayyukansu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sameerabuildingconstruction.com/can-bioplastics-replace-traditional-materials-in-building/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708213339/https://sameerabuildingconstruction.com/can-bioplastics-replace-traditional-materials-in-building/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda masana'antar gine-gine ke karuwa da dorewa, bioplastics suna shirye su taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban kayan gini masu aminci.<ref>https://itechmag.org/paper/volume%201/03-08.pdf{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bioplastics suna bada zaɓi mai ɗorewa da amfani ga kayan gini na gargajiya, tare da fa'idodin muhalli da tattalin arziki. Duk da yake ƙalubalen sun kasance, musamman dangane da farashi da aiki, cigaban dake gudana a cikin fasahar bioplastic <ref>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1158/1/012008/pdf</ref> yana da damar canza masana'antar gine-gine da kuma bada gudummawa ga makomar da tafi dacewa. == Masana'antu da kasuwanni == [[Fayil:Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg|thumb|Takalma na shayi da akayi da polylactide (PLA) (sha'irori) ]] Duk da yake filastik da suka danganci kayan kwayoyin halitta sun ƙera sune ta kamfanonin sunadarai a cikin karni na 20, kamfanin farko daya mai da hankali kan bioplastics - Marlborough Biopolymers - an kafa shine a 1983. Koyaya, Marlborough da sauran kamfanonin da suka biyo baya sun kasa samun nasarar kasuwanci, tare da irin wannan kamfani na farko don samun nasarar kudi na dogon lokaci shine kamfanin Novamont na Italiya, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Axel |date=5 September 2018 |title=The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics |url=https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/07/05/history-of-bioplastics/ |website=Bioplastics News}}</ref> Bioplastics sun kasance ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na duk filastik da aka ƙera a duk duniya.<ref name="dx.doi.org2">{{Cite journal |date=March 2016 |title=Ready to Grow: The Biodegradable Polymers Market |journal=Plastics Engineering |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01489.x |issn=0091-9578}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darby |first=Debra |date=August 2012 |title=Bioplastics Industry Report |url=https://www.biocycle.net/2012/08/15/bioplastics-industry-report/ |journal=BioCycle |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=40–44}}</ref> Yawancin bioplastics basu adana karin hayaki na carbon ba fiye da yadda ake buƙata don ƙera su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rujnić-Sokele |first=Maja |last2=Pilipović |first2=Ana |date=September 2017 |title=Challenges and Opportunities of Biodegradable Plastics: A Mini Review |journal=Waste Management & Research |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=132–140 |doi=10.1177/0734242x16683272 |pmid=28064843 |s2cid=23782848}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa maye gurbin tan miliyan 250 na filastik da aka ƙera a kowace shekara tare da filastik na rayuwa zai buƙaci hekta miliyan 100 na ƙasa, ko kashi 7 cikin dari na ƙasar noma a Duniya. Kuma lokacin da bioplastics suka kai ƙarshen rayuwarsu, waɗanda aka tsara don zama compostable kuma ana tallata su azaman biodegradable galibi ana aika su zuwa wuraren zubar da shara saboda rashin kayan aikin composting ko rarraba sharar gida, inda suke saki methane yayin da suke rushewa anaerobically. COPA (Kwamitin Kungiyar Aikin Gona a Tarayyar Turai) da COGEGA (Kwamnatin Aikin Gida a Tarayyen Turai) sunyi kimantawa game da yiwuwar bioplastics a bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arzikin Turai: {| class="wikitable" !Yankin ! colspan="2" |Tunanin shekara-shekara |- |Kayayyakin abinci||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|450,000||0.0005}} |- |Takalma na sharar gida||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|100,000||0.0005}} |- |Biodegradable mulch foils||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|130,000||0.0005}} |- |Biodegradable foils for diapers||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|80,000||0.0005}} |- |Diapers, 100% biodegradable||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|240,000||0.0005}} |- |Kunshin kwalliya||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|400,000||0.0005}} |- |Kunshin kayan lambu||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|400,000||0.0005}} |- |Abubuwan da ke cikin taya||style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|200,000||0.0005}} |- !'''Jimillar:''' ! style="text-align:right;" |2,000,000 ! |} == Tarihi da cigaban bioplastics == {{Blockquote|''Biobased polymer'' derived from the ''[[biomass]]'' or issued from monomers derived from the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finished products, can be shaped by flow. :''Note 1'': Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived from fossil resources. :''Note 2'': Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derived from the biomass is ''environmentally friendly''. :''Note 3'': The use of the term "bioplastic" is discouraged. Use the expression "biobased polymer". :''Note 4'': A biobased polymer similar to a petrobased one does not imply any superiority with respect to the environment unless the comparison of respective ''life cycle assessments'' is favourable.<ref name="IUPAC2012">{{cite journal|title=Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|year=2012|volume=84|issue=2|pages=377–410|doi=10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04|url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf|last1=Vert|first1=Michel|s2cid=98107080|access-date=2013-07-17|archive-date=2015-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319032817/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf}}</ref>}} * 1855: First (inferior) version of linoleum produced * 1862: At the Great London Exhibition, Alexander Parkes displays Parkesine, the first thermoplastic. Parkesine is made from nitrocellulose and had very good properties, but exhibits extreme flammability. (White 1998)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=J. L. |date=December 1998 |title=Fourth in a Series: Pioneers of Polymer Processing Alexander Parkes |journal=International Polymer Processing |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=326 |doi=10.3139/217.980326 |issn=0930-777X |s2cid=137545344}}</ref> * 1897: Still produced today, Galalith is a milk-based bioplastic that was created by German chemists in 1897. Galalith is primarily found in buttons. (Thielen 2014) * 1907: Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, which received the National Historic Chemical Landmark for its non-conductivity and heat-resistant properties. It is used in radio and telephone casings, kitchenware, firearms and many more products. (Pathak, Sneha, Mathew 2014) * 1912: Brandenberger invents Cellophane out of wood, cotton, or hemp cellulose. (Thielen 2014)<ref name=":0" /> * 1920s: Wallace Carothers finds Polylactic Acid (PLA) plastic. PLA is incredibly expensive to produce and is not mass-produced until 1989. (Whiteclouds 2018) * 1925: Polyhydroxybutyrate was isolated and characterised by French microbiologist [[Maurice Lemoigne]] * 1926: Maurice Lemoigne invents polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) which is the first bioplastic made from bacteria. (Thielen 2014)<ref name=":0" /> * 1930s: The first bioplastic car was made from soy beans by Henry Ford. (Thielen 2014)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soybean Car - The Henry Ford |url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-resources/popular-topics/soy-bean-car/ |access-date=2020-12-09 |website=www.thehenryford.org |language=en}}</ref> * 1940-1945: During World War II, an increase in plastic production is seen as it is used in many wartime materials. Due to government funding and oversight the United States production of plastics (in general, not just bioplastics) tripled during 1940-1945 (Rogers 2005).<ref name="A Brief History of Plastic">{{Cite web |date=May 2005 |title=A Brief History of Plastic |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2005/05/express/a-brief-history-of-plastic |access-date=2018-09-27 |website=The Brooklyn Rail}}</ref> The 1942 U.S. government short film ''The Tree in a Test Tube'' illustrates the major role bioplastics played in the World War II victory effort and the American economy of the time. * 1950s: Amylomaize (>50% amylose content corn) was successfully bred and commercial bioplastics applications started to be explored. (Liu, Moult, Long, 2009) A decline in bioplastic development is seen due to the cheap oil prices, however the development of synthetic plastics continues. * 1970s: The environmental movement spurred more development in bioplastics. (Rogers 2005)<ref name="A Brief History of Plastic" /> * 1983: The first bioplastics company, Marlborough Biopolymers, is started which uses a bacteria-based bioplastic called {{Not a typo|biopal}}. (Feder 1985)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1995 |title=New fibre could make stronger parts |journal=Reinforced Plastics |volume=39 |issue=5 |page=17 |doi=10.1016/0034-3617(95)91746-2 |issn=0034-3617}}</ref> * 1989: The further development of PLA is made by Dr. Patrick R. Gruber when he figures out how to create PLA from corn. (Whiteclouds 2018). The leading bioplastic company is created called Novamount. Novamount uses matter-bi, a bioplastic, in multiple different applications. (Novamount 2018) * Late 1990s: The development of TP starch and BIOPLAST from research and production of the company BIOTEC lead to the BIOFLEX film. BIOFLEX film can be classified as blown film extrusion, flat film extrusion, and injection moulding lines. These three classifications have applications as follows: Blown films - sacks, bags, trash bags, mulch foils, hygiene products, diaper films, air bubble films, protective clothing, gloves, double rib bags, labels, barrier ribbons; Flat films - trays, flower pots, freezer products and packaging, cups, pharmaceutical packaging; Injection moulding - disposable cutlery, cans, containers, performed pieces, CD trays, cemetery articles, golf tees, toys, writing materials. (Lorcks 1998)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lörcks |first=Jürgen |date=January 1998 |title=Properties and applications of compostable starch-based plastic material |journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability |volume=59 |issue=1–3 |pages=245–249 |doi=10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00168-7 |issn=0141-3910}}</ref> * 1992: It is reported in Science that PHB can be produced by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (Poirier, Dennis, Klomparens, Nawrath, Somerville 1992)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poirier |first=Yves |last2=Dennis |first2=Douglas |last3=Klomparens |first3=Karen |last4=Nawrath |first4=Christiane |last5=Somerville |first5=Chris |date=December 1992 |title=Perspectives on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in plants |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=103 |issue=2–4 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x |issn=0378-1097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * 2001: Metabolix inc. purchases Monsanto's biopol business (originally Zeneca) which uses plants to produce bioplastics. (Barber and Fisher 2001)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985-12-02 |title=Monsanto finds buyer for oil and gas assets |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |volume=63 |issue=48 |page=5 |doi=10.1021/cen-v063n048.p005a |issn=0009-2347}}</ref> * 2001: Nick Tucker uses elephant grass as a bioplastic base to make plastic car parts. (Tucker 2001) * 2005: Cargill and Dow Chemicals is rebranded as NatureWorks and becomes the leading PLA producer. (Pennisi 2016)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pennisi |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |date=1992-05-16 |title=Natureworks |journal=Science News |volume=141 |issue=20 |pages=328–331 |doi=10.2307/3976489 |issn=0036-8423 |jstor=3976489}}</ref> * 2007: Metabolix inc. market tests its first 100% biodegradable plastic called Mirel, made from corn sugar fermentation and genetically engineered bacteria. (Digregorio 2009)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiGregorio |first=Barry E. |date=January 2009 |title=Biobased Performance Bioplastic: Mirel |journal=Chemistry & Biology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.001 |issn=1074-5521 |pmid=19171300 |doi-access=}}</ref> * 2012: A bioplastic is developed from seaweed proving to be one of the most environmentally friendly bioplastics based on research published in the journal of pharmacy research. (Rajendran, Puppala, Sneha, Angeeleena, Rajam 2012) * 2013: A patent is put on bioplastic derived from blood and a crosslinking agent like sugars, proteins, etc. (iridoid derivatives, diimidates, diones, carbodiimides, acrylamides, dimethylsuberimidates, aldehydes, Factor XIII, dihomo bifunctional NHS esters, carbonyldiimide, {{Sic|glyoxyls}}, proanthocyanidin, reuterin). This invention can be applied by using the bioplastic as tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, and being used in stem cell delivery. (Campbell, Burgess, Weiss, Smith 2013)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2004 |title=Nanotube technology gains US patent |journal=Reinforced Plastics |volume=48 |issue=10 |page=17 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(04)00461-8 |issn=0034-3617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Phil G. |last2=Burgess |first2=James E. |last3=Weiss |first3=Lee E. |last4=Smith |first4=Jason |date=18 June 2015 |title=Methods and Apparatus for Manufacturing Plasma Based Plastics and Bioplastics Produced Therefrom |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150165093A1/en |language=en}}</ref> * 2014: It is found in a study published in 2014 that bioplastics can be made from blending vegetable waste (parsley and spinach stems, the husks from cocoa, the hulls of rice, etc.) with TFA solutions of pure cellulose creates a bioplastic. (Bayer, Guzman-Puyol, Heredia-Guerrero, Ceseracciu, Pignatelli, Ruffilli, Cingolani, and Athanassiou 2014)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayer |first=Ilker S. |last2=Guzman-Puyol |first2=Susana |last3=Heredia-Guerrero |first3=José Alejandro |last4=Ceseracciu |first4=Luca |last5=Pignatelli |first5=Francesca |last6=Ruffilli |first6=Roberta |last7=Cingolani |first7=Roberto |last8=Athanassiou |first8=Athanassia |date=2014-07-15 |title=Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics |url=https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/74866 |journal=Macromolecules |volume=47 |issue=15 |pages=5135–5143 |bibcode=2014MaMol..47.5135B |doi=10.1021/ma5008557 |issn=0024-9297 |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202142027/https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/74866 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2016: An experiment finds that a car bumper that passes regulation can be made from nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials using banana peels. (Hossain, Ibrahim, Aleissa 2016)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharif Hossain |first=A.B.M. |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Nasir A. |last3=AlEissa |first3=Mohammed Saad |date=September 2016 |title=Nano-cellulose derived bioplastic biomaterial data for vehicle bio-bumper from banana peel waste biomass |journal=Data in Brief |volume=8 |pages=286–294 |doi=10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.029 |issn=2352-3409 |pmc=4906129 |pmid=27331103}}</ref> * 2017: A new proposal for bioplastics made from Lignocellulosics resources (dry plant matter). (Brodin, Malin, Vallejos, Opedal, Area, Chinga-Carrasco 2017)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brodin |first=Malin |last2=Vallejos |first2=María |last3=Opedal |first3=Mihaela Tanase |last4=Area |first4=María Cristina |last5=Chinga-Carrasco |first5=Gary |date=September 2017 |title=Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics – A review |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=162 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.209 |issn=0959-6526 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * 2018: Many developments occur including Ikea starting industrial production of bioplastics furniture (Barret 2018), Project Effective focusing on replacing nylon with bio-nylon (Barret 2018), and the first packaging made from fruit (Barret 2018). * 2019: Five different types of Chitin nanomaterials were extracted and synthesized by the 'Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology' to verify strong personality and antibacterial effects. When buried underground, 100% biodegradation was possible within six months.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tran TH, Nguyen HL, Hwang DS, Lee JY, Cha HG, Koo JM, Hwang SY, Park J, Oh DX |year=2019 |title=Five different chitin nanomaterials from identical source with different advantageous functions and performances |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |publisher=Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. |volume=205 |pages=392–400 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.089 |issn=0144-8617 |pmid=30446120 |s2cid=53569630}}</ref> <nowiki>*</nowiki> ba cikakken jerin bane. Wadannan abubuwan kirkirar suna nuna bambancin bioplastics da muhimman cigaba. Sabbin aikace-aikace da abubuwan kirkirar bioplastics suna cigaba da faruwa. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Binciken Bioplastic ko Ci gaba |- |1862 |Parkesine - Alexander Parkes |- |1868 |Celluloid - John Wesley Hyatt |- |1897 |Galalith - likitocin Jamus |- |1907 |Bakelite - Leo Baekeland |- |1912 |Cellophane - Jacques E. Brandenberger |- |Shekaru na 1920 |Polylactic Acid (PLA) - Wallace Carothers |- |1926 |Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) - Maurice Lemoigne |- |Shekaru na 1930 |Soya-bean-based bioplastic mota - Henry Ford |- |1983 |Biopal - Marlborough Biopolymers |- |1989 |PLA daga masara - Dokta Patrick R. Gruber; Matter-bi - Novamount |- |1992 |Ana iya samar da PHB ta hanyar Arabidopsis thaliana (ƙaramin shuka mai fure) |- |1998 |Fim din Bioflex (bugawa, kwance, gyaran allura) yana haifar da aikace-aikace daban-daban na bioplastic |- |2001 |PHB za a iya samar da shi ta hanyar giwayen |- |2007 |Mirel (100% biodegradable filastik) ta Metabolic inc. an gwada shi a kasuwa |- |2012 |Bioplastic an haɓaka shi ne daga albasa |- |2013 |Bioplastic da aka yi daga jini da kuma mai haɗin giciye wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya |- |2014 |Bioplastic da aka yi daga sharar kayan lambu |- |2016 |Kamfanin mota da aka yi da kwayar cutar ayaba |- |2017 |Bioplastics da aka yi daga albarkatun lignocellulosic (tsire mai bushe) |- |2018 |Kayan kwalliya na bioplastic, bio-nylon, marufi daga 'ya'yan itace |} [[Fayil:Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG|thumb|Cibiyar Cigaban Bioplastics - Jami'ar Massachusetts Lowell]] [[Fayil:PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg|thumb|Fensir da akayi da bioplastics (Polylactide, PLA) ]] == Hanyoyin gwaji == [[Fayil:Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Gilashin shampoo na bioplastic da aka yi da PLA-blend bio-flex]] === Kasuwancin masana'antu - EN 13432, ASTM D6400 === Dole ne A cikin ma'aunin masana'antu na EN 13432 don da'awar cewa samfurin filastik yana iyayin compostable a kasuwar Turai. A taƙaice, yana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje da yawa da kuma saita ka'idojin wucewa / gazawar, gami da rushewa (rugujewar jiki da gani) na abin da aka gama a cikin makonni 1, biodegradation (canja carbon zuwa CO) na sinadaran polymeric a cikin kwanaki 180, guba na shuka da ƙarfe mai nauyi. Matsayin ASTM 6400 shine tsarin tsari na Amurka kuma yana da irin wannan buƙatu. Yawancin filastik na [[starch]], filastik da ke PLA da wasu mahaɗan co-[[polyester]] na [[Aliphatic]]-aromatic, kamar su succinates da adipates, sun sami waɗannan takaddun shaida. Additive-based bioplastics sayar a matsayin photodegradable ko [[Oxo Biodegradable]] basu bi waɗannan ka'idoji a halin yanzu ba. === Compostability - ASTM D6002 === Hanyar ASTM D 6002 don ƙayyade compostability na filastik ya bayyana kalmar compostable kamar haka:<blockquote>wanda ke iya fuskantar lalacewar halittu a cikin wani shafin mai mai mai mai amfani dashi don kayan baza'a iya rarrabe su ba kuma ya rushe cikin carbon dioxide, ruwa, mahaɗan inorganic da biomass a cikin adadin daya dace da sanannun kayan mai amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compostable.info |url=http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm}}</ref></blockquote>  Wannan ma'anar ta jawo zargi da yawa saboda, sabanin yadda aka bayyana kalmar a al'ada, ya rabu da tsarin "composting" daga bukatar hakan wanda ke haifar da [[humus]] / compost a matsayin samfurin ƙarshe. Abinda kawai wannan ma'auni ya bayyana shi ne cewa filastik mai sarrafawa dole ne ya nemi yatafi da sauri kamar yadda wani abu da mutum ya riga ya kafa ya zama mai sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin ma'anar gargajiya. ==== . ASTM D 6002 ==== A watan Janairun 2011, ASTM ta janye ma'auni na ASTM D 6002, wanda yaba masana'antun filastik amincin doka don lakafta filastik a matsayin mai sarrafawa. Bayanansa kamar haka:<blockquote>Wannan jagorar da aka rufe ta bada shawarar ka'idoji, hanyoyin, da kuma hanyar gaba ɗaya don kafa compostability na filastik masu lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D6002 - 96(2002)e1 Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostability of Environmentally Degradable Plastics (Withdrawn 2011) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192326/https://www.astm.org/Standards/D6002.htm |archive-date=2019-12-21 |access-date=2012-09-05 |website=astm.org}}</ref> </blockquote>ASTM har yanzu bai maye gurbin wannan ma'auni ba. === Biobased - ASTM D6866 === An haɓaka hanyar ASTM D6866 don tabbatar da abubuwan da aka samo daga kwayoyin halitta na bioplastics. Hasken sararin samaniya dake haɗuwa da yanayi yana nufin cewa wasu daga cikin carbon shine isotope carbon-14. CO₂ daga yanayi ana amfani dashi ta shuke-shuke a cikin photosynthesis, don haka sabon kayan shuke-huke zasu ƙunshi carbon-14 da carbon-12. A karkashin yanayin daya dace, da kuma a kan lokutan geological, za'a iya canza ragowar halittu masu rai zuwa burbushin burbushin halittu. Bayan ~ shekaru 100,000 duk carbon-14 dake cikin asalin kwayoyin halitta zasu sha wahala a cikin lalacewar rediyo inda suka bar carbon-12 kawai. Samfurin da aka yi daga biomass zai sami matakin carbon-14, yayin da samfurin da akayi da sinadarin man fetur bazai sami carbon-14. Za'a iya auna kashi na carbon mai sabuntawa a cikin kayan (mai ƙarfi ko ruwa) tare da ma'aunin ma'auni mai sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D6866 - 11 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6866.htm |access-date=2011-08-14 |publisher=Astm.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-24 |title=NNFCC Newsletter&nbsp;– Issue 16. Understanding Bio-based Content&nbsp;— NNFCC |url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-newsletter-issue-16-understanding-bio-based-content |access-date=2011-08-14 |publisher=Nnfcc.co.uk |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720182801/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-newsletter-issue-16-understanding-bio-based-content |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akwai muhimmiyar bambanci tsakanin [[Rashin lalacewa|biodegradability]] da abun ciki na biobased. A bioplastic irin su high-density polyethylene (HDPE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Braskem |url=http://www.braskem.com.br/site/portal_braskem/en/sala_de_imprensa/sala_de_imprensa_detalhes_6062.aspx |access-date=2011-08-14 |publisher=Braskem}}</ref> iya zama 100% biobased (watau dauke da 100% sabunta carbon), duk da haka ba-biodegradable. Wadannan bioplastics irin su HDPE duk da haka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rage iskar gas, musamman lokacin da aka ƙone su don samar da makamashi. Sashe na biobased na waɗannan bioplastics ana ɗaukar su carbon-neutral tunda asalin su ya fito ne daga biomass === Anaerobic biodegradability - ASTM D5511-02 da ASTM D 5526 === ASTM D5511-12 da ASTM D 5526-12 hanyoyin gwaji ne waɗanda suka bi ka'idodin duniya kamar ISO DIS 15985 don biodegradability na filastik. == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta ==   == Ƙarin karantawa == * [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1347639560 Flastik ba tare da Tarihin Man Fetur ba da Siyasa na 'Green' Flastik a Amurka] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCNJ8qSWKYC ''Filastik da muhalli''] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=SUCtOwns7TEC&pg=PA155 "Ginin Jama'a na Bakelite: Zuwa ga ka'idar kirkirar"] a cikin The Social Construction of Technological Systems, shafuffuka 155-182&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.gcis.com.cn/11-multi-client-market-research-reports/204-china-biodegradable-plastics-market-research-report Binciken Kasuwar China don Flastik mai lalacewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904192810/http://www.gcis.com.cn/11-multi-client-market-research-reports/204-china-biodegradable-plastics-market-research-report |date=2021-09-04 }} An adana shi 2021-09-04 a , Mayu 2017, GCiS China Strategic Research [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d01y9sl2zloov21yy96g5zmt2h0tw7c 0 81538 890959 485645 2026-08-03T14:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890959 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Bikin Salsa na Riga |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin (s) | class="infobox-data" |Riga |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Latvia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kaddamar da shi | class="infobox-data" |2005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.everfest.com/e/rigas-salsas-festivals-riga-latvia www.everfest.com/e/rigas-salsas-festivals-riga-latvia]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</span> |} Riga Salsa Festival bikin rawa ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke gudana a Riga, Latvia. Taron ya zama daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan salsa a cikin kasashen Baltic kuma yawancin magoya bayan salsa daga ketare suma suna zuwa don shiga. Bikin ya samo asali ne a cikin 2005 kuma yana fasalta wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye daga masu fasahar salsa, tarurrukan bita da salsa masterclasses da kuma salsa ball.<ref>[http://www.hc.lv/izklaide-kultura/zinas/salsas-festivals-2008/ Riga culture website]</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diena.lv/lat/izklaide/teatris/teatra_zinas/notiks-latvijas-salsas-festivals |title=Notiks Latvijas salsas festivals, Diena, 30 July 2009, accessed 16 May 2010 |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731181107/http://www.diena.lv/lat/izklaide/teatris/teatra_zinas/notiks-latvijas-salsas-festivals |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bikin shekara na shida ya gudana a Riga daga 11 zuwa 13 ga Yuni 2010 kuma an gabatar da raye-rayen salsa na kasa da kasa daga kasashe irin su [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Portugal]]. <ref>[http://www.diena.lv/lat/izklaide/teatris/junija-riga-sesto-reizi-festivala-pulcesies-salsas-dejotaji Jūnijā Rīgā sesto reizi festivālā pulcēsies salsas dejotāji Diena, 30 April 2010, accessed 16 May 2010]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 2s4z4ayh4ip2lmzw8fmrunl4p65nqhg 0 87679 891305 559218 2026-08-04T11:39:08Z Baffa ali 47435 891305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peter Edward Rose Sr'''. (daga April 14, 1941 harzuwa Satumba 30, 2024), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Charlie Hustle", ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne kuma manaja. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) daga 1963 zuwa 1986, mafi shahara a matsayin memba na Cincinnati Reds lineup wanda aka fi sani da Big Red Machine saboda rinjayen su na National League a cikin 1970s. Ya kuma taka leda a Philadelphia Phillies, inda ya ci gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku a cikin 1980, kuma ya ɗan ɗanyi ɗan lokaci tare da Montreal Expos. Ya jagoranci Reds daga 1984 zuwa 1989. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] q4j5xoycxf1p5ou892q4we5avn92aup 0 87794 891155 574714 2026-08-04T01:10:18Z Baffa ali 47435 891155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emiko Shinohara''' ( daga Shinohara Emiko, Agusta 8, 1963 zuwa Satumba 8, 2024), wanda aka sani da sana'a da Emi Shinohara (Shinohara Emi), yar wasan muryar Japan ce daga yankin Fukushima. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana da alaƙa da 81 Produce. An fi saninta da yin sautin Sailor Jupiter a farkon anime karbuwa na Sailor Moon, Kaho Mizuki a cikin Cardcaptor Sakura da mabiyin sa Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card, da Kushina Uzumaki a Naruto: Shippuden. An auri ta da jarumin tokusatsu Hiroshi Watari. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] ef883m1qkakvkvbb4xxnlah8a8ygara 0 87849 890960 551550 2026-08-03T14:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin Taurarin Taurari''' wani biki ne na kasa da kasa na kwanaki uku na shekara da ake gudanarwa a gabar [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]], tafki na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka]] . Bikin na farko ya gudana ne a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya ja hankalin masu halarta sama da 4,000 tare da wasannin kade-kade da aka zana musamman daga Afirka da Turai. == Tarihi == Wani dan yawon bude ido dan kasar Burtaniya Will Jameson ne ya kafa bikin. Jameson ya ziyarci Malawi a 1998. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar John Moores kuma ya dauki hutun shekara guda don yin aiki tare da The Wildlife Society . Wannan aikin ya tura shi Malawi. Bayan ya koma koleji, Jameson ya fara kulob na dare a matsayin girmamawa ga tafiya, wanda ake kira Chibuku Shake Shake, sunan alamar giya na Malawian. An nada daren kulob mafi kyawun dare a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] 2004 ta ''Mixmag'' . A wannan shekarar, Jameson ya yi bikin farko. Kimanin mutane 700 ne suka halarta, yawancinsu daga Afirka. Tafkin Taurari na 2011 ya ja hankalin mahalarta sama da 3,000 daga Turai da Afirka. An bude bikin ne tare da ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta Malawi ta tsallake rijiya da baya a bakin tekun bikin. == Media da yabo == An yi la'akari da bikin tafkin Taurari a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman bukukuwa a nahiyar Afirka. A cikin 2014, an ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan kiɗa na Afirka bakwai don halarta ta [[CNN]] . <ref name="Bgoya">{{Cite web |last=Bgoya |first=Lorraine |last2=Kapambwe |first2=Mazuba |date=21 February 2014 |title=7 African music festivals you really have to see |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/21/travel/africa-best-music-festivals/ |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=CNN}}</ref> ''Time Out'' mai suna Lake of Stars a matsayin yana da mafi kyawun wurin bikin a duniya, a cikin 2015. <ref name="Ensall">{{Cite web |last=Ensall |first=Jonny |title=Five reasons to go to Lake of Stars festival |url=http://www.timeout.com/london/music-festivals/five-reasons-to-go-to-Lake-of-Stars-festival |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=London |publisher=Time Out}}</ref> Jaridar Independent ta Burtaniya ta ce "Tafkin Taurari mai tabbatar da rayuwa yana ba da dama mai ban sha'awa don dandana bugun kiɗan wannan ƙasa mai ban sha'awa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2009 |title=Lake of stars - Music without barriers |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lake-of-stars-music-without-barriers-1823719.html |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Mataimakin Mujallar ta gane cewa "ikon wannan bikin don ƙarfafa matasan da suka halarta yana da kyan gani na musamman" <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2016 |title=This Festival Founded by Brits in Malawi Swears It's Not Problematic |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/mgw9zq/this-festival-founded-by-brits-in-malawi-swears-its-not-problematic |publisher= |access-date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184849/https://thump.vice.com/en_uk/article/mgw9zq/this-festival-founded-by-brits-in-malawi-swears-its-not-problematic |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gudanar da bikin == Bikin Taurari na Taurari an shirya shi ta hanyar cakuda masu aikin sa kai na kasa da kasa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da gogewa mai yawa a cikin masana'antar abubuwan rayuwa, suna tallafawa tawaga a Malawi. Bikin yana samun goyon bayan pro-bono daga masana'antar kiɗa ta Burtaniya, tare da kanun labarai na Burtaniya waɗanda ke balaguro zuwa Malawi galibi suna yarda da barin kuɗin aikinsu na yau da kullun. Kimanin sama da dala miliyan 1 ana samar da shi ta wurin bikin don tattalin arzikin gida kowace shekara. == Ayyuka == Bikin yana shirya damar sa kai ga masu halartar bikin, yana ba da sabis ga ƙungiyoyin agaji daban-daban waɗanda bikin ke ɗaukar nauyin bikin ciki har da Gidauniyar Microloan . Masu halartan kuma suna ziyartar gidajen marayu don yin zaman tare da yara da yin wasanni da wasanni tare da su. Bikin ya kuma haɗa da tattaunawa, kama da tattaunawar TED, wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye da gauraye na wasan Martial Arts . <ref name="Mbowa">{{Cite web |last=Mbowa |first=Aida |title=Malawi Lake of Stars festival: good music is just the half of it |url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-08-07-lake-of-stars-festival-much-more-than-a-celebration-of-music |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=Arts |publisher=Mail & Guardian |archive-date=2015-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314025351/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-08-07-lake-of-stars-festival-much-more-than-a-celebration-of-music |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo == 'Yan wasan duniya da dama suna wasa a tafkin Stars, da yawa daga Afirka da Ingila. Waɗannan masu fasaha sun haɗa, amma ba'a iyakance ga   == Wurare/ Wurare == == Sauran Al'amuran == A waje da Malawi aikin yana shirya sabbin bukukuwa a cikin 2018, wanda ke gudana a London da Glasgow kuma yana nuna masu fasaha daga Malawi, Zambia, Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu da Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival – Lake of Stars - 28-30 Sep 2018 on Lake Malawi |url=http://lakeofstars.org/festival |website=lakeofstars.org |access-date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819221339/http://lakeofstars.org/festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Bukukuwa a Afrika]] [[Category: Bukukuwa a Kasar Malawi]] ejomzeahmyezu0ubwxyjmie3juqb3ck 0 88091 890957 545734 2026-08-03T14:01:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shirin BlockParty''' bikin ya fara ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya a matsayin '''Mainland BlockParty''' a cikin 2018. Jerin jam'iyyar ya ƙunshi Island BlockParty, Capital BlockParty, Garden BlockParty, Premier BlockParty, Gold BlockParty, da kuma BlockParty pop-up a Afro Nation . Ana gudanar da bikin waka ne duk wata a ranar Lahadin da ta gabata na wata sai dai ranar tunawa da ranar 1 ga Janairu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mainland Block Party cultivates a community celebration of music in Nigeria |url=https://mixmag.net/read/mainland-block-party-nigeria-news |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Mixmag}}</ref> Yana gudanar da shi a garuruwa daban-daban da suka hada da [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]], [[Ibadan]], da [[Accra]] . TopBoy Entertainment and Plug Live ne suka shirya wannan jerin gwano Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan matasa na yammacin Afirka na wata-wata ta hanyar halartar taron da ke jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Photos: BlockParty in Lagos |url=https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/in-photos-blockparty/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Crack Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tobi Mohammed, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobi Mohammed's BlockParty Series: Nurturing Talent in the Music Industry |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/1256 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=TurnTable}}</ref> Moyo Shomade, Bizzle Osikoya, da Asa Asika ne suka shirya Mainland BlockParty. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=Davido and Adekunle Gold announced for Nigeria's BlockParty festivals |url=https://crackmagazine.net/2023/12/davido-and-adekunle-gold-announced-for-nigerias-blockparty-festivals/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Crack Magazine}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri shi ne don murnar al'adun matasa da haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin al'adu a cikin biranen Afirka da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Culture |url=https://mainlandblockparty.com/culture/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Mainland BlockParty}}</ref> Ana gudanar da taron a kowane wata a Lambun Sirri, [[Ikeja]] . Ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da MTV Base, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajayi |first=Lekan |date=6 March 2019 |title=Mtv Base Takes Over Mainland Block Party For Anniversary Celebration |url=https://brandcrunch.com.ng/2019/03/06/mtv-base-takes-over-mainland-block-party-for-anniversary-celebration/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=BrandCrunch Nigeria}}</ref> Spotify, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Korie |first=Samuel |date=26 October 2022 |title=West Africa's Biggest Festival, Block Party Partners with Spotify To Bring Music Closer To You |url=https://txtmag.com/west-africas-biggest-festival-block-party-partners-with-spotify-to-bring-music-closer-to-you/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=txtmag.com |archive-date=17 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117002018/https://txtmag.com/west-africas-biggest-festival-block-party-partners-with-spotify-to-bring-music-closer-to-you/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jameson, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=Jameson, Mainland Block Party, power 'Confluence Project' to unify Nigerian music |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jameson-mainland-block-party-power-confluence-project-to-unify-nigerian-music/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News}}</ref> Johnnie Walker, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=1 September 2022 |title=Johnnie Walker's Walker District Secures Lagos Mainland |url=https://culturecustodian.com/johnnie-walkers-walker-district-secures-lagos-mainland/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> da A Whitespace Creative Agency. <ref name="The Guardian Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Block party, fashion weekend and a little strange thing |url=https://guardian.ng/features/block-party-fashion-weekend-and-a-little-strange-thing/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2016, BlockParty tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Ƙirƙirar Farin Ciki, don ƙaddamar da AWCA BlockParty. <ref name="The Guardian Nigeria" /> == Hotuna == A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2020, Mainland BlockParty ya gabatar da wani haɗin gwiwa guda tare da Victony mai taken "Space & Time", <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2020 |title=New Music: MainlandBlockParty & Victony – Space & Time |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/08/mainlandblockparty-victony-space-time/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> a matsayin na farko da aka cire haɗin gwiwa tare da Victony mai taken ''Saturn'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=New EP: Victony & MainlandBlockParty – Saturn |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/08/ep-victony-mainlandblockparty-saturn/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2021, Mainland BlockParty ya fitar da wani kundi na tattarawa mai suna ''Confluence Project'' tare da haɗin gwiwar Jameson Irish Whiskey, <ref name="Pulse Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=Joeboy, LadiPoe, Sess, Naeto C and more feature on MainlandBlockParty's, 'Confluence Project Vol. 1' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/stream-mainlandblockparty-confluence-project-vol-1/qt9mhdq |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> yana nuna Alpha P, Fave, Naeto C, Ladipoe, Terry Apala, Bnxn, da [[Joeboy]] . Tobi Mohammed ne ya keɓance shi, tare da ƙarin samarwa daga Sess The PRBLM Kid, SynX, da Adey. <ref name="Pulse Nigeria" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 3brn37dwrtbsi26wzbbxtqv71ldjfsi 0 88233 890955 547538 2026-08-03T13:50:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Fim na Joburg''' ( '''JFF''' ) bikin fina-finai ne na duniya na shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu. == Tarihi == An kafa bikin Fim na Joburg a cikin shekarar 2016. <ref name="africult1">{{Cite web |title=Joburg Film Festival 2016. 1ere édition. |url=https://africultures.com/evenements/?no=50593 |access-date=2024-08-08 |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation. |language=fr}} 28 October - 5 November 2016.</ref> Saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]], an tsallake bugu na 2021 da 2022. <ref name="creatives">{{Cite web |last=Omobolade |first=Ojo A. |last2=Afape |first2=Tunmise |date=February 12, 2024 |title=News. The Joburg Film Festival (JFF) set to return for the sixth edition of its annual festival this February |url=https://thecreativesnote.substack.com/p/the-joburg-film-festival-jff-returns-for-2024 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=thecreativesnote.substack.com |publisher=The Creatives Note}}</ref> An gudanar da bugu na 5 daga watan Janairu 31 - Fabrairu 5, 2023. <ref name="africult5">{{Cite web |title=Joburg Film Festival 2023. 5ème édition |url=https://africultures.com/evenements/?no=50593 |access-date=2024-08-08 |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation. |language=fr}}</ref> == Bayani == Joburg Film Festival (JFF) bikin fina-finai ne na duniya na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a wurare daban-daban a [[Johannesburg]] ("Joburg"), Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="jff">{{Cite web |title=Joburg Film Festival. Our stories - Our gold |url=https://joburgfilmfestival.co.za/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=joburgfilmfestival.co.za |publisher=Joburg Film Festival}}</ref> <ref name="freeway">{{Cite web |title=Joburg Film Festival |url=https://filmfreeway.com/joburgfilmfestival |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=filmfreeway.com |publisher=FilmFreeway}}</ref> Kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na tauraron ɗan Adam na Afirka ta Kudu MultiChoice ne ke goyon bayan bikin. <ref name="africult1"/> <ref name="bioscope">{{Cite web |date= |title=The Joburg Film Festival 2016 |url=https://www.thebioscope.co.za/2016/10/21/the-joburg-film-festival-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029091935/www.thebioscope.co.za/2016/10/21/the-joburg-film-festival-2016/ |archive-date=2016-10-29 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=thebioscope.co.za |publisher= |language=}} 28 October to 5 November 2016.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Joburg Film Festival 2019 |url=https://joburg.co.za/joburg-film-festival-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823103621/https://joburg.co.za/joburg-film-festival-2019/ |archive-date=2025-08-23 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=joburg.co.za |publisher= |language= |url-status=dead }}. 19-24 November 2019</ref> == Shirin == Bikin yana nuna jadawalin nunin fina-finai, shirin masana'antu tare da tattaunawar panel, tattaunawa da darajoji, shirin matasa na ilimi, taron zamantakewa, da kasuwar abun ciki na kasuwanci JBX. <ref name="africult5"/> == Kyautattuka == Kyaututtukan da aka sanar a 2025 sune Mafi kyawun Fim, Mafi kyawun Fim na Afirka, Mafi kyawun Documentary da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Joburg (masu shirya fina-finai na Joburg ne kawai suka cancanci wannan kyautar). <ref name="freeway"/> == Wadanda suka ci kyaututtukan baya == * Hoton mai zaman kansa 2023 - Cloud and the Man (Manikbabur Megh) na Abhinandan Banerjee - Fiction minti 97.<ref>{{IMDb event |id=0054485 |Joburg Film Festival. 2023 Awards. International Feature Film |year=2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == 39y49kiu9v9rpui10ayk0b859z412es 0 88332 890975 548898 2026-08-03T15:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blunkett Salad''' (Arabic بلانكيت سلطة) [[Abincin Tunisiya|Salad ne na Tunisiya]] yawanci ya ƙunshi [[Gurasa|burodi]], harissa, ƙwai da kuma tuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=سلطة بلانكيت التونسية {{!}} المطبخ التونسي |url=http://www.ezzouhour.com/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.html |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=ezzouhour.com |language=ar |archive-date=2019-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003063404/http://www.ezzouhour.com/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ALMASDAR |title=دبارة اليوم : سلاطة بلانكيت الشهية |url=http://ar.webmanagercenter.com/2013/07/22/17835/%d8%af%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a9/ |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=المصدر تونس}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Salatin Larabci * Food portal == Manazarta == m6zlklehqyrpx24yh08rc9tljrhkrl0 0 88403 891076 648222 2026-08-03T20:23:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charity Iguodala Aiguobarueghian''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 1976) [[lauya]] ce kuma '[[ɗan siyasa]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Aiguobarueghian a halin yanzu tana wakiltar Ovia North-East Local Government Area I a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aiguobarueghian Charity |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/aiguobarueghian-charity |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=shineyoureye.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Political Parties Nominate Principal Officers For Edo State Assembly |url=https://von.gov.ng/political-parties-nominate-principal-officers-for-edo-state-assembly/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=von.gov.ng |archive-date=2024-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110105329/https://von.gov.ng/political-parties-nominate-principal-officers-for-edo-state-assembly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2024 |title=Charity Aiguobarueghian moves for digital governance, electricity market bills |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/charity-aiguobarueghian-moves-for-digital-governance-electricity-market-bills/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=We'll make laws to impact Edo youths... Edo Lawmaker |url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/18416-we-ll-make-laws-to-impact-edo-youths-edo-lawmaker |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=timeline.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=We'll make laws to impact Edo youths... Edo Lawmaker |url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/18416-we-ll-make-laws-to-impact-edo-youths-edo-lawmaker |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=timeline.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edo Lawmaker, Aiguobarueghian Lists Benefits Of Obaseki's Admin In Ovia North East Constituency |url=https://www.alltimepost.com/2024/04/edo-lawmaker-aiguobarueghian-lists-benefits-of-obasekis-admin-in-ovia-north-east-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=alltimepost.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>   Aiguobarueghian ya zama shugaban mafi rinjaye na Majalisar ta 8. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Edo 2024: Wetin we gain, if we vote APC ? – EDHA Majority Leader |url=https://www.politicaleconomistng.com/173348-2/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=politicaleconomistng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Aiguobarueghian, Natasha Become Majority Leader, Deputy. |url=https://vibesfm.com.ng/blog/charity-aiguobarueghian-natasha-become-majority-leader-deputy |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=vibesfm.com.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Aiguobarueghian a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1976, a Ekiadolor, Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State. Aiguobarueghian ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Azagba, a Okha, yankin karamar hukuma ta Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ekiadolor kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Benin]] inda ya sami digiri na LLB da LLM a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2024 |title=Ighodalo not disqualified, says Edo Assembly Majority Leader |url=https://thesun.ng/ighodalo-not-disqualified-says-edo-assembly-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=thesun.ng}}</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga [[Jami'ar Benin]], a Benin City, Jihar Edo, Aiguobarueghian ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin a kamfanin lauya na Arthur Obi Okafor, SAN & Associates kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Shari'a ta Jihar Edo a 2021. == Siyasa == An zabi Aiguobarueghian a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP) don wakiltar Ovia North-East Local Government Area I a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 State Houses of Assembly results - Edo state |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/state-houses-of-assembly/ED/?constituency=SC%2F314%2FED |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=stears.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iguodala Charity Aiguobarueghian Ovia NorthEast |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/iguodala-charity-aiguobarueghian |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=stears.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=Edo lawmaker empowers 41 women with N2m |url=https://blueprint.ng/edo-lawmaker-empowers-41-women-with-n2m/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=blueprint.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon Aiguobarueghian and his PDP Sophistry |url=https://www.bendelmirror.com/post.php?news=MTA5Mw== |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=bendelmirror.com |archive-date=2024-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110105328/https://www.bendelmirror.com/post.php?news=MTA5Mw== |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Mafi rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Propaganda, lies against Ighodalo won't work-Edo Majority Leader |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/propaganda-lies-against-ighodalo-wont-work-edo-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2024 |title=Edo 2024: 'Ighodalo na fine pikin wey everybody wan carry' – EDHA Majority Leader |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/edo-2024-ighodalo-na-fine-pikin-wey-everybody-wan-carry-edha-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=EDHA Insists State Security Network remains Active Despite Suspension by Police |url=https://ait.live/edha-insists-state-security-network-remains-active-despite-suspension-by-police/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ait.live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edo 2024: Beware of APCs black market EDHA Majority Leader warns |url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/231175/edo-2024-beware-of-apcs-black-market-edha-majority-leader-warns |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=newsexpressngr.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1sy2kwly0nmsz5v2xuyl31yfqthiuu3 0 88586 891238 680337 2026-08-04T08:51:27Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tapanti.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na Tapantí]] Kodayake yunkurin kiyayewa ya ci gaba a Turai a karni na 18, [[Costa Rica]] a matsayin ƙasa an sanar da shi zakara a halin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2010-10-25 |title=Costa Rica recognised for biodiversity protection |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/oct/25/costa-rica-biodiversity |access-date=2018-06-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Costa Rica tana da nau'o'in [[Halitta|halittu]] masu ban mamaki, saboda girman ta, tana da nauʼo'in dabbobi da shuke-shuke fiye da Amurka da [[Kanada]] sun haɗu tare da karɓar bakuncin nau'in shuke-huke da dabbobi sama da 500,000. Duk da haka, Costa Rica tana da nisan kilomita 250 kawai da faɗin kilomita 150. Ka'idar da aka yarda da ita don asalin wannan nau'in jinsuna mai ban mamaki shine haɗuwa da jinsuna daga Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da ke faruwa a kan wannan wuri mai faɗi.<ref name=":2" /> Saboda haka, adana yanayin halitta na wannan wuri mai rauni, ya ja hankalin masana da masana kimiyya da yawa na duniya. MINAE (Ma'aikatar Muhalli, [[Makamashi]] da Sadarwa) da kuma alhakin kokarin kiyayewa da yawa a Costa Rica ta cimma ta hanyar hukumomin ta da yawa, gami da SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas), FONAFIFO (asusun gandun daji na kasa), da CONAGEBIO (National Commission for Biodiversity Management). Costa Rica ta sanya kiyayewa fifiko na kasa, kuma ta kasance a kan gaba na adana yanayin halitta tare da kashi 28% na ƙasar da aka kare ta hanyar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiya, da mafaka na namun daji, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon gudanarwa na SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estado de la Biodiversidad en Costa Rica |url=http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/biod/estrategia/estudio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301131356/http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/biod/estrategia/estudio.html |archive-date=2010-03-01 |access-date=2018-06-07 |website=inbio.ac.cr}}</ref> wani ɓangare na MINAE (Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Makamashi da Sadarwa). SINAC ta raba kasar zuwa yankuna daban-daban dangane da bambancin muhalli na wannan yankin - kamar yadda aka gani a cikin adadi 1.Kasar ta yi amfani da wannan bambancin muhalli don amfanin tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar Masana'antar yawon shakatawa mai tasowa, ta sanya jajircewarta ga yanayi, a nunawa ga baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Kasuwar yawon bude ido a Costa Rica an kiyasta ta karu da dala biliyan 1.34 daga 2023 zuwa 2028, tana girma a CAGR na 5.76%. Har ila yau, ita ce kadai ƙasa a duniya da ke samar da fiye da kashi 99% na wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin sabuntawa, ta dogara da wutar lantarki (72%), iska (13%), makamashi na geothermal (15%), biomass da hasken rana (1%). Masu sukar sun nuna duk da haka, cewa a cimma wannan muhimmancin, kasar ta gina madatsun ruwa da yawa (ba da yawancin wutar lantarki) wasu daga cikinsu sun yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsire-tsire da fauna na yankin. == Ci gaban tarihi == [[Fayil:16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png|thumb|Hoto na 3. Yaduwar Mutanen Espanya a cikin karni na 16 a cikin Caribbean]] "The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica" na Sterling Evans sanannen littafi ne wanda ke gano ci gaban yunkurin kiyayewa a Costa Rica daga tsakiyar 1700s zuwa yau. Evans ya ambaci cewa lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka fara isa Amurka, yanayin Costa Rica bai bayyana a gare su ba, idan aka kwatanta da Guatemala ko Mexico wanda ya fi kama da yanayin Mutanen Espanya. Saboda haka, har zuwa karni na 18, akwai karancin ci gaban noma a yankin. Har ila yau, ba shi da zinariya da sauran ma'adanai da [[Christopher Columbus]] ya yi fatan samun su a waɗannan yankuna (saboda haka sunan, Rich Coast). A sakamakon haka, gandun daji na Costa Rica ya bar shi da kyau ta hanyar zama na Turai a Amurka. A tsakiyar karni na 19, an lura cewa ƙasar Costa Rican ta kasance mai kyau ga ci gaban kofi. Bukatar kofi a duniya tana ƙaruwa da sauri, ta hanyar buƙatun ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu na yamma. Misali na aikin gona da masu [[shuka]] kofi suka karɓa a Costa Rica ya kasance daga ƙananan gonakin da aka sani da cafeteras, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su zama masu kula da ƙasar. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta da al'adun kofi wanda zai bunkasa ta hanyar karɓar akidar jari-hujja. A sakamakon haka, duk da cewa samar da kofi ya karu sosai daga 1850 zuwa 1950, babu wani babban lalacewar gandun daji a Costa Rica har zuwa shekarun 1950, sabanin imani. Wasu daga cikin mahimman bayanai da ake watsi da su a tarihin kiyayewa na Costa Rica tsakanin 1850 da 2000 a cewar Evans, sune: 1. Gwamnatin Shugaba Bernardo Soto a cikin 1888 ta fara aiwatar da jan hankalin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman Switzerland da Jamus a kokarin ilimantar da mazauna yankin game da ayyukan noma da suka dace da muhalli kamar yadda a shekara ta 1914, Costa Rica ta zama babbar cibiyar bincike ta kimiyya a Amurka mai zafi 2. Kafa Jami'ar Costa Rica (UCR) a cikin shekarun 1940 wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, tun lokacin da jami'ar ta yi aiki a matsayin matattarar bincike game da nazarin wurare masu zafi a Amurka ta tsakiya. A kan jagorancin UCR akwai masana kimiyya masu tasiri kamar su Rafael Lucas Rodríguez da Alexander Skutch waɗanda littattafan su na gaba suka zama tushe ga yanke shawara na manufofi na gaba. Skutch ya lura, "a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, Costa Rica har yanzu ba ta lalace ba. Yawan jama'arta na kasa da rabin mutane miliyan . . . ya mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙanƙanin Meseta Central. . . . Sauran fa'idodi . . ga masanin halitta shine kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da abokantaka da mutanenta. . . Costa Rica tana da rikodin ci gaba, tsarin mulki mai tsari wanda kusan kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka ba za ta iya daidaitawa da karatun sa ba ko kuma yanke layin sadarwa mai yawa. 3. A shekara ta 1950, Costa Rica ta dogara sosai da fitar da kofi zuwa Turai da Amurka. A lokaci guda, yana fama da matsalar tsakanin kara yawan aikin gona a gefe guda da kare albarkatun kasa don amfani a nan gaba a gefe guda. A shekara ta 1958, duk da haka, farashin kofi na duniya ya ragu, kuma an nuna babban tushen samun kudin shiga na Costa Rica yana da matukar damuwa ga dakarun da ba a iya tsammani ba. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar inganta masana'antu na ciki da ƙarfafa wasu masana'antu. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan masana'antar da ta fito a sakamakon haka, ita ce Masana'antar nama. An kwatanta kwarin Amurka ta tsakiya a matsayin "cikakke ga shanu" ta Carl Hoffman . Har zuwa 1970, an fara amfani da shanun da ake kiwon a Costa Rica don amfanin gida. Kusan 1970, buƙatar naman naman sa daga Amurka ya fara nuna haɓaka mai girma saboda haɓakar masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Wannan buƙatu mai ƙarfi, haɗe da faɗuwar farashin kofi ya ba masana'antar shanu haɓaka kuma an fara maye gurbin dazuzzuka da wuraren kiwo. A mafi munin sa, Costa Rica tana asarar kashi 4% na gandun daji a kowace shekara. Wani madadin bincike da Julia Flagg ta yi a cikin tsarin "tsarin-tsarin" ya nuna cewa bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1821 warewar Costa Rica daga El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, da [[Nicaragua]] ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen tsara makomarta kuma ya zama batu mai banbanci a cikin juyin halitta na kasashen Amurka ta tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flagg |first=Julia A. |date=2018-01-24 |title=Carbon Neutral by 2021: The Past and Present of Costa Rica's Unusual Political Tradition |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=296 |doi=10.3390/su10020296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar Mahoney " . . . yayin da duk sauran larduna suka shiga cikin yaki da rikice-rikicen siyasa, Costa Rica ta tsere wa irin wannan lalacewa kuma ta yi yunkurin ci gaban tattalin arziki. " Ta kuma yi jayayya cewa rashin ƙwararrun masu mallakar ƙasa a Costa Rica ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da kyakkyawan shugabanci da kiyaye dimokuradiyya mai ɗorewa a ƙasar. Kaddamar da sojoji a shekarar 1948 ya taimaka wajen samar da albarkatun da gwamnati ta zaba don saka hannun jari a cikin ilimi da kariya. Kasar ta shiga cikin ingantaccen tsarin karfafawa daga baya, inda sabbin dokoki da aka kafa suka jawo yabo na kasa da kasa wanda ya taimaka wajen karfafa matsayin Costa Rica a matsayin jagora na duniya a cikin kariya ta albarkatu. "Green Republic" na Sterling Evans yayi nazarin tarihin kiyayewa a Costa Rica, yana kalubalantar fahimtar shi a matsayin "jamhuriyar kore" mara lahani. Kokarin kiyayewa na Costa Rica ya fito ne a cikin mummunar lalacewar muhalli, wanda ya haifar da dalilai kamar fadada aikin gona da sake rarraba ƙasa. Evans ya gano juyin halitta na manufofin kiyayewa, yana nuna mahimman lokutan kamar Ley Forestal na 1969 da kuma kafa tsarin wurin shakatawa na kasa. Duk da kalubalen, Costa Rica ta sami ci gaba a kiyayewa ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar musayar bashi ga yanayi da kuma sa hannun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, batutuwan kamar dorewar yawon shakatawa na muhalli suna jaddada matsalolin da ke gudana na daidaita kiyayewa tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya, Evans yana ba da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da tafiyar kiyayewa ta Costa Rica, yana amincewa da nasarori yayin da yake fahimtar ƙalubalen da ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCook |first=Stuart George |date=2000 |title=The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/12443 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=617–618 |issn=1527-1900}}</ref> == Misalan kokarin aiki == === Tsarin Gidan shakatawa na Kasa === Costa Rica tana alfahari da cibiyar sadarwa ta wuraren kariya, gami da wuraren shakatawa na kasa, mafaka ga namun daji, da wuraren ajiyar halittu. Wadannan yankuna suna kare yanayin halittu daban-daban, kamar gandun daji, gandun daji na girgije, rairayin bakin teku, da coral reefs, kare nau'ikan flora da fauna. Kamar kowane yanki na halitta, yankunan kiyayewa na Costa Rican suna da dokoki da ka'idoji don kare nau'in da ke kira su gida. Yawancin dokoki suna da ma'ana, kamar haramtacciyar farauta, fita daga hanyoyin da aka yi alama, cire samfurori kamar shuke-shuke, dabbobi, ko harsashi, da shiga cikin craters na dutsen wuta === Yawon shakatawa na muhalli === Costa Rica ta zama jagora a duniya a cikin yawon shakatawa na muhalli, tana jan hankalin matafiya da ke sha'awar bincika abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta yayin da suke rage tasirin muhalli. Kasar tana ba da gidaje masu yawa, yawon shakatawa na yanayi, da ayyukan kasada, suna samar da kudaden shiga da ke tallafawa kokarin kiyayewa da al'ummomin yankin. === Bincike da Kulawa da Biodiversity === Cibiyoyin kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity ta Kasa (INBio) suna gudanar da bincike don yin rubuce-rubuce da kiyaye wadatattun halittu na Costa Rica. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su binciken halittu, binciken kwayoyin halitta, da saka idanu kan mazaunin, masana kimiyya suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci don sanar da manufofi da ayyuka na kiyayewa. === Karewa da ke da alaƙa da al'umma === Costa Rica tana ƙarfafa shiga cikin al'umma a cikin kiyayewa ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar wuraren ajiyar da ke kula da al'umma da kuma wuraren kiyayewa. Ta hanyar karfafa al'ummomin yankin don gudanar da albarkatun kasa yadda ya kamata, waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna inganta kula da muhalli da tallafawa hanyoyin rayuwa. Shingen bureaucratic a cikin tsarin gwamnati na iya hana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kiyaye al'umma, ta amfani da Costa Rica a matsayin binciken shari'a. Basurto ya bambanta da hanyoyi guda biyu: rarrabawar gwamnati da kuma kula da shiga kasa. A yankunan da gwamnati ta jagoranci rarraba mulki, iko ya kasance mai tsakiya kuma ya cire al'ummomin karkara daga yanke shawara. Sabanin haka, a yankuna kamar Yankin Kula da Guanacaste, shugabancin al'umma ya bunƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin gida da hanyoyin biyan diyya. Samun nasarar shigar da shirye-shiryen kiyaye al'umma, kamar ICCAs, yana buƙatar magance tsarin mulki, goyon baya mai ƙarfi na tsakiya, buƙatun gida don shiga, da kafa tsarin cibiyoyin tallafi. === Aikin noma mai dorewa === Kokarin inganta ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa yana da niyyar rage lalacewar muhalli wanda ya haifar da hanyoyin noma na al'ada. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da noma, agroforestry, da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida waɗanda ke ƙarfafa masu samarwa su karɓi dabarun muhalli yayin kiyaye yawan aiki. === Biyan kuɗi don Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli (PES) === Don magance rage yawan gandun daji a cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnatin Costa Rican ta fara wani makirci a cikin 1997 da aka sani da ''PES'', wanda ya ba da lada ga masu mallakar ƙasa masu zaman kansu don kiyaye gandun daji ba tare da lalacewa ba a ƙasashensu maimakon ayyukan da waɗannan gandun daji suka bayar ga muhalli da tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya. Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ba da rancen da farko daga 2000 zuwa 2006 don tallafawa biyan kuɗi da ke karfafa gandun daji, ya kalli shirin a matsayin nasara gaba ɗaya duk da wasu gazawarsa. An kiyasta cewa kashi na ƙasar Costa Rican da gandun daji suka rufe ya tashi daga kusan 20% a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa sama da 50% na jimlar yankin a cikin 2013 - ci gaban 250%. Shirin ya kuma rage hayakin carbon na kasa da tan miliyan 11 a cikin shekaru 6 daga 1999 zuwa 2005. Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mata musamman, sun amfana saboda wannan shirin. Da wannan nasarar ta ƙarfafa shi, Bankin Duniya ya ba da goyon bayansa ga shirin gwamnatin Costa Rican ta hanyar tallafawa sabon shirin da ake kira "Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects : Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management Project {{!}} The World Bank |url=http://www.projects.worldbank.org/P093384/mainstreaming-market-based-instruments-environmental-management-project?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121045356/http://www.projects.worldbank.org/P093384/mainstreaming-market-based-instruments-environmental-management-project?lang=en |archive-date=2016-11-21 |access-date=2018-06-08 |website=projects.worldbank.org}}</ref> A cikin shekaru, hukumomin kasa da kasa da yawa sun tura gwamnatin kasa don sauƙaƙa tsarin samun biyan kuɗi don haɗawa da al'ummomin da ba su da ci gaba da kuma jefa babbar hanyar don shirin. === Kare Ruwa === Costa Rica ta kafa wuraren kariya na ruwa (MPAs) don kare yanayin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa, gami da coral reefs, mangroves, da rairayin bakin teku. Wadannan MPAs suna ƙuntata ayyukan kamun kifi, kare wuraren zama masu mahimmanci, da kuma inganta amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ruwa. Turtle na Tekun Green [[Fayil:Green_sea_turtle_(1).jpg|thumb|Turtle mai launin kore]] Turtle na teku mai launin kore nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a duniya kuma ɗayan mahimman wuraren zama ne a cikin Tortuguero, Costa Rica <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Troëng |first=Sebastian |last2=Rankin |first2=Eddy |date=2005-01-01 |title=Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica |journal=Biological Conservation |language=en |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=111–116 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.014 |issn=0006-3207}}</ref> - kalmar Totuguero ta samo asali ne daga tsoffin taswirar Mutanen Espanya ma'anar "wurin turtles". Bayan raguwar duniya a cikin yawan jama'arta saboda yawan farauta don nama da [[ƙwai]], an kafa Gidan shakatawa na Tortuguero a cikin 1975 a ƙoƙarin karewa da adana yankin kiwo na tururuwa. Wani binciken da aka ambata sosai <ref name=":0" /> na Tröeng da Rankin, wanda aka bincika a shekara ta 2004, tasirin da wannan matakin kariya ya yi a kan yanayin nesting. Kodayake yawan turtles yana nuna babban bambancin shekara-shekara don haka yana sa aikin ƙayyade ainihin adadin ya zama da wahala sosai, a matsakaici, yanayin ya kasance mai kyau a cikin dogon lokaci na kusan shekaru 35. Binciken ya nuna cewa aiwatar da dokoki uku da gwamnatin Costa Rican ta yi yana da mahimmanci wajen daidaitawa da kara yawan mutanen waɗannan tururuwan teku. 1. Hana tarin tururuwa da kwai a 1963 2. Wani haramtacciyar fitar da [[Afifiya|Calipee]] (wani bangare na kan tururuwa wanda ake la'akari da kayan lambu) a cikin 1970 kuma a ƙarshe, 3. Halitta da Gidan shakatawa na Tortuguero a cikin 1975 ta majalisar dokoki. Tasirin dindindin da aka haifar ta hanyar irin wannan tunanin siyasa na gaba yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati. 4. Yankunan Kare Ruwa na Gidauniyar MarViva: Gidauniya ta MarViva tana aiki don kafawa da sarrafa wuraren kariya na ruwa (MPAs) a bakin tekun Costa Rica da sauran ƙasashe a Gabashin Tropical Pacific. Wadannan MPAs suna samar da muhimmiyar wurin zama ga tururuwan teku da sauran nau'ikan ruwa, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu da inganta ayyukan kamun kifi masu ɗorewa. 5. Shirye-shiryen masu sa kai tare da WIDECAST: The Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST) yana aiki tare da kungiyoyi na gida a Costa Rica don gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa kai da aka mayar da hankali kan kiyaye tururuwan teku. Masu sa kai suna shiga cikin ayyukan kamar sa ido kan gida, tsaftace bakin teku, da kuma fadakar da al'umma. Ana ba da shirye-shirye daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba, daidai da lokacin nesting. Tasirin dindindin da aka haifar ta hanyar irin wannan tunanin siyasa na gaba yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati. === Shirye-shiryen sake fasalin gandun daji da sabuntawa === Ta hanyar aiwatar da matakan ka'idoji da nufin kare muhalli da kuma kafa Shirin Biya don Ayyukan Muhalli (PSA), Costa Rica ta yi gagarumin ci gaba wajen dawo da wani bangare mai yawa na yankunan da aka kare. Gwamnati ce ta ba da kuɗin ta hanyar Asusun Gudanar da Kudin dazuzzuka na Kasa (FONAFIFO), Shirin PSA yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye gandun daji, gudanarwa, sake gina gandun daji da sake farfadowa na halitta, wanda ke haifar da inganta wuraren da aka kiyaye da suka kai hekta 437,000. Wannan shirin ya sauƙaƙa dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 5.4 ta manoma kuma ya goyi bayan kokarin kiyaye gandun daji a cikin yankunan asali. Duk da haka, duk da fadada gandun daji na biyu, sare daji don dalilai na noma ya ci gaba, yayin da wasu manoma ke jinkirin barin ƙasar noma don sake farfado da gandun daji. A cikin lokacin daga 1996 zuwa 2015, ayyukan PSA da aka keɓe don sake gina gandun daji sun sami zuba jari mai yawa na dala miliyan 318, tare da kashi 64% na kudaden da aka samu daga haraji akan man fetur da kashi 22% daga rance da Bankin Duniya ya bayar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Costa Rica and Reforestation |url=https://costarica.org/sustainability/reforestation/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=CostaRica.Org |language=en}}</ref> == Manufar tsaka-tsaki na carbon == [[Fayil:EARTH-La_Flor_Campus_Classroom.jpg|thumb|Classroom na Jami'ar Duniya a Costa Rica - jami'a mai tsaka-tsaki da carbon]] Costa Rica ta fito fili a cikin kasashe saboda jajircewarta na rage hayakin carbon, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da Shirin Decarbonization na Kasa. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar fitar da hayaki a shekarar 2050 kuma an gano shi a matsayin mai matukar alƙawari a cikin binciken RAND.Binciken ya nuna cewa saka hannun jari da aka yi a cikin matakan rage carbon a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin zai samar da dawowar kusan kashi 110. A cikin aikinta na ƙarshe a matsayin mai zane-zane na RAND, Gabrielle Mérite ta yi niyyar nuna tafiyar Costa Rica zuwa makomar carbon-neutral, ta jawo wahayi daga motsi na fasahar Solarpunk, wanda ke tunanin duniya mai ɗorewa. == Rashin amincewa da kokarin aiki == Hanyar da gwamnati ta yi don samun fitar da hayaki ya samar da sakamako mai kyau gabaɗaya, amma masana sun bayyana shi a matsayin bai isa ba kuma ba shi da shi saboda ya yi watsi da hayaki na motoci wanda ke da kusan kashi 20% na jimlar hayaki na ƙasar. An kuma kira burin 2021 "mai son kai" da "mai girman kai", tunda kokarin rage dogaro da kasar kan man fetur da aka shigo da shi zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri. A shekara ta 2006, wani binciken da Sierra da Russman suka yi <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Sierra |first=Rodrigo |last2=Russman |first2=Eric |date=2006-08-05 |title=On the efficiency of environmental service payments: A forest conservation assessment in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=131–141 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.010 |issn=0921-8009}}</ref> sun bincika ƙarin kiyayewa da aka samu ta hanyar PES, sama da yawan kiyayewa. Binciken ya kammala cewa shirin PES tabbas ya shafi yanke shawara game da amfani da ƙasa saboda masu mallakar ƙasa sun yi amfani da biyan kuɗi don sauran ayyukan samarwa don haka kiyaye gandun daji ba tare da lalacewa ba. Koyaya, sun kuma kammala cewa wannan ba shine mafi kyawun amfani da kuɗi ba saboda yawancin waɗannan gandun daji za su kasance ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa zai zama mafi kyawun dabarun shiga cikin kariya ga wuraren zama masu mahimmanci a maimakon haka.<ref name=":4" /> [[Fayil:Represa_Hidroeléctrica_Reventazón,_Costa_Rica_(1).jpg|thumb|Dam din Reventazón Dam fuskanci zargi kwanan nan saboda asarar mazaunin da ya haifar wa nau'o'i da yawa]] Jaguar jinsin da ke cikin haɗari ne kuma mazauninta ya kasance cikin barazana saboda gina madatsar ruwan Reventazón Dam kwarin Reventazán.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Jaguar Project :: Impact of the Reventazon Hydroelectric Project |url=http://www.thejaguarproject.com/jaguar_conservation_reventazon_dam.html |access-date=2018-06-09 |website=thejaguarproject.com}}</ref> Dam din Reventazón shine madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na 305.5 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Costa Rica's president inaugurates Central America's largest hydropower plant - China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2016-09/17/content_39313337.htm |access-date=2018-06-09 |website=china.org.cn}}</ref> Masu ba da kuɗi guda biyu na aikin, Bankin Duniya da Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka, sun ba da kuɗin a kan yanayin cewa gina madatsar ruwan ta Cibiyar Lantarki ta Costa Rican (ICE) za ta "maido da kuma kula da haɗin kai a cikin Barbilla-Destierro Corridor" wanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar jaguar. Masu zanga-zangar wannan aikin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ginin ya kasa cika tsammanin a kan batutuwa masu zuwa: <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Jaguar Project :: Impact of the Reventazon Hydroelectric Project |url=http://www.thejaguarproject.com/jaguar_conservation_reventazon_dam.html |access-date=2018-06-09 |website=thejaguarproject.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thejaguarproject.com/jaguar_conservation_reventazon_dam.html "The Jaguar Project :: Impact of the Reventazon Hydroelectric Project"]. ''thejaguarproject.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> 1) Masu ginin ba su share tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya daga wuraren da za a ambaliya ba saboda wannan aikin. A sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire marasa tsire-shire a cikin yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta fara tsayawa, suna haifar da cikakkun yanayi don ci gaban Hyacinth na Ruwa (nau'in mamayewa). Hyacinth na ruwa ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen babban adadin carbon dioxide da methane da aka fitar cikin yanayi. 2) Ba a kammala sake gina gandun daji a kusa da tafkin don taimakawa wajen ƙaurawar jaguars ba wanda ya sa motsi ya fi wuya. 3) Saboda cire kayan aiki da yawa don sauƙaƙe gini, yankunan ruwa na Lancaster da ke makwabtaka da su (gida ga fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 250 da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 80, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians) an bar su a cikin yanayin da ya fi saukin kamuwa da rushewar ƙasa. Abin da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin waɗannan zarge-zarge shi ne cewa shirye-shiryen sun motsa abubuwa a cikin hanyar da ta dace gaba ɗaya, amma aiwatarwa ba ta kasance mai kyau kamar yadda aka yi alkawari ba. == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aboukapnr1kxlzs9qt3ubsruq7f5yms 0 88660 891198 741955 2026-08-04T04:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891198 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} {| class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%" |Bidiyo na waje |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] [[iarchive:CostaRicaParadiseReclaimed|"Costa Rica: Aljanna ta dawo" ]], Bayanan Dan Janzen a cikin ''Halitta'', [[MacArthur Foundation|Gidauniyar MacArthur]] (WNET Television station: New York, NY, 1987) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] "Spark: Heroes, sharhi na Rob Pringle", Day's Edge Productions, Disamba 29, 2016 |} '''Daniel Hunt Janzen''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1939, a Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]] <ref name="Interview">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Daniel H. Janzen Interview Summary |url=http://www.af-info.jp/better_future/html/vol_V/2014/Prof_Janzen/2014b_Janzen1.html |access-date=November 2, 2019 |website=Blue Planet Prize: A better future for the planet Earth}}</ref>) masanin ilimin juyin halitta ne na kasar Amurka kuma mai kiyayewa. Ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin farfesa a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda yake Farfesa DiMaura na ilmin halitta, da bincike da aikin gona a [[Costa Rica]]. Janzen da matarsa Winifred Hallwachs sun tsara bambancin halittu na Costa Rica. Ta hanyar shirin DNA barcoding, Janzen da masanin kwayoyin halitta Paul Hebert sun yi rajistar samfurori sama da 500,000 da ke wakiltar fiye da nau'in 45,000, wanda ya haifar da gano nau'in nau'in da ke kusa da kama da juna waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da kwayoyin halitta da yanayin muhalli. Janzen da Hallwachs sun haɓaka wasu ra'ayoyin da suka fi tasiri a cikin ilimin muhalli waɗanda ke ci gaba da tasiri ga bincike fiye da shekaru 50 daga baya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sheldon |first=Kimberly S. |last2=Huey |first2=Raymond B. |last3=Kaspari |first3=Michael |last4=Sanders |first4=Nathan J. |date=2018 |title=Fifty Years of Mountain Passes: A Perspective on Dan Janzen's Classic Article |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/697046 |journal=The American Naturalist |language=en |volume=191 |issue=5 |pages=553–565 |doi=10.1086/697046 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Daniel H. Janzen |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zwSlbVwAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=scholar.google.com |archive-date=December 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228070810/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zwSlbVwAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |url-status=dead }}</ref> Janzen da Hallwachs sun taimaka wajen kafa Yankin Tsaro na Duniya na Guanacaste, daya daga cikin tsofaffi, mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun ayyukan sabunta mazaunin a duniya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Daniel Hunt Janzen a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1939, a Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]] . <ref name="Interview"/> Mahaifinsa, Daniel Hugo Janzen, <ref name="Interview" /> ya girma a cikin al'ummar noma ta Mennonite kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kifi da Kayan daji ta Amurka. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Miss Floyd Clark Foster na Greenville, South Carolina, sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1937. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1937 |title=Changes Name |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P3lG_3LtOUC&pg=RA5-PA99 |journal=The Survey |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=13 |page=99}}</ref> Janzen ya sami B.Sc. digiri a ilmin halitta daga Jami'ar Minnesota a 1961, da Ph.D. daga Jami'an California, Berkeley a 1965. == Ayyuka == A cikin 1963, Janzen ya halarci darasi na watanni biyu a cikin ilmin halitta na wurare masu zafi wanda aka koyar a wurare da yawa a duk faɗin [[Costa Rica]]. Wannan Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ci gaba a cikin Ilimin Halitta ta Tropical ita ce ta farko ga darasi na Tushen Halitta a cikin Ilimi na Tropical, wanda Janzen ya tsara don Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tropical (OTS), ƙungiyar jami'o'i da yawa na Arewacin Amurka da Costa Rican. Janzen ya koma a 1965 a matsayin malami kuma ya ba da lacca a akalla ɗaya daga cikin darussan shekara-shekara guda uku a kowace shekara tun daga lokacin. Janzen ya koyar a Jami'ar Kansas (1965-1968), Jami'ar Chicago (1969-1972), da Jami'ar Michigan (1972-1976) kafin ya shiga bangaren a Jami'an Pennsylvania . A can shi ne Farfesa DiMaura na Ilimin Kare Muhalli, da bincikensa da aikin gona a [[Costa Rica]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presentation by Tropical Biologist Dr Janzen |url=http://www.pennclubchicago.com/s/1587/gid2/16/interior_1col.aspx?sid=1587&gid=6&pgid=15218&crid=0&calpgid=2515&calcid=9700 |access-date=October 17, 2019 |website=Penn Club of Chicago}}</ref> Janzen ya kuma rike mukamai na koyarwa a [[Venezuela]] (Universidad de Oriente, Cumaná a 1965-66; Universidad de los Andes, Mérida a 1973), da kuma a [[Puerto Rico]] (Universidad of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, 1969). <ref name="Ciencias">{{Cite web |title=Daniel H. Janzen Académico Correspondiente |url=http://www.anc.cr/index.php/miembros/team/daniel-h-janzen |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Academia Nacional de Ciencias |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024144022/http://www.anc.cr/index.php/miembros/team/daniel-h-janzen |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike == Ayyukan farko na Janzen sun mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce masu kyau na jinsuna a Costa Rica, kuma musamman kan hanyoyin muhalli da ƙarfin hali da juyin halitta na hulɗar dabba da shuka.:{{Rp|426}} <ref name="Mitchell">{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=John D. |last2=Daly |first2=Douglas C. |date=August 5, 2015 |title=A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=55 |pages=1–92 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489 |pmc=4547026 |pmid=26312044 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1967, alal misali ya bayyana ƙwarewar ƙudan zuma na nau'in ƙudan zume-shuke na Bignoniaceae, daga cikinsu "irin nau'in fure-fure", wanda Alwyn Howard Gentry a cikin rarraba fure mai suna Type 4 ko "babban bang" dabarun. Janzen ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda suka yi wahayi zuwa ga shekaru da yawa na aiki ta hanyar masu ilimin muhalli na wurare masu zafi da na matsakaici (duba ƙasa). Miguel Altieri a cikin littafinsa Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture ya ce: "Labarin Janzen na 1973 game da tsarin agroecosystems na wurare masu zafi shine kimantawa na farko da aka karanta game da dalilin da ya sa tsarin aikin gona na wurare masu wurare masu zafi zasu iya aiki daban da na yankuna masu matsakaici". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=D. H. |date=December 21, 1973 |title=Tropical Agroecosystems: These habitats are misunderstood by the temperate zones, mismanaged by the tropics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284405310 |journal=Science |volume=182 |issue=4118 |pages=1212–1219 |doi=10.1126/science.182.4118.1212 |pmid=17811308 |s2cid=12290280 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> A shekara ta 1985, da fahimtar cewa yankin da suka yi aiki a ciki yana fuskantar barazana, Janzen da Hallwachs sun fadada mayar da hankali ga aikin su don haɗawa da sabunta gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, fadadawa (ta hanyar sayen ƙasa) da kiyayewa.<ref name="Pringle">{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity |journal=Nature |volume=546 |issue=7656 |pages=91–99 |bibcode=2017Natur.546...91P |doi=10.1038/nature22902 |pmid=28569807 |s2cid=4387383}}</ref> Sun yi amfani da taimakon mutanen Costa Rica na gida, suna canza ƙwarewar aikin gona zuwa parataxonomy, kalmar da suka kirkira a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Ya zuwa 2017, an gano wasu sababbin nau'o'i 10,000 a yankin Conservation Guanacaste godiya ga kokarin parataxonomists.<ref name=":0" /> Ta hanyar shirin DNA barcoding tare da masanin kwayoyin halitta Paul Hebert, sun yi rajistar samfurori sama da 500,000 da ke wakiltar fiye da nau'in 45,000, wanda ya haifar da gano nau'in nau'in da ke kusa da kama da juna waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da kwayoyin halitta da yanayin muhalli. <ref name="Davis">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Tinsley H. |date=September 26, 2017 |title=Profile of Daniel H. Janzen |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114 |issue=39 |pages=10300–10302 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714623114 |pmc=5625942 |pmid=28893992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Halloway">{{Cite web |last=Halloway |first=M. |date=July 29, 2008 |title=Democratizing Taxonomy |url=https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/democratizing-taxonomy/ |access-date=October 18, 2019 |website=Conservation magazine}}</ref><ref name="Hebert">{{Cite journal |last=Hebert |first=P. D. N. |last2=Penton |first2=E. H. |last3=Burns |first3=J. M. |last4=Janzen |first4=D. H. |last5=Hallwachs |first5=W. |date=2004 |title=Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator |journal=PNAS |volume=101 |issue=41 |pages=14812–14817 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10114812H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0406166101 |pmc=522015 |pmid=15465915 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Janzen da Hallwachs sun goyi bayan shirye-shiryen barcoding na jinsuna a matakin kasa da kasa ta hanyar Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), CBOL (Consortium for the Barcode of Life) da iBOL (International Barcode of life). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Koerner Lecture to examine conservation of wild biodiversity via biodiversity development |url=http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2017/03/20/koerner-lecture-to-examine-conservation-of-wild-biodiversity-via-biodiversity-development/ |access-date=October 17, 2019 |website=York University |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017184941/http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2017/03/20/koerner-lecture-to-examine-conservation-of-wild-biodiversity-via-biodiversity-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=D.H. |last2=Hallwachs |first2=W. |date=October 2, 2019 |title=How a country can DNA barcode itself |url=https://ibol.org/barcodebulletin/features/how-a-tropical-country-can-dna-barcode-itself/ |journal=Barcode Bulletin |publisher=IBOL |doi=10.21083/ibol.v9i1.5526 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tunanin da ke da tasiri === Janzen an san shi da bayar da ra'ayoyin "da ke da ma'ana da ba na al'ada ba".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherratt |first=Thomas N. |last2=Wilkinson |first2=David M. |last3=Bain |first3=Roderick S. |date=February 25, 2006 |title=Why fruits rot, seeds mold and meat spoils: A reappraisal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380005003753 |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=192 |issue=3 |pages=618–626 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.030 |issn=0304-3800}}</ref> Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun sami digiri daban-daban na tallafi, amma sanannu ne saboda sun yi wahayi zuwa ga babban bincike mai ɗorewa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da yawan ƙididdigar yawancin takardunsa na shekaru da yawa bayan an buga su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Currie |first=David J. |date=2017 |title=Mountain passes are higher not only in the tropics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.02695 |journal=Ecography |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=459–460 |doi=10.1111/ecog.02695 |issn=0906-7590}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ra'ayoyin Janzen (daga takarda da aka fi ambatonsa) <ref name=":2"/> yanzu an san shi da Ra'ayin Janzen-Connell, kamar yadda Janzen da Joseph Connell suka gabatar da ra'ayi a cikin 1970-1971. Dukansu sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin bishiyoyi masu zafi, a wani bangare, ga ƙwararrun abokan gaba da ke kai farmaki ga tsaba ko tsiro waɗanda ke kusa da itacen iyaye ko kuma musamman a taru, don haka hana kowane nau'in ya zama mai rinjaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=1970 |title=Herbivores and the Number of Tree Species in Tropical Forests |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/282687 |journal=The American Naturalist |language=en |volume=104 |issue=940 |pages=501–528 |doi=10.1086/282687 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai tasiri <ref name=":1"/> ya fito ne daga takardar Janzen ta 1967 'Me ya sa hanyoyin tsaunuka suka fi girma a cikin wurare masu zafi'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=1967 |title=Why Mountain Passes are Higher in the Tropics |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/282487 |journal=The American Naturalist |language=en |volume=101 |issue=919 |pages=233–249 |doi=10.1086/282487 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref> Ya ba da shawarar cewa duwatsu masu zafi sun fi zama shingen ga rarraba jinsuna fiye da duwatsu masu matsakaici saboda jinsunan wurare masu zafi ba su da ikon jure canje-canje a zafin jiki tare da tsawo, bayan sun samo asali kuma sun rayu a cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa. A cikin takarda ta 1977 'Me ya sa 'ya'yan itace suka ruɓe, tsaba suka yi kama, da nama sun lalace', <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=1977 |title=Why Fruits Rot, Seeds Mold, and Meat Spoils |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2460325 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=111 |issue=980 |pages=691–713 |issn=0003-0147 |jstor=2460325}}</ref> Janzen ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna ba da abinci mai ban sha'awa (ko aƙalla mai ban shaʼawa) ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ba kamar yadda samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta ko samfuran sharar haɗari ba, amma a matsayin dabarun juyin halitta don kawar da masu amfani da ƙwayoyin ruwa da kansu. Shaida ta gauraye, kuma yana da wahala a gwada ko mahadi sun samo asali ne don hana wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ko dabbobi, amma an haɗa ra'ayin a cikin nazarin dabbobi masu cin abinci daga mutane zuwa dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Speth |first=John D. |last2=Eugène |first2=Morin |date=October 27, 2022 |title=Putrid Meat in the Tropics: It Wasn't Just For Inuit |url=https://paleoanthropology.org/ojs/index.php/paleo/article/view/114 |journal=PaleoAnthropology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=2 |doi=10.48738/2022.iss2.114 |issn=1545-0031}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=Adam |last2=Healy |first2=Kevin |last3=Ruxton |first3=Graeme D. |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Was Allosaurus really predominantly a scavenger? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380022003453 |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=476 |pages=110247 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110247 |issn=0304-3800}}</ref> === Coevolution na shuke-shuke da dabbobi === * Coevolution na tsarin mutualistic a cikin New World tropics tsakanin nau'in ''[[Bagaruwa|Acacia]]'' (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae), v. gr. , ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Acacia]''_cornigera" id="mwrg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="''Acacia'' cornigera">Acacia cornigera, da tururuwa ''Pseudomyrmex ferruginea'' ([[Tururuwa|Formicidae]]). Acacia spp a cikin Neotropics ana kare su da tururuwa daga defoliation; saboda wannan, ana ba da lada ga tururuwa ta hanyar gabobin musamman da ilimin lissafi wanda Acacia ya samo asali. : 426 {{Rp|426}} * Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) ya rasa masu watsa tsaba na megafauna a cikin Pleistocene. Tsakanin wuta a cikin makiyaya masu budewa da cinyewar iri ta bruchid beetles a cikin gandun daji mai rufewa, ''S. mombin'' ba ya da dama. Amma, a yau, a Guanacaste, tsaba suna watsar da White-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus'') da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa 15, waɗanda ke ciyar da su galibi a gefen gandun daji, inda bruchids ba su da damar samun tsaba da wuta.<ref name="Mitchell"/> === Maido da mazaunin wurare masu zafi === dazuzzuka masu bushewa sune tsarin halittu mafi barazana a duniya. A tsakiyar Amurka akwai 550 000 km² na gandun daji a farkon karni na 16; a yau, ƙasa da 0.08% (440 km²) ya kasance. &nbsp;&nbsp;An share su, an ƙone su kuma an maye gurbinsu da makiyaya don kiwon shanu, <ref name="Wilson" /> a cikin sauri a cikin shekaru 500 da suka gabata.<ref name="Burgos">{{Cite journal |last=Burgos |first=Ana |last2=Maass |first2=J.Manuel |date=December 2004 |title=Vegetation change associated with land-use in tropical dry forest areas of Western Mexico |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=475–481 |doi=10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.038}}</ref> In 1985, realizing that widespread development in northwestern Costa Rica was rapidly decimating the forest in which they conducted their research, Janzen and Hallwachs expanded the focus of their work. Janzen and his wife helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site (ACG), one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world. They began with the Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, which included {{Convert|100|km2|acres}} of pasture and relictual neotropical dry forest and {{Convert|230|km2|acres}} of marine habitat.<ref name="Pringle"/> This eventually became the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, located just south of the Costa Rica-[[Nicaragua]] border, between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran which integrated four different national parks. Together these house at least 15 different biotopes, viz (mangroves, dry forest and shrubs, ephemeral, rainy season, and permanent streams, fresh water and littoral swamps, [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|evergreen rain]]- and cloud forests...) and ca. 4% from world's plant, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and insects diversity, all within an area less than {{Convert|169,000|ha|acres}}.<ref name="Area">{{Cite web |title=ACG Biodiversity |url=http://www.gdfcf.org/content/where-we-work |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund}}</ref> It is one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world. As of 2019, it consists of {{Convert|169,000|ha|acres}}.<ref name="Area" /> The park exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run. It is known as a center of biological research, forest restoration and community outreach.<ref name="Davis"/> Maido da mazaunin ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Ba wai kawai dole ne mutum ya yi yaƙi da daruruwan shekaru na lalacewar muhalli ba, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar canza tsarin ruwa, da wuya a kawar da makiyaya, ƙasa mai ƙuntata, bankunan tsaba masu ƙarancin manya da masu yadawa, yaduwar masu tsayayya da wuta da rashin jin daɗi daga tsoffin wurare masu zafi na duniya.<ref name="Gomiero">{{Cite journal |last=Gomiero |first=Tiziano |date=March 18, 2016 |title=Soil Degradation, Land Scarcity and Food Security: Reviewing a Complex Challenge |journal=Sustainability |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=281 |doi=10.3390/su8030281 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau mutum yana fuskantar matsalolin canza al'ada wanda ya ci gaba da shi, ya amfana daga kuma zai iya zama mummunan tare da irin wannan tsarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van den Bergh |first=Jeroen C. J. M. |date=February 14, 2007 |title=Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Economics |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=521–549 |doi=10.1007/s00191-006-0054-0 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="march">{{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=May 2000 |title=Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste: A long march to survival through non-damaging biodevelopment |url=https://www.studocu.com/en/document/university-of-pennsylvania/humans-and-their-environments/other/a-long-march-to-survival-through-non-damaging-biodevelopment/727759/view |journal=Biodiversity |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.1080/14888386.2000.9712501 |s2cid=129440404 |access-date=2024-12-07 |archive-date=2019-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024153423/https://www.studocu.com/en/document/university-of-pennsylvania/humans-and-their-environments/other/a-long-march-to-survival-through-non-damaging-biodevelopment/727759/view |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saboda wannan dalili an yi la'akari da ACG a matsayin aikin sabunta al'adu, wanda, don bayyana takwaransa na halitta, ya kamata a girma. ACG ta haɗa matakai masu dacewa na gwaji, Maido da mazaunin da ci gaban al'adu.: 89-91 Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da: * Maidowa mai aiki, watsawar wucin gadi na propagules daga nau'ikan shuke-shuke na asali zuwa wuraren zama na Guanacaste : 57, 73{{Rp|57,73}} * Maidowa ta hanyar wuta, rigakafin farauta da kuma kula da masu cin ganyayyaki <ref name="Derroire" />: 33, 73{{Rp|33,73}} * Ilimi na muhalli da wayar da kan jama'a :{{Rp|275}} <ref name="Cruz">{{Cite journal |last=Cruz |first=R. E. |last2=Blanco Segura |first2=R. |date=2010 |title=Developing the Bioliteracy of School Children for 24 Years: A Fundamental Tool for Ecological Restoration and Conservation in Perpetuity of the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica |url=https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/382395 |journal=Ecological Restoration |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.3368/er.28.2.193 |s2cid=219193472 |access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Kazmier">{{Cite web |last=Kazmier |first=Robin |date=June 15, 2017 |title=The Parataxonomist Revolution: How a Group of Rural Costa Ricans Discovered 10,000 New Species |url=https://cmsw.mit.edu/parataxonomist-revolution-group-rural-costa-ricans-discovered-10000-new-species/ |website=Comparative Media Studies: Science Writing}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Janzen ta auri masanin ilimin muhalli Winifred Hallwachs, wanda kuma shine abokin aikinsa na bincike akai-akai. Game da Hallwachs, Janzen ya ce, "Mun yi waɗannan abubuwa tare," :{{Rp|134}}-136 da "mun kasance tare sosai wajen fahimtar abubuwa iri ɗaya....Tun da ni memba ne na murya, ana danganta shi da ni. Amma zan ce waɗannan ra'ayoyi da jagororin da tunani da ayyuka suna da sauƙin hamsin da hamsin. " <ref name="Allen" />: 134 == Kyaututtuka na girmamawa == Janzen ya kasance mai karbuwa sau da yawa a Amurka, da kuma a Turai da Latin Amurka; an saka hannun jari na waɗannan kyaututtuka a cikin asusun amincewa na ACG ko wani daga cikin ayyukan kiyayewa a Costa Rica. Kyaututtuka da bambance-bambance da Janzen ya samu sun hada da: * 1975, Kyautar Henry Allan Gleason, Botanical Society of AmericaKamfanin Botanical Society of America * 1984, Kyautar Crafoord: Ilimin muhalli na juyin halitta. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Sweden<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crafoord Prize 1984 – in ecology |url=https://www.crafoordprize.se/press_release/the-crafoord-prize-1984-in-ecology |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=The Crafoord Prize}}</ref> * 1985, Kyautar Koyarwa ta Musamman, Jami'ar Pennsylvania * 1987, The Berkeley Citation for Distinguished Achievement and Notable Service to the University, Jami'ar California, Berkeley<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berkeley Citation – Past Recipients |url=https://awards.berkeley.edu/berkeley-citation/recipients |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Berkeley Awards}}</ref> * 1987, Hijo Ilustre de Guanacaste (wanda Gwamnan Lardin Guanacaste ya ba shi) <ref name="Ciencias"/> * 1987, Rubuce-rubucen girmamawa na Duniya 500, UNEP <ref name="Allen" /> * 1989, MacArthur Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 1989 MacArthur Fellows |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august-1989/ |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=MacArthur Foundation |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024200731/https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august-1989/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1989, Kyautar Leidy, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Halitta ta Philadelphia <ref name="PANSP">{{Cite journal |date=June 2007 |title=The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |publisher=The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=156 |issue=1 |pages=403–404 |doi=10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=198160356}}</ref> * 1991, Kyautar Majalisar Wanda ta Kafa, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi * 1992, memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel H. Janzen |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/62032.html |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> * 1993, Kyautar Inganta Ingancin Rayuwa na Costa Rican, Universidad de Costa Rica (kyautar tare da W. Hallwachs). * 1994, lambar yabo ta azurfa, International Society of Chemical Ecology . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The ISCE Silver Medal Award |url=https://www.chemecol.org/silvermedal.shtml |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=International Society of Chemical Ecology |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116012831/https://chemecol.org/silvermedal.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1995, Kyautar Sabis ta Duniya, Society for Conservation Biology <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past SCB Award Recipients |url=https://conbio.org/professional-development/service-awards/past-recipients |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Society for Conservation Biology}}</ref> * 1996, Dokta na girmamawa na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Minnesota . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Awards and Honors |url=http://uawards.dl.umn.edu/honorary-degree/honorary-degree-recipients |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024349/http://uawards.dl.umn.edu/honorary-degree/honorary-degree-recipients |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=University of Michigan}}</ref> * 1996, Thomas G. da Louise E. DiMaura sun ba da kujerar kujerar, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairs in SAS: A Baker's Dozen |url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/v43/n08/saschair.html |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> * 1997, Kyautar Kyoto (Fasahar Kimiyya ta asali), Gidauniyar Inamori <ref name="Fishman" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Hunt Janzen |url=https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/daniel_hunt_janzen/ |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Kyoto Prize}}</ref> * 2002, Albert Einstein World Award of Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130701141648/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/index.php Majalisar Al'adu ta Duniya], ([[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Einstein World Award of Science 2002 |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-danieljanzen.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005538/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-danieljanzen.php |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref> * 2002, Mai Girma na Ƙungiyar Kula da Halitta (da Tsaro) (ATBC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Fellow, ATBC 2002, Dr. Daniel H. Janzen |url=https://tropicalbiology.org/honorary-fellows-atbc-2002-dr-daniel-h-janzen/ |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation}}</ref> * 2006, Winner, National Outdoor Book Awards (NOBA), don ''100 Caterpillars: Hotuna daga dazuzzuka na Tropical na Costa Rica'' (2006), Design & Artistic Merit Category.<ref name="NOBA">{{Cite web |title=Design & Artistic Merit Category: National Outdoor Book Awards (NOBA) |url=http://www.ronwatters.com/BkNobaDA.htm |access-date=October 17, 2019 |website=The Guide to Outdoor Literature}}</ref> * 2011, BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Ecology and Conservation Biology don aikinsa na farko a cikin ilimin muhalli na wurare masu zafi da kuma gudummawarsa ga kiyaye yanayin halittu na wurare masu haɗari a duk duniya, yana amfani da fahimtar hulɗar shuka da dabbobi. Janzen ya amince da rawar da matarsa da abokin bincike na dogon lokaci, masanin ilimin muhalli Winnie Hallwachs, ya taka rawar da aka sani.<ref name="Ibol">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Daniel Janzen honoured with BBVA Foundation award |url=http://www.ibol.org/phase1/daniel-janzen-honoured-with-bbva-foundation-award/ |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=International Barcode of Life}}</ref> * 2013, [[Wege Foundation|Gidauniyar Wege]] ta ba da tallafin dala miliyan 5 ga Asusun Kula da dazuzzuka na Guanacaste (GDFCF), wanda Dan Janzen da Winnie Hallwachs suka kafa a shekarar 1997.<ref name="WEGE">{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2013 |title=Wege Foundation announces $5 million grant to help protect northwestern Costa Rica |url=https://ega.org/highlight/wege-foundation-announces-5-million-grant-help-protect-northwestern-costa-rica |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=Environmental Grantmakers Association}}</ref> * 2014, Blue Planet Prize, daga Asahi Glass Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2019 |title=2019 Blue Planet Prize: Announcement of Prize Winners |url=https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/blueplanet/doc/prof/2019profile-eng.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2019 |website=The Asami Glass Foundation}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Daidaitawar muhalli * Ra'ayin Janzen-Connell == Littattafai == Wadannan sune zaɓin wallafe-wallafen Janzen waɗanda ba a lissafa su ba. *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=September 1966 |title=Coevolution of Mutualism Between Ants and Acacias in Central America |journal=Evolution |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=249–275 |doi=10.2307/2406628 |jstor=2406628 |pmid=28562970}} * {{Cite journal |last=Janzen |first=Daniel H. |date=1985 |title=Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–155 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400000195 |jstor=2559336 |s2cid=86663441}} *   == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Costa Rica: Aljanna da aka dawo da ita, Bayanan Dan Janzen a cikin ''Halitta'', Gidauniyar MacArthur, WNET (Tarihin Talabijin: New York, NY, 1987) * [https://www.bio.upenn.edu/people/daniel-janzen Shafin koyarwa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania] {{Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mcn1jx43llal07soypisd6wbhs7amop 0 88845 891169 844490 2026-08-04T02:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Corey Charles Garth Main''' (an haife shi 27 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na New Zealand wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da za a yi a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], a tseren mita 100 na maza.<ref>https://olympic.org.nz/athletes/corey-main</ref> ==Farkon rayuwar== An haifi Main a Auckland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1995. Daga zuriyar Māori, Manyan masu alaƙa da Ngāti Porou da Ngāpuhi iwi. Ya halarci Kwalejin Macleans da ke Auckland kuma yanzu yana karatu a Jami'ar [[Florida]] kan tallafin karatu, inda ya yi horo a karkashin Gregg Troy kuma ya yi takara ga kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Florida Gators.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160822090610/http://31.13.130.233:8080/uploads/info/file/868/Total_Ranking_M_100_Bc_H.pdf</ref> ==Aiki== Main memba ne na kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Howick Pakuranga inda Gary Hollywood ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. Ya yi takara a gasar matasa ta Commonwealth na shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a tsibirin Man, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo hudu a wasannin ninkaya. Babban ya sami lambobin zinare a cikin mita 50, 100 mita, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na baya na mita 200, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar New Zealand waɗanda suka ci lambar tagulla a cikin 4 × 200 mita mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cyg2011results.com/Competitor.aspx?RegID=21348 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2022-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215503/http://www.cyg2011results.com/Competitor.aspx?RegID=21348 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don Gasar Swimming Junior Pan Pacific ta 2012 da aka fafata a Cibiyar Ruwa na Tsohon Soja a Honolulu, Amurka, Main ya lashe lambar yabo na azurfa a tseren mita 100 tare da lokacin dakika 54.96, lambar yabo ta tagulla a tseren mita 200 tare da 1: 59.67, an sanya na biyar akan tseren medley na mita 4 × 100 a ciki 3:58.53, kuma na shida akan gudun ba da sanda mai ƙwanƙwasa 4×100 a cikin 3:37.06.<ref>https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/meet-results/international-event-results/junior-pan-pacs/2012-junior-pan-pacific-championships.pdf</ref> 27 August 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] nle23id7lc1a7ds3t7sl7ucmre7tghf 0 88913 891163 713304 2026-08-04T01:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Connor Michael Smith''' (An haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1993) tsohon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Irish wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A halin yanzu mataimakin kocin ƙungiyar Barnet ce ta Ƙasa. == Ayyukansa == An haife shi a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], garin Smith ya zama sananne a shekara ta 2010, yazo a matsayin na biyu ga a wasan shirin talabijin wato Football's Next Star <ref>[http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/9565415.Smith_targets_Wembley_final_appearance/ "Smith targets Wembley final appearance"].</ref>. Ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a Watford daga baya a wannan shekarar a watan Mayu, ya sanya hannu kan aikin koyo na shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2022 |title=From training with Inter Milan on reality TV and playing at Anfield to Boreham Wood - The life and times of Connor Smith |url=https://www.the42.ie/connor-smith-footballs-next-star-5648396-Jan2022/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The 42}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, Smith ya shiga ƙungiyar wealdstone ta Isthmian League a kan aro har zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, tare da britt assombalonga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2011 |title=Watford pair Connor Smith and Britt Assombalonga have joined Wealdstone on loan |url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/watfordfc/watfordfcnews/9384344.Young_Hornets_make_loan_moves/?action=complain&cid=9857449 |access-date=19 August 2012 |publisher=Watford Observer}}</ref> A watan Janairu, an tsawaita rancen har tsawon watanni biyu bayan kulob ɗin ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Smith and Assombalonga extend Stones loan |url=http://www.watford.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=267833 |access-date=19 August 2012 |publisher=Vital Football |archive-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125210738/http://www.watford.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=267833 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kungiyar Watford a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2012 |title=Watford boss Sean Dyche stresses that is it only the start for youngsters offered professional contracts |url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/9660049.Dyche___They_are_only_at_the_beginning_/ |access-date=19 August 2012 |publisher=Watford Observer}}</ref> Kwallnsa na farko a Watford ta faru ne a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2012, a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Crystal Palace a gasar zakarun kwallon kafa, a wannan wasanne ya maye gurbin Sean Murray. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Smith ya sanya hannu kan tafiyarshi aro zuwa Gillingham har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2013-14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Gills Land Championship Midfielder |url=http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/article/new-midfielder-1282696.aspx |website=Gillingham FC |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040654/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/article/new-midfielder-1282696.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ya taimaka wa Plymouth Argyle don samun fitowa zuwa League One, an saki Smith bayanan a ƙarshen kakar 2016-17. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Plymouth Argyle: Jordan Slew & Connor Smith among nine released |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39871153 |access-date=21 June 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan da Plymouth ta sake shi, Smith ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Yeovil Town ta League Two kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2017 |title=Connor Smith: Yeovil Town sign Plymouth Argyle midfielder on free transfer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40352715 |access-date=21 June 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2018, an dakatar da kwangilar Smith tare da Yeovil Town ta hanyar yardar juna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Omar Sowunmi: Yeovil Town defender signs new two-year contract |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44731312 |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 2018, Smith ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Boreham Wood ta kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title=WE WELCOME CONNOR SMITH |url=https://www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk/uncategorized/we-welcome-connor-smith/ |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=Boreham Wood F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2019, Smith ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Billericay Town kan kwangilar watanni 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2019 |title=New Signing |url=https://www.billericaytownfc.co.uk/new-signing/ |website=www.billericaytownfc.co.uk |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528130348/https://www.billericaytownfc.co.uk/new-signing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith ya sanya hannu ga kungiyar Wealdstone a karo na biyu gabanin kakar 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title=Connor Smith returns to Wealdstone FC |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/smith-returns-to-the-stones |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114011214/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/smith-returns-to-the-stones |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith ya sanya hannu ga kungiyar Wealdstone a karo na biyu gabanin kakar 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title=Connor Smith returns to Wealdstone FC |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/smith-returns-to-the-stones }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, Smith ya koma Boreham Wood don ɗaukar matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasa / na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=MADE IN WATFORD NOW IN MANAGEMENT AT BOREHAM WOOD |url=https://www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk/uncategorized/made-in-watford-now-in-management-at-boreham-wood/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2022, Smith ya sanya hannu ga Barnet kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2022 |title=Bees secure Connor Smith |url=https://www.barnetfc.com/bees-secure-connor-smith |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.barnetfc.com}}</ref> Bayan tashiwar John Dreyer, ya zama mataimakin manajan a Bees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=John Dreyer Joins Burton Albion As Connor Smith Is Promoted To Assistant Manager |url=https://www.barnetfc.com/john-dreyer-joins-burton-albion-as-connor-smith-is-promoted-to-assistant-manager |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=www.barnetfc.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" |+Fitowarsa ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="6" |Watford |2011–12 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2012–13 |Championship |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- |2013–14 |Championship |1 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2014–15 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2015–16 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !1 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !13 !0 |- |Wealdstone (loan) |2011–12 |IL Premier Division |22 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |32 |5 |- |Gillingham (loan) |2013–14 |League One |10 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |0 |- |Stevenage (loan) |2015–16 |League Two |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |AFC Wimbledon |2015–16 |League Two |10 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |11 |0 |- |Plymouth Argyle |2016–17 |League Two |25 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 |2 |1 |31 |2 |- |Yeovil Town |2017–18 |League Two |19 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 |5 |1 |28 |1 |- |Boreham Wood |2018–19 |National League |9 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |11 |0 |- |Billericay Town |2018–19 |National League South |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |6 |1 |- |Kingstonian (loan) |2018–19 |IL Premier Division |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- |Kings Langley (loan) |2018–19 |SL Premier Division South |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Wealdstone |2019–20 |National League South |19 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |26 |0 |- |2020–21 |National League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |36 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !51 !2 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !5 !0 !62 !2 |- |Boreham Wood |2021–22 |National League |14 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |15 |0 |- |Barnet |2022–23 |National League |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |7 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !195 !7 !15 !0 !6 !0 !25 !4 !241 ! |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1993]] 6tdco3pm4uazuordaw3j3fdsp5lst9l 0 89000 891261 557847 2026-08-04T09:03:14Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Higüey'''<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hig%C3%BCey</ref> ko kuma cikakken sunan Salvaleón de Higüey, babban birni ne na lardin La Altagracia na gabas, a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican, kuma yana da mazauna 415,084, bisa ga ƙidayar 2022.<ref>ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/DR/00000017.TXT</ref> Kogin Yuma yana ratsa cikin biranen Higüey. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Higüey ya dogara ne akan noma na wurare masu zafi (Reed, kofi, taba, cacao, [[shinkafa]], da masara), dabbobi (shanu da aladu), kamun kifi da yawon shakatawa a bakin teku.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionario_biogr%C3%A1fico_espa%C3%B1ol</ref> == Tarihi== Lokacin da Turawa suka mamaye Hispaniola, wannan yanki na gabas ya kasance na masarautar Caíçimu-Higüey ta Indiyawan Taíno.<ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/domrep/admin/la_altagracia/1101__hig%C3%BCey/</ref> Shugabannin sun hada da Caciques Cotubanamá [es] da Cayacoa [es], mace Caciqua Higuanama da sauran shugabanni, namiji da mace.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-12 |archive-date=2009-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417021712/http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yanki ya zama na ƙarshe da Mutanen Espanya suka mamaye.<ref>https://govacation-domrep.com/en/travel-planner/j-higuey/</ref> Juan de Esquivel ya jagoranci cin nasara a shekara ta 1503, shekara guda bayan da aka nada Nicolás de Ovando a matsayin gwamnan sabon mulkin mallaka.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionario_biogr%C3%A1fico_espa%C3%B1ol</ref> Ya ba da Esquivél don ya mamaye yankin, yana ba da hujjar aikin a matsayin mayar da martani ga harin Taino (wanda Cotubanamá ya jagoranta) a kan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 8 na [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wanda hakan ya zama ramuwar gayya ga Sipaniya waɗanda suka kashe Cacique na Saona na kusa don wasanni, ya kafa Mastiff yaƙi don kai hari.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g663222-Activities-Higuey_La_Altagracia_Province_Dominican_Republic.html</ref> Shi a lokacin da yake lodawa, sai ya yi cinikin burodin rogo a kan jirgin ruwa. == Tourism == Babban abin jan hankali na tarihi a Higüey shine babban coci, wanda ke nuna "Virgen de la Altagracia", zanen da mishan na Spain suka kawo a karni na 15.<ref>https://en.m.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hig%C3%BCey</ref> A baya an ajiye hoton a cikin majami'ar San Dionisio mai shekaru 500 makamancin haka, wanda ya rage a amfani da addini. Kowace shekara a ranar Virgin na La Altagracia, wanda shine ranar hutu na kasa a ranar 21 ga Janairu, dubban mahajjata sun ziyarci babban coci.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g663222-Higuey_La_Altagracia_Province_Dominican_Republic-Vacations.html</ref> == Manazarta == ihmdwkhzkxd6c8scbtdlnp08tghj8i6 0 89302 891232 875538 2026-08-04T08:47:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891232 wikitext text/x-wiki Ga cikakken bayani Mashur Abdallah Muqbil Ahmed Al Sabri (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1977) ɗan ƙasar [[Yemen]] ne, amma an haife shi ne a garin [[Makkah|Makka]] na ƙasar Saudiyya. Ya shahara ne saboda kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da aka tsare na tsawon shekaru a sansanin tsare mutane na Guantanamo Bay da ke Cuba, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ke gudanarwa. A shekarar 2001, hukumomin Pakistan suka kama shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tsallaka iyaka bayan fara yaƙin Amurka a Afghanistan. Daga baya aka miƙa shi ga sojojin Amurka, waɗanda suka kai shi sansanin Guantanamo Bay a watan Mayun 2002. An ba shi lambar shaidar fursuna 324. A lokacin da yake tsare, gwamnatin Amurka ta yi zargin cewa yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Al-Qaeda]] da Taliban, kuma ta ce ya je Afghanistan domin tallafa wa Taliban. Sai dai ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ko yanke masa hukunci kan wani laifi ba. Shi da lauyoyinsa sun musanta zarge-zargen da ake masa, kuma ya shafe kusan shekaru 14 a tsare ba tare da shari'a ba. A shekarar 2014, kwamitin sake duba shari'un fursunonin Guantanamo ya sake nazarin lamarinsa, inda aka yi la'akari da yiwuwar a canja masa wurin zama. Bayan wannan tsari, a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2016, gwamnatin Amurka ta canja shi tare da wasu 'yan Yemen zuwa ƙasar Saudiyya domin ci gaba da shirin gyara hali da sa ido. Lamarin Mashur Abdallah Muqbil Ahmed Al Sabri ya kasance cikin shahararrun misalan muhawarar da aka yi a duniya game da tsare mutane na dogon lokaci ba tare da gurfanar da su a kotu ba, da kuma batun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a sansanin Guantanamo Bay. tltmq4pk2omjn942vthetnh59ub6yqr 0 89564 891228 618830 2026-08-04T08:45:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gaddam Vinod Venkataswamy''' (an haife shi 16 Satumba 1956). ɗan siyasan Indiya ne daga [[Telangana]]. Shi dan majalisa ne daga mazabar Majalisar Bellampalli a gundumar Mancherial. Ya ci zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Telangana na 2023.<ref>Bellampalli Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Gaddam Vinod wins Bellampalli with 82217 votes". India Today. 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2024</ref><ref>ABN. "బెల్లంపల్లి Constituency Election 2023: Live Results, Winning Candidates - Telangana Assembly Polls". Andhrajyothy Telugu News. Retrieved 17 July 2024</ref> == Rayuwar Baya da Karatu == An haifi Vinod ga Gaddam Venkataswamy da Kalavati. Yana da kanne da kanne uku. Ya yi karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta All Saints da ke [[Hyderabad]] daga baya, ya kammala karatunsa na 10 daga Makarantar Jama'a ta Hyderabad. Ya yi matsakaicinsa a Nrupatunga Junior College kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Nizam a 1975. Dan kasuwa ne. Ya fara aikin siminti na Venus a shekarar 1976. Ya kuma kafa kamfanin siminti a Vikarabad, wanda daga baya ya sayar wa Indiya Cements. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Cricket ta Hyderabad sannan ya zama shugabanta daga 1996 zuwa 2004. Dan uwansa Vivek ya jagoranci masana'antun Visakha wanda ya samu damar gina filin wasa na Cricket na Rajiv Gandhi a Uppal, Hyderabad. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyar Cricket ta Hyderabad daga 2004 zuwa 2010 da kuma daga 2012 zuwa 2014. == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1999, amma ya rasa mazabar majalisar Chennur mai wakiltar National Congress na Indiya zuwa Boda Janardhan na Telugu Desam Party. Ya dawo ya kayar da shi a zaben 2004. Ya yi Ministan Kwadago da Yadi a [[Andhra Pradesh]] daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a ma'aikatar Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy. Sannan, ya sha kaye a zaben Majalisar 2009 a hannun Nalla Odellu daga BRS. Daga baya, ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na shekarar 2010 da na majalisar wakilai na 2014 daga Chennur a kan Odellu. Ya koma jam’iyyar Bahujan Samaj, amma ya sha kaye a zaben Majalisar 2018 daga mazabar majalisar Bellampalli da Durgam Chinnaiah na BRS.<ref>Bellampalli Constituency Election Results 2023: Bellampalli Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</ref> A cikin 2023, ya koma Majalisa kuma ya lashe mazabar Bellampalli da Durgam Chinnaiah na BRS kuri'u 82,217 tare da kuri'a na 57.96%.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/ConstituencywiseS293.htm</ref><ref>"Telangana Results 2023: Winners from Chennur, Bellampalli, Mancherial, Dharmapuri, Ramagundam, Manthani, Peddapalle". Hindustan Times. 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] bo2nl5ts5urjyxb4tbfzbg2xmqnay5r 0 89934 891130 577625 2026-08-03T23:57:59Z Baffa ali 47435 891130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harry Todd''' (an haife shi '''John Nelson Todd'''; Disamba 13,shekarar 1863 zuwa Fabrairu 15, 1935) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1863]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1935]] pvtgd0ykx5ia91c9p7m26pdqnk3vppe 0 90039 891205 578741 2026-08-04T05:46:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David William Hutton,''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na ƙungiyar Airdrieonians ta Scotland . Hutton a baya ya buga wa Aberdeen, Petershill, Clyde, Sarauniya ta Kudu, Hamilton Academical, Greenock Morton, Ayr United, Dunfermline Athletic, Arbroath, Brechin City da Alloa Athletic. == Ayyuka == === A cikin littafin nan Petershill Clyde === An haife shi a [[Glasgow]], Hutton ya fara aikinsa tare da Aberdeen, amma ya kasa shiga cikin tawagar farko. Ya kasance a cikin burin a gasar cin kofin matasa ta Scotland ta 2003. Aberdeen ta sha kashi 3-1 a hannun Celtic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Report: Aberdeen 1 Celtic 3 |url=http://www.afcheritage.org/matches/fixtures/mreport.cfm?fixture_id=367&season=2002-03&squad=Youth |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=AFC Heritage}}</ref> Hutton ya kwashe ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Junior League tare da Petershill . Hutton ya sanya hannu ga Clyde a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2006 |title=Clyde's Miller moves to add trio |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/clyde/5296962.stm |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a gasar cin kofin Scottish Challenge Cup 1-0 a kan Ayr United, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa kansa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na farko. Hutton ya ci gaba da tsabtace takardu 11 a 2006-07, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsaron da ya yi alfaharin mafi kyawun rikodin tsaron a lokacin kakar. Hutton ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar watanni 18 a watan Janairun shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=David & Dusan Sign New Deals |url=https://www.clydefc.co.uk/news/2008/01/08/2335/#.XazovfTTUwA |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=Clyde F.C.}}</ref> An zabe shi dan wasan Clyde na shekara a kakar 2007-08. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2008 |title=Hutts is Player of the Year |url=https://www.clydefc.co.uk/news/2008/04/06/2680/#.XazpdvTTUwA |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=Clyde F.C.}}</ref> Clyde ya saki Hutton a watan Yunin 2009 tare da sauran 'yan wasan kwangila, saboda matsayin kudi na kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2009 |title=Players Released |url=http://www.clydefc.co.uk/news/2009/06/02/3173/ |access-date=2 June 2009 |publisher=clydefc.co.uk}}</ref> === Sarauniyar Kudu da Hamilton === Hutton ya sanya hannu ne daga kocin Gordon Chisholm don kulob din Dumfries, Sarauniya ta Kudu a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=New keeper signs on |url=http://qosfc.com/ClubNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/634/reftab/36/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702071229/http://www.qosfc.com/ClubNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/634/reftab/36/Default.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2009 |access-date=29 June 2009}}</ref> Hutton ya jerin takardu huɗu masu tsabta a jere a manyan wasanni sun shiga cikin irin su [[Allan Ball]], George Farm, Alan Davidson da David Purdie don daidaita rikodin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/HeadlineNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/924/reftab/54/Default.aspx |title=Five in a row |access-date=2024-12-30 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821163510/http://qosfc.com/HeadlineNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/924/reftab/54/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/HeadlineNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/923/reftab/54/Default.aspx |title=History in the making |access-date=2024-12-30 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821163510/http://qosfc.com/HeadlineNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/923/reftab/54/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, Hutton ya koma Hamilton Accies, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2011 |title=HUTTON FOR HAMILTON |url=https://spfl.co.uk/news/hutton-for-hamilton |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020235738/https://spfl.co.uk/news/hutton-for-hamilton |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma bayan wani lokaci a kulob din an sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2011-12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Accies confirm release of 5 players |url=https://spfl.co.uk/news/accies-confirm-release-of-5-players |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=spfl.co.uk |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719035722/https://spfl.co.uk/news/accies-confirm-release-of-5-players |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Greenock Morton === Hutton an lissafa shi a matsayin mai maye gurbin Greenock Morton a wasan da suka yi a gida a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2012, a kan Dumbarton, wadanda ke neman maye gurbin Alan Combe wanda ya bar Cappielow Park don shiga Hearts a matsayin sabon kocin masu tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2012 |title=MATCH REPORT: Ton secure first league win |url=https://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/sport/14005368.match-report-ton-secure-first-league-win/ |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Greenock Telegraph}}</ref> Hutton ya sanya hannu a kulob din Greenock a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2012, har zuwa karshen watan Janairun 2013, inda zai yi gwagwarmaya don lambar daya tare da Derek Gaston. Duk da minti 14 kawai na aiki ga tawagar farko, Hutton ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila a watan Janairun 2013 don ci gaba da shi a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar. Morton ne ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2012-13. === Ayr United === Hutton ya sanya hannu a Ayr United a watan Yulin 2013, duk da tayin kwangila daga Celtic Nation mai kashe kudi. A watan Yulin 2014, Ayr United ta ba da sanarwar cewa Hutton ya sake sanya hannu, bayan ya burge a kakar wasa ta farko a Somerset Park. Duk da taimaka wa kungiyar ta guje wa sakewa, ba a ba Hutton sabon kwangila ba kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Mayu 2015. === Dunfermline Athletic === A watan Yulin 2015, Hutton ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Dunfermline Athletic ta Scotland League One bayan ya bayyana a wasanni uku na gwaji a kungiyar. Lokacin farko na Hutton tare da Pars ya gan shi ya fara wasanni biyu kawai, bayan Sean Murdoch ya hana shi daga cikin tawagar farko. Farkon bayyanarsa ya zo mako guda bayan Dunfermline ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai, a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan Albion Rovers a Cliftonhill. <ref name="Dunfermline 3 Brechin City 1">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Brian |date=26 March 2016 |title=Dunfermline Athletic 3 – 1 Brechin City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35849745 |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2016 |title=Albion Rovers 0 – 1 Dunfermline |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35902892 |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Sauran farawa ya zo makonni biyu Baƙon haka a cikin nasara 4-1 a kan Stranraer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2016 |title=Stranraer 4 – 1 Dunfermline |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36004349 |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kungiyar Hutton ya zaɓi 43 a matsayin lambar tawagarsa, wanda shine lambar tawagar sa yayin da yake tare da Aberdeen.<ref name="Sinclair-Hutton">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |title=Hutts Dons number 43 |url=http://www.dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=Hutts_dons_number_43&ID=9377 |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=Dunfermline Athletic FC}}</ref> Baya ga wannan, Hutton ya yanke shawarar cewa zai buga 'Sinclair-Hutton' a kan rigarsa, a matsayin haraji ga mahaifin matarsa wanda ya ce ya taka "babban bangare na rayuwarsa". <ref name="Sinclair-Hutton" />[his] Bayan raunin wuyan hannu ya hana mai tsaron gida Murdoch daga aiki, <ref name="Sinclair-Hutton" /> Hutton ya fara kakar wasa a raga ga Pars yana fitowa a duka gasar cin Kofin League da Championship. Koyaya, tare da dawowar Murdoch daga rauni a watan Satumbar 2016, Hutton ya sami damar sa na farko da aka iyakance kuma a ƙarshen kakar, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da kulob din zai saki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2017 |title=Player news |url=http://dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=Player_News&ID=9990 |access-date=12 May 2017 |publisher=Dunfermline Athletic FC}}</ref> === Ayyukansa na baya === Hutton daga baya ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Arbroath ta Scottish League One a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title=New signing – David Hutton |url=https://www.arbroathfc.co.uk/new-signing-david-hutton/ |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=Arbroath F.C.}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya, Arbroath ta sake shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, ya sanya hannu ga abokan hamayyar Airdrieonians jim kadan bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2018 |title=Squad update |url=http://www.arbroathfc.co.uk/arbroath-fc-squad-update/ |access-date=15 May 2018 |publisher=Arbroath F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Four more Diamonds put pen to paper |url=https://www.airdriefc.com/signings-190518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054745/https://www.airdriefc.com/signings-190518 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |access-date=21 May 2018 |publisher=Airdrieonians FC}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2021, Hutton ya bar Airdrieonians da yardar juna kuma nan da nan ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Brechin City ta Scottish League Two kan yarjejeniyar watanni 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mew |first=Steven |date=2 January 2021 |title=Hutton checks in |url=https://brechincity.com/bcfc/p/n/2380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102103038/https://brechincity.com/bcfc/p/n/2380 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=brechincity.com}}</ref> Hutton ya sanya hannu ga Alloa Athletic a watan Yulin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=Two in before Raith |url=https://www.alloaathletic.co.uk/2021/07/24/two-in-before-raith/}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 6 November 2021}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Aberdeen |2002–03 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Firimiya ta Scotland |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2003–04 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Clyde |2006–07 | rowspan="3" |Sashe na farko na Scotland |25 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |2[ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 |28 |0 |- |2007–08<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2007 |title=Dundee 0–1 Clyde |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_div_1/7087519.stm |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> |36 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |6 |0 |45 |0 |- |2008–09<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2008 |title=Clyde 2–0 Annan Athletic |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7524240.stm |access-date=20 October 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> |31 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |34 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !92 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !9 !0 !107 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sarauniyar Kudu |2009–10<ref name="sw">{{Soccerway|david-hutton/38200}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Sashe na farko na Scotland |28 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |31 |0 |- |2010–11<ref name="sw" /> |25 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !53 !0 !1 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !57 !0 |- |Hamilton Ilimi |2011–12 |Sashe na farko na Scotland |19 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |21 |0 |- |Greenock Morton |2012–13<ref name="sw" /> |Sashe na farko na Scotland |3 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Ayr United |2013–14<ref name="sw" /> | rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Ɗaya |36 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |44 |0 |- |2014–15 |36 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |41 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !72 !0 !5 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !85 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dunfermline Athletic |2015–16 |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Ɗaya |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- |2016–17 |Gasar Zakarun Scotland |7 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !9 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 !1 !0 !14 !0 |- |Arbroath |2017–18 |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Ɗaya |32 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |40 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Airdrieonians |2018–19 | rowspan="3" |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Ɗaya |29 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |2[ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |33 |0 |- |2019–20 |19 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |2[ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |27 |0 |- |2020–21 |2 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !50 !0 !4 !0 !6 !0 !4 !0 !64 !0 |- |Birnin Brechin |2020–21<ref name="2020-21" /> |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Biyu |11 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2[ƙasa-alpha 5] |0 |13 |0 |- |Alloa Athletic |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Scotland ta Ɗaya |12 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2[ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCC" /> |0 |15 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !353 !0 !19 !0 !19 !0 !29 !0 !420 !0 |} == Daraja == === Kungiyar === ; Dunfermline Athletic * Scottish League One: 2015-16 <ref name="Dunfermline 3 Brechin City 1"/> === Mutumin da ya fi so === * '''Clyde FC Dan wasa na Shekara''' ** '''Wanda ya ci nasara''': 2007-082007–08 == Manazarata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j04ag7ylwqsk3evigdckxg8ar1hefl3 0 93504 891176 883857 2026-08-04T03:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Célia Nunes Correa''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu 1990), wacce aka fi sani da '''Célia Xakriabá''' {{IPA|pt|ˈsɛli.ɐ ʃɐˌkɾi.ɐˈba|}}, malama ce 'yar asalin ƙasar kuma mai fafutuka na mutanen Xakriabá na Brazil. An fi saninta da gudanar da muhawara da laccoci a jami'o'i a Brazil don inganta, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ci gaban matsayi da 'yancin mata na asali, 'yancin filaye na asali, da ilimin 'yan asalin. <ref name="g1">{{Cite web |last=Garonce |first=Luiza |date=27 March 2018 |title=Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil |url=https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/nao-e-privilegio-e-divida-historica-diz-professora-indigena-sobre-demarcacao-de-terras-no-brasil.ghtml |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberti |first=Mia |date=25 April 2019 |title='Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/belongs-women-lead-brazil-indigenous-fight-190425120740156.html |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Xakriabá a cikin gundumar São João das Missões a cikin jihar Minas Gerais ta Brazil. Ta yi makaranta a Makarantar Jiha ta Indigenous Xukurnuk. <ref name="coleguium">{{Cite web |title=Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação |url=https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010146/https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/ |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Coleguium: Rede de Ensino |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Daga baya, ta halarci kuma ta koyar da ilimin 'yan asali a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Minas Gerais a shekarar 2013. <ref name="g1"/> Daga shekarun 2016, Xakriabá ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Brasília a shekarar 2018. <ref name="correioweb">{{Cite web |last=Darverson |first=Julyerme |date=27 March 2018 |title="Vivemos um momento de retrocesso", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá |url=http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Brasília Encontro |language=Portuguese |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727230905/http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce ‘yar ƙabilarta ta farko da ta samu digiri na biyu. <ref name="UnB">{{Cite web |last=Rabelo |first=Nair |date=9 August 2018 |title=UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá |trans-title=UnB welcomes students with lecture by Celia Xakriabá |url=https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2426-unb-recebe-estudantes-com-palestra-de-celia-xakriaba |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=UnB Notícias |language=Portuguese }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Xakriabá ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar tun tana 'yar shekara 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil |url=https://givingcompass.org/article/women-take-the-lead-in-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-brazil/ |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=Giving Compass}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:-inspiraUnB_-_2º_2018_(44072636851).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Xakriabá yana ba da lacca a Jami'ar Brasília in 2018]] === Aikin ilimi === A cikin shekarar 2015, Xakriabá ta zama mace ta farko na 'yan asalin da ta wakilci ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil a cikin Sashen Ilimi na Minas Gerais. <ref name="correioweb"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas |url=http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728115735/http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=APIB |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ta riƙe muƙamin daga shekarun 2015 zuwa 2017. <ref name="coleguium"/> Xakriabá ta yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin da matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil ke samu bai isa ba saboda bai koya musu yancinsu na ƙasar da tarihinsu ba. <ref name="hoje">{{Cite web |last=Damázio |first=Malú |date=17 July 2017 |title=Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem |url=https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/mais/representante-de-ind%C3%ADgenas-na-educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-defende-modelo-diferenciado-de-aprendizagem-1.543666/c%C3%A9lia-xakriab%C3%A1-1.543667 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Hoje Em dia |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ta kuma ce a ilimin ƙasashen yamma duk ilimi ya fito daga wurin malami, amma a ilimin ɗan kasa kowa yakan kawo ilimi don rabawa. <ref name="hoje" /> Tun daga shekarar 2017, Xakriabá ta yi magana a tarurruka daban-daban da muhawara a jami'o'i a Brazil dangane da haƙƙin 'yan asalin, kamar inganta ilimin 'yan asalin, <ref name="UnB"/> da ƙarfafa farfaɗowar harsunan asali a Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alves |first=Guilherme |date=28 March 2018 |title=Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais |trans-title=Indigenous leader defends cultural preservation of traditional peoples |url=https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais%26xid%3D17259%2C15700022%2C15700186%2C15700190%2C15700256%2C15700259%2C15700262%2C15700265%26usg%3DALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=UnB Notícias |language=Portuguese |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729181449/https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais%26xid%3D17259%2C15700022%2C15700186%2C15700190%2C15700256%2C15700259%2C15700262%2C15700265%26usg%3DALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === Xakriabá ta yi adawa da wani kudirin doka da aka gabatar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Minas Gerais wanda zai haramta wa masu magana sanya rigunan kai ko kuma “fitattun kaya”. Ta ce wannan kudiri an yi shi ne don iyakance ga masu magana da yaren. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falabella |first=Cida |date=18 April 2019 |title=A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar? |url=https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727232417/https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/ |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Gabinetona |publisher=BHAZ |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, ta shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Socialism da wakilin Jam'iyyar Liberty Áurea Carolina daga Minas Gerais. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2019 |title=Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video) |url=https://ms-my.facebook.com/aureacarolina/videos/382975662535104/?video_source=permalink |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=[[Facebook]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> a babban zaɓen shekarar 2022, Xakriabá ta zama mace ta farko daga Minas Gerais da aka zaɓa zuwa Majalisar Tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Célia Xakriabá |url=https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/206018 |access-date=27 May 2023 |publisher=Câmara dos Deputados |language=pt}}</ref> == Ra'ayi == Xakriabá ta ba da hujjar cewa ilimin Brazil a yau bai yi isa ba don bincika tarihin tsiraru kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil da na Afirka, wanda ta ce yana haifar da waɗannan al'ummomin suna jin cewa ba su da alaƙa da tarihinsu da zuriyarsu. Xakriabá ta yi iƙirarin cewa ilimi ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil dole ne su sanya alaƙa tsakanin ƙasar kakanninsu da al'adunsu, ainihi, da ruhinsu. Xakriabá kuma ta kasance mai sukar kiyaye bukukuwan kalandar Gregorian a cikin ilimin Brazil, yana mai cewa bukukuwan yammaci da na Kirista ba su da wata mahimmanci ga 'yan asalin Brazil. <ref name="hoje"/> Ta ce rashin samun matan Brazil daga muƙaman mulki, gaba ɗaya, musamman mata ‘yan asalin ƙasar, yana da alaka da mulkin mallaka da kimar ƙasashen yamma. Xakriabá ta ce rashin wakilcin mata na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da cin zarafi ga mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil. <ref name="g1"/> A cewarta, tasirin mata kuma ya iyakance ne ta yadda makarantun Brazil ke ba da tarihin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya sa al'ummomin ƴan asalin su zama kamar na farko da na uba fiye da yadda ta yi imani da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá |url=http://www.futuraplay.org/video/juventude-indigena-celia-xakriaba/342425/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Futura Play |publisher=[[Futura (TV channel)|Canal Futura]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Xakriabá ta ce tsarin mulkin mallaka na kisan kiyashi da ƙabilanci yana farawa ne da kashe ƴan asalin ƙasar, sannan kuma lalata asalin asali, kuma a ƙarshe, lalata ilimin ɗan asalin. <ref name="cineop">{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Carol |date=8 June 2018 |title=Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena |url=https://culturadoria.com.br/celia-xakriaba-na-cineop/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=culturadoria |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Xakriabá ta kare umarni na asali kuma ta samar da silima, tana mai cewa yana haɓaka ilimin ɗan ƙasa. <ref name="cineop" /> Ita ce mai sukar lamirin manufofin gwamnatin [[Jair Bolsonaro]], tana mai cewa gadon mulkin farar fata ne da kisan kare dangi na asali wanda ya samo asali daga mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Xakriabá |first=Célia |date=26 March 2019 |title=A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena |url=http://midianinja.org/colunistaninja/celia-xakriaba-a-ditadura-da-supremacia-branca-e-o-genocidio-indigena/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Mídia Ninja |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A lokacin zaɓen shekara ta 2018, Xakriabá ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da Bolsonaro a [[São Paulo]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 10v5kivp83nexb97qjawzpt5cndf4dk 0 94183 891244 721742 2026-08-04T08:53:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891244 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Senoi''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta '''Sengoi''' da '''Sng'oi''' ) rukuni ne na al'ummar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da aka rarraba a cikin Orang Asli, ƴan asalin ƙasar Malesiya. Su ne mafi yawa na Orang Asli kuma an rarraba su a ko'ina cikin yankin. Senois suna magana da rassa daban-daban na harsunan Aslian, wanda hakan ya zama reshe na harsunan Austroasiatic. Yawancin su kuma suna jin harsuna biyu a cikin yaren ƙasa, yaren Malaysian (Bahasa Melayu). == Matsayi da ainihi == [[Fayil:Sakai or Senoi woman, from Augustus Henry Keane's Man, Past and Present (1899).jpg|left|thumb|Wata mace ta Senoi, 1899.]] Gwamnatin Malaysia ta rarraba ƴan asalin ƙasar Malesiya a matsayin Orang Asli (ma'ana "'yan asali" a cikin [[Harshen Malay|Malay]] ). Akwai kabilu 18 da aka amince da su a hukumance a karkashin kulawar Sashen Harkokin Aboriginal ( ''Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli'', JAKOA). An raba su zuwa kabilu 3 wato, Semang (Negrito), Senoi da Proto-Malays, wadanda suka kunshi kabilu 6 kowanne. Irin wannan rarrabuwa yana da sharadi kuma yana dogara ne da farko akan jin daɗin jihar don aiwatar da ayyukan gudanarwa. Kalmomin "Semang", "Senoi" da "Proto Malays" ba sa nufin ƙayyadaddun ƙabilu ko asalin ƙabilarsu. Ga Orang Asli, asalinsu na waje ne. Kowanne daga cikin kabilun yana da cikakken 'yancin kansa kuma ba ya danganta kansa da kowane nau'in kabilanci na yawan jama'a. Rukunin kabilanci guda uku na Orang Asli sun samo asali ne daga masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a farkon karni na ashirin bisa ga ra'ayoyin launin fata na farko na Turai. Saboda gaskiyar cewa kabilun uku sun bambanta da harshe, bayyanar (halayen jiki) da yanayin tattalin arzikin gargajiya, an dauki Negritos (gajere, duhu, curly) a matsayin mafi tseren farko, Senois (mai tsayi, tare da fata mai haske, gashi mai baƙar fata) a matsayin masu ci gaba, kuma Aboriginal Malays (tsawo, fata mai kyau, tare da gashi madaidaiciya) kusan daidai da Musulmai. Daga baya, an ki amincewa da ra'ayoyin da ake la'akari da wariyar launin fata kuma rukunin Semang, Senoi da Proto-Malay (kalmar Malay da ta maye gurbin "Malay na asali") sun zama alamomi na samfuran al'adu daban-daban da takamaiman zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Misali na Senoi, musamman, yana samar da kasancewar al'ummomi masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda manyan hanyoyin rayuwarsu sun dogara ne akan aikin gona da ƙonewa, wanda a kan karamin sikelin an kara shi da farauta, kamun kifi, tattarawa, da sarrafawa da siyar da kayan daji. A wannan bangaren, sun bambanta da Semangs (masu farauta) da Proto-Malays (masu noma). An kuma san mutanen Senoi da mutanen '''Sakai''' a cikin mazauna yankin. Ga Mutanen Malay, kalmar ''sakai'' kalma ce mai banƙyama a cikin Harshen Malay kuma kalmar da aka samo asali ''menyakaikan'' tana nufin "don bi da girman kai da raini". Koyaya, ga mutanen Senoi {{Transl|mis|mensakai}} na nufin "yi aiki tare". A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Orang Asli da ke zaune a arewacin Malay Peninsula an rarraba su a matsayin Senoi kuma daga baya lokaci ne kuma ya zama kalmar da za a koma ga duk Orang Asli. A gefe guda, Tsakiyar Senois; musamman na Gundumar Batang Padang, sun fi son kiran kansu '''Mai Darat''' a gaban kalmar ''sakai''. Sau da yawa ba a fahimta ba cewa mutanen Senoi waɗanda suka watsar da yarensu don yaren Malay ana kiransu Blandas, Biduanda ko Mantra. Mutanen Blandas na tseren Senoi ne daga Melaka . Harshen Blandas ko ''Bahasa Blandas'', wanda shine cakuda [[Harshen Malay]] da harshen Senoic; mai yiwuwa ana amfani dashi kafin zuwan farko na mutanen Malay a Melaka. <ref name="TTW124" /> == rukunan kabilu == [[Fayil:Paganracesofmala01skea_0446.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar mazaunin Orang Asli (1906); yankunan mazaunin mutanen Senoi (Sakai) suna da alamar rawaya.]] Senoi ita ce mafi girman rukuni na Orang Asli, rabon su kusan kashi 54 cikin dari na jimlar adadin Orang Asli. Ƙungiyar kabilun Senoi ta haɗa da kabilun 6 wato, Mutanen Cheq Wong, Mutanen Mah Meri, Mutanen Jah Hut, Mutanen Semaq Beri, Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar. Suna da alaƙa da Mutanen Semelai, ɗaya daga cikin kabilun da aka rarraba a matsayin wani ɓangare na Proto-Malays. Akwai wani karamin rukuni na kabilanci, Mutanen Temoq, wanda ya daina wanzuwa a cikin shekarun 1980 lokacin da magajin JAKOA ya haɗa su a cikin kabilanci. A baya, dole ne a sami wasu kabilun Senoi. A saman kogin Klau a yammacin Dutsen Benum, an ambaci Beri Nyeg ko Jo-Ben mai ban mamaki, suna magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Cheq Wong. An kuma bayar da rahoton kabilar Jah Chong, wacce za ta iya magana da yaren da ya bambanta da Mutanen Jah Hut. Harsuna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Besis (mutane na Mah Meri) sun kasance a yankin [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Wataƙila akwai wasu kabilun da ke magana da yarukan Kudancin Aslian kuma suna zaune a yankunan da a halin yanzu Mutanen Temuan da Jakun ke zaune, masu magana da yaren Austronesian.<ref name="ASITMP">{{Cite web |last=Geoffrey Benjamin |year=1976 |title=Austroasiatic Subgroupings in the Malay Peninsula |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/benjamin1976austroasiatic.pdf |access-date=2020-08-10 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press: Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, No. 13, Part I |pages=37–128}}</ref> * Mutanen Cheq Wong (Chewong, Ceq Wong, Che 'Wong, Ceʔ GISNegritos, Semang) su ne rabin Negritos da ke zaune a ƙauyuka uku ko huɗu a kan gangaren kudancin Dutsen Benom <ref name="'CP59" /> a yankuna masu nisa na yammacin Pahang (Gundumar Raub da Gundumar Temerloh <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarmiji Masron, Fujimaki Masami & Norhasimah Ismail |date=October 2013 |title=Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol06_07.pdf |journal=Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Sciences and Humanities |volume=6 |access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref>). Rarrabawar kabilanci na mutanen Cheq Wong koyaushe yana da matsala. Sunan "chewong" karkatar da sunan ma' yankan Malay ne a cikin Sashen Hunting na Arewa wanda ke da alaƙa da yaren Yankin Duniya na Yankin Halitta, wanda ke haifar da yaren Halitta na Halitta ba daidai ba. * Mutanen Temiar (Northern Sakai, Temer, Təmεr, Ple) sune na biyu mafi girma mutanen Senoi. Suna zaune da kilomita 5,200 na daji a bangarorin biyu na Dutsen Titiwangsa, suna zaune a kudancin Kelantan da arewa maso gabashin Perak. &nbsp;A matsayin doka, suna zaune a saman koguna, a cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi yawan yankuna masu nisa. A yankunan da ke kewaye da yankinsu suna kula da hulɗa mai zurfi tare da maƙwabta. Babban ayyukan gargajiya sune noma da cinikayya. * Mutanen Semai (Central Sakai, Səmay, Səmey) sune mafi girman kabilar ba kawai na kabilun Senoi ba, har ma da dukkan Orang Asli. Suna zaune a kudancin Mutanen Temiar, a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kuma a kan gangaren Dutsen Titiwangsa a kudancin Perak, arewa maso yammacin Pahang, da yankunan makwabta na Selangor.<ref name="'HDOM403" /> Babban ayyukan gargajiya shine aikin gona da cinikayya, suna kuma shiga cikin noman amfanin gona da aikin aiki. Suna zaune a yanayi daban-daban, daga gandun daji zuwa birane. Mutanen Semai ba su taɓa samun kyakkyawar ma'anar kasancewa tare ba. Mutanen Semai da ke zaune a kan tsaunuka suna nufin 'yan uwan su na ƙasƙanci a matsayin "Malay"; kuma su ma, suna nufin' yan uwan su da ke zaune na dutse a matsayin "Temiars". * Mutanen Jah Hut (Jah Hět, Jah Hət) suna cikin Gundumar Temerloh da Gundumar Jerantut, a kan gangaren gabashin Dutsen Benom a tsakiyar Pahang, maƙwabtan gabashin Mutanen Cheq Wong. Ayyukansu na gargajiya sun haɗa da aikin gona da ƙonewa. * Mutanen Semaq Beri (Səmaʔ Bərēh, Semoq Beri) mazauna ne na cikin Pahang (Gundumar Jerantut, Gundumar Maran, Gunduma ta Kuantan) da Terengganu (Gunduma ta Hulu Terengganu, Gundumar Kemaman). Sunan Semaq Beri an fara ba da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida daga masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, kuma daga baya sunan ya bazu ga dukan ƙasar. A cikin yarensu, yana nufin "mutane na daji".<ref name="MOP1-38" /> Ayyukan gargajiya na mutane sun kasance noma da ƙonewa, farauta da tattarawa. An raba su zuwa kungiyoyin mazauna a kudu da kungiyoyin tsoffin mafarauta da masu tarawa waɗanda a baya suka yi yawo a kan babban yanki a kusa da Tafkin Bera a Pahang, da kuma Terengganu da Kelantan. Sauran Orang Asli da yawa suna ganin mutanen Semaq Beri a matsayin mutanen Semelai. * Mutanen Semelai (Səməlay) suna cikin tsakiyar Pahang, musamman a Tafkin Bera Lake, koguna na Gundumar Bera, Teriang, Paya Besar da Paya Badak. Har ila yau suna zaune a kan iyakar Pahang tare da Negeri Sembilan (a kan koguna na Serting da Sungai Shi, da kuma a cikin ƙasashen arewacin Gundumar Segamat zuwa kudancin Kogin Pahang) da kuma a wancan gefen iyakar tsakanin waɗannan jihohin.<ref name="M23" /> An haɗa shi a hukumance a cikin yawan mutanen Proto-Malay. Taron daji ba wani bangare ne na al'adun tattalin arzikin su ba. Baya ga aikin gona na yanka da ƙonewa, suna kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna kuma suna aiki don haya. * Mutanen Temoq (Təmɔʔ) ƙaramin sanannen rukuni ne wanda a halin yanzu JAKOA ba ta amince da shi ba, kodayake a baya an haɗa shi cikin jerin kabilun. An haɗa su tare da yawan mutanen Semelai, maƙwabtansu na yamma. Suna zaune a Pahang, tare da Kogin Jeram a arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Bera. A al'adance su makiyaya ne kuma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna yin noma.<ref name="AS49" /> * Mutanen Mah Meri (Hmaʔ MərĪh, wasu sunayen da suka wuce sune Besisi, Besisi, Btsisi', Ma' Betise', Hma' Btsisi') suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku na Selangor. Baya ga aikin gona, ya shiga aikin kamun kifi. Daga cikin dukkan mutanen Senoi, mutanen Mah Meri sun fi shafar mutanen Malay. Koyaya, suna jin tsoron zama a cikin birane, kuma jajircewarsu ga ƙasashensu na al'ada ya kasance mai ƙarfi sosai. A baya, dole ne a sami wasu kabilun Senoi. A saman kogin Klau a yammacin Dutsen Benum, an ambaci Beri Nyeg ko Jo-Ben mai ban mamaki, suna magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Cheq Wong. An kuma bayar da rahoton kabilar Jah Chong, wacce za ta iya magana da yaren da ya bambanta da Mutanen Jah Hut. Harsuna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Besis (mutane na Mah Meri) sun kasance a yankin [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Wataƙila akwai wasu kabilun da ke magana da yarukan Kudancin Aslian kuma suna zaune a yankunan da a halin yanzu Mutanen Temuan da Jakun ke zaune, masu magana da yaren Austronesian.<ref name="ASITMP"/> Shirye-shiryen ci gaban gwamnati suna da niyyar kawar da gandun daji da sauri a kan gangaren tsaunuka. A sakamakon haka, yankunan zamani na Senoi suna ƙara ƙuntata. == Yawan jama'a == Ƙabilun Senoi suna zaune a yankin tsakiya na Malay Peninsula kuma sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda shida, wato Semai, Temiar, Mah Meri, Jah Hut, Semaq Beri da Cheq Wong kuma suna da jimlar yawan jama'a kusan 60,000. Misali na mutanen Senoi (Central Sakai), mafi tsarki na Sakai ana samun su a Jeram Kawan, Gundumar Batang Padang, Perak . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivor Hugh Norman Evans |year=1915 |title=Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai in the Batang Padang District of Perak |journal=Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums |volume=6 |page=86}}</ref> Bayanan da ke akwai game da yawan kabilun Senoic kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! style="text-align: left;" |Shekara !1960 !1965<ref name="Nobuta" /> !1969<ref name="Nobuta" /> !1974<ref name="Nobuta" /> !1980<ref name="Nobuta" /> !1982 !1991 !1993<ref name="TOAATCFR" /> !1996<ref name="Nobuta" /> !2000<ref name="COAC_Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Basic Data / Statistics |url=http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=4 |access-date=2020-08-04 |publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC) |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082307/https://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> !2003<ref name="COAC_Statistics" /> !2004 !2005 !2010 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semai |11,609 |12,748 |15,506 |16,497 |17,789 |''N/A'' |28,627 |26,049 |26,049 |34,248 |43,892 |43,927 |''N/A'' |49,697 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Temiar |8,945 |9,325 |9,929 |10,586 |12,365 |''N/A'' |16,892 |15,122 |15,122 |17,706 |25,725 |25,590 |''N/A'' |30,118 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Jah Hut |1,703 |1,893 |2,103 |2,280 |2,442 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |3,193 |3,193 |2,594 |5,104 |5,194 |''N/A'' |4,191 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Cheq Wong |182 |268 |272 |215 |203 |250 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |403 |234 |664 |564 |''N/A'' |818 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Mah Meri |1,898 |1,212 |1,198 |1,356 |1,389 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |2,185 |2,185 |3,503 |2,986 |2,856 |2,200<ref name="CMCD">{{Cite web |last=Selangor Tourism |date=5 April 2014 |title=Celebrate Mah Meri's cultural diversity |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2014/04/05/celebrate-mah-meris-cultural-diversity/ |access-date=2016-11-10 |publisher=Sinar Harian |archive-date=2016-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235021/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2014/04/05/celebrate-mah-meris-cultural-diversity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |2,120 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semaq Beri |1,230 |1,418 |1,406 |1,699 |1,746 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |2,488 |2,488 |2,348 |3,545 |3,345 |''N/A'' |3,413 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semelai |3,238 |1,391 |2,391 |2,874 |3,096 |''N/A'' |4,775 |4,103 [Lokaci 3] |4,103 [Lokaci 3] |5,026 |6,418 |7,198 |''N/A'' |9,228 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Temoq |51 |52 |100 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |- | style="text-align: left;" |'''Jimillar''' |'''28,856''' |'''28,307''' |'''32,905''' |'''35,507''' |'''39,030''' |'''250''' |'''50,294''' |'''53,140''' |'''53,543''' |'''65,659''' |'''88,334''' |'''88,674''' |'''2,200''' |'''99,585''' |} Wadannan bayanai sun fito ne daga tushe daban-daban, sabili da haka, ba koyaushe suke daidai ba. Alkaluman JAKOA, alal misali, ba su la'akari da Orang Asli da ke zaune a biranen da ba su fada ƙarƙashin ikon JAKOOA ba. Bambance-bambance a cikin lissafin mutanen Semai da mutanen Temiar wani lokacin sun kai kusan 10-11%. Yawancin Orang Asli yanzu suna zaune a cikin birane kuma ana iya kimanta lambobin su ne kawai, saboda ba a rubuta su daban daga Malays ba. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Malay ba. Rarraba mutanen Senoi ta jihar (JHEOA, ƙidayar shekara ta 1996):- {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! !Perak !Kelantan !Terengganu !Pahang !Selangor !Negeri Sembilan !Melaka !Johor !Jimillar |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semai |16,299 |91 | |9,040 |619 | | | |26,049 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Temiar |8,779 |5,994 | |116 |227 |6 | | |15,122 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Jah Hut | | | |3,150 |38 |5 | | |3,193 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Cheq Wong |4 | | |381 |12 | | |6 |403 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Mah Meri | | | | |2,162 |12 |7 |4 |2,185 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semaq Beri | | |451 |2,037 | | | | |2,488 |- | style="text-align: left;" |Mutanen Semelai | | | |2,491 |135 |1,460 |6 |11 |4,103 |- | style="text-align: left;" |'''Jimillar''' |'''25,082''' |'''6,085''' |'''451''' |'''17,215''' |'''3,193''' |'''1,483''' |'''13''' |'''21''' |'''53,543''' |} == Harshe == [[Fayil:Muthukrishnan_and_Orang_Asli_Guide_at_Mount_Korbu.JPG|left|thumb|Wani mutum na Senoi (a bango) yana aiki da mai tafiya (a gaba) a matsayin jagora a Dutsen Korbu, Perak, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]].]] Harsunan Aslian sun kasu kashi huɗu wato yarukan Jahaic (harsunan Aslian na Arewa), yarukan Semelaic (harshen Aslian na Kudancin), yarukan Senoic (harshe na Aslian na Tsakiya) da yaren Jah Hut. Daga cikin mutanen Senoi, sun ƙunshi masu magana daga dukkan harsuna huɗu. Mutanen biyu mafi girma, Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar, suna magana da ƙungiyar yarukan Aslian ta Tsakiya, wanda galibi ana danganta su da Senoi. Harshen Jah Hut an haɗa shi a cikin harsunan Asiya ta Tsakiya a baya, amma sabbin nazarin tarihi da phonological sun nuna cewa yana cikin matsayi mai zaman kansa a cikin harkokin Aslian.<ref name="TALOMAT">{{Cite journal |last=Geoffrey Benjamin |year=2012 |editor2-last=Peter K. Austin |title=The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment |url=http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/11/ldd11_06.pdf |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=11 |issn=1740-6234}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin rassan Senoic da Semelaic mutanen Senoi ne ke magana da su kamar Harshen Semaq Beri, Harshen Semelai, Harshen Temoq da harshen Mah Meri wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar yarukan Aslian na Kudancin. Koyaya, ban da Mutanen Lanoh (wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Sakai Jeram) wanda aka rarraba shi a matsayin Semang amma yana magana da reshe na yarukan Senoic da Semelai wanda aka rarrabe shi a matsayin Proto-Malay amma yana magana ne da reshe da yarukan Semelaic. Harshen Cheq Wong na cikin ƙungiyar yarukan Arewacin Aslian, ƙungiyar yaren da Semang ke magana; wanda ya sa ya bambanta da sauran harsunan wannan rukuni na kabilanci.<ref name="ASITMP" /> Duk da bayyanar siffofi na yau da kullun tsakanin harsunan Aslian, gaskiyar asalin su na yau da kullum daga harshe ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref name="TALOMAT"/> Harshen Semai, mafi girma daga cikin yarukan Senoi, an raba shi zuwa fiye da arba'in daban-daban yare, kodayake a al'adance kawai manyan yare biyu ne aka gane (yamma ko lowland, da gabas ko highland), kuma ba dukansu ba ne suke fahimtar juna. Kowane yare yana aiki har zuwa wani lokaci da kansa. Babban matakin rarraba yaren yana hana adana harshe gaba ɗaya. Harshen Temiar a gefe guda yana da daidaituwa tare da bambance-bambance na gida suna fahimtar juna kuma ana ganin su ne kawai a matsayin sanarwa. Akwai daidaituwa da fadada yankin wannan harshe. Abinda ke da alaƙa da Harshen Temiar shi ne cewa yana aiki ne a matsayin wani nau'i na buffer tsakanin sauran Harsunan Aslian da [[Harshen Malay]]. A gefe guda, wannan ya kara yawan kalmomin Temiar, yana haifar da babban matakin synonymy, kuma a gefe guda, ya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar harshen Temiar tsakanin kabilun Orang Asli makwabta. Ya zama wani abu kamar harshen magana a tsakanin kungiyoyin arewa da na tsakiya na Orang Asli. Idan ya zo ga matakin barazanar halaka ga Harsunan Aslian, ya kamata a yi la'akari da hulɗar dogon lokaci tsakanin waɗannan harsuna da kuma [[Harshen Malay]]. Ana samun rance na Malay a cikin yarukan Kudancin Aslian, da kuma cikin yarukan ƙananan ko ƙungiyoyin Orang Asli na ciki, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a filayen kuma suna ci gaba da hulɗa tare da yawan Malay. Misali, a cikin Harshen Semelai yana da kalmomin aro 23%, da kalmomin aro 25% a cikin harshen Mah Meri. A gefe guda, harsunan manyan mutanen noma, waɗanda suka zauna da yawa a ware daga Malays, suna da mafi ƙarancin rance na Malay. Ga yaren Temiar, wannan adadi shine kawai 2%, ga yaren Semai na tsaunuka yana da 5%, kuma ga yaren semai na ƙasa yana da 7%. Harsunan Aslian suna da aro na phonetic daga [[Harshen Malay]], amma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin Malay. Tasirin [[Harshen Malay]] yana girma tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa a yankunan Orang Asli kuma, daidai da haka, karuwar lambobin sadarwa na waje. Amfani da wasu Harsunan Aslian ya ragu sosai, kuma harshen Mah Meri yana cikin haɗari mafi girma tsakanin harsunan Senoi. Masu magana da shi suna kusa da ba kawai ga Malays ba, har ma da sauran al'ummomin Orang Asli, gami da Mutanen Temuan, inda aka yi auren gauraye, kuma mutane sun sauya zuwa wani harshe. Rashin harshe, duk da haka, ba ya nufin asarar al'adun mutum. Matsayi na Mutanen Semai da Mutanen Temiar, manyan harsuna biyu na Aslian, sun kasance masu ƙarfi. Harshen Semai yana aiki ne a matsayin harshen magana a cikin rundunonin soja Orang Asli- Senoi Praaq . <ref name="TALOMAT"/> Harshen Temiar ya yadu tsakanin kabilun Orang Asli da yawa, har ma an san shi da wasu Malay a wasu sassan Kelantan. A asibitin Orang Asli a Gundumar Ulu Gombak, arewacin [[Kuala Lumpur]], marasa lafiya da yawa suna magana da Harshen Temiar, bayyanar hadin kan "Aslian". Wani abu da ke nuna goyon baya ga yarukan Semai da Temiar shine fitowar asalin Aslian a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Malaysia, sabanin yawancin Malay. Harsunan Temiar da Semai shirye-shirye ne na musamman ga Orang Asli wanda Radio Televisyen Malaysia ke watsawa. Orang Asli rediyo watsa shirye-shirye ya fara ne a 1959 kuma yanzu ana watsa shi azaman Asyik FM kowace rana daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa karfe 10 na yamma. A halin yanzu ana samun tashar a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asyik FM |url=http://asyikfm.rtm.gov.my/ |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-date=2017-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916050217/http://asyikfm.rtm.gov.my/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu magana da Semai da Temiar, suna magana da yarensu, suna amfani da kalmomi masu yawa na [[Harshen Malay|Malay]], musamman a cikin labarai. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Temiar da Semai tare. A baya, akwai wasu lokuta jawabai a wasu harsunan Aslian, gami da harshen Mah Meri, amma wannan ya tsaya. Abin takaici, manyan harsunan Senoi guda biyu ba su da matsayin hukuma a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. Wani sabon abu shine fitowar saƙonnin rubutu a cikin Harsunan Aslian, waɗanda masu magana da su ke rarraba yayin amfani da wayoyin hannu. Abin takaici, saboda tsoron mamaye sirrin, yawancin waɗannan alamu na karatu da rubutu ba za a iya gani ba. Wani muhimmin taron shi ne sakin rikodin kiɗa a cikin Harsunan Aslian, galibi a cikin Harshen Temiar da Harshen Semai. Sau da yawa ana iya jin su a Asyik FM. Kundin da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci shi ne ''Asli'', wanda ƙungiyar Orang Asli, Jelmol (Jɛlmɔl, ma'ana "dutse" a cikin Harshen Temiar) ta rubuta.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |title=Jelmol – Asli |url=https://www.discogs.com/Jelmol-Asli/release/8691092 |access-date=2020-10-01 |publisher=Discogs}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin ana yin su ne a cikin [[Harshen Malay]], akwai waƙoƙi 2 a cikin Harshen Temiar.<ref name="JA" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Women_of_all_nations,_a_record_of_their_characteristics,_habits,_manners,_customs_and_influence;_(1908)_(14583642829).jpg|right|thumb|Iyalin Senoi, 1908.]] An yi imanin cewa Senoi sun isa tsibirin Malaya game da 8000 zuwa 6000 BC a lokacin Tsakiyar lokacin Holocene, yawan mutanen tsibirin Malay sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halitta, al'adun kayan aiki, ƙwarewar samarwa da harshe. [https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4c/entry-3647.html#chapter-9]An samo asali ne daga isowar manoma masu ƙaura daga yankunan arewacin kudu maso gabashin Asiya (Thailand, Cambodia, [[Vietnam]]). Zuwan baƙi yana da alaƙa da fitowar aikin gona na kashe wuta a yankin Malay da fitowar [[shinkafa]]. A sakamakon haɗuwa da sababbin kungiyoyi tare da kabilun Negrito na gida, kakannin Senoi, waɗanda ke zaune a arewa da tsakiya na tsibirin. Gabatar da aikin gona ya haifar da zama na dindindin na ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma samar da tsarin zamantakewa mai ɗorewa a cikin mahallinsu. Rashin amincewa da motsi na yau da kullun ya haifar da kafa al'ummomi da mutane. Jama'ar tsibirin sun kasu kashi biyu, kowannensu yana da nasa zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wato mutanen Semang da Senoi. Mutanen Semang sun zauna a cikin gandun daji masu yawa da ke ƙasa da mita 300 sama da matakin teku, kuma suna shiga cikin farauta da tarawa. Senoi sun zauna a tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma suna noma ƙasar noma. Sadarwa tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ba su da yawa, mutanen Senoi kawai sun musayar kayan aikin gona don kyaututtuka na daji. Mutanen da suka yi ƙaura daga arewa sun kawo ba kawai aikin gona ba har ma da yarukan Aslian, waɗanda yanzu mutanen Senoi da Semang ke magana. Mutanen da suka fara ƙaura daga Australiya sun isa tsibirin Malay kimanin shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata. Su ne kakannin Proto-Malays na zamani (mutane na Jakun, Mutanen Temuan). Malays sun zo daga baya, watakila kimanin shekaru 1,500 zuwa 2,000 da suka gabata. Ƙabilun Orang Asli ba su ware ba. Kusan 500 BC, ƙananan ƙauyuka na bakin teku sun bayyana a Yankin Malay, wanda ya zama cibiyoyin kasuwanci kuma ya ci gaba da hulɗa da [[Sin|China]], [[Indiya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], da [[Bahar Rum]]. Orang Asli ya zama masu samar da kayan daji (itace mai ƙamshi, roba, ƙahonin rhino da ƙashin giwa), da kuma zinariya da ma'adinai, tare da ƙarshen musamman 'yan kasuwa na Indiya suka nemi don samar da tagulla. A musayar, 'yan asalin Malay Peninsula sun karɓi kayayyaki kamar yadudduka, kayan aikin ƙarfe, ƙwallo da abinci, gami da shinkafa. A karkashin tasirin lambobin sadarwa na waje akwai wata al'ada ta al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, halayyar Proto-Malays na zamani. Akwai rahotanni cewa Harsunan Kudancin Asiya na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da harshen Mah Meri na zamani ko Harshen Semelai, a baya sun kasance sananne a cikin Negeri Sembilan, Pahang da Johor. Daga baya sun zama wani ɓangare na Mutanen Jakun da Mutanen Temuan. Don haka, kungiyoyin kudancin Senoi sun shiga kai tsaye wajen tsara al'adar 'yan asalin Proto-Malays. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 14. a bakin tekun Malay Peninsula, Malays sun kafa wuraren cinikayya, wanda ya fi shahara shine Melaka. A farkon karni na 15, mai mulkin Malacca ya tuba zuwa Islama. Adadin Malays yana ƙaruwa akai-akai saboda kwararar sabbin baƙi daga [[Sumatra]] da sauran sassan [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta zamani, da kuma daidaitawar Orang Asli. 'Yan gudun hijirar Malay sun shiga cikin sannu a hankali ta koguna zuwa cikin yankin, kuma yawancin Orang Asli sun koma baya a layi daya da tuddai da duwatsu. Harshen Malay da al'adu sun bazu a hankali. Yayinda yawan mutanen Malay ya karu, muhimmancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Orang Asli ya ragu. Yawan su ma ya ragu, kuma yanzu yawan 'yan asalin da suka rage su ne kawai' yan tsiraru waɗanda suka ƙi daidaitawa. [[Fayil:Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_(1906)_(14781134312).jpg|left|thumb|Wani rukuni na kabilar Senoi tare da kayan kida a Chenderiang, Gundumar Batang Padang, Perak, 1906.]] Haɓakar Jihohin Malay na farko ya juya mutanen Senoi zuwa ƙarƙashin su kuma bayan kafa Islama, an ɗauke su a matsayin arna da [[Kafirai|Kafirs]]. Hanyar rayuwa ta Orang Asli, al'adun tufafinsu, da kuma halayensu na jiki tsakanin Malays sun zama abin ba'a. A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, Orang Asli ya sha wahala daga masu fashi, galibi Malay daga [[Sumatra]]. <ref name="MOP18" /> 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba Musulmai ba ne, don haka wasu Musulmai ba su hana su bautar ba. Yawanci, maza masu dauke da makamai sun kai hari kan ƙauye ko sansani da dare, suna kashe manya maza da mata kuma suna kama yara. Wani lokaci Malays sun tayar da ko kuma sun tilasta shugabannin Orang Asli su sace mutane daga wani rukuni na Orang Asli, wanda suka mika wa Malays; a cikin ƙoƙari na kare matansu daga bauta. Bayin da suka yi farin ciki sun kafa ma'aikata a cikin birane da kuma cikin gidajen sarakuna da sarakuna; yayin da aka sayar da wasu a kasuwannin bayi ga 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda suka kai su zuwa wasu ƙasashe, gami da [[Java]]. Daga wannan lokacin ya fito da kalmar wulakanci "''sakai''" kamar yadda Malays ke amfani da ita ga mutanen Senoi; wanda ke nufin "dabba (mai tsattsauran ra'ayi) 'yan asalin ƙasar" ko "bawa". <ref name="BTG184" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Malaysia: Orang Asli |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ce85.html#:~:text=Historical%20context&text=However%2C%20other%20Orang%20Asli%20were,by%20the%20derogatory%20expression%2C%20semang. |access-date=2020-08-26 |publisher=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref> Bayan Dokar kawar da bautar Burtaniya ta 1833, an soke bautar daga baya a duk faɗin [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haramta cin zarafin bayi a Malaya ta Burtaniya a 1883, kodayake akwai rubuce-rubuce na cin zarafin bawa har zuwa ƙarni na 20 a cikin 1920s.<ref name="TAPOPM" /> Abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun haifar da rashin amincewa da mutanen Orang Asli ga jama'ar Malay. Sun yi ƙoƙari su ware kansu a yankuna masu nisa. Kawai kawar da bautar ne ya haifar da karuwar hulɗa da baƙi. Matsalar Malayan ta shekarun 1950 a Biritaniya ta Malaya ta hanzarta shiga jihar cikin ciki. A cikin ƙoƙari na hana Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan goyon baya daga Orang Asli, 'yan Burtaniya sun tilasta ƙaura da' yan asalin zuwa sansani na musamman a ƙarƙashin kariya ta sojoji da' yan sanda. Sun zauna a sansanonin na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka aka ba su damar komawa cikin daji. Wannan taron ya kasance mummunan rauni a gare su, yayin da daruruwan mutane suka mutu a sansanonin daga cututtuka daban-daban. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gwamnati ta ba da hankali ga Senoi da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name="SIH" /> Sa'an nan kuma an kafa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Aboriginal, wanda ya riga ya zama JAKOA na zamani a shekara ta 1954, wanda aka ba da izinin jagorantar al'ummomin Orang Asli.<ref name="SIH" /> A shekara ta 1956, a lokacin gwagwarmaya da masu tayar da kayar baya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malaysia, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun kirkiro rundunonin Senoi Praaq (a cikin Harshen Semai, yana nufin "mutane na soja"), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bayanan soja ban da ayyukan 'yan sanda. Sun kunshi Orang Asli kuma suna aiki a cikin zurfin daji. Rukunin Senoi Praaq sun kasance masu tasiri sosai kuma ayyukansu sun yi nasara sosai wajen murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya. Sun sami shahara saboda zaluncin da suka yi, wanda ya wuce kowane bangare na jami'an tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy D. L. Jumper |year=2000 |title=Malaysia's Senoi Praaq Special Forces |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/088506000304952?journalCode=ujic20 |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=64–93 |doi=10.1080/088506000304952 |s2cid=154149802 |access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref> A yau, yanzu suna cikin Janar Operations Force na Royal Malaysia Police . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang Yi |date=24 February 2013 |title=Small town with many LINKS |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/02/24/small-town-with-many-links/ |access-date=2016-12-11 |publisher=The Borneo Post}}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1980s, an sami mamayewar yankunan Orang Asli ta mutane, da kamfanoni da gwamnatocin jihohi. Kashe katako da maye gurbin gandun daji don shuke-shuke na roba da man fetur sun zama gama gari.<ref name="SO438" /> Wadannan matakai sun sami mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1990. Wadannan matakai sun rushe rayuwar mafi yawan kabilun Orang Asli. Ba tare da gandun daji ba, tsoffin mafarauta ba su da damar tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa na daji da farautar dabbobin daji. Dole ne su saba da sabuwar hanyar rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi. Gina manyan hanyoyi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin [[shuka]] suna haifar da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin zuwa birane da sababbin ƙauyuka, waɗanda gwamnatocin jihohi suka gina musu musamman. <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> Manufar gwamnati ita ce ta maida 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa Islama da kuma haɗa su cikin manyan mutanen ƙasar a matsayin manoma masu zaman kansu. A lokaci guda, Orang Asli za su fi son zama na zamani ba tare da zama Malays ba, koda lokacin da suka tuba zuwa Islama. Bayan sun shiga cikin al'umma, Orang Asli sun mamaye mafi ƙasƙanci na tsalle-tsalle na zamantakewa. Ko da matsayinsu na 'yan asalin farko na tsibirin yanzu ana kalubalantar su a kan kusan dalilan da ba a fahimta ba cewa ba su da masu ɗaukar "civilization". Jihar siyasa a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] an tsara ta ne a kan ra'ayin adana matsayin kabilanci na musamman (mafi girman Malay) na Malays a matsayin' yan asalin ƙasar (''bumiputera'' a cikin [[Harshen Malay]], a zahiri yana nufin "ɗan ƙasa") na ƙasar don daidaita tsakanin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Kodayake mafi rinjaye Malays, Orang Asal na Gabashin Malaysia da Orang Asli ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ''bumiputera'', ba sa jin daɗin matsayi iri ɗaya ko kuma hakkoki da gata iri ɗaya. A aikace, wannan yana da tasiri mai zurfi ga haƙƙin Orang Asli ga ƙasar da suka riƙe na dubban shekaru, kuma yanzu ana barazanar canja wurin zuwa wasu hannaye. Ana gudanar da shari'a mai tsawo da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwan a jihohi da yawa na Peninsular Malaysia, kuma sau da yawa yakan ƙare da goyon bayan Orang Asli musamman waɗanda suka sami hankalin jama'a. == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Jungle_trails_and_jungle_people_-_travel,_adventure_and_abservation_in_the_Far_East_(1905)_(14779670292).jpg|thumb|Wani mutum na Senoi yana yanka itace mai tsayi 200 da kuma 6 a diamita daga kimanin 30 feet sama da ƙasa. Itacen ya fadi a rana daya tare da shimfidar wuri da aka gina a wannan rana kuma ta hanyar amfani da [[Gizago|adze]] mai laushi. 1905.]] A kusa da 1950, yawancin kungiyoyin Orang Asli sun bi hanyar rayuwa ta gargajiya, tare da tattalin arzikin rayuwa wanda aka kara da kasuwanci ko tallace-tallace na kayan daji. Babban sana'a ga mafi yawan kungiyoyin Senoi wani nau'i ne na aikin gona na slash-and-burn. Senoi yana shuka shinkafa, [[Rogo|cassava]], masara, millet, kayan lambu da wasu itatuwan 'ya'yan itace. A cikin ƙasashensu na al'ada, mutane sun share wani yanki na daji kuma sun yi amfani da shi don noma na tsawon shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar, sannan suka koma wani yanki. An watsar da tsoffin makircin kawai, kuma an bar su da gandun daji. Cire sabon filin ya ɗauki daga makonni biyu zuwa wata ɗaya. Babban kayan aikin sun kasance peg don dasa shuka da parang. Filin Senoi sun sha wahala daga ciyawa, kwari (tsuntsaye, tsuntsaye) da dabbobin daji (deer, giwaye). Gudanar da ƙasa ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kamar yadda kula da kwari ya yi, wanda ba shi da bege a cikin daji. Saboda haka, yawancin amfanin gona ya ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G. William Domhoff |date=March 2003 |title=Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement |url=https://dreams.ucsc.edu/Library/senoi2.html |access-date=2020-10-17 |publisher=dreamresearch.net}}</ref> Don karewa daga dabbobin daji, ana rufe filayen Senoi. An shuka amfanin gona a tsakiyar lokacin rani, karamin shuka yana yiwuwa a cikin bazara. Manufar ita ce shuka nau'ikan dukkan amfanin gona kuma aƙalla wasu sun tsira ba tare da la'akari da yanayi da sauran yanayi ba. Girbi ya faru a ko'ina cikin shekara lokacin da ake buƙatar abinci; kawai amfanin shinkafa ne aka ƙayyade ta kalandar ta musamman. Baya ga noma, mutanen Senoi suna kuma shiga wasu yankuna kamar farauta, kamun kifi da girbi na daji kamar rattan, roba, ganyen ayaba na daji da sauransu.<ref name="SE">{{Cite web |title=Senoi |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/senoi |access-date=2020-10-17 |publisher=Encyclopedia}}</ref> A al'adance, ana amfani da bindigogi tare da darts masu guba don farautar Senoi. Blowguns sune batun girman kai ga maza. Suna gogewa da kuma yin ado da su, suna bi da su da kulawa da ƙauna; cewa za su ciyar da karin lokaci wajen yin cikakken bindiga fiye da gina sabon gida. Abubuwan farauta ƙananan dabbobi ne kamar su squirrels, birai da aladu. Ana gaishe da mafarauta da ke dawowa daga farauta da ƙwazo da rawa.<ref name="TMOD16" /> Ana samun babban wasa (deer, wild boar, pythons, binturongs) tare da taimakon tarkuna, tarkuna, mashi.<ref name="SE" /> A kan tsuntsaye ana kama su da tarko a ƙasa.<ref name="SE" /> Ana kama kifi galibi a cikin kwando na musamman a cikin nau'in tarkon.<ref name="SE" /> Ana amfani da guba, madatsun ruwa, shinge, mashi da ƙugiyoyi. A cikin yankunansu na al'ada, mutanen Senoi suna da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace daga abin da ake girbe amfanin gona na yanayi. Bamboo, rattan da pandan sune manyan albarkatun kayan aikin hannu na Senoi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muhammad Fuad Abdullah |last2=Azmah Othman |last3=Rohana Jani |last4=Candyrilla Vera Bartholomew |date=June 2020 |title=Traditional Knowledge And The Uses Of Natural Resources By The Resettlement Of Indigenous People In Malaysia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342892089 |journal=JATI: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=168–190 |doi=10.22452/jati.vol25no1.9 |issn=1823-4127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bamboo yana da mahimmanci a cikin gina gidaje, kayan gida, jiragen ruwa, kayan aiki, makamai, shinge, kwando, famfo, rafts, kayan kida da kayan ado. Senoi sune mashawarta a cikin zane-zane, musamman dabarun da suka dace don samar da su sune mashawarta daga kungiyoyin da suka zauna. Don motsi ta koguna yawanci amfani da rafts na bamboo, ba sau da yawa jirgin ruwa. Ba a san samar da yumbu ba, sarrafa yadudduka da karafa tsakanin mutanen Senoi. Kayan gargajiya da aka yi daga bark na nau'ikan bishiyoyi huɗu yanzu ana sawa ne kawai a lokacin bukukuwan na musamman. [[Fayil:Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_(1906)_(14781618475).jpg|left|thumb|Wata ƙungiyar mafarautan Senoi tare da bindiga daga Lepoh, Gundumar Hulu Langat, Selangor, 1906. ''Baitin'', shugaban ƙauyen yana dama.]] == Hanyar Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Jungle_trails_and_jungle_people_-_travel,_adventure_and_abservation_in_the_Far_East_(1905)_(14593516157).jpg|thumb|Gidan ƙasa na Senoi, 1905.]] A al'ada, mutanen Senoi suna zaune a cikin yankunan karkara masu cin gashin kansu, wanda ya kai daga mutane 30 zuwa 300.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geok Lin Khor & Zalilah Mohd Shariff |year=2019 |title=Do not neglect the indigenous peoples when reporting health and nutrition issues of the socio-economically disadvantaged populations in Malaysia |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=1685 |doi=10.1186/s12889-019-8055-8 |pmc=6916214 |pmid=31842826 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gidaje yawanci suna kan tsawo kusa da haɗuwar rafi da kogi. Tsohon ne ya ƙayyade wurin zama. Ya kamata a samo shi daga kaburbura, ba tare da itatuwan katako ba kamar Merbau (Intsia bijuga) da sauransu.<ref name="STCIRLHP">{{Cite journal |last=Nor Azmi Baharom & Pakhriazad Hassan Zak |year=2020 |title=Socioeconomic Temiar community in RPS Kemar, Hulu Perak |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=596 |issue=1 |page=012072 |bibcode=2020E&ES..596a2072A |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/596/1/012072 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ba zai iya tsayawa a cikin tafki ba, an yi imanin cewa fatalwowi "na rayuwa" a irin waɗannan wurare.<ref name="STCIRLHP" /> Har ila yau, suna guje wa wuraren da ke da magudanan ruwa da manyan koguna, inda "mermaids" ke zaune. [[Fayil:Image_from_page_178_of_"Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula"_(1906).jpg|left|thumb|Mata da yara na Senoi suna yin rawa a Kogin Perak, 1906. Lura da tufafin kawuna da ɗamara.]] Mutanen Senoi na zamani waɗanda suka haɗu da Malays suna sa tufafin da suka dace da yawancin mutanen Malaysia. Amma a wasu yankuna masu nisa, maza da mata har yanzu suna sa sutura <ref name="OA18" /> a kusa da wuyansu a cikin nau'in kunkuntar igiya. Sashe na sama na jiki ba a rufe shi da yawa, wani lokacin mata suna rufe ƙirjinsu da wani karamin layi na gaba. Halin su ne tattoos, zane-zane na jiki. Ana fado da hanci tare da ƙwallo na porcupine, ƙashi, wani sanda, sandunan bamboo ko wasu abubuwa masu ado. <ref name="TDOATAA225" /> Tattoos na fuska da jiki yawanci suna da ma'anar sihiri. == Mafarki mai haske == [[Fayil:Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_(1906)_(14594950898).jpg|thumb|Wani rukuni na mutanen Senoi a Dutsen Korbu, 1906.]] A cikin 1985 G. William Domhoff ya yi jayayya cewa Masana ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da Mutanen Temiar sun ba da rahoton cewa kodayake sun saba da manufar mafarki mai haske, ba shi da mahimmanci a gare su, amma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa zargi na Domhoff yana da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=G. William Domhoff |date=March 2003 |title=Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement |url=http://www2.ucsc.edu/dreams/Library/senoi.html |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}</ref> Domhoff bai kalubalanci shaidar cewa kula da mafarki yana yiwuwa ba, kuma dabarun kula da mafarkai na iya zama da fa'ida a takamaiman yanayi kamar maganin mafarkai masu ban tsoro: ya ambaci aikin likitocin kwakwalwa Bernard Kraków da Isaac Marks a wannan bangaren. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya yi jayayya da wasu da'awar ƙungiyar DreamWorks, da kuma shaidar cewa ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa na mafarki, sabanin motsawa da iyawa na mutum, suna da bambanci sosai wajen iya yin mafarki da kyau, da kuma iya yin hakan akai-akai. * ''Ka'idar Mafarki a Malaya'' * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Orang Asli {{Reflist}}  == Bayanan littattafai == == Ƙarin karantawa == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6h4x9n6yhx7ozs2n0fc2m7hqbtibhc3 0 95014 890986 615244 2026-08-03T15:57:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill''' malamar Amurka ce. Ita farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU). Daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekara ta 2010, ta kasance darakta ta Cibiyar Nazarin Mata ta BYU . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill {{!}} University of Iowa Press - The University of Iowa |url=https://uipress.uiowa.edu/people/bonnie-ballif-spanvill |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=uipress.uiowa.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UVU announces Women's Success Center, Bonnie Baliff-Spanvill Endowment |url=https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/2021/aug/28/uvu-announces-womens-success-center-bonnie-baliff-spanvill-endowment/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=heraldextra.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-23 |title=BYU students decry demise of Women's Research Institute |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705342250/BYU-students-decry-demise-of-Womens-Research-Institute.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923041306/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705342250/BYU-students-decry-demise-of-Womens-Research-Institute.html |archive-date=2018-09-23 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == 'Yar Ariel S. Ballif da Artemesia Romney, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 1994 |title=Death: Ariel S. Ballif, Jr |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/349127/DEATH--ARIEL-S-BALLIF-JR.html?pg=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230911/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/349127/DEATH--ARIEL-S-BALLIF-JR.html?pg=all |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |website=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref> Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Brigham Young a Provo, Utah kuma tana da digiri na farko da Ph.D. duka daga Jami'ar Brigham Youth.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1994-07-12 |title=BYU WOMEN'S INSTITUTE GAINS A NEW DIRECTOR |url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/7/12/19119374/byu-women-s-institute-gains-a-new-director |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni |url=http://www.byhigh.org/cgi-bin/ez-directory/dispAssoc.cgi?B&X329586&50 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.byhigh.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1968, ta kasance memba ce a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1994-07-12 |title=BYU WOMEN'S INSTITUTE GAINS A NEW DIRECTOR |url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/7/12/19119374/byu-women-s-institute-gains-a-new-director |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.deseret.com/1994/7/12/19119374/byu-women-s-institute-gains-a-new-director "BYU WOMEN'S INSTITUTE GAINS A NEW DIRECTOR"]. ''Deseret News''. 1994-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga shekara ta 1968 zuwa shekara ta 1993 ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Fordham.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Toy Story: Catching Up with Howard Wexler, Inventor of the Classic Game Connect 4 |url=https://news.fordham.edu/fordham-magazine/toy-story-catching-up-with-howard-wexler-inventor-of-the-classic-game-connect-4/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Fordham Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130232959/https://news.fordham.edu/fordham-magazine/toy-story-catching-up-with-howard-wexler-inventor-of-the-classic-game-connect-4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=The Power of A Snowflake |url=http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=LDS Women Project |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221011311/http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda take can ta kasance shugabar Sashen Ilimin Halitta da Ayyukan Ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-07-12 |title=BYU WOMEN'S INSTITUTE GAINS A NEW DIRECTOR |url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/7/12/19119374/byu-women-s-institute-gains-a-new-director |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1994 ta shiga jami'ar Brigham Young a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Mata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Woman Stats Project Principal Investigators |url=https://www.womanstats.org/boardofdirectors.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.womanstats.org}}</ref> Ballif-Spanvill ƴar'uwa ce ta Ƙungiyar Psychological Society ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Psychology ta Amirka . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Woman Stats Project Principal Investigators |url=https://www.womanstats.org/boardofdirectors.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.womanstats.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.womanstats.org/boardofdirectors.htm "Woman Stats Project Principal Investigators"]. ''www.womanstats.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ayyukan Ballif-Spanvill da aka fi ambaton su shine "Kariya ga tashin hankali da koyar da zaman lafiya: Binciken adawa da tashin hankali mai kyau, warware rikice-rikice, da shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya ga yara na makarantar firamare" wanda aka rubuta tare da [[Claudia J. Clayton]] da [[Melanie D. Hunsaker]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clayton |first=Claudia J. |last2=Ballif-Spanvill |first2=Bonnie |last3=Hunsaker |first3=Melanie D. |date=2001-12-01 |title=Preventing violence and teaching peace: A review of promising and effective antiviolence, conflict-resolution, and peace programs for elementary school children |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962184905800307 |journal=Applied and Preventive Psychology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80030-7 |issn=0962-1849}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance marubuciyar labarin "Ta'addanci a matsayin Rikicin rukuni" a cikin ''Jaridar Binciken Barazana'' a cikin 2003; "Tsaron Mata da Tsaron Jihohi" tare da Valerie M. Hudson, [[Mary Caprioli]], Rose McDermott da [[Chad F. Emmett]] da aka buga a cikin ''Tsaro na Duniya'' Vol. 33 fitowar 3 (Winter 2009). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clayton |first=C. |last2=Ballif-Spanvill |first2=Bonnie |last3=Barlow |first3=S. |last4=Orton |first4=R. |date=2003 |title=Terrorism as Group Violence |journal=Journal of Threat Assessment |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=9–40 |doi=10.1300/J177V02N03_02 |s2cid=146602456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Valerie M. |last2=Caprioli |first2=Mary |last3=Ballif-Spanvill |first3=Bonnie |last4=McDermott |first4=Rose |last5=Emmett |first5=Chad F. |date=2008 |title=The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40207140 |journal=International Security |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=7–45 |doi=10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.7 |issn=0162-2889 |jstor=40207140 |s2cid=9317559}}</ref> Ta rubuta labarai da yawa don American Journal of Orthopsychiatry kuma ta hada kai da Marilyn Arnold da Kristen Tracey ''A Chorus for Peace: A Global Anthology of Poetry by women'' da Jami'ar Iowa Press ta buga a shekara ta 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballif-Spanvill |first=Bonnie |last2=Clayton |first2=Claudia J. |last3=Hendrix |first3=Suzanne B. |date=2003 |title=Gender, types of conflict, and individual differences in the use of violent and peaceful strategies among children who have and have not witnessed interparental violence. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0002-9432.73.2.141 |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |language=en |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.73.2.141 |issn=1939-0025 |pmid=12769236}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ballif-Spanvill ta auri Robert J. Spanvill . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=The Power of A Snowflake |url=http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=LDS Women Project |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221011311/http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ "The Power of A Snowflake"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307012921/http://ldswomenproject.com/interview/the-power-of-a-snowflake/ |date=2025-03-07 }}. ''LDS Women Project''. 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r6nd3v09oq2svq14pp0esx3vt73bb99 0 95549 891293 600311 2026-08-04T11:14:10Z ~2026-42991-48 47587 891293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fasahar bayanai''' ('''IT''') jeri ne na fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin fasahar bayanai da sadarwa (ICT), wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin kwamfuta, [[software]], harsunan shirye-shirye, bayanai da sarrafa bayanai, da ajiya. Fasahar bayanai aikace-aikace ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta da [[Kwamfuta injiniyarin|Injiniyan kwamfuta]]. Ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar kwamfutoci da cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, amma kuma ya ƙunshi wasu fasahohin rarraba bayanai kamar [[talabijin]] da wayoyi.<ref name="Rasmussen">{{citation |title=What Is Information Technology? A Beginner's Guide to the World of IT|url=https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/technology/blog/what-is-information-technology/|last1=Cosker |first1=Glynn |journal=Technology Blog, Rasmussen University |year=2023}}.</ref> Samfurori ko ayyuka da yawa a cikin tattalin arziki suna da alaƙa da fasahar bayanai, gami da kayan aikin kwamfuta, [[software]], kayan lantarki, semiconductors, [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]], kayan sadarwa, da e-commerce. '''Tsarin fasahar bayanai''' (IT system) gabaɗaya tsarin bayanai ne, tsarin sadarwa, ko, musamman ma magana, [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] - gami da duk kayan aiki, [[software]], da kayan aiki na gefe - wanda iyakantaccen rukuni na masu amfani da IT ke sarrafawa, kuma '''Aikin IT''' yawanci yana nufin kwamishina da aiwatar da '''Tsarin IT'''. Tsarin IT yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauƙaƙe ingantaccen gudanar da bayanai, inganta hanyoyin sadarwa, da tallafawa hanyoyin ƙungiyoyi a duk faɗin masana'antu daban-daban. Ayyukan IT masu nasara suna buƙatar tsarawa sosai da ci gaba da kulawa don tabbatar da aiki mafi kyau da daidaitawa tare da manufofin ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hindarto |first=Djarot |date=2023-08-30 |title=The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems |url=https://journal.lembagakita.org/index.php/ijsecs/article/view/1512 |journal=International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS) |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512 |issn=2776-3242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake mutane suna adanawa, dawo da su, sarrafawa, nazarin su da kuma sadarwa bayanai tun lokacin da aka kirkiro tsarin rubuce-rubuce na farko,<ref name="Butler">{{citation |last=Butler |first=Jeremy G. |title=A History of Information Technology and Systems |url=http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm |publisher=University of Arizona |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805042711/http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> kalmar ''fasahar bayanai'' a cikin ma'anar zamani ta fara bayyana a cikin wata kasida ta 1958 da aka buga a cikin ''Harvard Business Review''; marubutan Harold J. Leavitt da Thomas L. Whisler sun yi sharhi cewa "sabuwar fasahar ba ta da sunan da aka kafa ba. Za mu kira ta nau'o'i uku: dabarun sarrafawa, aikace-aikacen hanyoyin lissafi da lissafi don yin shawara na kwamfuta, da lissafi zuwa ga yanke shawara-tsaro.<ref name="LeavittWhisler">{{citation |title=Management in the 1980s |url=http://hbr.org/1958/11/management-in-the-1980s |last1=Leavitt |first1=Harold J. |last2=Whisler |first2=Thomas L. |journal=Harvard Business Review |year=1958 |volume=11}}.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG|thumb|Zuse Z3 replica a nuna a Deutsches Museum a [[München|Munich]]. Zuse Z3 shine kwamfuta ta farko da za'a iya tsarawa.]] [[Fayil:NAMA_Machine_d'Anticythère_2.jpg|thumb|Wannan shine tsarin Antikythera, wanda ake la'akari da kwamfutar analog ta farko, wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na farko BC.]] Dangane da fasahar adanawa da sarrafawa da aka yi amfani da ita, yana yiwuwa a rarrabe matakai huɗu daban-daban na ci gaban IT: pre-mechanical (3000 BC - 1450 AD),na inji (1450 - 1840), electromechanical (1840 - 1940), da lantarki (1940 zuwa yanzu).<ref name="LeavittWhisler" /> Tun a shekarun 1950 ne aka fara ambaton ra’ayoyin kimiyyar kwamfuta a karkashin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) da Jami’ar Harvard, inda suka tattauna kuma suka fara tunanin da’irorin kwamfuta da lissafin lambobi. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, fannin fasahar sadarwa da kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa ya zama mai rikitarwa kuma ya sami damar sarrafa karin bayanai. An fara buga kasidu na ilimi daga kungiyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slotten|first=Hugh Richard|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-976666-6}}</ref> A lokacin aikin kwamfuta na farko, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, da John Mauchly an dauke su wasu manyan majagaba na fasahar kwamfuta a tsakiyar shekarun 1900. Ba su irin wannan yabo don ci gaban su, yawancin ƙoƙarinsu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana kwamfutar dijital ta farko. Tare da wannan, an fara kawo batutuwa irin su basirar wucin gadi yayin da Turing ya fara tambayar irin wannan fasaha na lokacin.<ref>Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, ''Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology''. (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.</ref> An yi amfani da na'urori don taimakawa ƙididdiga tsawon dubban shekaru, mai yiwuwa da farko a cikin nau'i mai tsayi.<ref name="Schmandt-Besserat">{{citation |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |title=Decipherment of the earliest tablets |journal=Science |year=1981 |volume=211 |issue=4479 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1126/science.211.4479.283 |pmid=17748027 |bibcode=1981Sci...211..283S | issn = 0036-8075 }}.</ref> Tsarin Antikythera, wanda ya samo asali tun kusan farkon ƙarni na farko BC, ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya a matsayin farkon sanannen kwamfyuta analog ɗin injina, da kuma farkon sanannen kayan aiki. Na'urori masu kwatankwacinsu ba su fito ba a Turai sai karni na 16, kuma sai a shekara ta 1645 aka samar da na'urar lissafi na farko da ke da ikon aiwatar da muhimman ayyukan lissafi guda hudu. Kwamfutocin lantarki, ta amfani da ko dai relays ko bawul, sun fara bayyana a farkon shekarun 1940. Zuse Z3 na lantarki da aka kammala a shekarar 1941, ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da za a iya tsarawa a duniya, kuma bisa tsarin zamani na daya daga cikin na’urori na farko da za a iya la’akari da su a matsayin cikakkiyar na’ura. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Colossus ya ƙirƙiro na'urar kwamfuta ta farko ta dijital don warware saƙon Jamusanci. Ko da yake yana da shirye-shirye, ba manufa ta gaba ɗaya ba ce, an tsara shi don yin aiki ɗaya kawai. Har ila yau, ba ta da ikon adana shirinta a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; An gudanar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar amfani da matosai da maɓalli don canza wayoyi na ciki. Na farko da aka gane komfuta na zamani na dijital da aka adana-tsarin kwamfuta ita ce Manchester Baby, wacce ta fara shirinta na farko a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1948.<ref name="Enticknap">{{citation |last=Enticknap |first=Nicholas |title=Computing's Golden Jubilee |journal=Resurrection |issue=20 |date=Summer 1998 |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res20.htm#d |issn=0958-7403 |access-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109142655/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res20.htm#d |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Haɓaka transistor a ƙarshen 1940s a Bell Laboratories ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin kwamfutoci tare da rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki. Kwamfutar shirin da aka tanada ta kasuwanci ta farko, Ferranti Mark I, tana ɗauke da bawuloli 4050 kuma tana da ƙarfin ƙarfin kilowatts 25. Idan aka kwatanta, kwamfuta ta farko da ta fara canzawa a Jami'ar Manchester kuma ta fara aiki a watan Nuwamba 1953, ta cinye watts 150 kawai a sigar ta ta ƙarshe.<ref>{{citation |doi=10.1049/esej:19980301 |last=Cooke-Yarborough |first=E. H. |title=Some early transistor applications in the UK |journal= Engineering Science & Education Journal|volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=100–106 |date=June 1998 |doi-broken-date=7 December 2024 |issn=0963-7346}}.</ref> Wasu ci gaba da yawa a cikin fasahar semiconductor sun haɗa da haɗaɗɗen da'ira (IC) wanda Jack Kilby ya ƙirƙira a Texas Instruments da Robert Noyce a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1959, Silicon dioxide surface passivation by Carl Frosch da Lincoln Derick a 1955,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650}}</ref> na farko planar silicon transistors ta Frosch da 57 Derick da Bells ƙungiyar,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J.R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W.G. |date=1960 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |language=en |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5}}</ref><ref name="Lojek1202">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> tsarin tsari na Jean Hoerni a cikin 1959,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |pages=120 & 321–323}}</ref><ref name="Bassett46">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=9780801886393 |page=46}}</ref> da microprocessor da Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima, da Stanley Mazor suka ƙirƙira a Intel a cikin 1971. Waɗannan mahimman abubuwan ƙirƙira sun haifar da haɓakar bayanan sirri da PC9 (1) fasahar sadarwa (ICT).<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-physicsprize2000.pdf |website=[[Nobel Prize]] |date=June 2018 |access-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817152100/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-physicsprize2000.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabbin sabbin fasahohi sun riga sun canza duniya a karni na ashirin da daya yayin da mutane suka sami damar yin amfani da sabis na kan layi daban-daban.<ref>Information technology. (2003). In E.D. Reilly, A. Ralston & D. Hemmendinger (Eds.), ''Encyclopedia of computer science''. (4th ed.).</ref> Wannan ya canza ma'aikata sosai yayin da kashi talatin cikin dari na ma'aikatan Amurka sun riga sun shiga cikin wannan sana'a. Mutane miliyan 136.9 ke da alaƙa da Intanet da kansu, wanda yayi daidai da gidaje miliyan 51.<ref name=":0">Stewart, C.M. (2018). Computers. In S. Bronner (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of American studies''. [Online]. Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> Tare da Intanet, an kuma ƙaddamar da sabbin nau'ikan fasaha a duk faɗin duniya, wanda ya inganta inganci kuma ya sauƙaƙa abubuwa a duk faɗin duniya. Ba a kai kadai ba, kwamfutoci da fasaha ma sun kawo sauyi a harkar tallace-tallace, wanda ya haifar da karin masu siyan kayayyakinsu. A cikin 2002, Amurkawa sun haura dala biliyan 28 a cikin kayayyaki kawai akan Intanet kadai yayin da kasuwancin e-commerce bayan shekaru goma ya haifar da tallace-tallace dala biliyan 289.<ref name=":0" /> Kuma yayin da kwamfutoci ke ci gaba da haɓaka cikin sauri a rana, ana ƙara amfani da su yayin da mutane ke ƙara dogaro da su a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. == Sarrafa bayanai == === Ma'ajiya === [[File:Large 1984 0535 0001.jpg|thumb|Ferranti Mark I computer logic board]] [[File:PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg|right|upright=1.35|thumb|Punched tapes were used in early computers to store and represent data (computing)|data.]] Kwamfutoci na farko na lantarki irin su Colossus sun yi amfani da tef mai naushi, doguwar takarda wadda aka wakilta bayanai da ramuka daban-daban, fasahar da yanzu ta daina aiki. Adana bayanan lantarki, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin kwamfutoci na zamani, tun daga yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da aka samar da wani nau'i na ƙwaƙwalwar jinkiri don kawar da ƙugiya daga siginar radar, aikace-aikacen farko da aka yi amfani da shi shine layin jinkirin mercury. Na'urar ma'ajiyar dijital ta farko da za a iya shiga bazuwar ita ce bututun Williams, wanda ya dogara da daidaitaccen bututun ray na cathode.<ref name="Resurrection">{{citation |title=Early computers at Manchester University |journal=Resurrection |volume=1 |issue=4 |date=Summer 1992 |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res04.htm#g |issn=0958-7403 |access-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828010743/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res04.htm#g |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Duk da haka, bayanan da aka adana a cikinsa da ƙwaƙwalwar jinkirin layin sun kasance marasa ƙarfi a cikin gaskiyar cewa dole ne a ci gaba da wartsakewa, don haka ya ɓace da zarar an cire wuta. Farkon nau'i na ma'ajiyar kwamfuta mara maras tabbas ita ce gangunan maganadisu, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1932<ref name="MagDrum">{{citation |url=http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=222 |title=Magnetic drum |work=Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics |editor=Universität Klagenfurt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621130619/http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=222 |url-status=dead }}.</ref><ref>[https://blog.ganttpro.com/en/how-to-create-wbs-in-excel/ Work breakdown structure Excel template]</ref> kuma aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Ferranti Mark 1, kwamfuta ta lantarki ta farko ta kasuwanci ta farko a duniya.<ref name="Digital60MM1">{{citation |title=The Manchester Mark 1 |url=http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/manchester.html |publisher=University of Manchester |access-date=24 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121112547/http://www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/manchester.html |archive-date=21 November 2008 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref> Kungiyar IBM ta gabatar da na’urar Hard Disk ta farko a shekarar 1956, a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin kwamfutarsu na RAMAC guda 305.<ref>{{citation |last=Khurshudov |first=Andrei |title=The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage: From Floppy to DVD |year=2001 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-130-92739-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00andr }}.</ref>: 6  Yawancin bayanai na dijital a yau har yanzu ana adana su ta hanyar magnetically a kan rumbun kwamfyuta, ko kuma ta hanyar sadarwa kamar CD-ROM.<ref>{{citation |last1=Wang |first1=Shan X. |last2=Taratorin |first2=Aleksandr Markovich |title=Magnetic Information Storage Technology |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-734570-3}}.</ref> Ya zuwa 2007, kusan kashi 94% na bayanan da aka adana a duk duniya ana yin su ta hanyar lambobi:<ref name="USCNews">{{citation |last=Wu |first=Suzanne |title=How Much Information Is There in the World? |url=http://news.usc.edu/#!/article/29360/How-Much-Information-Is-There-in-the-World |work=USC News |publisher=University of Southern California |access-date=10 September 2013}}.</ref> 52% akan rumbun kwamfyuta, 28% akan na'urorin gani, da 11% akan tef ɗin maganadisu na dijital. An kiyasta cewa ikon adana bayanai akan na'urorin lantarki a duniya ya karu daga kasa da 3 exabyte a 1986 zuwa 295 exabyte a 2007,<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">{{citation |last1=Hilbert |first1=Martin |last2=López |first2=Priscila |title=The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information |date=1 April 2011 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=332 |issue=6025 |pages=60–65 |doi=10.1126/science.1200970 |pmid=21310967|bibcode=2011Sci...332...60H |s2cid=206531385 |doi-access=free }}.</ref> yana ninka kusan kowane shekaru 3.<ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">{{cite news |url=http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |title=Americas events – Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010 |newspaper=The Economist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Databases === Tsarin Gudanar da Bayanai (DMS) ya fito a cikin 1960s don magance matsalar adanawa da dawo da adadi mai yawa na bayanai daidai da sauri. Farkon irin wannan tsarin shine IBM's Information Management System (IMS), wanda har yanzu ana tura shi sama da shekaru 50 bayan haka.<ref name="IMS">{{citation |last=Olofson |first=Carl W. |title=A Platform for Enterprise Data Services |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[International Data Corporation|IDC]] |url=http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/sw-library/ims/idc-power-of-ims.pdf |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225123755/http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/sw-library/ims/idc-power-of-ims.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> IMS tana adana bayanai bisa tsari, amma a cikin 1970s Ted Codd ya ba da shawarar madadin ma'ajiyar alaƙa dangane da saita ka'idar da tsinkayar dabaru da sanannun dabarun tebur, layuka, da ginshiƙai. A cikin 1981, Oracle ya fito da tsarin kula da bayanai na farko na kasuwanci (RDBMS). Duk DMS sun ƙunshi sassa; suna ba da damar samun damar bayanan da suke adanawa a lokaci guda ta hanyar masu amfani da yawa yayin da suke kiyaye amincin su. Dukkanin ma’ajin bayanai sun zama ruwan dare a lokaci daya cewa tsarin bayanan da suke dauke da su ana fayyace su da kuma adana su daban daga bayanan da kansu, a cikin tsarin tsarin bayanai.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcOUCgAAQBAJ |title=Database System Concepts |last=Silberschatz |first=Abraham |date=2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |isbn=978-0-07-741800-7 |language=en}}.</ref> === Watsawa === [[File:IBM card storage.NARA.jpg|thumb|IBM card storage warehouse located in Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the government kept storage of punched cards.]] Wayar da bayanai tana da abubuwa guda uku: watsawa, yadawa, da liyafar. Ana iya rarraba shi gabaɗaya azaman watsa shirye-shirye, inda ake watsa bayanai ba tare da kai tsaye ba, ko kuma sadarwa, tare da tashoshi na sama da na ƙasa. XML yana ƙara yin aiki azaman hanyar musayar bayanai tun farkon shekarun 2000, musamman don hulɗar da ta dace da na'ura kamar waɗanda ke cikin ka'idojin tushen yanar gizo irin su SOAP, yana bayyana "bayanai-in-shigar fiye da ... data-da-huta". === Yin magudi === Hilbert da Lopez sun gano saurin sauyin fasaha (wani nau'in dokar Moore): ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin aikace-aikacen inji don ƙididdige bayanan kowane mutum ya ninka kusan sau biyu kowane watanni 14 tsakanin 1986 da 2007; karfin kowane mutum na kwamfutocin duniya gabaɗaya ya ninka kowane watanni 18 a cikin shekaru ashirin ɗin; karfin sadarwar duniya kan kowane mutum ya ninka sau biyu kowane watanni 34; Ƙarfin ajiya na duniya ga kowane mutum yana buƙatar kusan watanni 40 don ninka (kowace shekara 3); kuma bayanan watsa shirye-shiryen kowane mutum ya ninka sau biyu a kowace shekara 12.3. == Ayyuka == === Imel === Fasaha da sabis na IT suna bayarwa don aikawa da karɓar saƙonnin lantarki (wanda ake kira "haruffa" ko "wasiƙun lantarki") akan hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta da aka rarraba (ciki har da duniya). A cikin sharuddan da abun da ke ciki na abubuwa da ka'idar aiki, lantarki mail kusan maimaita tsarin na yau da kullum (takarda) mail, aro biyu sharuddan (mail, wasika, ambulaf, abin da aka makala, akwatin, bayarwa, da sauransu) da kuma halaye fasali - sauƙi na amfani, saƙon watsa jinkiri, isa AMINCI kuma a lokaci guda babu garantin bayarwa. Fa'idodin i-mel sune: adiresoshin da mutum zai iya fahimta da kuma tunawa da su cikin sauƙi user_name@domain_name (misali, somebody@example.com); da ikon canja wurin duka a sarari rubutu da tsara, kazalika da sabani fayiloli; 'yancin kai na sabobin (a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya, suna magana da juna kai tsaye); isasshe babban amincin isar da saƙo; sauƙin amfani da mutane da shirye-shirye. Abubuwan da ke cikin imel ɗin sun haɗa da: kasancewar irin wannan al'amari kamar spam (talla mai yawa da saƙon hoto na hoto); rashin yiwuwar isar da garanti na takamaiman wasiƙa; yiwuwar jinkirin isar da saƙo (har zuwa kwanaki da yawa); iyaka akan girman saƙo ɗaya da kuma kan jimillar girman saƙonni a cikin akwatin saƙo (na sirri na masu amfani). === Tsarin bincike === A search system is software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines). == Manazarta == <references group="lower-alpha" /> j5xzveu8by6bdpdpv5ca9miy2fzv7hh 0 96009 891237 818342 2026-08-04T08:50:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tanki haske na T-18 (wanda ake kira '''MS-1''',kasar Rasha ta kirkireshi: ƙaramin mai ba da gudummawa, na farko, maliy soprovozhdeniya, pearviy, "Ƙananan [Motar don] Tallafi, Na farko [nau'in / misali]") shine tankin farko da aka tsara na Soviet. An samar da shi daga 1928 zuwa 1931, ya dogara ne akan Renault FT, tare da ƙarin dakatarwa a tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrascu |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-23 |title=War Machines: Red Army Tanks |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/war-machines-red-army-tanks-126575.html |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}</ref> T-18 da abubuwan da aka samo asali sun kasance ainihin ƙirar da ba ta yi nasara ba, amma sun ba masana'antar Soviet kwarewar farko a cikin ƙirar motocin makamai, kuma a halin yanzu akwai ƙirar tankin ƙasashen waje da yawa don samarwa. == Ci gaba == An kafa "Ofishin Tank" a watan Mayu 1924 don ci gaban tankunan Soviet. An bayar da ƙayyadaddun bayani don tanki mai sauƙi mai nauyin tan 3 wanda zai iya {{Convert|7.5|mph|km/h}} km / h). Za a kare shi da makamai 16 mm kuma an sanye shi da bindiga {{Convert|37|mm|in}} in). &nbsp;A shekara ta 1925 nauyin da aka ba da izini ya karu zuwa tan 5. Farfesa V. Zaslavsky ne ya tsara tankin a sabon Ofishin Tankin da aka kafa a karkashin Babban Daraktan Masana'antar Soja. Injin motar 35 (kwafin Italiyanci FIAT 15 ''ter'') ya fito ne daga Masana'antar AMO ta Moscow, kuma bindigar ta kasance kwafin gyare-gyare na 37 mm Puteaux SA 18 na Faransa. &nbsp;Tsayarwa wanda zai ba da damar tanki ya yi tafiya da sauri a kan ƙasa mai laushi shine mafi girman ci gaba a kan Renault. An gwada samfurin da ake kira '''T-16''' a watan Yunin 1926. An yi la'akari da T-16 a matsayin gazawar, saboda yana da matsaloli tare da watsawa sau da yawa da rashin iya ƙetare rami fiye da 1.5 m.<ref name="Aviarmor">{{Cite web |title=Т-18 \ МС-1 |url=http://www.aviarmor.net/TWW2/tanks/ussr/t-18.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216150228/http://www.aviarmor.net/TWW2/tanks/ussr/t-18.htm |archive-date=2011-02-16 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=Aviarmor.net}}</ref> Halin T-16 ya fi na Renault kyau. A halin yanzu, KB OAT ta tsara shirye-shirye don ingantaccen sigar T-16 wanda aka karɓa don samarwa a watan Yuli a matsayin T-18, tare da tankin da aka lura da shi a matsayin MS-1 ("Motar Taimako, ƙarami, nau'in 1"). An inganta chassis da dakatarwa na T-18 daga T-16 ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin tallafi da dakatar bazara mai zaman kanta. An canja hanyar 300 mm ta T-16 zuwa T-18, tare da wasu ci gaba. &nbsp;Injin, mai tsaye, injin MS mai cylinder huɗu, Alexander Mikulin ne ya tsara shi kuma ya inganta shi. Injin yana da ikon matsakaicin ƙarfin doki 35. An haɗa injin MS tare da watsawar PSC a cikin ɗayan maimakon kasancewa a cikin gidaje biyu daban-daban. Fitarwar PSC ta ba tankin saurin gaba huɗu da saurin baya ɗaya. Gidan watsawar injiniya a baya ya bar iska ta hanyar ramuka da aka hako a cikin farantin baya. Wannan ya inganta kariya, amma kuma ya haifar da yawan zafin injin. Kayan lantarki sun haɗa da batirin 6-volt, magneto da dynamo, wanda ke ciyar da fitilar, ƙaho, hasken baya, panel na rarraba haske da fitilu biyu. Armor na T-18 ya kunshi faranti shida na 8 mm don turret (an rufe shi da murfin salon mushroom na kauri na 3 mm), faranti 16 mm don kwalliya, kuma faranti na kasa sun kasance 3 mm kauri. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An shigar da hanyar fita ta gaggawa a kasa. An sanya ƙaramin ƙofar zagaye ko rectangle a cikin turret don iska. Makaman T-18s sun kasance daidai da wanda aka samu a kan Renault FT da T-16, Faransanci 37 mm Model 28, wanda aka ɗora a cikin mantlet na Hotchkiss. &nbsp;Wannan ya ba bindigar motsi na digiri 35 a kwance, da +30 zuwa -8 digiri a tsaye. Wannan an haɗa shi da tsarin diopter mai sauƙi. Model 28 na 37 mm kusan ya zama tsohon yayi a wannan lokacin. &nbsp;Wannan, tare da rashin hangen nesa, ya ba T-18 damar fitar da manyan abokan adawar da suka fi dacewa. Koyaya, tare da zagaye 10-12 a kowane minti na wuta kuma tare da amfani da bindigogi ya tabbatar da iya yaƙi da sojoji da motoci masu laushi. An ɗora bindigar Fyodorov mai bindiga biyu na 6.5 mm a cikin ball. &nbsp;Jimlar harsashi da aka ɗauka ya kasance 104 37 mm harsashi kuma 2,016 6.5 mm cartridges. &nbsp;&nbsp;A cikin samfuran da suka biyo baya an maye gurbin Fyodorov da bindigar 7.62 mm DT.&nbsp; Nuni na T-18 ya faru ne a tsakiyar Mayu 1927, amma a cikin gwaje-gwaje na yaƙi ikon sa na motsawa a kan mummunan wuri da yaƙi yadda ya kamata ba a bayyane yake ba. Kwamitin na musamman wanda ya kunshi wakilan Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Mobupravleniya, masana'antar OAT "Bolshevik", Artupravleniya da hedkwatar Red Army sun kasance a hannu don gwaje-gwaje. A lokacin gwaje-gwaje don shawo kan cikas T-18 bai yi kyau ba fiye da FT, tare da babbar matsalarta ita ce rami ko rami mai faɗi fiye da 2 m kuma mai zurfi fiye da kusan 1.2 m. Injinan sau da yawa sun makale suna ƙoƙarin ƙetare waɗannan cikas kuma suna buƙatar janyewa ta hanyar taraktoci ko wani tanki. Koyaya, T-18 ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi "mai rai" fiye da FT ko T-16 kuma yana da matsakaicin saurin hanya na 18 km / h. &nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da kwatankwacin kasashen waje, T-18 yana da makamai mafi kyau da ɗan [[ɗaki]] don ajiyar makamai. Duk da matsalolinta, T-18 ya kasance ci gaba a kan FT da T-16, don haka an ba da umarni ga tankuna 108 zuwa samarwa tun daga watan Fabrairun 1928. An samar da shi ne a masana'antar Leningrad Obukhov (daga baya aka sake masa suna Bolshevik Factory). An gano rukunin farko na tankuna 30 suna da manyan matsalolin fasaha. Bayan katsewa da yawa, da kuma hada Motovilikhinsky Machine-Building Plant (Tsohon Perm Artillery) don kara samar da shuke-shuke biyu sun sami damar isar da 96 daga cikin tankuna 133 da aka yi alkawari a 1929. An kammala wani zagaye na gwaji a Moscow don magance rashin iyawar T-18s don ƙetare ramuka masu faɗin mita 2. Don warware wannan matsala, an kara " wutsiya" a gaba. Tankin yanzu zai iya shawo kan faɗin 1.8 m, amma ya hana ganuwar direban kuma an watsar da shi. Wani ingantaccen T-18 tare da ingantaccen injin 40-horsepower, ingantaccen dakatarwa da ƙara turret bustle ya ci gaba daga 1929 zuwa 1931, tare da jimlar tankuna 960 da aka gina. An yi shirye-shirye don maye gurbin babban bindigar da sabbin B-3s na 37 mm amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba.&nbsp; An gwada wasu ƙirar gwaji bisa ga T-16 da T-18 a Bolshevik Factory, wanda ya haifar da tankin T-19 tare da injin 90 hp a 1931, da kuma T-20 tare da injini 60 hp. &nbsp;&nbsp;Sabon Ofishin Zane na Tankin T2K (daga baya aka sake masa suna Morozov Design Bureau) a Kharkov Locomotive Factory ya yi amfani da T-18 a matsayin tushen sabon tankin T-24. == Tarihin aiki == The T-18/MS-1 allowed for field experimentation and provided a testbed for further development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Govan |first=Gregory G. |date=June 1979 |title=The Tank Builders: A History of Early Soviet Armor Research and Development |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA098574.pdf |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) |publisher=U.S. Army Russian Institute}}</ref> [[Fayil:KVZHD_1929_T_18.jpg|right|thumb| Soviet T-18 a kan hanyar jirgin kasa ta Gabashin kasar Sin ta Manchuria . 1929]] Sabis a cikin sojojin tankuna na Soviet na farko bai bar adadi mai yawa na misalai na yaƙi ba.Wani kamfani na gwaji da ke dauke da T-18s ya shiga cikin kare Far Eastern Railway daga sojojin Manchurian a 1929.An cire su daga aiki a 1932 kuma an ba da su horo.Bayan mamayewar Jamus a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] an ba da MS-1s da yawa {{Convert|45|mm|in}} in) bindigogi tare da bindigogi na T-26/BT-5 kuma sun shiga aiki. Sabanin imani da aka fi sani, ba a taɓa kiran tankuna tare da bindigogi na 45 mm ba; T-18M samfurin 1938 ne tare da sauƙin murfin, nau'ikan motsa jiki daban-daban, injin GAZ-M1 50 hp kuma an cire busassun baya, wanda bai taɓa kaiwa samarwa ba.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Bambance-bambance == '''SU-18 Self-Pelled Gun.''' A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1929 ANII K. M. Ivanov, wanda UMM RKKA ta ba da umarni ya samar da bindiga mai sarrafa kansa wanda ya dogara da T-18, da kuma mai ɗaukar harsashi. Misali shine Renault FT 75BS na Faransa da aka kama. SU-18 ya ci gaba da yin amfani da wannan ƙirar kamar abin hawa na Faransa, amma ya maye gurbin turret tare da wanda yayi kama da dala mai yankewa. SU-18 ta yi amfani da samfurin bindigar 76.2-mm na 1927 tare da murfin murfin murya don rage juyawa. Yana da ƙarfin harsashi na zagaye 4-6 kuma babu bindigogi. An halicci wasu samfurori ta amfani da bindigar PC-2 mai ƙarfi 37-mm da kuma bindigar tanki mai 45-mm na 1930, wanda aka shirya a shigar da shi a kan tankuna T-24. Makamai sun kunshi farantin 5-7 mm masu kauri. &nbsp;Mai ɗaukar harsashi na iya ɗaukar trays 10 tare da zagaye 50 kowannensu na harsashi 76.2 mm, ko trays 16 na harsasai 169 kowannensu 37mm ko bindigogi 45mm. &nbsp;Ma'aikatan sun kunshi direba daya da mai bindiga daya. An yanke shawarar gina SU-18 a ranar 11 ga Yuni kuma an tsara isar da samfurin a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1930. Koyaya, saboda ƙananan ƙarfin makamai da iyakokin T-18 (ƙananan ma'auni da tsakiya mai nauyi) an watsar da ƙirar don tallafawa ƙirar bindiga mafi girma da kuma mafi kyawun ƙirar bindigogi kuma an dakatar da ƙarin aiki a kan SU-18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-30 |title=СУ-18 - World Of Tanks |url=http://wiki.worldoftanks.ru/%D0%A1%D0%A3-18 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=Wiki.worldoftanks.ru}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2013)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Tankin T-17 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gl3wdhht1h99uuoaqmwuebbxsgq7s7c 0 96246 891073 826139 2026-08-03T19:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cecilia Abena Dapaah''' (an haife ta a ranar Talata 27 ga Nuwamba 1954) <ref name="oded">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ms Cecilia Abena Dapaah |url=http://www.odekro.org/person/cecilia-abena-dapaah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151528/http://www.odekro.org/person/cecilia-abena-dapaah/ |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Odekro}}</ref> yar siyasar Ghana ce. Ta kasance 'yar sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce mai wakiltar mazabar Bantama . Ta kasance mataimakiyar ministar albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje, da kuma ministar sufurin jiragen sama da tsaftar muhalli da albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plans underway to dredge Owabi, Barekese rivers |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/plans-underway-to-dredge-owabi-barekese-rivers.html |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Cecilia Abena Dapaah a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1954 daga Mpasatia a [[yankin Ashanti]] . <ref name="oded"/> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Ghana]], kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a [[Faransanci]] da ilimin harshe a 1979. Ta na da takardar shaidar jagoranci daga Makarantar Harvard Kennedy, da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri a cikin Nazarin Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Jami'ar Oslo . <ref name=":gog">{{Cite web |title=The Minister |url=https://mswr.gov.gh/the-minister/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730193512/https://mswr.gov.gh/the-minister/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources |language=}}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == Dapaah ma'aikacin ci gaba ne ta hanyar sana'a <ref name="oded"/> kuma mataimaki na musamman ga [[John Kufuor|Shugaba John Kufour]] . <ref name="meth">{{Cite web |title=Dapaah, Cecilia Abena (Ms) |url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=129 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Ghana MPS |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026202941/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=129 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, an nada ta shugabar hukumar sarrafa koko ta Ghana. An cire ta daga hukumar a shekarar 2005, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar ministar albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje. A cikin 2007, ta kasance minista mai mahimmanci har zuwa ƙarshen gwamnatin John Kufour a 2008. Cecilia Dapaah ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokokin Ghana daga 2005 zuwa 2013. Ta yi aiki a kwamitocin majalisa daban-daban a Ghana da suka hada da Ayyuka da Gidaje; Kwamitin ba da shawara ga shugaban majalisar; Ayyukan Aiki, Jin Dadin Jama'a da Matasa; Harkokin Waje; da Budget na Musamman. === Dan majalisa === An zabi Dapaah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Bantama na [[yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana|kasar Ghana]] a karon farko a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Bantama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/15/index.php |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026202939/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/15/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Mazabarta wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na majalisar dokoki daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 41,064 daga cikin 49,174 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 83.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> An zabe ta a kan Alhasan Napoh na National Democratic Congress da Yaw Owusu Boafo na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Waɗannan sun sami kashi 14.8% da 1.7% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka kada. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2008, ta lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Bantama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/15/index.php |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133452/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/15/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazabarta na cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a zaben na yankin Ashanti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Ashanti Region |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807211816/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 2008 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/index.php |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An zabe ta da kuri'u 36,708 daga cikin 48,476 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 75.72% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name="meth"/> An zabe ta a kan Nana Osei Akoto-Kuffour na National Democratic Congress, Osei-Tutu Richard na Convention People's Party, Eunice Owusu-Ansah na Reformed Patriotic Democrats da Stephen Kwaku Saahene dan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Wadannan sun samu kashi 14.45%, 5.52%, 0.91% da 3.39% bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> === Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama === A ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2017, [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Shugaba Akuffo-Addo]] ya zabe ta a matsayin ministar sufurin jiragen sama. <ref name="nomin">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Cecelia Dapaah nominated for new Aviation Ministry |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/12/cecelia-dapaah-nominated-for-new-aviation-ministry/ |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=CitiFM Online |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731192947/http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/12/cecelia-dapaah-nominated-for-new-aviation-ministry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="vet" /> Kwamitin nadi na [[Majalisar Ghana|majalisar dokokin Ghana]] ya tantance ta a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2017. <ref name="vet">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Ghana must have its own carrier – Cecilia Dapaah |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/Ghana-must-have-its-own-carrier-Cecilia-Dapaah-508053 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref name="reviv">{{Cite web |title=Reviving national airline is a top priority – Cecilia Dapaah |url=http://ghanapoliticsonline.com/reviving-national-airline-top-priority-cecilia-dapaah/ |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Ghana Politics Online |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126134954/https://ghanapoliticsonline.com/reviving-national-airline-top-priority-cecilia-dapaah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin tantancewar da ta yi, ta shaida cewa za ta inganta harkar sufurin jiragen sama a Ghana, kuma abin da ta sa gaba shi ne sake fara aikin jigilar kayayyaki na kasa nan da shekarar 2019. <ref name="vet" /> <ref name="newcar">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Ghana to get new airline by 2019 – Cecilia Dapaah |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/754526/ghana-to-get-new-airline-by-2019-cecilia-dapaah.html |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref name="OLUWA">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=Ghana will not fail in bid to own national airline — Cecilia Dapaah |url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-will-not-fail-in-bid-to-own-national-airline-cecilia-dapaah.html |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Graphic Comm Group}}</ref> Ta na mai ra'ayin cewa rashin samun jirgin ya hana Ghana samun kudaden shiga na miliyoyin [[Cedi na Ghana|cedi]] . <ref name="vet" /> Jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe shine Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ghana, wanda ya rushe a 2010. <ref name="reviv" /> A watan Maris din shekarar 2017, ta sanar da cewa Ghana na samun ci gaba tare da sha'awarta ta zama cibiyar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . <ref name="hub">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Ghana on course to become aviation hub in WA – Cecilia Dapaah |url=http://en.africatime.com/ghana/articles/ghana-course-become-aviation-hub-wa-cecilia-dapaah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731193353/http://en.africatime.com/ghana/articles/ghana-course-become-aviation-hub-wa-cecilia-dapaah |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=Africa Time}}</ref> === Ministan tsaftar muhalli da albarkatun ruwa === An koma Dapaah zuwa ma’aikatar tsaftar muhalli da albarkatun ruwa a shekarar 2018. <ref name=":gog"/> An nada ta ministar riko ta jinsi, yara da kariyar zamantakewa na shekara guda (2021-2022). <ref name=":gog" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayinta na ministar tsaftar muhalli da albarkatun ruwa kafin ta yi murabus a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2023, saboda wata badakalar da ta shafi sace $1,000,000, Yuro 300,000 da kuma Miliyoyin kudaden gida da gidanta ke taimakawa daga dakin kwananta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Cecilia Dapaah resigns as Sanitation Minister over stolen $1m, €300k saga |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/07/cecilia-dapaah-resigns-as-sanitation-minister/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810043412/https://citinewsroom.com/2023/07/cecilia-dapaah-resigns-as-sanitation-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Cecilia Dapaah resigns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Cecilia-Dapaah-resigns-1809977 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Cecilia Dapaah resigns as Sanitation Minister |url=https://theaccratimes.com/cecilia-dapaah-resigns-as-sanitation-minister/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=theaccratimes |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723223659/https://theaccratimes.com/cecilia-dapaah-resigns-as-sanitation-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=Sanitation Minister, Cecilia Dapaah resigns |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/sanitation-minister-cecilia-dapaah-resigns |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=myjoyonline. |language=en}}</ref> ==== Rigima ==== A cewar wata sanarwar manema labarai da ofishin mai shigar da kara na musamman (OSP) ya fitar, an kama Dapaah ne a gidan yari a ranar Litinin, 24 ga watan Yuli, 2023, da karfe 11:55 agogon GMT. Kamen dai na da alaka da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da almundahana da suka hada da makudan kudade da kayayyaki masu daraja, wadanda wasu ma'aikatan gidanta biyu suka sace a gidanta a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=graphic.com.gh-cecilia dapaah arrested by osp |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/cecilia-dapaah-arrested-by-osp.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Cecilia Dapaah arrested by OSP |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/07/cecilia-dapaah-arrested-by-osp/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Special Prosecutor arrests Cecilia Dapaah over $1m stolen money |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/special-prosecutor-arrests-cecilia-dapaah-over-dollar1m-stolen-money/zc66gt1 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Wata Madam Hannah Fosua, wadda aka ce matar tsohon direban Minista ce ta yi ikirarin cewa mijinta ya rasa aikin da yake yi wa Ms Dapaah ne saboda ya ja hankali kan halayen wadanda ake zargin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=Cecilia Dapaah's Saga: My husband was sacked because he blew the cover of house helps - Ex-driver's wife |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Cecilia-Dapaah-s-Saga-My-husband-was-sacked-because-he-blew-the-cover-of-house-helps-Ex-driver-s-wife-1814516 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Andy Appiah-Kubi, dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Asante-Akim North a gidan talabijin na TV3, ya ba da shawarar cewa shugaban kasa Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ya ajiye kalamansa na rashin laifi ko kuma wani abu na Ministan. A watan Satumban 2023, babbar kotun birnin Accra ta umurci ofishin mai gabatar da kara na musamman da ta cire daskare tare da mayar da kudaden a asusun ajiyarta na banki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Special Prosecutor seizes Cecilia Dapaah's money again |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/09/special-prosecutor-seizes-cecilia-dapaahs-money-again/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ofishin ya bi umarnin amma daga baya ya sake daskarar da asusun ajiyarta na banki da jarin ta. Ofishin ya mayar mata da kudaden da ta kama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=OSP freezes Cecilia Dapaah's account again after complying with court orders |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/OSP-freezes-Cecilia-Dapaah-s-account-again-after-complying-with-court-orders-1838549 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dapaah tayi aure da da daya. Ita memba ce a Cocin Methodist . <ref name="meth"/> == Magana == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] 3sofdnmejowu6yik3rozjmwan10tmwb 0 96976 891013 710370 2026-08-03T16:37:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|image=Brenda Gifford photo by Marissa Mcdowell.jpga.jpg|birth_date={{birth year and age|1968}}|birth_place=Australia|Genre=Classical|Occupation=Composer, music archivist|website={{URL|brendagiffordmusic.com}}}} '''Brenda Gifford''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) mawaki ce ta gargajiya ta Yuin, saxophonist kuma pianist. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Australiya Mixed Relations <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-06 |title=Ngarra-Burria: First Peoples composers to watch |url=https://www.abc.net.au/classic/features/composers-indigenous-composers-initiative/9950756 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=ABC Classic |language=en}}</ref> kuma mai adana bayanai ne a cikin reshen 'yan asalin ƙasar na National Film and Sound Archive of [[Asturaliya|Australia]] (NFSA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curators on ASO - Australia's audio and visual heritage online |url=https://aso.gov.au/about/curators/#gifford-brenda |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=aso.gov.au}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An haifi Gifford a shekara ta 1968 kuma ya girma a [[Sydney]] da Wreck Bay, kusa da Jervis Bay, New South Wales . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Canberra International Music Festival Program 2018 |url=https://issuu.com/pro-musica/docs/cimf_2018_program_lo-res_pages |website=Issuu }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Da farko a ƙarshen 1980s Gifford ya buga saxophone da piano a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Mixed Relations tare da Bart Willoughby . A cikin shekarun 1990s ta ba da gudummawa ga kundin Kev Carmody na 1991 Eulogy (For A Black Person), kuma ta koyar da kiɗa a Kwalejin Eora a Redfern, New South Wales .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-06 |title=Ngarra-Burria: First Peoples composers to watch |url=https://www.abc.net.au/classic/features/composers-indigenous-composers-initiative/9950756 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=ABC Classic |language=en}}</ref> Ta bar aikinta na koyarwa don mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar yayin da ta zama sananne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=From Mixed Relations to music composition |url=https://cass.anu.edu.au/news/mixed-relations-music-composition |website=The Australian National University, Canberra}}</ref> Mixed Relations ta zagaya duniya kuma ya sami nasarar cikin gida lokacin da Aboriginal Woman ta kai # 89 a kan Triple J's Hottest 100 a 1993. <ref name="Triple J 93">{{Cite web |title=1993 &#124; History &#124; Triple J Hottest 100 – 2008 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/history/1993.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203191610/http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/history/1993.htm |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=10 April 2017 |publisher=[[Triple J]] ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC))}}</ref> Kungiyar ta rushe a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, kuma bayan hutu na shekaru da yawa, Gifford ya fara sabon aiki a matsayin mawaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dow |first=Steve |date=3 March 2020 |title=Classical Songlines |url=https://limelightmagazine.com.au/features/classical-songlines/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Gifford ta shiga cikin shirin matukin jirgi na AMPlify Indigenous Composer Initiative, wanda ke da niyyar tallafawa kirkirar sabon aiki ta Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander composers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=AMPlify Indigenous Composer Initiative in full swing |url=https://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/article/amplify-indigenous-composer-initiative-in-full-swing |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Australian Music Centre}}</ref> Daga nan ne Ensemble Offspring suka yi ayyukan a cikin kide-kide tsakanin 2017 da 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=River Life – Baiame's Ngunnhu Festival in Brewarrina |url=https://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/article/river-life-baiame-s-ngunnhu-festival-in-brewarrina |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Australian Music Centre}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da Gifford da Canberra International Music Festival ta ba da izini don ƙirƙirar gidan ''Gambambarawaraga''. Sashe na tara, wanda ya ɗauki sunansa daga kalmar don yanayi a cikin Harshen Dhurgha, an yi shi a bikin a cikin 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Music Centre Online : Breaking Sound Barriers |url=https://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/about/AMPlify_ICI |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Australian Music Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cerabona |first=Ron |date=2018-04-19 |title=2018 Canberra International Music Festival, from Beowulf to Baroque to Bernstein |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6021154/2018-canberra-international-music-festival-from-beowulf-to-baroque-to-bernstein/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=The Canberra Times |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Waƙoƙi daga ɗakin daga baya an haɗa su a cikin kundin Music for the Dreaming wanda aka zaba don Kyautar ARIA don Mafi kyawun Kayan Yara a cikin 2019. Kundin ya ƙunshi sabbin nau'ikan daga Gifford's ''Gambambarawaraga'' suite da Ensemble Offspring ya yi tare da Kamil Ellis. Gifford ta shiga cikin Shirin Mata na 2018 tare da Sydney Conservatorium of Music inda Claire Chase ta yi aiki tare da Gifford da wasu mawaƙa huɗu na Australiya wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka. Daga nan ne mawaƙa biyar suka yi tafiya zuwa New York inda aka yi aikinsu tare da Chase. Gifford's ''Mungala'' (Clouds) ya nuna Chase a kan sarewa tare da sandunan clap na gargajiya da aka buga ta hanyar Bree van Reyk . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paget |first=Clive |date=2 October 2019 |title=The Composing Women Project with Claire Chase (National Sawdust, Brooklyn) |url=https://limelightmagazine.com.au/reviews/the-composing-women-project-with-clare-chase-national-sawdust-brooklyn/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> An kuma haɗa Gifford a cikin shirin 2020-2021 kuma ya haɓaka sabon aikin tare da Kamfanin Dance na Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composing Women line up for 2020-2021 announced |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/music/news-and-events/2019/10/22/composing-women-line-up-for-2020-2021-announced.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=The University of Sydney |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Angus |date=23 October 2019 |title=Composing Women line up for 2020-2021 announced |url=https://limelightmagazine.com.au/news/composing-women-line-up-for-2020-2021-announced/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta ta zira kwallaye na mai rawa Joel Bray's Wagan (Wiradjuri for 'Raven') wanda aka yi a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 New Breed |url=https://www.sydneydancecompany.com/performance/2020-season-three/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Sydney Dance Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Litson |first=Jo |date=24 November 2020 |title=Joel Bray and dancers flock to New Breed |url=https://limelightmagazine.com.au/features/joel-bray-and-dancers-flock-to-new-breed/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gifford ta sake aiki tare da Ensemble Offspring lokacin da ta zama Mawallafin Kasashen Farko a Gidan zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-29 |title=Music in the time of plague and First Nations composer Brenda Gifford |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/musicshow/brenda-gifford-plagues-pandemics-mediaeval-aids/12293562 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=ABC Radio National |language=en-AU}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar an kuma ba ta izinin ƙirƙirar sabon aikin ''Djiribawal'' don buɗe bikin kiɗa na kasa da kasa na Canberra 2020. Daga baya aka sake tunanin aikin don yin aiki tare da ƙarin kayan kida da sauti na lantarki a cikin 2021 da 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Genevieve |title=Canberra International Music festival gives voice to remarkable sounds |url=https://the-riotact.com/canberra-international-music-festival-gives-voice-to-remarkable-sounds/334933 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Riotact |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=Music review: Opening Gala, Canberra International Music Festival |url=https://www.artshub.com.au/news/reviews/music-review-opening-gala-canberra-international-music-festival-262473-2370862/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=ArtsHub Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=2022 Meeting Points Series - Djiribawal (Brenda Gifford) |url=https://www.aao.com.au/project/djiribawal-brenda-gifford |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Australian Art Orchestra |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dukkanin kide-kide da Sydney Chamber Choir suka yi a cikin 2021 sun buɗe tare da wasan kwaikwayon Gifford's Mother Earth / Minga Bagan, amincewa da kasar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ba da umarni. A cikin aikinta a National Film and Sound Archive ta tsara bayanan rubutu da shafukan yanar gizo don gidan yanar gizon NFSA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Titles curated by Brenda Gifford on ASO - Australia's audio and visual heritage online |url=https://aso.gov.au/titles/curator/Brenda_Gifford/ |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=aso.gov.au}}</ref> kuma an yi amfani da aikinta azaman Bayanan layi don sake fitar da kundin Vic Simms The Loner. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017 |title=Brenda Gifford {{!}} AustLit |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/14254777 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Aus Lit |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105747/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/14254777 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, Gifford ya kasance mai karɓar Hukumar Kiɗa ta Merlyn Myer . An ba ta lambar yabo ta First Nations Fellowship, a 2024 First Nations Arts and Culture Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Nations Arts and Culture Awards |url=https://creative.gov.au/advocacy-and-research/events/first-nations-arts-awards/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Creative Australia |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2024 First Nations Arts and Culture Awards |url=https://limelight-arts.com.au/news/the-2024-first-nations-arts-and-culture-awards/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == 2021 - ''Dharawa Miriwa (sama da dare) '' - PLEXUS ta ba da izini <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Canberra Symphony Orchestra |date=2021-12-01 |title=Dharawa Miriwa (Brenda Gifford) |url=https://restmagazine.org.au/gifford-dharawa-miriwa/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Canberra Symphony Orchestra |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 2021 - ''Minga bagan'' 2020 - ''Djiribawal'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plush |first=Vincent |date=1 May 2021 |title=Opening Gala ★★★ |url=https://limelightmagazine.com.au/reviews/opening-gala-canberra-international-music-festival/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Limelight |language=en-AU}}</ref> 2020 - ''Wagan'' 2018 - ''Mungala'' (Clouds) 2018 - ''Gambambarawaraga'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sk2occ3cbqp04wg0oypxydgs128dn67 0 97240 891309 888938 2026-08-04T11:53:31Z Baffa ali 47435 891309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamfanin kera motoci na Japan mallakar Nissan. Datsun ta asali samar da gudu ya fara ne a 1931. Daga 1958 zuwa 1986, motocin da Nissan ta fitar da su ne kawai aka gano su a matsayin Datsun. Nissan ta fitar da alamar Datsun a watan Maris na shekara ta 1986, amma ta sake kaddamar da ita a watan Yunin shekara ta 2013 a matsayin alama ga motocin da ba su da tsada da aka ƙera don kasuwannin da ke tasowa. Nissan ta yi la'akari da fitar da alamar Datsun a karo na biyu a cikin 2019 da 2020,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200519023639/https://www.foxnews.com/auto/nissan-killing-datsun</ref> daga ƙarshe ta dakatar da alamar gwagwarmaya a watan Afrilu na 2022.<ref>https://www.carscoops.com/2022/04/datsun-is-officially-dead-for-the-second-time-around/</ref>shi wannan kamfanin ,mallakin Nissan . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 88zejbj4sb3j252g1nand3ka1vsxi71 0 97896 891235 798333 2026-08-04T08:49:21Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891235 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Sophia Elisabet Brenner.jpg|thumb|Sophia Elisabet Brenner,]] Sophia Elisabet Brenner, née Weber (29 Afrilu 1659 - 14 Satumba Shekara ta 1730), marubuciya ce ta Sweden, mawaƙi, mata kuma mai masaukin baki. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sophia Elisabet Brenner ga magini Niklas Weber, wanda ya kasance Bajamushe baƙi, da Kristina Spoor An ba ta babban ilimi ga wata mace a cikin arni na 17 a [[Sweden]]. Da yake ƴaƴar Bajamushe ɗan ƙaura, tana iya magana da Jamusanci da Yaren mutanen Sweden, kuma ta yi karatun Latin. An yi mata rajista a Makarantar Yara maza ta Jamus a Stockholm. Wannan ba na musamman ba ne - tun 1575, an ba wa 'yan mata izinin zama almajirai a azuzuwan farko na makaranta a Sweden - amma duk da haka ba na kowa ba: an ba da rahoton cewa ita kaɗai ce yarinya a makarantarta. Daga baya kuma, ta kara karatu a gida, maza masu koyar da ilimi. Ɗaya daga cikin masu koyar da ita ita ce KA Zellinius, wanda ta rubuta waƙar jana'izar a 1676. Ta koyi harsuna shida da kyau don tsara waƙa a cikin su duka. [1] A cikin 1680, ta auri mai zane-zanen miniaturist da jami'in Elias Brenner. Ta zama mahaifiyar 'ya'ya 15, hudu ne kawai suka rage mata. Bayan aurenta, ta zama mai masaukin baki na da'irar wallafe-wallafe da fasaha: daga cikin fitattun da ke yawan zuwa gidanta da mijinta akwai shahararren dan wasan kwaikwayo Aurora Königsmarck, mai zane Anna Maria Ehrenstrahl, mawallafin Johan Runius da likita da marubuci Urban Hjärne, wanda aka sani da adawa da gwajin mayya. == Marubuci == Sophia Elisabet Brenner ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga matar aurenta da abokansa masu fasaha don ci gaba da karatunta da rubuce-rubucenta a lokacin aurenta: An san ta tana aiki a matsayin marubuci tun daga shekara ta bayan aurenta har zuwa mutuwarta: babbar waƙar da aka sani ita ce waƙar jana'izarta a kan malaminta a 1676. Ta yi nazarin wakokin Dutch, Faransanci da Italiyanci, kuma ta samar da waƙa a cikin duk waɗannan harsunan ban da Yaren mutanen Holland: yaren da aka fi sani da ita shi ne Jamusanci. Hanyar rubutunta an kira ta ta sirri da kankare fiye da yadda aka saba a zamaninta. Galibin wakokinta sun shafi bukukuwan aure, jana’iza, taya murna da bukukuwan jama’a ko masu zaman kansu, musamman mata da yara. Ba ta yi rubutu don kuɗi ba, ta shirya wakokinta ga abokai da masu kyautatawa. Daga cikin nata samfurin wahayi akwai ayyukan marubucin zabura na Danish Thomas Kingo, da mawaƙan Sweden [[Samuel Columbus]] da [[Petrus Lagerlöf]] . Sophia Elisabet Brenner ta wakilci wani nau'i na mata a lokacinta: a cikin waƙoƙinta, ta kare haƙƙin mata don ilimantar da kansu a matsayin masu koyar da kansu a gida kuma ta nace cewa mata ba su da ƙarancin ilimi ga maza. Ta zama sananniya a matsayin abin koyi na mace malami ba kawai a Sweden ba har ma a kasashen waje, musamman a Jamus, kuma an yi bikin ne saboda haka ta hanyar aikin Testimoniorum fasciculus, wanda Urban Hjärne ya shirya. An kira ta "Sappho na biyu" da "muse na goma", kuma an gabatar da ita a matsayin amsar Sweden ga wasu sanannun malaman mata a Turai ta zamani. Ita kanta ta bayyana cewa aikinta na marubuci bai yi mata cikas ba a matsayinta na ma’aurata da iyaye, kuma yana yiwuwa ta yi duka biyun. A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Arewa, ta nuna kishin ƙasa amma kuma ta kwatanta duk munanan illolin wahalhalu na lokacin yaƙi. An kira Brenner a matsayin mace ta farko a Sweden saboda waƙarta ''Det Qwinliga Könetz rätmätige Förswar'' (Kariyar da ta dace da jima'i) a cikin 1693, an yi imanin cewa ta sami wahayi daga abokantaka da Aurora Köningsmarck. Ayyukan da aka ambata a matsayin mafi kyawunta shine waƙar addinai ''Wårs Herres och Frälsares Jesu Christi alldraheligaste pijons historia'' (Mafi Girman [[Shahada]] ta Ubangijinmu da Mai Cetonmu [[Isa|Yesu]] Almasihu) daga 1710. A shekara ta 1713, ta buga tarin dukan waƙoƙinta, kuma ta haka ne ta zama mace ta farko da ta buga kanta a matsayin mawaƙi a cikin harshen Yaren mutanen Sweden. Tana da ra'ayin cewa maza da mata a hankali ɗaya ne kuma sun bambanta kawai a jikinsu da sauran su. Ta bayyana wannan ra'ayi a cikin waƙar da ta naɗa ga sarki Ulrika Eleonora, Sarauniyar Sweden a 1719:<blockquote>Lallai ba ruwansu da wane kalar tufafin maigida. ko me ake ce musu, idan ya san yadda ake ajiye jirgi. da kawo shi daga guguwa zuwa harbor. Jikinmu ba komai ba ne sai tufafin ruhinmu wanda ya banbanta shi da ita, Amma ga ruhi, yana da kyau haka. eh ma yafi, a jikin mace dayawa</blockquote>Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta ita ce waƙar sha'awa ga mai zane Anna Maria Ehrenstrahl, wanda kuma ya ambaci aikinta a matsayin mai zane kuma dukansu biyu a matsayin mata masu fasaha na farko:<blockquote>Idan ni daga cikin haifuwar rimes don jin daɗi na. An bayyana sha'awar ku ta aikinku. Ko da yake wani lokaci fasaha na iya kashe mu sa'o'i, Babu wata hanya mafi kyau da za a tuna da ita. Bari hassada ta yi baƙin ciki a kanmu, Bari mutuwa ta tada bakansa. Don kada ku tsoratar da fensin ku, ko alkalami na.</blockquote>A cikin National Portrait Gallery (Sweden) na Gripsholm, wanda aka bude a cikin 1822, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata shida na farko na tarihin Sweden wanda aka ba da hoto a cikin tarin, tare da Bridget na Sweden, Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Barbro Stigsdotter (Svinhufvud) hattede Skyne Rosen da Rosen Sophia. == Duba kuma == * Catharina Ahlgren asalin * Hedvig Catharina Lilje == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Steinberg, SH "Brenner, Sofia Ekisabet, née Weber." ''Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature.'' New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1953. * Bohman, Nils (ed.), Svenska män och kvinnor: biografisk uppslagsbok. 1, AB, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1942 (Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Olsson, Bernt & Algulin, Ingemar, Litteraturens historia i Sverige, 5. , [Rev. oh utök.] uppl. , Norstedt, Stockholm, 2009 (Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare, Signum, Lund, 1990 (Yaren mutanen Sweden) * [https://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/0147.html Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor] (Yaren mutanen Sweden) * AL Stjerneld (a rana): ''Gripsholmgalleriet'', Stockholm, 1833 (Yaren mutanen Sweden) * [http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16945 Sophia Elisabet Brenner (f. Weber), urn:sbl:16945, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gunnar Castrén.), hämtad 2015-09-19.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316064022/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16945 |date=2025-03-16 }} == Kara karantawa == * Sophia Elisabet Brenner at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/new/lett1574.html Wasikun Mace Mai Ilimi.] [http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/new/lett1574.html Sophia Elisabeth Brenner's Correspendence, tare da bugu na wasiƙunta zuwa & daga Otto Sperling the Younger.] [http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/new/lett1574.html Studia Graeca et Latina Lundensia, No. 14] * http://www.sophiabrenner.se/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021094450/http://www.sophiabrenner.se/ |date=2011-10-21 }} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 16]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1730]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lfvk8dt69rvx2veu12pod1orw1mra5a 0 99132 891269 802601 2026-08-04T09:36:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dominica''' ko '''Dominic Dipio''' (wanda ake kira '''Farfesa Sister Dominic Dipio''') 'yar'uwa ce ta addini ta [[Uganda]], mai shirya fina-finai, marubuci kuma farfesa a fannin adabi da fina-fakka a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] da ke Kampala, Uganda . <ref>name="uni-profile">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dominica Dipio |url=http://llc.mak.ac.ug/staff/prof-dominica-dipio |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=llc.mak.ac.ug |publisher=School of Languages, Literature and Communication, CHUSS |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017212917/http://llc.mak.ac.ug/staff/prof-dominica-dipio |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar'uwa, ta kasance a Cibiyar 'Yan uwa mata masu wa'azi na Maryamu Uwar Ikilisiya, MSMMC, wata ikilisiya ta addini da aka kafa a Uganda a Diocese na Roman Katolika na Lira a Arewacin Uganda . <ref> name="msmmmc">{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=https://msmmc.org/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=Missionary Sisters of Mary Mother of the Church |language=en-gb}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Paparoma don Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resignations and Appointments |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/11/11/191111c.html |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref><ref>name="msmmc2019">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Ugandan Nun Appointed Consultor of Pontifical Council for Culture Feels "humbled, honored" |url=https://msmmc.org/index.php/news/item/2-ugandan-nun-appointed-consultor-of-pontifical-council-for-culture-feels-humbled-honored |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=News |publisher=Missionary Sisters of Mary Mother of the Church |language=en-gb |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018043754/https://msmmc.org/index.php/news/item/2-ugandan-nun-appointed-consultor-of-pontifical-council-for-culture-feels-humbled-honored |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Dipio a Adjumani a yankin Yammacin Nilu na Uganda . Ta halarci Saint Mary's Girls', Aboke, don matakin O' kafin ta ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo]] don matakan A. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Makerere kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi sannan kuma ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin adabi. A shekara ta 1991, Dipio ta gudanar da takardar shaidar a Nazarin Mata a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Makerere. A shekara ta 2004, ta kammala digirinta na PhD a karatun fina-finai a Jami'ar Pontifical Gregorian da ke Roma. Ta yi lacca a lokaci guda game da gabatarwa ga sukar fim da fina-finai na Afirka a wannan jami'a yayin da ta yi karatunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neliba |date=22 November 2019 |title=UGANDA: Pope Francis Appoints Sr Dominica Dipio to the Pontifical Council for Culture |url=http://cisanewsafrica.com/uganda-pope-francis-appoints-sr-dominica-dipio-to-the-pontifical-council-for-culture/ |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Cisa News Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, an ba ta suna Shugaban kasa na kungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar Rutgers . <ref name="asa">{{Cite web |title=ASA Presidential Fellows Program: 2010 Presidential Fellows |url=https://africanstudies.org/awards-prizes/asa-presidential-fellows-program/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |website= |publisher=African Studies Association}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A fannin ilimi, Dipio farfesa ce a fannin adabi kuma a shekarar 2007 an nada ta Shugaba na Sashen wallafe-wallafen a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka a matsayin shugabar sashen. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban tsarin karatu musamman lokacin da Jami'ar Kyambogo ta Uganda, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ([[UNESCO]]), ke shirin bunkasa tsarin karatu kan al'adun al'adu. Dipio yana da hannu a masana'antar fina-finai ta Uganda bayan ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da fina-fukkuna da yawa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali kuma memba na juri a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa kamar bikin fina-fukkuna na [[Zanzibar]] (ZIFF) a cikin 2011, bikin fina-fukki na Amakula, kuma ta yi aiki a ranar bikin fina-fi na Uganda a cikin 2013 da kuma wasu bayan haka. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Dipio na ɗaya daga cikin mambobin juriya a bikin fina-finai na Ecumenical a bikin fina'a na Berlinale a Jamus. Kyautar fim din Ecumenical ta shekara-shekara wacce ke cikin shekara ta 27 ta shirya ta kungiyar fina-finai ta Interchurch (Interfilm) da kungiyar Katolika ta Duniya don Sadarwa (SIGNIS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signis |url=http://www.signis.net/ |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=www.signis.net |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727233144/https://www.signis.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=Ecumenical Jury selected to award film prizes at Berlinale 2019 |url=https://www.ecumenicalnews.com/article/ecumenical-jury-selected-to-award-film-prizes-at-berlinale-2019/60638.htm |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=www.ecumenicalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Kafin nadin ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Dipio ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara da yawa ga Majalisar Pontifical don Sadarwar Jama'a a Vatican a lokacin nadin Paparoma Benedict XVI a 2011. Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Taron Episcopal ta Uganda a lokaci guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rev. Sr. Dominic Dipio Appointed Consultant of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/rev-sr-dominic-dipio-appointed-consultant-pontifical-council-social-communications |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=News |publisher=Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Science }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite book|edition=Lene}} * {{Cite book|edition=Egara}} *   * {{Cite book|edition=Danson}} == Fim da shirye-shirye == * ''Tsakiyar Afirka'' (2019) * Magana ta Magana (2017) * Yin ruwan sama: A bacewar aiki (2016) * "Dokar ce" (2010) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-27 |title=Oral Folklore lights up 3rd Mak-NUFU Project seminar |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/node/911 |access-date=2020-07-14 |website=Makerere University News Portal |language=en |archive-date=2020-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714214714/https://news.mak.ac.ug/node/911 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Abincin da za a manta da shi: mutumin da ke da laifi na ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari sosai '' (2009), wanda ya lashe kyautar Arts Press Association * ''Yin amfani da Bamasaba'' (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2009 |title=Crafting the Bamasaba: a Mak-NUFU film premiere |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2009/12/crafting-bamasaba-mak-nufu-film-premiere |access-date=2020-07-04 |website=News & Announcements for Makerere Community |publisher=Makerere University |archive-date=2020-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705154305/https://news.mak.ac.ug/2009/12/crafting-bamasaba-mak-nufu-film-premiere |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''ƙaunatacce'' (2007) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sb5yuuovgxljdqf1trvxhyhr22jus0z 0 100171 891156 833347 2026-08-04T01:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Claver Gatete (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1962) ɗan siyasan Rwanda ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka tun 2023.<ref>"Secretary-General Appoints Claver Gatete of Rwanda Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa -UN Press"</ref> Daga 2022 zuwa 2023, Gatete ta kasance wakiliyar Rwanda ta dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>"New Permanent Representative of Rwanda Presents Credentials"</ref> Ya taba rike mukamin ministan samar da ababen more rayuwa a majalisar ministocin kasar Rwanda. Kafin nadin majalisar ministocinsa a watan Afrilun 2018, ya kasance ministan kudi da tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki daga 2013 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.effective-states.org/wp-content/uploads/working_papers/final-pdfs/esid_wp_120_chemouni_POE.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-05-16 |archive-date=2020-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307050804/http://www.effective-states.org/wp-content/uploads/working_papers/final-pdfs/esid_wp_120_chemouni_POE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] A baya ya taba zama gwamnan babban bankin kasar Rwanda da kuma jakadan Rwanda a Burtaniya, Ireland, da Iceland.<ref>Minecofin (2013). "Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning: The Minister - Claver Gatete". Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Minecofin). Retrieved 7 October 2017.</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Claver Gatete a Mbarara, Uganda, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1962, inda ya girma kuma ya yi ilimi. Ya karanci Tattalin Arzikin Noma a Jami'ar British Columbia, Vancouver, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Kimiyya a cikin 1991. Jagoran Kimiyyar Kimiyya, kuma a fannin Tattalin Arziki, an ba shi a cikin 1993, ta jami'a guda.[<ref>Minecofin (2013). "Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning: The Minister - Claver Gatete". Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Minecofin). Retrieved 7 October 2017.</ref> matattu mahada] ==Aiki== Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, Gatete ya yi aiki a Kanada a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki tsakanin 1991 da 1997, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na kasa tare da Shirin Raya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Rwanda har zuwa 2000.<ref>Minecofin (2013). "Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning: The Minister - Claver Gatete". Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Minecofin). Retrieved 7 October 2017.</ref> A watan Oktoba 2001, Gatete ya fara aiki a ofishin shugaban kasa a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa a kwamitin gudanarwa na NEPAD. A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kodinetan na National African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) kuma a matsayin memba na NEPAD's African Partnership Forum (APF), har zuwa Nuwamba 2003.<ref>WB (7 October 2017). "Claver Gatete: Minister of Finance and Economic Planning, Government of Rwanda". Washington, DC: World Bank (WB). Retrieved 7 October 2017.</ref> Na tsawon shekaru biyu daga Nuwamban 2003 zuwa Nuwamban 2005, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na Baitulmali, a Ma'aikatar Kudi da Tsara Tattalin Arziki. Daga Nuwamban 2005 zuwa Disemban 2009, Gatete ya kasance wakilin Afirka ta Kudu a UK, Ireland da Iceland, kafin ya fara aiki a Bankin Kasar Ruwanda a matsayin mataiimakin Gwamna. Daga nan sai yayi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Bankin Kasar Ruwanda daga watan Mayun 2011,<ref>{{cite web |author=MOD |date=2011 |title=Cabinet Reshuffle |url=https://mod.gov.rw/news-detail/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=522&cHash=a989f6c567103caeae2646617e8ff159#.WdkZI2hSzIU |access-date=7 October 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Rwanda)|Rwanda Ministry of Defence]] (MOD) |location=Kigali |archive-date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030802/https://mod.gov.rw/news-detail/?tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=522&cHash=a989f6c567103caeae2646617e8ff159#.WdkZI2hSzIU |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2016 |title=BNR: Governor |url=http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=80 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011042317/http://www.bnr.rw/index.php?id=80 |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> kafin a nada shi matsayin Ministan Kudi. An nada shi Ministan Walwala a watan Afurelun 2018, ya maye gurbin [[James Musoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.igihe.com/news/musoni-fired.html|title=Musoni fired|website=en.igihe.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-07|archive-date=2018-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183211/http://en.igihe.com/news/musoni-fired.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uzziel Ndagijimana ne ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin. Ministan Kudi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's president names new finance minister in reshuffle |url=https://mobile-reuters-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1HE08H?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAE=#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&ampshare=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-economy/rwandas-president-names-new-finance-minister-in-reshuffle-idUSKBN1HE08H |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226140609/https://mobile-reuters-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1HE08H?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAE=#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&ampshare=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-economy/rwandas-president-names-new-finance-minister-in-reshuffle-idUSKBN1HE08H |archive-date=2022-02-26 |access-date=2018-07-23 |work=Reuters}}</ref> A ranar 6 Oktoban 2023, Babban Sakataren Majalisan Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya nada Gatete a matsayin Babban Sakataren Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Afurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General Appoints Claver Gatete of Rwanda Executive Secretary, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sga2232.doc.htm |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=press.un.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga 2013-2018 ya kasance Memba na Majalisar Gwamnoni na Bankin Cigaban Afirka.<ref>[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/AfDB_Annual_Report_2016_EN.pdf AfDB Annual Report 2016] [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB).</ref> ==Fitowa a fim== Film din Motherland (2010) ==manazarta== 3xbg4drkx0m4isheso8mgd5yps78e92 0 100173 891223 642178 2026-08-04T07:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Diobu''' unguwa ce mai yawan jama'a a [[Port Harcourt|garin Fatakwal, jihar Ribas]], dake cikin babban birnin Fatakwal. == Unguwar == Diobu na da matukar muhimmanci a nan ne tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas [[Rotimi Amaechi|Chibuike Amaechi]] ya tashi tun daga yarantar shi.<ref name="rotimi treks">{{Cite web |title=Amaechi Returns To Diobu….Treks Along The Streets |url=http://www.rotimiamaechi.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:amaechi-returns-to-diobutreks-along-the-streets&catid=1:general&Itemid=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051856/http://www.rotimiamaechi.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92%3Aamaechi-returns-to-diobutreks-along-the-streets&catid=1%3Ageneral&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=Rotimiamechi.net}}</ref> Wasu fitattun mutanen da suka taso a Diobu su ne mawaki [[Duncan Mighty]], Magajin Garin Fatakwal Hon. Victor Ihunwo da tsohon mataimakin kakakin majalisar wakilai Austin Opara. Unguwar anfi sanin ta da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ta samar da ƴan wasa da dama na cikin gida da na duniya ciki har da Finidi George, [[Joseph Yobo]] da [[Taribo West]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-01 |title=Fred Igwe Alerts Players of Diobu Of Amaechi Cup |url=http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=9011 |access-date=2014-05-28 |website=thenewswriterng.com |archive-date=2014-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084429/http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=9011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2012, Diobu ta karɓi bakuncin gasar nuna kyakyawar yarinya ta 25 a shiyyar Najeriya a Fatakwal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-25 |title=MBGN screening begins March 27 |url=https://thenet.ng/mbgn-screening-begins-march-27/ |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=Net Newspapers}}</ref> Duk da cewa unguwar tana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci a birni, fiye da rabin mazaunanta talakawa ne. A cewar mafi yawan majiyoyi, Akwai harkokin ta'addanci da yawa a unguwar Dioni, garkuwa da mutane da kuma fashi da makami. A yawancin rigingimu, lokutan amsa 'yan sanda ba su da kyau a hankali, kuma yawanci suna samun sukar jama'a. Ba'a taba samun cikakken tsaro ba a yankin sai a karshen shekarar 2007, saboda kawai kawar da laifuka da aka yi, tsohon a yayinda Gwamna [[Rotimi Amaechi]] ya rattaba hannu kan dokar da ta aiwatar da manufofin yanke hukunci.<ref>Nwisi, Rosemary (2013-11-22). "Diobu timber market… A den of robbers, kidnappers". ''The Nation (Nigeria)''. Retrieved 2014-05-28.</ref> {{Stub}} == Faɗin ƙasa == === Matsuguni === Diobu ta ƙunshi manyan wurare uku, wato: Mile 1, Mile 2 da Mile 3. Tayi iyaka da [[New GRA, port Harcourt|New GRA]] zuwa arewa, [[D-line, Port Harcourt|D-line]] zuwa arewa maso gabas, [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Jihar Rivers]] zuwa arewa maso yamma, [[Old GRA, Port Harcourt|Old GRA]] zuwa gabas, Kidney Island zuwa kudu maso gabas, da Eagle Island zuwa kudu maso yamma. Daidaitattun wurare a Diobu sune: 4°47'24"N, 6°59'36"E (Latitude:4.772152; Longitude:6.994514). <ref name="diobu90">{{Cite web |title=Diobu extension, mile 1,2,3 (Port Harcourt) |url=http://wikimapia.org/3112804/diobu-extension-mile-1-2-3 |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=[[Wikimapia]]}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Yawancin ayyukan kasuwanci da ake yi a Diobu ana samun su ne ta kasuwanni da yawa da ke cikin garin. Yankin dai ya hada da kasuwannin Mile One da Mile 3, manyan kasuwannin na Fatakwal, inda ake siyar da komai daga tufafi, kayan gida har da kayan abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Harcourt Shopping |url=http://www.world66.com/africa/nigeria/portharcourt/shopping |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=World66.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk da yake babu wata kididdiga a hukumance har yanzu, an kiyasta cewa kasuwannin katako na Diobu sun mallaki "ayyukan kasuwanci sama da 5000" tare da rikodin ayyukan yi na "ma'aikata sama da miliyan ɗaya da suka haɗa da ƴan kasuwa, kafintoci, masu gyaran katakai da ma'aikata, da sauransu. Manyan kamfanonin watsa labaru na kan layi da na bugawa irin su ''The Tide'', ''National Network'' da kuma ''The Neighborhood'' jaridu sun daɗe a yankin kuma suna da manyan ofisoshi a Mile 1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Network Newspapers- Contact Information |url=http://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/contact.html |access-date=2014-05-28 |website=[[Nationalnetworkonline.com]] |publisher=Network Printing and Publishing Company |archive-date=2014-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803143310/http://www.nationalnetworkonline.com/contact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://www.theneighbourhoodonline.com/contact.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605210542/http://theneighbourhoodonline.com/contact.html |archive-date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2014-05-28 |website=theneighbourhoodonline.com}}</ref> == Fagen Ilimi == === Makarantu === * St. Andrew Primary School, Mile 1 * St. Thoma's Anglican Secondary School, Mile 2 * St. Paul's Anglican School * Ojims Nursery and Primary school * Randolph college * Beryl Nursery and Primary Education Center, Mile 3 * Philips Academy, 66 Nanka, Mile 1 * Port Harcourt Science School, 32 Ikwerre Road, Mile 1 * Trinity College of Business Studies<ref name="rotimi treks"/> * Acumen Secondary school * War Against Indiscipline Living Stone Foundation School<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rotimiamaechi.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:amaechi-returns-to-diobutreks-along-the-streets&catid=1:general&Itemid=8 |title=Amaechi Returns To Diobu….Treks Along The Streets |publisher=Rotimiamechi.net |access-date=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051856/http://www.rotimiamaechi.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92%3Aamaechi-returns-to-diobutreks-along-the-streets&catid=1%3Ageneral&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2014-05-29 }}</ref> == Sanannun mutane == * [[Chibuike Amaechi]] * [[Duncan Mighty]] * [[Austin Opara]] * [[Finidi George]] * [[Taribo West]] * [[Joseph Yobo|Yusuf Yobo]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} oiv6gjgvzanazuclu8cn2lznbqlarxz 0 100605 890930 817203 2026-08-03T12:11:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Libya_relief_location_map.jpg|thumb| [[Libya]] a yau]] '''Bauta a Libya''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=TRT World |date=12 April 2017 |title=Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5Oo21chusE |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220032621/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5Oo21chusE |archive-date=2025-02-20 |via=YouTube |access-date=2025-05-25 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=TRT World |date=26 April 2017 |title=Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2mKWRjASmo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324011116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2mKWRjASmo |archive-date=2024-03-24 |via=YouTube |access-date=2025-05-25 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> yana da dogon tarihi da tasiri mai dorewa a al'adun [[Libya]] . Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut tare da faffadan yanayin [[bauta]] a [[Arewacin Afirka]] da [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara]] . Tun zamanin d ¯ a, ƙasar Libiya ta zamani ta kasance hanyar wucewa ta cinikin bayi daga yankin Saharar Afirka ta hamadar Sahara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . An san cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara tun daga zamanin da kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 20. Bautar daular Ottoman ta Libya an haramta ta ne a cikin karni na 19, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin kawar da su ba. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Italiya (1912-1951) a ƙarshe an danne bautar da cinikin bayi a aikace. Kashewa, duk da haka, tsari ne a hankali kuma a hankali, kuma tsarin bautar ya ci gaba da dogon lokaci zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka, musamman a cikin yankunan hamada na ciki, inda ikon Italiya ya kasance mai rauni. Har yanzu cinikin bayin da ake yi a yankin sahara a cikin kasar Libya yana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa karshen shekarun 1930. A cikin karni na 21, ana ci gaba da cinikin bayi da 'yan Afirka a cikin hamadar Sahara ta Libiya, inda aka ba da rahoton kasuwannin bayi a sararin sama a garuruwa da dama a Libya, ciki har da babban birnin kasar, [[Tripoli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naib |first=Fatma |date=2018-01-26 |title=Slavery in Libya: Life inside a container |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/1/26/slavery-in-libya-life-inside-a-container |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Roman Libya === A matsayin lardin Roman, Tripolitania babban mai fitar da kayan aikin gona ne, da kuma cibiyar zinare da bayi da aka kai ga bakin tekun ta Garamentes, yayin da Cyrenaica ya kasance muhimmin tushen giya, kwayoyi, da dawakai. === Bautar Abzinawa da na Yahudawa ===   A lokacin da Amr bn al-As ya ci birnin Tripoli a shekara ta 643, ya tilasta wa Yahudawa da Kirista Berbers su ba da matansu da 'ya'yansu a matsayin bayi ga sojojin Larabawa a matsayin wani bangare na ''jizya'' . [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] ya kasance yana bautar da kansa (da kuma sayar wa wasu) 'yan matan Berber marasa adadi, "waɗanda babu wanda ya taɓa gani a duniya." [[Ibn Abdul-Hakam|Ibn Abd al-Hakam]] ya ba da labarin cewa, Balarabe Janar Hassan ibn al-Nu'man ya kan yi garkuwa da "matasa bayin Berber masu kyau da ba su misaltuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai dinari dubu." Al-Hakam ya tabbatar da cewa Musa da dansa da kaninsa sun kama bayi har dubu dari a lokacin da aka mamaye arewacin Afirka. A [[Tanja|Tangier]], Musa ya bautar da dukan mazauna Berber. Musa ya kori wani kagara kusa da Kairouan kuma ya tafi da dukan yara a matsayin bayi. Adadin mutanen Berber da aka bautar "ya kai adadin da ba a taba jin labarinsa ba a cikin kasashen da ke karkashin mulkin Musulunci" har zuwa lokacin. A sakamakon haka, "yawancin biranen Afirka sun kasance marasa yawan jama'a, [kuma] filayen sun kasance ba tare da noma ba." Duk da haka, Musa "bai gushe ba yana ci gaba da yakarsa har sai da ya isa gaban [[Tanja|Tangiers]], hedkwatar kasarsu [Berbers] kuma uwar garuruwansu, wanda shi ma ya kewaye ya kwace, yana tilasta wa mazauna cikinta su karbi Musulunci." Masanin tarihi Pascual de Gayangos ya ce: “Saboda tsarin yaƙi da Larabawa suka ɗauka, ba zai yiwu ba cewa adadin waɗanda aka kama a nan ya faɗa a hannun Musa. Ya bayyana daga hukumomin Kirista da na Larabawa cewa ba a kai ga halaka manyan garuruwa da mazaunansu ba, wanda ya kai dubbai da yawa.” Sarakunan Musulmin da suka gaje su a Arewacin Afirka sun ci gaba da bautar da Berber gaba daya. Masanin tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy ya lura cewa "jihadin Musulunci ya yi kama da babbar cinikin bayi." Labari na Larabawa ya rubuta adadin bayin Berber da aka dauka, musamman a cikin lissafin Musa ibn Nusayr, wanda ya zama gwamnan Afirka a shekara ta 698, kuma wanda "ya kasance mai zalunci da rashin tausayi ga duk wata kabila da ta saba wa ka'idojin addinin musulmi, amma mai karimci da tausayi ga wadanda suka tuba." Muslim masanin tarihi Ibn Qutaybah ya ba da labarin Musa bn Nusayr yana yin "yakin halaka" a kan Berbers da kuma yadda ya "kashe dubunnan su, kuma ya sanya fursunoni masu ban mamaki." Kamar yadda masanin tarihi As-sadfi ya ce, adadin bayin da Musa bn Nusayr ya kama ya fi na sauran yakukuwan da Musulunci ya yi a baya. {{Blockquote|Musa went out against the Berbers, and pursued them far into their native deserts, leaving wherever he went traces of his passage, killing numbers of them, taking thousands of prisoners, and carrying on the work of havoc and destruction. When the nations inhabiting the dreary plains of Africa saw what had befallen the Berbers of the coast and of the interior, they hastened to ask for peace and place themselves under the obedience of Musa, whom they solicited to enlist them in the ranks of his army}} === Bautar Turawa === Akwai shaidun tarihi na hare-haren bayi musulmi na Arewacin Afirka a duk fadin Tekun Bahar Rum a fadin Kiristanci Turai. Galibin bayi da ake fatauci a fadin yankin Bahar Rum, galibinsu 'yan asalin Turai ne daga karni na 7 zuwa na 15. A cikin karni na 15, Habashawa sun sayar da bayi daga yankunan yammacin iyaka (yawanci kawai a wajen daular Sarkin Habasha ) ko Ennarea . Bayin Turawa inda suma suke cinikin Kudu: a cikin karni na 17, an lura da cewa an shigo da bayin Turawa zuwa [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara daga Tripoli a Libya. Kimanin Kiristoci 170 da aka yi bauta a Tripoli - akasari Sicilians ko Maltese - sun sami 'yanci lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka kama birnin a 1510. <ref name="vella1975">{{Cite journal |last=Vella |first=Andrew P. |date=1975 |title=The Order of Malta and the defence of Tripoli 1530–1551 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/37478/1/3.pdf |journal=Melita Historica |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=362–381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709081653/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/37478/1/3.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Bayan harin da Daular Usmaniyya ta kai a Gozo a watan Yulin 1551, mutane 5,000 zuwa 7,000 ne aka bautar da su da farko aka kai su Arewacin Afirka. <ref name="curmi2023">{{Cite journal |last=Curmi |first=Luca |date=2023 |title=The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part I |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |journal=The Gozo Observer |issue=47 |pages=16–23 |issn=19963114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172542/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/117642/1/The%20attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population%20Part%201%202023.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> Ko da yake an kai yawancinsu zuwa Konstantinoful, wasu daga cikin Gozitans da aka bautar sun kasance a cikin ƙasa wanda yanzu ya zama wani yanki na Libya. Akwai bayanan an sayar da wasu a Tajura, <ref name="fiorini1997">{{Cite book|edition=L.}}</ref> kuma bisa ga al'ada, an kai wasu Gozitan bayi zuwa Tarhuna inda su da zuriyarsu suka musulunta kuma suka shiga cikin jama'ar yankin. <ref name="curmi2024">{{Cite journal |last=Curmi |first=Luca |date=2024 |title=The Attack on Gozo of 1551 and its Effects on the Gozo Population – Part II: The Aftermath of 1551: Economic Aspects (till c.1600) |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/127889/1/The%20Attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population.pdf |journal=The Gozo Observer |issue=48 |pages=11–21 |issn=19963114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112172635/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/127889/1/The%20Attack%20on%20Gozo%20of%201551%20and%20its%20effects%20on%20the%20Gozo%20population.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu sun ci gaba da tunawa da zuriyarsu ta Malta har zuwa ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . <ref name="vella1975" /> An yi kiyasin cewa a tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa na 19 ne 'yan fashin teku suka kama Turawa tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Rahotanni na hare-haren Barbary da sace wadanda aka yi a [[Italiya]], Faransa, Iberia, Ingila, Ireland, Scotland da kuma arewacin [[Ayislan|Iceland]] sun wanzu daga wannan lokacin. Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin Diary of Samuel Pepys da wani hari a kauyen Baltimore na bakin teku, Ireland, lokacin da 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_05.shtml}}</ref> ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. An ce hakan ya faru ne saboda "babu wanda ya sake kama". <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - History - British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml}}</ref> === Bautar Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka === [[Fayil:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|thumb| Hoton bayi da ake jigilar su ta [[Sahara|hamadar sahara]] .]] Lokacin da Tripoli ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Asibiti tsakanin 1530 zuwa 1551, an fitar da bayi baƙi daga Tripoli zuwa Asibiti Malta da Masarautar Sicily . Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun sanya harajin ducat biyu ga kowane bawa da aka sayar a Tripoli. <ref name="vella1975"/> [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] da sauran ƴan asalin ƙasar Libiya sun sauƙaƙe, haraji da kuma shirya kasuwanci daga kudanci ta [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin sahara]] . A cikin 1830s - lokacin da cinikin bayi ya bunƙasa - Ghadames yana kula da bayi 2,500 a shekara. Gwamnatin Tripoli ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga kasashen yamma don kawo karshen cinikin bayi da ake yi a Trans-Sahara a shekarun 1840, amma mai mulkin, ko da yake ya bayyana kansa a cikin 1842, ya kasa shawo kan shugabannin cikin gida, wadanda suka kasance manyan 'yan wasa a cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara tsakanin [[Borno|Bornu]] da [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] zuwa gabar tekun Libya. Ko da yake an soke cinikin bayi a [[Tripoli|birnin Tripoli]] bisa hukuma ta Firman na 1857, ba a taɓa aiwatar da wannan doka ba, kuma ta ci gaba a aikace aƙalla har zuwa 1890s. <ref name="Lisa">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Lisa |date=1984 |title=Nineteenth-Century Reform in Ottoman Libya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/163044 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=325–348 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800028208 |issn=0020-7438 |jstor=163044 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a [[Benghazi]] ya rubuta a cikin 1875 cewa cinikin bayi ya kai ma'auni mai girma kuma bayin da aka sayar a [[Alexandria]] da Constantinople sun ninka farashin sau huɗu. Wannan sana’ar, kamar yadda ya rubuta, ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga kananan hukumomi . <ref name="Lisa"/> [[Fayil:Italian_Postcard_1937_-_"Costumi_Africani"_(Cyrenaica).jpg|thumb| Katin gidan waya na Italiyanci daga 1937, wanda ke nuna cewa yana nuna wata baiwar Cyrenaican (Libyan) mace. Siffar bautar da ta sha'awa ta kasance abin al'ada gama gari a farkon karni na 20.]] [[Adolf Vischer]] ya rubuta a cikin labarin da aka buga a shekara ta 1911 cewa: "... an ce har yanzu ana ci gaba da safarar bayi a kan hanyar Benghazi- Wadai, amma yana da wuya a gwada gaskiyar irin wannan ikirari kamar yadda, a kowane hali, ana ci gaba da zirga-zirga a asirce". <ref name="Adolf">{{Cite journal |last=Vischer |first=Adolf |date=1911 |title=Tripoli |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778642 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.2307/1778642 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1778642 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Kufra, wani matafiyi dan kasar Masar Ahmed Hassanein Bey ya gano a shekarar 1916 cewa zai iya siyan kuyanga akan fam biyar yayin da a shekarar 1923 ya gano cewa farashin ya tashi zuwa fam 30 zuwa 40. Yayin da cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan ke ci gaba da gudana a cikin cikin Libya, inda ikon Italiya ya kasance mai rauni ko babu shi, bautar chattel kuma ta wanzu a cikin cikakken yankunan gabar tekun Italiya da ke Libya har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka, duk da manufar hana bautar da Italiyanci. Har yanzu ana amfani da bayi na Afirka a matsayin bayi na gida a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu na Libya masu zaman kansu a manyan biranen bakin teku kamar Benghazi a ƙarshen shekaru 1920. Dan kasar Denmark wanda ya musulunta Knud Holmboe, ya tsallaka hamadar kasar Italiya a shekarar 1930, kuma an gaya masa cewa har yanzu ana bautar da mutane a Kufra kuma yana iya siyan kuyanga kan kudi fam 30 a kasuwar bayi a ranar Alhamis. A cewar shaidar James Richardson, lokacin da ya ziyarci Ghadames, yawancin bayi daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu ne]] . Italiyawa sun ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kwararru kan Bauta a cikin 1930s cewa duk tsoffin bayi a Tripolitania Italiya - bautar da aka yi a Libya tun da dadewa an soke su - suna da 'yanci su bar tsoffin masu mallakar Larabawa idan sun ga dama, amma sun zauna saboda sun kasance cikin damuwa na zamantakewa; da kuma cewa a yankunan Cyrenaica da na cikin garin Sanusiya, an kawar da [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|cinikin bayi a yankin Sahara]] kamar yadda Italiya ta mamaye, inda aka 'yantar da bayi 900 a kasuwar bayi ta Kufra. === Karni na 21 === [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch]] ta rubuta kararrakin da ake tsare da bakin haure akai-akai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma sayar da su a wuraren da ake tsare da su a Libya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-21 |title=Pushed Back, Pushed Around |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/09/21/pushed-back-pushed-around/italys-forced-return-boat-migrants-and-asylum-seekers |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta kuma lura da cewa bakin haure da ke bi ta kasar Libya ana tsare da su a cikin cunkoso da rashin tsafta, da azabtarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Seeking safety,finding fear. Refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants in Libya and Malta. |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/40000/reg010042010en.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayyana a cikin rahoton ta na shekarar 2010 kan fataucin bil-Adama: "Kamar yadda a shekarun baya, an samu kebantattun rahotannin da ke nuna cewa an tilasta wa mata daga Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka yin karuwanci a Libiya. Akwai kuma rahotannin da ke nuna cewa 'yan ci-rani daga Jojiya sun fuskanci aikin tilastawa a Libya," kuma sun yi jayayya cewa gwamnatin Libya ba ta nuna wata muhimmiyar shaida na kokarin gurfanar da masu fataucin ko kuma kare wadanda aka yi safarar su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 - Libya, 14 June 2010 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c1883e02d.html |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> ==== Bauta a zamanin Gaddafi ==== Tun bayan hambarar da gwamnatin [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] bayan yakin basasar Libya na farko a shekara ta 2011, kasar ta Libya ta fada cikin rudani, lamarin da ya sa ‘yan ci-rani ba su da ‘yan kudade kadan kuma ba su da takarda. Libya dai ita ce babbar hanyar fita ga bakin haure 'yan Afirka da ke zuwa Turai. Hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta duniya (IOM) ta buga wani rahoto a watan Afrilun 2017 da ke nuna cewa yawancin bakin haure daga kasashen Yammaci, Tsakiya da Sahel na Afirka da ke zuwa Turai ana sayar da su a matsayin bayi bayan da masu fasa-kwaurin mutane ko kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suka tsare su. Kasashen Afirka da ke kudancin Libya an yi wa fataucin bayi ne aka kai su kasuwannin bayi na Libya a maimakon haka. A cewar wadanda abin ya shafa, farashin ya yi yawa ga bakin haure masu fasaha kamar fenti da tile. Sau da yawa ana fansar bayi ga iyalansu kuma har sai an biya fansa ana azabtar da su, a tilasta musu yin aiki, wani lokaci har a kashe su kuma a kashe su ko kuma a bar su da yunwa idan ba za su iya biya na dogon lokaci ba. Sau da yawa ana yi wa mata fyade da amfani da su a matsayin bayi masu lalata da kuma sayar da su ga gidajen karuwai da abokan cinikin Libya masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=[[Daily Nation]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctorow |first=Cory |date=2017-04-11 |title=West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing |url=http://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Boingboing]] |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130201/https://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika yawancin yaran bakin haure na fama da cin zarafi da yiwa yara fyade a Libya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, killed and Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> Bayan samun faifan bidiyo na CNN da ba a tantance ba a watan Nuwambar 2017 da aka yi gwanjon bayi a Libya, wani mai fataucin mutane ya shaida wa Al-Jazeera cewa ana saye da sayar da daruruwan bakin haure a duk mako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Younes |first=Ali |date=2017-11-29 |title=African refugees bought, sold and murdered in Libya |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/29/african-refugees-bought-sold-and-murdered-in-libya/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan ci-ranin da suka bi ta wuraren da ake tsare da su a Libiya sun nuna alamun cin zarafi da dama kamar cin zarafi mai tsanani, da suka hada da tabarbarewar wutar lantarki, konewa, bulala har ma da fata, in ji daraktan ma'aikatar lafiya a tsibirin Lampedusa na Italiya ga Euronews . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rotolini |first=Lilia |date=2017-11-16 |title=Exclusive: Italian doctor laments Libya's 'concentration camps' for migrants |url=https://www.euronews.com/2017/11/16/italian-doctor-laments-libyan-concentration-camps-for-migrants |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=[[Euronews]]}}</ref> Wata kungiyar ‘yan kasar Libya da aka fi sani da Asma Boys ta yi wa ‘yan ci-rani daga wasu sassan Afirka ta’adi tun a shekara ta 2000, inda suka lalata musu kadarori. 'Yan ci-ranin Najeriya a watan Janairun 2018 sun ba da labarin cin zarafi a wuraren da ake tsare da su, ciki har da haya ko sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Hotunan yadda ake kona bakin haure 'yan kasar Sudan da bulala domin neman kudin fansa, daga baya iyalansu ne suka fitar da su a shafukan sada zumunta. A cikin watan Yunin 2018, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da takunkumi kan wasu 'yan Libya hudu (ciki har da kwamandan tsaron gabar teku) da 'yan Eritrea biyu saboda laifin jagorancin cibiyoyin cinikin bayi. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2023 da hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya yi gargadin cewa jami’an tsaron kasar da kungiyoyin sa-kai na aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama a kan ‘yan ci-rani a Libya, wadanda suka hada da tilasta wa mata yin bauta ta jima’i . Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa [[Tarayyar Turai|kungiyar Tarayyar Turai]] ta ba da gudunmuwa wajen aikata wadannan laifuka ta hanyar aike da tallafi ga irin wadannan dakarun. ==== Martani ==== Gwamnatocin [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] sun mayar da martani ga rahotannin inda suka kira jakadunsu daga Libya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=Esclavage en Libye : Après le Burkina Faso, la RDC rappelle aussi son ambassadeur à Tripoli ! |url=https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/5a1564963f078600040e0175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116063517/https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/5a1564963f078600040e0175 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2017 |website=Digital Congo |language=fr}}</ref> Rahoton CNN ya tayar da hankali. Daruruwan masu zanga-zangar ne, akasari matasa bakar fata, sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban ofishin jakadancin Libya da ke tsakiyar [[Faris|birnin Paris]], inda ‘yan sandan Faransa suka harba barkonon tsohuwa domin tarwatsa su. Moussa Faki Mahamat, shugaban [[hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]], ya kira gwanjon "abin kyama". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Youssef |first=Nour |date=November 19, 2017 |title=Sale of Migrants as Slaves in Libya Causes Outrage in Africa and Paris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/world/africa/libya-migrants-slavery.html |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=New York Times}}</ref> An kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar a wajen ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a [[Bamako]], [[Conakry]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peyton |first=Nellie |date=November 21, 2017 |title=Sale of migrants in Libya 'slave markets' sparks global outcry |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-slavery-migrants/sale-of-migrants-in-libya-slave-markets-sparks-global-outcry-idUSKBN1DK2AU |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref> da kuma [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ike Dibie |date=November 22, 2017 |title=Libya: Cameroonians protest against sale of migrants as slave |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/22/libya-cameroonians-protest-against-sale-of-migrants-as-slave/ |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[António Guterres]] ya bayyana cewa, ya firgita da faifan gwanjon, kuma ya kamata a binciki wadannan laifuffuka a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Libya auctions of migrants sold as slaves may be crime against humanity: U.N. chief |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/21/world/social-issues-world/libya-auctions-migrants-sold-slaves-may-crime-humanity-u-n-chief/#.Whe4jNKWbIU |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=The Japan Times}}</ref> Daruruwan mutane sun yi zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jakadancin Libya a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2017 a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2017 |title=Anti-slavery march: Hundreds of protesters descend on Libyan embassy in London |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/antislavery-march-hundreds-of-protesters-descend-on-libyan-embassy-in-london-a3714796.html |access-date=December 24, 2017 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Nijar]] [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya gayyaci jakadan Libya inda ya bukaci kotun kasa da kasa da ta binciki Libya kan cinikin bayi. Shi ma ministan harkokin wajen Burkina Faso Alpha Barry ya bayyana cewa ya gayyaci jakadan Libya domin tattaunawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2017 |title=Slave trade in Libya: Outrage across Africa |url=http://www.dw.com/en/slave-trade-in-libya-outrage-across-africa/a-41486013 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> [[Faransa]] a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2017 ta nemi taron gaggawa na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yayin da Shugaba [[Emmanuel Macron]] ya kira faifan "abin kunya" kuma "ba za a yarda da shi ba." Ya kira gwanjon da laifin cin zarafin bil’adama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2017 |title=France calls UN Security Council meeting over Libya slave auctions |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20171122-france-calls-un-security-council-meeting-libya-slave-auctions-macron |access-date=November 24, 2017 |website=France24}}</ref> [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya bayyana cewa ana yiwa ‘yan Najeriya tamkar akuyoyi, ya kuma ce za a dawo da ‘yan Najeriya da suka makale a Libya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2017 |title=Nigeria's Buhari vows to fly home stranded migrants |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42168310 |access-date=December 1, 2017 |website=BBC}}</ref> [[Tarayyar Afrika|Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun amince a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamban 2017 don kafa wata runduna ta yaki da cin zarafin bakin haure a Libya. Manufar rundunar ita ce ta hada aikinta tare da GNA don wargaza hanyoyin sadarwa na fataucin mutane da aikata laifuka. Har ila yau, tana da nufin taimakawa ƙasashen asali da cibiyoyin sufuri don magance ƙaura tare da ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2017 |title=AU, EU, UN chiefs meet in Abidjan, agree on Libya migration task force |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/30/au-eu-un-chiefs-meet-in-abidjan-agree-on-libya-migration-task-force/ |access-date=December 1, 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> Shugabannin kasashen Afirka da na Turai sun amince a wannan rana don kwashe bakin hauren da suka makale a sansanonin. Tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Najeriya Femi Fani-Kayode ya wallafa hotuna a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] yana mai cewa bayi na girbe gabobinsu, an kona wasu gawarwakinsu. Ya kuma ruwaito wani rahoto da ke cewa kashi 75% na bayin sun fito ne daga kudancin Najeriya. Sai dai babu tabbas ko hotunan nasa na kwarai ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=Nigerian slaves have organs harvested, bodies mutilated and are set on fire, horrifying pictures claim |url=http://www.newsweek.com/nigerian-slaves-have-organs-harvested-and-bodies-burned-728320 |access-date=2017-12-24 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Wani lauya dan kasar Ghana, Bobby Banson, ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ana girbe sassan jikin bakin hauren ne ba a siyar da su domin aiki. Ya bukaci Tarayyar Afirka da ta kafa wani kwamitin wucin gadi da zai binciki cinikin bayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2017 |title=Lawyer: Slaves In Libya Are Used For Organ Trade |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/03/lawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010537/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/03/lawyer-slaves-in-libya-are-used-for-organ-trade_a_23295417/ |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=December 24, 2017 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> A cikin 2017, kungiyar da ke sa ido kan kafofin yada labarai ta FAIR ta zargi manyan kafafen yada labarai a kasashen yammacin duniya da yin watsi da rawar da NATO da Amurka suka taka wajen farfado da kasuwannin bayi a Libya, bayan korar Muammar Qadhafi karkashin jagorancin NATO a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Norton |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Norton |date=2017-11-28 |title=Media Erase NATO Role in Bringing Slave Markets to Libya |url=https://fair.org/home/media-nato-regime-change-war-libya-slave-markets |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=[[Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting]] |quote="The American and British media have awakened to the grim reality in Libya, where African refugees are for sale in open-air slave markets. Yet a crucial detail in this scandal has been downplayed or even ignored in many corporate media reports: the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in bringing slavery to the North African nation."}}</ref> ==== Zargin NCHRL na wuce gona da iri ==== A cikin watan Nuwamban 2017, Hukumar Kula da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a Libya (NCHRL) ta yi ikirarin cewa an wuce gona da iri kan rahotannin da kafafen yada labarai suka yi na bautar a Libya, kuma yayin da ake ci gaba da bautar a kasar Libya, hakan ma ba kasafai ba ne. <ref name="libyaobserver" /> Gwanjon bayi, in ji hukumar, "irin wadannan abubuwa ne da ba kasafai ake gani ba" kuma "suna da hankali sosai da kuma boye". <ref name="libyaobserver">{{Cite web |title=Libyan human rights body upset over CNN report of slave auctions in Libya - The Libya Observer |url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-human-rights-body-upset-over-cnn-report-slave-auctions-libya |access-date=24 June 2019 |website=www.libyaobserver.ly |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411223951/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-human-rights-body-upset-over-cnn-report-slave-auctions-libya |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukumar ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta kawar da ayyukan bautar da ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref name="libyaobserver" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] == Faɗaɗa bincike da wannan ɓangaren == * ''[[That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500|Wannan Kayayyakin Mafi Girma: Kasuwancin Bahar Rum a cikin Bahar Baƙi, 1260-1500]]'' * [[African slave trade|Kasuwancin bayi a Afirka]] * [[Human trafficking in Libya|Fataucin mutane (bayi) a Ƙasar Libya]] * [[Slavery in contemporary Africa|Bauta a Afirka ta zamani]] * [[Islamic views on slavery|Ra'ayin Musulunci akan bautar da bayi]] * [[Afro-Arabs|Larabwan Afirka]] * [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Bauta a Daular Ottomaniyya]] * [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Shiga da ƙutsen soja a Libya shekara ta 2011]] * [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|Tsarin lokaci na kawar da bautar da bayi da kuma bautar gumaka]] 9hzbh9u8gtn2f443iuart4w6qxx02gr 0 100722 890931 621826 2026-08-03T12:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bauta da Bauta a cikin Tarihin Duniya: A Kundin Litattafai''''' , wanda masanin tarihi Joseph C. Miller ya tattara, littafi ne mai juzu'i biyu na littattafai da labaran masana da ke mayar da hankali kan bautar a duniya har zuwa karshen karni na 20. Kundin farko, wanda aka buga a cikin 1993, ya ƙunshi tushe sama da 10,000 na sakandare daga shekarun 1900-1991. Adadin abokin sa, wanda aka buga a cikin 1999, ya haɗa da ƙarin ayyuka 4,000 daga 1992 zuwa 1996. Littafin littafin Miller, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi girman nau'in nau'insa", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |author-link=Philip D. Morgan |date=2005 |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161964 |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=56 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |jstor=25161964 |access-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref> an sabunta shi da farko ta hanyar kari na shekara-shekara a cikin ''Bautar da Kashewa'', Mujallar bautar da karatun bayan-bayi. Yanzu ana kiyaye lissafin akan layi ta Jami'ar Virginia 's The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2019 |title=The Passing of Joseph C. Miller |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/news/passing-joseph-c-miller |access-date=June 6, 2023 |website=africa.harvard.edu |publisher=Center for African Studies, [[Harvard University]] |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606152607/https://africa.harvard.edu/news/passing-joseph-c-miller |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="aha">{{Cite web |title=Joseph C. Miller (1939–2019) |url=https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/presidential-addresses/joseph-c-miller/joseph-c-miller-biography |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=www.historians.org |publisher=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref> <ref name="uvabib">{{Cite web |title=The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving |url=http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/bib/ |access-date=June 6, 2023 |website=virginia.edu |publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> Dukan littattafan biyu an tsara su zuwa sassa akan nazarin kwatance; yankuna, kamar Arewacin Amurka, [[Daular Sipaniya|Ƙasar Spain]], [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Afirka, da Asiya; da lokutan tarihi, gami da Tsohuwar Tarihi da [[Tarihin Turai|Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai]] . An tsara ƙarin ɓangaren da aka keɓe ga Kasuwancin Bayi ta nau'ikan nau'ikan iri iri iri. <ref name="reed">{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Harry A. |date=1995 |title=Review: Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, 1900–1991 by Joseph C. Miller |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/224922182 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=1872 |doi=10.2307/2081886 |jstor=2081886 |id={{ProQuest|224922182}} |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 6, 2023}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> {{Sfn|Miller|1993}} {{Sfn|Miller|1999}} Miller, wanda shine T. Cary Johnson Jr. farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Virginia daga 1972 zuwa 2014, ya rubuta da yawa akan [[Tarihin Afirka|tarihin farko na Afirka]], [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantic]], da batutuwa masu dangantaka. <ref name="aha"/> <ref name="harvard"/> Littafin littafinsa game da bautar duniya ya haɗa ayyukan farko guda biyu: ''Bauta: Kwatanta Littafi Mai Tsarki na Koyarwa'', da ''Bauta: Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Duniya, 1900-1982'' . <ref name="harvard" /> {{Sfn|Miller|1999}} {{Sfn|Miller|1985}} == Magana == *{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |author-link=Joseph C. Miller |title=Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, Volume I, 1900—1991 |publisher=Kraus International Publications |year=1993 |location=Millwood, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryslavingin0000mill/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=0-527-63660-6}} <!-- separator --> *{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |author-mask=2 |title=Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, Volume II, 1992—1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |year=1999 |location=Armonk, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryslavingin0002mill/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=0-765-60279-2}} <!-- separator --> * {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |author-mask=2 |title=Slavery: A Worldwide Bibliography, 1900-1982 |publisher=Kraus International Publications |year=1985 |location=White Plains, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryworldwide0000mill |isbn=0-527-63659-2}} <!-- separator --> * {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |author-mask=2 |title=Slavery, a Comparative Teaching Bibliography |publisher=Crossroads Press (for African Studies Association) |year=1977 |location=Waltham, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/slaverycomparati0000mill/page/n3/mode/2up |isbn=<!-- NONE -->}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/bib/ Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Bauta da Bautar Duniya], Jami'ar Virginia : bayanan bincike na 25,000 na masana kimiyya akan bautar da cinikin bayi a duk harsunan yammacin Turai. * [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71612548.pdf Bauta da Bauta a cikin Tarihin Duniya: Littafin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, 1900-91] na Joseph C. Miller: sigar pdf wanda ya haɗa da Juzu'i na I na ainihin aikin tare da shekarun 1992-1994 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] ol3x9kg41mytuo957kibaclcjsluixp 0 101540 890972 801344 2026-08-03T15:16:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Black First Land First''' ( '''BLF''' ) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa kuma jam'iyyar siyasa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . [[Andile Mngxitama]] ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2015 bayan korar sa daga kungiyar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki (EFF), karkashin jagorancin [[Julius Malema]] . Babban manufar Mngxitama ita ce 'ƙwace ba tare da biyan diyya' na filayen mallakar fararen fata ba, wanda ya bayyana cewa an sace kai tsaye daga 'yan Afirka. A kan wannan batu, ya zargi EFF da sayar da shi ga ANC, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin abokantaka ga sha'awar kasuwanci. BLF ta kasance tana goyon bayan tsohon shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Jacob Zuma, sannan kuma ta nuna goyon baya ga dangin Gupta masu tasiri . An zargi wasu daga cikin mambobinta da yin barazana ga ‘yan jarida masu bincike. A farkon-2019, Freedom Front Plus (FF+) ta yi kira da a soke BLF. Hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta (IEC) a hukumance ta soke [1] rajistar jam’iyya a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2019, sakamakon karya dokar zabe, wadda ta haramta kayyade yawan zama ‘ya’yan jam’iyya saboda kabilanci. [2] [3] Kotun zabe ta yi watsi da karar da BLF ta shigar a watan Nuwamba 2019 tare da tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke a baya cewa ba za a iya yiwa kungiyar rajista a matsayin jam’iyyar siyasa ba. A watan Nuwambar 2019, kungiyar ta yanke shawarar yin gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkinta domin baiwa farar fata damar zama mambobin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wonderful news for whites: you can join BLF - but Ts&Cs apply |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-02-wonderful-news-for-whites-you-can-join-blf-but-tscs-apply/ |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da shi kwanaki kadan, Zanele Lwana na kungiyar ya caccaki kafafen yada labarai da cewa "da gangan suke ba da labarin rashin gaskiya kan abin da ya faru" a taron. Ya bayyana cewa gyaran da ake zargin an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin BLF don ba da damar farar fata karya ne domin shugaban BLF Andile Mngxitama ya tabbatar da cewa "har yanzu ba a yarda da farar fata a cikin jam'iyyar" Mataimakin shugaban kungiyar ya ce dalilin ya fi ba da damar shigar ta a IEC maimakon maraba da fararen fata. A cikin Nuwamba 2020, IEC ta sake yin rajistar BLF a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A cikin Janairu 2024, shugaban jam'iyyar Andile Mngxitama ya sanar da cewa ya shiga uMkhonto weSizwe, ko da yake ya bayyana cewa BLF ba za ta gushe ba, kuma yarjejeniyar zabe ce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maliti |first=Soyiso |title=Has Schabir Shaik joined Zuma's MK Party? One spokesperson says yes, another says no |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/has-schabir-shaik-joined-zumas-mk-party-one-spokesperson-says-yes-another-says-no-20240117 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Andile Mngxitama ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin EFF bayan da jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 25 a babban zaben shekarar 2014, zaben farko da EFF ta taba yi bayan kafuwarta a shekarar da ta gabata. Mngxitama bai ji daɗin shugabancin EFF ba bayan taron zaɓe na farko a watan Disamba 2014. Ya zargi shugabancin EFF, musamman wanda ya kafa [[Julius Malema]], da "dabi'u iri daya da ANC ", jam'iyyar da aka kori Malema daga cikin 2012. <ref name="iol_ponder">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=New party ponders elections |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/new-party-ponders-elections-1975493 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=Independent Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Out! ANC upholds Julius Malema's expulsion |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-24-malema-expelled |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Wadannan tuhume-tuhumen dai sun haifar da baraka a cikin hukumar ta EFF, rikicin da ya kara kamari a cikin watan Fabrairun 2015 lokacin da bangarorin biyu suka yi "zama" bayan zargin da Malema ya yi da jam'iyyar ANC don taimakawa Mngxitama da magoya bayansa ficewa daga majalisar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Mngxitama: EFF in bed with ANC |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mngxitama-eff-discussions-anc |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=eNCA |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926191128/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mngxitama-eff-discussions-anc |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kori Mngxitama da biyu daga cikin abokansa, Mpho Ramakatsa da Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala a watan Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=EFF EXPELS 3 OF ITS SUSPENDED MEMBERS |url=http://ewn.co.za/2015/04/11/3-EFF-MPs-expelled |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Eyewitness News}}</ref> Mngxitama ya damu da wannan ci gaban, kuma ya yi Allah wadai da EFF da kasancewa "sifar ANC mai cike da ruwa". <ref name="iol_ponder"/> Babban rashin jituwar siyasarsa shine watsi da EFF na ra'ayinsa na sake fasalin ƙasa, "ka'idar kwacewa ba tare da biyan diyya" na filayen mallakar fararen fata ba. Wannan ko da yaushe ya kasance muhimmin batu ga Mngxitama, wanda ya bayyana ra'ayinsa ba tare da wata fa'ida ba a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan raya karkara da sake fasalin kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2014 |title=Land expropriation without compensation? No thanks, says Minister |url=http://www.pa.org.za/blog/land-expropriation-without-compensation-no-thanks- |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=People's Assembly}}</ref> Ya zargi Malema da "sayar da" kan batun, tare da lakafta masa "mai bita". <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title=HOW MALEMA SOLD OUT ON LAND REFORM |url=http://blf.org.za/2015/05/10/how-malema-sold-out-on-land-reform/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919063606/http://blf.org.za/2015/05/10/how-malema-sold-out-on-land-reform/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=BLF}}</ref> Wannan yunƙurin da aka bayyana na sake fasalin ƙasa zai zama wurin siyar da bayanin baƙar fata na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Manifesto |url=http://blf.org.za/policy-documents/the-peoples-manifesto/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919144256/http://blf.org.za/policy-documents/the-peoples-manifesto/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=BLF}}</ref> A shekarar 2016-2017, bayan da ta zargi EFF da cewa tana da dabi'u iri daya da jam'iyyar ANC mai mulki, BLF ta fito ta goyi bayan tsohon shugaban ANC da kuma shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]], wanda ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhumen cin hanci da rashawa. BLF ta kuma nuna goyon bayanta ga iyalan Gupta da ke da cece-kuce, wadanda ake zargi da " kama " kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar mu'amalarsu da Zuma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BLF attacks peaceful protesters outside Gupta event: JAI |url=http://www.enca.com/south-africa/blf-attacks-peaceful-protesters-outside-gupta-event-jai |access-date=8 September 2017 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155306/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/blf-attacks-peaceful-protesters-outside-gupta-event-jai |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=TimesLIVE |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017/05/25/State-capture-by-the-Guptas-The-Silent-Coup |website=www.timeslive.co.za |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2018-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716153325/http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017/05/25/State-capture-by-the-Guptas-The-Silent-Coup |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi tambayoyi zuwa nawa ne Guptas ke ba da tallafin Andile Mngxitama da BLF, da kuma ko Guptas sun yi niyyar amfani da BLF don tada rikicin kabilanci don su janye hankalinsu daga ayyukansu masu tayar da hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=Executive summary |url=http://bbbee.typepad.com/files/343530184-bell-pottinger.pdf |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=bbbee.typepad.com |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202030901/https://bbbee.typepad.com/files/343530184-bell-pottinger.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Claymore |first=Ezra |date=June 2017 |title=Read: how Black First Land First leader Andile Mngxitama asked the Guptas for money |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/read-how-black-first-land-first-leader-andile-mngxitama-asked-the-guptas-for-money/ |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=www.thesouthafrican.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2017, Mngxitama ya shawarci Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da ya kwace gonakin farar fata tare da fara kafa bankin baki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebenberg |first=Dries |title=SABC News - Mngxitama calls for a black bank & seizure of white farms:Friday 11 August 2017 |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2713720042349d00a41cbd774e3dcf83/Andile-Mngxitama-calls-for-black-bank-&-seizure-of-white-farms-20171108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008132850/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2713720042349d00a41cbd774e3dcf83/Andile-Mngxitama-calls-for-black-bank-%26-seizure-of-white-farms-20171108 |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=8 October 2017 |website=www.sabc.co.za |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2017, imel ɗin ya bayyana yana nuna cewa Mngxitama ya karɓi umarni daga dangin Gupta da kamfanin PR mai kwangila Bell Pottinger . Daga baya kungiyar Hulda da Jama'a da Sadarwa ta Biritaniya ta dakatar da Bell Pottinger saboda "amfani da haifar da rarrabuwar kabilanci a Afirka ta Kudu" na tsawon shekaru biyar. == Manufofi == A cikin "Kira na juyin juya hali" wanda aka saki a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2015, BLF ta lura cewa, "[w] ba tare da kasa ba babu 'yanci ko mutunci. Muna son Ƙasa ta Farko saboda ita ce tushen 'yancinmu, ainihin mu, jin daɗinmu na ruhaniya, ci gaban tattalin arzikinmu da al'adunmu. An sace ƙasar 'yan Afirka kuma wannan sata ya sa mu zama marasa ƙasa a cikin ƙasarmu tare da dukan yankunanmu. a karkashin kasa da kuma sararin sama duka namu ne! Wanda ya kafa Mngxitama ya kuma bayyana karara cewa BLF tana da manufar da ake kira "Lambar mu'amala da masu satar gida da sayar da kayayyaki". Wannan ka'ida ce mai maki goma da aka nuna a matsayin jagora ga 'yan jam'iyyar don kare bakar fata da suka sha bamban da wadanda ake kai wa hari daga mulkin farar fata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black First Land First's #BlackCode – Black First Land First (BLF) |url=https://blf.org.za/2017/01/09/black-first-land-firsts-blackcode/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234314/https://blf.org.za/2017/01/09/black-first-land-firsts-blackcode/ |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> Tambarin motsi na Black First Land First (BLF) shine [[Sankofa|Tsuntsun Sankofa]], wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na dunƙule baki, tare da tushe yana samar da alkalami na marmaro. Tsuntsun Sankofa alama ce ta fahimtar mutanen da ke gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci ta hanyar karfin darussan tarihi na juyin juya hali. Dangane da haka, tsuntsun Sankofa, yana waiwaya, sai ya yi gaba da kwai a bakinsa. Ƙunƙarar dunƙule baƙar fata yana nuna alamar Ƙarfin Baƙar fata, kuma alƙalamin marmaro yana nuna mahimmancin ka'idar juyin juya hali a matsayin jagorar aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BLF Colours and Logo |url=http://blf.org.za/policy-documents/blf-colours-and-logo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919063618/http://blf.org.za/policy-documents/blf-colours-and-logo/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=BLF}}</ref> A tsakiyar reshen Sankofa akwai jajayen tauraro mai nuni biyar. Jajayen tauraro mai kaifin baki biyar na nuni da tsarin gurguzu da kuma jinin bakaken fata wadanda aka rasa rayukansu ta hanyar kyamar baki na mulkin farar fata. Bugu da ƙari, maki biyar na tauraron suna wakiltar nahiyoyi biyar kuma don haka ra'ayi na kasa da kasa don neman cikakken 'yanci na dukan mutanen duniya da ake zalunta. Da'irar tana da launin kore don nuna alamar ƙasar da duk ma'adanai da ke ƙarƙashinta waɗanda dole ne a mayar wa mutane. Da'irar kanta, tare da jajayen iyakoki na waje da baƙi na ciki, suna aiki don kare mutanen da ke cikin juyin juya hali. == Tsarin == Bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, <ref name="blf-const">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |title=Constitution Of The Black First Land First Movement |url=http://blf.org.za/blf-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016221203/http://blf.org.za/blf-constitution/ |archive-date=16 October 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=BLF}}</ref> BLF tana aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyar Lenin da aka fi sani da tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya . {{Efn|Constitution Section 3.13}} Akwai manyan gabobin jam’iyyar guda 4, wanda aka tsara a cikin manyan mukamai masu zuwa: {{Efn|Constitution Section 7.1}} # Imbizo na kasa da ke zabar kwamitin gudanarwa na kasa # Imbizo na lardin da ke zabar Kwamitin Gudanar da Lardi # Yankin Imbizo wanda ke zabar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Yanki # Babban reshe na Biennial Imbizo wanda ke zaɓe Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Reshe Majalisar Imbizo ta kasa, a matsayinta na babbar hukuma mai mulki, za ta yi taro akalla sau daya a kowace shekara 5. Ita ce ke da alhakin zaben mambobin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na kasa (NCC) ciki har da Sakatare Janar. {{Efn|Constitution Section 11.1}} Wannan yayi kama da alakar da ke tsakanin Jam'iyyar Congress da Kwamitin Tsakiya a Jam'iyyun Marxist-Leninist. Kundin tsarin mulki na BLF ya tanadi kashi 50% na kujerun hukumar ta NCC da kuma kwamitinta na kwamitin tsakiya (CC), mata ne suka mamaye su. {{Efn|Constitution Section 12.3-12.8}} Ƙananan matakin Imbizos da kwamitocin Gudanarwa suna aiki iri ɗaya. {{Efn|Constitution Section 17-22}} == Akida == Mngxitama ya bayyana cewa jiga-jigan akidun jam'iyyar sune Black Consciousness da [[Pan-Africanism]] tare da tsarin shugabancin [[Sankarism|Sankarist]] . <ref name="n24_launch">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2015 |title=Black First! – Land First! A revolutionary Call |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Black-First-Land-First-A-revolutionary-Call-20150813 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205213123/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Black-First-Land-First-A-revolutionary-Call-20150813 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=News24}}</ref> <ref name="ntl3">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2015 |title=Message from the National Convener #1 |url=http://blf.org.za/national-convenor-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919063309/http://blf.org.za/national-convenor-3/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=BLF GP}}</ref> BLF ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "kungiyar vanguard". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black First Land First Frequently Asked Questions (BLD: FAQS) |url=https://blf.org.za/2016/10/22/black-first-land-first-frequently-asked-questions-blf-faqs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622105229/https://blf.org.za/2016/10/22/black-first-land-first-frequently-asked-questions-blf-faqs/ |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Jam'iyyar ta yi imanin cewa, babu wani juyin juya hali da zai iya faruwa ba tare da tada hankalin al'umma a kan makiya ba, ta yadda za a warware sabanin da ke tsakaninsu ta hanyar yunkurin juyin juya hali da kansa. Jam’iyyar ta yi rajista da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral Commission : Political party list |url=http://www.elections.org.za/content/Parties/Political-party-list/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=www.elections.org.za}}</ref> kuma ta tsaya takara a zaben 2019 amma ba ta samu wakilci a majalisa ko na larduna ba. An soke rajistar jam’iyyar ne a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=FF+ claims victory as 'troublemaker' Black First Land First deregistered |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-07-15-ff-claims-victory-as-troublemaker-black-first-land-first-deregistered/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> == Rigingimu == === Barazanar yan siyasa === A watan Yulin 2017 an zargi wani dan kungiyar BLF da musgunawa tare da aika barazanar kisa ga dan majalisar ANC Makhosi Khoza sakamakon sukar da Khoza ya yi wa shugaba Zuma. Khoza na daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar ANC da ke kira ga sauran 'yan majalisar da su kada kuri'a da lamirinsu domin kada kuri'ar rashin amincewa da [[Jacob Zuma|shugaba Jacob Zuma]] . A wasu jerin sakonnin ta wayar tarho, an bukaci Khoza da ya kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da kudirin kin amincewa da shugaba Jacob Zuma ko kuma ya mutu. Barazana ta ta'azzara ga yaran Khoza kuma an shaida wa Khoza cewa tana da kwanaki 21 ta rayu. Wanda ya kafa Mngxitama ya musanta zargin kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa Khoza yana da ƙarfi kuma bai dace ba, haka kuma Khoza baƙar fata ne kuma BLF ba za ta taɓa yin barazana ga baƙar fata ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=We don't target blacks, BLF tells MP Khoza |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/we-dont-target-blacks-blf-tells-mp-khoza |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717055545/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/we-dont-target-blacks-blf-tells-mp-khoza |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mngxitama ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne a samu wani bature a cikin wannan barazanar. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> BLF sun kaddamar da nasu bincike kan zargin da ake yi wa Makhosi Khoza. BLF ta bayar da hujjar cewa Daily Maverick wata jarida ce ta farar fata wacce ta kera labarin don kara martabar Makhosi Khoza a bainar jama'a domin samun sauki a jam'iyyar da ta balle daga ANC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=Black First |last2=First |date=16 July 2017 |title=Daily Maverick created the Dr Makhosi Khoza story |url=https://blf.org.za/2017/07/16/daily-maverick-created-the-dr-makhosi-khoza-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709005249/https://blf.org.za/2017/07/16/daily-maverick-created-the-dr-makhosi-khoza-story/ |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=Black First Land First}}</ref> === Cin zarafin 'yan jarida === ==== Ferial Haffajee ==== Mngxitama yana da hannu a yakin lalata da tsohon editan ''Huffington Post'' Ferial Haffajee . Hotuna daban-daban na Haffajee sun fito fili tare da magudin hoto mai son nuna Haffajee a ayyuka daban-daban tare da dan kasuwa na Afirka ta Kudu Johann Rupert. Dakarun asusun [[Twitter]] na bogi da aka fi sani da "Paid Twitter" sun sake wallafa hotunan tare da yada hotunan a shafukan sada zumunta. Bayanan ainihin bayanan da aka samu suna yada hotunan sune shugaban BLF Andile Mngxitama, Mzwanele Manyi na gidauniyar Decolonization da Pinky Khoabane na Ra'ayin Uncensored. Tun a wancan lokaci an danganta wannan kamfen din Twitter da aka biya da wani kamfani na PR mai suna Bell Pottinger, wanda dangin Gupta ke daukar aiki don yada [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran karya]] da kuma bata sunan ‘yan jarida da ke nuna adawa da shugaba Zuma ko iyalan Gupta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferial Haffajee: The Gupta Fake News Factory And Me |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/06/05/ferial-haffajee-the-gupta-fake-news-factory-and-me_a_22126282/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617092121/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/06/05/ferial-haffajee-the-gupta-fake-news-factory-and-me_a_22126282/ |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017 |website=[[Huffington Post South Africa]]}}</ref> 'Yar'uwar BLF, Black Opinion, tun daga lokacin sun nuna rashin jin dadin su da Haffajee, suna masu cewa ita bakar fata ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai goyon bayan farar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=17 March 2017 |title=Beware of black liberals like Ferial Haffajee |url=http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/03/17/beware-black-liberals-like-ferial-haffajee/ |access-date=18 June 2017 |website=Black Opinion |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608105237/http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/03/17/beware-black-liberals-like-ferial-haffajee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Peter Bruce da Tim Cohen ==== Tiso Blackstar editan Peter Bruce da editan ''Ranar Kasuwanci'' Tim Cohen sun tsorata da cin zarafi daga membobin BLF bayan buga labarin game da dangin Gupta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Another respected SA editor targeted by BLF |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/06/29/second-respected-sa-editor-targeted-blf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072513/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/06/29/second-respected-sa-editor-targeted-blf |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=[[HeraldLIVE]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu]] (SAHRC) ta bayyana damuwarta kan yadda BLF ke tursasa ‘yan jarida tare da bayar da misali da kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu sashe na 15 da 16 da ke magana kan ‘yancin yin jarida da ‘yancin bin addini da ra’ayi. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyar Editocin Afirka ta Kudu (SANEF) ta nemi a gaggauta hukunta ‘yan kungiyar BLF daga cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da kuma tsoratar da su. SANEF ta kuma baiwa BLF damar tabbatar da cewa ba za su kara tsoratar da ‘yan jarida ba. BLF, duk da haka, ya ƙi <ref name=":1" /> kuma ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda suka jera wasu 'yan jarida farar fata waɗanda suka nuna cewa za su kasance na gaba a jerin sunayensu. <ref name=":2" /> Daga cikin sauran bangarorin da suka bayyana damuwarsu har da gidauniyar Ahmed Kathrada, wacce ta yi Allah wadai da jerin sunayen da BLF ta yi niyya. Bayan da kungiyar ta SANEF ta kai su kotu, BLF, ta hannun kungiyarsu ta Black Opinion, sun zargi SANEF da kasancewa ’yan jarida farar fata masu wariyar launin fata da kuma poodle na fararen fata. BLF ta kuma zargi ’yan jaridar da ba farar fata ba, wadanda ke cikin shari’ar kotun SANEF a matsayin ‘masu zaman gida’ wadanda ke fama da matsalar tantance su. BLF ta bayyana cewa za su dauki mataki ne kawai a kan ‘yan jarida farar fata wadanda ke cikin wani bangare na shari’ar kotun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=4 July 2017 |title=BLF taken to court by white racist journalist |url=http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/07/04/blf-taken-court-white-racist-journalist/ |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=Black Opinion |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707080645/http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/07/04/blf-taken-court-white-racist-journalist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=6 July 2017 |title=BLF meets racist white journalists in High Court |url=http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/07/06/blf-meets-racist-white-journalists-high-court/ |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=Black Opinion |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709040209/http://blackopinion.co.za/2017/07/06/blf-meets-racist-white-journalists-high-court/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Mika Reddy ==== === Ra'ayi kan sauyin yanayi === === Kalaman ƙiyayya === A cikin Disamba 2018, a mayar da martani ga kalaman da [[Johann Rupert]] ya yi don tallafawa masana'antar taksi ta Afirka ta Kudu, Mngxitama ya tabbatar a taron BLF cewa "Ga kowane mutum daya da masana'antar taksi ke kashewa, za mu kashe fararen fata biyar", <ref name=":5" /> yana haifar da taken BLF " ''1: 5'' ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Daniel |date=20 December 2018 |title=Mngxitama rejoins Twitter only to be banned within a day |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/social-media/2051467/mngxitama-rejoins-twitter-only-to-be-banned-within-a-day/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Mngxitama ya ci gaba da cewa, "Ku kashe daya daga cikinmu, za mu kashe ku biyar, za mu kashe 'ya'yansu, mu kashe matansu, za mu kashe duk abin da muka samu a kan hanyarmu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pijoos, Iavan |date=10 December 2018 |title='You kill one black person, we kill five white people' &ndash; BLF president |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-12-10-watch--you-kill-one-black-person-we-kill-five-white-people-blf-president/ |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun soki kalaman, ciki har da Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta Afirka, tare da mai magana da yawun ANC ya yi iƙirarin cewa "maganganun [Mngxitama] a fili suna haifar da tashin hankali a Afirka ta Kudu" kuma ya bukaci [[Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu]] ta gudanar da bincike. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Gous, Nico |title=Mngxitama trying to take SA back to 'dark ages of apartheid' says ANC |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-12-12-mngxitama-trying-to-take-sa-back-to-dark-ages-of-apartheid-says-anc/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=Sowetan Live}}</ref> Ita ma jam'iyyar Congress of People and Democratic Alliance ta soki wadannan kalamai tare da shigar da kara kan Mngxitama da laifin tada zaune tsaye. An kuma dakatar da shafin [[Twitter]] na Mngxitama a sakamakon haka. <ref name="citizen">{{Cite web |last=Nemakonde, Vhahangwele |date=11 December 2018 |title=Twitter suspends Mngxitama's account after 'kill whites' threats, IEC assessing what to do |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/social-media/2048273/twitter-suspends-mngxitamas-account-after-kill-whites-threats-iec-assessing-what-to-do/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> A mayar da martani, mataimakin shugaban BLF, Zanele Lwana, ya mayar da martani cewa Mngxitama ya yi tsokaci ne ta fuskar [[Kariyar kai|kare kai]] da kuma "Zunubi daya tilo da shugaban BLF ya aikata shi ne kare bakaken fata. <ref name="citizen" /> A cikin Maris 2022 Kotun Daidaitawa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta umarci membobin BLF Lindsay Maasdorp da Zwelakhe Dubasi su biya R200,000 a matsayin diyya kuma su ba da uzuri ga jama'a don "bikin [mummunan mutuwar]" <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=GroundUp |first=Tania Broughton for |date=2022-03-07 |title=GROUNDUP: Court orders Black First Land First to pay up for hate speech social media posts that vilified white people |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-07-court-orders-black-first-land-first-to-pay-up-for-hate-speech-social-media-posts-that-vilified-white-people/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> na yara huɗu a kan kafofin watsa labarun a cikin maganganun da aka yanke hukuncin zama kalaman ƙiyayya. <ref name=":6" /> Yara hudu, wadanda dukkansu fararen fata ne, sun mutu lokacin da wata hanya ta rugujewa a [[Driehoek Highschool|makarantar sakandare ta Driehoek]], VanderbijlPark . <ref name=":6" /> === Ka'idojin makirci === An soki BLF saboda amincewa da ka'idodin makirci da yawa, gami da "guntuwar rigakafin rigakafin Bill Gates Covid da 5G magnetising shirme". == Sakamakon zabe == === Zaben kasa === {{election table}} |- ! Election ! Total votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! +/– ! Government |- ! [[South African general election, 2019|2019]] | 19,796 | 0.11% | {{Composition bar|0|400}} | – | {{No|extraparliamentary}} |}{{election table}} ! rowspan=2 | Election<ref name="dash">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html |title=Results Dashboard |website=www.elections.org.za |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | [[Eastern Cape]] ! colspan=2 | [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]] ! colspan=2 | [[Gauteng]] ! colspan=2 | [[KwaZulu-Natal|Kwazulu-Natal]] ! colspan=2 | [[Limpopo]] ! colspan=2 | [[Mpumalanga]] ! colspan=2 | [[North West (South African province)|North-West]] ! colspan=2 | [[Northern Cape]] ! colspan=2 | [[Western Cape]] |- ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats |- ! [[South African general election, 2019|2019]] | - || - | - || - | 0.13% || 0/73 | 0.16% || 0/80 | - || - | 0.09% || 0/30 | 0.07% || 0/33 | - || - | - || - |} === Zaben kananan hukumomi === == Bayanan kula == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nevrab2jggm1l9er158by2m83bqe60u 0 105340 890937 658643 2026-08-03T13:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bello Hassan Shinkafi''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha (SSG) daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2023 kuma a matsayin kwamishinan Jihar. Ya kuma wakilci mazabar [[Shinkafi]] / [[Zurmi]] ta Tarayya a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a cikin shekarar 2019 a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/bello-hassan-shinkafi |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/473 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=358 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.constrack.ng }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-19 |title=Zamfara Speaker condoles fed lawmaker Bello Shinkafi over death of brother |url=https://www.mediasmartsnews.com/zamfara-speaker-condoles-fed-lawmaker-bello-shinkafi-over-death-of-brother/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Mediasmarts News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David |date=2024-05-14 |title=Zamfara: Over 500 People in Bandit Captivity in Zurmi: House Member |url=https://thesun.ng/zamfara-over-500-people-in-bandit-captivity-in-zurmi-house-member/?amp |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dqsacywa7e5qucaxz37qzxdg44h6iku 0 105747 891236 817148 2026-08-04T08:50:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''OPPO''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa OPPO) mai zaman kansa ne na masana'antar kayan lantarki ta kasar Sin da ke da hedikwata a [[Shenzhen]], Guangdong . <ref name="ZHA Wins Competition to Design OPPO's New Headquarters in Shenzhen">{{Cite web |last=Christele Harrouk29 January 2020 |date= |title=ZHA Wins Competition to Design OPPO's New Headquarters in Shenzhen |url=https://www.archdaily.com/932720/zha-wins-competition-to-design-oppos-new-headquarters-in-shenzhen |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=ArchDaily}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 2004, manyan layin samfuran sun haɗa da wayoyin salula, na'urorin wayo, na'urar sauti, Bankunan wutar lantarki, da sauran samfuran lantarki. Kamfanin yana daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun wayoyin salula a duniya, tare da kusan tara 9% na kasuwar duniya, da masu amfani da kowane wata miliyan 600 a fadin kasuwannin 60. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana cikin manyan alamun wayoyin salula guda uku ta hanyar tallace-tallace a kasuwannin yanki 20.<ref name="OPPO Secure Fourth Place in Global Smartphone Market in 2023">{{Cite web |last= |date=24 January 2024 |title=OPPO Secure Fourth Place in Global Smartphone Market in 2023 |url=https://www.oppo.com/ae/newsroom/press/oppo-secure-fourth-place-in-global-smartphone-market-in-2023/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=Oppo}}</ref> Oppo ta mallaki tallafin wayar salula da kayan lantarki na Realme. == Tarihi == An yi rajistar sunan "Oppo" a kasar Sin a shekara ta 2001 kuma Tony Chen ya ƙaddamar da shi a shekara ta 2004 a Dongguan, kasar Sin. A shekara ta 2005, sun gabatar da na'urarsu ta farko a duniya, mai kunnawa na Oppo X3 MP3. <ref name="About OPPO">{{Cite web |title=Technology as an art form |url=http://www.oppo.com/en/about-us/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Oppo}}</ref>Tun daga wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya fadada zuwa kasashe sama da 50 kuma ya zama babban mai kunnawa a cikin na'urorin lantarki a duniya.<ref name="About OPPO" /> A watan Yunin 2016, Oppo ya zama mafi girman masana'antar wayoyin salula a kasar Sin, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TECHNOXMART {{!}} OPPO Becomes the Leading Smartphone Brand in China in June 2016 |url=https://www.technoxmart.com/2019/05/oppo-a3s-2gb-3gb-ram-variants-price-drop.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728161129/https://www.technoxmart.com/2019/05/oppo-a3s-2gb-3gb-ram-variants-price-drop.html/ |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=www.technoxmart.com}}</ref> yana sayar da wayoyinsa a fiye da 200,000. A cikin 2018, Oppo Digital ta ba da sanarwar cewa suna dakatar da kasuwancin su na mai kunna faifai a manyan kasuwanni, kuma suna mai da hankali kan na'urorin hannu. A cikin 2019, Oppo ta kasance ta biyar a kasuwar wayar salula ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Q2 smartphones: Samsung grows, Huawei slows and Apple flows |url=http://telecoms.com/498788/q2-smartphones-samsung-grows-huawei-slows-and-apple-flows/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801163005/http://telecoms.com/498788/q2-smartphones-samsung-grows-huawei-slows-and-apple-flows/ |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2019 |website=telecoms.com}}</ref> A cikin 2024, bisa ga bayanai daga Kamfanin Bayanai na Duniya (IDG), Oppo ya kasance na huɗu a kasuwar wayar salula ta duniya, yana tabbatar da kashi 8.8% na jimlar kasuwar tare da jigilar kayayyaki sama da miliyan 103.1 a cikin 2023. Har ila yau a cikin 2024, Oppo ya kasance na shida a duniya don ba da takardun shaida, a 54,000.<ref name="OPPO Secure Fourth Place in Global Smartphone Market in 2023"/> == Alama == [[Fayil:OPPO_logo.svg|thumb|Alamar Oppo da aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa Maris 2019]] Kungiyar yarinya ta [[Koriya ta Kudu]] 2PM ta shirya waƙar da aka sani da "Follow Your Soul" a cikin yarjejeniyar gabatarwa tare da Oppo don ƙaddamar da alamar ta a [[Tailan|Thailand]] a cikin 2010. <ref name="Follow Your Soul YT">{{Cite web |last=Hotmaster121 |date=25 May 2019 |title=[M/V] TECHNOXMART |url=https://www.technoxmart.com/2018/03/launched-oppo-f7-with-bezel-less.html |access-date=25 May 2019 |via=Web Url}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2015, kamfanin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da [[FC Barcelona]] don zama mai tallafawa kulob din kwallon kafa na [[Ispaniya|Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launched OPPO F7 with Bezel-Less Display and 25 Megapixel Camera in India; Price, Specification |url=https://www.technoxmart.com/2018/03/launched-oppo-f7-with-bezel-less.html |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=technoxmart.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OPPO phones |url=https://www.technoxmart.com/search?q=oppo |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=technoxmart.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OPPO Reno Series Launch on May 28 in India: Check Prices, Reno 10x Zoom Edition Models, Reno Specifications |url=https://www.technoxmart.com/2019/05/oppo-reno-series-launch-on-may-28-in.html |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=technoxmart.com}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Philippines ta ɗaure tare da wannan kamfani a matsayin abokin tarayya na wayar salula, wanda ya fara a gasar cin Kofin Kwamishinan PBA na 2016. Oppo ya dauki ma'aikatan shahararrun a [[Vietnam]]. Sơn Tùng M-TP ya amince da raka'a uku na wayoyin salula: Neo 5, Neo 7, da F1s. Oppo ya ba da tallafi ga ɗaya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen gaskiya na Vietnam, The Face Vietnam . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galaxy |first=F. T. T. |date=27 February 2021 |title=OPPO |url=https://www.followthistrendingworld.com/post/_oppo |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=FTT World |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019053358/https://www.followthistrendingworld.com/post/_oppo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=Why Sơn Tùng M-TP is called the 'Prince of V-pop' |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3140740/why-son-tung-m-tp-called-prince-v-pop-hiring-blackpinks |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Oppo ya lashe tayin tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indiya, wanda ya ba da damar amfani da tambarin su a kan kayan ƙungiyar daga 2017 zuwa 2019. A cikin 2019, Oppo ya zama abokin tallafawa na gasar tennis ta Faransa da aka gudanar a Roland-Garros, [[Faris|Paris]] . A wannan shekarar, sun kuma zama abokin tallafawa na Wimbledon Championships na tsawon shekaru 5 a matsayin abokin tarayya na farko na wayar salula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oppo signs up as first Asian sponsor of Wimbledon Championships |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2019/04/29/oppo-signs-up-first-asian-sponsor-wimbledon-championships |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=The Drum |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Tun daga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019, Oppo ta kasance abokin haɗin gwiwar wayar salula na duniya don Wasannin Riot da gasar League of Legends Esports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Oppo joins LOL esports as new global partner |url=https://nexus.leagueoflegends.com/en-us/2019/09/oppo-joins-lol-esports-as-new-global-partner/ |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=League of Legends |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin ya gabatar da rukunin SEVENTEEN na BSS a matsayin jakadunsu a yankin Asiya-Pacific, inda suka fara tallata Oppo Reno 11F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSS (SEVENTEEN) newest OPPO APAC OPPO Reno Experts {{!}} OPPO Singapore |url=https://www.oppo.com/sg/newsroom/press/oppo-reno-expert-bbs/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=OPPO |language=en-SG}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == [[Fayil:Oppo_Find_X7_Ultra.jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Oppo Find X7 Ultra, babbar wayar kamfanin ta 2024]] === Smartphones === {{main|Oppo phones}} === Headphones da amplifiers === An sake shi a cikin 2015, HA-2, wani nau'i ne na HA-1 amp / DAC, wanda ke nuna zaɓi na batir da kuma suturar fata. Wayar ta buga kiɗa a ainihin lokacin zuwa HA-2 (ta hanyar kebul ɗin micro USB na Android ko kebul na walƙiya na iOS, ko kebul ɗin USB idan daga PC). Hakanan ana iya caji ta amfani da kayan caji na "mai caji mai sauri". Za'a iya amfani da fasalin batirin kawai a lokaci guda yayin da ake amfani da HA-2 don kunna kiɗa idan na'urar wasa (tushen) na'urar Apple iOS ce. A watan Oktoba 2016, an saki wani sabuntawa tare da sabon guntu na DAC kuma yanzu ana kiransa HA-2SE. In ba haka ba, ya kasance daidai da HA-2. === Smartwatches === Oppo ta ƙaddamar da agogo na farko, OPPO Watch, a ranar 6 ga Maris 2020 a kasuwar cikin gida ta kasar Sin. A shekara mai zuwa, sun biyo baya tare da OPPO Watch 2, sannan a 2022 tare da Watch 3 Pro, kuma a 2024 tare da Watch 4 Pro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2020 |title=OPPO Watch深度评测：最美安卓手表居然如此面面俱到 |url=https://post.smzdm.com/p/andlk0z7/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=smzdm.com |language=zh}}</ref> == Bincike da ci gaba == [[Fayil:Dash_Charge_for_OnePlus_5-8477.jpg|thumb|Dash Charge don OnePlus 5]] === VOOC === '''VOOC''' (Voltage Open Loop Multi-step Constant-Current Charging) hanya ce ta caji mai sauri don wayoyin Oppo da aka bayyana a cikin 2014.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wankhede |first=Calvin |date=2023-02-12 |title=SuperVOOC fast charging technology: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/supervooc-fast-charging-686000/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |title=Oppo will license its VOOC charging technology to third-party makers |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/oppo_will_license_its_vooc_charging_technology_to_thirdparty_makers-news-47889.php |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tushar |first=Mehta |date=2022-04-20 |title=Fast charging the OnePlus 10 Pro: SuperVOOC vs. USB-C PD |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oneplus-10-pro-super-vooc-vs-usb-pd-charging-review/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Digital Trends |language=en}}</ref> VOOC ya zo ne a cikin 'yan bambance-bambance: * '''VOOC 2.0''' (2015), daidai da sigar farko da aka gabatar a cikin 2014, wanda ke aiki a 5V/4A. * '''SuperVOOC''' (2016), magajin VOOC 2.0 tare da 10 V/5 A (50W). Yana cajin batirin tantanin halitta biyu a cikin jerin.<ref name="sv">{{Cite web |last=Byford |first=Sam |date=10 October 2018 |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602185304/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |archive-date=2 June 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Ya dogara ne akan cajin "ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki" wanda ke aiki tare da batirin da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-23 |title=[POWAAAAH] OPPO's Super VOOC Can Fully Charge A 2500mAh Battery In 15 Minutes |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2016/02/23/powaaaah-oppos-super-vooc-can-fully-charge-a-2500mah-battery-in-15-minutes/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Android Police |language=en}}</ref> * '''VOOC 3.0''' (2019), An tallata shi a matsayin 23.8% da sauri fiye da VOOC 2.0. <ref name="vooc3">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Jed |date=22 March 2019 |title=OPPO Reno comes with VOOC 3.0 which improves fast charging speed by 23.8% |url=https://www.gizmochina.com/2019/03/22/oppo-reno-comes-with-vooc-3-0-which-improves-fast-charging-speed-by-23-8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601041122/https://www.gizmochina.com/2019/03/22/oppo-reno-comes-with-vooc-3-0-which-improves-fast-charging-speed-by-23-8/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=Gizmochina}}</ref> 5V/6A, kuma ana tallata shi a matsayin '''Warp Charge 30'''.<ref name=":2"/> * '''VOOC 4.0''' (2019 Satumba), magajin VOOC 3.0, wanda ke aiki a 5 V/6 A (30W). <ref name="Minsheng20">{{Cite web |last=Minsheng securities |date=31 August 2020 |title=快充新"赛道"，行业势不可挡 |url=https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202008311404459956_1.pdf?1598908275000.pdf |access-date=24 August 2022 |language=zh}}</ref> Zai iya cajin wayar har zuwa 67% a cikin minti 30. * '''SuperVOOC 2.0''' (2020), 10V/6.5A. Wani suna: '''Warp Charge 65.''' <ref name=":2" /> * '''SuperVOOC 2.0''' (2022), 11V/6-7.3A. Sauran sunaye: '''Warp Charge 80''', '''SuperDART''', da '''Super Flash Charge'''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OnePlus SUPERVOOC 80W Power Adapter |url=https://www.oneplus.in/product/oneplus-supervooc-80w-power-adapter/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=OnePlus |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OnePlus SUPERVOOC 80W Car Charger, Fast Charging for All OnePlus Models |url=https://www.oppo.com/en/smartphones/series-reno/reno8-5g/specs/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=OnePlus |language=en}}</ref> Ga yankunan da ke amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na 110V, gami da Taiwan, Arewacin Amurka, da Latin Amurka, caji yana tallafawa har zuwa 66W. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OPPO Reno8 5G Specs OPPO Australia |url=https://www.oppo.com/au/smartphones/series-reno/reno8-5g/specs/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Oppo |language=en}}</ref> * 240W version na '''SuperVOOC''' (2022). 20V/12A. An sanar da shi a taron Mobile World Congress na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=OPPO announces 240W charging: Get a 100% charge in under 10 minutes (Updated) |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/oppo-240w-charging-3123390/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref> An tallata shi kamar yadda zai iya cajin batir 4,500mAh a cikin minti 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Alan |date=2023-01-05 |title=Upcoming Realme phone could fully charge from 0% to 100% in just 9 minutes |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/realme-gt-neo-5-240w-charging_id144642 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Phone Arena |language=en-US}}</ref> Realme GT Neo5 ne ke aiwatar da shi, wanda ke buƙatar amfani da caji mai mallaka da kebul na USB-C mai mallaka don amfani da kuɗin caji da aka tallata. Ana isar da wutar ta hanyar kebul a 20V kuma an canza shi zuwa 10V a cikin wayar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Realme's GT Neo5 phone can go from zero to 20 percent charge in 80 seconds |url=https://www.engadget.com/realme-gt-neo5-240w-supervooc-charging-100557408.html |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin kyamara na HyperTone === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, a Paris Photo 2023, OPPO da Hasselblad sun bayyana hadin gwiwar su don bunkasa ƙarni na gaba na tsarin kyamarar HyperTone a cikin shekara ta 2024, suna mai da hankali kan kyawawan abubuwa da daukar hoto. Wadannan tsarin za su fara fitowa a cikin jerin wayoyin salula masu zuwa, masu amfani da alƙawari "ƙwarewar hotunan wayar hannu mara misaltuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=OPPO and Hasselblad Announced to Co-Develop the Next Generation of HyperTone Camera Systems Following Aesthetics |url=https://www.oppo.com/en/newsroom/press/oppo-hasselblad-hypertone-camera-systems/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Oppo Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Ƙungiyar Kula da Ilimin Ilimin Duniya (WIPO) " ta Shekara-shekara ta PCT Review ta sanya yawan aikace-aikacen patent na Oppo da aka buga a ƙarƙashin Tsarin PCT a matsayin na 9 a duniya, tare da aikace-aikace na patent 1,766 da aka buga yayin 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PCT Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-901-2024-en-patent-cooperation-treaty-yearly-review-2024.pdf |page=39}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == [[Fayil:Oppo_Serving_Area.png|thumb|Yankin ba da sabis na nau'ikan Oppo da yawa bisa ga shafin hukuma na Oppo, OnePlus da Realme: Kasashe da yankuna tare da Oppo,Plus & Realme kayayyakin sayar da Kasashe da Yankuna tare da Opbo & OnePlus kayayyakin sayar Kasashe da sassa tare da Opyo & Realme samfuran sayar da Kasashen da yankuna kawai kayayyakin sayar waƙoƙi da yankuna da kayayyakin OnePlus da ke sayar da Kasuwanci da yankuna ba tare da kayayyakin Realme kawai{{Legend|#9fa100|Countries and regions with Oppo, OnePlus & Realme products selling}}{{Legend|#e8ff3d|Countries and regions with Oppo & OnePlus products selling}}{{Legend|#6d8200|Countries and regions with Oppo & Realme products selling}}{{Legend|#005f05|Countries and regions with only Oppo products selling}}{{Legend|#b50000|Countries and regions with only OnePlus products selling}}{{Legend|#ffc83d|Countries and regions with only Realme products selling}}{{Legend|#ffffff|Countries and regions without Oppo products selling}}]] === Jamus === A cikin 2022, mai ba da kayan sadarwa na Finland [[Nokia]] ya shigar da kara yana zargin Oppo da amfani da takardun shaida na fasaha ba tare da biyan kuɗin lasisi ba. A watan Agusta, kotun Jamus ta dakatar da tallace-tallace na wayoyin salula na Oppo. === Indiya === Oppo ya kuma fuskanci kalubale a [[Indiya]], kasuwar da ta fadada a cikin 2014. A watan Yulin 2022, gwamnatin Indiya ta ba da sanarwar tarar rupees biliyan 43.8 ($ 550 miliyan a lokacin) a kan reshen yankin na Oppo don kauce wa haraji. === Thailand === A cikin 2025, wayoyin Oppo da Realme sun zo tare da aikace-aikacen rance ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ba za a iya cire shi ba amma ana iya kashe shi. Bayan kukan jama'a, kamfanonin sun sanar da cewa za su dakatar da wannan aikin. == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ecfp5wbcuk1ng9tkxfti6k5hzzdc5sd 0 106692 891033 831493 2026-08-03T17:17:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 891033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na 2011''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 5 na Jihar [[akwa Ibom]] . An gudanar da shi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a [[Godswill Akpabio]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke John James Akpan Udo-Edehe na Action Congress of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2011 Gubernatorial Elections |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014301/https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |archive-date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=INEC Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 23 Governors Elect…..2011-2015 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50776/meet-the-23-governors-elect2011-2015.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 May 2011 Nigeria |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213052/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Nigeria's 2011 Elections |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517144105/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-07 |title=Nigeria: INEC Appeals Court Ruling Exempting Five States from Upcoming Gubernatorial Elections {{!}} Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nigeria-inec-appeals-court-ruling-exempting-five-states-from-upcoming-gubernatorial-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-26 |title=2011 Nigerian Gubernatorial Election Report / Results |url=https://joblistnigeria.com/2011-nigerian-gubernatorial-election-report.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Joblistnigeria.com - Jobs in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELECTION 2011: NIGERIA'S FINEST MOMENT? |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50827/election-2011-nigerias-finest-moment.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP SUSTAINS LEAD AS INEC RELEASES MORE RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/49713/pdp-sustains-lead-as-inec-releases-more-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSC statement on selected gov election results 2011 |url=https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202142924/https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria 2011 |url=https://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414095059/http://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 14 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Godswill Akpabio]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke [[John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]] daga Jam'iyya ta Najeriya. Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka ƙayyade sun kasance 1,148,433.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Governors-Elect |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50821/the-governors-elect.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=africanelections.tripod.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-16 |title=Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 800 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16/nigeria-post-election-violence-killed-800 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PLAYING GAMES WITH THE 2011 ELECTIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31197/playing-games-with-the-2011-elections.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Final report - General elections April 2011 - Nigeria |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-final-report-general-elections-april-2011 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011: INEC BARS OFFICERS FROM ANNOUNCING RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/43126/2011-inec-bars-officers-from-announcing-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What the 2011 elections portend for Nigeria |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/30101/what-the-2011-elections-portend-for-nigeria.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} f51pb7r2a1ivd376q3ftfaztw38ybzv 891034 891033 2026-08-03T17:17:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 891034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na 2011''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 5 na Jihar [[akwa Ibom]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a [[Godswill Akpabio]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke John James Akpan Udo-Edehe na Action Congress of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2011 Gubernatorial Elections |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014301/https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |archive-date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=INEC Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 23 Governors Elect…..2011-2015 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50776/meet-the-23-governors-elect2011-2015.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 May 2011 Nigeria |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213052/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Nigeria's 2011 Elections |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517144105/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-07 |title=Nigeria: INEC Appeals Court Ruling Exempting Five States from Upcoming Gubernatorial Elections {{!}} Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nigeria-inec-appeals-court-ruling-exempting-five-states-from-upcoming-gubernatorial-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-26 |title=2011 Nigerian Gubernatorial Election Report / Results |url=https://joblistnigeria.com/2011-nigerian-gubernatorial-election-report.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Joblistnigeria.com - Jobs in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELECTION 2011: NIGERIA'S FINEST MOMENT? |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50827/election-2011-nigerias-finest-moment.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP SUSTAINS LEAD AS INEC RELEASES MORE RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/49713/pdp-sustains-lead-as-inec-releases-more-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSC statement on selected gov election results 2011 |url=https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202142924/https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria 2011 |url=https://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414095059/http://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 14 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Godswill Akpabio]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke [[John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]] daga Jam'iyya ta Najeriya. Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka ƙayyade sun kasance 1,148,433.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Governors-Elect |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50821/the-governors-elect.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=africanelections.tripod.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-16 |title=Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 800 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16/nigeria-post-election-violence-killed-800 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PLAYING GAMES WITH THE 2011 ELECTIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31197/playing-games-with-the-2011-elections.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Final report - General elections April 2011 - Nigeria |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-final-report-general-elections-april-2011 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011: INEC BARS OFFICERS FROM ANNOUNCING RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/43126/2011-inec-bars-officers-from-announcing-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What the 2011 elections portend for Nigeria |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/30101/what-the-2011-elections-portend-for-nigeria.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cl0vm3lbuo2ejpigf6ksilp5ld0leyl 891035 891034 2026-08-03T17:18:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 891035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na 2011''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 5 na Jihar [[akwa Ibom]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a [[Godswill Akpabio]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke John James Akpan Udo-Edehe na Action Congress of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2011 Gubernatorial Elections |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014301/https://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads-all/winners-of-2011-gubernatorial-elections/ |archive-date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=INEC Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 23 Governors Elect…..2011-2015 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50776/meet-the-23-governors-elect2011-2015.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 May 2011 Nigeria |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213052/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/140539/13May2011Nigeria.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Nigeria's 2011 Elections |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517144105/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/133105/B81%20-%20Lessons%20from%20Nigeras%202011%20Elections.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-07 |title=Nigeria: INEC Appeals Court Ruling Exempting Five States from Upcoming Gubernatorial Elections {{!}} Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nigeria-inec-appeals-court-ruling-exempting-five-states-from-upcoming-gubernatorial-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-26 |title=2011 Nigerian Gubernatorial Election Report / Results |url=https://joblistnigeria.com/2011-nigerian-gubernatorial-election-report.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Joblistnigeria.com - Jobs in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELECTION 2011: NIGERIA'S FINEST MOMENT? |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50827/election-2011-nigerias-finest-moment.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP SUSTAINS LEAD AS INEC RELEASES MORE RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/49713/pdp-sustains-lead-as-inec-releases-more-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSC statement on selected gov election results 2011 |url=https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202142924/https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/PSC-statement-on-selected-gov-election-results-april30.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria 2011 |url=https://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414095059/http://www.eods.eu/library/PS%20NIGERIA%2018.04.2011_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 14 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Godswill Akpabio]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke [[John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]] daga Jam'iyya ta Najeriya. Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka ƙayyade sun kasance 1,148,433.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Governors-Elect |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/50821/the-governors-elect.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=africanelections.tripod.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 POLLS: AGGRIEVED PARTIES, CANDIDATES FLOOD TRIBUNALS WITH PETITIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/54730/2011-polls-aggrieved-parties-candidates-flood-tribunals-wi.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-16 |title=Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 800 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16/nigeria-post-election-violence-killed-800 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PLAYING GAMES WITH THE 2011 ELECTIONS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31197/playing-games-with-the-2011-elections.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Final report - General elections April 2011 - Nigeria |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-final-report-general-elections-april-2011 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2011: INEC BARS OFFICERS FROM ANNOUNCING RESULTS |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/43126/2011-inec-bars-officers-from-announcing-results.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What the 2011 elections portend for Nigeria |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/30101/what-the-2011-elections-portend-for-nigeria.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} 16rifwjvpuz09mgegrs7l7tvljm00w0 0 107654 891284 867898 2026-08-04T10:52:37Z Mahuta 11340 891284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkokin dan Adam a Indiya lamari ne mai sarkakkiya saboda girman kasar da yawan al'ummarta da kuma al'adunta daban-daban, duk da matsayinta a matsayin jamhuriya mafi girma a duniya mai cin gashin kanta, wacce ba ruwanmu da addini, mai ra'ayin gurguzu. Kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya ya tanadi hakki na asali, wadanda suka hada da 'yancin yin addini, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, da kuma raba bangaren zartarwa da shari'a da 'yancin motsi a cikin kasa da waje.<ref>https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2024/07/20240716890312078.pdf Fundamental Human Rights</ref> Haka kuma kasar tana da bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hands off, supreme court tells govt, reaffirming its primacy in judicial appointments |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307125931/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=No Worry Till Judiciary's Independence is Maintained: Chief Justice of India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812100623/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=2019-06-17 |work=NDTV}}</ref> da kuma hukumomi don bincika batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Act in Block Grant teachers' issue: NHRC to OHRC |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101355/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=The Pioneer}}</ref> Rahoton na 2016 na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ya yarda da wuraren da aka ambata a sama amma ya bayyana cewa Indiya tana da "matsalolin 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna fuskantar tursasawa da kuma masu sukar gwamnati suna fuskantar tursasawa da kuma kararraki. An kai hari kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki daga jihar da kuma kungiyoyin masu sha'awa. Musulmi da Kirista 'yan tsiraru suna zargin hukumomi da rashin yin isa don kare hakkinsu. Gwamnati har yanzu ba za ta ba da izini ga jami'an tsaro ba. zagi."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.hrw.org/asia/india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806103618/https://www.hrw.org/asia/india |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-02 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=India: Events of 2015|date=8 January 2016|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/india|access-date=2016-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813101210/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/india|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=live|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihin abubuwan da suka faru == {| class="wikitable" |1950 |Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya kafa jamhuriya mai mulkin demokraɗiyya mai cin gashin kanta tare da ikon mallakar manya na duniya. Sashe na 3 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunshi Dokar Hakki na asali wanda Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai za su iya aiwatar da shi. Har ila yau, yana samar da ajiya ga sassan da ba su da kyau a cikin ilimi, aiki da wakilcin siyasa. |- |1952 |Ayyukan kabilun masu aikata laifuka da gwamnati ta soke, tsoffin "kabilun masu laifi" da aka rarraba a matsayin "an nuna" da Dokar Masu Laifi ta Al'ada (1952) da aka kafa. |- |1955 |Dokar Untouchability (Laifuka), 1955.<ref>{{cite wikisource|wslink=Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955|date=8 May 1955|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]}}</ref> Gyaran dokar iyali game da Hindu yana ba da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi ga matan Hindu. |- |1958 |Dokar Sojoji (Ƙarfin Musamman), 1958<ref name="HRW-21Nov2007">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2007 |title=India: Repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, Law Provides Impunity for Human Rights Abuses, Fuels Cycles of Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/11/20/india-repeal-armed-forces-special-powers-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621030418/https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/11/20/india-repeal-armed-forces-special-powers-act |archive-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> |- |1973 |[[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin ''Shari'ar Kesavananda Bharati'' cewa tsarin Kundin Tsarin Mulki (ciki har da haƙƙoƙi masu yawa) ba za a iya canza shi ta hanyar gyaran kundin tsarin mulki ba. |- |1975–1977 |Yanayin Gaggawa a Indiya. Ana cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi masu yawa. |- |1978 |SC ta yi mulki a cikin ''Menaka Gandhi v. Union of India'' cewa ba za a iya dakatar da haƙƙin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba har ma a cikin gaggawa. |- |1978 |Dokar Tsaron Jama'a ta Jammu da Kashmir, 1978<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Amnesty International|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/019/2000/en/2d3c57fe-df2b-11dd-a3b7-b978e1cb2058/asa200192000en.html|title=India: The Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act - a threat to human rights|date=15 May 2000|id=AI Index ASA 20/019/2000|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828194748/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/019/2000/en/2d3c57fe-df2b-11dd-a3b7-b978e1cb2058/asa200192000en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,IND,3ae6b52014,0.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978 (Act No. 6 of 1978) ''[India]''|publisher=National Legislative Bodies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010075127/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,IND,3ae6b52014,0.html|archive-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|via=Refworld}}</ref> |- |1984 |Operation Blue Star da kuma rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya na 1984 Anti-SikhRikicin adawa da Sikh na 1984 |- |1984 |2006 Rashin shari'a a Punjab ta 'yan sanda |- |1985–1986 |Shari'ar Shah Bano, inda Kotun Koli ta amince da haƙƙin mace musulma na kulawa a kan kisan aure, ta haifar da zanga-zanga daga malaman musulmi. Don soke shawarar Kotun Koli, gwamnatin Rajiv Gandhi ta kafa Dokar Mata Musulmi (Kariya ga 'Yancin Kisan aure) ta 1986Dokar Mata Musulmi (Kariya ga 'Yancin kan Kisan aure) 1986 |- |1987 |Kisan kiyashi na Hashimpura a lokacin tashin hankali a Meerut. |- |1989 |Dokar Shirin da Shirin Ƙabilar (Kariya ga Ayyuka), 1989 an wuce ta. |- |{{Nowrap|1989–present}} |Rikicin Kashmiri ya ga tsarkake kabilanci na Kashmiri Pandits, lalata haikalin Hindu, kashe Hindu da Sikhs, da kuma sace masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje da ma'aikatan gwamnati. (Dubi: Tsabtace kabilanci na Hindu na Kashmiri) |- |1992 |Wani gyare-gyare na kundin tsarin mulki ya kafa Gwamnatin Gida (Panchayati Raj) a matsayin mataki na uku na shugabanci a matakin ƙauyen, tare da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kujerun da aka tanada ga mata. An samar da ajiya ga kabilun da aka tsara. |- |1992 |Rushewar Babri Masjid ya faru ne bayan wani taron siyasa a shafin ya zama tashin hankali. |- |1993 |An kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa a karkashin ''Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam'' . |- |2001 |Kotun Koli ta ba da umarni masu yawa don aiwatar da haƙƙin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Right to Food Campaign |url=http://www.righttofoodindia.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010355/http://righttofoodindia.org/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> |- |2002 |2002 Gujarat riots wanda ya yi sanadin rayukan Musulmai da Hindu aƙalla dubu. |- |2005 |An zartar da ''[[Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005|Dokar Hakkin Bayani]]'' mai ƙarfi don ba da damar ɗan ƙasa ga bayanan da hukumomin gwamnati ke riƙewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) |url=http://www.righttoinformation.info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225200240/http://www.righttoinformation.info/ |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> |- |2005 |Dokar Tabbatar da Aiki ta Ƙauyuka ta Kasa (NREGA) ta tabbatar da haƙƙin aiki na duniya. |- |2006 |Kotun Koli ta ba da umarnin sauye-sauyen 'yan sanda don mayar da martani ga rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam mara kyau na' yan sanda na Indiya.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/stories/20070209001909400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203091048/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/stories/20070209001909400.htm|archive-date=2007-02-03|url-status=dead|last=Raghavan|first=R.K.|title=Police Reforms ordered by Supreme Court|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=24|issue=2|date=27 Jan – 9 Feb 2007}}</ref> |- |2009 |Babban Kotun Delhi ta bayyana cewa Sashe na 377 na Dokar Shari'a ta Indiya, wanda ya haramta kewayon ayyukan jima'i "marasa kyau", ba bisa ka'ida ba ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ga ayyukan ɗan luwaɗi tsakanin masu zaman kansu, yadda ya kamata ya kawar da dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi a Indiya.<ref name="India decriminalises gay sex">{{cite news |last1=Mitta |first1=Manoj |last2=Singh |first2=Smriti |date=3 July 2009 |title=India decriminalises gay sex |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-decriminalises-gay-sex/articleshow/4726608.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609061158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-03/india/28152338_1_penile-non-vaginal-gays-rights-bisexuals-and-transgenders |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dubi kuma: Lallafi a Indiya. |- |2013 |Dokar Laifuka (Gwamma) ta wuce ta Lok Sabha a ranar 19 ga Maris 2013, kuma ta Rajya Sabha a kan 21 ga Maris 2013, wanda ke ba da gyare-gyare na Dokar Shari'ar Indiya, Dokar Shari'a ta Indiya, da Dokar Shari'a, 1973 kan dokokin da suka shafi Laifukan jima'i. |- |2015 |Black Money (Unclosed Foreign Income and Assets) da Dokar Haraji ta wuce duka gidajen majalisar. Wannan aikin yana da niyyar hana baƙar fata, ko dukiyar kasashen waje da ba a bayyana ba kuma yana sanya haraji da hukunci a kan irin wannan kudin shiga. |} == 'Yancin Jama'a ==   A cikin 2021, Gidan Freedom House da ke Amurka ya sanya Indiya a matsayin wani yanki mai 'yanci, a maki 67 (0-100, mafi girma ya fi kyau), a cikin 'Yanci na Duniya na shekara-shekara kan 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=3 March 2021 |title=India loses its status as 'free' in Freedom House's 2021 report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/988481/india-loses-its-status-as-free-under-freedom-houses-2021-rankings |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2019 zuwa 2023, rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan yanayin dimokiradiyya a duniya Cibiyar V-Dem ta Sweden ta ware Indiya a matsayin mulkin cin gashin kai na zabe saboda "takaice a bangarori da yawa na dimokiradiyya" kamar kungiyoyin farar hula da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Facing Global Challenges V-DEM ANNUAL DEMOCRACY REPORT 2019 |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/16/dr_2019_CoXPbb1.pdf |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Autocratization Turns Viral DEMOCRACY REPORT 2021 |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/12/dr_2021.pdf |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> Rahoton na 2023 ya bayyana cewa, "Tsarin mulkin kama karya da alama ya ragu sosai ko ma ya tsaya a Indiya amma bayan ya koma cin gashin kansa." Indiya a baya an rarraba ta a matsayin dimokuradiyya har zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEMOCRACY REPORT 2023 Defiance in the Face of Autocratization |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy for All? V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018 |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/17/dr_2018.pdf |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> == Amfani da azabtarwa ta 'yan sanda == Cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Asiya ta kiyasta cewa daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2008, sama da mutane hudu ne ke mutuwa a kowace rana yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda, tare da "daruruwan" wadanda suka mutu sakamakon azabtarwa da 'yan sanda suka yi.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-06-25 |title=Hundreds die of torture in India every year – report |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-34225620080625 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222345/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-34225620080625 |archive-date=2016-01-13 |access-date=2010-09-15 |work=Reuters}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto da cibiyar kula da gyaran fuska ta Punjab ta rubuta, kusan kashi 50% na jami’an ‘yan sanda a kasar na amfani da tabarbarewar jiki ko ta hankali ga fursunoni. Misalan azabtarwa, kamar ta rashin tsafta, sarari, ko ruwa an rubuta su a [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2004 |title=Custodial deaths in West Bengal and India's refusal to ratify the Convention against Torture |url=http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925200948/http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |archive-date=25 September 2008 |publisher=[[Asian Human Rights Commission]]}}</ref> Wani rahoto daga Kamfen na Kasa na Tsayayya da Torture (NCAT), wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana Mutuwar masu kula da gidaje 1,731 da aka rubuta a Indiya a cikin 2019. Wadanda abin ya shafa galibi sun fito ne daga al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni, Dalits, [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulmai]] da Adivasis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=M. Y. |date=2020-11-03 |title=Nobody knows how many Indians die in custody because official figures vary wildly |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/nobody-knows-how-many-indians-die-in-custody-because-official-figures-vary-wildly |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=The National Herald}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 10 zuwa 2019-2020, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kasa (NHRC) ta ba da rahoton, a matsakaita, shari'o'in 'yan sanda 139 da kuma shari'a 1,576 na tsare shari'a a duk shekara. A cikin shekaru takwas zuwa 2019-2020, NHRC ta ba da rahoton mutuwar fursunonin shari'a sama da 1,500 kowace shekara. == 'Yanci na addini == === Rikicin addini === [[Fayil:Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg|thumb|Ragowar dukiyar coci da aka ƙone a lokacin tashin hankali na kirista a Orissa a watan Agusta 2008]] Rikicin al'umma tsakanin kungiyoyin addini (mafi yawa tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu da musulmi) ya zama ruwan dare a Indiya tun lokacin da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan Burtaniya. Rikicin kabilanci ya faru a lokacin raba Indiya tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu/Sikh da musulmi inda aka kashe mutane da dama a wani kazamin rikici.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2004 |title=Custodial deaths in West Bengal and India's refusal to ratify the Convention against Torture |url=http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925200948/http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |archive-date=25 September 2008 |publisher=[[Asian Human Rights Commission]]}}</ref> Rikicin Anti-Sikh na 1984 ya kasance lokacin kwana huɗu lokacin da aka kashe Sikhs a Indiya. A cewar wasu kimantawa sun bayyana cewa an kashe sama da 2,000. Bincike da kwamitoci daban-daban suka nada ta gwamnati da kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu sun sami hadin kai daga jam'iyyar Indira Gandhi ta Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=India: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/29/india-no-justice-1984-anti-sikh-bloodshed |publisher=Humar Rights Watch}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da Kisan kiyashi na Hashimpura na 1987 a lokacin tashin hankali na al'umma a Meerut, inda aka yi zargin cewa mambobi 19 na 'yan sanda na lardin sun harbe matasan Musulmai 42 cikin jini mai sanyi, kuma sun zubar da jikinsu a cikin tashar ban ruwa da ke kusa, 1992 tashin hankali na Bombay da tashin hankali na Delhi na 2020, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin mutane 53, 36 daga cikinsu Musulmai ne kuma 15 Hindu ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasha |first=Seema |date=12 March 2020 |title=Ground Report: As Amit Shah Praises Delhi Police, Riot Victims Tell a Different Story |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-amit-shah-muslims-delhi-police |website=The Wire}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa zanga-zangar ta samo asali ne daga jawabin barazana da kuma ultimatum da Kapil Mishra, ɗan siyasan BJP daga Delhi ya yi wa masu zanga-zambe masu zaman lafiya. Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta zargi 'yan sanda na Delhi da "rashin sana'a" a lokacin tashin hankali na Delhi kuma kai tsaye ta nuna cewa' yan sanda suna jiran Gwamnatin Tsakiya ta Indiya karkashin jagorancin Bharatiya Janata Party don ba su umarni, maimakon yin aiki da kansa da lamiri. A cikin sauraron, Mai Shari'a K.M. Joseph ya ce - "Dubi yadda 'yan sanda ke aiki a Burtaniya. Idan wani ya yi magana mai ban tsoro, sai su shiga aiki. Ba sa jiran umarni. 'Yan sanda kada su nemi a nan da can don nods".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=Supreme Court Slams Delhi Police for 'Unprofessionalism' While Handling Riots |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-delhi-police-independence-unprofessionalism |website=The Wire}}</ref> Dangane da kididdigar hukuma, tashin hankali na Gujarat na 2002 ya ƙare tare da mutuwar 1,044 , 223 sun ɓace, kuma 2,500 sun ji rauni. Daga cikin matattu, 790 Musulmai ne da 254 Hindu.<ref name="Ganguly">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |date=24 February 2012 |title=India: A Decade on, Gujarat Justice Incomplete |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/24/india-decade-gujarat-justice-incomplete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106032210/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/24/india-decade-gujarat-justice-incomplete |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tushen da ba na hukuma ba sun kiyasta cewa har zuwa mutane 2,000 ne suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |date=July 2003 |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Akwai lokuta na fyade, ana ƙone yara da rai, da kuma yaduwar fashi da lalata dukiya. An yi imanin cewa gobarar jirgin kasa na Godhra ne ya haifar da shi, inda aka ƙone mutane 59 (waɗanda galibi suna dawowa daga Ayodhya bayan bikin addini a wurin rushewar Babri Masjid) har suka mutu. Daga baya, yaduwar labarai na karya a cikin jaridu na cikin gida da ke zargin ISI da hannu a cikin hare-haren kuma cewa Musulmai na cikin gida sun yi makirci tare da su, da kuma game da labarun karya na sace da fyade na matan Hindu da Musulmai suka kara tsananta halin da ake ciki. Asusun da yawa sun bayyana hare-haren da za a daidaita su sosai tare da wayoyin hannu kuma gwamnati ta ba da takardu da ke lissafin gidaje da kasuwancin Musulmai. Kodayake an yi kira da yawa ga 'yan sanda daga wadanda abin ya shafa, 'yan sanda sun gaya musu cewa "ba mu da umarni don ceton ku. " A lokuta da yawa,' yan sanda sun jagoranci cajin, ta amfani da bindiga don kashe Musulmai da suka shiga hanyar' yan zanga-zangar. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch na shekara ta 2002, an ruwaito cewa wani Babban Minista jihar Bharatiya Janata ya karɓi ɗakunan kula da 'yan sanda a Ahmedabad a ranar farko ta kisan, yana ba da umarni don yin watsi da rokon taimako daga Musulmai. Wasu sassan jaridu na harshen Gujarati a halin yanzu suna buga labaran da aka ƙirƙira da maganganu a bayyane suna kira ga Hindu da su rama hare-haren Godhra. Har ila yau, a lokuta da yawa, a karkashin siffar bayar da taimako, 'yan sanda sun jagoranci wadanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye zuwa hannun masu kisan su. Babban Ministan Gujarat na lokacin, [[Narendra Modi]] an wanke shi daga zarge-zargen da kotun yankin ta ɗora masa bisa ga binciken da Kungiyar Bincike ta Musamman ta gudanar. Koyaya, Zakia Jafri ya kalubalanci wannan rahoton, wanda mijinta Ahsan Jafri, tsohon dan siyasa na Majalisa, ya kashe shi da taron jama'a a birnin Ahmedabad. Ms. Jafri ta yi iƙirarin cewa binciken ya bayyana isasshen shaida don nuna Mista Modi da wasu 62. <ref name="The Wall Street Journal" /> Kotun Koli ta Indiya, daga baya ta ki amincewa da rokon da ke kalubalantar yaudarar da aka ba Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Supreme Court turns down plea questioning clean chit to Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-questioning-clean-chit-to-modi-188546-2014-04-11 |website=India Today}}</ref> Rahoton 2020 na Hukumar Amurka don 'yancin addini ta Duniya ya sanya Indiya a matsayin Kasar Damuwa ta Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom – India Chapter (2020 Annual report) |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/reports-briefs/annual-report-chapters-and-summaries/india-chapter-2020-annual-report |publisher=USCIRF}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} == Batutuwan da suka shafi kabilanci == Indiya ta zamani ta ga tasirin kabilanci ya fara raguwa. Wannan wani bangare ne na yaduwar ilimi ga dukkan bangarori wanda ya yi tasiri wajen kawo sauyi ga tsarin siyasa. Duk da haka, wannan "daidaita" filin wasa bai kasance ba tare da jayayya ba. Hukumar Mandal da tsarin rabonta ya kasance batu mai mahimmanci musamman. Farfesa Dipankar Gupta ya yi jayayya cewa rawar da 'yan jam'iyyar suka taka a zabukan Indiya ya wuce gona da iri. A baya-bayan nan an yi ta samun sauye-sauye a siyasar kabilanci, wanda akasari ya haifar da ‘yancin tattalin arziki a Indiya. Wannan yunƙurin ƙarfafa ƙwararrun ƴan ƙabila ya samu rakiyar a wasu yankuna tare da hauhawar matakin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=www.outlookindia.com &#124; How Some Gather Silver In The Fog |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?283752 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811041518/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?283752 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref> Dokar tilasta bin doka, da kuma shirye-shiryen ci gaba masu yawa, an yi amfani da su ta hanyar manyan mutane don mamaye ƙananan mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Priyali |date=16 April 2020 |title=Under India’s caste system, Dalits are considered untouchable. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/asia/india-coronavirus-lower-castes-hnk-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTEXT OF CASTE VIOLENCE |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-04.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=When will the Brahmin-Bania hegemony end? |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3u2QUPuXBEFPaBQXU2R8mJ/When-will-the-BrahminBania-hegemony-end.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205082229/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3u2QUPuXBEFPaBQXU2R8mJ/When-will-the-BrahminBania-hegemony-end.html |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta [[Amnesty International]] ta ce "hakkin gwamnatin Indiya ne ta samar da cikakken aiki tare da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden doka da ta tanada na adawa da wariyar launin fata da zuriyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=India's Unfinished Agenda: Equality and Justice for 200 Million Victims of the Caste System |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA2005100705001&lang=e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119011513/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGUSA2005100705001 |archive-date=19 November 2008 |access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> Denotified Tribes, tare da da yawa nomadic kabilu tare 60 miliyan a yawan jama'a, ci gaba da fuskantar zamantakewa stigma da kuma tattalin arziki wahalhalu, duk da cewa Criminal Tribes Act 1871, da aka soke da gwamnati a 1952 da kuma maye gurbinsu da Habitual Laifin Dokar (HOA) (1952), kamar yadda yadda ya kamata shi ne kawai ya haifar da sabon jerin sunayen kabilun. a yau suna fuskantar sakamakon 'Rigakafin Anti-Social Activity Act' (PASA), wanda kawai ya kara da gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta yau da kullun yayin da mafi yawansu ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin layin talauci. Matsayin SC, ST ko OBC, hana su damar yin ajiyar kuɗi wanda zai haɓaka matsayinsu na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. <ref name="dis">{{Cite web |last=Meena Radhakrishna |date=16 July 2006 |title=Dishonoured by history |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0007/00070240.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706074246/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0007/00070240.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=31 May 2007 |website=[[The Hindu]] folio: Special issue with the Sunday Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Subash |date=19 March 2007 |title=Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320135916/http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node%2F4972 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |website=[[Asian Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="sus">{{Cite magazine|url-status=8–21}}</ref> == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki == [[Fayil:Press_freedom_2025.svg|thumb|280x280px|'''2025 Ƙididdigar 'Yancin Labarai ta Duniya'''<ref>{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=2025 World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507020451/https://rsf.org/en/index |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref>      {{legend|#005F9A|Good: 85–100 points}}{{legend|#8EB0D6|Satisfactory: 70–85 points}}{{legend|#8EB0D6|Satisfactory: 70–85 points}}{{legend|#FF3022|Difficult: 40–55 points}}{{legend|#83000B|Very serious <40 points}}{{legend|#DCDCDC|Not classified}}]] A cikin 2010, a cewar ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta Reporters Without Borders's World Press Freedom Index, Indiya tana matsayi na 122 (ta kasa daga 105th a 2009). Ƙasar tana da maki 38.75 a cikin 2010 (29.33 na 2009) akan sikelin da ke gudana daga 0 (ƙananan kyauta) zuwa 105 (mafi kyauta). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom Index 2010 |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605092647/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |archive-date=5 June 2014 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom Index 2009 |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009,1001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 Indiya ta sauka zuwa matsayi na 140 a duk duniya (sakamakon 40.34 daga cikin 105) amma duk da haka wannan ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun maki a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom Index 2014 |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php |archive-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya, yayin da bai ambaci kalmar "latsa" ba, yana ba da "yancin yin magana da magana" (Mataki na 19 (1) a). Duk da haka wannan haƙƙin yana ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin sashi (2), wanda za a iya taƙaita wannan 'yancin saboda dalilai na "sarauta da amincin Indiya, tsaron ƙasa, dangantakar abokantaka da ƙasashen waje, tsarin jama'a, kiyaye mutunci, kiyaye ɗabi'a, dangane da raina kotu, cin mutunci, ko tunzura wani laifi". Dokoki irin su dokar sirrin hukuma da dokar hana ta'addanci. <ref name="pota">{{Cite web |title=The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002 |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412153523/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 |access-date=30 November 2007}}</ref> (POTA) don iyakance 'yancin' yan jarida. A karkashin POTA, ana iya tsare mutum har zuwa watanni shida kafin a bukaci 'yan sanda su kawo tuhuma kan zarge-zargen da suka shafi ta'addanci. An soke POTA a shekara ta 2004, amma an maye gurbinsa da gyare-gyare ga UAPA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalhan |first=Anil |year=2006 |title=Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Antiterrorism, and Security Laws in India |journal=Columbia Journal of Asian Law |volume=20 |page=93 |ssrn=970503 |id=Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 970503}}</ref> An soke Dokar Asirin hukuma ta 1923 bayan dokar haƙƙin bayanai ta 2005 A farkon rabin karni na farko na samun 'yancin kai, ikon kafofin yada labarai na gwamnati shine babban abin da ke hana 'yancin 'yan jarida. Indira Gandhi ya bayyana a cikin 1975 cewa Duk Gidan Rediyon Indiya "Gwamnati ce, za ta ci gaba da zama sashin gwamnati".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. --> |date=July 1982 |title=Freedom of the Press |url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm |url-status=dead |journal=PUCL Bulletin |publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411055721/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=30 November 2007}}</ref> Tare da samun sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya fara a cikin 1990s, ikon mallakar kafofin watsa labarai na sirri ya bunƙasa, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka 'yancin kai da ƙarin binciken gwamnati. Kungiyoyi kamar Tehelka da NDTV sun taka rawa musamman wajen kawo murabus din ministan [[Haryana]] Venod Sharma. Bugu da kari, dokokin kamar Prasar Bharati dokar da aka zartar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan suna ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage ikon da gwamnati ke kula da 'yan jaridu. == Hakkin LGBTQ == Har sai Kotun Koli ta Delhi ta haramta ayyukan jima'i na sirri tsakanin manya masu yarda a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2009,<ref name="India decriminalises gay sex" /> an dauki luwadi a matsayin laifi kamar yadda fassarorin Sashe na 377 na Dokar Shari'ar Indiya mai shekaru 150 (IPC), dokar da Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta zartar.<ref>{{cite letter|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm|last=Long|first=Scott|date=January 10, 2006|recipient=Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh|subject=On the arrest of four men on charges of homosexual conduct in Lucknow|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102002158/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm|archive-date=2 November 2008|author-link=Scott Long|via=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan doka ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ya yanke na kawar da luwadi, Babban Kotun Delhi ta lura cewa akwai dokar da ta saba wa haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar, kuma irin wannan aikata laifuka ya saba wa Mataki na 21, 14 da 15 na Kundin Tsarin mulki. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ta sake hukunta luwadi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shyamantha |first=Asokan |date=11 December 2013 |title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2018, wani alkali biyar na kundin tsarin mulki na Kotun Koli ta Indiya, a cikin wani hukunci mai ban mamaki, ya haramta yin luwadi yayin da ya tsawaita burin Mataki na 15 don haɗawa da 'daidaitawar jima'i' don hana wariya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=2018-09-06 |title=Indian supreme court decriminalises homosexuality |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161425/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s |archive-date=6 September 2018 |access-date=2018-09-06 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> == Ta hanyar yanki == === Assam === Rahoton na Human Rights Watch ya yi nuni da cewa an kama ‘yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama saboda rahotannin karya kan take hakkin dan Adam. Assam dai na ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin jahohin da ke kan gaba wajen da'awar cin zarafin bil'adama da Indiya ta yi. Masu fafutuka na neman ballewa daga kasar sun kara zafafa al'amuran siyasa, inda ake zargin jami'an tsaron Indiya na cin zarafin bil'adama har yanzu ba tare da wata kwakkwarar hujjar zarge-zargen ba. Freedom House ta bayyana a cikin rahotonta na 2013 kan Indiya cewa 'yan jarida a yankunan karkara da yankunan da ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula - ciki har da Assam - suna da rauni kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga bangarorin biyu na rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2012 |title=Record of Human Rights Violations in Assam |url=http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511042653/http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Human Rights Defence International (HRDI)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2012 |title=Record of Human Rights Violations in Assam |url=http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511042653/http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Human Rights Defence International (HRDI)}}</ref> === Punjab === Daga 1984 zuwa 1994, jihar [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] a arewacin Indiya ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin masu tayar da kayar baya na Khalistan da jami'an tsaro na Indiya.<ref name="ENSAAF12">{{cite book|title=Punjab in Crisis: Human Rights in India|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1990|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/HRW-PunjabinCrisis.pdf|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183114/http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/HRW-PunjabinCrisis.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Gwamnatin Indiya ta mayar da martani ga karuwar ta'addancin Punjab ta hanyar kaddamar da Operation Blue Star a shekarar 1984, inda ta kai hari a Harmandir Sahib, ko Golden Temple a Amritsar - cibiyar addinin Sikh da rayuwar ruhi, inda wasu kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga suka ja da baya. Rundunar dai ta samu cece-kuce kuma ta yi sanadin mutuwar daruruwan fararen hula da ‘yan bindiga da sojoji. Bayan wannan lamarin, jami'an tsaron Sikh sun kashe firaminista Indira Gandhi, inda aka kara samun tashin hankali.<ref name="ENSAAF2">{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Jaskaran|title=Twenty Years of Impunity: The November 1984 Pogroms of Sikhs in India|publisher=Ensaaf|year=2004|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/docs/20years.php|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221181307/http://www.ensaaf.org/docs/20years.php|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ji sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan fiye da shekaru goma.<ref name="SBS">{{cite news |date=2002-04-03 |title=India-Who Killed the Sikhs |url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912235435/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427 |archive-date=12 September 2007 |access-date=2009-04-27 |publisher=Dateline}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, jami'an tsaro na jihar sun karbi "ƙarin hanyoyin zalunci don dakatar da ta'addanci, gami da kamawa, azabtarwa, ɗaurin dogon lokaci ba tare da shari'a ba, bacewar fararen hula da masu zargin". Kungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun mayar da martani tare da karuwar tashin hankali da aka yi wa fararen hula, jami'an tsaro na jihar, da shugabannin siyasa na Sikh da aka dauka suna tattaunawa da gwamnati.<ref name="ENSAAF1" /> === Jammu da Kashmir === Hukumomin kasa da kasa da yawa, gami da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], sun ba da rahoton keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jammu da Kashmir. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai masu magana da yawun OHCHR sun bayyana cewa "Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ya damu game da zanga-zangar da aka yi kwanan nan a Kashmir da ke karkashin mulkin Indiya wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula da kuma ƙuntatawa ga 'yancin' yancin taro da faɗar albarkacin baki. " Rahoton Human Rights Watch (HRW) na 1996 ya zargi sojojin Indiya da sojojin da gwamnatin Indiya da "ƙaddamar da manyan da cin zarafin' yancin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kashmir. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 1996 |title=India's Secret Army in Kashmir: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/05/01/india-s-secret-army-kashmir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923144602/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/05/01/india-s-secret-army-kashmir |archive-date=23 September 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>[ing] HRW ta kuma zargi sojojin Indiya da "yi amfani da fyade a matsayin hanyar azabtarwa da wulakanci al'ummomi".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape in Kashmir: A crime of war |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904012347/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An yi ikirarin kashe-kashen da ba na shari'a ba, bacewar, da azabtarwa da 'yan sanda da sojoji suka yi a Kashmir ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa, gami da [[Amnesty International]] da HRW. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2007 |title=India |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008150710/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |archive-date=8 October 2019 |website=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 |publisher=U.S. Department of State ARCHIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2007 |title=Kashmir's extra-judicial killings |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208020436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Dokar Ikon Musamman ta Sojoji (AFSPA) wacce ke ba da ikon kamawa na soja, haƙƙin harbi don kashewa, da kuma mamayewa ko lalata dukiya a cikin ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci an yi amfani da ita ga Jammu da Kashmir a cikin 1990, kuma an yi amfani dashi tun daga lokacin. Jami'an Indiya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojoji suna buƙatar irin wannan iko saboda ana tura sojoji ne kawai lokacin da tsaron kasa ke cikin haɗari mai tsanani daga mayakan da ke dauke da makamai. Irin waɗannan yanayi, sun ce, suna buƙatar matakai na musamman. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma nemi gwamnatin Indiya da ta soke Dokar Tsaron Jama'a, tunda "za a iya tsare wanda aka tsare a tsare-tsaren gudanarwa har tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da umarnin kotu ba". Wani rahoto na 2008 na Freedom House ya bayyana Jammu da Kashmir a matsayin 'yanci'.<ref name="HRW-21Nov2007"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-02 |title=Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir [India] |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=487ca21996&amp;skip=0&amp;query=Freedom%20in%20the%20World%202008-kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010075038/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=487ca21996&skip=0&query=Freedom%20in%20the%20World%202008-kashmir |archive-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |via=RefWorld}}</ref> == Sauran take hakkin dan adam == Gwaje-gwajen gano yaudara kamar "narcoanalysis" (sarrafa maganin sa barci), taswirar kwakwalwa, da gwaje-gwajen gano ƙarya, kotunan Indiya sun taɓa yarda da su don binciken laifuka. Damuwa game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam wajen gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gano yaudara (DDT) an taso da daɗewa kuma Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Indiya ta buga jagorori a cikin 2000 don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen polygraph. Duk da haka, kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin hukumomin bincike aka gani don bin waɗannan ka'idodin.<ref name="ddtreport">{{Cite journal |last=Math |first=SB |year=2011 |title=Supreme Court judgment on polygraph, narcoanalysis & brain-mapping: a boon or a bane |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |pmc=3171915 |pmid=21808125}}</ref> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2010, Kotun Koli a Indiya (Smt. Selvi vs. Jihar [[Karnataka]]) ta bayyana cewa "Ba za a iya shigar da sakamakon gwajin a cikin shaida ba idan an samu ta hanyar amfani da tilastawa." da kuma "Mataki na 20(3) ya kare zabin mutum tsakanin yin magana da yin shiru, ba tare da la'akari da ko shaidar da ta biyo baya ta tabbatar da cewa ta zama ta inculpatory ko exculpatory" da kuma "duk wani bayani ko wani abu da aka gano daga baya tare da taimakon sakamakon gwajin da aka yi na son rai za a iya shigar da shi, daidai da sashi na 782 na doka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smt. Selvi & Ors Vs State of Karnataka. Smt. Selvi & Ors Vs State of Karnataka Judgment on 5 May 2010. (Criminal Appeal No. 1267 of 2004) |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36303.pdf |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=main.sci.gov.in |archive-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404160617/https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36303.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ddtreport"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 20, clause 3 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/655638/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> == 'Yancin mata == === 'Yancin mata Musulmi === Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke damun Indiya shine nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi. Mata musulmi a Indiya na daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin da aka hana su daidaito a cikin tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Wahalhalun da suke ciki ya samo asali ne daga dalilan al'adu da addini. Wannan ya haɗa da zama mummunan ra'ayi a cikin addini har ma da da'irar ci gaba. Wannan kuma ya hada da tafsirin magabata da tafsirin Alqur'ani da Musulunci na maza. Mata musulmi suna fuskantar wariya sau biyu ta hanyar kasancewar wani yanki na addini, da kuma, tsirarun jinsi. Ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mata masu juna biyu suna jayayya cewa yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin mata musulmi game da 'yancin kansu idan ba haka ba mutane za su iya kawo karshen ra'ayin matan musulmi da kuma inganta kyamar Islama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Yashfeen |date=2019-10-15 |title=Looking Beyond The Stereotypes: Muslim Women in India |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/10/16/looking-beyond-stereotypes-muslim-women-india/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Feminism in India}}</ref> ==== Shari'ar Musulmi ==== A Indiya, kawai wani ɓangare na shari'ar Musulunci na Shari'a ake aiwatar da shi: tsarin shari'a ya ƙunshi dokar farar hula, dokar gama gari, dokar al'ada, dokar addini da kuma dokar kamfanoni. Ko da yake ana ɗaukar shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin mai tsarki, saboda ci gaban siyasa da zamantakewa na zamani fassarar fassarar shari'ar Musulunci ta yau da kullun a Indiya ta canza dangane da bukatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KANNADA {{!}} Legislative Department {{!}} India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/kannada/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |language=en}}</ref> ===== Shari'ar Musulmi da rashin daidaito ===== Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tsara muhimman hakkoki ga daidaito a karkashin Mataki na 14. Mataki na 15 ya rufe [['Yanci Daga nuna Wariya|'yanci daga nuna bambanci]] wanda ya hada da daidaiton jinsi. Koyaya, Mataki na 25 ya tabbatar da [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]] wanda ke kare haƙƙin addini na al'ummomin musulmai, wanda ke nuna bambanci tsakanin maza da mata Musulmai.[75] Ci gaba da nuna bambanci a cikin dokar mutum ta Musulmi ya sabawa wanda aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya, musamman sashe na 14 da 15. Kodayake akwai amincewa da haƙƙoƙi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, matan musulmai suna fuskantar rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a aikace a cikin dokar mutum. Dokar mutum tana ba da damar ci gaba da aikin ba da matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci ga matan musulmai a Indiya. Wannan yana haifar da buƙatar sake fasalin doka. Wannan yana da wuyar cimma saboda sau da yawa daidaito na Dokokin iyali galibi masu goyon bayan al'adun addini ne ke tallafawa, waɗanda ke ci gaba da al'adun gargajiya na Musulunci a cikin daidaito na manufofin Musulunci.[78] Kotuna kuma sun yarda kada a bari haƙƙin tsarin mulki ya shiga cikin dokar mutum. A cikin shari'ar Babban Kotun ''Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhary'', an ki amincewa da cewa dokar mutum tana nuna bambanci ga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Indiya kuma ta bayyana cewa "... gabatar da dokar Tsarin Mulki a cikin gida ya fi dacewa". Hukuncin na iya haifar da hana dukkan mata a Indiya hakkoki na asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki yayin da yake sanya muhimmancin gaske ga dokokin addini akan dokokin daidaito. A gefe guda, nuna bambanci ga dokar mutum an amince da shi sosai a cikin shari'ar ''Amina'', a nan kotun ta lura cewa dokar Musulmi tana nuna bambanci ne ga matan Musulmi, kuma saboda haka ba bisa ka'ida ba ce. Dokar Musulunci duk da haka tana ba da wasu hakkoki. Ana iya ganin misali daya a cikin aikin aure, ko ''Nikahnama'' . ''Nikahnama'' na iya rufe wasu hakkoki waɗanda suka shafi auren mata da yawa da kuma haƙƙin mace na tilasta aiwatar da saki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da hannun jari a cikin haƙƙin mallaka. Dokar Musulmi don tallafin kudi saboda saki an tsara shi a cikin Dokar Mata Musulmi (Kariya ta Hakki akan Kisan aure) ta 1986. Duk da haka, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance kaɗan. Misali, matar da ta sake aure za ta iya samun tallafin kudi na watanni uku kawai. Har ila yau, mijin matar da aka saki dole ne kawai ya biya tallafin yaro na watanni 3 idan an haifi yaron a cikin watanni uku, amma idan sun haifi ɗa kafin haka ba a tilasta wa mijin ya biya wani tallafi ba.[81] Hakkin mata a cikin waɗannan batutuwa galibi ba a yi amfani da su saboda rashin ilimi na mata Musulmai game da hakkinsu a cikin al'ummar Islama. Har ila yau, ba a kare mata musulma a Indiya ba idan ya zo ga auren mace ɗaya, amma maza Musulmai suna, ana kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Indiya. Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICPPR) ta nuna dokokin mutum na addini a cikin rahoton Indiya a shekarar 1997. An sanar da shi cewa tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga al'adu da yawa ya kamata ya zama magani yayin magance shirye-shiryen nuna bambanci da ayyuka ga mata Musulmai a cikin al'ummar shari'ar Musulunci.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=25}} ==== Mata Musulmi da ilimi ==== Sau da yawa ana nuna wariya ga mata Musulmai saboda ƙananan nasarorin da suka samu a fannin ilimi, aiki da kuma matsayinsu na tattalin arziki. Wannan shi ne saboda a al'adance ana ware mata Musulmai daga shiga cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu. == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mg76ohlzydhhg2l3b6kkm1p66ueawiu 0 108450 891226 808280 2026-08-04T08:40:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 891226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu''' (TERI) wata cibiya ce ta bincike a New Delhi wacce ta kware a fannonin makamashi, muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa. An kafa ta a cikin 1974, a da an san ta da Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Tata. Yayin da fa'idar ayyukanta ke ƙaruwa, an sake masa suna Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu a cikin 2003.<ref>Teri Stays Teri, But Says Ta-Ta To Tata". Financialexpress.com. 22 January 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2003.</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin TERI ya ta'allaka ne a Mithapur, wani gari mai nisa a [[Gujarat]], inda wani injiniyan TATA, Darbari Seth, ya damu da yawan makamashin da masana'antarsa ke kashewa wajen lalata ruwa. Ya ba da shawarar kafa wata cibiyar bincike don shawo kan matsalar karancin albarkatun kasa da karancin makamashi. J. R.D. Tata, shugaban kungiyar TATA, ya ji dadin ra’ayin kuma ya amince da shawarar. An kafa TERI tare da mafi girman kundi na rupees miliyan 35. Bisa gayyatar Firayim Minista na lokacin Indira Gandhi, an yi wa TERI rajista a Delhi a cikin 1974 a matsayin Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Tata.<ref>"ENVIS Centre on Renewable Energy and Environment"</ref> == Wurare == TERI ta fara aiki a gidan Bombay, Mumbai, hedkwatar Tata. A cikin 1984, ta ƙaura zuwa Delhi inda ta ci gaba da yin aiki a wuraren haya (wanda ya haɗa da Cibiyar Duniya ta Indiya) kusan shekaru goma. A cikin 1993, ƙungiyar ta kafa tushe na dindindin a Darbari Seth Block, mai suna bayan wanda ya kafa ta, a cikin rukunin Cibiyar Habitat ta Indiya da ke Lodi Road, New Delhi. A yau TERI yana da kasancewar duniya tare da cibiyoyi da yawa a Indiya da ƙasashen waje. Babban hedikwata a Cibiyar Habitat ta Indiya, New Delhi.<ref>Centre, India Habitat. "India Habitat Centre - Publication". www.indiahabitat.org.</ref> Cibiyar Yanki ta Kudu, Bengaluru Cibiyar Yanki ta Yamma, Goa Arewa - Cibiyar Yanki ta Gabas, Guwahati Cibiyar Himalayan, Mukteshwar TERI Mumbai, Navi Mumbai TARI [[Japan]], Tokyo TERI Arewacin Amirka, Washington, D.C. TARI Europe, London TERI Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Kuala Lumpur A cikin Oktoba 2011, Gimbiya Máxima ta Netherlands ta buɗe hedkwatar Turai ta TERI a Utrecht. TERI ta kafa cibiyar bincike a Afirka don ba da taimakon fasaha tare da sauƙaƙe musayar ilimi tsakanin al'ummomin da ke cikin ƙasashen Afirka daban-daban. A cikin 2016-17, TERI ta kafa babban wurin samar da Mycorrhiza na duniya a Gual Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana. == Ma'aikata == TERI yana da ma'aikata sama da 1250, tare da ƙwararrun bincike daga fannonin da suka shafi muhalli da makamashi. Darakta Janar na Cibiyar a halin yanzu shine Dr Vibha Dhawan. == Ayyuka == Iyakar ayyukan kungiyar sun hada da sauyin yanayi, ingancin makamashi, sabunta makamashi, fasahar kere-kere, da sauyin zamantakewa. Taron koli na ci gaba mai dorewa na duniya (WSDS) - Taron koli na shekara-shekara wanda ke sauƙaƙe musayar ilimi kan fannoni daban-daban na ci gaba mai dorewa a duniya. Green Olympiad<ref>"TERI to host Green Olympiad for CBSE students - Times of India". The Times of India. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</ref> - An gudanar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da MoEF, jarrabawar yanayi ce ta duniya wacce ake shirya kowace shekara don ɗalibai na tsakiya da na manyan makarantu. == Labarai == TERI Press, hannun wallafe-wallafen TERI yana fitar da wallafe-wallafen waɗanda wasu manyan wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da: TERI Energy Data Directory da Yearbook (TEDDY): An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1986, tarin bayanai ne na makamashi da muhalli. Takaddun bayanai ne da kuma tushen bayanai kan sassan samar da makamashi (kwal da lignite, man fetur da iskar gas, wutar lantarki, da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa) da kuma sassan da ake amfani da makamashi (noma, masana'antu, sufuri, wuraren zama, da sassan kasuwanci). == GRIHA == Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) [17] TERI ce ta ɗauki ciki kuma ta haɓaka tare da Ma'aikatar Sabbin Makamashi da Sabunta Makamashi, tsarin ƙima na ƙasa don koren gine-gine a Indiya. Makarantar TERI na Advanced Studies An kafa makarantar TERI na Advanced Studies a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1998, kuma Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC) ta amince da ita a matsayin Jami'ar da ake tsammanin za ta kasance a cikin 1999.[19] An kafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar TERI na Advanced Studies a cikin 1998, daga baya aka canza cibiyar suna Jami'ar TERI. == Makarantar TERI Prakriti == An kafa shi a cikin Janairu 2015<ref>TERI launches Prakriti School to focus on environment education". India Blooms</ref> don samar da ilimi mai dorewa da taimakawa haifar da wayar da kan muhalli tsakanin yara tun suna kanana. Ministan Muhalli da Dazuzzuka Prakash Javadekar ne ya buɗe, makarantar K-12 tana da alaƙa da CBSE == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] hc2ehnq7dmfhvmijpu6t4kyfvh62erw 0 108495 891233 686787 2026-08-04T08:48:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hemsby''' ƙauye ne na bakin teku da Ikklisiya a cikin Borough of Great Yarmouth a {{Convert|8|mi}} . Ingila. Tana da nisan kilomita 13 a arewa maso yammacin Garin Great Yarmouth . A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2001 Hemsby tana da yawan mutane 2,973 a cikin gidaje 1,221; ta ƙidayar 2011 ta karu zuwa 3,275. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parish population 2011 |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124472&c=Hemsby&d=16&e=62&g=6448841&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1440436713275&enc=1 |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080649/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124472&c=Hemsby&d=16&e=62&g=6448841&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1440436713275&enc=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hemsby tana da iyaka da ƙauyukan Winterton-on-Sea da Scratby . Don manufar karamar hukuma, Ikklisiya tana cikin gundumar Great Yarmouth . Rushewar bakin teku tana lalata gidaje da yawa kuma wasu suna fuskantar barazana. Taswirar gundumar Norfolk da aka rubuta a kusa da shekara ta 1610 ta nuna wani tudu, wanda ake kira Winterton Ness, wanda ya kai cikin teku a arewa maso gabashin Hemsby. Wannan tudun yanzu kusan ya ɓace gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rushewa. Sunan ƙauyen yana nufin 'gona / mazaunin Hemer'. Hemsby, tare da yawancin bakin tekun Norfolk, Vikings ne suka yi niyya, wadanda da farko suka mamaye yankin don neman kayan aiki da [[Bauta|bayi]] masu daraja. An kafa ƙauyen a wani lokaci a wannan lokacin. Ginin ya girma a hankali kuma an jera shi a cikin Domesday Book na 1086 a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Haimesbei'' tare da bayanin "wani ƙauye da ke rufe kadada 43 tare da gidaje 50, bayi 3, gishiri 2 da tumaki 160". == Garin == === Yankin rairayin bakin teku === A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2023, [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] sun sake fuskantar mummunar lalacewa. Samun dama ya zama iyakance sosai har zuwa 27 ga Fabrairu, jirgin ceto ba zai iya kaddamarwa ba. Yankin rairayin bakin teku na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren yawon bude ido a ƙauyen, tare da mil na bakin teku. Manyan yashi suna samar da shingen halitta tsakanin rairayin bakin teku da ƙauyen da ke bayanta. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban mamaki na rairayin bakin teku shine yaduwar tubalan anti-tank a fadin rairayin kan teku, da kuma bunker na kankare, wanda ya rage daga tsaron bakin teku na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Royal Engineers sun jefa waɗannan a matsayin masu tsaron tanki; sajan rukuni shine Owen (Tom) Hanbury wanda ya zauna a Hemsby. [[Zaizayar Kasa|Zaizayar kasa]] babbar matsala ce a kauyukan da ke kewaye da su na Winterton-on-Sea da Caister inda sojojin teku ke lalata tsaunin yashi. Ana kuma lalata duniyoyin Hemsby; a baya faffadan rairayin bakin teku ya sa tasirin ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa, amma adadin zaizayar ƙasa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata , gidaje masu barazana, tashar jirgin ruwa na gida da masana'antar yawon shakatawa na ƙauyen. A cikin 2013 an fara yaƙin neman ceton Tekun Hemsby: 'DIY' ana gina kariyar teku don ƙoƙarin hana zaizayar ruwa. === Garin Hemsby === Hemsby ya kasu kashi biyu: Hemsby Village da Hemsby Beach . Garin Hemsby galibi yanki ne na zama, kimanin mil a cikin ƙasa. Kingsway wani yanki ne na ƙauyen wanda ya haɗa da shagon Co-op, masu gyaran gashi da gidan cin abinci na kasar Sin. Wannan kuma shine babban wurin bas zuwa Great Yarmouth da Martham. An gina Ikilisiyar St Mary the Virgin a karni na 12 kuma alama ce a ƙauyen. An gina gonar iska ta Scroby Sands a shekara ta 2003 kuma ana iya ganinta daga ƙauyen da rairayin bakin teku. Gidan gonar iska na Blood Hill yana kusa da ƙauyen a Winterton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading Gas and Electricity Supplier - E.ON |url=https://www.eonenergy.com/about-eon |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Eonenergy.com}}</ref> Ofishin Met ya gudanar da tashar meteorological ta Hemsby (WMO ID: 03496) daga 1948 zuwa 2001. Shafin ya dauki bakuncin jerin abubuwan lura da na sama (ciki har da radiosonde), da kuma makarantar horar da iska a wannan lokacin. === Hemsby Beach === Yankin yawon bude ido na ƙauyen yana kan titin Beach kuma an fi sani da Hemsby Beach. Yana da siffofi, filin wasan golf da kuma tafiye-tafiye na yara. Ƙarshen rairayin bakin teku na hanya yana da cafes, shagunan, wuraren shakatawa da mashaya, yayin da a saman ƙarshen gidaje da wuraren shakatawa, wanda ya ƙunshi galibi gidaje da caravans. Herbert Potter ya sayi ƙasa a Hemsby; wannan shine asalin shafin farko na sansanin hutu na dindindin da haɗin gwiwa a Ƙasar Ingila, Potters Resort. An buɗe sansanin hutu a cikin 1920 tare da gidajen katako a matsayin misali. An tura sansanin zuwa gabar teku zuwa Hopton-on-Sea a 1924, kuma an sayar da shafin na asali. Mafi girma daga cikin wuraren shakatawa shine reshe na Pontins, amma wannan ya rufe a shekara ta 2009. === Tsohon sansanin hutu na Pontins === Shekaru da yawa, akwai sansanonin hutu guda biyu, sansanin hutu na Seacroft a gefen arewacin Beach Road da Maddisons Camp a gefen kudu na Beach Road. An gudanar da gasa ta abokantaka da wasannin kwallon kafa kuma gabaɗaya sun kawo wadata ga ƙauyen. Fred Pontin ne ya sayi su duka biyu. Harry Maddison ne ya buɗe sansanin hutun 9 acre na asali a shekarar 1920, kuma iyalinsa ne suka gudanar da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971. Pontins sun maye gurbin gidajen katako da sabbin ɗakunan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su. A mafi girma, sansanin na kadada 22 yana da tubalan chalet guda huɗu da tubalan shalet guda 44 masu hawa biyu, suna ba da shalets guda 512 a cikin maki uku waɗanda zasu iya saukar da masu hutu 2,440 da gadaje 50 na ma'aikata. Gine-gine 50 da ke wurin sun bayar: karɓar baƙi da cibiyar bayanai; filin wasa; wurin cin abinci mai sauri; wurin wasa; zauren nishaɗi mai zama 1,700; ƙaramin zauren da ke karɓar 800 da shago; wurin yin iyo na cikin gida; mashaya; da ɗakunan snooker. Gidajen waje sun haɗa da kotunan wasan tennis, filin wasa na kasada da hanyar karts. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, bayan shekaru biyar na raguwar rajista kuma bayan bita daga sabbin masu mallakar Pontins Ocean Parks, Pontins ya ba ma'aikata sanarwa na sa'o'i 48 na rufe shafin. An sayar da shi tare da sansanin Blackpool ga mai haɓaka Northern Trust, an yi amfani da shi ga shawarwari masu yawa na ci gaba a cikin wannan lokacin tun daga lokacin, babu wanda ya ci gaba da tsarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=George |title=What is happening to the old Pontins in Hemsby? |url=https://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/what-is-happening-to-the-old-pontins-in-hemsby-1-5214634 |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Great Yarmouth Mercury |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107180951/https://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/what-is-happening-to-the-old-pontins-in-hemsby-1-5214634 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Guguwar Disamba 2013 === Gidaje bakwai a saman dutse sun lalace lokacin da dutsen ya rushe a cikin guguwar guguwa da Cyclone Bodil ya haifar. === Makomar nan gaba === Bayan rufewar Pontins a shekara ta 2009, 'yan kasuwa na Hemsby sun fara gwagwarmaya don wadata ta hanyar shiga masanin alama Simon Middleton, wanda aka fi sani da "Guru na dabarun alama", don sake ƙarfafa hoton wurin shakatawa. Da yake mai da hankali kan asalin Viking na ƙauyen, Middleton ya ba da shawarar sabon layi don wurin shakatawa, "1200 shekaru na nishaɗi a bakin teku", tare da tambarin da ke nuna Viking mai dariya yana ɗauke da guga da [[cokali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemsby and Newport, 1200 Years Of Seaside Fun |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED22%20Dec%202009%2009%3A12%3A45%3A067 |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Edp24.co.uk}}</ref> An ci gaba da taken Viking tare da sanarwar bikin Viking na farko na Norfolk da aka gudanar a watan Yuni. Bikin ya haɗa da sansanin Viking da sake nuna yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma kasuwar Scandinavian da kiɗa. An gayyaci Benny Andersson, wanda ya kasance na ABBA, don yin wasan kwaikwayo a bikin, da kuma yin hukunci a gasar cin kofin ABBA. Hemsby ya sami ƙarin kulawa daga kafofin watsa labarai da kuma 'yan siyasa lokacin da aka sanar da shirye-shiryen aikin "Eden na Gabas" wanda ya shafi wurin shakatawa na muhalli wanda ya danganci tsohon shafin Pontins.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Hemsby witnesses new Eden vision |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/norfolk/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8439000/8439826.stm |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Aikin, wanda aka tsara don zama mai kyau ga muhalli, zai samar da 'yanki na iska' na juyin juya hali a duk shekara a cikin manyan gine-ginen geodesic. == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:HemsbyBeach.jpg|alt=The beach at Hemsby| Beach a Hemsby Fayil:Seacroft_Holiday_Park,_Hemsby.jpg|alt=Seacroft Holiday Park, Beach Road| Seacroft Holiday Park, Hanyar bakin teku Fayil:Hemsby_Beach.jpg|alt=The beach at Hemsby| Beach a Hemsby </gallery> == Sufuri == Hemsby ya taɓa aiki da Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hemsby wacce ke kan Midland da Great Northern Joint Railway tsakanin Great Yarmouth (Beach) da Melton Constable. Ya kasance yana aiki daga 1878 zuwa 1959. An yi amfani da locomotive na tururi na LMS Ivatt Class 4 (2-6-0) a kan wannan hanyar. A halin yanzu Hemsby tana aiki da sabis na bas na farko na Norfolk & Suffolk, 1 1a da 1b. 1b yana aiki da Hemsby Beach kuma 1 da 1a suna aiki da ƙauyen. duk suna tsayawa a tashar bas din Kingsway. === Coci === [[Fayil:Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Hemsby_-_geograph.org.uk_-_771779.jpg|thumb|Cocin St Mary the Virgin]] Ikilisiyar St Mary the Virgin ta Grade II ta kasance daga farkon karni na 14. Cocin Methodist (na farko) yana cikin 6 Waters Lane. An gina shi a cikin 1879, kuma yana da sabis na yau da kullun na Lahadi a karfe 11.00 na safe. An kafa Ikilisiyar Congregationalist a 1862 kuma tana kan Yarmouth Rd. An sayar da ita a hankali, amma har yanzu ana iya samun makabartar ga jama'a. === Makarantu === Makarantar Hemsby kawai ita ce makarantar firamare ta Hemsby, makarantar jima'i ta dalibai masu shekaru 4 zuwa 12. Gine-ginen makarantar sun samo asali ne daga 1904. Saboda yanayin Hemsby da aikin yanayi da aka bayar, jujjuyawar ɗalibai daga makarantar tana da yawa, yayin da iyalai ke shiga ko fita daga yankin. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Matsayi !Sunan !Rukunin !Ranar Mutuwarsa !Kabari / Tunawa |- |Kyaftin. |Ralph Thurgar MC{{Efn|Captain Thurgar was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry during the Second Battle of Gaza after continuing to lead his men whilst wounded and then, when wounded again, continuing to direct his men from the ground.}} |4th Bn. , Rundunar Norfolk |19 ga Afrilu 1917 |Kabarin Yakin Gaza |- |Lt. |Michael Scrimgeour |8th Bn. , Brigade na RifleBrigade na bindiga |30 Yuli 1915 |Ƙofar Yara |- |S.L. |Robert E. Ferrier MiD |HMS <nowiki><i id="mw-g">Partridge</i></nowiki> |12 Disamba 1917 |Bikin Tunawa da Sojan Ruwa na Portsmouth |- |Sjt. |George W. Loades |7th Bn. , Rundunar Norfolk |13 Oktoba 1915 |Abin tunawa da Loos |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Arthur A. Thresher |Sojojin Soja |22 ga Afrilu 1918 |Kabarin Yakin Kirkee |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Arthur V. Sarki |9th Bn. , Norfolk Regt. |26 ga Satumba 1915 |Abin tunawa da Loos |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Albert S. Sarki |1st Bn. , Rundunar Wiltshire |27 Nuwamba, 1914 |Tsohon Kabari na Poperinge |- |Mai girma. |Maurice C. Myhill |158th Bde. Royal Field Artillery |28 Maris 1918 |Abin Tunawa da Ruwa |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Malcolm Gibbs |52nd Bn. , Rundunar Sojojin DurhamSojojin Durham Light |16 Yuli 1918 |Kabari na Linthorpe |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Norman R. Thurtle |20th Bn. , Rundunar Middlesex |22 Maris 1918 |Tunawa da Arras |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Wilfred J. Long |2nd Bn. , Rundunar Norfolk |28 Afrilu 1916 |Kabarin Yakin Basra |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Alfred Edmonds |7th Bn. , Norfolk Regt. |8 ga Mayu 1917 |Kabari na Duisans |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Arthur C. Allen |8th Bn. , Norfolk Regt. |3 Yuli, 1916 |Kabari na La Neuville |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Walter Dyble |9th Bn. , Norfolk Regt. |25 Janairu 1916 |Kabarin Soja na Lijssenthoek |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |John W. Salter |1st Bn. , Sarauniyar SarauniyaRundunar Sarauniya |4 ga Oktoba 1917 |Tyne Cot |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Frank Allen |9th Sarauniya Royal Lancers |22 Maris 1918 |Abin Tunawa da Ruwa |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Thomas W. Turner |10th Bn. , Worcestershire Regt.Dokar Worcestershire. |10 Afrilu 1918 |Tyne Cot |- |Smth |Sidney J. Knights |114th Bde. Royal Field Artillery |18 Maris, 1917 |Kabarin Burtaniya na Karasouli |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> d52s3dpyhljxaxmmledk0lddf6m8n23 0 108568 891285 867969 2026-08-04T10:53:07Z Mahuta 11340 891285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 (UUD 1945) ya bayyana haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Indonesia da dokokin da ke ƙarƙashinsa; an ba da haƙƙoƙi da dama musamman a sakamakon gyare-gyaren tsarin mulkin ƙasar da aka yi bayan zamanin garambawul. Ma'aikatar shari'a da kare hakkin bil'adama tana kula da batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin majalisar ministocin, kuma hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa (Komnas HAM), wanda aka kafa a gwamnatin Suharto ta New Order a 1993, ita ce kasar [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa]]. A cikin 2024, Freedom House ta kima 'yancin ɗan adam na [[Indonesiya]] a matsayin 57 cikin 100 (ɓangare kyauta). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the world - Indonesia |url=https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-08-20 |publisher=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun lura da matakan da gwamnatin Indonesia ta dauka dangane da hakan. Duk da cewa kasar ta samu Komnas HAM, wanda ke samun ‘yancin cin gashin kai daga gwamnati, sannan kuma ya samu amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ita kanta hukumar ba ta da wani tasiri a kan haka, domin ba a ba ta hakoran shari’a a kan ayyukan nuna wariya da gwamnati ke yi ba. Rahotanni daga [[Amnesty International]], [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun nuna batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Indonesia, wato halin da ake ciki a yankin Yammacin New Guinea, kula da 'yan tsiraru na addini, jinsi da jima'i, haƙƙin haihuwa da haihuwa, haƙƙin mata, [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]], [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|LGBT]], da [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|nakasassu]], da' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/indonesia/report-indonesia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111075434/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/indonesia/report-indonesia/ |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=11 November 2019 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDONESIA-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728080055/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDONESIA-2018.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=Indonesia 2018 Human Rights Report |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDONESIA-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728080055/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDONESIA-2018.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=Indonesia 2018 Human Rights Report |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Joko Widodo]] ya zama shugaban kasar Indonesia na biyu da ya amince da cin zarafin '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] da ya gabata a kasarsa. Ya amince da zubar da jini a fili na shekarun 1960. Ya kuma ambaci shari'o'i 12, ciki har da [[Kisan Kiyashi|Kisan kiyashi]] da masu adawa da kwaminisanci suka yi, daga 1965 zuwa 1969, suna nuna keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Yankin Papua. Ya tabbatar da cewa irin wannan mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ba zai sake faruwa ba.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2023 |title=Jokowi acknowledges Indonesia's past human rights violations |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64245668 |accessdate=12 January 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref> Yayin da sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya suka karfafa 'yancin walwala tun bayan faduwar Suharto a 1998, ana ci gaba da nuna damuwa kan tasirin soji a harkokin farar hula, hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, da kuma ci gaba da nuna wariya ga 'yan tsiraru. Canje-canje a cikin 2025 ga dokar soja da karuwar rahotannin tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida sun nuna ci gaba da kalubale.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Why Indonesia's new military law is alarming pro-democracy activists and rights groups |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-parliament-new-military-law-99950f862d738e07cdb1586ccb08adbe |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Media groups sound alarm after Indonesian magazine is sent mutilated animal carcasses |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/media-groups-sound-alarm-after-indonesian-magazine-is-sent-mutilated-animal-2025-03-24/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> == Shari'a == A cikin asalin rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 (kafin gyare-gyare) akwai hakkoki da wajibai daban-daban ga 'yan ƙasa, amma kalmar "yancin ɗan adam" kanta ba a ambaci ta a cikin rubutun ba.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} A cewar masanin shari'a na Indonesiya da kuma Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Harkokin Siyasa, Shari'a, da Tsaro ta yanzu Mahfud MD, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945, saboda haƙƙin ɗanɗano ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan'uwa a cikin mutane ta halitta, yayin da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya ne. {{Sfn|Mahfud MD|2000}}{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} A gefe guda, Soedjono Sumobroto ya ce haƙƙin ɗan adam an nuna su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 ta hanyar Pancasila. Bugu da kari, a cikin gabatarwa, abun ciki, da bayanin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu, akwai akalla ka'idoji 15 na haƙƙin ɗan adam.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} A halin yanzu, wasu masana shari'a kamar Kuntjoro Purbopranoto sun lura cewa akwai tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 amma ba a haɗa su ba. A cewarsa, akwai sashe huɗu kawai waɗanda ke ƙunshe da tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wato Mataki 27, 28, 29 da 31. {{Sfn|Purbopranoto|1975}}{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} Masanin shari'a Solly Lubis ya kuma yi imanin cewa tsarin haƙƙoƙi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki hakika yana da sauƙi da taƙaice, amma a cewar Majda El Muhtaj wannan na halitta ne saboda rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 ya yi gajeren lokaci don ya sami Kundin Tsarin mulki na 1945 ya zama tushe ga sabuwar jihar mai zaman kanta ta Indonesia.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki da kansa ya fara aiki ne daga 18 ga Agusta 1945 zuwa 27 ga Disamba 1945, amma aiwatar da shi bai yi tasiri ba saboda juyin juya halin kasa da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda ba su da kyau a lokacin.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} Bayan Taron Round Table, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1949 na Amurka ta Indonesia (Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya RIS) ya fara aiki. Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai ambaci kalmar "yancin ɗan adam" a bayyane ba, duk da haka a bayyane ya tsara haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sashe na V mai taken "Kwancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci na asali".{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} Wannan sashe ya ƙunshi labarai 27, wato Mataki 7 zuwa 33.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} Bugu da kari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na RIS na 1949 ya kuma tsara muhimman wajibai na jihar da suka shafi kokarin tilasta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sashe na 6 ("Ka'idodin Ka'idoji"), kanta ta ƙunshi labaran 8. Wannan jaddadawa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam shine tasirin Universal Declaration of Human Rights da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948.{{Sfn|El Muhtaj|2017}} An mayar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 a cikin 1959, kuma an yi gyare-gyare da yawa (ciki har da tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam) bayan faduwar Sabon Tsarin. Sannan an ƙara tanadin tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin doka mai lamba 39 na 1999 akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam (Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia). Koyaya, sabbin dokoki, kamar gyaran 2025 ga dokar soji ta 2004, ta haifar da damuwa game da yuwuwar koma bayan dimokuradiyya ta hanyar faɗaɗa rawar soja a cikin mulkin farar hula.<ref name=":0"/> == Amfani da karfi da rashin hukunci == Rundunar ‘yan sandan kasar Indonesiya (Polri) ta yi amfani da karfin da bai kamata ba a kan masu zanga-zangar da masu zanga-zangar, musamman game da shari’o’in takaddamar filaye. A lokuta da ba kasafai ake gudanar da bincike ba, an samu ci gaba kadan wajen gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya. * In January,  six [[Manja|palm oil]] farmers were seriously injured in Jambi Province after Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) officers fired rubber bullets at them in an attempt to evict them from a plantation on which they were working. The plantation was the subject of an ongoing land dispute between the farmers and a palm oil company. * In June,  security forces used unnecessary and excessive force while attempting to evict forcibly a community in Langkat district, North [[Sumatra]]. The community had been involved in a land dispute with the local authorities. When the community protested against the eviction, police officers fired on the crowd without warning, injuring at least nine people. Six others were kicked and beaten.<ref name="Annual">{{Cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/indonesia/report-2012#section-2-6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528124400/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/indonesia/report-2012 |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012 |website=Annual report 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an dauki muhimman matakai na gyara Polri. Gwamnati ta yi gyare-gyaren doka da tsarin mulki don karfafa tasirinsu wajen dakile da gano laifuka, wanzar da zaman lafiyar jama'a da inganta bin doka da oda. Rundunar ‘yan sandan ta kuma bullo da ka’idojin cikin gida don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye ka’idojin kare hakkin bil’adama na kasa da kasa yayin gudanar da aikin ‘yan sanda. Duk da wadannan kyawawan yunƙuri, rahotanni masu sahihanci na take haƙƙin bil'adama da 'yan sanda ke ci gaba da fitowa fili, inda 'yan sanda suka saba amfani da ƙarfi da kuma bindigogi da ba dole ba don murkushe zanga-zangar lumana. ‘Yan sanda na da hannu wajen dukan tsiya, harbe-harbe da kashe mutane a lokacin zanga-zangar gama-gari, rikicin filaye ko ma kama mutane na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa hukumomi sun yi wani yunkuri na gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifin ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ladabtarwa na cikin gida, binciken laifuka kan take hakkin dan Adam da ‘yan sanda ke yi ba kasafai ba ne, lamarin da ya sa da yawa daga cikin wadanda lamarin ya shafa ba su samu damar yin shari’a ba da kuma biyan diyya. Wannan lamarin ya fi muni saboda rashin tsarin korafe-korafe mai cin gashin kansa, mai inganci, da kuma rashin son kai wanda zai iya magance korafe-korafen jama'a game da rashin da'ar 'yan sanda, gami da laifukan da suka shafi take hakkin dan Adam. Yayin da hukumomin da ake da su kamar Komnas HAM ko Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa (Kompolnas) ke iya karba da bincikar korafe-korafe daga jama’a, amma ba su da ikon mika wadannan kararraki kai tsaye ga ofishin mai gabatar da kara ko kuma hukumar ladabtarwa ta ‘yan sanda.<ref name="Excessive">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2012 |title=Excessive force: impunity for police violence in Indonesia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/010/2012/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926183934/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/010/2012/en/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> An sha samun zarge-zargen azabtarwa da cin mutuncin fursunonin da jami'an tsaro ke yi, musamman masu fafutukar siyasa masu zaman lafiya a yankunan da ke da tarihin fafutukar neman 'yancin kai irin su Papua da Maluku. Bincike mai zaman kansa kan irin wadannan zarge-zargen ya kasance ba kasafai ba. Ba a gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi da aka yi wa ’yan fafutukar neman zaman lafiya 21 na ‘yan siyasa ta Special Detachment-88 (Densus-88), sashin ‘yan sanda da ke yaki da ta’addanci. An azabtar da mutanen 21 a lokacin kamawa, tsarewa da kuma tambayoyi a Maluku a watan Agustan 2010. Ana ƙara amfani da gwangwani a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci a Aceh. Akalla mutane 72 ne aka kama su bisa laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da shan barasa, kasancewar su kadai da wani mutum da ba abokin aure ko dangi ba (khalwat) da kuma yin caca. Hukumomin Acehnese sun zartas da wasu jerin dokokin da suka shafi aiwatar da Shari'a bayan kafa dokar cin gashin kai ta musamman na lardin a shekara ta 2001.<ref name="Annual"/> A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2020, 'yan sanda na Indonesia sun kai hari kan wani taro na sirri na mutane 56 a [[Jakarta]], suka kama mutane tara kuma suka tuhume su da laifin "sauƙaƙe ayyukan lalata", wanda ke nuna bambanci ga al'ummar LGBT. Zargin ya keta haƙƙin sirri, haɗin kai da daidaitattun kariya na doka, kuma ya nuna barazanar haƙƙin 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, da masu canza launin fata (LGBT) a cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2020 |title=Indonesia: Investigate Police Raid on 'Gay Party' |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/07/indonesia-investigate-police-raid-gay-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921214630/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/07/indonesia-investigate-police-raid-gay-party |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2025, ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sauye-sauyen doka na baya-bayan nan suna haɗarin dawo da rashin hukunta sojoji na tarihi.<ref name=":0"/> == Nuna bambanci == === Addini === 'Yanci na addini a Indonesia ya shafi masu bin manyan addinai guda shida, Buddha, [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], Confucianism, Hindu, Islama da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]]. Tambaya kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin addinai guda shida na iya haifar da shekaru biyar a kurkuku don "tsage babban addini" da ƙarin shekaru shida a kurkuku idan aikin ya faru a [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodal |first=Kate |date=3 May 2012 |title=Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/03/indonesia-atheists-religious-freedom-aan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402013634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/03/indonesia-atheists-religious-freedom-aan |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Dokar Laifuka ta Indonesia ta haramta saɓo.<ref name="US2009">{{Cite web |date=May 2009 |title=Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom May 2009 |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/images/AR2009/indonesia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508193759/http://www.uscirf.gov/images/AR2009/indonesia.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2009 |access-date=2009-06-24 |website=Indonesia |publisher=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]]}}</ref><ref name="zfikri">{{Cite web |last=Al ‘Afghani |first=Mohamad Mova |date=3 December 2007 |title=Ruling against blasphemy unconstitutional |url=http://zfikri.wordpress.com/2007/12/04/ruling-against-blasphemy-unconstitutional/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719085113/http://zfikri.wordpress.com/2007/12/04/ruling-against-blasphemy-unconstitutional/ |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=2009-06-20 |publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin shekara ta 2005, MUI ta ba da fatwa wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ƙungiyar [[Ahmadiyya]] a matsayin mai ridda. A watan Yunin 2008, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini da Ma'aikatu ta Cikin Gida sun ba da Wasikar Ministoci ta Haɗin Kai game da Ahmadiyya. Wasikar ta gaya wa hukumomi da su ƙuntata ayyukan Ahmadiyya ga bautar sirri da kuma hana Musulmai Amadhi daga tuba. Gwamnonin larduna a Yammacin Sumatra, Kudancin Sumatra da Yammacin Nusa Tenggara sun haramta duk ayyukan Ahmadiyya.<ref name="US2009" /> Akalla an kai hari kan majami'u 18 na Kirista ko kuma an tilasta su rufe. A lokuta da yawa, 'yan sanda sun kasa kare addinai da sauran kungiyoyin' yan tsiraru yadda ya kamata daga irin wadannan hare-hare.  * A watan Fabrairu, an kashe Ahmadis uku bayan wasu gungun mutane 1,500 sun kai musu hari a Cikeusik da ke lardin Banten. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, an yanke wa mutane hukuncin daurin watanni uku zuwa shida a gidan yari saboda samun su da hannu a cikin lamarin. Ba a tuhumi kowa da laifin kisan kai ba, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na cikin gida sun nuna damuwa game da raunin da ake tuhumar su. * Magajin garin Bogor ya ci gaba da bijirewa hukuncin da kotun kolin kasar ta yanke a shekara ta 2010 wanda ya umarci hukumomi da su sake bude Cocin Kirista ta Taman Yasmin na Indonesiya. An tilasta wa jama'ar gudanar da ayyukansu na mako-mako a kan titin da ke wajen cocin da aka rufe, a cikin zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yi.<ref name="Annual"/> A watan Nuwambar 2018, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta fitar da wata manhaja ta wayar salula mai suna "Smart Pakem" wacce ke baiwa masu amfani da ita damar shigar da rahoto ga ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Jakarta duk wanda ake zargi da aikata wasu addinan da ba a amince da su a hukumance ba ko kuma yana da fassarori marasa ma'ana na wasu addinan Indonesia guda shida da aka amince da su a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2018 |title=Reporting blasphemy... using an app |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06t4j8j |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403125130/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06t4j8j |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=Indonesia's new 'heresy app' draws fire |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2018/11/27/indonesias-new-heresy-app-draws-fire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707022553/https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2018/11/27/indonesias-new-heresy-app-draws-fire/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Indonesia a matsayin 1 cikin 4, lura da cewa Indonesia a hukumance ta amince da addinai shida. Yayin da daidaikun mutane na iya barin sashin “addini” a kan katunan shaidarsu babu komai, yin hakan yakan haifar da wariya, musamman ga mabiya addinan da ba a san su ba. Ba a yarda da rashin yarda da Allah ta hanyar doka ba, kuma dokar laifuka ta ƙunshi tanade-tanade game da saɓo, da hukunta waɗanda suka “ɓata” ko “ɓata” imanin bangaskiya. Gina sabon gidan ibada yana da ƙalubale saboda Matakin Haɗin kai na Hidima na 2006, wanda ke buƙatar amincewa daga ’yan ikilisiya da mazauna yankin.<ref name="auto"/> 'Yan tsiraru na addini da kabilanci, gami da [[Ahmadiyya]] da [[Shi'a|Musulmai Shia]], da kuma 'yan asalin Papuans, suna ci gaba da fuskantar nuna bambanci. Dokokin da ke ƙuntata 'yancin addini da ka'idojin gida da ke tilasta fassarar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Islama sun kara tashin hankali.<ref name=":0"/> === LGBT === Mutanen LGBT a kasar suna fuskantar kalubale akai-akai. Ko da yake al'amurran LGBT sun kasance ba a sani ba, 2010s (musamman bayan 2016) sun ga karuwar maganganun anti-LGBT, sanya LGBT Indonesiya cikin batun tsoratarwa, wariya, har ma da tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=STEPHEN WRIGHT |date=February 13, 2019 |title=Gay Muslim comic gone from Instagram after Indonesia warning |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/instagram-removes-gay-muslim-comics-indonesia-warning-61040747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402155029/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/instagram-removes-gay-muslim-comics-indonesia-warning-61040747 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-02 |title=It's OK to be gay in Indonesia so long as you keep it quiet |url=https://www.dw.com/en/its-ok-to-be-gay-in-indonesia-so-long-as-you-keep-it-quiet/a-6456222 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101200401/https://www.dw.com/en/its-ok-to-be-gay-in-indonesia-so-long-as-you-keep-it-quiet/a-6456222 |archive-date=2018-01-01 |access-date=2020-11-19 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2018, 'yan sandan Aceh sun mamaye wani dakin taro tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Aceh mai cin gashin kanta. ‘Yan sandan sun azabtar da dukkan ‘yan kabilar LGBT da ke harabar dakin, inda suka aske gashin kan matan da suka canza sheka, tare da tube riga da rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar mama, tare da kama su a kan titi suna tilasta musu ihun zama maza. Wannan taron ya haifar da fushi mai girma daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a duk duniya, gami da sassan Asiya masu sassaucin ra'ayi. A watan Fabrairun 2018, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen zartar da dokar da za ta aikata laifuka ga jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi. Dokar ta sami goyon baya daga takwas daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa goma na kasar kuma ana sa ran za ta wuce kafin ranar soyayya, kodayake an dakatar da shi bayan Shugaba Jokowi ya yi kira da a soke lissafin bayan yawan zanga-zangar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Indonesia is set to ban gay sex |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/31/indonesia-is-set-to-ban-gay-sex/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824073925/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/31/indonesia-is-set-to-ban-gay-sex/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=PinkNews.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmara |first=Chandra Gian |title=Ini Pernyataan Lengkap Jokowi Soal Penundaan RKUHP |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190920152738-4-101032/ini-pernyataan-lengkap-jokowi-soal-penundaan-rkuhp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170946/https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190920152738-4-101032/ini-pernyataan-lengkap-jokowi-soal-penundaan-rkuhp |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-26 |website=CNBC Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-24 |title=Thousands protest against new criminal code in Indonesia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/24/thousands-protest-against-new-criminal-code-across-indonesia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213224834/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/24/thousands-protest-against-new-criminal-code-across-indonesia |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=2021-11-26 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, doka ba za ta iya gurfanar da luwadi ba, amma Indonesia kawai ta amince da auren jima'i. A cikin 2020, mambobin jam'iyya daga Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, wata jam'iyya mai tushe ta Islama, sun gabatar da wata doka mai rikitarwa da ake kira "Dokar Tsaro ta Iyali" wacce ke ware luwadi da kuma BDSM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-19 |title=RUU Ketahanan Keluarga, LGBT Melanggar Pancasila |url=https://indonesiainside.id/news/politik/2020/02/19/ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-lgbt-melanggar-pancasila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226132029/https://indonesiainside.id/news/politik/2020/02/19/ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-lgbt-melanggar-pancasila |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=2020-02-26 |website=Indonesia Inside |language=ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BDSM dalam RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Diduga Berdasar Ilmu Semu |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200220074209-32-476348/bdsm-dalam-ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-diduga-berdasar-ilmu-semu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226132028/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200220074209-32-476348/bdsm-dalam-ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-diduga-berdasar-ilmu-semu |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=2020-02-26 |website=nasional |language=ID}}</ref> Kudin ya kasa wucewa bayan kashi biyar a cikin gidan wakilai na DPR sun amince da a ƙi lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=24 November 2020 |title=Ditolak 5 Fraksi, Baleg Sepakat Tak Lanjutkan RUU Ketahanan Keluarga |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/24/13003411/ditolak-5-fraksi-baleg-sepakat-tak-lanjutkan-ruu-ketahanan-keluarga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002181808/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/24/13003411/ditolak-5-fraksi-baleg-sepakat-tak-lanjutkan-ruu-ketahanan-keluarga |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=KOMPAS.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Kandas, Ditolak 5 Fraksi DPR RI - PRFM News |url=https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-131014541/ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-kandas-ditolak-5-fraksi-dpr-ri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002181808/https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-131014541/ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-kandas-ditolak-5-fraksi-dpr-ri |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> == Hukuncin kisa == [[Hukuncin kisa a Indonesia|Ci gaba da hukuncin kisa a Indonesia]], da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a da soja sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa. Indonesiya na ci gaba da samun hukuncin kisa kan laifukan muggan kwayoyi, ta'addanci, da sauran laifuka. Duk da sukar ƙasashen duniya, ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kai-tsaye. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suna jayayya da soke shi, suna masu yin la'akari da gwaji marasa adalci da rashin gaskiya.<ref name=":0"/> == Hakkin aiki == A watan Oktoba 2020, Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a Indonesia ta zartar da sabuwar dokar aiki wacce "ta ƙuntata haƙƙin ma'aikata kuma ta rushe kariya ta muhalli, gami da barazanar samun 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa ƙasa da kuma raguwar gandun daji na ƙasar".<ref name="indonesia HRW">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Indonesia: New Law Hurts Workers, Indigenous Groups |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/15/indonesia-new-law-hurts-workers-indigenous-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021000349/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/15/indonesia-new-law-hurts-workers-indigenous-groups |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, sabuwar dokar ta raunana kariya ga ma'aikatan da aka bayar a cikin doka daga shekara ta 2003, da kuma dokokin muhalli da ke akwai da kariya ta doka ga kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name="indonesia HRW" /> === Ma'aikatan gida === A watan Yunin 2012 shugaban ya nuna goyon bayansa ga sabon taron ma'aikatan cikin gida na ILO mai lamba 189. Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta biyu a jere, majalisar ta kasa yin muhawara tare da kafa dokar da ke ba da kariya ta doka ga ma'aikatan gida. Wannan ya bar kimanin ma'aikatan gida miliyan 2.6 - mafi yawansu mata da 'yan mata - cikin ci gaba da hadarin cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da cin zarafin jiki, tunani da jima'i.<ref name="Annual"/> == Hakkin jima'i da haihuwa == Daga Rahoton Shekara na Amnesty International na 2012: <ref name="Annual"/> {{Blockquote|Mata da 'yan mata, musamman ma wadanda suka fito daga matalautan al'ummomi da marasa galihu, an hana su cikakken amfani da 'yancinsu na jima'i da na haihuwa. Mutane da yawa&nbsp;[marasa fahimta] ana ci gaba da hana su ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka tanadar a cikin Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 2009, kamar yadda [[Ma'aikatar Lafiya (Indonesia) | Ma'aikatar Lafiya]] ba ta fitar da ƙa'idar aiwatarwa da ta dace ba. Gwamnati ta kasa kalubalantar halaye na nuna wariya da muguwar dabi'a, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci, gami da [kaciyar mata] da [[auren farko]]. A watan Yuni, Ministan Lafiya ya kare dokar Nuwamba 2010 da ke ba da izinin takamaiman nau'ikan "kaciyar mata" lokacin da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma suka yi. Dokar ta halasta yawaitar yin kaciya. Har ila yau, ta keta dokokin Indonesia da dama tare da saba wa alkawurran da gwamnati ta yi na inganta daidaiton jinsi da kuma yaki da wariya ga mata.}} A shekarar 2018 ne dai kotun kolin kasar Indonesiya ta samu wata mata da ta nadi wata tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da maigidanta inda ya yi lalata da ita. An yanke mata hukuncin daurin wata shida a gidan yari. === Zubar da ciki === Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba bisa ga Mataki na 75, Sashe na 1 na Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan (Dokar Lamba 39 na 2009 kan Lafiya). Mataki na 75, Sashe na 2 na Dokar Lafiya ya ba da keɓance ga matsalolin gaggawa na likita a lokacin farkon masu juna biyu, barazana ga rayuwar uwa da tayin, cuta ta kwayoyin halitta ko cuta na haihuwa wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli ga rayuwar jariri, da kuma ciki da ya haifar da fyade. A cikin sashi na 76 na doka, an yarda a zubar da ciki kafin makonni shida na ciki da aka kirga daga haila ta karshe sai dai idan a cikin gaggawa, dole ne ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun lafiya za ta yi ta, an yi ta tare da izinin mace mai ciki, tare da yardar miji (sai dai idan ciki ya faru ne ta hanyar fyade), kuma a wurin da ma'aikatar ta amince. Kamar yadda doka ta 194 ta tanada, duk mutumin da ya zubar da cikin ba bisa doka ta 75, sashe na 2 ba, zai iya samun hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 da kuma tarar rupiah biliyan daya. Koyaya, a cikin 2024, an halatta zubar da ciki har zuwa makonni 14 na ciki a Indonesia a lokuta na gaggawa da fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Idrus |first=Pizaro Gozali |last2=Firdaus |first2=Arie |date=2024-08-01 |title=Indonesia widens abortion window for health emergencies, pregnancy due to rape |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/abortion-window-widened-08012024185515.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |publisher=benarnews}}</ref> == Batutuwan Yammacin Papua ==   International human rights organisations have criticised the Indonesian government's handling of protesters from the Free Papua Movement (OPM) in the Papua conflict, in which the OPM seeks the secession of Papua and West Papua.<ref name="AI">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Filep Karma, Jailed for Raising a Flag |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/indonesia-filep-karma/page.do?id=1101238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082334/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/indonesia-filep-karma/page.do?id=1101238 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{Cite journal |last=Human Rights Watch |author-link=Human Rights Watch |date=22 June 2010 |title=Prosecuting Political Aspiration |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/90960/section/5 |url-status=live |journal=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122020504/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/90960/section/5 |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=18 April 2011}}</ref> High-profile prisoners from this movement include Filep Karma<ref name="AI" /> and Buchtar Tabuni,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=INDONESIA: PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE AT RISK OF TORTURE: BUCHTAR TABUNI |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/001/2011/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122063725/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/001/2011/en/ |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> both of whom are considered to be prisoners of conscience by [[Amnesty International]]. A report to the ''Indonesian Human Rights Network'' by the ''Allard K Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, Yale Law School'' alleges [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] violations in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Application of Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control'' - Yale University |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/West_Papua_final_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825174228/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/West_Papua_final_report.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> The Indonesian National Military (TNI) denies allegations of human rights abuses in Papua.<ref name="video">{{Cite web |last=Vaswani |first=Karishma |date=22 October 2010 |title=Indonesia confirms Papua torture |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11604361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023050231/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11604361 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |access-date=22 October 2010 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Between 1969 and 2016, Indonesia had killed approximately 500,000 Papuans, with human rights abuses continuing into the subsequent decade. A shekara ta 2005, Shugaba Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) ya aiwatar da canjin manufofi daga "doka da tsari" zuwa ci gaban tattalin arziki don kama rabuwa a Papua. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an sanar da sakin fursunonin siyasa na Papua wadanda suka nuna 'yancin kai. A watan Oktoba, wani bidiyon ya fito wanda ya nuna sojoji suna kiɗa da cin zarafin wadanda ake zargi da 'yan tawaye a Papua. Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa mutanen mambobi ne na TNI. Ministan tsaro ya ce ayyukansu sun wuce gona da iri kuma ba su da sana'a, kuma za a hukunta su.<ref name="video"/><ref name="antara" /> Gwamnatin Indonesia ta kiyasta cewa an kashe Papuans 100,000 tun daga 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News - The University of Sydney |url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064843/http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=www.USyd.edu.au}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2020, mai magana da yawun [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] (OHCHR) ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar tattaunawa mai ma'ana da hadawa don magance matsalolin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa na dogon lokaci a lardunan Papua da West Papua. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=UN human rights office worried by killings in Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1078832 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130214538/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1078832 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=UN News}}</ref> Sauran ta'addanci sun hada da: * A cikin watan Janairu, wasu sojoji uku da aka yi fim din suna harbi da kuma zagin Papuans, kotun soji ta yanke wa hukuncin daurin watanni takwas zuwa goma a gidan yari saboda rashin bin umarnin. Wani babban jami'in gwamnatin Indonesia ya bayyana cin zarafi a matsayin "karamin cin zarafi". * A cikin watan Afrilu ne 'yan sanda a Papua suka harbe Dominokus Auwe a kirji da kai, inda suka kashe shi tare da raunata wasu biyu a gaban ofishin 'yan sanda na gundumar Moanemani. Mutanen uku sun tunkari ofishin ne cikin lumana domin neman kudin da ‘yan sandan suka kama a garin Auwe a ranar. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da aikata laifukan siyasa a Maluku da Papua. Akalla masu fafutukar siyasa 90 ne aka daure a gidan yari saboda ayyukansu na siyasa na lumana. * A watan Agusta, an daure wasu ’yan gwagwarmayar siyasar Papuan biyu, Melkianus Bleskadit da Daniel Yenu, har na tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari saboda hannu a wata zanga-zangar lumana ta siyasa a garin Manokwari a watan Disambar 2010. * A watan Oktoba, an kama mutane sama da 300 ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan halartar taron jama'ar Papuan na Uku, wani taron lumana da aka gudanar a garin Abepura na lardin Papua. Ko da yake yawancin an tsare su ne da daddare kuma aka sake su washegari, biyar an tuhume su da laifin “ tawaye” a karkashin sashe na 106 na kundin laifuffuka. Zargin zai iya ɗaukar hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Wani bincike na farko da hukumar kare hakkin bil’adama ta kasa (Komnas HAM) ta gudanar, ya gano cewa jami’an tsaro sun tafka ta’addanci da dama da suka hada da bude wuta kan mahalarta taron, da duka da kuma harba su. Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida sun ci gaba da tsoratar da su kuma sun kai musu hari saboda aikinsu. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, 'yan jarida Banjir Ambarita sun yi wa mutane da ba a san su ba a lardin Papua jim kadan bayan ya rubuta game da shari'o'i biyu na mata waɗanda jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi musu fyade a Papua. Ya tsira daga harin. * A watan Yunin 2011, jami'an soja sun doke Yones Douw, mai kare hakkin dan adam a Papua, bayan ya yi kokarin saka idanu kan zanga-zangar da ake kira da a dauki alhakin kisan gillar da ba bisa ka'ida ba na Papuan Derek Adii a watan Mayu <ref name="Annual"/> == Dokokin adawa da kasar Sin == A farkon shekarun da Indonesiya ta samu 'yancin kai, Indonesiya ta kafa wasu dokoki da umarni da suka shafi 'yan kasar Sinawa. An hana baki ciki har da Sinawa yin sana’ar sayar da kayayyaki a yankunan karkara, ana kuma bukatar su mika sana’o’insu ga ‘yan kasar, sannan kuma su koma garuruwa. Shugaba Suharto ya ci gaba da aiwatar da manufar nuna wariya. Mafi yawa, idan ba duka ba, an soke dokar nuna wariya a lokacin juyin juya hali a karkashin Shugaba Abdurrahman Wahid. Bayan zamanin, 'yan siyasar Sin-Indonesiyan sun fito, irin su Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (tsohon gwamnan Jakarta) da Hary Tanoesoedibjo (dan kasuwa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Perindo). == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki ==   Duk da lamunin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayar, ana ci gaba da fuskantar barazana ga 'yancin 'yan jarida a Indonesia. ’Yan jarida masu bincike da kafafen yada labarai na fuskantar karuwar tursasawa, tantancewa, da cin zarafi.<ref name=":1"/> A ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2020, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci hukumomin Indonesiya da su sauke dukkan tuhume-tuhume a kan 'yan gwagwarmayar Papua da dalibai bakwai, wadanda ke kan shari'a saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar wariyar launin fata a shekarar da ta gabata a watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=Indonesia: Drop Case Against Papuan Protest Organizers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/10/indonesia-drop-case-against-papuan-protest-organizers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617161058/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/10/indonesia-drop-case-against-papuan-protest-organizers |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2019, dalibai hudu tare da sauran dalibai 50, sun yi zanga-zanga cikin lumana game da cin zarafin bil'adama a Papua da West Papua, suna neman gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki fursunonin siyasa na Papua. An shigar da karar farar hula a kan 'yan gwagwarmayar dalibai 4 bayan korar su daga jami'arsu. A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin 2020, 'yan sanda sun zargi daya daga cikin dalibai hudu da "cin amana" da "ta'addanci na jama'a. " Human Rights Watch ta bukaci Jami'ar Khairun ta Indonesia da ta sake dawo da dalibai hudu wadanda aka kore su kuma su goyi bayan' yancin ilimi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=Indonesia: Reinstate Students Expelled Over Papua Protest |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/06/indonesia-reinstate-students-expelled-over-papua-protest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823020733/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/06/indonesia-reinstate-students-expelled-over-papua-protest |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana sukar ma'aikatar saboda tantancewa, yayin da take toshe shafukan yanar gizo "don kare ɗan ƙasa daga yaudara" []. A cikin 2020, Darakta Janar Ma'aikatar Semuel Abrijani Pangerapan da Johnny G. Plate sun gabatar da doka da ke buƙatar kamfanonin kasashen waje su yi rajista a ƙarƙashin jerin masu sarrafa tsarin lantarki wanda zai iya ba gwamnati damar samun bayanai na ɗan ƙasa kuma ya yi barazanar kamfanin don toshe damar shiga daga ƙasar idan kamfanin bai yi rajista ba. An sake fAsalin dokar kuma ta wuce a shekarar 2021. A watan Yulin 2022, an aiwatar da haramtacciyar sanannun shafukan yanar gizo da yawa kamar PayPal, Epic Games, Steam, Origin, da [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]], da wasannin kamar Counter-Strike: Global Offensive da ''Dota 2'' saboda ba su yi rajista a ƙarƙashin sabon dokar ma'aikatar ba. {{Sic}} === Abin da ya faru a jikin dabbobi na 2025 === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Mujallar Tempo, wacce aka sani da rahotonta mai mahimmanci, an yi niyya da ayyukan ta'addanci da ba a san su ba, gami da isar da kan alade da beraye marasa kai. Kungiyoyin 'yancin yada labarai, ciki har da [[Amnesty International]], sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan ayyukan kuma sun yi kira ga bincike mai zaman kansa. An soki gwamnati saboda rashin amsar da ta samu, tare da jami'ai suna yin maganganu masu banƙyama maimakon daukar mataki. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da sa ido na dijital da matakan shari'a, kamar Dokar Bayanai da Ma'amala (ITE), don yin shiru ga masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya, da 'yan jarida ta hanyar zargi da ɓata suna.<ref name=":1"/> == Dubi kuma ==   * Censorship a Indonesia * [[Zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan adam na ExxonMobil a Aceh|Zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan adam na ExxonMobil a Indonesia]] * 'Yanci na addini a Indonesia * [[Cinikin mutane a Indonesia]] * Kashe-kashen Indonesiya na 1965-66 * Kisan kare dangi na Timor ta Gabas * Hakkin LGBT a Indonesia * Rikicin Mayu 1998 na Indonesia == Bayanan da aka ambata == === Tushen === * ^ - [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929205834/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/indone14869.htm Muhimman Bayani: Bayani game da Batutuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Indonesia] Human Rights Watch, 2007  * ^ - Rahoton Amnesty International 2007: Indonesia Amnesty International, 2007  * ^ - [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78774.htm Indonesia - Rahotanni na Kasar kan Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, 2007  == Ƙarin karantawa == * == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.kemenkumham.go.id/ Shafin yanar gizon Ma'aikatar Shari'a da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102102819/https://kemenkumham.go.id/ |date=2025-01-02 }} * [https://www.komnasham.go.id/ Gidan yanar gizon Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Komnas HAM)] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/150/" id="mwBIA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a Indonesia - IFEX * [https://usindo.org/ Ƙungiyar Indonesia ta Amurka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418191304/http://indonesia.ahrchk.net/ AHRC Daukaka kara na gaggawa] da aka fassara zuwa Indonesian da kuma dokoki game da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam a Indonesia * Tapol - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya da ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam a Indonesia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sg56xo5o2iku1g43gqqwq9ktwe7nls5 0 109729 891234 720363 2026-08-04T08:49:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''The Indister''', wanda aka kafa a [[Sweden]] 2005, mujalla ce ta yanar gizo ta kowane wata da ake bugawa cikin Ingilishi. Yana mai da hankali kan geopolitics da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma layin edita yana da sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa hagu. Abubuwan da The Inditter suka buga ya kasance batun cece-kuce na kasa da kasa; a cikin 2017 ta buga wani bincike wanda ya zama takarda a hukumance a Kwamitin Tsaro na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Sanarwar da ta fitar ta ce The Inditter na da burin "yi Allah wadai da laifukan yaki, cin zarafi da cin zarafin bil'adama, da kuma hare-haren da jihohi ke yi kan sirri da 'yancin walwala".<ref>Editorial Board". The Indicter. Retrieved 2021-12-06.</ref> Jaridar Sweden Dagens Nyheter ta kwatanta The Indister a matsayin wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar likitocin Sweden don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (SWEDHR).<ref>Gasattacker förnekas med hjälp från svensk läkargrupp". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 2017-04-21. ISSN 1101-2447. Retrieved 2021-12-06</ref> Koyaya, Sources ya lura cewa mawallafin doka na mujallu na wata-wata shine kamfanin Yaren mutanen Sweden Littattafan Libertarian Turai.<ref>The Indicter - Media Names & Numbers 2020". www.sources.com. Retrieved 2021-12-06</ref> An buga labarai da yawa da The Indister da magabatansa, Farfesa Blog, aka buga ta hanyar sadarwar WikiLeaks tsakanin 2010-2018. Duk da haka, an yi la'akari da wasu daga cikin nazarin mujallu a cikin wasu manyan kafofin watsa labaru na Turai ciki har da Der Spiegel, Le Figaro, France 24, Liberation, da HuffPost, ban da shafukan labarai na Sweden.<ref>"UN officials in tears watching video from alleged chlorine attack in Syria - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2021-12-06. "Svensk grupp i rysk propaganda om giftattacken på spion". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 2018-04-02. ISSN 1101-2447. Retrieved 2021-12-06. "The situation in the Middle East" (PDF). "Linda Jerneck: Akademikerna som tvättar blodet från Assadregimen". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-12-06. "OK". m.ok.ru. Retrieved 2021-12-06. M. Zakharova on SWEDHR's analysis of White-Helmets videos in The Indicter, retrieved 2021-12-06 @mfa_russia (March 16, 2017). "#Zakharova: We would like the public to take note..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved 2023-05-09 – via Twitter. "Svensk läkargrupp: Bluff om gasattacker". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2021-12-06. "Russia Used a Two-Year-Old Video and an 'Alternative' Swedish Group to Discredit Reports of Syria Gas Attack". Coda Story. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2021-12-06. "Refuting the Coda Story's narrative on Swedish Doctors for Human Rights". The Indicter. Retrieved 2021-12-06. "Interference by journalists on sovereign opinions of professors, academics, and independent researchers, comprise infringements to Art 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". The Indicter. Retrieved 2021-12-06. United Nations Security Council, 15 February 2018. Document A/72/652–S/2017/1010</ref> Mujallar ta kai masu kallo rabin miliyan a cikin Disamba 2020, bisa ga kididdigar Jetpack da aka sake bugawa a cikin mujallar (ƙididdigar da ta fara Afrilu 2016). Marcello Ferrada de Noli, ɗan sassaucin ra'ayi ne ya kafa Indister.<ref>"Replik från SWEDHR på Patrik Oksanens krönika". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-12-06.</ref> == Rigingimu == A cikin 2017 The Inditter ya buga jerin labaran da ke kalubalantar shaidar likita game da harin gas da ake zargin a Sarmin, 2015, wanda likitocin [[Siriya]] da ke adawa da gwamnatin Assad suka gabatar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan jakadan Siriya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bashar Jaafari, ya yi ishara da rahoton The Inditter a zaman kwamitin tsaro a watan Afrilu 12, 2017, mujallar ta zama abin zargi daga yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na yammacin Turai, ciki har da kantunan Sweden Dagens Nyheter da Expressen. Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labaru na Sweden sun kai hari ga Mai nuna alama don ambaton Daraktan Labarai da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Rasha, Maria Zakharova, a cikin wani taron manema labarai da aka watsa a ranar 16 ga Maris 2017. Maria Zakharova kuma ta buga tweet tare da hoton da ke sake fasalin tambarin Indister. A cewar Dagens Nyheter, wakilin kasar Rasha a kungiyar da ke haramta amfani da makamai masu guba, Mikhail Uljanov, ya yi amfani da wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin jaridar The Inditter Afrilu 2017 wajen tambayar ikirari da ‘yan adawar Syria suka yi dangane da alhakin da gwamnatin Syria ke da shi na harin gas na Khan Sheikhoun. Wasu daga cikin sakamakon binciken da aka ambata a sama da aka buga a cikin The Indister sun kalubalanci shafin Coda Media, Coda Story. Mai nuna alamar ya inganta waɗannan sabbin kuma ya ba da gayyata zuwa Labarin Coda don yin muhawara a bainar jama'a game da batun. Labarin Coda ya kasa ba da amsa. Kafofin yada labaran Sweden sun ruwaito cewa Marcello Ferrada de Noli, wanda ya wallafa sakamakon bincikensa a jaridar The Indister, ya yi nazari kan rahoton OPCW bayan ikirarin kai hari da makami mai guba a Syria. Bayan da jakadan Rasha a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Vasily Nebenzya ya bukata, babban sakataren MDD ya amince da shigar da labarin The Inditter a matsayin takardar hukuma na kwamitin sulhu a watan Fabrairun 2018.<ref>United Nations Security Council, 15 February 2018. Document A/72/652–S/2017/1010</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Gidan yanar gizon hukuma == Manazarta == 01jr0o2gg23pscq5cyr6jaezkcguy0r 0 109930 891143 790223 2026-08-04T00:41:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon Aerotoxic''' yana da alaƙa da tasirin rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa tiyar numfashi mai gurbataccen iska a cikin Gidan jirgin sama. Masu bincike sun danganta ciwon iska tare da bayyanar abubuwa kamar Man inji da Ruwa mai ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schopfer |first=Lawrence M. |last2=Furlong |first2=Clement E. |last3=Lockridge |first3=Oksana |date=2010-09-01 |title=Development of diagnostics in the search for an explanation of aerotoxic syndrome |journal=Analytical Biochemistry |language=en |volume=404 |issue=1 |pages=64–74 |doi=10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.032 |issn=0003-2697 |pmc=2900449 |pmid=20447373}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2000-09-04 |title=AEROTOXIC SYDROME: ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO JET OIL MIST DURING COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS |url=http://bleedfree.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/07_winder_aerotoxic_syndrome-kopie.pdf |journal=Towards a Safe and Civil Society. Proceedings of the International Congress on Occupational Health Conference, Held in Brisbane, Australia |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915180536/http://bleedfree.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/07_winder_aerotoxic_syndrome-kopie.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake masu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin yanayin aikin jirgin sama da alamun cutar aerotoxic, wannan yanayin ba ƙwarewar likita ba ce saboda abin da ya faru da kuma yanayin yanayin har yanzu suna cikin muhawara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michaelis |first=Susan |last2=Burdon |first2=Jonathan |last3=Howard |first3=C. Vyvyan |last4=Europe |first4=World Health Organization Regional Office for |date=2017 |title=Aerotoxic syndrome: a new occupational disease? |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/325308 |journal=Public Health Panorama |language=en |volume=03 |issue=2 |pages=198–211 |issn=2412-544X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Kate |date=2017-08-19 |title='There are hundreds of sick crew': is toxic air on planes making frequent flyers ill? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/aug/19/sick-crew-toxic-air-planes-frequent-flyers-ill |access-date=2020-11-27 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hageman |first=Gerard |last2=Pal |first2=Teake M. |last3=Nihom |first3=Jik |last4=Mackenzie Ross |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Berg |first5=Martin van den |date=2020-05-03 |title=Aerotoxic syndrome, discussion of possible diagnostic criteria |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1649419 |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=414–416 |doi=10.1080/15563650.2019.1649419 |issn=1556-3650 |pmid=31389264 |s2cid=199468610 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tushen gurɓataccen abu == [[Fayil:Cabin_pressure_and_Bleed_air_control_panels_on_a_Boeing_737-800.jpg|right|thumb|Matsi na Cabin da Bleed Air Control Panels a kan Boeing 737-800]] Jiragen saman zamani suna da [[Sauyin yanayin muhalli da Jirgin Sama ke kawowa|Tsarin kula da muhalli]] (ECS) wanda ke sarrafa kwararar iska. Iska ta waje tana shiga injuna kuma an matse shi a cikin ɓangaren gaba na injin, kafin ɓangaren konewa, tabbatar da cewa babu samfuran konewa da za su iya shiga cikin ɗakin. Ana amfani da wani ɓangare na wannan iska mai zubar da jini don matsawa cikin ɗakin. Sa'an nan kuma ECS ta sake zagaya wasu daga cikin wannan iska ta hanyar matattarar [[HEPA]], yayin da sauran ke jagorantar bawul ɗin fita, tabbatar da cewa akwai wadataccen iska mai tsabta, mai tsabta da ke shiga cikin tsarin matsa lamba a kowane lokaci. Injinan jet suna buƙatar mai na roba don mai. Wadannan mai suna dauke da sinadaran kamar tricresyl phosphate (TCP ko TOCP), wani organophosphate, wanda zai iya zama mai guba ga mutane amma kawai a cikin adadi mafi girma fiye da yadda ake samu a cikin man injin jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mackerer |first=Carl R. |last2=Barth |first2=Mary L. |last3=Krueger |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Chawla |first4=Birbal |last5=Roy |first5=Timothy A. |date=1999 |title=Comparison of neurotoxic effects and potential risks from oral administration or ingestion of tricresyl phosphate and jet engine oil containing tricresyl phosphate |journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=293–328 |bibcode=1999JTEHA..57..293C |doi=10.1080/009841099157638 |pmid=10405186 |s2cid=21766690}}</ref> Duk da lafiyar mai na jirgin sama a karkashin yanayi na al'ada, takardar bayanan tsaro na Exxon Mobil Jet II, mai mai amfani da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama, ya bayyana cewa mai na iya lalacewa "a yanayin zafi ko a ƙarƙashin yanayin wuta," yana fitar da iskar gas mai cutarwa, tururi, ko hayaki, kamar carbon monoxide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-10-06 |title=MOBIL JET OIL II - MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET |url=https://www.avlab.com/v/vspfiles/templates/aviationlab/images/forms/Mobil%20Jet%20Oil%20II.pdf |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=ExxonMobile |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411230526/https://www.avlab.com/v/vspfiles/templates/aviationlab/images/forms/Mobil%20Jet%20Oil%20II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayyanawa mai tsanani ga waɗannan samfuran lalacewa na iya haifar da alamomi kamar ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, da fushin idanu, hanci, ko makogwaro.<ref name=":1" /> Ana shigar da hatimi na injin don tabbatar da cewa ana ci gaba da shafa kayan aikin injiniya masu mahimmanci, da kuma hana man injiniya shiga cikin iska mai matsewa. Alamun injiniya za su zubar da ƙaramin mai a matsayin aikin ƙirar hatimi. Wannan an san shi da ƙimar leakaran mai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Susan Michaelis |author-link=Susan Michaelis |date=2016-06-01 |title=IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROVISION OF CLEAN AIR IN CREW AND PASSENGER COMPARTMENTS USING THE AIRCRAFT BLEED AIR SYSTEM |url=https://1d223eac-9f87-4fb4-8ca7-7fec67969181.filesusr.com/ugd/3e3e4e_c7faf9788a05427a9611cb2000c2c2eb.pdf |access-date=2020-12-20 |publisher=Cranfield University}}</ref> Idan hatimi mai ɗauke da shi ya gaza kuma ya fara ɓoyewa, dangane da wurin hatimi, ana iya sakin man fetur mai yawa a cikin iska mai matse. Ana iya gano ɓarkewar mai ta hanyar ƙanshin da ake kira 'dirty socks', ko, a lokuta masu tsanani, ta hanyar hayaki a cikin gidan. Wannan an san shi a cikin masana'antar a matsayin taron hayaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helen Muir |date=2007-11-21 |title=Cabin Air Sampling Study Functionality Test |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/aviation/hci/cabinairtest.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100708141947/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/aviation/hci/cabinairtest.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2010-05-13 |publisher=[[Cranfield University]] via [[Department for Transport]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Binciken Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya na tsawon shekara a shekara ta 2000 ya sami shaidar wasu "ƙwarewar neman biyan diyya na ma'aikata" don rashin lafiya wanda masu neman suka danganta da bayyanar hayaki a kan BAe 146. Masu nema sun kunshi kimanin ma'aikatan 20 wadanda suka bayyana hayakin mai da ke shiga cikin jirgin sama. Wannan kwamitin bincike ya kammala cewa "ya kamata a dauki batun gurɓataccen hayaki a matsayin batun tsaro dangane da ikon ma'aikatan jirgin don kula da kwashe jirgin sama da kuma ikon fasinjoji don shiga cikin kwashewa". A cikin 1996, Air UK ta ba da rahoton yawan amfani da disinfectant (formaldehyde) don bayan gida da kuma tsaftace bene na galley kuma cewa inhalation na hayaki daga wannan sinadarin, zai haifar da haske-kai, ciwon kai da ƙishirwa. "CAA ta sanar da masu aiki na Burtaniya a wannan lokacin (CAA ref. 10A/380/15, kwanan wata 2 ga Agusta 1996) game da wannan haɗari mai yuwuwa, kamar yadda rashin amfani da wannan wakili ya yadu. "<ref name="aaib Birm">{{Cite web |title=Air Accidents Investigation Branch Report on the incident to BAe 146, G-JEAK during the descent into Birmingham Airport on 5 November 2000 |url=http://www.aaib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/1-2004%20G-JEAK.pdf}}</ref>: 31  Kalmar "ciwon iska" an fara bugawa ne a cikin 2000 ta Chris Winder da Jean-Christophe Balouet, waɗanda suka kirkiro kalmar don bayyana alamun rashin lafiya waɗanda suke jayayya sun haifar da bayyanar iska wanda, a cewar su, man jet engine ya gurɓata.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burdon |first=Jonathan |last2=Budnik |first2=Lygia Therese |last3=Baur |first3=Xaver |last4=Hageman |first4=Gerard |last5=Howard |first5=C. Vyvyan |last6=Roig |first6=Jordi |last7=Coxon |first7=Leonie |last8=Furlong |first8=Clement E. |last9=Gee |first9=David |last10=Loraine |first10=Tristan |last11=Terry |first11=Alvin V. |last12=Midavaine |first12=John |last13=Petersen |first13=Hannes |last14=Bron |first14=Denis |last15=Soskolne |first15=Colin L. |date=2023-05-16 |title=Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers |journal=Environmental Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=43 |bibcode=2023EnvHe..22...43B |doi=10.1186/s12940-023-00987-8 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=10186727 |pmid=37194087 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2000, duka kyaftin din da jami'in farko na Jersey European Airways BAe 146 sun zama marasa lafiya yayin da suke sauka a Filin jirgin saman Birmingham. <ref name="aaib Birm"/> : 1 Dukansu sun zama masu ƙishirwa, kuma kyaftin din ya sami hangen nesa sau biyu kuma yana da wahalar yin hukunci da tsawo, amma ya sami nasarar saukar da jirgin sama lafiya.<ref name="aaib Birm" /> : 3-4 An kai matukan jirgi biyu asibiti amma ba a sami dalilin rashin lafiyar su ba.<ref name="aaib Birm" /> : 1 Rahoton binciken da ya faru ya kammala cewa "Akwai shaidar yanayi don ba da shawarar cewa ma'aikatan jirgin sama a kan G-JEAK sun shafi gurɓataccen iska, sakamakon ɓarkewar mai daga na'urar wutar lantarki ta taimako (APU) mai sanyaya fan a cikin rafin iska na APU, da kuma cikin tsarin ECS. Wannan gurɓatawar ta ba da damar hayaki ya bunkasa, wani rabo daga cikinsu ya shiga cikin ɗakin da iska. " <ref name="aaib Birm" />: 56: 56  Wani kimantawa da Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Majalisar Dattijai na Burtaniya ya yi ya gano cewa ba a tabbatar da ikirarin tasirin kiwon lafiya ba. Wani sabuntawa a cikin 2008 bai sami wata muhimmiyar sabuwar shaida ba. Ba a san cutar ta hanyar kiwon lafiya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hale MA, Al-Seffar JA |date=September 2009 |title=Preliminary report on aerotoxic syndrome (AS) and the need for diagnostic neurophysiological tests |journal=Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=260–79 |doi=10.1080/1086508X.2009.11079726 |pmid=19891417 |s2cid=25263175}}</ref><ref name="Bagshaw2013">{{Cite web |last=Bagshaw, Michael |date=July 2013 |title=Cabin Air Quality: A review of current aviation medical understanding |url=http://www.asma.org/asma/media/asma/Travel-Publications/Cabin-Air-Quality-A-review-of-current-aviation-medical-understanding-Jul13.pdf |access-date=2014-09-28 |publisher=Aerospace Medical Association |archive-date=2016-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729150752/https://www.asma.org/asma/media/asma/Travel-Publications/Cabin-Air-Quality-A-review-of-current-aviation-medical-understanding-Jul13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2019, kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyar na Burtaniya ciki har da British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines da EasyJet sun yi musu shari'a ta hanyar ƙungiyar Unite game da tasirin jirgin sama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Coffey |first=Helen |date=2020-08-12 |title=JetBlue pilot wins landmark compensation case against airline after getting ill from toxic air |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/jetblue-pilot-captain-compensation-contaminated-air-toxic-airbus-plane-oil-fumes-a9667076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021425/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/jetblue-pilot-captain-compensation-contaminated-air-toxic-airbus-plane-oil-fumes-a9667076.html |archive-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2020, a cikin shari'ar farko ta irin wannan a Amurka, Hukumar Biyan Ma'aikata ta [[Oregon]] ta yanke hukunci a madadin Kyaftin Andrew Myers, Kyaftin na Jet Blue wanda aka fallasa shi akai-akai ga gurbataccen iska a cikin jirgin Airbus da ya tashi sannan ya biyo bayan wani mummunan man fetur a farkon 2017. Myers ya sha wahala daga rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa da matsalolin gani, dukansu suna iya zama na dindindin.<ref name=":0"/> Mai ɗaukar ya fara musanta da'awar Myers, amma shari'ar ta tabbatar da cewa "mai saurin sinadarai" da "mai saukin guba" sun haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar su encephalopathy mai guba, rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, da ƙarancin motsi na ido.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2020-03-20 |title=BEFORE THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD, ANDREW K. MYERS, Claim No. 555232469 |url=https://www.gcaqe.org/_files/ugd/3e3e4e_fd0106505d4545abb91596f6d7b3a5ae.pdf}}</ref> Bayan jarrabawa, wani likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa inhalation na hayaki mai guba ya sa Myers "ba zai iya aiki" a matsayin kyaftin din jirgin sama ba.<ref name=":2" /> == Bincike == A shekara ta 1986, Majalisa ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin wani rahoto daga Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (NRC) game da ingancin iska. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar hana shan sigari a kan jirgin sama don inganta ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=United States National Research Council}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, FAA ta haramta shan sigari a cikin jirage na cikin gida na kasa da sa'o'i biyu, kuma ta tsawaita haramcin a cikin 1990 ga dukkan jirage na ciki kuma a cikin 2000 ga jirage na duniya. Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ya kammala a cikin martani ga korafe-korafe da yawa da aka karɓa "daga shaidu da yawa, musamman [[Organophosphate]] Information Network, [[BALPA]], da Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Jirgin Sama ta Duniya, suna nuna damuwa game da haɗarin [[tricresyl phosphate]] (TCP ko TOCP) guba ga mazaunan ɗakin, musamman ga ma'aikatan da za a iya fuskantar maimaitawa a wasu nau'ikan jirgin sama, sakamakon man fetur da ke shiga cikin iska. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ma6p3ifk1xhvpw2ydo16usoznvkmuv9 0 110126 891258 874533 2026-08-04T09:01:32Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Canjin yanayi]] yana tasiri sosai ga muhallin Kanada da shimfidar wurare. Tsananin yanayi ya zama mai yawa kuma mai tsanani saboda ci gaba da sakin iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Yawan abubuwan da suka shafi canjin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa ta 2021 British Columbia da kuma karuwar gobarar gandun daji, ya zama abin damuwa akan lokaci.<ref>Rosano, Michela (July 26, 2018). "Photos: How climate change is transforming Canada". Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2021</ref> Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Kanada na shekara-shekara akan ƙasa ya yi zafi da 1.7 ° C (3.1 ° F) tsakanin 1948 da 2016. Yawan ɗumamar ya fi girma a arewacin Kanada, Prairies, da arewacin British Columbia. Ruwan saman kasar ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma gobarar daji ta karu daga abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi zuwa barazanar duk shekara. Tun daga 2022, Kanada ita ce ta 11 mafi girma a duniya mai fitar da iskar carbon dioxide (CO2)<ref>Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions |". Climate Watch. Retrieved August 3, 2024</ref> kuma kamar na 2021 mafi girma na 7th mai fitar da iskar gas. Kanada tana da dogon tarihi na samar da hayakin masana'antu wanda ya koma ƙarshen karni na 19. A shekarar 2022 sufuri, hakar mai da iskar gas, da kuma fitar da hayaki mai gudu tare suka fitar da kashi 82% na jimillar hayakin kasar. Daga 1990 zuwa 2022, hayakin GHG daga samar da mai na al'ada ya karu da kashi 24%, wanda daga fasahohin fasahohin matakai da yawa ya karu da kashi 56%, sannan fitar da yashin mai ya karu da kashi 467%. Wannan ya haifar da suka ga Kanada game da yin watsi da rage hayaki a yayin da take tallafawa masana'antar mai da iskar gas.<ref>Cecco, Leyland (July 25, 2024). "Canada is proposing to lead on climate – but it's doubling down on oil". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 17, 2025.</ref> Kanada ta himmatu wajen rage fitar da iskar gas da take fitarwa da kashi 30% kasa da matakan 2005 nan da 2030 karkashin yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]]. A cikin Yuli 2021, Kanada ta haɓaka shirye-shiryen Yarjejeniyar Paris tare da sabon burin rage fitar da hayaki da kashi 40 – 45% ƙasa da matakan 2005 ta 2030, yana aiwatar da Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Net-Zero na Kanada. A cikin 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don ayyana dokar ta-baci ta yanayi a Kanada. An aiwatar da manufofin rage sauyin yanayi da dama a cikin ƙasar, kamar farashin carbon, cinikin hayaki da kuma shirye-shiryen tallafin canjin yanayi. == Fitar da iskar gas == Sauyin yanayi ya samo asali ne daga hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ayyukan mutane ke samarwa. Kanada ita ce kasa ta 7 mafi girma a duniya mai fitar da iskar gas a cikin bayanan Inventory na GHG, kamar na 2021.<ref>Canada, Environment and Climate Change (July 12, 2021). "Government of Canada confirms ambitious new greenhouse gas emissions reduction target". www.canada.ca. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2020, Kanada ta fitar da jimillar tan miliyan 678 na carbon dioxide daidai (Mt CO2eq) cikin yanayi. Wannan yana wakiltar raguwa daga 1.8% na hayaƙin duniya (730 Mt CO2eq) a cikin 2005 zuwa 1.5% a 2020, amma duk da haka ya karu daga 602 Mt CO2eq a 1990. A cikin 2022, fitar da GHG na Kanada ya kasance 708 Mteq, har yanzu yana ƙasa da hayaƙin da aka riga aka yi (2019), amma haɓakar 9.3 Mt (1.3%) idan aka kwatanta da 2021. Cibiyar Yanayi ta Kanada ta ba da rahoton raguwar kusan kashi 1% na hayaki a cikin 2023, galibi saboda sassan wutar lantarki da gidaje. Sabanin haka, hayakin mai da iskar gas da sufuri ya ci gaba da hauhawa.<ref>Canada, Environment and Climate Change (July 12, 2021). "Government of Canada confirms ambitious new greenhouse gas emissions reduction target". ''www.canada.ca''. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</ref> Kayan aikin Binciken Yanayi na WRI ya yi kiyasin cewa, tsakanin 1950 da 2000, Kanada tana da mafi girman hayakin iskar gas ga kowane ɗan ƙasa na kowace ƙasa ta farko ta duniya. A cikin 2020, a cikin dukkan ƙasashen G20, Kanada ita ce ta biyu bayan [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] don fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum. Kanada tana ɗaya daga cikin bashin sauyin yanayi mafi nauyi a duniya, tare da dogon tarihin samar da hayakin iskar gas na masana'antu. Kamar yadda na 2021 Kanada ita ce ta 10th mafi nauyi mai fitarwa kamar yadda aka kimanta ta matakan rage amfani da ƙasa na tushen, tare da 2.6% na yawan hayaƙi. Ton biliyan 65.5 na Carbon na Kanada yana zuwa daidai daidai da amfani da albarkatun mai da kuma saran gandun daji da amfani da filaye. == Yadda akai anfani makamashi == Amfani da wutar lantarki a Kanada a cikin 2017 ya kai 74 carbon dioxide daidai da Mt CO2eq, ko kashi 10% na hayaƙin ƙasar. Sawun yanayin wannan fanni ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda rufe yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ake amfani da kwal. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, kashi 81% na wutar lantarkin Kanada ana samar da su ne ta hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ba sa fitar da su, kamar ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, hasken rana ko iska. Fossil fuels yana samar da kashi 19% na wutar lantarki ta Kanada, kusan rabin kamar kwal (9% na jimlar) da sauran cakuda iskar gas da mai. Larduna biyar ne kawai ke amfani da kwal wajen samar da wutar lantarki. Alberta, Saskatchewan, da Nova Scotia sun dogara da kwal na kusan rabin zamaninsu yayin da sauran larduna da yankuna ke amfani da kaɗan ko babu. Alberta da Saskatchewan kuma suna amfani da iskar gas mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke nesa da suka hada da dukkan Nunavut da galibin yankunan Arewa maso Yamma suna samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki daga injinan dizal, kan tsadar tattalin arziki da muhalli. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa wasu tsare-tsare don rage dogaro da wutar lantarki ta man diesel.<ref>Vote Detail - 1366 - Members of Parliament - House of Commons of Canada". Our Commons. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved February 6, 2025</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Canjin Yanayi]] 5rpu1zsatny4immnwggytur5h5ho1im 0 110288 891288 732039 2026-08-04T10:54:52Z Mahuta 11340 891288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkin [[Ɗan Adam|dan adam]] a Jordan yayi kama ko mafi kyau fiye da sauran kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta ruwaito a watan Janairun 2018 cewa kodayake kwanan nan an yi gyare-gyare masu yawa na dokoki da ka'idoji a kasar, cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi na asali kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2018 |title=Jordan: Reforms, But Abuses Persist |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/18/jordan-reforms-abuses-persist |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=HRW}}</ref> A cewar '''Freedom House''', an sanya Jordan a matsayin kasar Larabawa ta biyar mafi 'yanci, amma har yanzu ana daukar ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" a cikin rahoton 2021. Har ila yau, an rarraba shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya bisa ga lissafin dimokuradiyya na 2020. == Tarihi == zanga-zangar Jordan ta 2011 ta fara ne bayan tashin hankali a [[Tunisiya]] da Masar. Farawa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, dubban 'yan Jordan sun gudanar da zanga-zangar mako-mako da zanga-zanga a [[Amman]] (babban birnin) da sauran biranen don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, hauhawar farashi, talauci, da rashin aikin yi. A mayar da martani, [[Abdullah na biyu na Jordan|Sarki Abdullah II]] ya maye gurbin Firayim Ministansa kuma ya kafa Hukumar Tattaunawa ta Kasa tare da umarni don aiwatar da gyare-gyare. Sarkin ya gaya wa sabon Firayim Minista ya "yi saurin, kankare, da kuma matakai masu amfani don ƙaddamar da tsarin sake fasalin siyasa na gaske, "don ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya, " da kuma samar da 'yan Jordan da "rayuwa mai daraja da suka cancanci. " Ya yi kira ga "maidowa nan take" na dokokin da ke jagorantar siyasa da' yancin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests |url=http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110201/D9L410G00.html |access-date=1 February 2011 |publisher=Apnews.myway.com |archive-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705125552/http://apnews.myway.com/article/20110201/D9L410G00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, rahotanni sun nuna kyakkyawan sakamako na farko amma akwai aiki mai yawa da za a yi. Cibiyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa ta 2010 daga Cibiyar Juyin Juya Halin Larabawa ta sanya Jordan ta farko a cikin yanayin sauye-sauyen dimokiradiyya daga cikin kasashe Larabawa goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2010 |title=Report Card on Democratic Reforms in Arab World Issued |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/report-card-on-democratic-reforms-in-arab-world-issued-89461557/160141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402095036/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Report-Card-on-Democratic-Reforms-in-Arab-World-Issued-89461557.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=2010-06-15 |publisher=Voice of America (VOANews.com)}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2021 An gudanar da jerin tsare-tsare. Hukumomin Jordan sun kama mutane 19, ciki har da [[Hamza bin Husain|Yarima Hamzah]], wanda aka tsare shi a gida. Har ila yau, kamawar ta haɗa da shugaban ma'aikatan yarima da sauran mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi, ban da memba na gidan sarauta, Sharif Hassan bin Zaid, da Bassem Awadallah, tsohon Shugaban Kotun Hashemite na Royal kuma tsohon jakadan Jordan a Saudi Arabia. == Dimokuradiyya == Jordan mulkin mallaka ne na tsarin mulki wanda [[Abdullah na biyu na Jordan|Sarki Abdullah II bin Hussein]] ke mulki. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya mayar da hankali ga ikon zartarwa da majalisa a cikin sarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Jordan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/jordan/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Jordan tana da majalisa mai majalisa biyu, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, wanda ya kunshi babban gida, Majalisar Sanatoci, wanda sarki ya nada da kuma zaɓaɓɓen ƙananan gida, Majalisar Wakilai. Mambobin gidaje biyu suna rike da mukamin shekaru hudu. Akwai kujeru 60 a Majalisar Dattijai da 120 a Majalisar Wakilai. A cikin Majalisar Wakilai an tanada kujeru 12 ga mata, kujeru 9 ga 'yan takarar Kirista, 9 ga' yan takarar Bedouin, da 3 ga' yan Jordan na zuriyar Chechen ko Circassian. Majalisar Sanatoci tana da alhakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma ana iya sallamar ta hanyar "ƙaddamar da rashin amincewa". Sarkin na iya rushe Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, tilasta sabon zabe. Sarki Abdullah ya yi hakan a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2009, kuma gwamnati ta yi mulki ta hanyar doka har zuwa mafi yawan shekara ta 2010, har sai an gudanar da sabon zabe a watan Nuwamba. Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun dauki zaben majalisar dokoki a matsayin abin dogaro. Sarkin ya sanya hannu kuma ya aiwatar da dukkan dokoki, amma ikon veto dinsa na iya karkatar da kuri'un kashi biyu bisa uku na Majalisar Dokoki. Ofishin shari'a yana da cikakken 'yanci. Sojojin tsaro sun ba da rahoto ga hukumomin farar hula. Dokar ba ta ba 'yan ƙasa damar canza masarautarsu ko gwamnati ba. Sarkin ya nada kuma ya kori Firayim Minista, majalisar ministoci, Majalisar Sanatoci, da alƙalai, na iya rushe majalisa, ya umarci sojoji, kuma ya jagoranci manyan shirye-shiryen manufofin jama'a. Ma'aikatar, bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista, ta nada magajin gari na Amman, Wadi Musa (Petra), da Aqaba, yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman. Ana zabar magajin gari na sauran [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 93. Kungiyoyin adawa suna da doka a Jordan kuma suna da hannu a rayuwar siyasa ta Jordan. Gwamnati ta ba da lasisi ga jam'iyyun siyasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ta hana zama memba a cikin jam'iyyu na siyasa marasa lasisi. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa sama da 50 masu lasisi, amma kaɗan ne kawai ke da tasiri sosai a matakin ƙasa. Jordan ta kasance ta shida a cikin kasashe 19 a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, kuma ta 50 daga cikin kasashe 178 a duk duniya a cikin 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) wanda Transparency International ta bayar, inda 1st shine mafi karancin cin hanci da rashawa. Jordan ta 2010 CPI score ya kasance 4.7 a kan sikelin daga 0 (mai cin hanci da rashawa) zuwa 10 (mai tsabta sosai). Jordan ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (UNCAC) a watan Fabrairun 2005 kuma ta kasance jagora a cikin kokarin inganta UNCAC da aiwatar da ita. <ref name="jordaninvestment.com">{{Cite web |title=Security & Political Stability |url=http://www.jordaninvestment.com/JordanataGlance/SecurityPoliticalStability/tabid/72/language/en-US/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725064836/http://www.jordaninvestment.com/JordanataGlance/SecurityPoliticalStability/tabid/72/language/en-US/Default.aspx |archive-date=25 July 2010 |access-date=2010-06-15 |publisher=Jordaninvestment.com}}</ref> == 'Yanci na' yan jarida == Tsarin mulki na Jordan ya ba da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. A cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na shekara-sheko na shekara-finai Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Amman (CDFJ) ta kammala cewa 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai ya lalace a shekara ta 2009. A cikin Ƙididdigar 'Yancin Labarai ta 2010 da Reporters Without Borders ke kula da ita, Jordan ta kasance ta 120 daga cikin ƙasashe 178 da aka jera, ta 5 daga cikin ƙasashen 20 a Gabas ta Tsakiya da yankin Arewacin Afirka. Jordan ta ci 37 a kan sikelin daga 0 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 105 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta). Dokar ta ba da izinin ɗaurin shekaru uku don zagi sarki, ɓata sunan gwamnati ko shugabannin kasashen waje, ɓata wa imani na addini rai, ko tayar da rikici da tayar da kayar baya. A aikace 'yan ƙasa galibi suna iya sukar gwamnati, kodayake an ruwaito suna yin taka tsantsan game da sarki, dangin sarauta, Babban Daraktan Lantarki (GID), da sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar addini. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da tilasta haramtacciyar bugawa ga littattafan da aka zaɓa don dalilai na addini, ɗabi'a, da siyasa, ana gyara wasu fina-finai na ƙasashen waje kafin a saki su, kuma ana tantance kafofin watsa labarai kai tsaye da kai tsaye. Hukumomi suna sa ido da kuma tantance na'urorin bugawa da kuma gyara labaran da aka ɗauka masu banƙyama kafin a buga su. 'Yan jarida sun yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati tana amfani da masu ba da labari a cikin ɗakunan labarai kuma jami'an GID suna sa ido kan rahoto. Editocin sun bayar da rahoton kiran waya daga jami'an tsaro suna ba su umarnin yadda za su rufe abubuwan da suka faru ko kuma su guji rufe wasu batutuwa ko abubuwan da suka gabata. Jami'an gwamnati sun kuma bayar da rahoton cin hanci ga 'yan jarida don rinjayar rahotonsu. Masu lura da kafofin watsa labarai sun lura cewa lokacin da suke rufe batutuwa masu rikitarwa, Rediyo da Talabijin na Jordan da Hukumar Labaran Jordan mallakar gwamnati sun ba da rahoton matsayin gwamnati kawai. 'Yan jarida sun ba da rahoton cewa barazanar tsare-tsare da ɗaurin kurkuku a ƙarƙashin dokar azabtarwa don laifuka daban-daban, da kuma tarar kudi mai tsauri har zuwa dinar 20,000 ($28,000) a ƙarƙashin dokar manema labarai da wallafe-wallafen don ɓata suna haifar da tantance kai. Dangane da binciken Cibiyar Kare 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida na 2009, kashi 95 cikin 100 na' yan jarida da aka yi amfani da su sun yi amfani da kansu. Binciken ya kuma ba da rahoton cewa kashi 70 cikin 100 na 'yan jarida sun yi tunanin cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da "tsayawa mai sauƙi", kamar tallafin kuɗi, tallafin karatu ga dangi, da gayyata na musamman, don sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai a matsakaici zuwa babban mataki. Kashi casa'in da hudu sun ce suna guje wa rubutu game da ko watsa shirye-shiryen batutuwan soja, kuma kashi 83 cikin dari sun ce suna kauce wa tattauna batutuwan addini. Akwai lokuta da yawa inda gwamnati ta hana 'yan jarida bayar da rahoto game da manyan shari'o'in kotu. Misali, babban lauyan Kotun Tsaro ta Jiha ya hana manema labarai bayar da rahoto ko yin sharhi game da batun fadada Kamfanin Man Fetur na Jordan ba tare da amincewarsa ba, da nufin ya ba da damar hukumomin shari'a su yi aiki "da kwanciyar hankali" a kan shari'ar. Rikicin tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai na Jordan da Lower House ya kasance gwagwarmaya ce mai tsanani tsawon shekaru da yawa. Yanayin 'yancin' yan jarida a Jordan yana da matukar saurin canzawa, a wani lokaci Jordan tana da daya daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai mafi yawan murya a cikin Larabawa, amma jerin dokoki da majalisar ta zartar sun hana 'yancin yada labarai sosai. Kafofin yada labarai na Jordan sun kasance suna nuna adawa da majalisa sau da yawa yana haifar da rikici. Wani ɗan jaridar Jordan ya rubuta wani labarin mai zafi mai suna "For God Sake, Abdullah", inda ya yi kira ga Sarki Abdullah ya rushe Lower House mai cin hanci da rashawa. Majalisar Dattijai ta gurfanar da shi, amma daga baya kotun ta wanke shi. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, gwamnati ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Shari'a kuma ta gabatar da Dokar 'Yan Jarida mai hanawa wacce ta soke' yancin' yan jarida da Dokar 'yan jarida ta 1993 ta tabbatar kuma ta hukunta duk wani aikin da za a iya ɗauka yana da matukar sukar gwamnatin Jordan. Duk wanda ya "slanders" Sarki ko wasu daga cikin dangin sarauta za a iya yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku. Gabatar da waɗannan sabbin dokoki ya haifar da tsare da ɗaurin 'yan jarida da shugabannin kungiyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, an ba da 'yan jarida biyu da ke da hannu a sake buga uku daga cikin zane-zane 12 na Jyllands-Posten Muhammad hukuncin ɗaurin watanni biyu.<ref>[http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17864 "First prison sentences announced for reprinting Mohammed cartoons"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304211133/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17864 |date=2022-03-04 }}, Reporters Without Borders, 31 May 2006, accessed 13 September 2012</ref> Jordan ita ce kadai kasar musulmi da ta sake buga zane-zanen Danish da ke nuna Muhammadu a daya daga cikin jaridanta. An kori editocin Jordan guda biyu da ke da alhakin kuma an matsa musu su nemi gafara a fili. A farkon shekara ta 2009, Sarki Abdullah II ya ba da umarnin sarauta wanda ya hana ɗaurin 'yan jarida a Jordan, wani aiki da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a Jordan da kuma duniya baki daya suka yaba. A cewar Human Rights Watch, hukumomin Jordan sun yi amfani da dokokin yaki da [[ta'addanci]] don gurfanar da masu gwagwarmaya, Masu adawa, [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] da masu wa'azin Islama saboda laifukan magana, hukumomi sun dogara da dokar yaki da ta ta'addancin da ta fadada ma'anar ta'addance don hada da ayyukan kamar tayar da dangantakar Jordan da wata kasa ta waje. A watan Fabrairu, an yanke wa wani babban dan kungiyar Muslim Brotherhood, Zaki Bani Irsheid, hukuncin watanni 18 a kurkuku bayan wani sakon da aka yi a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] yana sukar [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. A watan Yuni, an kama Eyad Qunaibi, mai wa'azin Islama, bayan ya sanya maganganun Facebook yana sukar salon rayuwa mai sassaucin ra'ayi na wani bangare na al'ummar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-11 |title=Jordan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/jordan |access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> Jordan an lissafa shi a matsayin mai shiga cikin zaɓin tace intanet a cikin siyasa kuma kamar yadda ba ya nuna wata shaida ta tacewa a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet ta hanyar OpenNet Initiative (ONI) a watan Agusta 2009. Tsayar da Intanet a Jordan yana da sauƙi, tare da tacewa da aka zaɓa a yi amfani da shi ga ƙananan shafuka. Koyaya, dokokin kafofin watsa labarai da ka'idoji suna ƙarfafa wasu ma'auni na tantance kai a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma an ruwaito cewa an tambayi 'yan ƙasa kuma an kama su saboda abubuwan yanar gizo da suka rubuta. Tsayar da Intanet a Jordan yafi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan siyasa waɗanda za a iya ganin su a matsayin barazana ga tsaron ƙasa saboda kusanci da ƙasar da ke kusa da wuraren da ke cikin [[Isra'ila]], Iraki, [[Lebanon]], da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]]. A cikin 2013, duk da haka, Sashen Jarida da Wallafa ya ƙaddamar da dokar hana gidajen yanar gizon labarai na Jordan waɗanda ba su yi rajista ba kuma hukumar gwamnati ta ba su lasisi.  Umurnin da aka bayar ga hukumar kula da harkokin sadarwa ya kunshi jerin shafukan yanar gizo sama da 300 da za a toshe.  Rijistar tilas na gidajen yanar gizo na daga cikin gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa Dokar Jarida da Tattalin Arziki a watan Satumbar 2012. Gyaran baya sun hada da kasidu da za su sanya gidajen jaridun na yanar gizo suna da alhakin sharhin da masu karatun su suka bari, tare da hana su buga sharhin da ake ganin ba su da alaka da labarin.  Ƙuntatawa ya sa fitattun shafuka da yawa kashe sassan sharhinsu.  Ana buƙatar shafukan yanar gizon yanar gizon su adana duk maganganun na akalla watanni shida. Daya daga cikin wuraren da aka toshe shi ne 7iber, wanda ba zai iya yin rajista a matsayin gidan labarai ba saboda kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Jordan ba ta da shaidar 'yan jarida ta yanar gizo. A watan Agustan 2023, sanannen gidan yanar gizon Larabawa mai suna Al Hudood ya amsa haramcin da aka yi a Jordan ta hanyar yin amfani da dokokin tantancewa da aka gabatar, yana nuna rawar da ya taka na tsawon shekaru goma wajen sukar siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya da ka'idojin al'umma. == 'Yanci na addini ==   Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jordan ya ba da 'yancin yin addinin mutum daidai da al'adu a cikin Masarautar, sai dai idan sun keta tsarin jama'a ko ɗabi'a. A karkashin dokar shari'a, ana daukar masu tuba daga Islama a matsayin Musulmai. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, gwamnati ta wallafa ''Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa'' a cikin Ofishin Gwamnati. Mataki na 18 na wannan Alkawari ya ba da 'yancin addini. A cikin 2023, an zira kwallaye 2 daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini. A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya kasar a matsayin wuri na 49 mafi wuya a duniya don zama Kirista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08 |url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/jordan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101832/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/jordan/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> Kiristoci suna da alaƙa da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Masarautar. Akwai kujeru tara a cikin majalisa mai kujeru 120 da aka tanada wa Kiristoci. Bugu da kari, Kiristoci sun bunƙasa a cikin masarautar har zuwa yadda aka yi imanin Kiristoci na Jordan sun mallaki ko kuma suna gudanar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tattalin arzikin Jordan duk da cewa sun kai kashi 6% kawai na yawan jama'a. Suna aiki a cikin soja, da yawa suna da manyan mukamai a cikin soja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Born Again Problems |url=http://www.jordan-business.net/magazine/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501092232/http://www.jordan-business.net/magazine/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=40 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=2010-06-15 |publisher=Jordan Business}}</ref> Sun kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka da dangin sarauta. [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya ziyarci Jordan a shekara ta 2009. == Cinikin mutane da ma'aikatan ƙaura == Jordan wuri ne ga mata da maza da ke fuskantar [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]], musamman yanayin tilasta aiki kuma, zuwa ƙarami, tilasta karuwanci. Jordan mai yiwuwa ne tushen da kuma ƙasa mai wucewa ga mata da maza da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin tilasta aiki da tilasta cin zarafin kasuwanci. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni game da [[Aikin yara|ma'aikatan yara]] na Jordan da ke fuskantar yanayin aikin tilas. An ba da rahoton cewa matan Morocco da Tunisiya na fuskantar karuwanci ta tilas, bayan da suka yi hijira zuwa kasar Jordan domin yin aiki a gidajen cin abinci da gidajen dare. Bugu da kari, wasu 'yan kasar Sin, [[Bangladesh]], Indiyawa, Sri Lanka, da Vietnamese maza da mata sun ci karo da sharuɗɗan da ke nuni da aikin tilastawa a wasu masana'antu kaɗan a cikin masana'antar tufafi, gami da masana'antu a yankunan masana'antu masu cancanta na Jordan, kamar hana fasfo ba bisa ka'ida ba, jinkirta biyan albashi, da kuma, a wasu lokuta, cin zarafi da maganganu na zahiri.[1] An ba da rahoton cewa, an ci gaba da samun raguwar ayyukan tilastawa aiki, saboda ingantattun matakan duba ma'aikata da sauran matakan da gwamnati ta ɗauka a baya-bayan nan a fannin tufafi. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma kafofin watsa labaru sun ba da rahoton tilasta wa ma'aikatan Masar aiki a cikin gine-gine, noma, da kuma yawon shakatawa. Tashar jiragen sama na Jordan na iya zama mashigai ga maza da mata maza da mata na Kudu-da Kudu-maso-Gabas-Asia kan hanyar samun guraben aikin yi a wasu kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda suke fuskantar cin zarafi bayan isowarsu. Wasu yaran Jordan da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar a matsayin masu siyar da titi, kafintoci, masu fenti, makanikai, gida, ma'aikatan gidan abinci, ko ma'aikatan aikin gona ana iya amfani da su a yanayin aikin tilastawa. A shekara ta 2009, gwamnati ta amince da Dokar Cinikin Dan Adam wacce ta hana fataucin mutane sosai a cikin Masarautar kuma ta kirkiro kwamitin don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. Jordan tare da hadin gwiwar Gwamnatin Filipino sun yi yarjejeniya wanda ya ba da dama ga ma'aikatan cikin gida da kuma samun damar kariya ta doka, ƙasar Larabawa ta farko da ta yi hakan. Sabbin ka'idoji don daidaita yanayin aiki na duk ma'aikatan gida sun tsara iyakar lokutan aiki, haƙƙin hutu da hutun rashin lafiya, da haƙƙin ma'aikatan gida na yin hulɗa akai-akai tare da danginsu.  A cewar Amnesty International, duk da magance wasu muhimman batutuwa, dokokin ba su da tushe balle makama kuma a bude su ga yin tawili ta wasu bangarori, da kasa tantance hanyoyin tantance albashi, ko magance matsalolin da suka dade da suka shafi rashin biyan albashi ko karancin albashi.  Har ila yau, sun kasa samar da ingantacciyar kariya daga cin zarafin jiki da cin zarafi daga masu daukar ma’aikatan gida, wadanda galibinsu mata ne, kuma suna sanya mata cikin hadari ta hanyar neman ma’aikatan gida su sami izinin aikinsu kafin su bar gidansu. Duk da yake an sami ci gaba a yaki da fataucin mutane, Jordan ta kasance ƙasa ce ta Tier 2 (ƙasashe waɗanda gwamnatocinsu ba su cika cikakkun ƙa'idodin Dokar Tsaro ta Amurka ba, amma suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don kawo kansu cikin bin waɗannan ƙa'idodin) a cikin Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na fataucin Mutane na 2010 saboda taimakon wanda aka azabtar, wayar da kan jama'a, azabtar da masu fataucin, da haɗin kai tare da ofisoshin ƙasashe masu tushe sun kasance masu iyakance. == Rikicin da ba a hana shi ba, azabtarwa, da kashe-kashen girmamawa == [[Gallazawa|Tortura]] ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Jordan, duk da haka ya kasance a ko'ina. A cewar wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]], jami'an leken asiri a Jordan suna amfani da azabtarwa akai-akai don fitar da ikirari daga wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da, "bugawa, hana barci, tsawaita [[Ta'addanci|tsoro]]-tsare, da kuma dakatar da jiki". "Falasdinawa da masu zargin Islama ana bi da su musamman. Kodayake Jordan ta inganta hanyoyin da yawa ciki har da kamfen ɗin sake fasalin kurkuku tare da haɗin gwiwar EU a wannan bangaren, jami'ai a Sashen Leken Asiri na Janar sun kasance masu tsayayya da hukunci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa ya sake jaddada damuwar da ta daɗewa game da gazawar Jordan na bincika da gurfanar da zarge-zargen azabtarwa, don samar da isasshen kariya daga azabtarwa. Ya lura da "ƙididdigar da yawa, daidaito da kuma gaskiya game da yaduwar al'ada da al'ada na azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" ciki har da Sashen Lantarki na Janar (GID) da kuma tsare Sashen Bincike na Laifuka. Gwamnati ba ta amsa shawarwarin kwamitin ba. A cewar Rana Husseini na The Jordan Times, akwai 12 da aka rubuta "kisan girmamawa" a Jordan daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2010. Wadannan abin da ake kira "kisan girmamawa", kisan dangi mata da ake zargi da alaƙa ta haramtacciya, sau da yawa 'yan sanda da kotuna suna azabtar da su. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don gabatar da hukunci mai tsanani kan laifukan girmamawa, amma, koda tare da goyon baya mai ƙarfi na dangin sarauta, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun ƙi ta Lower House na Jordan. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gyare-gyare ga dokar azabtarwa don tabbatar da cewa laifukan "girmamawa" sun sami cikakken hukuncin doka.   Bayan dakatarwar tun daga shekara ta 2006 an kashe mutane goma sha ɗaya a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, duk wadanda aka tsare maza ne da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2014 |title=Jordan hangs 11 after lifting execution ban |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/jordan-hangs-11-after-lifting-execution-ban-201412218257159168.html |access-date=21 December 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Gyara dokar hukunci ta rage yawan laifukan babban birnin. Tsaro na jihar, smuggling, konewa wanda ke haifar da mutuwa, da kuma tayar da shari'o'in tashin hankali ba laifuka ba ne. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Ministan Shari'a ya ba da sanarwar cewa laifin fyade na iya daina zama babban laifi. A nan gaba yana yiwuwa hukuncin kisa zai iyakance ga shari'o'in kisan kai. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane 46 suna ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa kuma an ɗora sabbin hukuncin kisa shida a cikin shekara. Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton sabbin hukuncin kisa tara a cikin 2010. An kashe mutane goma sha biyar a ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017; goma an yanke musu hukunci da ta'addanci kuma sauran 5 da kisan kai da fyade ga kananan yara. Wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci da ta'addanci sun kasance wani ɓangare na harin ta'addance a Irbid, harin da aka kai wa jami'an leken asiri da kuma harin da ya kai wa marubucin Jordan Nahed Hattar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2017 |title=Jordan executes 15 prisoners, 10 convicted of terror charges |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39165220 |access-date=4 March 2017 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> == Kamawa, tsarewa, shari'o'i masu kyau da sauri, da kuma yanayin kurkuku == Dokar Jordan ta haramta kamawa da tsare-tsare, amma bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na gida da na duniya, gwamnati ba koyaushe take kiyaye waɗannan haramtacciyar a aikace ba. 'Yan ƙasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi zargin cewa gwamnati ta ci gaba da tsare mutane, gami da' yan adawa na siyasa, saboda dalilai na siyasa, kuma gwamnoni sun ci gaba da amfani da tsare-tsaren gudanarwa don abin da ya zama dalilai na siyasa. A cikin 'yan lokuta, kafofin watsa labarai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun tsare fursunoni a cikin kurkuku kuma sun hana su samun damar shiga lauyoyi. Masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda suna kamawa kafin samun takardun shaida kuma masu gabatar da kara sun kasa gabatar da tuhuma ko neman kari a kan lokaci. Masu gabatar da kara suna neman kari kuma ana ba su kari wanda ke kara lokacin da za a gabatar da tuhuma har zuwa watanni shida don laifi da watanni biyu don laifi. Wannan aikin na iya tsawaita tsare-tsare kafin shari'a na dogon lokaci. Wasu fursunoni sun ba da rahoton cewa ba a ba su damar shiga lauya a kan lokaci ba, amma hukumomi gabaɗaya suna ba da izinin ziyarar 'yan uwa. A cikin wuraren da Babban Daraktan Lantarki (GID) ke sarrafawa akwai zarge-zargen dogon lokaci na tsare-tsare, tsare-tsaren da aka yi kafin a yi musu shari'a ba tare da an sanar da tuhume-tuhumen ba, kuma ba da izinin wadanda ake tuhuma su sadu da lauyoyin su ba da izini ga tarurruka jim kadan kafin shari'a. A karkashin Dokar Rigakafin Laifuka, gwamnonin larduna na iya tsare mutanen da ake zargi da shirin aikata laifi ko wadanda ake zargi na kare ɓarayi, sata, ko kuma zama haɗari ga jama'a, kuma a aikace sun yi amfani da wannan tanadin sosai. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna fuskantar ɗaurin kurkuku ko kamawa a gida a matsayin "tsaron gudanarwa" ba tare da tuhuma ba. Umurnin tsare-tsare na iya zama na tsawon shekara guda, amma gwamnoni na iya sanya sabbin umarni don tsawaita tsare-tsaren. Kungiyoyin ba da agaji na kasa da kasa sun lura cewa gwamnoni sun yi amfani da doka akai-akai, suna ɗaure mutane lokacin da babu isasshen shaida don yanke musu hukunci da kuma tsawaita tsare fursunoni waɗanda hukuncin su ya ƙare. An kuma yi amfani da dokar sosai don ɗaure mata da ke cikin haɗarin zama wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka. Akwai manyan matsaloli tare da yanayin da ke cikin kurkuku, gami da ayyukan shari'a marasa kyau, a ƙarƙashin ma'aikata, rashin isasshen abinci da kiwon lafiya, rashin ingancin tsabta, rashin iska, matsanancin zafin jiki, rashin isassun damar samun ruwan sha, shirye-shiryen da ba su da inganci kafin a sake su, da kuma rashin isasasshen kulawa ta asali da ta gaggawa. Wasu fursunoni sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da cin zarafin da masu gadi suka yi. Har ila yau, yajin aikin yunwa ya kasance sananne, amma tashin hankali a kurkuku da zarge-zargen cin zarafi sun ragu. Gina sabbin kurkuku huɗu ya rage yawan jama'a. == 'Yancin mata == Freedom House ya kimanta haƙƙin mata a cikin rukuni biyar, kowannensu ya ci daga ɗaya (mafi ƙarancin matakin 'yanci) zuwa biyar (mafi girman matakin): [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9mnlu3ftg28wpfwz0tpexosravb4kdr 0 110297 891283 876549 2026-08-04T10:52:13Z Mahuta 11340 891283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Mulki na Hungary''', dokokin da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar, da kuma kula da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Majalisar Turai. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su [[Amnesty International]] da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] sun nuna damuwa game da matsayin kare hakkin dan Adam a Hungary a karkashin mulkin Viktor Orbán da jam'iyyar Fidesz tun 2010. == Tushen Shari'a == Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary ya bayyana cewa babban wajibi ne na jihar shine kare haƙƙin mutum. Har ila yau, ya lissafa haƙƙoƙi da yawa waɗanda aka kare, ya ba da haƙƙoƙin da doka za ta ayyana, kuma ya ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a yi amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar nuna bambanci ba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Constitution of Hungary |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2016?lang=en |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> Dokar CXXV ta 2003 ta tabbatar da daidaito ga dukkan mutane a Hungary. Hungary tana cikin ƙungiyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na duniya don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya shiga Majalisar Turai a cikin 1990 kuma an ɗaure shi da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] . A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin rashin 'yanci, wajibin jihar na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ya raunana a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Fidesz. Shawarwarin shari'a ba su da kama da la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wani abu, kuma gwamnatin Hungary ba za ta iya amfani da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da al'ummar duniya suka amince da su.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} == 'Yanci na siyasa == Human Rights Watch ta zargi gwamnatin Hungary da kauce wa [[Rarabewar iko|rabuwa da iko]] da mulki ta hanyar [[Zartarwa (gwamnati)|zartarwa]] mai iko.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=2022 |title=World Report 2022: Hungary |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/hungary |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ba a magance cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin Hungary ba duk da zargi daga kungiyoyi kamar su Group of States against Corruption. Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai tana da iyaka a cikin ikonta don buƙatar bayyanawa kuma ayyukan gwamnati da yawa an cire su. Dangane da annobar COVID-19 a watan Maris na 2020, gwamnati ta ba da ikon gaggawa ga zartarwa wanda ya ba ta damar yin mulki ta hanyar doka, kuma an sabunta waɗannan iko sau da yawa bayan haka. An yi amfani da waɗannan iko don ƙuntata 'yanci na jama'a a waje da ikon kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Democracy Index ya sanya Hungary a matsayin kasa ta 56 mafi yawan dimokuradiyya a cikin 2021, tare da ci 6.50 daga cikin 10.<ref name=":11"/> Freedom House ya sanya Hungary a matsayin "Sashe na 'yanci" a cikin 2024 tare da ci 65/100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Hungary ta kasance ta 73 daga cikin kasashe 180 a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/hungary |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref>   Yin amfani da dokokin zabe, rashin daidaito na zabe, da kuma kula da kafofin watsa labarai an gabatar da su a matsayin damuwa yayin zabe tare da goyon bayan masu jefa kuri'a ga dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} Wani rahoto na OSCE a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa gwamnati ta hana jama'a shiga cikin sa ido kan zabe ta hanyar "magana mai tsoratarwa" kuma ana gudanar da zabe sau da yawa ba tare da kasancewar masu adawa ko masu sa ido ba. Ba a sami wata hujja game da zamba ta zabe da za ta shafi sakamakon zabe ba.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Hungary: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> An gano jam'iyyar Fidesz mai mulki ta yi amfani da albarkatun jihar don hana ikon masu kalubalantar zabe don yin gasa, kuma an zargi gwamnati da sanya hukuncin kudi a kan gundumomi da birane inda 'yan adawa ke mulki.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Hungary |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/hungary/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> An zargi gwamnati da gudanar da 'yan takarar adawa masu zamba don raba kuri'a'un da Fidesz ya samu. Hukumomi sun kuma tsoma baki da ikon 'yan adawa don shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na zaman lafiya. Gwamnatin Orbán tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na jihar a cikin kamfen kuma ana amfani da Ofishin Audit na Jiha don yin amfani da ayyukan siyasa na adawa yayin da yake kallon aikin Fidesz.<ref name=":12"/> == 'Yancin Jama'a == === 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki === [[Fayil:Demonstration_20170521_193130_Bajcsy.jpg|thumb|zanga-zanga a kan gwamnati a shekarar 2017.]] Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kodayake kuma yana aikata laifuka game da maganganun ƙiyayya. Maganar ƙiyayya da musanta kisan kare dangi za a iya hukunta su har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku.<ref name=":5"/> A cikin 2016, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gano cewa Hungary ta keta haƙƙin Alkalin [[András Baka]] bayan korarsa saboda sukar gwamnati a cikin Baka v. Hungary .''Baka da Hungary.'' zanga-zangar doka ce a Hungary kuma ana amfani da ita akai-akai, kodayake an yi amfani da iyakoki bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar doka a cikin 2018. A mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da aka yi a gaban gidan Firayim Minista, gwamnatin Hungary ta takaita ikon yin zanga-zanga ta hanyar da ta ƙuduri aniyar keta haƙƙin sirri, kuma an ba 'yan sanda na Hungary "ƙarin iko" don aiwatar da wannan doka.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary ta yi adawa da canjin, ta nuna damuwa game da wuce gona da iri na' yan sanda da kuma yin shiru game da zanga-zangar adawa da hukunce-hukuncen kotun Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-16 |title=Hungary Restricts People's Right to Protest |url=https://www.liberties.eu/en/stories/restricted-freedom-to-assembly-in-hungary/15373 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Liberties.eu |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yanci na' yan jarida === Kafofin watsa labarai a Hungary galibi gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su, kuma aikin jarida mai zaman kansa yana da iyaka.<ref name=":5"/> An yi amfani da keta sirrin sirri a kan 'yan jarida masu bincike, kuma gwamnati ta ba da tuhumar aikata laifuka don buga abubuwan da ta yanke shawarar karya ne.<ref name=":6"/> Kamfanonin watsa labarai da ke sukar Fidesz galibi gwamnati ce ke sayen su ko rufe su.<ref name=":12"/> Ya zuwa 2019, kusan kashi 80% na kasuwar labarai na siyasa suna da ikon mallakar jam'iyyar da ke mulki, kuma yankunan karkara yawanci ba su da damar samun labarai masu zaman kansu. Sau da yawa ana hana 'yan jarida samun dama ga bayanai kuma ana sukar su a fili a cikin farfaganda na jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-12-03 |title=New report: Hungary dismantles media freedom and pluralism |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2019/12/03/new-report-hungary-dismantles-media-freedom-and-pluralism/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=European Federation of Journalists |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya yi Allah wadai da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin yada labarai na Hungary, yana sukar “kamfen na ci gaba da bata suna” kan ‘yan jarida da masu rajin kare hakkin bil’adama don dakile sukar gwamnati, da karfin da Majalisar Kafafan Yada Labarai ta Hungary ke da shi kan tallafin kafofin yada labarai, da kuma rashin daukar mataki a kafafen yada labarai masu goyon bayan gwamnati.  Jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki Irene Khan ta gano a cikin wani bincike na 2021 cewa an lalata kafafen yada labarai masu ‘yanci a kasar Hungar..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary: Government's stranglehold on media poses serious risks to human rights - UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/11/hungary-governments-stranglehold-media-poses-serious-risks-human-rights-un |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> === Hakkin yin aiki da ya dace === Hakkin yin aiki da ya dace ana kiyaye shi gabaɗaya a Hungary.<ref name=":12"/> Tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na Hungary yana buƙatar a sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu. Za a iya riƙe wadanda ake zargi a kalla sa'o'i 72, bayan haka dole ne a gabatar da karar tsare-tsare kafin a yi musu shari'a don ci gaba da tsare-tsaren. Yanayi da yawa suna ba wanda ake tuhuma damar samun lauya kuma wadanda ake zargi suna da damar sanar da su game da hakkinsu daga 'yan sanda kafin a yi musu tambayoyi. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin shari'a mai kyau, kuma an aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin gabaɗaya. Dokar ta samar da bangaren shari'a mai zaman kanta, kodayake kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi zargin cewa gwamnati a karkashin Fidesz ta lalata 'yancin bangaren shariʼa.<ref name=":6"/> [[Amnesty International]] ta gano cewa ikon shugaban kasa a kan bangaren shari'a ya lalata 'yancin kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary: Status of the Hungarian Judiciary – Legal Changes have to Guarantee the Independence of Judiciary in Hungary |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur27/3623/2021/en/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi sau da yawa ba a bayar da rahoto ba kuma ba a yawan bincika shi. An gano yanayin da ke cikin kurkuku bai isa ba, kodayake karuwar kayan aiki a cikin 2020 ya rage yawan jama'a.<ref name=":12"/> Tsarin gidan yarin Hungary har yanzu yana aiki a kashi 107% na mazauna, kuma Hungary tana da mafi yawan fursunoni a cikin shekaru 33.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krámer |first=Lili |date=2023-03-03 |title=Hungarian prison population reaches a 33-year high |url=https://helsinki.hu/en/hungarian-prison-population-reaches-a-33-year-high/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hungarian Helsinki Committee |language=en-US}}</ref> === Hakkin sirri === Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri. An gano gwamnatin Hungary tana gudanar da sa ido kan 'yan jarida,' yan siyasa, da sauran fitattun mutane ta amfani da shirin leken asiri na Pegasus da sauran hanyoyin. Hukumomin gwamnati ba sa buƙatar izinin shari'a don shiga cikin sa ido kan barazanar ta'addanci.<ref name=":6"/> === Hakkin ilimi === Mataki na XI na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ilimi, ya sa ilimin firamare ya zama tilas, kuma ya ba da gwamnati don samar da taimako wajen neman ilimi mafi girma. Mataki na XXIX ya tabbatar da cewa dalibai suna da 'yancin samun ilimi a cikin yarensu.<ref name=":4"/> Ikon cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma don aiki da kansu ya lalace yayin da sake fasalin ilimi a Hungary ya ba jihar ƙarin iko akan jami'o'i. Gwamnatin Hungary ta ƙuntata ikon jami'o'i don koyarwa ko nazarin kimiyyar zamantakewa kuma ta kawar da fagen Nazarin jinsi gaba ɗaya.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} Malamai galibi kafofin watsa labarai na jihar ne ke niyya da su a matsayin "Soros wakilai".<ref name=":12"/> A cikin 2020, Kotun Turai ta yi Allah wadai da cin zarafin 'yancin ilimi da gwamnatin Hungary ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belaud |first=Victor |date=2020-10-09 |title=The European Court of Justice condemns Hungary for violating academic freedom and the right to education |url=https://www.csee-etuce.org/en/news/education-policy/3982-the-european-court-of-justice-condemns-hungary-for-violating-academic-freedom-and-the-right-to-education |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=European Trade Union Committee for Education |language=en-gb}}</ref> An gano haramtacciyar kayan ilimi ga yara game da batutuwan LGBT ta zama keta haƙƙin ilimi ta Amnesty International. == Cinikin mutane == Hungary tushe ce da kuma wurin fataucin mutane.  A shekarar 2020, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun kasa don yaki da fataucin bil adama har zuwa shekarar 2023. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ware shirye-shiryen Hungary na yaki da fataucin mutane a mataki na biyu cikin matakai hudu, wanda ke nuni da cewa kokarinta bai isa ba amma yana inganta.  An gano cewa matakan da Hungary ta dauka ba su isa ba dangane da bayar da taimako ga wadanda aka yi musu fataucin, ciki har da matakan hana sake cin zarafi.  Ana gudanar da fataucin bil adama ne ta hanyar sashe na 192 na kundin tsarin laifuka, wanda ke hukunta fataucin mutane daurin shekaru goma ko ashirin a gidan yari saboda fataucin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chamberlain |first=Gethin |date=2020-01-06 |title=Poverty-stricken Hungarians are easy pickings for traffickers on Facebook |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jan/06/poverty-stricken-hungarians-are-easy-pickings-for-traffickers-on-facebook |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi rauni game da fataucin ɗan adam a Hungary sun haɗa da waɗanda ke cikin talauci, matasa da ba su yi karatu ba, mutanen Romani, iyaye mata marasa aure, masu neman mafaka, yara marasa rakiya, da marasa gida. Ba a binciken fataucin yara dabam dabam a Hungary, kuma yaran da abin ya shafa ba su da damar samun albarkatu ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Laifin laifin fataucin yara a Hungary yana buƙatar wani aiki na "karfi, zamba, ko tilastawa", yana iyakance ikon hukunta masu fataucin yara da kuma haifar da gurfanar da yara kan laifin karuwanci. Har ila yau, bakin haure da 'yan gudun hijira suna fama da rashin daidaito sakamakon safarar mutane a Hungary. Gano mutanen da fataucin ya shafa bai kai ga waɗanda ba su da wurin zama, kuma gwamnatin Hungary tana gudanar da ƙarancin tantance alamun fataucin a tsakanin bakin haure. Matakan tsauraran matakai kan masu neman mafaka ya kara musu rauni ga fataucin mutane.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Hungary |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/hungary/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Nuna bambanci == === Hakkin 'yan tsiraru === Populism na dama ya ba da gudummawa ga batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam game da xenophobia, [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifukan ƙiyayya]], da [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga 'yan tsiraru. A cikin 2016, an gano 'yan ƙasar Hungary sun fi adawa da' yan gudun hijira a lokacin Rikicin bakin haure na Turai na 2015 fiye da na kowace ƙasa.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} Mutanen Romani suna fuskantar nuna bambanci sosai a Hungary, gami da wuraren aiki da makarantu.<ref name=":5"/> Ana zargin gwamnatin Hungary da raba yara Romani ba bisa ka'ida ba daga iyalansu da kuma sanya su a cikin kulawar gwamnati na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":7" /> Ana rarraba ɗaliban Romani a makarantu kuma wani lokacin ana tura su makarantu don yara masu nakasa.<ref name=":12"/> === 'Yanci na addini === [[Fayil:Synagogue-Budapest.jpg|thumb|Majami'ar Dohány Street a Budapest, majami'a mafi girma a Turai.]] Kundin tsarin mulki ya zayyana ‘yancin yin addini a cikin Mataki na ashirin da na VII, yana ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zabar abin da mutum ya yi imani da shi ko kuma ya koyar da su a rayuwar jama’a da kuma na sirri.  Mataki na XV ya ba da tabbacin cewa addini ba zai iya zama tushen tauye haƙƙoƙin mutum ba.  Dokar C ta 2011 da gyaranta na 2018 sun tanadi buƙatun don ƙungiyar addini ta amince da gwamnati kuma ta sami fa'ida daga jihar.. Hungary a tarihi ta kasance ƙasa mai Addini da yawa, kuma dokar farko da ke tabbatar da 'yancin addini an zartar da ita a shekara ta 1895, kodayake an tilasta rashin yarda da Allah a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schanda |first=Balázs |date=1999-12-01 |title=Freedom of Religion and Minority Religions in Hungary |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022064907829 |journal=Social Justice Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=297–313 |doi=10.1023/A:1022064907829 |issn=1573-6725 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An zargi dokar addini ta Hungary da nuna bambanci ga kungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye. Dokar C ta 2011 ta soke matsayin doka daga daruruwan kungiyoyin addini lokacin da aka zartar, kuma ta baiwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa shawarar karshe na ko za a iya yin rajistar ƙungiyar addini a ƙarƙashin mafi girman matsayi na amincewa. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gano cewa dokar ta keta haƙƙin 'yancin addini a shekarar 2014. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Schalger |first=Erika |date=2019-07-16 |title=Minority Faiths Under the Hungarian Religion Law |url=https://www.csce.gov/international-impact/minority-faiths-under-hungarian-religion-law |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=CSCE |language=en}}</ref> An soki gwamnatin Orbán a matsayin Masu adawa da Yahudawa da kuma Islamophobic . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Echikson |first=William |date=2019-05-13 |title=Viktor Orbán's anti-Semitism problem |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-anti-semitism-problem-hungary-jews/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Hungary's leader denounced in Bosnia for anti-Muslim rhetoric |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/hungarys-pm-denounced-in-bosnia-for-anti-muslim-rhetoric |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Krekó |first=Péter |last2=Hunyadi |first2=Bulcsú |last3=Szicherle |first3=Patrik |date=2019-07-24 |title=Anti-Muslim populism in Hungary: From the margins to the mainstream |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/anti-muslim-populism-in-hungary-from-the-margins-to-the-mainstream/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Sakonnin gwamnati suna yada ra'ayoyin George Soros na makirci wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga adawa da Yahudawa a kasar.<ref name=":12"/> Har ila yau, an zargi gwamnatin Hungary da tilasta Kiristanci, tare da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary da ke kwatanta Kiristanci a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na al'ummar Hungary.<ref name=":4"/> === Hakkin LGBT === [[Fayil:Budapest_Pride_2017,_5.jpg|thumb|Budapest Pride 2017.]] An haramta yin luwadi ga maza masu shekaru 21 da haihuwa a cikin 1961, kuma an rage shekarun zuwa 18 a cikin 1978. An amince da zaman tare ba tare da rajista ba tun 1996. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya taƙaita ayyukan ɗan luwadi da shekaru ban da shekarun yarda a cikin 2002.  a kasar Hungary.  Mataki na L na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Hungary na 2011 ya bayyana aure a matsayin namiji daya da mace daya, wanda ya haramta auren jinsi.  A cikin 2020, Hungary ta hana amincewa da masu canza jinsi kuma ta hana daukar nauyin ma'auratan.[2]  A cikin 2021, an yi amfani da hani ga haɓakawa da kuma nuna bambancin LGBT akan hukuncin tara. .<ref name=":5"/> === 'Yancin mata === Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Rikicin cikin gida da tashin hankali na jima'i laifuka ne a Hungary.<ref name=":6"/> Gwamnatin Hungary ta ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar [[Istanbul]] wacce ta kafa ka'idoji don yaki da tashin hankali ga mata. Nuna bambancin jinsi ya yadu a Hungary, kuma manufofi da yawa na gwamnati suna ƙarfafa nuna bambancin jinsi game da matsayi na cikin gida da na wurin aiki. Ministan Harkokin Iyali ya hana mata neman cikawa ta hanyar irin hanyoyin aiki kamar maza.{{Sfn|Drinóczi|Bień-Kacała|2021}} Mata ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati, suna riƙe da kujeru 26 kawai daga cikin 199 na Majalisar Dokoki a cikin 2021.<ref name=":12"/> == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a Hungary == === Kwamitin Helsinki na Hungary === Kwamitin [[Helsinki]] na Hungary kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam wacce ke kare mutuncin dan adam ta hanyar ayyukan shari'a da na jama'a. An kafa HHC a cikin [[1989]], kuma tana ba da taimako ga [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], waɗanda aka tsare da waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali na [[Tabbatar da doka|tilasta bin doka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://helsinki.hu/en/about/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hungarian Helsinki Committee |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary === Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a shekarar [[1994]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HCLU |url=http://hclu.hu/en |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=TASZ |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804142914/http://hclu.hu/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] erkq33euo5rgdejnq5vif63u6u8t7qq 0 110302 891282 695128 2026-08-04T10:51:13Z Mahuta 11340 891282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkin Dan Adam wani lamari ne a Guatemala. An Kafa Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan [[Yin hukunci|rashin hukunci]] a Guatemala ta taimaka wa Babban Lauyan gurfanar da kisan kai da cin hanci da rashawa. Har ila yau, ba a hukunta masu cin zarafi ba ga masu cin zarafin daga Yaƙin basasar Guatemala, wanda ya gudana daga 1960 zuwa 1996, kuma Human Rights Watch ta ɗauki barazanar da tashin hankali ga 'yan kungiyar kwadago, 'yan jarida da lauyoyi babbar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guatemala &#124; Country Page &#124; World &#124; Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/americas/guatemala |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> An dakatar da shari'ar tsoffin mambobin Sojoji guda takwas a kan tuhume-tuhumen da suka shafi bacewar mutane 130 wadanda aka gano jikinsu daga cikin 550 a wani tushe da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke gudanarwa yanzu da ake kira CREOMPAZ tun lokacin da ya fara a 2016 saboda tsoratar da shaidu, da sauran dalilai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Eight Military Officers to Stand Trial in CREOMPAZ Grave Crimes Case |url=https://www.ijmonitor.org/2016/06/eight-military-officers-to-stand-trial-in-creompaz-grave-crimes-case/ |website=International Justice Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Guatemala |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/americas/central-america-and-the-caribbean/guatemala/report-guatemala/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan yakin basasa da ke gudana wanda ya dauki sama da shekaru 36 a Guatemala, kasar ta fara sauyawa zuwa ƙasa mai zaman kanta da kafa dimokuradiyya. Koyaya, ana ba da gwamnatin siyasa ta hanyar soja, inda suka fara mamaye iko a kan ƙasar. Da yake an ce, bayan yakin basasa, cin hanci da rashawa ya fara bayyana a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma a ƙarshe ya mamaye duk ƙasar cikin laifuka da rikici. A cikin 2013, yawan aikata laifuka ya karu zuwa inda aka kashe kusan mutane 6,000 a kowace shekara a Guatemala. Wadannan kisan gilla sun hada da mutuwar mata da yara. Ba tare da ambaton ba, kungiyoyin mata da kungiyoyi sun fara gwagwarmaya don hakkinsu da tsaro bayan shekaru da yawa da aka yi shiru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blacklock |first=C. |last2=MacDonald |first2=L. |date=1998 |title=Human Rights and Citizenship in Guatemala and Mexico: From "Strategic" to "New" Universalism? |url=https://academic.oup.com/sp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/sp/5.2.132 |journal=Social Politics |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=132–157 |doi=10.1093/sp/5.2.132 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-13}}</ref> Sauran mummunan girma sun haɗa da nuna bambanci ga kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙarancin lalata na ƙungiyoyi, da kuma cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanen Guatemala. Yayinda Guatemala ke gwagwarmaya don kawo karshen cin hanci da rashawa, akwai manyan jami'an gwamnati da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin aikata laifuka. Wannan ya haifar da kusan kashi 2% kawai na laifukan tashin hankali da ke zuwa shari'a. A cikin 2015, Shugaba Otto Pérez Molina, Mataimakin Shugaba Roxana Baldetti, da sauran manyan jami'ai sun rasa ikonsu kuma an gurfanar da su saboda shiga cikin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pallister |first=Kevin |date=2017 |title=Guatemala: The Fight for Accountability and the Rule of Law |journal=Revista de Ciencia Política (Santiago) |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=471–492 |doi=10.4067/s0718-090x2017000200471 |issn=0718-090X |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yanke Montt hukunci kan zargin kisan kare dangi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 80-85 a kurkuku amma nan da nan aka juya wannan bayan kwanaki 10. A lokacin shari'arsa ta biyu Efrain Rios Montt ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2018, yana da shekaru 91. <ref name=":0" /> == Rashin adalci a cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar (Maya) == Bayan yakin basasa, nuna bambanci ya zama abin da ya faru da al'ummomin asali kamar Maya. Bayan yakin, al'ummar Maya sun sake yin gwagwarmaya da suke fada suna neman tsaro, zama, da haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=Jennifer |date=2010 |title=In and Out of Rights: Security, Migration, and Human Rights Talk in Postwar Guatemala |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01064.x |journal=The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–115 |doi=10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01064.x |issn=1935-4940 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ba tare da ambaton ba, damar da suke samu ga ilimi, aiki, da ababen more rayuwa yana da iyaka sosai.<ref name="hhrjournal.org">{{Cite web |title=The Right to Health in Indigenous Guatemala: Prevailing Historical Structures in the Context of Health Care – Health and Human Rights Journal |url=https://www.hhrjournal.org/2015/08/27/the-right-to-health-in-indigenous-guatemala-prevailing-historical-structures-in-the-context-of-health-care/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.hhrjournal.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kula da lafiya muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce ta rayuwa, duk da haka, ga Mayans, wannan ba haka ba ne. Bayan yakin, al'ummar Maya sun kasance matalauta wanda ya haifar da mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya.<ref name="hhrjournal.org" /> A sakamakon haka, akwai kadan ko babu kiwon lafiya da aka bayar ga Mayans. Daga yakin basasa zuwa Guatemala na zamani, an bar al'ummomin Maya kadai saboda an cire su daga kasar da gwamnati, inda suke fama da nuna bambanci, wariyar launin fata, da tashin hankali na tsari. == Jima'i == An sami mata goma sha huɗu wadanda jami'an soja biyu suka yi musu fyade kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Jami'an biyu suna da tarihin aikata laifuka na baya, daya tare da kisan kai sau uku tare da mata uku ɗayan kuma yana da alhakin bacewar mijin ga mata da aka azabtar. Wannan yana daya daga cikin kisan mata da yawa da ke faruwa a Guatemala. Mata a Guatemala suna da haɗari sosai yayin da suke zama masu sauƙin kai ga kowane mutum mai iko, ko jami'an gwamnati ne, jami'an soja, ko fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Yayinda yawan mata ke ƙaruwa, yawan kisan kai ya karu sosai tare da mata masu shekaru 16-30 sune wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Natsiuk |first=M. V. |last2=Chekman |first2=I. S. |date=April 1975 |title=[Level of nicotinamide coenzymes in the liver and myocardium of rats poisoned with dichlorethane] |journal=Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=58–60 |issn=0365-9615 |pmid=104}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai kare Hakkin LGBT ba kuma lissafin da aka gabatar a shekarar 2017 ya hana dalibai koyo game da wasu halaye na jima'i kuma ya hana auren jinsi ɗaya. == Batutuwan Shari'a == A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa, tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Guatemala ne ke da laifi ga matalautan hakkin dan adam da Guatemala ke fuskanta.  Cerezo ya sanar da cewa zai zama alhakinsu.[1]  Ya kamata tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Guatemala ya yi aiki tare da kotun don hukunta wadanda ke keta hakkin bil'adama.  Koyaya, tsarin ba shine kawai wanda ke aiki don "tsabta" ƙasar ba.  Jama'a ma sun fara shiga tsakani, amma abin ya fi muni.  Sun dauki kalmar "tsaftacewa zamantakewa" zuwa wani matakin inda manyan matakan tashin hankali ke kasancewa a ko'ina a Guatemala tare da hare-haren masu kare hakkin bil'adama, cin zarafi ga mata, nuna bambanci ga al'ummomin asali.] Tare da tsarin da aka aiwatar don kare hakkin bil'adama a Guatemala batun wadannan hakkokin da ake ci gaba da kasancewa.  Wannan wani bangare ne saboda ba a horar da alkalan yadda ya kamata wanda zai iya shafar bincike ta hanyar haifar da rashin dogaro da su].  An kafa Hukumar Yaki da Laifin Laifi a Guatemala (CICIG) a cikin 2007 kuma tana aiki don wargaza cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙasar.[3]  Bayan binciken CICIG shugaban 2015, Cerezo ya karbi cin hanci daga baya aka kama shi.  Tauye hakkin dan adam na ci gaba da karuwa tare da mutanen Guatemala a matsayin wadanda abin ya shafa saboda rashin kariya daga gwamnati.[  Sakamakon yawaitar cin zarafi, shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari tare da yawaitar sace-sacen mutane, safarar mutane, da aikata laifuka, wadanda ba a dakatar da su ba, sakamakon gurbacewar jami’an tsaron gwamnati da shugabannin al’umma ke tashi da samun madafun iko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elgueta |first=S. |date=2010-11-01 |title=A Human Rights Murder Mystery in Guatemala: Alternative Formats for Reporting on Complex Challenges to Human Rights |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhrp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jhuman/huq011 |journal=Journal of Human Rights Practice |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=408–421 |doi=10.1093/jhuman/huq011 |issn=1757-9619 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2022, Alejandro Giammattei ya sake nada María Consuelo Porras a matsayin babban lauya, don yin aiki na wasu shekaru hudu. Wannan yanke shawara ya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da mulkin doka a ƙasar. A farkon shekarunta a ofis, Porras ta lalata bincike kan cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin bil'adama, kuma ta kawo shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan 'yan jarida, alƙalai, da masu gabatar da kara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Guatemala: Attorney General's Reappointment Threatens Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/19/guatemala-attorney-generals-reappointment-threatens-rights |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Magani == An kafa kungiyar International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2005. Bayan shekaru na take hakkin dan Adam a Guatemala, jami'an gwamnati sun fara jagorantar kafa wata kungiya da za ta binciki yawancin lamuran da ba a warware su ba.  Bayan samun tallafin daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatin Guatemala ta kirkiro wata kungiya mai suna Commission of Investigation of Illegal Bodies and Clandestine Security Apparatuses (CICIACS).  Ƙirƙirar wannan ƙungiya ita ce yaƙi da duk wani nau'i na cin hanci da rashawa da laifuka da suka shafi ƙasar.[1]  Duk da haka, wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce a Guatemala, wanda ya haifar da ƙin yarda da shi saboda hukuncin ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin cin zarafi na wakilai na kundin tsarin mulki na musamman ga Ma'aikatar Jama'a.Bayan da aka hana gwamnatin Guatemala ta sake yin kwaskwarimar daftarin aiki da tsarin CICIACS don kawar da duk batutuwan da ba su dace ba da aka kawo hankalin su daga kotun tsarin mulki.  Bayan sun kammala sai suka sake gabatar da wannan shawara ga kotun kuma bayan bitar kotun tsarin mulki ta amince da shi.  Sun sake masa suna Hukumar Yaƙi da Laifin Laifi a Guatemala (CICIG).  Gwamnatin Guatemala da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun rattaba hannu a kan tsari a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2005.[3]  Duk da haka, Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa mai lamba 169 ta bai wa ‘yan asalin kasar ‘yancin amincewa ko kin amincewa da ayyukan raya albarkatun kasa da ka iya shafe su tunda suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara wadanda wani lokaci ke da sha’awa ga dimbin masu samar da ayyukan..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=W. F. |last2=Ong |first2=H. C. |last3=Wong |first3=W. P. |date=1975 |title=Acute bacterial myositis following septic abortion. An unusual complication |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=6–8 |doi=10.1002/j.1879-3479.1975.tb00325.x |issn=0020-7292 |pmid=260}}</ref> 26o4idekk3hovto23h8r1qukvlhoaaw 0 110310 891287 688627 2026-08-04T10:54:21Z Mahuta 11340 891287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkin ''dan adam a'' [[Jamus]] yana jin daɗin babban matakin kariya, a cikin ka'idar da kuma aiki, kuma an tsarkake su a cikin Grundgesetz. Kasar ta tabbatar da mafi yawan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa. Rahotanni daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar [[Amnesty International]] sun tabbatar da babban matakin bin haƙƙin ɗan adam, yayin da wasu, kamar mai bincike Tobias Singelnstein, suka nuna batutuwa da yawa, musamman zalunci na 'yan sanda <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prof. Dr. Tobias Singelnstein |date=n.d. |title=Strafverfahren gegen Polizisten wegen Körperverletzung im Amt |url=https://strafrecht-online.org/stuff/tacheles-polizeigewalt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623183641/http://strafrecht-online.org/stuff/tacheles-polizeigewalt.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-23 |access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> da kuma cin zarafin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]]. Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]. == Dokar == Tsarin mulkin Jamus, Grundgesetz, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1949, ya mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Maganarsa ta farko, "Gwamnatin Dan Adam ba za a iya keta ta ba", ana fassara ta azaman kare jimlar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan sakin layi yana karewa da "ma'anar har abada" kuma ba za a iya canza shi ba. Yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan aikin shari'a; alal misali, an yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙuduri na Bayanai a cikin binciken 1983 na Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta Jamus. Koyaya, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru daga Jamhuriyar Weimar, Jamus tana ganin kanta a matsayin wehrhafte Demokratie (''Dimokuradiyya'' mai ƙarfi); ayyukan da aka yi niyya don cire tsarin dimokuradiyya ba a rufe su da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da dukkan hakkoki daga Universal Declaration of Human Rights (wanda kansa ba shi da doka), ban da haƙƙin da ba a iyakance shi ba don mafaka. Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta ba da damar' yan ƙasa su daukaka kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin dan Adam. An kafa aikin soja na tilas ga maza a shekarar 1956. A kowane lokaci, masu adawa da lamiri na iya zaɓar yin ''Zivildienst'' (aikin farar hula) a maimakon haka. A lokacin ayyukan biyu, an dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa kamar [['Yanci na motsi|'yancin motsi]]. Tun daga 1 ga Yulin 2011, gwamnati ba ta da ikon yin amfani da haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin, wato, aikin soja a halin yanzu na son rai ne a Jamus. Koyaya, babu wani shiri na soke dokokin da ke ba da izinin aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2010 |title=Kabinettsbeschluss: Wehrpflicht wird zum 1. Juli 2011 ausgesetzt |url=http://www.rp-online.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wehrpflicht-wird-zum-1-juli-2011-ausgesetzt-aid-1.481249 |publisher=[[Rheinische Post|RP Online]] |language=de}}</ref> == Yarjejeniya == {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" |'''Babban Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNTC |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Treaties.un.org}}</ref> |'''Kasancewar Jamus''' |'''Babban yarjejeniyar CoE'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoE human rights treaties |url=http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=44&TI=&LO=999&AO=&AV=&CM=2&CL=ENG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219111636/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=44&TI=&LO=999&AO=&AV=&CM=2&CL=ENG |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=BConventions.coe.int}}</ref> |'''Kasancewar Jamus''' |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1969 |[[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] |An tabbatar da shi a 1952 |- |Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa |An tabbatar da shi a 1973 |Yarjejeniya 1 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 1957 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko (ICCPR) |Shigarwa a 1993 |Yarjejeniya ta 4 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1968 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu (ICCPR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 |Yarjejeniya ta 6 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1989 |- |[[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] |An tabbatar da shi a 1973 |Yarjejeniya ta 7 (ECHR) |An sanya hannu a cikin 1985 |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1985 |Yarjejeniya ta 12 (ECHR) |An sanya hannu a cikin 2000 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CEDAW) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2002 |Yarjejeniya ta 13 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 |- |Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990 |Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1965 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CAT) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2008 |Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1988 (ESC) |An sanya hannu a cikin 1988 |- |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 |Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1995 (ESC) |''Ba a sanya hannu ba'' |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (CRC) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 |Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai da aka sake fasalin |An sanya hannu a cikin 2007 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da hotunan batsa na yara (CRC) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990 |- |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da Iyalansu]] |''Ba a sanya hannu ba'' |Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1998 |- |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1997 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CRPD) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar kan Aiki game da Cin Hanci da Mutane |An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2005 |- |Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Cin Hanci da Rashawa |An sanya hannu a cikin 2014 |Kayan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya |An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2003 |- |} Jamus kuma memba ce ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ya amince da ikon [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]]. == Rahotanni == Rahotanni na [[Amnesty International]] na 2005 da 2006 galibi suna sukar - kodayake ba su da yawa kuma galibi ana azabtar da su sosai - wasu shari'o'in zalunci na 'yan sanda, cin zarafin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da hare-haren [[wariyar launin fata]]. Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]. == Batutuwa == === Kulawa === Dole ne [[Alkali|Alƙali]] ya ba da umarni. Yawancin lokaci, ba za a iya tsare wanda ake zargi ba fiye da watanni shida ba tare da yanke masa hukunci ba. An soke hukuncin kisa. Kotun na iya ba da umarnin cewa a tsare mutum har abada ko da bayan an kammala hukuncin, idan an yanke wa mutumin hukunci na manyan laifuka kuma an hukunta shi, bayan shaidar gwani, don zama haɗari ga jama'a (''Sicherungsverwahrung''). [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta sace ɗan ƙasar Jamus Khalid El-Masri a shekara ta 2005 kuma ta tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba har tsawon watanni, kodayake ba shi da laifi. An sanar da leken asirin Jamus da wuri game da wannan, amma ba su yi komai ba, wanda ke ƙarƙashin muhawara mai tsanani na siyasa. === 'Yanci na magana === Tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana. Koyaya, ''Volksverhetzung'' (ta da mutane) laifi ne, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yada ƙiyayya ko zagi ga wani ɓangare na jama'a. A cikin 1994, an kara sakin layi wanda ya haramta musanta laifuffukan Nazi. === 'Yanci na taro === Taron jama'a na sararin samaniya yana buƙatar (yawanci) sanarwar da ta gabata ga hukumomin gida, amma babu izini. Hukumomi na iya hana tarurruka ne kawai saboda damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a ko kuma shigar da kungiyoyin da aka haramta. === 'Yanci na' yan jarida === An kafa 'yancin' yan jarida sosai a Jamus; 2009 Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders ya kimanta Jamus a wuri 18 na kasashe 175. Mafi shahararren abin da ya shafi ƙuntatawar 'yan jarida kyauta shine abin kunya na Spiegel na 1962, lokacin da Ministan Tsaro Franz Josef Strauß ya ba da umarnin kama' yan jarida da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan wani labarin da ke zarginsa da cin hanci. Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da korar Strauß daga ofishin kuma ya lalata sunan Chancellor Konrad Adenauer sosai. A shekara ta 2005, ministan cikin gida Otto Schily ya ba da izinin kai hari kan ofisoshin jaridar Cicero, wanda aka soki shi a matsayin hari kan 'yancin' yan jarida daga wani bangare na' yan jaridar Jamus. Harin ya dogara ne akan zargin da aka yi na ɓoye asirin jihar. Koyaya, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa zargin cewa ɗan jarida yana taimakawa wajen cin amanar asirin jihar bai isa ya tabbatar da bincike ba, don haka harin ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. An yi la'akari da binciken a matsayin karfafa 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ein Fehler ist aufgetreten: Die gesuchte Seite ist leider nicht verfügbar (Fehlernummer 404) &#124; tagesschau.de |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,1185,OID6460308_NAV_REF1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414045713/https://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,1185,OID6460308_NAV_REF1,00.html |archive-date=2020-04-14 |access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> Wani abin kunya game da leken asiri kan 'yan jarida ta hanyar hukumar sirri ta ''Bundesnachrichtendienst'', wanda ya fara a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, ba a share shi ba tukuna. === Rikicin 'yan sanda === Musamman saboda abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar mulkin Nazi, siyasar Jamus da mutane suna mai da hankali sosai ga ikon da hanyar aiki na 'yan sanda. A cikin Jamus amfani da bindigogi - har ma da 'yan sanda - an tsara shi sosai kuma akwai (idan aka kwatanta da wasu ƙasashe) kawai 'yan lokuta kaɗan na harbe-harbe da' yan sanda ke harba a kowace shekara.<ref>Christoph Gusy: ''Polizeirecht''. ⁷2009, {{ISBN|978-3-16-148921-1}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 wani mutum ya mutu a asibiti bayan ya fada cikin kwatsam yayin da yake hannun 'yan sanda a Hagen a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu inda aka ɗaure shi fuska da fuska. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya dakatar da bincikensa kuma ya gano cewa ƙarfin da 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da shi ya dace, duk da cewa tun daga shekara ta 2000, an horar da jami'an' yan sanda don kada su hana mutum fuska saboda haɗarin asphyxia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany &#124; Amnesty International Report 2009 |url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902125828/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/germany |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-11-24}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kotun yankin Dessau ta wanke jami'an 'yan sanda biyu da kashe Oury Jalloh sakamakon sakaci. Oury Jalloh ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 lokacin da gobara ta tashi a cikin tantaninsa, inda aka hana shi zuwa gado. A cikin dalilan da ya yi na baki don yanke hukunci, kotun ta bayyana rashin shaidar a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka wanke shi, kuma ta soki shaidun mafi yawan jami'an 'yan sanda wadanda suka kasance shaidu a cikin shari'ar kotu. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kotun yankin Magdeburg ta soke hukuncin da aka yi a baya, kuma ta yanke hukunci kan kisan kai. Wani zargi na baya na cutar jiki tare da mummunan sakamako ya bar shi ta hanyar masu gabatar da kara saboda rashin shaidar. Kotun ta yanke wa jami'in da ake tuhuma hukuncin tarar Yuro 10,800, wanda ya wuce rokon Yuro 6,300 da masu gabatar da kara suka yi. === Tortura === Babu rahotanni game da amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari a [[Jamus]]. Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru. A shekara ta 2002, mataimakin shugaban 'yan sanda na Frankfurt Wolfgang Daschner ya umarci wani jami'in da ke karkashinsa ya yi barazanar yin amfani da karfi don samun bayanin inda wanda aka sace yake (an kashe wanda aka sace ba da daɗewa ba bayan sace shi, amma wanda ake zargin ya shaida wa 'yan sanda cewa yaron yana raye, kuma Daschner ya yanke shawarar karya dokar da yaron ya yi don ceton rayuwarsa).  Wannan ya jawo cece-kuce kan halaccin irin wadannan matakan.  An yanke wa Daschner hukuncin zuwa mafi ƙarancin hukunci mai yuwuwa na tara.  Daschner da jami'in da ke ƙarƙashinsa sun ci gaba da aiki. In a trial against terror suspect Mounir El Motassadeq, a court used evidence provided by US authorities, despite widespread evidence of torture in US detainment camps.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The conviction was rejected in appeal due to lack of evidence. In January 2007 he was condemned for 15 years in detention.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}} Masu gwagwarmayar Psychiatric Survivor sun ba da rahoton sau da yawa cewa ba su da mutunci, sun cika ka'idojin kuma suna fuskantar su a matsayin azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychiatrische Zwangsbehandlung ist Folter |url=http://www.bpe-online.de/verband/vorstandsmitteilungen/Psychiatrische%20Zwangsbehandlung%20ist%20Folter%20mit%20Prof.%20Simon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324200609/http://bpe-online.de/verband/vorstandsmitteilungen/Psychiatrische%20Zwangsbehandlung%20ist%20Folter%20mit%20Prof.%20Simon.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bpe-online.de}}</ref> A cikin 2011 da 2012, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayyar Jamus da Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayya sun bayyana cewa ba a taɓa samun isasshen tushen doka don tilastawa ba kamar yadda aka yi har zuwa lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Verfassungsbeschwerde eines im Maßregelvollzug Untergebrachten gegen medizinische Zwangsbehandlung in einem weiteren Fall erfolgreich - auch baden-württembergische gesetzliche Regelung verfassungswidrig |url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/pressemitteilungen/bvg11-063.html |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}</ref> A karkashin zanga-zangar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wadanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa Farfesa Wolf-Dieter Narr ya goyi bayan su, Gwamnatin Jamus da kuma gwamnatocin jihohin tarayya sun fara aiki don saurin halatta magani ba tare da son rai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massaker an Grundrechten geplant: Demobericht Justizministerkonferenz |url=http://www.zwangspsychiatrie.de/2012/11/massaker-an-grundrechten-geplant-demobericht-justizministerkonferenz/ |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Zwangspsycjiatrie.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=» Demo gegen Zwangspsychiatrie auf dem SPD Landesparteitag 2012 in Wiesloch Meinungsverbrechen.de |url=http://www.meinungsverbrechen.de/?p=323 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314024358/https://meinungsverbrechen.de/?p=323 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Meinungsverbrechen.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renneberg |first=Dr. Verena |title=SPD und Koalition stimmen für Zwangsbehandlungen |url=http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2013/42502841_kw03_de_zwangsbehandlung/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012351/http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2013/42502841_kw03_de_zwangsbehandlung/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bundestag.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ärzteblatt |first=Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches |date=17 May 2013 |title=Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Baden-Württemberg: Konsens über neue Regeln für Zwangsbehandlung in der Psychiatrie |url=http://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/54451/Baden-Wuerttemberg-Konsens-ueber-neue-Regeln-fuer-Zwangsbehandlung-in-der-Psychiatrie |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Aerzteblatt.de}}</ref> A lokacin da aka kafa na farko daga cikin wadannan dokoki, Rapporteur na Musamman kan azabtarwa ko wasu mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Juan E. Méndez, ya ba da rahoton ayyukan zamba a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya a duk duniya da kuma manufofin da ke inganta waɗannan ayyukan. Ya bayyana cewa: "duka wannan umarni da hukumomin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun tabbatar da cewa magani ba tare da son rai ba da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin hauka a wuraren kiwon lafiya sune nau'o'in azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" kuma cewa "yana da mahimmanci cewa cikakkiyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan duk matakan tilasta da wadanda ba a yarda da su ba, gami da hanawa da kuma tsare-tsare na mutane da ke da nakasa ta hankali ko ta hankali, ya kamata su yi amfani da su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Méndez |first=Juan E. |title=Report on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> === Kulawa === Jam'iyyu da dama, irin su na hannun dama na "National Democratic Party of Germany" (NPD) da kuma tsarin gurguzu na jam'iyyar Hagu, suna karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz ("Ofishin Kare Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya"). An soki amfani da masu sanar da 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta a matsayin wuce gona da iri [ana maganar hujja]. An yi watsi da wani yunkuri na yiwa NPD lakabin haramtacciyar kungiya, saboda ya bayyana cewa yawancin ayyukan NPD da gaske Verfassungsschutz ne ke sarrafa su.[1] Baya ga jam'iyyu, gwamnatin Jamus ta sanya cocin Scientology da membobinta a Jamus karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz tun 1997 bisa zargin da ake yi na soke oda bisa Grundgesetz na Jamus. Duba kuma: Kimiyyar Kimiyya a Jamus. == Jama'a masu rauni == === Ƙananan yara da iyaye na ƙasashen waje === 'Yan tsiraru na kabilanci ba su da wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, musamman ma aikin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Githu Muigai |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/racism/rapporteur/docs/A_HRC_14_43_Add.2.pdf |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=2.ohchr.org}}</ref> Akwai wasu lokuta na hare-hare kan 'yan tsiraru a kasar ta kungiyoyin dama, kodayake Jamus - musamman saboda abubuwan da suka gabata - tana mai da hankali sosai kan haƙuri da haɗin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal |date=17 November 2010 |title=Germany |url=https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416012746/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=AUS_RRT&type=&coi=DEU&rid=&docid=4d761c562&skip=0 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=21 August 2021 |website=Refworld |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa " tashin hankali na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama da cin zarafin 'yan tsiraru da baƙi matsaloli ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136033.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151402/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136033.htm |archive-date=2010-03-15 |website=2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor – U.S. State Department}}</ref> === Cinikin mutane ===   An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai (duba babban labarin: fataucin ɗan adam). Ƙarshen kwaminisanci da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da Yugoslavia sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta wa karuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in human beings |url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307062424/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |archive-date=2004-03-07 |access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2004 |title=A modern slave's brutal odyssey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3979725.stm |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Jamus ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga mutane, da farko mata, waɗanda aka yi fataucin su galibi daga Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma daga Afirka don manufar cin zarafin jima'i. Rasha kadai ta kai kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wadanda aka gano 1,235 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2003, shekarar da ke da kididdigar. A karo na farko, kididdigar Jamus ta haɗa da 'yan ƙasar Jamus waɗanda suka ƙidaya 127.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Country Narratives -- Countries A through G |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46613.htm |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women |url=http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Germany.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125132809/http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Germany.php |archive-date=2007-01-25 |access-date=2007-05-21}}</ref> === Hakkin LGBT ===   'Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual da transgender (LGBT) a Jamus sun samo asali sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2017, Jamus ta halalta auren jinsi, wanda ke ba da haƙƙi iri ɗaya kamar yadda ma'auratan ke samu. Ɗaukar mataki na jinsi ɗaya kuma ya kasance doka tun shekara ta 2005 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin 2013 don ba da damar wani da ke da alaƙa da jima'i ya ɗauki yaron da abokin tarayya ya riga ya ɗauka; duk da haka, ba a riga an kafa dokar haɗin gwiwa ba. Kariyar nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya bambanta a duk faɗin Jamus, amma a ka'ida an haramta wariya a aikin yi da samar da kayayyaki da sabis a duk ƙasar. An ba wa masu canjin jinsi damar canza jinsin su na doka tun daga 1980. Da farko dokar ta bukaci a yi musu tiyatar gyaran al'aurarsu domin a canza muhimman takaddun shaida. Tuni dai aka ayyana hakan a matsayin sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar === Hakkin jima'i === Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i a [[Jamus]] ba su da wata sanarwa game da hakkinsu ga mutuncin jiki da ikon cin gashin kansu na jiki, kuma babu takamaiman kariya daga nuna bambanci bisa ga halaye na jima'i. Dangane da binciken da Majalisar Dokokin Jamus ta yi a shekarar 2012, gwamnati ta zartar da doka a shekarar 2013 da aka tsara don rarraba wasu jarirai masu jima'i zuwa rukuni na uku. Jama'a da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki dokar kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne.<ref name="adv-de">{{Cite web |last=Viloria |first=Hida |date=November 6, 2013 |title=Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality |url=http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/11/06/op-ed-germany’s-third-gender-law-fails-equality |website=The Advocate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=OII Australia, "German proposals for a "third gender" on birth certificates miss the mark", 20 August 2013 |url=http://oii.org.au/23183/germany-third-gender-birth-certificates/ |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=OII Australia - Intersex Australia}}</ref> Binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 bai sami raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin sa hannun likita na intersex akan jarirai da yara tare da yanayin intersex a cikin lokacin daga 2005 zuwa 2014.<ref name="kloppel2016">{{Cite journal |last=Klöppel |first=Ulrike |date=December 2016 |title=Zur Aktualität kosmetischer Operationen "uneindeutiger" Genitalien im Kindesalter |url=https://www.gender.hu-berlin.de/de/publikationen/gender-bulletins/texte-42/kloeppel-2016_zur-aktualitaet-kosmetischer-genitaloperationen |url-status=dead |journal=Gender Bulletin |issue=42 |issn=0947-6822 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171338/https://www.gender.hu-berlin.de/de/publikationen/gender-bulletins/texte-42/kloeppel-2016_zur-aktualitaet-kosmetischer-genitaloperationen |archive-date=2017-02-04 |access-date=2017-05-31}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amnesty International sun shiga kungiyoyin farar hula na cikin gida don yin kira ga kariya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b2ntflram9uh9nyypn11wqomtu6ae7q 0 110322 891286 882298 2026-08-04T10:53:45Z Mahuta 11340 891286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]]''' sun zama' masu yancin farar hula da siyasa da' yanci da kare bisa kai doka a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma gwamnati ta tilasta su ta hanyar doka da doka. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen haƙƙin ɗan adam ana jagorantar su ne ta babbar kotun daukaka kara ta tsarin mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominica . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=The Dominican Republic's Tortured Relationship With Its Haitian Minority |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/19/dominican-republics-tortured-relationship-its-haitian-minority-0 |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki da 'yanci sun bunkasa a tsawon lokaci daidai da fadada Jamhuriyar Dominica daga tsohon mulkin mallaka na Spain na Kyaftin Janar na Santo Domingo zuwa tsarin jihar ta zamani. Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihar kuma an yi alama da sauye-sauye tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya, kamar shugabancin Danilo Medina na yanzu, da gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya, mafi mahimmanci mulkin kama-karya na Rafael Trujillo tsakanin 16 ga Agusta 1930 da 16 ga Agustan 1938. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic |url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/7session/A.HRC.7.19.Add.5.doc |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=United Nations Human Rights Council (2008)}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na Kungiyar Amurka da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Jamhuriyar Dominica tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa waɗanda ke yada ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'ummar duniya kuma sun haɗa mafi yawan waɗannan jagororin haƙƙin ɗanɗano a cikin dokokin cikin gida. Gwamnatoci daban-daban na Jamhuriyar Dominica a tarihi sun kasance cikin wuta saboda rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam mara kyau, wanda ya haɗa da kisan kai, azabtarwa, kamawa da tsare-tsare, hare-hare kan 'yancin' yan jarida da ƙuntatawa kan motsi na baƙi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277571.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307134244/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277571.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-07 |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref> Wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru a cikin al'ummar Dominican ciki har da' yan tsirarun kabilun Haiti, mata da' yan ƙasa na LGBTQI + sun kasance wadanda ke fama da mummunar cin zarafin haƙƙoƙinsu na ɗan adam, wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'ar duniya. Musamman, yadda gwamnati ke bi da Dominicans tare da iyayen Haiti ya ba kasar wuri a cikin "jerin baƙar fata" na Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, jerin da aka tanada ga ƙasashe da suka fi cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam.<ref name=":0"/> Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na 2013 wanda ya hana 'yan asalin ƙasar Haiti na zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma rashin iyawar gwamnati ta biya da kuma gyara bambancin nuna bambanci a yayin kukan kasa da kasa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/dominican-republic/report-dominican-republic/ |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin shari'a == === Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica na yanzu, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2015, ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen bayanin haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamhuriyarsa na sauye-sauyen siyasa tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na mulkin mallaka.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":10">"[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/DomRep/dominicanrepublic.html Dominican Republic: Constitutions]". <i>Pdba.georgetown.edu</i>. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</ref> Takardar kamar yadda take a halin yanzu tana dauke da kariya mai zurfi ga 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa kuma tana bin ka'idodin [[Rarabewar iko|rabuwa da iko]] da dubawa da ma'auni, kodayake halin da yake ciki na yau da kullun da ƙarancin tsarin mulki a matsayin akidar da ke tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa na Dominican yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin shakku game da ingancin sa.<ref>Jonathan Hartlyn. "Constitutional Development". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dotoc.html ''Dominican Republic: A country study''] (Richard A. Haggerty, ed.). [[Library_of_Congress]] [[Federal_Research_Division]] (December 1989). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[Public_domain]].</i></ref> [[Fayil:Hemiciclo_del_Senado.png|thumb|Gidan majalisar dattijai na Jamhuriyar Dominica.]] Mataki na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin siyasa na yanzu, yana mai cewa "ya sami kariya mai inganci ga haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma kula da hanyoyin ci gabansa a cikin tsarin 'yanci na mutum da adalci na zamantakewa wanda ya dace da manufofin jama'a, jin daɗi na gaba ɗaya da haƙƙin kowa an san su a matsayin manyan manufofin jihar".[t]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Pomares |first=Luis |date=March 2008 |title=The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System |journal=Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity |volume=2}}</ref> Wannan labarin ya haɗa da, a tsakanin wasu, takamaiman haramtacciyar azabtarwa, yana mai cewa " azabtarwa ko wani hukunci ko hanya mai cutarwa, ko haifar da asarar ko raguwar, amincin jiki ko lafiyar mutum ba za a iya kafawa ba, tilasta ko tilasta" da kuma 'yancin yin addini a yayin da ba a yi shi ba 'da kyau da rashin girmamawa".<ref name=":3" /> Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke bayyana yanayin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Dominica ke da ikon tsoma baki tare da iyakance haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara, gami da yanayin haɗari mai tsanani ga ikon mallakar ƙasar, rikice-rikicen jama'a ko bala'o'i.<ref name=":3"/> Bugu da kari, takardar ta bayyana mummunan sakamako a yayin da jami'in gwamnati ya tsoma baki ko ya ba da umarnin tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin' yan ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> === Hakkin shari'a na kasa da kasa === Jamhuriyar Dominica memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin waɗannan takardun an haɗa su cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa ta hanyar tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin Dominican ta tabbatar sun hada da: * Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) * [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) * Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1982) * Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci na launin fata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1983) * [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1991) * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] (an tabbatar da su 6 Disamba 2006) * [[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] (an tabbatar da su a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2009) * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2012) * Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (an tabbatar da ita 14 Oktoba 2014) * Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kawar da hukuncin kisa (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2016). <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Treaties |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=52&Lang=EN |website=United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner}}</ref> Jamhuriyar Dominica ta sanya hannu amma har yanzu ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukkanin Mutane daga Kashewa ba.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Yarjejeniyoyi biyu masu muhimmanci da kasar ba ta sanya hannu ba sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da Mambobin Iyalai da Yarjejeniyar kan Rage Rashin Kasuwanci, wanda ya jawo hankalin zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da ke kula da yadda gwamnatin ke kula da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti.<ref name=":1"/> Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Jihohin Amurka, tare da alƙalin Dominican wanda ya yi aiki a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka.<ref name=":1"/> == Kula da wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru == === Ƙananan launin fata na Haiti === Zaman jin daɗin bakin haure na Haiti da ƴan kabilar Haiti na Jamhuriyar Dominican batu ne mai gudana.  A tarihi, jiga-jigan siyasa na Jamhuriyar Dominican sun yi amfani da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti a matsayin abin kunya ga cututtuka na kasa, tare da rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'kawar da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki da kuma nau'i na rashin haƙuri' suna da'awar wanzuwar 'babban matsala mai zurfi na wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma.<ref name=":1" />  ga alakar mulkin mallaka ta tarihi tsakanin ’yan mulkin mallaka na Santo Domingo da bakar fata Haiti, da kuma kyamar Haiti da aka yi amfani da su wajen nuna goyon baya ga ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dominican Jamhuriyar Dominican bayan hayewar Haiti na 1822 na Santo Domingo.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Flegel |first=Peter |title=Dominican Republic: Justifying the unjustifiable |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/dominican-republic-justifying-unjustifiable-2013122983639790672.html |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>  1937 kisan kiyashi tsakanin ma'aikatan Haiti dubu tara da dubu ashirin a kusa da iyakar ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Parsley, wanda ya fara haifar da ci gaban kishin ƙasa na Dominican da kuma yunƙurin tarihin manyan Dominican don lalata tsirarun Haitian.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sagás |first=Ernesto |title=A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/misctopic/dominican/antihaiti.htm |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=Webster University |archive-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716211337/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/misctopic/dominican/antihaiti.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nick |date=2012-10-13 |title=The massacre that marked Haiti-Dominican ties |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19880967 |access-date=2019-05-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sun ce: [[Fayil:At_the_Border_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic_(8057179936).jpg|left|thumb|A kan iyakar Haiti da Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ''"....babu wani jin na bil'adama, ko dalili na siyasa, ko kuma wani yanayi mai sauƙi wanda zai iya tilasta mana mu dubi rashin kulawa da shiga Haiti. Wannan nau'in ba shi da kyau... 'Haitian wanda ya shiga [ƙasarmu] yana rayuwa da yawa da kuma babban abin da ke fama da cututtuka da raunin jiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa a mafi ƙasƙanci na wannan al'umma. "<ref>Peña Batlle, Manuel A (1954). Política de Trujillo. Ciudad Trujillo (Santo Domingo): Impresora Dominicana, pp. 67-68.</ref>'' Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun nace cewa ana kare 'yan gudun hijirar Haiti da zuriyarsu ta Haiti a karkashin sanarwar' yancin mutane na kasa ko kabilanci, addini da kuma harshe.<ref name=":1"/> Matsayin zama ɗan ƙasa na ƙabilar Haiti da zuriya ya kasance tushen babbar gardama. Hukuncin 2005 na [[Dilcia Yean and Violeta Bosico v. Dominican Republic|Dilcia Yean da Violeta Bosico v. Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ta Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Inter-American ta zargi gwamnatin Dominica da keta dokar kasa da kasa da kuma dokokin cikin gida dangane da ƙin zama ƙasa da ilimi ga yara da aka haifa ga iyalan Haiti a cikin jihar bisa la'akari da cewa an haife su ga baƙi 'a cikin wucewa'. "<ref name=":52" /> Kundin tsarin mulki da aka gabatar a watan Janairun 2010 ya kara samun zargi lokacin da ya fadada bambancinsa ga 'yan ƙasa don haɗawa da yara da aka haifa a Jamhuriyar Dominica ga iyaye marasa' yan ƙasa.<ref name=":52" /> A cikin Satumba 2013, Kotun Koli ta Kotun Tsarin Mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominican, ta ba da hukuncin TC 0168-13 wanda ya sake fassara dokokin zama ɗan ƙasa don hana babban adadin Haitian Dominican zama ɗan ƙasa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/dominican-republic/ |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref>  don yin rajista a manyan makarantu, iyawarsu don yin aiki ko samun damar samun ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya.<ref name=":7" />  Hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane sama da 200,000 da ba su da takardun shaida ne hukuncin kotun ya shafa.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Dominican Republic |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/dominican-republic |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>  Matakin dai ya gamu da tofin Allah tsine daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa tare da kiraye-kirayen a maido da 'yan kasarsu da kuma kawo karshen korar da aka yi musu na tilas.  A cikin 2014, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Dominican na yanzu, Danila Medina ya kafa Dokar 169/14 tare da aniyar da aka bayyana a bainar jama'a na yin aiki don maido da 'yan ƙasa na iyalai masu ƙaura da ba su da izini.  Sai dai kuma, an soki dokar sosai saboda gazawarta na maido da ‘yan asalin ƙasar Dominican kai tsaye, wanda a halin yanzu ya bar dubban mutane cikin yanayin rashin ƙasa da kuma lahani ga cin zarafinsu.<ref name=":82" /> A cikin Oktoba 2016, Kotun Inter-Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa na bakar fata, 'yan kabilar Haitian Dominicans da waɗannan dokoki suka kawo da kuma gazawar gwamnati don magance matsalolin zamantakewar al'umma ya keta Yarjejeniyar Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, kuma a cikin Afrilu 2017 kotu ta yi amfani da wannan dalili don tabbatar da sanya 'yancin ɗan adam a jerin sunayensu.'.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":82" /> === Mata === ==== Cin zarafin jima'i da cutarwa ==== Yaduwar tashin hankali na jinsi a Jamhuriyar Dominica ya ja hankalin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban na duniya. Wani rahoto na 2018 daga Babban Ofishin Mai Shari'a ya nuna cewa an gabatar da rahotanni sama da 71,000 na tashin hankali na jinsi a wannan shekarar kadai, kuma fiye da rahotanne 6,300 na laifukan jima'i.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Dominican police routinely rape and torture women sex workers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/dominican-republic-police-routinely-rape-torture-women-sex-workers/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na kasa sun ba da kididdiga a cikin rahoton Human Rights Watch a cikin 2016 wanda ya nuna cewa fiye da mutuwar 1,300 da aka rubuta tsakanin 2008 da 2014 sakamakon tashin hankali ne na jinsi.<ref name=":82" /> Koyaya, sanannen ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da shawarar cewa lambobin hukuma kaɗan ne kawai na ainihin adadi, suna ambaton al'adun cin zarafin jima'i da azabtarwa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Dominican da kuma ƙananan yiwuwar jami'an da ke fuskantar adalci saboda daidaitawa a cikin al'ummar Dominican.<ref name=":11" /> [[Fayil:2019_Mujeres_Latinoamericanas_en_Republica_Dominicana.jpg|left|thumb|Mambobin kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta yankin 'Mujeres Latinoamericanas' a Jamhuriyar Dominica]] A hukumance, dokar Jamhuriyar Dominica ta hukunta fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi, gami da cin zarafin dangi da cin zarafi, tare da hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafin da ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku.<ref name=":2"/> Dokar ta kuma sanya cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki a matsayin laifi wanda ke ɗauke da hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda da tarar kuɗi mai yawa, kodayake ma'aikatan ƙungiyar sun nuna shakku game da aiwatar da doka a wannan batun.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Mata tana aiki don rage tashin hankali na jinsi da haɓaka daidaito mai mahimmanci ta hanyar samar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da horar da masana'antu, da kuma aiki da mafaka na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name=":2" /> Koyaya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata da ke aiki a yankin, kamar su Mujeres Latinoamericanas, sun sanya shakku mai tsanani game da ingancin Ma'aikatar, suna sukar rashin kudade ga ayyukan da suka dace da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ƙasa.<ref name=":9"/> ==== Ma'aikatan jima'i ==== Ayyukan jima'i na kasuwanci a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican a halin yanzu laifi ne na laifi, tare da ma'aikatan jima'i suna samun kariya kaɗan daga mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam, a cewar rahoton 2019 na Amnesty International.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=28 Mar 2019 |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: "IF THEY CAN HAVE HER, WHY CAN'T WE?" : GENDER-BASED TORTURE AND OTHER ILL-TREATMENT OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN SEX WORK IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr27/0030/2019/en/}}</ref>  Bincike da Dan Danielsen da Karen Engle suka yi a cikin 1995 (kamar yadda aka ambata a Cabezas. 2002) ya nuna cewa tsananin matakan da gwamnati ta dauka kan karuwanci ya faru ne saboda bacin rai game da karkata daga ka'idojin dangantakar haihuwa guda daya, maza da mata wadanda suka mamaye al'ummar Dominican.<ref name=":122">Cabezas, A. L. (2002). Tourism, Sex Work and Women's Rights in the Dominican Republic. In Brysk, A. (Eds.) ''Globalization and Human Rights.'' University of California Press.</ref>  An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da cin zarafi, ta jiki da ta jima'i da ake yiwa ma'aikatan jima'i a cikin ƙasa da kuma yanki, wanda Erika Guevara-Rosas, daraktocin Amurka a Amnesty International suka bayyana, a matsayin 'annoba a fadin Latin Amurka da Caribbean'.<ref name=":11" />  Baya ga tashin hankalin da gwamnati ke yi, ma'aikatan jima'i suna fuskantar ƙarancin kariya daga tashin hankali daga ɓangarori na uku kamar abokan ciniki ko masu shiga tsakani, wanda Amalia Lucia Cabezas ta danganta da ra'ayin jama'a game da ma'aikatan jima'i a matsayin 'laifi' da rashin cancantar daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin doka.].  Rahoton ya kuma ambaci ci gaba da cin zarafi ga ma'aikatan jima'i masu rauni, musamman ma'aikatan jima'i wadanda suka fi dacewa da azabtarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su..<ref name=":122" /> ==== Hakkin haifuwa ==== [[Fayil:Four_Females_on_One_Bike_-_Jarabacoa_-_Dominican_Republic.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar Dominican tare da 'ya'ya mata uku tana hawa babur a Jarabacoa.]] Ya zuwa 2019, zubar da ciki ya kasance laifi ne a Jamhuriyar Dominica, bisa ga Mataki na 37 na kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu wanda ke ba da haƙƙin rayuwa "daga ɗauke da ciki zuwa mutuwa". A sakamakon haka, masu ba da zubar da ciki da mata da ke neman su suna fuskantar hukunci na laifi ba tare da la'akari da kiwon lafiya ko tasirin kudi ga mahaifiyar ko yanayin ciki ba.<ref name=":10" /> Ministan Lafiya na Jama'a ya fahimci cewa zubar da ciki da rikitarwa marasa aminci yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace, kuma wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata a duk duniya ta ba da rahoton yawan mace-momi guda daya da ke da alaƙa da ciki a kowace kwana biyu a farkon rabin shekara ta 2017, wanda ke sanya zargi akan karancin isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC A long way ahead: reproductive rights, discrimination of Dominicans of Haitian descent and the reform of the police |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5257b0b94.pdf |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Shugaba Danilo Medina ya inganta jerin sauye-sauye masu yawa ga dokar azabtarwa ta Jamhuriyar Dominica, tare da shawararsa mai rikitarwa don kawar da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, dangi da barazana ga rayuwar mahaifiyar da ke karɓar babban adadin kulawar kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na duniya.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Dominican Republic takes women's rights back to 1884 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/12/dominican-republic-takes-womens-rights-back-to-1884/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki a shekara mai zuwa ya yanke hukuncin sake fasalin ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya sake kafa haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan zubar da ciki. An soki shawarar a matsayin babban rauni ga ci gaban 'yancin mata a kasar, tasirin da Amnesty International ta bayyana a matsayin "babban bala'i ga mata da 'yan mata... wadanda za su ci gaba da zama masu laifi, su nuna musu kunya kuma su tilasta su nemi zubar da ciki mara lafiya saboda an hana su samun damar samun magani mai aminci da shari'a".<ref name=":13" /> Kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yawa ciki har da Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho game da azabtarwa sun yi Allah wadai da shawarar, suna zargin gwamnati da keta haƙƙin rayuwa da kiwon lafiya da kuma haifar da wahala ta jiki da ta hankali kamar azabtarwa ta hanyar ƙin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan.<ref name=":13" /> Halin da ake yi wa mata a Jamhuriyar Dominican ya sami ƙarin izgili daga al'ummomin duniya a cikin watan Agusta 2017, lokacin da Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ta sami takardar koke na neman a yi adalci ga mutuwar Rosaura Almonte Hernández a 2012.  maganin cutar sankarar bargo kan damuwa da tayin.<ref name=":9"/> === Hakkin LGBT === Duk da yake Dokar Laifuka ta Dominican ba ta haramta luwadi ko sutura ba, ba ta kuma magance nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi saboda yanayin Jima'i ko asalin jinsi, kuma ba ta amince da haɗin jima'i iri ɗaya a kowane nau'i ba, ko aure ne ko haɗin gwiwa. Gidajen da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda ke jagoranta ba su cancanci samun kowane hakki iri ɗaya da aka ba ma'auratan jinsi guda ba, kamar yadda aka haramta auren jinsi ɗaya a cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Reed M. |title=A Giant Step Backward: The Dominican Republic Reforms Its Constitution |url=https://nacla.org/news/giant-step-backward-dominican-republic-reforms-its-constitution |access-date=13 April 2016 |publisher=NACLA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, No. 10561 |url=http://daduye.com/constitucion/la-constitucion-republica-dominicana.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121110925/http://daduye.com/constitucion/la-constitucion-republica-dominicana.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |website=Gaceta Oficial |language=es |quote=El Estado promoverá y protegerá la organización de la familia sobre la base de la institución del matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer.}}</ref> Yawancin Dominicans suna da alaƙa da Cocin Katolika. Don haka, halayensu ga membobin al'ummar LGBT suna nuna halin ɗabi'ar Katolika. Duk da haka, mutanen LGBT sun sami ƙarin gani da karbuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daidai da yanayin duniya. Taimakon auren jinsi ya kai kashi 25% bisa ga kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na 2013/2014, amma ya karu zuwa kashi 45 cikin 100 a shekarar 2018. Bugu da kari, Jamhuriyar Dominican tana daure bisa doka a watan Janairu 2018 Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka, wacce ta ce auren jinsi da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutum bisa takaddun Amurka suna kare haƙƙin ɗan adam..<ref name="IACHR">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235924/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/ |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=[[Agence France-Presse]] |publisher=[[Yahoo7]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p74o6oxk4l4fbiyw378zfjpsyfny8fx 0 110721 891139 689939 2026-08-04T00:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Bahamas]]''' ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya don hanawa da kuma azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara|Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000]] a watan Satumbar 2008. == Tarihi a cikin 2010 == A shekara ta 2010, Bahamas ƙasa ce mai zuwa ga maza da wasu [[Safarar Mutane|mata]] daga [[Haiti]] da sauran Kasashen Caribbean waɗanda aka yi wa [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]], musamman ma aikin tilas, kuma, zuwa ƙarami, mata daga Jamaica da sauran ƙasashe waɗanda ke cikin [[karuwanci]]. Wadanda ke fama da fataucin Haiti sun fi yin ƙaura zuwa Bahamas da son rai, amma daga baya za a tilasta musu aiki a aikin gona, sabis na gida, ko tilasta karuwanci. Wasu ma'aikata suna tilasta Ma'aikatan ƙaura - doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba - su yi aiki na tsawon sa'o'i, a ƙananan albashi, kuma a cikin yanayin da ba a ba da izini a ƙarƙashin dokar aiki ta cikin gida ta hanyar canza sharuɗɗan kwangilar aiki, hana jigilar gida, barazanar janye takamaiman ma'aikaci da kuma ma'aikacin, ko barazanar fitar da ma'aikacen ta wasu hanyoyi. An ruwaito cewa masu fataucin mutane sun ja hankalin jama'ar Jamaica da sauran matan kasashen waje zuwa Bahamas tare da tayin aiki a fannonin yawon bude ido da nishaɗi kuma sun tilasta mata karuwanci bayan isowarsu. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta binciki zargin cewa wasu 'yan mata na makarantar sakandare a Eleuthera na iya shiga cikin zoben karuwanci. Wannan rahoto shine kawai alamar cewa 'yan ƙasar Bahamian na iya zama wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. A cewar gwamnatin Amurka, Gwamnatin Bahamas ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane ba; duk da haka, ta yi kokari sosai don yin hakan. A cikin shekara, gwamnati ta fara wasu bincike game da wadanda ake zargi da fataucin mutane amma ba ta gano wadanda abin ya shafa ba daga cikin mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar mata da 'yan mata da ke karuwanci, kuma ta ci gaba da korar baƙi marasa takardar shaidar ba tare da fara tantance ko suna iya zama wadanda ke fama da fataucinsu ba Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin "Tier 1" a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=www.state.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Bahamas ta sami matsayi na Tier 1 na shekara ta shida a jere. Wannan Tabbatar da cewa Bahamas ta cika mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don kawar da fataucin mutane. Duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta soki cewa kotuna suna aiki a hankali, hukunce-hukuncen masu fataucin mutane kaɗan ne kuma suna da nisa kuma cewa kudaden tallafin wadanda aka azabtar sun ragu. A cikin 2019, an bincika masu fataucin mutane 16, bincike 11 don fataucin jima'i da biyar don fatauccin ma'aikata. An gano mata biyar a matsayin wadanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane. An rage kudi don kulawa da rigakafin wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane (daga $ 125,710 a cikin 2018) zuwa $ 95,000, wanda aka danganta shi da sakamakon Guguwar Dorian . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=Bahamas maintains Tier 1 Trafficking in Persons ranking |url=https://ewnews.com/bahamas-maintains-tier-1-trafficking-in-persons-ranking |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=Eye Witness News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasar ta kasance a Tier 1 a 2023. == Shari'a == Gwamnatin Bahamas ta nuna ƙananan kokarin tilasta bin doka na yaki da fataucin mutane a lokacin rahoton. Ya ci gaba da fuskantar matsalolin da suka dace da albarkatun da iyawa, kuma ya fuskanci abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da tilasta bin doka. Dukkanin nau'ikan fataucin mutane an haramta su ta hanyar Dokar Rigakafin Kasuwanci da Cire-Cire na 2008. Hukunce-hukuncen da Dokar ta tsara don fataucin mutane laifuka sun kasance daga shekaru uku zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai, kuma sun isa sosai kuma sun dace da hukuncin da aka tsara don wasu manyan laifuka, kamar fyade. Gwamnati ba ta kama ko gurfanar da duk wani mai aikata laifuka ba, duk da rahotanni game da kasancewar wadanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane a Bahamas tun aƙalla shekara ta 2005. A lokacin bayar da rahoto, gwamnati ta fara binciken wani lamari da ake zargi da fataucin mutane tare da hadin gwiwar wata gwamnati. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kafa rundunar aiki <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report - The Bahamas |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0a5e4.html |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> don bincika zarge-zargen karuwanci na dalibai a makarantar sakandare a Eleuthera. Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Bahamian, sun ba da shige da fice, aiki, sabis na zamantakewa, da Ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka tare da horar da yaki da fataucin mutane. A tarihi, ma'aikatan gwamnati sun haɗu da fataucin mutane da fatauccin mutane, wanda ya haifar da fitar da baƙi a cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin rauni ba tare da sanin ko suna iya zama wadanda ke fama da fataucinsu ba. Kodayake aikin ya ci gaba har zuwa wani mataki, fitarwa ta atomatik ta ragu yayin da sanarwa ta hukuma game da fataucin mutane a matsayin wani nau'i na aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa ya karu. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa a cikin shekara ta 2009 wasu ma'aikatan soja na iya shiga cikin taimakawa tare da shigar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin kasar. Babu wata shaida game da shigar gwamnati ko haƙuri ga fataucin mutane. A shekara ta 2014 an yanke wa mutum na farko hukunci kan fataucin mutane a Bahamas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=thebahamasweekly.com - Bahamas 2014 Trafficking In Persons Report by U.S. Department of State |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/international/Bahamas_2014_Trafficking_In_Persons_Report_by_U_S_Department_of_State35581.shtml |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506090452/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/international/Bahamas_2014_Trafficking_In_Persons_Report_by_U_S_Department_of_State35581.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == q4xpg08gwx2wz5aqw83076hxosabhxy 0 110731 891036 840261 2026-08-03T17:19:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 891036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Photograph of First Lady Hillary Clinton at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing, China - DPLA - de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg|alt=The First Lady Hillary Clinton during her speech in Beijing, China.|thumb|Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] yayin jawabinta a Beijing, China.]] '''"Hakkin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"''' jumla ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s. Mafi shaharar amfani da shi shine sunan jawabin da Hillary Rodham Clinton, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, ta bayar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan mata na hudu a nan birnin Beijing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fester |first=Gertrude |date=1994 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.2307/4065874 |jstor=4065874}}</ref> A cikin wannan jawabin, ta yi kokarin danganta ra'ayin 'yancin mata da na 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin jawabin, Clinton ta yi amfani da wannan furci a cikin dogon lokaci, tsai da shawarwari, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma haƙƙin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne." == Amfani na farko == Ra'ayin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan takamaiman kalmomi ba, cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi da kalmomi daban-daban daga abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen shekarun 1830. A cikin jerin wasikun da ta rubuta game da daidaito na jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san komai game da haƙƙin mutum ba, ko haƙƙin mace; haƙƙin ɗan adam duk abin da na gane". 'Tunanin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ba, cewa "'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi tare da furci daban-daban ta hanyar abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen 1830s. A cikin jerin wasiƙun ta kan daidaiton jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san kome ba game da haƙƙin namiji, ko 'yancin mace; 'yancin ɗan adam shine duk abin da na gane". An yi amfani da kalmar "Hakkin mata 'yancin ɗan adam" a lokaci-lokaci a shekarun 1980 da farkon rabin 1990, kafin jawabin Clinton. Misalai sun haɗa da a cikin 1984, lokacin da New York Times ta yi ƙaulin shugabar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Marcella Maxwell, ta yin amfani da wannan furci a cikin tattaunawa. Cecilia Medina, sanannen lauya na [[Chile]], ta sake amfani da shi a shekarar 1985, a cikin wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da mata. Taken aikinta shine 'Hakkokin Mata a matsayin 'Yancin Dan Adam: Kasashen Latin Amurka da Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS).' A cikin bayyana ra'ayin mai tarihi, Madina ta rubuta cewa, "A matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana na gaskiyar cewa 'yancin mata shine 'yancin ɗan adam, mata, a ka'idar, yunkuri ne na cimma al'ummar dimokuradiyya, wanda ba tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za a iya jin dadinsa sosai." Wani dan siyasar kasar Canada Ed Broadbent, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan furuci a wata hira da jaridar [[Calgary]] Herald a watan Janairun 1993, inda ya ce, "Idan muka yi imani a matsayin al'umma cewa 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, to lokaci ya yi da za a daina nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin 'yan gudun hijira."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1994 |title=Gender-related Refugee Claims |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp370-e.htm#(2) |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}</ref> Laurel Fletcher ne ya yi amfani da wannan jumlar a yayin taron karawa juna sani na dokokin kasa da kasa na shekarar 1993 mai suna take hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Mata, wanda Fletcher, Allyn Taylor da Joan Fitzpatrick suka buga a 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Laurel |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Joan |year=1994 |title=Human Rights Violations Against Women |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |journal=Whittier Law Review |volume=15 |issue=319 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041057/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniya Ta Malesiya kan Hakkokin Bil Adama, wadda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama suka buga a watan Disamba 1994, ta fara da jumlar “Hakkin Mata Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne."<ref>{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Malaysian Charter on Human Rights |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1994/03/malaysian-charter-on-human-rights-1994.html |access-date=January 21, 2017 |publisher=Malaysian NGOs}}</ref>  == Jawabin Clinton == [[File:Women's_rights_are_human_rights.ogg|right|thumb|Fayil na sauti na Clinton yana bayyana, "Idan akwai saƙo guda ɗaya da ke fitowa daga wannan taron, bari a ce 'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya."]] [[Fayil:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm|right|thumb|Hotuna na jawabin Clinton gaba ɗaya. A kusan 14:45, Clinton ta furta sanannen layin, "Kwancin Mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"]] A cikin shirin yin jawabinta, Clinton mai shekaru 47 ta kalubalanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da matsin lamba ta waje na kasar Sin don sauƙaƙa maganganunta. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa dukansu sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ta a kan dalilin cewa zai fusata Sinawa. Duk da yake Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ga jawabin a gaba, mataimakansa ba su da shi, kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Fadar White House Thomas McLarty yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa ba zai ce wani sabon abu ko mai rikitarwa ba.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma ki amincewa da Clinton da ke magana a kasar Sin, suna tsoron hakan zai ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati, kuma yanayin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje shi ne cewa za a saki mai fafutukar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na kasar Sin Harry Wu kafin ta bayyana, wanda shi ne.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu kungiyoyin Katolika masu murya sun soki taron a matsayin "mai adawa da iyali" yayin da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ce Clinton a bayyane za ta tura "ajenda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata" yayin da take can.<ref name="timesfd" /> Da zarar ya faru a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, an gabatar da jawabin Clinton a cikin babban zauren taron. A ciki, ta yi jayayya game da ayyukan cin zarafin mata a duniya da kuma China kanta. Da yake mayar da hankali ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi da kuma mata, ta bayyana imanin ta cewa batutuwan da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta galibi ana watsi da su ko kuma "siru" don haka ba a warware su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |date=1996 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=98–101 |jstor=40004518}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka kawo a cikin jawabin sun haɗa da Mutuwar sadaki da manufofin ɗa ɗaya na kasar Sin.<ref name="nyt090695" /> Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa "ba za a iya yarda da ita ba don tattauna haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan adam". Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun ji ta ce:&nbsp; {{Cquote|"Idan akwai wani sako daya fito daga wannan taro, a ce 'yancin dan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya."<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |last=Lemmon | first=Gayle Tzemach |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref>}} Ta biyo bayan haka da cewa, "Muddin nuna bambanci da rashin adalci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ko'ina a duniya, muddin 'yan mata da mata ba su da kima, ba a ciyar da su, ciyar da su a karshe, ba a yi musu aiki ba, ba a biya su ba, ba a makaranta ba, da cin zarafi a ciki da wajen gidajensu, ba za a samu damar da 'yan Adam ke da shi na samar da zaman lafiya, duniya mai wadata ba, ba za a samu cikas ba". Ba a ba wa ‘yan kasar China damar halartar wannan jawabi ba, kuma an sanya baki a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sin. Jawabin ya sami sanannen hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin. Mai ba da labari na NBC Tom Brokaw ya ce, "A hanyarsa, ta yi nasara kai tsaye a kan Sinanci," yayin da wakilin wannan cibiyar sadarwa Andrea Mitchell ya ce "baƙon abu ne" ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka ta shiga cikin irin wannan muhimmin aikin diflomasiyya.<ref name="nbcnn" /> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ce Clinton ta yi magana "da karfi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da kowane babban jami'in Amurka a ƙasar Sin". == Kyauta == Ana ganin jawabin yana da tasiri a harkar kare hakkin mata. Musamman, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarfafa mata, kuma bayan shekaru mata a duniya za su karanta mahimman kalmomin Clinton. A shekara ta 2011, Clinton ta dauki irin wannan matsayi kan 'yancin LGBT a wani jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya, inda ta bayyana "'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan adam ne, kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi ne". A cikin 2013, bayan lokacin Clinton a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Clinton ta jagoranci bita a Clinton Global Initiative game da yadda haƙƙin mata ya canza tun daga jawabinta na 1995. Ya kammala cewa an sami ci gaba ga 'yan mata a ilimi da kuma mata da' yan mata a kiwon lafiya amma mata a duniya har yanzu suna shan wahala saboda rashin haƙƙin siyasa da rashin tsaro. A cikin kalmomin Clinton: "Wannan wani nau'i ne na rabin gilashi".<ref name="timesfd" /> A ranar cika shekaru ashirin da jawabin a shekarar 2015, an sami karin abubuwan da suka faru a kai. Ba kowa ba ne ya so shi: lauyan da ke bayyane Bruce Fein ya ce: "Ta yi wata sanarwa a Beijing wacce ba ta da zurfi sosai - cewa mata mutane ne".<ref name="timesfd" /> Jawabin da magana sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Clinton na 2016. Kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirts da ke cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" a kantin sayar da kamfen ɗin ta, dangane da jawabinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparel |title=The Trailblazer Tee &#124; Shop &#124; Hillary for America Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142322/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yakin ya sayar da jaka wanda ke dauke da cikakken magana "Kwancin Dan Adam shine haƙƙin mata kuma haƙƙin mata shine haƙƙin ɗan adam"; a kan jaka an nuna shi cikin harsuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accessories |title=Statement Bag &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |access-date=September 19, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225152/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan, kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirt na Tory Burch wanda ke nuna kalmar "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne..." a cikin manyan haruffa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Tory Burch Tee &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150659/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfen ɗin ya kirkiro nassoshin hotuna da nuni na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan ado na Halloween guda biyar, gami da "'yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne' Hillary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts from Hillary and 4 other DIY Hillary Clinton costumes for Halloween &#124; The Feed &#124; Hillary for America |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170540/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar Jennifer Lopez na 2016 don waƙarta mai suna "Ba Mamanku ba", ana iya jin samfurin Clinton da ke ba da wani ɓangare na jawabinta, musamman, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. " A cikin 2017, don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Madonna ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Labari; ya kare da sakon “Hakkin mata hakkin dan Adam ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=March 8, 2017 |title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Kamar yadda likita Leslie Regan ya tabbatar a cikin Jarida na Magungunan Jima'i, kalmar ta kasance mai dacewa a cikin maganganun siyasa a cikin 2010s, musamman game da tattaunawar manufofin game da lafiyar jima'i na mata da haƙƙin haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Lesley |year=2017 |title=Integrating Human Rights and Women's Health. Competencies for Practice |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e221–e222 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.162}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hillaryclintonbeijingspeech.htm Bidiyo da rubutun magana] * [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a30328/hillary-clinton-beijing-speech/ Mujallar Elle a kan labarin bayan jawabin] * [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2603159 "Minuti 20 da suka canza Duniya" - rubutun da Amurka ta halarci taron] kgfmubcgp261mei3sw2mv1ngaubqrqr 891037 891036 2026-08-03T17:20:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 891037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Photograph of First Lady Hillary Clinton at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing, China - DPLA - de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg|alt=The First Lady Hillary Clinton during her speech in Beijing, China.|thumb|Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] yayin jawabinta a Beijing, China.]] '''"Hakkin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"''' jumla ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s. Mafi shaharar amfani da shi shine sunan jawabin da Hillary Rodham Clinton, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, ta bayar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan mata na hudu a nan birnin Beijing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fester |first=Gertrude |date=1994 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.2307/4065874 |jstor=4065874}}</ref> A cikin wannan jawabin, ta yi kokarin danganta ra'ayin 'yancin mata da na 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin jawabin, Clinton ta yi amfani da wannan furci a cikin dogon lokaci, tsai da shawarwari, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma haƙƙin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne." == Amfani na farko == Ra'ayin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan takamaiman kalmomi ba, cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi da kalmomi daban-daban daga abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen shekarun 1830. A cikin jerin wasikun da ta rubuta game da daidaito na jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san komai game da haƙƙin mutum ba, ko haƙƙin mace; haƙƙin ɗan adam duk abin da na gane". 'Tunanin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ba, cewa "'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi tare da furci daban-daban ta hanyar abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen 1830s. A cikin jerin wasiƙun ta kan daidaiton jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san kome ba game da haƙƙin namiji, ko 'yancin mace; 'yancin ɗan adam shine duk abin da na gane". An yi amfani da kalmar "Hakkin mata 'yancin ɗan adam" a lokaci-lokaci a shekarun 1980 da farkon rabin 1990, kafin jawabin Clinton. Misalai sun haɗa da a cikin 1984, lokacin da New York Times ta yi ƙaulin shugabar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Marcella Maxwell, ta yin amfani da wannan furci a cikin tattaunawa. Cecilia Medina, sanannen lauya na [[Chile]], ta sake amfani da shi a shekarar 1985, a cikin wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da mata. Taken aikinta shine 'Hakkokin Mata a matsayin 'Yancin Dan Adam: Kasashen Latin Amurka da Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS).' A cikin bayyana ra'ayin mai tarihi, Madina ta rubuta cewa, "A matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana na gaskiyar cewa 'yancin mata shine 'yancin ɗan adam, mata, a ka'idar, yunkuri ne na cimma al'ummar dimokuradiyya, wanda ba tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za a iya jin dadinsa sosai." Wani dan siyasar kasar Canada Ed Broadbent, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan furuci a wata hira da jaridar [[Calgary]] Herald a watan Janairun 1993, inda ya ce, "Idan muka yi imani a matsayin al'umma cewa 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, to lokaci ya yi da za a daina nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin 'yan gudun hijira."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1994 |title=Gender-related Refugee Claims |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp370-e.htm#(2) |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}</ref> Laurel Fletcher ne ya yi amfani da wannan jumlar a yayin taron karawa juna sani na dokokin kasa da kasa na shekarar 1993 mai suna take hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Mata, wanda Fletcher, Allyn Taylor da Joan Fitzpatrick suka buga a 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Laurel |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Joan |year=1994 |title=Human Rights Violations Against Women |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |journal=Whittier Law Review |volume=15 |issue=319 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041057/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniya Ta Malesiya kan Hakkokin Bil Adama, wadda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama suka buga a watan Disamba 1994, ta fara da jumlar “Hakkin Mata Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne."<ref>{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Malaysian Charter on Human Rights |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1994/03/malaysian-charter-on-human-rights-1994.html |access-date=January 21, 2017 |publisher=Malaysian NGOs}}</ref>  == Jawabin Clinton == [[File:Women's_rights_are_human_rights.ogg|right|thumb|Fayil na sauti na Clinton yana bayyana, "Idan akwai saƙo guda ɗaya da ke fitowa daga wannan taron, bari a ce 'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya."]] [[Fayil:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm|right|thumb|Hotuna na jawabin Clinton gaba ɗaya. A kusan 14:45, Clinton ta furta sanannen layin, "Kwancin Mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"]] A cikin shirin yin jawabinta, Clinton mai shekaru 47 ta kalubalanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da matsin lamba ta waje na kasar Sin don sauƙaƙa maganganunta. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa dukansu sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ta a kan dalilin cewa zai fusata Sinawa. Duk da yake Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ga jawabin a gaba, mataimakansa ba su da shi, kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Fadar White House Thomas McLarty yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa ba zai ce wani sabon abu ko mai rikitarwa ba.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma ki amincewa da Clinton da ke magana a kasar Sin, suna tsoron hakan zai ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati, kuma yanayin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje shi ne cewa za a saki mai fafutukar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na kasar Sin Harry Wu kafin ta bayyana, wanda shi ne.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu kungiyoyin Katolika masu murya sun soki taron a matsayin "mai adawa da iyali" yayin da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ce Clinton a bayyane za ta tura "ajenda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata" yayin da take can.<ref name="timesfd" /> Da zarar ya faru a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, an gabatar da jawabin Clinton a cikin babban zauren taron. A ciki, ta yi jayayya game da ayyukan cin zarafin mata a duniya da kuma China kanta. Da yake mayar da hankali ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi da kuma mata, ta bayyana imanin ta cewa batutuwan da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta galibi ana watsi da su ko kuma "siru" don haka ba a warware su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |date=1996 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=98–101 |jstor=40004518}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka kawo a cikin jawabin sun haɗa da Mutuwar sadaki da manufofin ɗa ɗaya na kasar Sin.<ref name="nyt090695" /> Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa "ba za a iya yarda da ita ba don tattauna haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan adam". Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun ji ta ce:&nbsp; {{Cquote|"Idan akwai wani sako daya fito daga wannan taro, a ce 'yancin dan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya."<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |last=Lemmon | first=Gayle Tzemach |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref>}} Ta biyo bayan haka da cewa, "Muddin nuna bambanci da rashin adalci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ko'ina a duniya, muddin 'yan mata da mata ba su da kima, ba a ciyar da su, ciyar da su a karshe, ba a yi musu aiki ba, ba a biya su ba, ba a makaranta ba, da cin zarafi a ciki da wajen gidajensu, ba za a samu damar da 'yan Adam ke da shi na samar da zaman lafiya, duniya mai wadata ba, ba za a samu cikas ba". Ba a ba wa ‘yan kasar China damar halartar wannan jawabi ba, kuma an sanya baki a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sin. Jawabin ya sami sanannen hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin. Mai ba da labari na NBC Tom Brokaw ya ce, "A hanyarsa, ta yi nasara kai tsaye a kan Sinanci," yayin da wakilin wannan cibiyar sadarwa Andrea Mitchell ya ce "baƙon abu ne" ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka ta shiga cikin irin wannan muhimmin aikin diflomasiyya.<ref name="nbcnn" /> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ce Clinton ta yi magana "da karfi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da kowane babban jami'in Amurka a ƙasar Sin". == Kyauta == Ana ganin jawabin yana da tasiri a harkar kare hakkin mata. Musamman, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarfafa mata, kuma bayan shekaru mata a duniya za su karanta mahimman kalmomin Clinton. A shekara ta 2011, Clinton ta dauki irin wannan matsayi kan 'yancin LGBT a wani jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya, inda ta bayyana "'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan adam ne, kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi ne". A cikin 2013, bayan lokacin Clinton a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Clinton ta jagoranci bita a Clinton Global Initiative game da yadda haƙƙin mata ya canza tun daga jawabinta na 1995. Ya kammala cewa an sami ci gaba ga 'yan mata a ilimi da kuma mata da' yan mata a kiwon lafiya amma mata a duniya har yanzu suna shan wahala saboda rashin haƙƙin siyasa da rashin tsaro. A cikin kalmomin Clinton: "Wannan wani nau'i ne na rabin gilashi".<ref name="timesfd" /> A ranar cika shekaru ashirin da jawabin a shekarar 2015, an sami karin abubuwan da suka faru a kai. Ba kowa ba ne ya so shi: lauyan da ke bayyane Bruce Fein ya ce: "Ta yi wata sanarwa a Beijing wacce ba ta da zurfi sosai - cewa mata mutane ne".<ref name="timesfd" /> Jawabin da magana sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Clinton na 2016. Kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirts da ke cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" a kantin sayar da kamfen ɗin ta, dangane da jawabinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparel |title=The Trailblazer Tee &#124; Shop &#124; Hillary for America Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142322/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yakin ya sayar da jaka wanda ke dauke da cikakken magana "Kwancin Dan Adam shine haƙƙin mata kuma haƙƙin mata shine haƙƙin ɗan adam"; a kan jaka an nuna shi cikin harsuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accessories |title=Statement Bag &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |access-date=September 19, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225152/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan, kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirt na Tory Burch wanda ke nuna kalmar "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne..." a cikin manyan haruffa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Tory Burch Tee &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150659/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfen ɗin ya kirkiro nassoshin hotuna da nuni na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan ado na Halloween guda biyar, gami da "'yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne' Hillary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts from Hillary and 4 other DIY Hillary Clinton costumes for Halloween &#124; The Feed &#124; Hillary for America |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170540/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar Jennifer Lopez na 2016 don waƙarta mai suna "Ba Mamanku ba", ana iya jin samfurin Clinton da ke ba da wani ɓangare na jawabinta, musamman, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. " A cikin 2017, don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Madonna ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Labari; ya kare da sakon “Hakkin mata hakkin dan Adam ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=March 8, 2017 |title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Kamar yadda likita Leslie Regan ya tabbatar a cikin Jarida na Magungunan Jima'i, kalmar ta kasance mai dacewa a cikin maganganun siyasa a cikin 2010s, musamman game da tattaunawar manufofin game da lafiyar jima'i na mata da haƙƙin haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Lesley |year=2017 |title=Integrating Human Rights and Women's Health. Competencies for Practice |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e221–e222 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.162}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hillaryclintonbeijingspeech.htm Bidiyo da rubutun magana] * [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a30328/hillary-clinton-beijing-speech/ Mujallar Elle a kan labarin bayan jawabin] * [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2603159 "Minuti 20 da suka canza Duniya" - rubutun da Amurka ta halarci taron] == Manazarta == ivlqm29qp7qqsyjxqwkytw7kf0ijamp 891038 891037 2026-08-03T17:21:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 891038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Photograph of First Lady Hillary Clinton at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing, China - DPLA - de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg|alt=The First Lady Hillary Clinton during her speech in Beijing, China.|thumb|Uwargidan Shugaban [[Amurka]] [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] yayin jawabinta a Beijing, China.]] '''"Hakkin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"''' jumla ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s. Mafi shaharar amfani da shi shine sunan jawabin da Hillary Rodham Clinton, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, ta bayar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan mata na hudu a nan birnin Beijing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fester |first=Gertrude |date=1994 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.2307/4065874 |jstor=4065874}}</ref> A cikin wannan jawabin, ta yi kokarin danganta ra'ayin 'yancin mata da na 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin jawabin, Clinton ta yi amfani da wannan furci a cikin dogon lokaci, tsai da shawarwari, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma haƙƙin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne." == Amfani na farko == Ra'ayin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan takamaiman kalmomi ba, cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi da kalmomi daban-daban daga abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen shekarun 1830. A cikin jerin wasikun da ta rubuta game da daidaito na jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san komai game da haƙƙin mutum ba, ko haƙƙin mace; haƙƙin ɗan adam duk abin da na gane". 'Tunanin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ba, cewa "'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi tare da furci daban-daban ta hanyar abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen 1830s. A cikin jerin wasiƙun ta kan daidaiton jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san kome ba game da haƙƙin namiji, ko 'yancin mace; 'yancin ɗan adam shine duk abin da na gane". An yi amfani da kalmar "Hakkin mata 'yancin ɗan adam" a lokaci-lokaci a shekarun 1980 da farkon rabin 1990, kafin jawabin Clinton. Misalai sun haɗa da a cikin 1984, lokacin da New York Times ta yi ƙaulin shugabar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Marcella Maxwell, ta yin amfani da wannan furci a cikin tattaunawa. Cecilia Medina, sanannen lauya na [[Chile]], ta sake amfani da shi a shekarar 1985, a cikin wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da mata. Taken aikinta shine 'Hakkokin Mata a matsayin 'Yancin Dan Adam: Kasashen Latin Amurka da Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS).' A cikin bayyana ra'ayin mai tarihi, Madina ta rubuta cewa, "A matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana na gaskiyar cewa 'yancin mata shine 'yancin ɗan adam, mata, a ka'idar, yunkuri ne na cimma al'ummar dimokuradiyya, wanda ba tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za a iya jin dadinsa sosai." Wani dan siyasar kasar Canada Ed Broadbent, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan furuci a wata hira da jaridar [[Calgary]] Herald a watan Janairun 1993, inda ya ce, "Idan muka yi imani a matsayin al'umma cewa 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, to lokaci ya yi da za a daina nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin 'yan gudun hijira."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1994 |title=Gender-related Refugee Claims |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp370-e.htm#(2) |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}</ref> Laurel Fletcher ne ya yi amfani da wannan jumlar a yayin taron karawa juna sani na dokokin kasa da kasa na shekarar 1993 mai suna take hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Mata, wanda Fletcher, Allyn Taylor da Joan Fitzpatrick suka buga a 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Laurel |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Joan |year=1994 |title=Human Rights Violations Against Women |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |journal=Whittier Law Review |volume=15 |issue=319 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041057/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniya Ta Malesiya kan Hakkokin Bil Adama, wadda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama suka buga a watan Disamba 1994, ta fara da jumlar “Hakkin Mata Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne."<ref>{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Malaysian Charter on Human Rights |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1994/03/malaysian-charter-on-human-rights-1994.html |access-date=January 21, 2017 |publisher=Malaysian NGOs}}</ref>  == Jawabin Clinton == [[File:Women's_rights_are_human_rights.ogg|right|thumb|Fayil na sauti na Clinton yana bayyana, "Idan akwai saƙo guda ɗaya da ke fitowa daga wannan taron, bari a ce 'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya."]] [[Fayil:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm|right|thumb|Hotuna na jawabin Clinton gaba ɗaya. A kusan 14:45, Clinton ta furta sanannen layin, "Kwancin Mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"]] A cikin shirin yin jawabinta, Clinton mai shekaru 47 ta kalubalanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da matsin lamba ta waje na kasar Sin don sauƙaƙa maganganunta. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa dukansu sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ta a kan dalilin cewa zai fusata Sinawa. Duk da yake Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ga jawabin a gaba, mataimakansa ba su da shi, kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Fadar White House Thomas McLarty yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa ba zai ce wani sabon abu ko mai rikitarwa ba.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma ki amincewa da Clinton da ke magana a kasar Sin, suna tsoron hakan zai ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati, kuma yanayin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje shi ne cewa za a saki mai fafutukar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na kasar Sin Harry Wu kafin ta bayyana, wanda shi ne.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu kungiyoyin Katolika masu murya sun soki taron a matsayin "mai adawa da iyali" yayin da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ce Clinton a bayyane za ta tura "ajenda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata" yayin da take can.<ref name="timesfd" /> Da zarar ya faru a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, an gabatar da jawabin Clinton a cikin babban zauren taron. A ciki, ta yi jayayya game da ayyukan cin zarafin mata a duniya da kuma China kanta. Da yake mayar da hankali ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi da kuma mata, ta bayyana imanin ta cewa batutuwan da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta galibi ana watsi da su ko kuma "siru" don haka ba a warware su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |date=1996 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=98–101 |jstor=40004518}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka kawo a cikin jawabin sun haɗa da Mutuwar sadaki da manufofin ɗa ɗaya na kasar Sin.<ref name="nyt090695" /> Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa "ba za a iya yarda da ita ba don tattauna haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan adam". Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun ji ta ce:&nbsp; {{Cquote|"Idan akwai wani sako daya fito daga wannan taro, a ce 'yancin dan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya."<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |last=Lemmon | first=Gayle Tzemach |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref>}} Ta biyo bayan haka da cewa, "Muddin nuna bambanci da rashin adalci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ko'ina a duniya, muddin 'yan mata da mata ba su da kima, ba a ciyar da su, ciyar da su a karshe, ba a yi musu aiki ba, ba a biya su ba, ba a makaranta ba, da cin zarafi a ciki da wajen gidajensu, ba za a samu damar da 'yan Adam ke da shi na samar da zaman lafiya, duniya mai wadata ba, ba za a samu cikas ba". Ba a ba wa ‘yan kasar China damar halartar wannan jawabi ba, kuma an sanya baki a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sin. Jawabin ya sami sanannen hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin. Mai ba da labari na NBC Tom Brokaw ya ce, "A hanyarsa, ta yi nasara kai tsaye a kan Sinanci," yayin da wakilin wannan cibiyar sadarwa Andrea Mitchell ya ce "baƙon abu ne" ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka ta shiga cikin irin wannan muhimmin aikin diflomasiyya.<ref name="nbcnn" /> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ce Clinton ta yi magana "da karfi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da kowane babban jami'in Amurka a ƙasar Sin". == Kyauta == Ana ganin jawabin yana da tasiri a harkar kare hakkin mata. Musamman, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarfafa mata, kuma bayan shekaru mata a duniya za su karanta mahimman kalmomin Clinton. A shekara ta 2011, Clinton ta dauki irin wannan matsayi kan 'yancin LGBT a wani jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya, inda ta bayyana "'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan adam ne, kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi ne". A cikin 2013, bayan lokacin Clinton a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Clinton ta jagoranci bita a Clinton Global Initiative game da yadda haƙƙin mata ya canza tun daga jawabinta na 1995. Ya kammala cewa an sami ci gaba ga 'yan mata a ilimi da kuma mata da' yan mata a kiwon lafiya amma mata a duniya har yanzu suna shan wahala saboda rashin haƙƙin siyasa da rashin tsaro. A cikin kalmomin Clinton: "Wannan wani nau'i ne na rabin gilashi".<ref name="timesfd" /> A ranar cika shekaru ashirin da jawabin a shekarar 2015, an sami karin abubuwan da suka faru a kai. Ba kowa ba ne ya so shi: lauyan da ke bayyane Bruce Fein ya ce: "Ta yi wata sanarwa a Beijing wacce ba ta da zurfi sosai - cewa mata mutane ne".<ref name="timesfd" /> Jawabin da magana sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Clinton na 2016. Kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirts da ke cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" a kantin sayar da kamfen ɗin ta, dangane da jawabinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparel |title=The Trailblazer Tee &#124; Shop &#124; Hillary for America Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142322/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yakin ya sayar da jaka wanda ke dauke da cikakken magana "Kwancin Dan Adam shine haƙƙin mata kuma haƙƙin mata shine haƙƙin ɗan adam"; a kan jaka an nuna shi cikin harsuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accessories |title=Statement Bag &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |access-date=September 19, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225152/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan, kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirt na Tory Burch wanda ke nuna kalmar "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne..." a cikin manyan haruffa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Tory Burch Tee &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150659/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfen ɗin ya kirkiro nassoshin hotuna da nuni na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan ado na Halloween guda biyar, gami da "'yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne' Hillary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts from Hillary and 4 other DIY Hillary Clinton costumes for Halloween &#124; The Feed &#124; Hillary for America |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170540/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar Jennifer Lopez na 2016 don waƙarta mai suna "Ba Mamanku ba", ana iya jin samfurin Clinton da ke ba da wani ɓangare na jawabinta, musamman, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. " A cikin 2017, don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Madonna ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Labari; ya kare da sakon “Hakkin mata hakkin dan Adam ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=March 8, 2017 |title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Kamar yadda likita Leslie Regan ya tabbatar a cikin Jarida na Magungunan Jima'i, kalmar ta kasance mai dacewa a cikin maganganun siyasa a cikin 2010s, musamman game da tattaunawar manufofin game da lafiyar jima'i na mata da haƙƙin haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Lesley |year=2017 |title=Integrating Human Rights and Women's Health. Competencies for Practice |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e221–e222 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.162}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hillaryclintonbeijingspeech.htm Bidiyo da rubutun magana] * [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a30328/hillary-clinton-beijing-speech/ Mujallar Elle a kan labarin bayan jawabin] * [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2603159 "Minuti 20 da suka canza Duniya" - rubutun da Amurka ta halarci taron] == Manazarta == klyot9inl3np1hd61b2ze2qc73zduu3 891039 891038 2026-08-03T17:21:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 891039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Photograph of First Lady Hillary Clinton at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing, China - DPLA - de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg|alt=The First Lady Hillary Clinton during her speech in Beijing, China.|thumb|Uwargidan Shugaban [[Amurka]] [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] yayin jawabinta a Beijing, [[Sin|China]].]] '''"Hakkin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"''' jumla ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s. Mafi shaharar amfani da shi shine sunan jawabin da Hillary Rodham Clinton, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, ta bayar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan mata na hudu a nan birnin Beijing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fester |first=Gertrude |date=1994 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.2307/4065874 |jstor=4065874}}</ref> A cikin wannan jawabin, ta yi kokarin danganta ra'ayin 'yancin mata da na 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin jawabin, Clinton ta yi amfani da wannan furci a cikin dogon lokaci, tsai da shawarwari, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma haƙƙin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne." == Amfani na farko == Ra'ayin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan takamaiman kalmomi ba, cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi da kalmomi daban-daban daga abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen shekarun 1830. A cikin jerin wasikun da ta rubuta game da daidaito na jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san komai game da haƙƙin mutum ba, ko haƙƙin mace; haƙƙin ɗan adam duk abin da na gane". 'Tunanin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ba, cewa "'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi tare da furci daban-daban ta hanyar abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen 1830s. A cikin jerin wasiƙun ta kan daidaiton jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san kome ba game da haƙƙin namiji, ko 'yancin mace; 'yancin ɗan adam shine duk abin da na gane". An yi amfani da kalmar "Hakkin mata 'yancin ɗan adam" a lokaci-lokaci a shekarun 1980 da farkon rabin 1990, kafin jawabin Clinton. Misalai sun haɗa da a cikin 1984, lokacin da New York Times ta yi ƙaulin shugabar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Marcella Maxwell, ta yin amfani da wannan furci a cikin tattaunawa. Cecilia Medina, sanannen lauya na [[Chile]], ta sake amfani da shi a shekarar 1985, a cikin wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da mata. Taken aikinta shine 'Hakkokin Mata a matsayin 'Yancin Dan Adam: Kasashen Latin Amurka da Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS).' A cikin bayyana ra'ayin mai tarihi, Madina ta rubuta cewa, "A matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana na gaskiyar cewa 'yancin mata shine 'yancin ɗan adam, mata, a ka'idar, yunkuri ne na cimma al'ummar dimokuradiyya, wanda ba tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za a iya jin dadinsa sosai." Wani dan siyasar kasar Canada Ed Broadbent, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan furuci a wata hira da jaridar [[Calgary]] Herald a watan Janairun 1993, inda ya ce, "Idan muka yi imani a matsayin al'umma cewa 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, to lokaci ya yi da za a daina nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin 'yan gudun hijira."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1994 |title=Gender-related Refugee Claims |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp370-e.htm#(2) |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}</ref> Laurel Fletcher ne ya yi amfani da wannan jumlar a yayin taron karawa juna sani na dokokin kasa da kasa na shekarar 1993 mai suna take hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Mata, wanda Fletcher, Allyn Taylor da Joan Fitzpatrick suka buga a 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Laurel |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Joan |year=1994 |title=Human Rights Violations Against Women |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |journal=Whittier Law Review |volume=15 |issue=319 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041057/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniya Ta Malesiya kan Hakkokin Bil Adama, wadda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama suka buga a watan Disamba 1994, ta fara da jumlar “Hakkin Mata Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne."<ref>{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Malaysian Charter on Human Rights |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1994/03/malaysian-charter-on-human-rights-1994.html |access-date=January 21, 2017 |publisher=Malaysian NGOs}}</ref>  == Jawabin Clinton == [[File:Women's_rights_are_human_rights.ogg|right|thumb|Fayil na sauti na Clinton yana bayyana, "Idan akwai saƙo guda ɗaya da ke fitowa daga wannan taron, bari a ce 'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya."]] [[Fayil:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm|right|thumb|Hotuna na jawabin Clinton gaba ɗaya. A kusan 14:45, Clinton ta furta sanannen layin, "Kwancin Mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"]] A cikin shirin yin jawabinta, Clinton mai shekaru 47 ta kalubalanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da matsin lamba ta waje na kasar Sin don sauƙaƙa maganganunta. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa dukansu sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ta a kan dalilin cewa zai fusata Sinawa. Duk da yake Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ga jawabin a gaba, mataimakansa ba su da shi, kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Fadar White House Thomas McLarty yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa ba zai ce wani sabon abu ko mai rikitarwa ba.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma ki amincewa da Clinton da ke magana a kasar Sin, suna tsoron hakan zai ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati, kuma yanayin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje shi ne cewa za a saki mai fafutukar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na kasar Sin Harry Wu kafin ta bayyana, wanda shi ne.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu kungiyoyin Katolika masu murya sun soki taron a matsayin "mai adawa da iyali" yayin da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ce Clinton a bayyane za ta tura "ajenda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata" yayin da take can.<ref name="timesfd" /> Da zarar ya faru a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, an gabatar da jawabin Clinton a cikin babban zauren taron. A ciki, ta yi jayayya game da ayyukan cin zarafin mata a duniya da kuma China kanta. Da yake mayar da hankali ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi da kuma mata, ta bayyana imanin ta cewa batutuwan da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta galibi ana watsi da su ko kuma "siru" don haka ba a warware su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |date=1996 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=98–101 |jstor=40004518}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka kawo a cikin jawabin sun haɗa da Mutuwar sadaki da manufofin ɗa ɗaya na kasar Sin.<ref name="nyt090695" /> Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa "ba za a iya yarda da ita ba don tattauna haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan adam". Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun ji ta ce:&nbsp; {{Cquote|"Idan akwai wani sako daya fito daga wannan taro, a ce 'yancin dan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya."<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |last=Lemmon | first=Gayle Tzemach |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref>}} Ta biyo bayan haka da cewa, "Muddin nuna bambanci da rashin adalci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ko'ina a duniya, muddin 'yan mata da mata ba su da kima, ba a ciyar da su, ciyar da su a karshe, ba a yi musu aiki ba, ba a biya su ba, ba a makaranta ba, da cin zarafi a ciki da wajen gidajensu, ba za a samu damar da 'yan Adam ke da shi na samar da zaman lafiya, duniya mai wadata ba, ba za a samu cikas ba". Ba a ba wa ‘yan kasar China damar halartar wannan jawabi ba, kuma an sanya baki a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sin. Jawabin ya sami sanannen hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin. Mai ba da labari na NBC Tom Brokaw ya ce, "A hanyarsa, ta yi nasara kai tsaye a kan Sinanci," yayin da wakilin wannan cibiyar sadarwa Andrea Mitchell ya ce "baƙon abu ne" ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka ta shiga cikin irin wannan muhimmin aikin diflomasiyya.<ref name="nbcnn" /> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ce Clinton ta yi magana "da karfi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da kowane babban jami'in Amurka a ƙasar Sin". == Kyauta == Ana ganin jawabin yana da tasiri a harkar kare hakkin mata. Musamman, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarfafa mata, kuma bayan shekaru mata a duniya za su karanta mahimman kalmomin Clinton. A shekara ta 2011, Clinton ta dauki irin wannan matsayi kan 'yancin LGBT a wani jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya, inda ta bayyana "'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan adam ne, kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi ne". A cikin 2013, bayan lokacin Clinton a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Clinton ta jagoranci bita a Clinton Global Initiative game da yadda haƙƙin mata ya canza tun daga jawabinta na 1995. Ya kammala cewa an sami ci gaba ga 'yan mata a ilimi da kuma mata da' yan mata a kiwon lafiya amma mata a duniya har yanzu suna shan wahala saboda rashin haƙƙin siyasa da rashin tsaro. A cikin kalmomin Clinton: "Wannan wani nau'i ne na rabin gilashi".<ref name="timesfd" /> A ranar cika shekaru ashirin da jawabin a shekarar 2015, an sami karin abubuwan da suka faru a kai. Ba kowa ba ne ya so shi: lauyan da ke bayyane Bruce Fein ya ce: "Ta yi wata sanarwa a Beijing wacce ba ta da zurfi sosai - cewa mata mutane ne".<ref name="timesfd" /> Jawabin da magana sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Clinton na 2016. Kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirts da ke cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" a kantin sayar da kamfen ɗin ta, dangane da jawabinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparel |title=The Trailblazer Tee &#124; Shop &#124; Hillary for America Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142322/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yakin ya sayar da jaka wanda ke dauke da cikakken magana "Kwancin Dan Adam shine haƙƙin mata kuma haƙƙin mata shine haƙƙin ɗan adam"; a kan jaka an nuna shi cikin harsuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accessories |title=Statement Bag &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |access-date=September 19, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225152/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan, kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirt na Tory Burch wanda ke nuna kalmar "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne..." a cikin manyan haruffa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Tory Burch Tee &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150659/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfen ɗin ya kirkiro nassoshin hotuna da nuni na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan ado na Halloween guda biyar, gami da "'yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne' Hillary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts from Hillary and 4 other DIY Hillary Clinton costumes for Halloween &#124; The Feed &#124; Hillary for America |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170540/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar Jennifer Lopez na 2016 don waƙarta mai suna "Ba Mamanku ba", ana iya jin samfurin Clinton da ke ba da wani ɓangare na jawabinta, musamman, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. " A cikin 2017, don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Madonna ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Labari; ya kare da sakon “Hakkin mata hakkin dan Adam ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=March 8, 2017 |title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Kamar yadda likita Leslie Regan ya tabbatar a cikin Jarida na Magungunan Jima'i, kalmar ta kasance mai dacewa a cikin maganganun siyasa a cikin 2010s, musamman game da tattaunawar manufofin game da lafiyar jima'i na mata da haƙƙin haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Lesley |year=2017 |title=Integrating Human Rights and Women's Health. Competencies for Practice |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e221–e222 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.162}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hillaryclintonbeijingspeech.htm Bidiyo da rubutun magana] * [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a30328/hillary-clinton-beijing-speech/ Mujallar Elle a kan labarin bayan jawabin] * [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2603159 "Minuti 20 da suka canza Duniya" - rubutun da Amurka ta halarci taron] == Manazarta == f3lpaqegqvkdr4zjb9mewg82mpxf2xu 0 110878 890971 690512 2026-08-03T14:59:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Biram Ould Dah Ould Abeid (Arabic; an haife shi 12 Janairun 1965) ɗan siyasan Mauritanci ne kuma mai ba da shawara ga kawar da bautar. An lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "10 Mutanen da suka Canja Duniya da Ba za ku iya ji ba" ta hanyar PeaceLinkLive a cikin 2014, kuma ta hanyar mujallar Time a matsayin daya ካብ cikin "Mutanen 100 Mafi Tasiri". An kuma kira shi "Nelson Mandela na Mauritania" ta hanyar kungiyar labarai ta kan layi ta Middle East Eye . <ref>https://ifex.org/biram-dah-abeid-a-profile/</ref><ref>http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/12/18/biram_dah_abeid_an_interview_with_a_modern_day_abolitionist.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/16654 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-05 |archive-date=2014-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624071347/http://www.unpo.org/article/16654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaba na yunkurin adawa da bautar kasa da kasa, hukumomin Mauritania sun kama Abeid kuma sun daure shi sau da yawa. Irwin Cotler da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Raoul Wallenberg sun dauki shari'arsa.<ref>https://nationalpost.com/opinion/irwin-cotler-and-judith-abitan-slavery-and-repression-in-modern-mauritania</ref> ==Manazarta== 8bur865pldbokepliwc85x978c8j8o2 0 111231 890929 691705 2026-08-03T12:09:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Forest_floor_fire.jpg|thumb|Wutar daji a Jihar Shan.]] '''Batutuwan muhalli a [[Myanmar]]''' sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatawar ruwa, [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], da batutuwan da suka shafi [[Canjin yanayi]]. Myanmar ƙasa ce da ke da babban kashi na gandun daji [[noma]] an ce tana da mafi yawan gandun daji da suka rage a ƙasar kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A lokaci guda, yana da saurin sare daji sama da kashi 2 cikin 100 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3">{{Cite report|last1=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Bhagwat |first=Tejas |date=17 May 2017 |title=Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from 2002–2014 |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=United States, National Library of Medicine |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0176364 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1276364B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0176364 |oclc= |pmc=5435175 |pmid=28520726 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] wani damuwa ne na muhalli ga Myanmar. Bayanan da aka tattara har zuwa 2019 sun nuna cewa mutuwar 24,000 na yawan mutanen da ke cikin shekara-shekara na kasar sun haifar da gurɓataccen iska da gurɓatar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasar sun haifar da haɗari mai matsakaici akan lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Kirt A. |date=2021-01-11 |title=Air pollution: The other invisible menace |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/air-pollution-the-other-invisible-menace/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen Myanmar daga yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]] da birane suna fuskantar gurɓataccen ruwa wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin gona, ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] da zubar da Ruwa mai guba a cikin ruwa ba tare da wani magani ba. Bugu da ƙari, Myanmar ta fuskanci bala'o'i na halitta akai-akai wanda shine sakamakon canjin yanayi. Har ila yau, yana fama da dumamar yanayi wanda ke haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki da fari. == Kashe daji == Myanmar ƙasa ce mai kyawawan wurare da kuma bambancin yanayin halittu, kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, gandun daji masu bushewa, coral reefs, alpine ciyawa, da tsaunuka da yawa. A tarihi, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 75 cikin 100 na jimlar yankin ƙasar a shekarar 1948. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=The deforestation dilemma in Myanmar |url=https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/09/30/the-deforestation-dilemma-in-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Asia Dialogue |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117135823/https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/09/30/the-deforestation-dilemma-in-myanmar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, wannan adadin ya ragu da fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari a cikin shekaru, zuwa kusan kashi 44 cikin dari na yankin ƙasar a cikin 2015.<ref name=":3"/> Adadin sare daji ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani daga 0.25 bisa dari kafin 1988 zuwa 1.2 bisa dari bayan 1988 lokacin da kasar ta fara inganta ayyukan katako na kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /> Yankunan gandun daji marasa lalacewa sun ga asarar shekara-shekara na 0.94 bisa dari tsakanin lokacin 2002 da 2014. <ref name=":4"/> Kasar ta sami mummunar lalacewar gandun daji tsakanin 2010 da 2015, tare da yawan lalacewar shekara-shekara na kasar a matsayin kashi 2 cikin dari na jimlar gandun daji na kasar. Daga 1996 da 2016, matsakaicin asarar mangroves a cikin ƙasar ya kai kusan kashi 3.6 zuwa 3.9 cikin dari a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /> Tare da wannan saurin asarar gandun daji, an sanya Myanmar a duniya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe tare da mafi girman lalacewar gandun daji. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> [[Fayil:Shan_Hills,_Myanmar,_Green_fields_and_forest,_very_remote_location_in_Burma_in_western_Karen_Hills_(Shan_Hills).jpg|left|thumb|237x237px|Kudancin daji a wurare masu nisa na Myanmar]] Wasu yankuna na kasar, kamar Kachin, Sagaing, da Tanintharyi, sun kasance a ɓoye kuma don shuka suna da gandun daji da suka rage. Duk da haka, ci gaban manyan hanyoyi, gine-gine, da shuke-shuke sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga rikice-rikice na gandun daji a cikin waɗannan yankuna masu nisa.<ref name=":4"/> Misali, jihohin Chin, Kayin, da Shan sun sha wahala sosai a cikin gandun daji a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tsakanin 2001 da 2020. Musamman, jihar Shan ta rasa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 18,000 na gandun daji a wannan lokacin. Rashin gandun daji ya fi shahara a yankunan Shan da Sagaing. A gefe guda, asarar mangrove ya bambanta da asarar da aka rufe da gandun daji, tare da Jihar Rakhine ta kasance mafi girma ta hanyar rasa murabba'in kilomita 2,000 gabaɗaya. A wasu yankuna kamar Ayeyarwady Delta, yawan lalacewa na iya raguwa saboda ayyukan sabuntawa. A cikin 2014, gandun daji har yanzu sun rufe kashi 63 cikin 100 na sararin ƙasar.<ref name=":3"/> Sabili da haka, an lissafa ƙasar a cikin ƙasashe da ke da mafi yawan gandun daji a yankin duk da saurin raguwar gandun daji da kuma yawan lalacewar gandun dajin.<ref name=":4" /> Fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare daji da raguwar albarkatun gandun daji ya kasance babban matsala wajen samar da mafita ga sare daji a Myanmar. Amfani da albarkatun gandun daji ta yankunan karkara an taɓa yi iƙirarin ƙarya a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa ake sare daji saboda ana amfani da itace a matsayin babban man fetur ga kashi 95 cikin 100 na tushen makamashi na karkara.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=The deforestation dilemma in Myanmar |url=https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/09/30/the-deforestation-dilemma-in-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Asia Dialogue |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117135823/https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/09/30/the-deforestation-dilemma-in-myanmar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite report|last1=}}</ref> Babban dalilan da suka sa a sare daji a Myanmar sun hada da ayyukan [[Wood industry|samar da katako]] na kasuwanci, shuke-shuke na kasuwanci, hakar ma'adinai, gini, da ci gaba. Kasuwancin katako da kayan katako yana daya daga cikin manyan bangarorin kudaden shiga na kasar kuma wannan bangaren ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a shekarar 2011.<ref name=":52" /> Ci gaba da fadada manyan shuke-shuke yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sare daji. A cikin waɗannan shuke-shuke na kasuwanci, yawanci ana shuka amfanin gona na kasuwanci kamar [[Tak|teak]], [[Manja|Man dabino]], [[Sugarcane|sukari]], ko [[Natural rubber|roba]]. Yaduwar wadannan shuke-shuke ya rage gandun daji da fiye da kashi 26% kuma ya shafi bambancin halittu da yanayin halittu na gandun daji sosai. A yau, kasa da kashi 27 cikin dari na duka gandun daji a Myanmar sun kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba. Yawancin sauran gandun daji ba a kare su da doka. Sabili da haka, waɗannan gandun daji suna da sauƙin amfani da katako mai daraja da sauran albarkatun gandun daji. <ref name=":4"/><ref name=":0" /> == Rashin gurɓata iska == A cikin 2017, gurɓataccen iska a Myanmar an kiyasta shi ne mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma kusan sau biyu ne na matsakaicin wasu ƙasashe. Daga 1990 zuwa 2017, yawan mutanen da suka mutu a Myanmar saboda gurɓataccen iska ya mamaye wasu ƙasashe kamar Kambodiya da [[Laos]], waɗanda ke da mutuwar sama da 200 ga kowane mutum 100,000 a cikin 1990. A cikin 2017, gurɓataccen iska ya haifar da mutuwar sama da 45,000 a Myanmar. A cikin 2019, an kiyasta mutuwar 24,000 ta haifar da gurɓataccen iska, wanda ya wuce mutuwar da aka rubuta saboda annobar COVID-19 har zuwa Janairu 2021.<ref name=":5">{{Cite report|last1=}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5prv62m5gvwm8d7qgu64o1r580wd3bd 0 111283 891059 815318 2026-08-03T18:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Zeeland,_Netherlands_ESA22256852.jpeg|thumb|Ana auna hauhawar matakin teku ta hanyar tauraron dan adam na Copernicus]] [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta riga ta shafi [[Canjin yanayi]]. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin Netherlands ya tashi da fiye da 2 ° C daga shekara ta 1901 zuwa shekarar 2020. Canjin yanayi ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan fari da raƙuman zafi. Saboda an dawo da wasu sassan Netherlands daga teku ko kuma suna kusa da matakin teku, Netherlands tana da matukar damuwa ga hauhawar matakin teku.&nbsp; Netherlands tana da iskar gas ta huɗu mafi girma ga kowane mutum na Tarayyar Turai, a wani ɓangare saboda yawan shanu. Gwamnatin Holland ta kafa manufofi don rage hayaki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Amsawar Dutch ga canjin yanayi ta haifar da dalilai da yawa na musamman, gami da manyan shirye-shiryen farfadowa na kore ta Tarayyar Turai a fuskar COVID-19 da [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]], [[Gidauniyar Urgenda v Jihar Netherlands|Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda]], wanda ya haifar da [[Rage canjin yanayi]] na tilas ta hanyar rage fitarwa 25% a ƙasa da matakan 1990.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Netherlands climate change: Court orders bigger cuts in emissions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50864569 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Activists cheer victory in landmark Dutch climate case |url=https://apnews.com/5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a |language=English}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2021 hayakin CO2 ya ragu da 14% idan aka kwatanta da matakan shekarar 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistiek |first=Centraal Bureau voor de |title=Hoe groot is onze broeikasgasuitstoot? |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-broeikasgassen/hoe-groot-is-onze-broeikasgasuitstoot-wat-is-het-doel- |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Manufar gwamnatin Holland ita ce rage hayaki a cikin shekara ta 2030 da kashi 49%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Long-term strategy on climate mitigation - The Netherlands |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Netherlands.pdf |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=unfccc}}</ref> == Rashin iskar gas == A cikin Netherlands, masana kimiyya suna la'akari da ci gaba da karuwa na iskar gas a cikin yanayi a matsayin babban dalilin canjin yanayi. Ta hanyar tsarin dumama duniya, zafin jiki yana tashi, kuma a sakamakon haka, matakin teku yana tashi. A ƙoƙarin rage hayakin gas, gwamnatin Holland tana daukar matakan [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] kuma tana ba da hadin kai tare da wadanda ba na jihar ba. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Holland tana ɗaukar matakan daidaitawa don kare ƙasar daga sakamakon canjin yanayi.<ref name="Ministerie van Economische Zaken-2019">{{Cite web |last=Ministerie van Economische Zaken |first=Landbouw en Innovatie |date=2019-02-01 |title=Climate policy - Climate change - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/climate-policy |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.government.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref> Manufofin Netherlands na rage yawan iskar gas sun kasance a cikin Dokar Yanayi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu,shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2014-11-05 |title=Dutch vision on global climate action - Climate change - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/dutch-vision-on-global-climate-action |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.government.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tsarin yanayi, [[National Energy and Climate Plan|Tsarin Makamashi na Kasa da Tsarin Yanayi]] ( [[Gurbacewar Iska|NECP]] ) da Yarjejeniyar Yanayi na Kasa sun ƙunshi manufofi da matakan cimma waɗannan manufofin yanayi. <ref name="Ministerie van Economische Zaken-2019"/> <ref name="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy">{{Cite web |title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy" Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan - 2021-2030 The Netherlands |url=https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-03/nl_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf |access-date=2025-08-06 |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827153309/https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-03/nl_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yarjejeniyar yanayi ta ƙasa, wacce aka kammala a watan yunin shekarar 2019, ta ƙunshi yarjejeniyoyin da sassan kan abin da za su yi don taimakawa cimma burin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruyssenaars |first=PG |last2=Coenen |first2=PWHG |last3=Rienstra |first3=JD |last4=Zijlema |first4=PJ |last5=Arets |first5=EJMM |last6=Baas |first6=K |last7=Dröge |first7=R |last8=Geilenkirchen |first8=G |last9='t Hoen |first9=M |last10=Honig |first10=E |last11=van Huet |first11=B |last12=van Huis |first12=EP |last13=Koch |first13=WWR |last14=te Molder |first14=RM |last15=Montfoort |first15=JA |date=2021 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands 1990–2019 |url=https://rivm.openrepository.com/handle/10029/624862 |publisher=Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu |doi=10.21945/rivm-2021-0007 |access-date=2025-08-06 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122073453/https://rivm.openrepository.com/handle/10029/624862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sassan da suka shiga sune: wutar lantarki, masana'antu, gina gine-gine, zirga-zirga da sufuri, da [[noma]] . A cikin wannan aiki&nbsp;Gwamnatin Holland ta bayyana cewa tana son rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a Netherlands da kashi 49 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990, da kuma rage kashi 95% nan da shekara ta 2050. <ref name="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy" /> === Yarjejeniyar Green ta Turai === A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, [[Ursula von der Leyen]], ya gabatar da [[The Green Deal|Green Deal]]">Yarjejeniyar Green ta Turai.<ref name="Zaken-2014">{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2014-11-05 |title=Dutch goals within the EU - Climate change - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/climate-change/eu-policy |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.government.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Climate Law |url=https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-green-deal/european-climate-law_en |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=climate.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Wannan Green Deal dabarar ci gaba ce don canza EU a cikin tsaka-tsaki da tattalin arziki na zagaye, yayin da yake adana gasa ta Turai. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar da shawarwari na farko na kunshin "Fit-for-55" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fit for 55 - The EU's plan for a green transition - Consilium |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/}}</ref> Kunshin shawarwari yana da niyyar samar da tsari mai jituwa da daidaituwa don cimma burin raguwar kashi 55 cikin dari a cikin shekara ta 2030, yayin da: * tabbatar da sauye-sauye mai adalci da adalci * kiyayewa da ƙarfafa kirkire-kirkire da gasa na masana'antar EU yayin tabbatar da filin wasa na matakin da ya shafi masu gudanar da tattalin arziki na kasa ta uku * kafa matsayin EU a matsayin jagora a cikin yaki na duniya da canjin yanayi Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar da Kasashen membobin a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan shawarwari a cikin wannan kunshin. Netherlands ta tura don kammala waɗannan tattaunawar cikin sauri, yayin da take riƙe da burin gaba ɗaya na shawarwarin don tabbatar da cewa tana ci gaba da ƙarawa har zuwa raguwar kashi 55.<ref name="Zaken-2014"/> === Rashin fitarwa === Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna jimlar fitar da iskar gas a cikin Netherlands a cikin miliyoyin ton na carbon dioxide daidai (Mt [[Carbon dioxide|CO₂-daidai]]), da kuma dabi'u ga EU27 da duniya don kwatanta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EDGAR - The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research |url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023?vis=ghgtot#emissions_table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215223612/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023?vis=ghgtot#emissions_table |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Rashin iskar gas (Mt CO₂-daidai) !Shekara !Netherlands !EU27{{Efn|The countries of the EU after the UK exit.}} !Jimillar duniya !Netherlands a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na duniya<br /> |- |1990 |228.34 |4915.14 |33268.12 |0.69% |- |2000 |229.77 |4513.34 |36991.71 |0.62% |- |2005 |226.13 |4597.10 |42318.43 |0.53% |- |2015 |208.38 |3922.02 |50134.38 |0.41% |- |2020 |176.88 |3427.44 |50632.31 |0.35% |- |2021 |178.70 |3617.74 |53056.61 |0.34% |- |2022 |167.85 |3587.80 |53786.04 |0.31% |} Ga jimlar hayakin gas a cikin shekara ta 2022, wato, gami da sauran iskar gas da amfani da ƙasa, a cikin tan miliyan 167.85, Netherlands ta kasance 43 daga cikin kasashe 208, ƙasa da [[Batutuwan muhalli a Kuwait|Kuwait]] tan miliyan 167,86 kuma sama da [[Sauyin yanayi a Sudan|Sudan]] (ciki har da Sudan ta Kudu) tan miliyan 146.96, yayin da Kuwait ke da ƙarami sosai kuma Sudan tana da yawan jama'a fiye da Netherlands.<ref name=":0"/> Daga waɗannan adadi don fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara ga Netherlands, da kuma fitar da hayakin duniya na shekara- shekara-sheko, ana iya ganin cewa Netherlands tana da asusun 0.31% na hayaki na duniya. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta da ke sama, an gano Kuwait ta kai 0.31% kuma Sudan ta kai 0.27% na hayaki na duniya na shekara-shekara. Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna jimlar fitar da iskar gas a cikin Netherlands a cikin ton na [[carbon dioxide]] ga kowane mutum, da kuma dabi'u ga EU27 da duniya don kwatanta. {| class="wikitable" |+Gas mai zubar da ruwa / babban birni (t CO₂-daidai / babban birki) !Shekara !Netherlands !EU27{{Efn|The countries of the EU after the UK exit.}} !Duniya |- |1990 |15.26 |11.70 |6.24 |- |2000 |14.43 |10.54 |6.02 |- |2005 |13.82 |10.56 |6.47 |- |2010 |13.45 |9.71 |6.75 |- |2015 |12.30 |8.87 |6.79 |- |2020 |10.30 |7.73 |6.50 |- |2021 |10.37 |8.15 |6.74 |- |2022 |9.72 |8.09 |6.76 |} Ga fitar da iskar gas mai guba ta a shekarar 2022 a cikin Netherlands, a 9.72 ton ga kowane mutum, Netherlands ta kasance 42 daga cikin kasashe 208. Wannan yana ƙasa da [[Canjin yanayi a Belgium|Belgium]] 9.74 ton ga kowane mutum amma sama da [[Canjin yanayi a Jamus|Jamus]] 9.49 ton ga kowane kowane mutum.<ref name=":0"/> === Manyan masu watsawa a cikin Netherlands === Masana'antar ƙarfe ta IJmuiden ta kasance a cikin shekara ta 2021 babbar mai gurɓata a cikin Netherlands, tana fitar da kusan tan miliyan shida na [[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]]. Wannan ya biyo bayan Tashar wutar lantarki ta Eemshaven, a tan miliyan 5.31 na carbon dioxide. A halin yanzu, [[Shell]] ta mallaki biyu daga cikin manyan masu fitarwa goma a cikin Netherlands. A wannan shekarar, hayakin carbon dioxide na duniya daga Shell ya tsaya a kusan tan miliyan 58 gabaɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest carbon polluters in the Netherlands 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1327037/biggest-polluters-netherlands/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> [[Greenhouse gas emissions|Rashin iskar gas]] yana da yawa a cikin Netherlands, yana ba da gudummawa kashi 4.5 cikin dari ga jimlar EU.<ref name="Ritchie-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author-link2=Max Roser |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/netherlands |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Holland suna fitar da kashi 34 cikin dari na iskar gas [[Per capita|ga kowane mutum]] fiye da matsakaicin Turai. [[Emission intensity|fitarwa]] tana da alaƙa da girman tattalin arziki, wanda a cikin Netherlands yana da girma ga kowane mutum. Ƙarfin fitarwa shine ma'auni na yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa a kowace Yuro na [[Gross domestic product|GDP]])" id="mwAR4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gross domestic product (GDP)">Babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) . Ƙarfin fitarwa na tattalin arzikin Dutch ya yi daidai da matsakaicin EU. Kasashe goma sha bakwai na EU, galibi a [[Gabashin Turai]], suna da ƙarfin fitarwa fiye da Netherlands.<ref name="Ritchie-20202" /> Gaskiyar cewa Netherlands tana da ƙananan hayaki dangane da GDP ta wani bangare yana da alaƙa da shigo da wutar lantarki da kuma girman girman ɓangaren sabis. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 37uoi7kqiyoita2jll92sbqing338yg 0 112138 891225 694594 2026-08-04T08:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali ta Shekarar 2015 (Dokar No. 9 ta 2015, lissafin No. 14 na 2015) ta gyara Dokar iyali a Ireland don fadada haƙƙin Iyaye da alhakin ga iyalai [[Spouses|matarsa]] al'ada. Yana sauƙaƙa haƙƙin tallafi ga matar ko abokin tarayya na Iyaye na halitta, da kuma abokin tarayya na gida na dogon lokaci. Har ila yau, yana magance Haihuwar da aka taimaka wa mai bayarwa (kyautar sperm da bayar da kwai). == Tarihi == Rahotanni na hukuma da suka shafi batun lissafin sun haɗa da rahoton 2005 na Hukumar Taimako na Haihuwar Mutum, [1] da kuma rahoton 2010 na Hukumar Gyara Dokar, wanda ya haɗa da da daftarin "ya'ya da lissafin alhakin iyaye". [2] Dokar Haɗin Kai da Takamaiman Hakki da Hakki na Mazauna-Ma'aikata ta 2010 ta ba da haɗin gwiwar jama'a na jinsi ɗaya, da kuma haƙƙin raba a cikin dangantakar da ba ta aure ba, ba tare da magance batun yara a cikin waɗannan dangantakar ba. Gwamnatin da aka zaba a shekara ta 2011 ta gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Kashi na talatin da daya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya shafi haƙƙin yara, wanda aka amince da shi a raba gardama a shekarar 2012 amma ba a sanya hannu a cikin doka ba har zuwa 28 ga Afrilu 2015 saboda ƙalubalen shari'a ga gudanar da gwamnati a lokacin raba gardama. == Majalisar dokoki == An buga babban shirin Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali don tuntuɓar a watan Janairun 2014 ta hanyar Alan Shatter, Ministan Shari'a da Daidaitawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=Minister Shatter publishes General Scheme of Children and Family Relationships Bill for consultation |url=http://justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR14000028 |access-date=27 January 2015 |website=Press releases |publisher=Department of Justice and Equality}}</ref> kuma Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Oireachtas kan Shari'a, Tsaro da Daidaidaitawa ya tattauna shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality |date=9 April 2014 |title=General Scheme of Children and Family Relationships Bill 2014: Discussion |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_justice_defence_and_equality/2014-04-09/2/ |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=Proceedings |publisher=Oireachtas |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713010137/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_justice_defence_and_equality/2014-04-09/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gabatar da lissafin a cikin Dáil Éireann a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2015 ta magajin Shatter a matsayin minista, Frances Fitzgerald . Gwamnati ta shirya a aiwatar da lissafin kafin raba gardama na auren jinsi guda a watan Mayu 2015, don haka masu adawa da auren jinsi guda ba za su yi amfani da batun tallafi daga ma'aurata na jinsi guda a cikin yakin neman zaben raba gardama ba. Fitzgerald ya bambanta lissafin iyali daga lissafin gyare-gyare a wani taro da kungiyar kare hakkin yara ta shirya. Dáil ta amince da lissafin a ranar 12 ga watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and Family Relationships Bill passes all stages in the Dáil |url=http://www.radiokerry.ie/news/children-and-family-relationships-bill-passes-all-stages-in-the-dail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706072750/http://www.radiokerry.ie/news/children-and-family-relationships-bill-passes-all-stages-in-the-dail/ |archive-date=2015-07-06 |access-date=2015-04-01}}</ref> Ya wuce Seanad a ranar 30 ga Maris, a cikin kuri'un 20-2 kuma Shugaba Michael D. Higgins ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2015. Dukkanin tanadin dokar ba su shiga cikin doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruadhán Mac Cormaic |date=20 May 2015 |title=State to introduce parts of Children and Family Relationships Act |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/state-to-introduce-parts-of-children-and-family-relationships-act-1.2218743 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> Sanata Jim Walsh ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Fianna Fáil game da goyon bayanta ga lissafin. == Farawa == * '''1 ga Yulin 2015''': Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali ta 2015 (Sashe na 10) (Fitowa) Dokar 2015 ta fara; ta bayyana cewa Sashe na 10 na Dokar gaba ɗaya ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 (Part 10) (Commencement) Order 2015 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/si/263/made/en/print |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> * '''18 Janairu 2016''': Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali ta 2015 (Finciken Wasu Tanadi) Dokar 2016 ta fara; ta ƙayyade tanadi na Sashe na 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 da 13 na Dokar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2016 |title=Minister Fitzgerald signs order for commencement of landmark family law reform (Click here for detailed information on the commencement order) |url=http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR16000018 |website=Department of Justice and Equality}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 (Commencement of Certain Provisions) Order 2016 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2016/si/12/made/en/print |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> * 4 Mayu 2020: Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali ta 2015 (Sashe na 2 da 3) (Farm) An fara Dokar 2019; Sashe na 2 da 3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 (Parts 2 and 3) (Commencement) Order 2019 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/si/541/made/en/print |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> * 4 Mayu 2020: Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali ta 2015 (Finciken Wasu Tanadi) Dokar 2019 ta fara; Sashe na 4, 6, 7 da 12, gwargwadon yadda ba ta riga ta fara aiki ba, da kuma sashe na 176. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 (Commencement of Certain Provisions) Order 2019 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/si/624/made/en/print |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> == Gyara == Sassan Dokar da ke ba da izinin tallafi na hadin gwiwa, wanda bai taɓa yin aiki ba saboda ba a sanya hannu kan umarnin farawa ba, an soke su a cikin 2017 bayan wucewar Dokar tallafi (Gwamma) ta 2017, wanda ya halatta tallafi na haɗin gwiwa ta ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya. An yi gyare-gyare a cikin Dokar kafin a fara su da Dokar Yara da Dangantaka ta Iyali (Gwamma) 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2018 |title=Children and Family Relationships (Amendment) Act 2018 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/20/enacted/en/html |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> == Ra'ayin jama'a == Wani binciken ra'ayi da aka buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 ya nuna goyon bayan jama'a mai karfi ga wasu daga cikin tanadi na tsakiya na Bill, wato haƙƙin tallafi ga jinsi ɗaya da ma'aurata masu zama tare. An auna tallafi a lokuta biyu a sama da kashi 70% == Manazarta == === Tushen === * {{Cite web |title=Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/9/enacted/en/html |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=[[Irish Statute Book]]}} * Dokar Kula da Yara da Iyali 2015 (haɗin kai zuwa muhawara da gyare-gyare) Oireachtas === Bayani === {{Reflist}} f1y6u861p98rul3io1205hf4o5a6qjz 0 112144 891259 889929 2026-08-04T09:02:14Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:One_Two_and_That's_Ideal_.jpg|right|thumb|A cikin shekarun 1960 gwamnatin Singapore ta karfafa mata, musamman mata marasa ilimi, su sami kwayar halitta bayan ɗansu na biyu.]] '''Shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a a [[Singafora|Singapore]]''' ya nuna manufofi daban-daban don jinkirta da haɓaka yawan jama'ar Singapore. Singapore ta fara shirye-shiryen tsara yawan jama'a a cikin ƙoƙari na jinkirta da juyar da saurin karuwar haihuwa wanda ya fara bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Daga baya, daga shekarun 1980, an tsara manufofi don ci gaba, ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa uwaye su sami ƙarin yara. A cikin 2020, yawan yawan jama'a na shekara-shekara a Singapore ya kasance -0.3%, kuma yawan yawan haihuwa na mazaunin (TFR) ya kasance 1.10, ƙasa da yawan maye gurbin 2.1. A cikin 2023, ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa 0.97. Mataki na farko ya fara ne tare da ƙaddamar da Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore a cikin 1966 don inganta tsarin iyali bayan Singapore ta fuskanci "kashin abinci da gidaje bayan yakin".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Singapore Family Planning & Population Board is established – Singapore History |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/0b5c578a-f160-4958-97b0-d3e78ba38a05 |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> SFPPB ta yi niyya ga mutane masu ƙarancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman mata, kuma ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa amfani da hana daukar ciki, kamar condoms da hana haihuwa.<ref name=":0" /> SFPPB ta ba da shawara ga ƙananan iyalai, ta kafa shirin "Stop-at-Two", wanda ya karfafa kuma ya amfana da iyalai biyu da kuma sake haihuwa. SFPPB kuma ta bude karin asibitoci don inganta kiwon lafiya da jin dadin iyalai.<ref name=":0" /> Baya ga karfafa kananan iyalai, manufofi da gwamnati ta kafa a lokacin zamanin "Stop-at Two" sun daina karfafawa da samun yara fiye da biyu; ba a biya ma'aikatan farar hula hutun haihuwa ba bayan yaransu na biyu, kudaden asibiti na yara sun fi girma ga na uku da na gaba, an ba da zaɓin makaranta na sama ga yara kawai tare da iyaye waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya kafin su kai shekaru 40, kuma an ba da haihuwa kanta da kwanaki bakwai na hutun biyan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Singapore Population Control Policies – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |url=https://photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=photius.com}}</ref> Shirin gwamnati "Stop-at-Two" ya ci nasara wajen cimma iyakantaccen ci gaba, amma kuma an danganta shi da raguwar yawan jama'ar Singapore. Bayan kamfen ɗin "Stop-at-Two", shirin yawan jama'a ya ɗauki nau'in ƙoƙari na juyar da raguwar yawan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SLOW Movement: ST: Two is not enough |url=http://chutzpah.typepad.com/slow_movement/2008/08/st-two-is-not-enough.html |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=chutzpah.typepad.com |archive-date=2011-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908024517/http://chutzpah.typepad.com/slow_movement/2008/08/st-two-is-not-enough.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnatin Singapore ta zama mai goyon bayan haihuwa, kuma a hukumance ta sanar da maye gurbin ta "Have-Three-or-More (idan za ku iya iya samun shi) " kamfen a shekarar 1987, inda gwamnati ta fara karfafawa da karfafa manyan iyalai ga iyalai masu zaman kansu. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa Sashin Ci Gaban Jama'a (SDU) a cikin 1984 don inganta aure da soyayya tsakanin masu ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Soo Mun Theresa |last2=Yeoh |first2=Saw Ai Brenda |date=June 2003 |title=Fertility and the family : an overview of pro-natalist population policies on Singapore |url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/79791 |journal=Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series |language=en}}</ref> Wannan mataki na biyu na shirin yawan jama'a bai yi nasara ba wajen isa da kiyaye yawan maye gurbin.<ref name=":1"/> == Ƙuntata ci gaba == === Yakin jarirai da yawa === Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, an kimanta ci gaban yawan jama'ar Singapore ba zai yiwu ba saboda burinta na tattalin arziki; akwai kimanin miliyan 1 da aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1947 da 1964, tare da jimlar haihuwar rayuwa da ke ƙaruwa da kashi 58%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title="Baby Boom Generation in Singapore and its Impact of Ageing". |journal=Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. |volume=8 |pages=809–817}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, matsakaicin ci gaban shekara-shekara ya kasance 4.4%, wanda 1% ya kasance saboda shige da fice. Singapore ta sami mafi girman yawan haihuwa a shekara ta 1957 a 42.7 ga kowane mutum dubu. Hadarin da ke tattare da yawan jama'a ciki har da raguwar albarkatu, lalacewar muhalli, karuwar rashin aikin yi, da karuwar farashin rayuwa sun haifar da martani na ci gaban gwamnati.<ref name=":2"/> === Damuwa da yawan jama'a === A lokacin samun 'yancin kai, yawancin mutanen Singapore da ke zaune a Yankin Tsakiya sun zauna a cikin shagunan da suka cika da mutane. A cikin 1947, ''Rahoton Kwamitin Gidajen Burtaniya'' ya lura cewa Singapore tana da "ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin ƙauyuka a duniya - 'abin kunya ga al'umma mai wayewa'", kuma matsakaicin mutum a kowane gini ya kasance 18.2 a shekara ta 1947. An fahimci saurin karuwar Yawan jama'a a matsayin barazana ga "tsarin siyasa da yanayin rayuwa". Irin wannan yanayin zai haifar ''da yawa'' jama'a, wanda aka yi tunanin ya mamaye damar aiki da ayyukan zamantakewa a ilimi, kiwon lafiya da tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="LOC1989">{{Cite web |title=Singapore: Population Control Policies |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html |access-date=11 August 2011 |website=Library of Congress Country Studies (1989) |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Wadannan damuwa sun haifar da maye gurbin Singapore Improvement Trust tare da Hukumar Gidaje da Ci Gaban don samar da sake zama ga yawan jama'ar Singapore. Duk da faduwarsu tun 1957, yawan haihuwa a cikin shekarun 1960 har yanzu ana ganin shi da yawa. A matsakaici, an haifi jariri kowane minti 11 a cikin 1965; Asibitin Kandang Kerbau (KKH) - asibitin mata inda aka haifi yawancin jarirai a Singapore - ya ga fiye da 100 haihuwa a kowace rana a cikin 1962. A cikin 1966, KKH ta haifi jarirai 39,835, wanda ya ba shi wuri a cikin Guinness Book of World Records don "mafi yawan haihuwa a cikin wurin haihuwa guda ɗaya" a kowace shekara na shekaru goma. Saboda yawanci akwai karancin gadaje a wannan zamanin, an sallami uwaye da ke da haihuwa na yau da kullun daga asibitoci cikin awanni 24.<ref name="a2ofam">{{Cite web |title=Family Planning |url=http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_family.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812063927/http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/etc/07_family.htm |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011 |website=[[National Archives]] |publisher=Government of Singapore}}</ref> === Gabatar da shirin iyali === An gabatar da shirin iyali a Singapore a cikin 1949 ta ƙungiyar masu sa kai karkashin jagorancin mai fafutuka Constance Goh. Ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta ƙarshe ta zama Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Singapore kuma ta kafa Asibitocin kiwon lafiya na jima'i da yawa waɗanda ke ba da maganin hana haihuwa, jiyya ga ƙananan cututtukan mata, da shawarar aure. Har zuwa shekarun 1960, babu wata manufa ta gwamnati a cikin tsarin iyali, amma Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya bayan yakin da gwamnatin Singapore mai zuwa, sun ba da tallafi da ƙasa don cibiyar sadarwar kayan aikinta ga ƙungiyar. Wannan hadin gwiwar ta ƙare a cikin 1960 tare da kamfen ɗin tsara iyali na watanni uku na ƙasa wanda Ƙungiyar da gwamnati suka gudanar tare. Yawan karuwar jama'a ya ragu daga 4-5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa kusan 2.5% a cikin 1965 game da 'yancin kai. Yawan haihuwa ya fadi zuwa 29.5 ga kowane mutum dubu, kuma yawan ci gaban halitta ya fadi zuwa 2.5%.<ref name="RobinsonRoss2007">{{Cite book|edition=John A.}}</ref> Ana iya ganin fadada yawan jama'ar Singapore a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa: {| class="wikitable" |+Girman yawan jama'a 1947-2000 <ref name="Natalism">{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Theresa |last2=Brenda Yeoh |year=2003 |title=Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore |url=http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series |issue=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182245/http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP12.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref><br /> !Lokacin !Girma |- |1947–1957 |84.7% |- |1957–1970 |90.8% |- |1970–1980 |13.3% |- |1980–1990 |18.5% |- |1990–2000 |20.6% |- |2000–2010 |40.9% |- |} === Kafawar FPPB === A shekara ta 1959, Jam'iyyar People's Action Party ta zo mulki a zaben farko bayan bayar da ikon cin gashin kanta na cikin gida na ''Singapore''. A watan Satumbar 1965 Ministan Lafiya, Yong Nyuk Lin, ya gabatar da fararen takarda ga Majalisar, yana ba da shawarar ''Shirin Shirye-shiryen Iyali na Shekaru biyar'' wanda zai rage yawan haihuwa zuwa 20.0 ga kowane mutum dubu a shekarar 1970. Wannan shirin ya zama sananne da ''Shirin Iyali na Kasa.'' Bayan shekara guda a 1966, an kafa Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore (SFPPB) bisa ga binciken farar takarda, tana ba da sabis na asibiti da ilimin jama'a game da tsara iyali.<ref name="LOC1989"/> Da farko an ware kasafin kuɗi na $ 1 miliyan SGD don dukan shirin, SFPPB ta fuskanci yawan jama'a masu tsayayya, amma daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki sama da 156,000. Kungiyar Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Singapore ta shiga cikin ayyukan SFPPB.&nbsp; === Tsayawa-da-Biyu ===   A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Singapore ƙasa ce mai tasowa kuma ba ta riga ta sami Canjin yawan jama'a ba; kodayake yawan haihuwa ya fadi daga 1957 zuwa 1970. A shekara ta 1970, yawan haihuwa ya karu yayin da mata wadanda kansu suka kasance samfurin jarirai bayan yakin suka kai ga balaga. Tsoron cewa karuwar yawan jama'ar Singapore na iya mamaye tattalin arzikin da ke ci gaba, Lee ya fara kamfen din Tsayawa a Biyu na tsara iyali. An halatta zubar da ciki da rashin haihuwa a shekarar 1970, kuma an bukaci mata su sami rashin haihuwa bayan ɗansu na biyu.<ref name="LOC1989"/><ref name="Natalism"/> Har ila yau, gwamnati ta kara da karuwar abubuwan da ke karuwa da karkatarwa tsakanin 1968 da 1973, suna hukunta iyaye don samun yara fiye da biyu, suna kara farashin kowane yaro: <ref name="LOC1989"/> * A cikin 1968 tare da Dokar Aiki, ma'aikatan mata ba za su sami izinin haihuwa ga ɗansu na huɗu ko duk wani yaro na gaba ba; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment Bill – Singapore Statutes Online |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Bills-Supp/21-1968/Published/19680518?DocDate=19680518 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=sso.agc.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969, an kara kudin haihuwa na $ 10 da aka caje a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati zuwa $ 50 bayan jariri na uku; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Annual Report of the Singapore Family Planning and … |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/685e6846-fb00-11e7-bafc-001a4a5ba61b |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=nas.gov.sg}}</ref> * A cikin 1972, an gabatar da waɗannan matakan: Ƙarfafawa: Rashin cajin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na Gwamnati ga mata waɗanda ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Seventh … |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/4b391502-d3b8-11e7-bbf1-0050568939ad |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=nas.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New family plan incentives |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation19720729-1.2.24 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar. Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci. Rashin karfafawa: Kudin isar a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro. Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba. Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba. ** Ƙarfafawa: Rashin biyan kuɗin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati ga mata waɗanda ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa. Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar. Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa. Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci. **# Rashin biyan bashin haihuwa a asibitocin haihuwa na gwamnati ga mata da ke fama da rashin haihuwa bayan haihuwa. **# Ga marasa lafiya na C-class waɗanda suka sha wahala, ana rage cajin unguwar. **# Hakanan ana dakatar da cajin isar da gwamnati idan mijin ya yi rashin haihuwa a cikin wata guda bayan matar ta haifi ɗa. **# Marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin haihuwa ana ba su izinin likita a kan sharuddan karimci. ** Rashin karfafawa: Kudin isar a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro. Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba. Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba. **# Kudin isar da shi a asibitocin gwamnati yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarin yaro. **# Ba a ba da izinin haihuwa don haihuwar yaro na huɗu da yara masu zuwa ba. **# Ba a ba da fifiko ga manyan iyalai a cikin rabon Gidaje da Ci Gaban Gidaje ba. * An sanar da sabuntawa ga waɗannan matakan da suka gabata kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar Dattijai ta Singapore a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1972 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1973: Rage sauƙin harajin samun kudin shiga don rufe yara uku na farko kawai; Rage hutun haihuwa da aka biya daga uku zuwa biyu; Rage fifiko don rarraba Gidaje da Ci Gaban (HDB) ga manyan iyalai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 1972 |title=INCREASE OF ACCOUCHEMENT CHARGES FOR HIGHER ORDER OF DELIVERY (Statement by the Minister for Health) |url=https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic?reportid=007_19721024_S0004_T0012 |publisher=Parliament of Singapore}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025}}</ref> Biyu ko ƙasa da haka suna da fifiko mafi girma, huɗu ko fiye ba za su sami fifiko ba; Ci gaba da karuwar kuɗin haihuwa da ake caji a asibitocin gwamnati bisa ga tsarin haihuwa. Ana cire waɗannan kudaden idan namiji ko mace sun yi rashin haihuwa. ** Rage sauƙin harajin samun kudin shiga don rufe yara uku na farko kawai; ** Rage hutun haihuwa da aka biya daga uku zuwa biyu. ** Rage fifiko don rarraba gidaje da Ci gaban Hukumar (HDB) ga manyan iyalai. Biyu ko ƙasa da haka suna da fifiko mafi girma, huɗu ko fiye ba za su da fifiko kaɗan; ** Ci gaba da karuwar kudaden haihuwa da aka caje a asibitocin gwamnati bisa ga tsarin haihuwa. Ana cire waɗannan kudaden idan namiji ko mace sun yi rashin haihuwa. {| class="wikitable" !Kudin haihuwa !Wuri !B Ward !C Ward |- |Ɗa ta Farko |250 |100 |50 |- |Yaro na biyu |300 |150 |75 |- |Yaro na Uku |350 |150 |100 |- |Yaro na huɗu |400 |250 |200 |- |Yaro na biyar |400 |300 | |} * An ba yara na uku ko na huɗu ƙananan fifiko a ilimi; * Za a ba da fifiko mafi girma a makarantun firamare na sama kawai ga yaran da iyayensu suka yi wa haihuwa kafin su kai shekara arba'in. Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Iyali da Jama'a ta Singapore ta kirkiro babban kayan ilimi na jama'a don kamfen ɗin Stop-at-Two, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na kamfen ɗin injiniyan zamantakewar jama'a da gwamnati za ta ci gaba da aiwatarwa (Speak Mandarin, Speak Good English, National Courtesy, Keep Singapore Clean and Toilet Flushing Campaigns) wanda zai haifar da suna a matsayin "paternalistic" da "interventionist" a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa.<ref name="Natalism"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poster Collection |url=http://www.nl.sg/NLWEB.portal?_cn_nodePath=NL%2FOtherCollections%2FLKCRL%2FSingaporePagesSpecialMaterial%2FPoster&_nfpb=true&_cn_bookLevel=1&_cn_bookTitle1=LKCRL+Collections+Singapore+Pages&_pageLabel=NL_CMSPage4&collectionCode=SingaporePages&_cn_pageTitle=SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906063309/http://www.nl.sg/NLWEB.portal?_cn_nodePath=NL/OtherCollections/LKCRL/SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial/Poster&_nfpb=true&_cn_bookLevel=1&_cn_bookTitle1=LKCRL+Collections+Singapore+Pages&_pageLabel=NL_CMSPage4&collectionCode=SingaporePages&_cn_pageTitle=SingaporePagesSpecialMaterial |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=12 August 2011 |website=Singapore Collection |publisher=Lee Kong Chian Reference Library}}</ref> Kamfen din "Stop at Two" daga 1970 zuwa 1976 ya jagoranci Basskaran Nair, shugaban sashen manema labarai na Ma'aikatar Al'adu, kuma ya kirkiro hotunan da ke da gado mai dorewa: wani labarin Straits Times na 2008 ya rubuta, "masu Singapore da yawa masu matsakaicin shekaru za su tuna hotunan 'yan mata biyu masu kyau da ke raba laima da apple: Laima ya dace da biyu da kyau. Uku za su kasance taron jama'a. An kuma ambaci wannan hoton a cikin jawabin Firayim Minista Lee Hsien Loong na 2008 National Day Rally na 2008. Sauran hotunan da yawa daga kamfen ɗin "iconic" sun haɗa da irin waɗannan jigogi na kasancewa da gamsuwa tare da 'yan mata biyu, don magance yanayin da aka saba da shi a ci gaban al'ummomin Asiya don iyalai da' ya'ya mata kawai don ci gaba da "ƙoƙarin yaro". Baya ga inganta samun 'ya'ya biyu kawai, gwamnati ta karfafa mutane su jinkirta samun ɗansu na biyu kuma su yi aure da wuri, suna ƙarfafa Canjin yawan jama'a. Sauran taken da kayan kamfen sun gargadi 'yan Singapore da irin waɗannan sakonnin kamar: * "Ƙananan Iyalai - Makomar Haske: Biyu sun isa" (wannan saƙon ya ƙunshi hoto na 'yan mata biyu) * "''"Na biyu zai iya jira"''" (an ga uwa da uba suna farin ciki da yaro ɗaya) * ''"Auren matasa yana nufin shiga cikin matsaloli: Aure mai farin ciki ya cancanci jira"'' * "Daya, Biyu: Kuma wannan yana da kyau: Sterilisation, hanya mafi kyau don Ƙuntataccen Iyali" (wanda aka nuna tare da zane-zane na fuskokin 'yan mata biyu) * ''"Ka dauki lokacinka ka ce 'yes'".''<ref name="a2ofam"/> * ''Ƙananan Iyali: Makomar da ta fi dacewa'' * ''"Don Allah ka tsaya a biyu!"'' ([[tsuntsu]] yana ɗauke da dangin nukiliya guda huɗu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Family Planning Programme – Stop at Two |url=http://www.healthcare50.sg/history-and-milestones/album/72157622312509295/photo/3946050015/history-and-milestones-national-family-planning-programme-stop-at-two.html |access-date=12 August 2011 |publisher=healthcare50.sg}}{{Dead link|date=March 2018}}</ref> Jaridar Straits Times ta yi hira da iyaye mata da aka yi musu haifuwa a wancan zamani, inda ta ce an saba samun haihuwa tun suna karama, inda ta ba da misali da wata mata da aka yi wa tiyatar tubal a KKH tana da shekara 23, ita kanta ta fito daga babban iyali mai mutane goma. "Matsi (masu hankali) ya yi yawa. Gwamnati a fili ba ta son mu sami fiye da biyu." Likitan likitan mata wanda ya yi aiki KKH ya tuna cewa adadin haifuwa ya zama "sama mai girma" bayan an aiwatar da abubuwan hana; ya zama ruwan dare ga ma’aikatan asibiti su yi wa matan da ke da juna biyu ciki na uku ko fiye da haihuwa, suna ba da shawarar zubar da ciki, yayin da irin wadannan matan ke magana game da cikin su “[kamar] sun aikata laifi”. Har ila yau jaridar Straits Times ta ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ba su da amfani sun yi tasiri sosai; wata mata ta ba da misali da yadda ya kamata a nuna wa wata makaranta takardar shaidar haihuwa domin yaro na uku ya samu fifiko, yayin da ita da wasu ’yan’uwa mata hudu cikin biyar aka yi musu baftisma. Kudaden bayarwa masu tsada ("kudaden ajiya") na oda na uku da na haihuwa kuma za a yi watsi da su tare da haifuwa.. An san kamfen ɗin da ke da niyya ga marasa ilimi musamman; Lee ya yi imanin cewa, "Ilimi kyauta da Gidaje masu tallafi suna haifar da halin da ake ciki inda mutanen da ba su da wadataccen tattalin arziki ... ke haifuwa da kansu a [mafi girma]. "Ya yi imanin gore aiwatar da tsarin hana gwamnati zai dakatar da "marasa alhakin, masu aikata laifuka na zamantakewa" daga tunanin cewa samun karin yara zai ba su damar samun karin ayyukan zamantakewa da gwamnati ta bayar. :: ''Dole ne mu karfafa wadanda ke samun kasa da $ 200 a kowane wata kuma ba za mu iya iya ciyar da yara da yawa ba za su taba samun fiye da biyu ba. za mu yi nadamar lokacin da ya ɓace idan yanzu ba mu ɗauki matakai na farko na gwaji don gyara yanayin da zai iya barin al'ummarmu tare da adadi mai yawa na jiki, ilimi da al'adu ba.'' Lee Kuan Yew, 1969 Gwamnati ta tabbatar da manufofinta na zamantakewa a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa matalauta su mai da hankali kan iyakantaccen albarkatun su kan kula da yaransu da ke akwai, suna sa su iya zama masu iyawa, 'yan ƙasa masu amfani.<ref name="LOC1989"/> Har ila yau, gwamnati ta amsa zargi cewa wannan manufofin ya fi son kasar Sin a kan kabilun 'yan tsiraru; An yi la'akari da Malays da Indiyawa don samun yawan haihuwa da iyalai mafi girma fiye da Sinawa, wanda ya kara kara kara zarge-zargen eugenics. === Canjin yawan jama'a da Shirin Iyaye masu digiri === Yayin da Singapore ta zama ta zamani a cikin shekarun 1970s, haihuwa ta ci gaba da raguwa. Adadin maye gurbin halitta ya kai 1.006 a cikin 1975; bayan haka adadin maye gurbin zai sauka ƙasa da hadin kai. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ake kira "Kyautar yawan jama'a" yana faruwa a Singapore kamar yadda yake tare da wasu ƙasashe; karuwar samun kudin shiga, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin ma'aikata suna da alaƙa sosai da matakan ƙarancin yawan jama'ar. A cewar wata takarda ta Library of Congress, a cikin shekarun 1980, "Matsalolin kididdigar Singapore sun yi kama da na wasu ƙasashe masu matakan samun kudin shiga amma ba tare da kamfen ɗin talla na Singapore da kuma ƙididdigar abubuwan da suka dace ba. "<ref name="LOC1989"/> Lee Kuan Yew ya firgita game da yanayin da ake ganin cewa mata masu ilimi - mafi yawan wadanda suka yi karatu a jami'a - ba za su iya yin aure da haihuwa ba. Irin wannan yanayin zai yi hannun riga da manufofinsa na yawan jama'a, kuma wani ɓangare na wannan gazawar, Lee hasashe, shine "babban fifikon maza waɗanda suka kammala jami'a don matan da ba su da ilimi sosai". An dauki wannan yanayin a cikin jawabin 1983 a matsayin "matsalar zamantakewa". Tun daga 1984, gwamnatin Singapore ta ba da fifikon ilimi da gidaje, rangwamen haraji da sauran fa'idodi ga iyaye mata masu digiri na jami'a, da kuma 'ya'yansu. Gwamnatin ta kuma karfafa gwiwar mazan kasar Singapore da su zabi mata masu ilimi a matsayin mata, inda ta kafa Sashen Cigaban Jama'a (SDU) a waccan shekarar don inganta zamantakewa tsakanin maza da mata da suka kammala karatun digiri. Abin ban mamaki, SDU an san ta da sunan " Single, Desperate and Ugly ". Haka kuma gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi ga iyaye mata masu ilimi domin su haifi ’ya’ya uku ko hudu, a lokacin da aka fara sauya tsarin da aka kafa ta Stop at Two. Matakan sun haifar da cece-kuce da kuma abin da aka fi sani da Babban Muhawarar Aure a cikin jaridu. Wasu sassan jama'a, ciki har da matan da suka kammala karatun digiri, sun ji haushin ra'ayin Lee Kuan Yew, wanda ya yi tambaya cewa watakila yakin neman 'yancin mata ya yi nasara sosai:   Ra'ayoyin Lee sun nuna matsayinsa na farko - a cikin 1967, an rubuta Lee a matsayin mai gaskata cewa "kashi biyar" na yawan jama'ar al'umma, "waɗanda suke da baiwa fiye da yadda aka saba da shi a jiki da tunani," ya kamata a ba su mafi kyawun ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa don samar da "mai haɓaka" ga ci gaban wannan al'umma. Ya yi la'akari da cewa irin wannan manufa ga Singapore za ta "tabbatar da cewa Singapore za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi na musamman" a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Irin wannan ra'ayi ya tsara manufofin ilimi da meritocracy a Singapore. Koyaya, hargitsi game da shawarar ya haifar da sauyawa na kashi 12.9 cikin dari a kan gwamnatin Jam'iyyar People's Action a Babban zaben 1984. A shekara ta 1985, musamman ɓangarorin da ke da rikice-rikice na manufofin da suka ba da ilimi da gidaje ga mata masu ilimi an watsar da su ko kuma an gyara su.<ref name="LOC1989"/> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1992 ya lura cewa kashi 61% na mata masu haihuwa suna da ilimin sakandare ko mafi girma, amma wannan rabo ya ragu don haihuwa na uku (52%) da haihuwa na huɗu ko mafi girma (36%), yana tallafawa ra'ayin cewa ana ci gaba da haihuwar yara ga mata masu ƙarancin cancanta, kuma daidai da haka, ƙananan kuɗin shiga.<ref name="UN1995">{{Cite journal |last=Mui |first=Teng Yap |year=1995 |title=Singapore's 'Three or More' Policy: The First Five Years |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/escap/pop/journal/v10n4a3.htm |journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=39–52 |pmid=12291532 |access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> An ba da ƙarfafawa da yawa ga mata masu digiri don yin aure da haihuwa don haifar da jarirai waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa suna da 'masu basira sosai' don haɓaka ƙwarewa a Singapore. Mata ba tare da cancantar O-Level ba, waɗanda ake la'akari da ƙarancin kuɗi da ƙaranci, gwamnati ta ba su hutun rashin lafiya na kwana bakwai da $ 10,000 SGD a cikin kuɗin motsa jiki don yin aikin haihuwa.<ref name="Natalism"/> == Mataki na 2: Ƙara haihuwa == === Have-Three-or-More (idan za ku iya saya) === A cikin 1986 gwamnatin Singapore ta fahimci cewa faɗuwar adadin haihuwa babbar matsala ce kuma ta fara sauya manufarta ta Dakata-A Biyu, tana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙimar haihuwa maimakon. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, hukumomi sun soke hukumar tsara iyali da yawan jama'a, kuma a shekarar 1987, yawan haihuwa ya ragu zuwa 1.44. A waccan shekarar, Goh Chok Tong ya sanar da wani sabon taken: Yi uku ko sama da haka (idan za ku iya biya), yana mai sanar da cewa a yanzu gwamnati ta inganta girman iyali na yara uku ko fiye ga ma'auratan da za su iya ba da su, kuma ta inganta "jin dadin aure da iyaye". Sabuwar manufar ta yi la'akari da faduwar yawan haihuwa na Singapore da kuma karuwar yawan tsofaffi, amma har yanzu ya damu da "haihuwa mara kyau" na masu ilimi da marasa ilimi, kuma sun hana samun yara fiye da biyu idan ma'aurata ba su da isasshen kudin shiga, don rage yawan taimakon jin dadin da ake kashewa ga irin wadannan iyalai.[3] Gwamnati ta kuma sassauta manufofinta na shige da fice. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1987, Firayim Minista na gaba Lee Hsien Loong, wanda a lokacin matashi ne Brigadier-General, ya gargadi 'yan Singapore su haifi su maimakon "duba kanmu da za su ƙare".<ref name="LOC-CS">{{Cite web |title=Singapore – Government |url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/singapore/GOVERNMENT.html |access-date=11 August 2011 |website=Country Studies Program |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> United Press International ta lura da martani na "baffle" na iyaye, da yawa daga cikinsu sun girma a zamanin da aka gaya musu cewa samun yara fiye da biyu "ba na jama'a ba ne". Wani iyaye ya yi sharhi, "an gaya mana mu sami karin yara saboda kasar ko kuma don kanmu?" Goh Chok Tong, duk da shakku, ya kasance mai kyakkyawan fata cewa za a mayar da yawan jama'a zuwa yawan maye gurbin zuwa 1995. Wani masanin zamantakewar al'umma na NUS duk da haka, ya lura cewa Singapore tana da "sabon nau'in mata" - wanda "ya shiga cikin ayyukansu [kuma] ya yi amfani da wani adadin nishaɗi da ƙarin kayan aiki" - sabili da haka ba zai kasance mai karɓar karfafa kuɗi kamar matan da suka gabata na shekarun 1960 da 1970 ba.[and] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, ba a dawo da yawan haihuwar Singapore zuwa matakin maye gurbin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Statistics, Singapore. Infographic on Crude Birth Rate |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/crude-birth-rate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072424/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/crude-birth-rate.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=singstat.gov.sg}}</ref> === Kwatanta manufofi tsakanin Have-Three-or-More da Stop-at-Two, farawa daga 1988 === * Iyaye da ke da ɗa na uku za su sami 750 SGD a cikin taimakon yara (wanda ya haifar da ƙimar musayar tarihi, wannan ya kasance kusan $ 662 a cikin dala na Amurka na 2010). Idan uwa tana da 'O'-mataki uku a cikin zama ɗaya, za ta cancanci ingantaccen tallafin yara (wanda aka saukar da shi daga ƙofar wucewa biyar). Samun yaro na huɗu zai cancanci ingantaccen taimakon yaro na 750 SGD tare da 15% na kuɗin shiga na uwa, har zuwa 10000 SGD. * Dukkanin hanawa da azabtarwa da aka bayar a rajistar makaranta ga iyalai da ke da yara sama da biyu za a cire su; a gaban gasar, za a ba da fifiko ga iyalai masu yara sama da guda biyu. * Taimako ga kowane yaro a cibiyar kula da yara da gwamnati ta amince da ita * Medisave yanzu za a iya ba da izini don farashin asibiti na yaro na uku (wanda aka haramta a baya a karkashin manufofin Stop at Two) * Iyalai da ke da yara fiye da biyu tare da HDB flat na ɗakuna uku ko sama da haka za su sami fifiko idan suna so su inganta zuwa babban ɗakin * "Aburin da ya dace" ya hana, tare da ba da shawara game da zubar da cikishawarwarin zubar da ciki * Mata da ke fama da rashin haihuwa tare da kasa da yara uku za su sami shawarwari na tilas * fadada rawar da SDU ke takawa da iko; fahimtar cewa ƙarancin haihuwa ya nuna auren da ya gabata, SDU ta kuma jawo hankalin waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar A-level maimakon kawai masu karatun koleji * Farawa da 1990, an ba da ragi na haraji na 20,000 SGD (US $ 18,000 a cikin dala na 2010, tare da la'akari da farashin musayar tarihi) ga uwaye da suka haifi ɗansu na biyu kafin su kai shekara 28 * Farawa daga shekara ta 1993, an ba da tallafin kuɗi na rashin haihuwa ga mata masu ƙwarewa, yana ba mata damar yarda da amfani da maganin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] mai juyawa maimakon rashin haihuwa; an kara tallafin ilimi ga yara da ke akwai a matsayin fa'idodin da ke akwai, muddin adadin bai wuce biyu ba.<ref name="UN1995"/> Mataki na Biyu ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1960. Yawan ƙaruwa na halitta (kowane yawan mutane 1,000) tsakanin shekarun 1955-1960 (shekaru biyar da suka gabata zuwa mataki na biyu) ya kasance 35.4. Shekaru biyar zuwa goma bayan haka, yawan ƙaruwa ya ragu zuwa 27.8.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=2018-04-11 |website=esa.un.org}}</ref> Bayan haka, shekaru 20 bayan haka yawan karuwar ya ci gaba da raguwa. Yawan karuwa tsakanin lokacin 1980-1985, ya kasance 12.2, kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka, tsakanin shekarun 2010-2015 yawan karuwa, ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa 4.6.<ref name=":3" /> Ƙarin ƙaruwa mafi ƙasƙanci da aka gani a Singapore kuma bisa ga bayanan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (2017) zai ci gaba da raguwa. An yi hasashen karuwar yanayi a Singapore zai ragu zuwa 1.2 tsakanin lokacin 2025-2030.<ref name=":3" /> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Jama'ar Singapore''' |- |Lokacin lokaci |Yawan karuwa na halitta |- |1955–1960 |35.4 |- |1960–1965 |27.8 |- |1965–1970 |19.7 |- |1970–1975 |16.8 |- |1975–1980 |11.8 |- |1980–1985 |12.2 |- |1985–1990 |13.1 |- |1990–1995 |13.4 |- |1995–2000 |9.7 |- |2000–2005 |6.7 |- |2005–2010 |5.6 |- |2010–2015 |4.6 |} === Kyautar zamani da ayyukan yanzu === SDU ta zamani, wacce aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a a cikin shekara ta 2009, tana ƙarfafa ''duk'' ma'aurata na Singapore su haifi haihuwa kuma su yi aure don juyar da mummunan maye gurbin Singapore. Wasu daga cikin jin dadin jama'a, soyayya da ƙarfafa aure, da manufofin tsara iyali suma ana gudanar da su ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni. Channel NewsAsia ta ruwaito a watan Janairun 2011 cewa yawan haihuwa na Singaporeans a cikin 2010 ya kasance 1.02 ga Sinanci, 1.13 ga Indiyawa da 1.65 ga Malay. A shekara ta 2008, Firayim Minista Lee Hsien Loong ya ce yawan haihuwa na kasa da kasa ga Sinawa "wani abu ne mai ban tsoro". A wannan shekarar, an nakalto shi yana cewa, "[Idan] ka auri wanda ba ya kammala karatu, to za ka damu idan ɗanka ko 'yarka za ta kai jami'a. " Tushen daban-daban sun ba da hukunci daban-daban game da tasirin manufofin gwamnati akan tsarin yawan jama'a na Singapore. Duk da yake mafi yawansu sun yarda cewa manufofi sun kasance masu shiga tsakani sosai, cikakke da kuma fadi, Nazarin Kasuwancin Majalisa ya yi jayayya "ba zai yiwu a raba tasirin manufofin gwamnati daga manyan dakarun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke inganta auren da ƙananan iyalai ba, " yana nuna cewa gwamnati na iya aiki ne kawai tare ko aiki da abubuwan da suka fi karfi na al'umma. Ga masu binciken binciken, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a shekarar 1987 don ƙoƙarin juyar da raguwar yawan haihuwa ya kasance nuni ne na "tsarin [ci gaba] na gwamnati" cewa 'yan ƙasa suna karɓar karfafa kuɗi da rarraba ayyukan zamantakewa idan ya zo ga tsara iyali.<ref name="LOC1989"/> Koyaya Saw Swee Hock, masanin lissafi da masanin lissafin jama'a da aka nakalto a cikin Straits Times a cikin 2008, ya yi jayayya cewa sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a "ya kasance da sauri saboda matakan kula da yawan jama'ar gwamnati," amma kuma ya yarda cewa, "ko da ba tare da ka'idojin tsayawa a Biyu ba, [cikakken haihuwa] zai tafi ƙasa da 2.1 saboda [canjin canjin yawan jama'adden lokacin da aka bincika - a cikin 1960, jimlar yawan haihuwa ya kasance kusan ~ 6 - mai bincike na Yammacin lokacin da aka ga Theresa Wong ya faɗi a cikin shekarun haihuwa ya faru a cikin shekarun Asiya ya fi haka ya fi haka lokacin da yawa ya faru a lokacin da yawa a cikin shekarun haihuwar lokacin Yammacin lokaci na Yammaci ya faru a wasu ƙasashe masu yawa"<ref name="Natalism"/> A cewar Saw Swee Hock, "matakan sun kasance cikakke kuma suna da ƙarfi, amma ba a sauya su da sauri ba". Kodayake sabbin manufofi na zamani suna nuna "alamu cewa gwamnati ta fara fahimtar rashin ingancin tsarin kudi kawai don kara yawan haihuwa", wani tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati ya lura cewa gwamnati tana buƙatar "koyon daidaitawa da motsin zuciyarmu maimakon dala da cents. Ya kamata ya fi son ma'anar cikawa da haihuwa". Irin waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da inganta wuraren aiki waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ciyar da lokaci tare da iyali, da kuma ƙirƙirar "Kamfen ɗin Romancing Singapore" wanda "[ya guje wa kasancewa da alaƙa kai tsaye] ga shirye-shiryen goyon bayan yara da na goyon bayan iyali," tunda "mutane suna kashewa" lokacin da gwamnati ta bayyana ta shiga tsakani a cikin irin waɗannan al'amuran zamantakewa kamar aure. Koyaya, har yanzu wasu 'yan ƙasa suna ganin wannan a matsayin "mai banƙyama" soyayya da "bayyanar motsin rai", wanda "bai kamata a ƙirƙira shi ba". <ref name="Natalism"/> A shekara ta 2001, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirin Baby Bonus, wanda ya biya $ 9000 SGD ga yaro na biyu da $ 18000 ga yaro na uku sama da shekaru shida don "bayar da farashin samun yara", kuma zai dace da "dala don dala" abin da kudi iyaye za su sanya a cikin Asusun Ci gaban Yara (CDA) har zuwa $ 6,000 da $ 12,000 ga yaro na abụọ da na uku bi da bi. A shekara ta 2002, Goh Chok Tong ya shawarci 'yan aure masu marigayi "don yin aiki da sauri. Lokaci yana da kyau yanzu don samun zaɓi don fara iyali".<ref name="2002parly">{{Cite web |title=Opening of Parliament |url=http://160.96.186.99/reports/private/hansard/full/20020405/20020405_HR.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816143507/http://160.96.186.99/reports/private/hansard/full/20020405/20020405_HR.htm |archive-date=16 August 2011 |website=Singapore Parliamentary Proceedings |publisher=Parliament of Singapore}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 96xv8ts8mo77vm9xn4itghgdj2clhke 0 112580 891165 712747 2026-08-04T02:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891165 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Constance Baker Motley''' ( née '''Baker''' ; Satumba 14, 1921 - Satumba 28, 2005) ɗan shari'a ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Kudancin Kudancin New York]] . Mahimmin dabarun [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a]], ta kasance [[New York State Senate|'yar majalisar dattijai ta jiha]], kuma [[Borough President|shugabar gundumar]] [[Manhattan]] a birnin New York kafin ta zama [[United States federal judge|alkali ta tarayya ta Amurka]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacLean |first=Nancy |date=July 1, 2002 |title=Using the Law for Social Change: Judge Constance Baker Motley |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17458 |journal=Journal of Women's History |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=136–139 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2002.0048 |issn=1527-2036 |s2cid=144084950 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta sami matsayi tare da [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund|Asusun Tsaro da Ilimi na NAACP]] a matsayin lauya na ma'aikata a 1946 bayan samun digiri na shari'a, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki tare da kungiyar fiye da shekaru ashirin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roisman |first=Florence Wagman |author-link=Florence Roisman |date=April 25, 2016 |title=An Extraordinary Woman: The Honorable Constance Baker Motley |url=https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/inlawrev/article/view/21147 |journal=Indiana Law Review |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=677 |doi=10.18060/4806.0102 |issn=2169-320X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ita ce Bakar fata ta farko da ta yi gardama a Kotun Koli kuma ta yi gardamar 10 manyan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta lashe tara. Ta kasance magatakardar doka ga [[Thurgood Marshall]], tana taimaka masa a shari'ar ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown da Hukumar Ilimi]] .'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Eyes on the Prize; Interview with Judge Constance Baker Motley |url=http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-151-3775t3gn95 |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=American Archive of Public Broadcasting |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Motley kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance [[West Indian Americans|Ba’amurke Ba’amurke]] da aka nada a ma’aikatar shari’a ta tarayya, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin [[United States district judge|alkali na gundumar Amurka]] na Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Kudancin Kudancin New York. A cikin 1965, an zaɓi Motley Shugaban gundumar [[Manhattan]] don cike gurbin shekara guda. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike ofishin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2021 |title=B.P. Gale Brewer, C. Virginia Fields, And Ruth Messinger Honor Constance Baker Motley |url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/b-p-gale-brewer-c-virginia-fields-and-ruth-messinger-honor-constance-baker-motley/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=harlemworldmagazine.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224215944/https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/b-p-gale-brewer-c-virginia-fields-and-ruth-messinger-honor-constance-baker-motley/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na shugaban kasa, ta rubuta shirin sake farfado da [[Harlem]] da [[East Harlem|Gabashin Harlem]], ta yi nasarar yin gwagwarmayar dala 700,000 don inganta waɗannan da sauran wuraren da ba a kula da su ba na birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constance Baker Motley |url=https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/constance-baker-motley |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=blackhistory.news.columbia.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Constance Baker a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1921, a [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], na tara na yara goma sha biyu. Iyayenta, Rachel Huggins da McCullough Alva Baker, sun kasance baƙi daga tsibirin Caribbean [[Nevis]] . Kafin ta zo Amurka, Rachel ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'ar dinki da kuma malami yayin da McCullough ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a. <ref name="Mertes2">{{Cite journal |last=Mertes |first=Tom |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Charles Postel. Equality: An American Dilemma, 1866–1896 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/709614 |department=Book review |journal=American Political Thought |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=505–508 |doi=10.1086/709614 |issn=2161-1580 |s2cid=241706136 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun yi hijira, mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Domestic worker|ma'aikaciyar gida]], kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Chef|mai dafa abinci]] a ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jami'ar Yale daban-daban, gami da ƙungiyar asiri ta [[Skull and Bones|Skull da Kasusuwa]] . Motley ta bayyana ilimin iyayenta da cewa yayi daidai "zuwa aji na goma a cikin Jihohi". <ref name="Mertes2" /> Mahaifiyarta, Rachel Baker, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar al'umma. Ta kafa New Haven NAACP. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Motley ya sami [[Candace Award|lambar yabo ta Candace]] don Sabis ɗin Mahimmanci daga [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta 100 Black Women]] a 1984. <ref name="page32">{{Cite web |title=Candace Award Recipients 1982-1990, Page 3 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314213306/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |archive-date=March 14, 2003 |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women}}</ref> A cikin 1993, an shigar da ita cikin [[Gidan shahararrun Mata na Kasa|Babban Taron Mata na Ƙasa]] . A cikin 2000, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 8, 2000 |title=Eleven to receive honorary degrees at Commencement |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/06/eleven-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-commencement/ |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2001, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ba ta [[Presidential Citizens Medal|lambar yabo ta 'yan ƙasa ta shugaban ƙasa]] . A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2019, kadarorinta da ke [[Chester, Connecticut]], an sanya su wuri a kan Titin 'Yanci na Connecticut. Shafin yana ɗaya daga cikin 140 waɗanda ke girmama Amurkawa a duk faɗin jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Judge Constance Baker Motley property to be site on CT Freedom Trail |url=https://www.ctinsider.com/news/article/Judge-Constance-Baker-Motley-property-to-be-site-16964547.php |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ctinsider.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Sashen shakatawa na Birnin New York ya sake suna Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Titin 54th don girmama Motley. [[Harlem]] Historical Society ta rubuta ƙudurin haɗa suna kan titi don girmama Motley saboda hidimarta a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na Amurka, lauya, alkali, ɗan majalisar dattijai na jiha, kuma mazaunin Harlem. Yankin Edgecombe Avenue tsakanin titin 159th da 160th an haɗa shi da sunan "Constance Baker Motley Place". <ref name="Place3">{{Cite web |title=Constance Baker Motley Place – Naming Resolution |url=https://www.harlemhistory.org/resolutions/ConstsanceBakerMotleyPlace.pdf |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=harlemhistory.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:Constance_B._Motley_with_her_husband_Joel.jpg|right|thumb|Motley tare da mijinta Joel]] Constance Baker ya auri Joel Motley Jr., wani gida ne kuma dillalin inshora, a cikin 1946 a cocin Episcopal na Saint Luke a [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]] . Sun zauna a Harlem, New York City kuma suna kula da gida na biyu a [[Chester, Connecticut]] daga 1965 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2005. <ref name="Place2">{{Cite web |title=Constance Baker Motley Place – Naming Resolution |url=https://www.harlemhistory.org/resolutions/ConstsanceBakerMotleyPlace.pdf |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=harlemhistory.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2021 |title=Site Lines: Constance Baker Motley's Chester Retreat |url=https://www.ctexplored.org/site-lines-constance-baker-motleys-chester-retreat/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ctexplored.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Baker da Motley sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru 59, har zuwa mutuwarta na [[Gazawar zuciya|ciwon zuciya]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2005, kwana goma sha huɗu bayan cikarta shekaru 84, a [[NYU Downtown Hospital|asibitin NYU Downtown]] a birnin New York. An yi jana'izar ta a cocin [[Connecticut]] inda ta yi aure; an gudanar da taron tunawa da jama'a a [[Riverside Church|Cocin Riverside]] da ke [[Manhattan]] . Ta bar ɗa guda, Joel Wilson Motley III, shugaban ƙungiyar [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], da jikoki uku. A farkon karni na ashirin da ɗaya, Motley ya zama wani ɓangare na Just The Beginning Foundation, wani gidauniya da aka sadaukar don kiyaye alkalan Amurkawa na Afirka waɗanda ke inganta al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka ta hanyar aikinsu. == Gado == A lokacin da take matsayin alkali na tarayya na gundumar Kudancin New York, Motley ta yi ƙoƙari don isa ga sauran matan Ba-Amurke a matsayinta. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Constance Baker Motley: Judiciary's Unsung Rights Hero |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2020/02/20/constance-baker-motley-judiciarys-unsung-rights-hero |access-date=March 6, 2020 |website=United States Courts}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin matan da ta kai wa ita ce alkali [[Anne Elise Thompson]] wadda ta sami takardar sirri daga Motley a ranar da aka nada ta ta zama alkali na Gundumar New Jersey. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin 2005, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka (ACS) ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School ta fara karɓar Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasa kowace shekara don girmama Constance Baker Motley. Tare da aikinta akan ''Ludtke v. Kuhn'', Motley ya zama jigo mai mahimmanci ga Melissa Ludtke. Ludtke ta buga labarin a cikin 2018 tana yaba aikin da Motley ta yi a tsawon rayuwarta duk da wariyar da ta fuskanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludtke |first=Melissa |date=September 22, 2018 |title=We Stood on Their Shoulders: Are they strong enough for us now? |url=https://medium.com/@melissaludtke_70103/we-stood-on-their-shoulders-are-they-strong-enough-for-us-now-27c1be732d7c |access-date=March 6, 2020 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Judith Heumann, co-kafa Cibiyar Duniya kan Nakasa, ta yaba da Motley tare da zama malami na farko mai lasisi a jihar New York wanda ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Mataimakiyar shugabar Amurka [[Kamala Harris]] ta fayyace tasirin Motley a kan aikinta na siyasa da doka a shafinta na yakin neman zabe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My Story {{!}} U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California |url=https://www.harris.senate.gov/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014130548/https://www.harris.senate.gov/about |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=www.harris.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> Mai shari'a Ketanji Brown Jackson ta ambaci Motley a matsayin wani tasiri a kan sana'arta a jawabin da ta yi na amincewa da nadin Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] na zama abokin shari'a na [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli]] . Jackson da Motley suna bikin ranar haihuwa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Brent D. |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson links her historic Supreme Court nomination to the first Black federal judge: 'I stand on Judge Motley's shoulders' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ketanji-brown-jackson-supreme-court-2022-2 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |website=Business Insider |publisher=Insider}}</ref> An ba da kyautar kyautar tarihin tarihin rayuwa, ''Adalci Baƙar fata: Rayuwa da Aikin Constance Baker Motley'', an watsa shi a kan [[Connecticut Public Television|Gidan Talabijin na Jama'a na Connecticut]] a 2012. A takaice dai, ''The Trials of Constance Baker Motley'', wanda aka fara a [[Tribeca Film Festival]] a kan Afrilu 19, 2015. A cikin 2022, ''Sarauniyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama'', an buga tarihin rayuwar Motley "mai zurfi". <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Tomiko Brown-Nagin}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2024, [[United States Postal Service|Ma'aikatar Wasikun Amurka]] ta fitar da [[Commemorative stamp|tambarin tunawa]] don girmama Motley. An yi bikin ranar farko na fitowa a Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Constance Baker Motley a birnin New York kuma Honourable [[Anton Hajjar]], memba na Hukumar Sabis ta Amurka ne ya jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Constance Baker Motley — Black Heritage (U.S. 2024) {{!}} virtualstampclub.com |url=https://virtualstampclub.com/lloydblog/?p=16679 |access-date=2024-01-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan tambari shine na 47 a cikin jerin Baƙaƙen Heritage na tambarin gidan waya na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Heritage Stamp Series Origins |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/freedom-just-around-the-corner-black-heritage-stamp-series/black-heritage-stamp-series |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5v73iq0rk54ap12kvexej8qhhlh8cml 0 113003 891129 857609 2026-08-03T23:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891129 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sadarwar radar yanayi ta Kanada''' ta ƙunshi radar yanayi 33 da suka mamaye mafi yawan yankuna na Kanada. Babban manufar su shine farkon gano [[Yayafi|hazo]], motsinsa da kuma barazanar da yake haifarwa ga rayuwa da dukiya. Kowane yana da kewayon {{Convert|256|km}} har zuwa 2018 a cikin radius a kusa da rukunin yanar gizon don gano [[Reflectivity|tunani]], kusurwoyi 3 tare da kewayon {{Convert|128|km}}, don gano yanayin saurin gudu ( [[Doppler effect|Tasirin Doppler]] ), da ƙarin tsayin tsayi har zuwa {{Convert|240|km}} a ƙananan kusurwar tsayi amma [[Weather radar#Doppler dilemma|an naɗe shi]] da ƙarfi ko kuma [[Aliasing|an haɗa shi]] (inda matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici mara ma'ana (± Vmax) bai kai cikakken kewayon saurin da ake aunawa wanda ke haifar da nunawa wasu tare da ƙimar da ba daidai ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maximum unambiguous velocity |url=https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Maximum_unambiguous_velocity |access-date=2021-01-30 |website=Glossary |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> ). Sabunta hanyar sadarwa, daga 2018 zuwa 2023, tare da sabbin radar S-Band yana kawo waɗannan lambobi bi da bi zuwa {{Convert|300|km}} don tunani da {{Convert|240|km}} don cikakken ɗaukar hoto na Doppler. <ref name="Selex">{{Cite web |title=METEOR 1700S Weather Radar |url=https://electronics.leonardo.com/documents/16277707/18389918/METEOR+1700S_17071035102_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075503/http://www.de.selex-es.com/documents/16243296/30914095/Kopie+von+Selex-ES-METEOR-1700S.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |access-date=October 5, 2018 |website=www.leonardocompany.com |publisher=Leonardo (SELEX ES) |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari kuma, sababbin radars suna dual-polarized wanda ke nufin ana iya ƙididdige nau'in hazo kai tsaye. Tun daga watan Yuni 2021, za a tsawaita wasu kewayon radars zuwa {{Convert|400|km}} a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani. <ref name="longrange">{{Cite web |last=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]] |date=June 3, 2021 |title=General Notice (GENOT) announcing 400km range. |url=https://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2021/06/03/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |publisher=Government of Canada |language=fr, en}}</ref> An yi niyya don haɓaka kewayon don samar da masu hasashen yanayi a [[Yanayi.g.ca|Sabis na yanayi na Kanada]], wani ɓangare na [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli da Canjin Canjin Kanada]], tare da bayanan radar yayin da ake maye gurbin radars kusa da zama wani ɓangare na sabuntawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2014-07-03 |title=Radar outages and maintenance |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/weather-general-tools-resources/radar-overview/outages-maintenance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910212801/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/weather-general-tools-resources/radar-overview/outages-maintenance.html |archive-date=2021-09-10 |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, wani aikin matukin jirgi ya ba wa masu amfani da waje damar samun albarkatun ɗanyen bayanai, mai yuwuwa gami da 400&nbsp;km data. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edouard |first=Sandrine |date=2022-06-29 |title=Projet pilote de dissémination de données radar sur HPFX // Radar data dissemination pilot project on HPFX |url=https://lists.ec.gc.ca/pipermail/dd_info/2022-June/000529.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010054/https://lists.ec.gc.ca/pipermail/dd_info/2022-June/000529.html |archive-date=2023-04-18 |language=fr, en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bincike a cikin radar yanayi a [[Kanada]] ya fara ne a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na biyu tare da "Yanayin Guguwar Project". Bayan yakin, JS Marshall ya ci gaba da aiki a Jami'ar McGill tare da "Rukunin Yanayi na Stormy". <ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=Stormy Weather Group |url=http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/who-we-are/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185139/http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/who-we-are/history.html |archive-date=2011-07-06 |access-date=2006-06-15 |website=[[McGill University]]}}</ref> Ta haka ne aka kafa hanyar sadarwar Kanada a hankali kuma ta hanyar 1997, akwai radars na yanayi na 19 na nau'i [[Tashar radar ta King City|biyu]] a duk fadin kasar: 18 radars na centimeters biyar (C-Band) da 1 goma centimeter wavelength (S-Band) a McGill, duk radars sun gano alamun bayyanar amma kawai Carvel (Ed) McTomon (Gillton) sanye take da damar Doppler. [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli Kanada]] ta sami izini a cikin 1998 don haɓaka hanyar sadarwar zuwa daidaitattun Doppler kuma don ƙara ƙarin radars 12 tare da halayen aiki waɗanda ke fitowa daga [[Tashar radar ta King City|tashar radar yanayi ta King City]] (CWKR), radar bincike na Muhalli Kanada. Duk da haka, radar McGill (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ), yayin da yake cikin cibiyar sadarwa, [[Jami'ar McGill]] ce ta mallaka. Bincike ne da kuma radar aiki kuma an gyara shi da kansa. Tashoshin Jimmy Lake da Lac Castor mallakar Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DND) ne kuma ke sarrafa su, waɗannan kuma wani ɓangare ne na hanyar sadarwar. A cikin Fabrairu 2017, Ministan Muhalli da Canjin yanayi, Catherine McKenna, ya sanar da sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala miliyan 83 tare da ''Selex ES'' (tsohon reshen Leonardo SpA wanda aka sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Leonardo Electronics) don siyan sabbin radars 20 tare da mafi kyawun fasahar zamani ( S band da polarized biyu ) don sabunta hanyar sadarwa. <ref name="Ministre">{{Cite web |last=Environment and Climate Change Canada |author-link=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date=February 27, 2017 |title=The Government of Canada invests to modernize weather-forecasting infrastructure |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2017/02/the_government_ofcanadainveststomodernizeweather-forecastinginfr.html |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=Press release |publisher=Government of Canada |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405004918/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2017/02/the_government_ofcanadainveststomodernizeweather-forecastinginfr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Explination">{{Cite web |last=Environment and Climate Change Canada |author-link=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date=February 27, 2017 |title=Replacing Canada's weather-radar network |url=https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/nouvelles/2017/02/remplacement_du_reseaucanadienderadarsmeteorologiques.html |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=Press release |publisher=Government of Canada |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405072019/https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/nouvelles/2017/02/remplacement_du_reseaucanadienderadarsmeteorologiques.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da kwangilar da ke dauke da zaɓuɓɓuka don maye gurbin duk radar a cikin Cibiyar Radar Weather Canada, ta Maris 31, 2023. An shigar da radar farko a Radisson, SK a cikin fall na 2017. An shigar da radar na biyu a lokacin rani na 2018 a Blainville a cikin yankin [[Montréal|Montreal]] don maye gurbin tsufa McGill ra. 2018 kuma ya ga radar maye gurbin a Foxwarren MB, Timmins ON (kusa da Smooth Rock Falls), da kuma Ruhu River AB da 19 na sababbin radar sun kasance a wurin a ƙarshen 2020 tare da sauran an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar 2023. Za a shigar da ƙarin radar a cikin Lower Athabasca yankin a Alberta. A cikin Yuni 2021, don tabbatar da ci gaba da ɗaukar radar a wasu yankuna yayin da ake maye gurbin radars, yawancin radars sun tsawaita kewayon su zuwa {{Convert|400|km}} a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani. Irin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da yankin [[Edmonton]] da yankin kudu maso yammacin Newfoundland . <ref name="longrange"/> <ref name=":0"/> == Halayen kafin 2018 == * McGill radar (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ): <ref name="WMN">{{Cite web |last=J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory |author-link=J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory |year=2010 |title=McGill S-band radar |url=http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/facilities/mcgill-radar.html |access-date=2011-09-19 |publisher=[[McGill University]] |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185133/http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/facilities/mcgill-radar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** 9m (30&nbsp;ƙafa) eriya diamita. ** Yana amfani da klystron don samar da siginar tsawon tsayin 10&nbsp;cm. (S-Band) ** Doppler tun 1993 kuma an ƙara polarization dual a cikin 1999. * [[Tashar radar ta King City|tashar radar yanayi ta King City]] ** Wannan radar bincike shine ainihin WSR-98A (duba ƙasa) wanda aka haɓaka tare da iyawar polarization biyu a cikin 2004. * Sauran hanyoyin sadarwa: ** Radar data kasance suna da eriya daga masana'anta guda biyu: Enterprise Electronics Corporation (EEC) da Raytheon . ** wasu daga cikin radars na yanzu suna da eriya wanda ''Andrew Canada'' ya samar. Tare da diamita kusan ninki biyu na tsofaffi; an inganta kudurori da adadin guda. ** Yi amfani da 5.6&nbsp;cm tsayin motsin magnetrons . (C-Band) ** Tsarin ya sami haske da bayanan Doppler tare da ''Sigmet Radar Data Systems'', yanzu wani ɓangare na Vaisala Oyj. ** Kowace radar a cikin hanyar sadarwa za a kira shi WSR-98E, WSR-98R ko WSR-98A don Radar Kula da Yanayi - 1998 (na shekarar farkon shirin) da harafin farko na mai sana'a na Pedestal / Eriya (Kasuwanci, Raytheon ko Andrew). ** Antennas na mita 3.6 a diamita don radar inabin kafin 1998 da 6.1 m don sababbi. ** Tsawon bugun bugun jini da mitar maimaituwar bugun jini daidaitacce. Tsawon bugun jini 0.8,1.6 da 2.0 <math>\mu</math> s. Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF) 250&nbsp;Hz da Dual PRF (Yanayin Doppler) 1190/1200&nbsp;Hz. <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Fayil:Radar_dome.jpg|alt=Tower and radome of McGill radar (CWMN).| Hasumiya da radome na McGill radar (CWMN). Fayil:Radar_météorologique_de_Villeroy_EC.JPG|alt=Villeroy radar (a WSR-98E), 75 km southwest of Quebec City : tower and radome to the left, transmitter and receiver in the building on the right.| Villeroy radar (a WSR-98E), 75&nbsp;km kudu maso yammacin [[Kebek (birni)|birnin Quebec]] : hasumiya da radome zuwa hagu, watsawa da mai karɓa a cikin ginin da ke hannun dama. Fayil:Canadian_weather_radar_station_CXSS.jpg|alt=Station CXSS (a WSR-98A) at Silver Star Mountain.| Tashar CXSS (a WSR-98A) a Dutsen Silver Star . Fayil:CXLA_Radar_Landrienne_Juin_2019.jpg|alt=Station CXLA, a WSR-98R, of Landrienne in June 2019 with the base of its replacement in front.| Tashar CXLA, WSR-98R, na Landrienne a watan Yuni 2019 tare da tushen maye gurbinsa a gaba. </gallery> == Dabarar dubawa == Saboda cibiyar sadarwar tana amfani da radar C band, dole ne a yi amfani da sasantawa (duba Doppler dilemma ) tsakanin matsakaicin kewayon nuni da matsakaicin saurin da ba shubuha ba. Ainihin dabarar dubawa (2006) ta kasu kashi biyu daban-daban a cikin mintuna 10: * Zagayowar al'ada: An duba kusurwoyi masu tsayi 24 a cikin mintuna 5 don samun ra'ayi mai girma uku na yanayi tsakanin 256&nbsp;km na radar a cikin tunani. * Zagayowar Doppler: Kusurwoyi 4 da aka bincika a cikin tunani da saurin gudu, uku na farko a cikin kewayon 128&nbsp;km kuma na karshe a cikin 256&nbsp;km. Ana amfani da wannan sake zagayowar don gano yiwuwar jujjuyawar ƙananan sikelin da juzu'i a cikin yanayin iska da kuma babban sikelin zagayawa. Bayanan saurin gudu kuma yana taimakawa wajen tace kayan tarihi a cikin abin da ke haskakawa kamar sautin murya na ƙasa. Radar McGill yana amfani da mai watsa S-band maimakon mai watsa C-band don samun abubuwan haskakawa da saurin gudu yayin kowane kusurwoyi na tsayinsa 24 tare da lokacin zagayowar mintuna 5 iri ɗaya. <ref name="WMN"/> == Aikin zamani == Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada ta karɓi kuɗin daga Hukumar Baitulmali a cikin 2011 don aiwatar da babban aikin zamani mai suna 'WES (Sabis ɗin Yanayi da Muhalli) Sabuntawa' don haɓakawa zuwa daidaitawa biyu duk Radar Kanada a cikin tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar daban daban. Cikakkar daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa da warware matsalolin tsarin su ma wani bangare ne na wannan babban yunƙuri na Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada. Shekaru biyar na farko sun mayar da hankali kan haɓakawa da daidaita abubuwan da ke akwai. Sa'an nan kuma za a maye gurbin duk radar yanayi na Kanada tare da radar polarization biyu tsakanin 2017 da 2023. An shigar da sabon radar, mallakar ECCC da sarrafa shi a Blainville (kusa da Montreal) don maye gurbin amfani da radar McGill. Kazalika, za a shigar da sabon radar a yankin Lower Athabasca. <ref name="EN-20122">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=January 25, 2012 |title=Weather Monitoring Infrastructure |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=592AB94B-1&news=06F87D0A-4EC0-41F2-99EE-729855FCEA65 |access-date=October 29, 2012 |website=Environnement Canada}}</ref> Sabbin radars su ne Leonardo METEOR 1700S (wanda Selex ES ke sayar da shi a baya) wanda ke da cikakken Doppler da kuma dual polarized : <ref name="Selex"/> * Nau'in watsawa : Klystron * Yawan: 2.7 - 2.9&nbsp;GHz * Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF): 250 - 2000&nbsp;Hz * Tsawon bugun jini (τ): 0.4 μs ... 4.5 μs * Mafi girman iko: 750&nbsp;kW * Doppler kewayon: 240&nbsp;km * Matsakaicin Matsala ta al'ada: 300&nbsp;km * iyakar iyaka: 600&nbsp;km * Ƙaddamar da sauri : ± 146&nbsp;m/s * Diamita na Eriya: 8.5 m * Nisa : <1° * Juyawa: 6 min ^-1 <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_bis.jpg|alt=New METEOR 1700S in Blainville, Quebec.| Sabon METEOR 1700S a Blainville, Quebec . Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_klystron.jpg|alt=Transmitter's klystron.| Klystron mai watsawa . Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_processeur_bis.jpg| Radar processor. Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_antenne_et_piédestale.jpg|alt=Antenna and pedestal.| Eriya da kafa . Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_cône_d'alimentation.jpg|alt=Antenna and feed horn.| Eriya da kahon ciyarwa . </gallery>Waɗannan sabbin radar S-Band suna ba da ƙarin sassauci akan radar C-Band da suka gabata. Dabarun duban kusurwoyi na 17 an duba su a cikin mintuna 6, kuma sabon fasalin-polarization yana ba da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorological Service of Canada |author-link=Meteorological Service of Canada |year=2018 |title=Modernizing Canada's weather-radar network |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/weather-general-tools-resources/radar-overview/modernizing-network.html |access-date=October 29, 2018 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> * Dual polarization zai ba da damar mafi kyawun bambance nau'in hazo ( [[ruwan sama]], dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara da ruwan sama mai daskarewa ), abubuwan da ba na halitta da waɗanda ba na halitta ba kamar tsuntsaye, kwari, ƙaya, da sa hannun tarkacen guguwa . * Za a tsawaita kewayon saurin radial (Kewayon Doppler) zuwa {{Convert|240|km|mi}}, daga {{Convert|120|km|mi}}, ba da izinin ingantaccen lokacin jagora a cikin bayar da faɗakarwar yanayi da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto na radar tare da sauran radar da ke kusa. Tun daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2021, wasu daga cikin radars na S-band suna da gyara dabarun dubawa. : ƙaramin matakin matakin digiri na 0.3 zai yi amfani da ƙaramin PRF don ƙaddamar da kewayon sa zuwa 400&nbsp;km a cikin tunani yayin da za a kawar da kusurwa na tsakiya a cikin sake zagayowar don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar radar. <ref name="longrange"/> == Jerin radar == Tsarin zamani na farko ya fara ne a cikin faɗuwar 1998 tare da buɗe radar Bethune kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2004 tare da wanda ke Timmins. Canjin C-band 250&nbsp;kW Magnetron single-pol radars tare da S-band 1MW Klystron dual-pol radars sun fara a cikin 2017 tare da rukunin Radisson kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2023 tare da Halfmoon Peak site. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=The National Radar Program |url=http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/projects/nrp/index_e.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615050828/http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/projects/nrp/index_e.cfm |archive-date=2006-06-15 |access-date=2006-06-15 |website=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'''Canadian Weather Radar Network'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]] |date=2022-04-06 |title=List of weather radars in Canada |url=https://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/cmc/cmos/public_doc/msc-data/obs_radar/radars_list.pdf |access-date=2022-08-10 |publisher=[[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !Site !Location !Province !Coordinates !ID/call sign !Band !Type !Callsign meaning !Notes |- |Aldergrove |[[Vancouver]] |[[British Columbia]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|49.01662|-122.48698|region:CA-BC_type:landmark}} |CASAG |S |METEOR 1700S |Aldergrove |New radar METEOR 1700S operational since September 7, 2021, replacing C-band CWUJ (WSR-98E). |- |[[Bethune, Saskatchewan|Bethune]] |[[Regina]] |Saskatchewan |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|50.57118|-105.18290|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CASBE |S |METEOR 1700S |Bethune |New radar commissioned in August 2019 replacing 98A (XBE). A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade. |- |Blainville |[[Montréal]] |[[Kebek (lardi)|Québec]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.70634|-73.85852|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CASBV |S |METEOR 1700S |Blainville |New radar commissioned at the end of September 2018, replacing McGill radar (CWMN). |- |Britt |Georgian Bay |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.79317|-80.53385|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASBI |S |METEOR 1700S |Britt |New radar CASBI became operational on November 22, 2021, replacing the CWBI C-Band (WSR-98A). |- |Carvel |[[Edmonton]] |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|53.56056|-114.14495|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}} |CASCV |S |METEOR 1700S |Carvel |The new radar S-Band replace CWHK (WSR-98E) since January 26, 2022 |- |Chipman |Central New Brunswick |New Brunswick |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|46.22232|-65.69924|region:CA-NB_type:landmark}} |CASCM |S |METEOR 1700S |Chipman |New radar commissioned in September 2019 replacing 98E (XNC) |- |Cold Lake |NW Saskatchewan / NE Alberta |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|54.3785|-110.061378|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}} |CASCL |S |METEOR 1700S |Cold Lake |New radar commissioned on October 27, 2021, replacing the C-band 98E at Jimmy Lake (CWHN). |- |Dryden |Western Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|49.85823|-92.79698|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASDR |S |METEOR 1700S |Dryden |Replaced C-Band CXDR on September 3, in 2020. |- |Egbert (near [[Barrie]]) |Southern Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|44.2305662|-79.7803300}} |CASTS |S |METEOR 1700S |N/A |New radar site for research, training, and tests of material and software. It will be built at the [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/science-technology/centres/ontario.html#care Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CERA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811092146/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/science-technology/centres/ontario.html#care |date=2025-08-11 }}. |- |Exeter |Southwestern Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|43.37243|-81.38070|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASET |S |METEOR 1700S |Exeter |New radar commissioned in November 2019 replacing 98A (WSO) |- |Fort McMurray |Northeastern Alberta |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|56.375642|-111.215177|region:CA-AL_type:landmark}} |CASFM |S |METEOR 1700S |Fort McMurray |New radar site commissioned on September 26, 2022, around {{Nowrap|40 km}} South of Fort McMurray. |- |Foxwarren |Eastern Saskatchewan/Western Manitoba |Manitoba |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|50.54887|-101.08570|region:CA-MB_type:landmark}} |CASFW |S |METEOR 1700S |Foxwarren |Radar commissioned in September 2018, replacing CXFW, a C-band radar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimes |date=August 27, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 201622 |url=http://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2018/08/20/NOCN01_CWAO_201622___56970 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}}</ref> A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade until October 31, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimes |date=June 11, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 281422 |url=http://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2018/05/28/NOCN01_CWAO_281422___35482 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimes |date=October 31, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 311823 |url=http://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2018/10/31/NOCN01_CWAO_311823___44453 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}}</ref> |- |Franktown |Eastern Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.04101|-76.11617|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASFT |S |METEOR 1700S |Franktown |Radar commissioned in August 2021, replacing CXFT, a C-band radar. |- |Gore |Central Hants County |Nova Scotia |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.09850|-63.70433|region:CA-NS_type:landmark}} |CASGO |S |METEOR 1700S |Gore |New radar METEOR 1700S operational since August 30, 2021, replacing C-band CXGO (WSR-98A). |- |Halfmoon Peak |Sechelt |[[British Columbia]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|49.527017|-123.853583|region:CA-BC_type:landmark}} |CASHP |S |METEOR 1700S |Halfmoon Peak |New radar site entered into service on August 21, 2023. This site replaces Mt Sicker (CXSI). Last S-band radar to be installed as part of the 2017-2023 network renewal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2017-05-18 |title=Modernizing Canada's weather-radar network |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/weather-general-tools-resources/radar-overview/modernizing-network.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> |- |Holyrood |Eastern Newfoundland |Newfoundland and Labrador |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|47.32644|-53.12658|region:CA-NL_type:landmark}} |CASHR |S |METEOR 1700S |Holyrood |Commissioned on October 13, 2020. Replaced the C-band (98E) CWTP. |- |[[Tashar radar ta King City|King City]] |Southern Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|43.96393|-79.57388|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASKR |S |METEOR 1700S |King City Radar |Commissioned on June 28, 2021, to replace the C-band (98A) CWKR. |- |Landrienne |Amos |Quebec |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.55136|-77.80809|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CASLA |S |METEOR 1700S |Landrienne Amos |Radar commissioned in October 2019, replacing the previous 98R CXLA C-band radar. |- |Marble Mountain |Western Newfoundland |Newfoundland and Labrador |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.93028|-57.83417|region:CA-NL_type:landmark}} |CASMM |S |METEOR 1700S |Marble Mountain |Radar commissioned on October 31, 2022, replacing the previous 98A CXME C-band radar. |- |Marion Bridge |Southeastern Cape Breton County |Nova Scotia |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.94972|-60.20521|region:CA-NS_type:landmark}} |CASMB |S |METEOR 1700S |Marion Bridge |Radar commissioned in October 2019, replacing the previous CXMB C-band radar. |- |Mont Apica |Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean |Québec |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|47.977908|-71.430833|region:CA-NS_type:landmark}} |CASMA |S |METEOR 1700S |Mont-Apica |New site commissioned January 23, 2023 and operational since February 6. It is replacing CWMB Lac Castor (98E C-band). |- |Montreal River |Sault Ste Marie |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|47.24773|-84.59652|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASMR |S |METEOR 1700S |Montreal River |Radar commissioned in November 2019, replacing the previous 98E WGJ C-band radar. |- |Mount Silver Star |Vernon |British Columbia |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|50.36950|-119.06436|region:CA-BC_type:landmark}} |CASSS |S |METEOR 1700S |Silver Star |New radar METEOR, replacing CXSS (WSR-98A), operational since December 14, 2022. |- |Prince George |Northern B.C. |British Columbia |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|53.61308|-122.95441|region:CA-BC_type:landmark}} |CASPG |S |METEOR 1700S |Prince George |New METEOR 1700S radar replaced the C-Band CXPG (WSR-98R) on December 19, 2022. |- |Radisson |[[Saskatoon]] |Saskatchewan |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|52.52048|-107.44269|region:CA-SK_type:landmark}} |CASRA |S |METEOR 1700S |Radisson |Radar commissioned in February 2018, replacing CXRA, a C-band radar. |- |Sainte-Françoise/<br /><br />(Villeroy) |Southwest of [[Kebek (birni)|Quebec City]] |Quebec |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|46.449556|-71.913831|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CASSF |S |METEOR 1700S |Sainte-Françoise |Commissioned in November 2020, replacing the C-Band CWVY with no change of site but change of name from Villeroy to Sainte-Françoise, a closer geographical point. |- |Schuler |Medicine Hat |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|50.31250|-110.19556|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}} |CASSU |S |METEOR 1700S |Schuler |Replaced the C-Band CXBU on September 8, 2020. |- |Smooth Rock Falls |Northeastern Ontario |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|49.28146|-81.79406|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASRF |S |METEOR 1700S |Smooth Rock Falls (The S in CASRF is for S-Band) |Initially known as Timmins CXTI, then Northeast Ontario. Finally Smooth Rock Falls with the dual polarization upgrade Commissioned in 2018/10. [http://dd.weather.gc.ca/radar/PRECIPET/GIF/CASRF/?C=M;O=D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528133848/http://dd.weather.gc.ca/radar/PRECIPET/GIF/CASRF/?C=M;O=D |date=2022-05-28 }} |- |Spirit River |Grande Prairie |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|55.69494|-119.23043|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}} |CASSR |S |METEOR 1700S |Spirit River |This radar was replaced in 2018 and commissioned in Feb 2019 replacing CWWW a C-band radar that had been in operation since 2001/10 |- |Strathmore |[[Calgary]] |Alberta |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|51.20613|-113.39937|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}} |CASSM |S |METEOR 1700S |Strathmore |Radar commissioned in November 2019, replacing the previous 98A (XSM) C-band radar. A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade. |- |Superior West |Shuniah |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.595876|-89.100129|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CASSN |S |METEOR 1700S |ShuNiah |New radar site replacing Lasseter Lake (CXNI) WSR-98E, operational since July 17, 2023.<ref name="Shuniah">{{Cite tweet|user=ECCCWeatherON|date=2023-07-17|title=The new RADAR at Shuniah (CASSN) in Ontario is up and running as of today!|access-date=2023-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717185435/https://twitter.com/ECCCWeatherON/status/1680994482131550208|archive-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> |- |Val d'Irène |Lower St. Lawrence |Quebec |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.48028|-67.60111|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CASVD |S |METEOR 1700S |Val d'Irène |Replaced the C-Band CAXM (98A) radar. Commissioned on November 2, 2020. |- |Woodlands |[[Winnipeg]] |Manitoba |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|50.15389|-97.77833|region:CA-MB_type:landmark}} |CASWL |S |METEOR 1700S |Woodlands |Replaced the C-band (98A) CXWL on October 19, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |date=October 15, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 231342 |url=https://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2020/10/23/NOCN01_CWAO_231342___42964 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}}</ref> A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed at St. Andrews Airport during the upgrade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |date=May 26, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 312040 |url=https://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2020/05/31/NOCN01_CWAO_312040___42780 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'''Decommissioned sites of the Canadian Weather Radar Network''' |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !Site !Location !Province !Coordinates !ID/call sign !Band !Type !Callsign meaning !Notes |- |Lac Castor |Saguenay River |[[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.57581|-70.66784|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CWMB |C |98E | |Commissioned in February 1999, it was replaced by a new METEOR 1700S at a new site (Mont Apica). The latter is operational since February 6, 2023. On June 1, 2023, the Meteorological Service of Canada announced that the Lac Castor radar has been permanently deactivated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorological Service of Canada |date=2023-06-01 |title=GENOT TLTP. NO. 038 |url=https://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2023/06/01/NOCN01_CWAO_011655___05603 |access-date=2023-06-01 |publisher=Government of Canada |language=en, fr}}</ref> |- |Jimmy Lake |NW Saskatchewan/NE Alberta |Saskatchewan |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|54.91319|-109.95992|region:CA-SK_type:landmark}} |CWHN |C |98E | |Replaced by a new METEOR 1700S southeast of Cold Lake (ID CASCL - <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|54.3785|-110.0625|region:CA-AB_type:landmark}}) since October 27, 2021 and decommissioned since January 20, 2022. |- |Superior West |Lasseter Lake |Ontario |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.85352|-89.12150|region:CA-ON_type:landmark}} |CXNI |C |98E |Nipigon |Replaced by Shuniah S band radar since July 2023.<ref name="Shuniah">{{Cite tweet|author=Ontario Office of MSC|author-link=Meteorological Service of Canada|user=ECCCWeatherON|date=2023-07-17|title=The new RADAR at Shuniah (CASSN) in Ontario is up and running as of today!|language=en|location=Toronto, ON|access-date=2023-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717185435/https://twitter.com/ECCCWeatherON/status/1680994482131550208|archive-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> |- |McGill |[[Montréal|Montreal]] |Quebec |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|45.42416|-73.93735|region:CA-QC_type:landmark}} |CWMN |S | -- |Montreal |commissioned September 1968, decommissioned October 3, 2018, and replaced by the Blainville radar. |- |Mount Sicker |Victoria |British Columbia |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|48.86099|-123.75654|region:CA-BC_type:landmark}} |CXSI |C |98A |Mount Sicker |Suffered major hardware failure in November 2017, decommissioned on December 6, 2018. S-band replacement installed in 2023 on an alternate site at Halfmoon Peak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radar outages and maintenance |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/weather-general-tools-resources/radar-overview/outages-maintenance.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimes |date=December 6, 2020 |title=NOCN01 CWAO 311434 |url=http://dd.weather.gc.ca/doc/genots/2018/10/31/NOCN01_CWAO_311434___02280 |access-date=2020-12-29 |series=Genot |publisher=[[Meteorological Service of Canada]]}} </ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6rceryrt4l3j3lyegy451ryetwo7f2w 0 113757 891230 799555 2026-08-04T08:46:24Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ASM Nasiruddin Elan''' mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ne a [[Bangladesh]] kuma darektan Odhikar, kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Odhikar secretary, director jailed for two years |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/odhikar-secretary-director-jailed-two-years-3418626 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Hukumar Gyara 'Yan Sanda da [[Muhammad Yunus]] ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Police Reform Commission recommends not to consider political identity in police verification |url=https://www.barta24.com/details/national-en/255170/political-identity-in-police-verification |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Barta24 |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121170641/https://www.barta24.com/details/national-en/255170/political-identity-in-police-verification |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five reform commissions formed, notification issued |url=https://www.bonikbarta.com/home/news_description/402081/Five-reform-commissions-formed-notification-issued |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.bonikbarta.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2007, Elan ya kasance mukaddashin darektan Odhikar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Our Rights |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/law/2007/07/03/campaign.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506034817/http://archive.thedailystar.net/law/2007/07/03/campaign.htm |archive-date=2017-05-06 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=archive.thedailystar.net}}</ref> An kafa Odhikar a shekarar 1994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=ASM Nasiruddin Elan |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/asm-nasiruddin-elan |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, an tura Elan zuwa kurkuku kan wata shari'ar da aka shigar game da rahoton Odhikars game da zanga-zangar Shapla Square ta 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title='Independent body needed to protect human rights defenders' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/interviews/news/independent-body-needed-protect-human-rights-defenders-3777836 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Odhikars sun ba da rahoton yawan mutuwar da suka mutu a aikin 'yan sanda a Shapla Square don cire masu fafutuka na Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh ya fi yawan da gwamnati ta ruwaito.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-12 |title=Row over death figure |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/row-over-death-figure |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Hasanul Haq Inu, Ministan Bayanai, ya bukaci Odhikar ya raba jerin wadanda suka mutu amma Odhikar ta ki amincewa da damuwa game da tsaro.<ref name=":1" /> Ofishin mai bincike ne ya gabatar da karar a shekarar 2013.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Case under ICT Act: Odhikar's Adilur, Elan jailed for 2yrs |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/case-under-ict-act-odhikars-adilur-elan-jailed-2yrs-3419036 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-05 |title=2 accused of instigation |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/2-accused-of-instigation |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Babban Kotun Bangladesh ta ki murkushe shari'ar bayan da Elan da Adilur Rahman Khan suka shigar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Human rights defenders Adilur Rahman and A.S.M Nasiruddin Elan sentenced to jail for two years |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/human-rights-defenders-adilur-rahman-and-asm-nasiruddin-elan-sentenced-jail-two-years |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci na Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji ya ki sabunta rajistar Odhikar a watan Yunin 2021 yana zargin rahotonta da ya lalata hoton Bangladesh.<ref name=":0"/> A watan Satumbar 2023, an yanke wa Elan da Adilur Rahman Khan hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku a karkashin Sashe na 57 na Dokar Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa, 2006 kan rahoton su game da zanga-zangar Shapla Square ta 2013. <ref name=":2"/> Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a [[Dhaka]] da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da dama na kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Odhikar duo's convictions are regrettable |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/odhikar-duos-convictions-are-regrettable-3421076 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The Daily Star ta yi Allah wadai da hukuncin da aka yi musu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Jailing rights defenders sends the wrong message |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/jailing-rights-defenders-sends-the-wrong-message-3420276 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 27 sun bukaci a sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=27 organisations demand release of Adilur, Elan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/27-organisations-demand-release-adilur-elan-3422356 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Sun shigar da kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke musu a Babban Kotun Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Odhikar's Adilur, Nasiruddin challenge conviction in HC |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/odhikars-adilur-nasiruddin-challenge-conviction-hc-3427676 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], [[CIVICUS Monitor]], Faransa da Jamus sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Germany, France regret verdict against Adilur, Elan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/germany-france-regret-verdict-against-adilur-elan-3420431 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Repression, abuses discredit election: HRW |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/rights/news/repression-abuses-discredit-election-hrw-3517381 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Rights Violation: Int'l watchdog puts Bangladesh on watchlist |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/rights/news/rights-violation-intl-watchdog-puts-bangladesh-watchlist-3424766 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, sun sami belin daga Babban Kotun kuma an sake su daga kurkuku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=Odhikar's Adilur, Elan get HC bail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/odhikars-adilur-elan-get-hc-bail-3439406 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-15 |title=Odhikar's Adilur, Elan walk out of jail |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/odhikars-adilur-elan-walk-out-jail-719242 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Mai shari'a Md Emdadul Haque Azad ya zargi mai gabatar da kara da gwamnatin Bangladesh da juya Bangladesh zuwa " jahannama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title='You've turned country into hell' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/youve-turned-country-hell-3439891 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Bayan faduwar [[Sheikh Hasina]] ta jagoranci gwamnatin Awami League, an sanya Elan memba na Hukumar Gyara 'Yan Sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's on the Police Admin Reform Commission? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/362154/who%E2%80%99s-on-the-police-admin-reform-commission |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Ya soki gwamnatocin 'yan sanda da suka biyo baya da ke amfani da' yan sanda don yin niyya ga abokan hamayyar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22 |title=Political will key to police reforms |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/political-will-key-police-reforms-3781886 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Mai Shari'a [[Abdur Rob (justice)|Md Abdur Rob]] ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa da Adilur Rahman Khan na shekaru biyun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's on the Police Admin Reform Commission? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/362154/who%E2%80%99s-on-the-police-admin-reform-commission |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22 |title=Political will key to police reforms |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/political-will-key-police-reforms-3781886 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odhikar's Adilur-Elan's two-year prison sentence overturned |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/355662/odhikar%E2%80%99s-adilur-elan-s-two-year-prison-sentence |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta== moet0ay2vpck2624q97cinkzka85yxi 0 114688 890967 704645 2026-08-03T14:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890967 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" !Born !26 December 1979 |- !Nationality |[[Nigerian]] |- !Other names |Omobutty, Tolani Osinrin |- !Alma mater | * [[Lagos State University]] |- !Occupations | * Actress * film producer * director |- !Years active |2006–present |} '''Biodun Sofuyi Olabiyi''' (an haife ta ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1979) wadda aka fi sani da Omobutty ko Biodun Okeowo, ’yar wasan fina-finai ce a Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, ’yar kasuwa kuma mai aikin jin ƙai. Omobutty ta fito a cikin fim ɗin Opin Irin Ajo a shekarar 2006 tare da [[Olu Jacobs]] da King Wasiu Ayinde. A fim ɗinta Tolani Osinrin, ta samu lambar yabo ta MAN’s Top Three Actress a shekarar 2010. Ita ce ta farko daga cikin ’yan wasan fina-finan Yarbanci da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Global Excellence award, kuma ana sha’awar fitowarta a cikin fina-finan Nollywood na harshen Yarbanci, inda ta sami karramawa saboda gudummawarta ga masana’antar fim na Najeriya da kuma ayyukan jin ƙai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsoli |first=Vivian |date=2021-01-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo biography: age, husband, daughter, net worth, house - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1399508-biodun-okeowo-biography-age-husband-daughter-net-worth-house.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=How Curvy Actress, Biodun Okeowo, Used To Be Shy Of Her Shape {{!}} Boombuzz |url=https://www.boomplay.com/buzz/953356 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Boomplay Music - WebPlayer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Biodun Okeowo Stopped Playing Armed Robber – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2016/09/11/why-biodun-okeowo-stopped-playing-armed-robber/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodun Okeowo {{!}} Actress, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3030764/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajose |first=Kehinde |date=2025-04-25 |title=Nollywood must evolve beyond connections – Biodun Okeowo |url=https://punchng.com/nollywood-must-evolve-beyond-connections-biodun-okeowo/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsoli |first=Vivian |date=2021-01-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo biography: age, husband, daughter, net worth, house - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1399508-biodun-okeowo-biography-age-husband-daughter-net-worth-house.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=adefaye |date=2012-07-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo brewing "Omo Butty" |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/biodun-okeowo-brewing-omo-butty/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Olabiyi a asibitin Highland Maternity, [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nourishmedpro |date=2024-04-24 |title=Lagos Island Maternity Hospital - Nourish Med Pro |url=https://nourishmedpro.com/property/lagos-island-maternity-hospital/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516021225/https://nourishmedpro.com/property/lagos-island-maternity-hospital/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce kawai 'yar a cikin iyali na yara biyar. Mahaifinta fasto ne a Cocin Ruhu Mai Tsarki, kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa da kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a Jami'ar Jihar Legas, Ojo, inda ta fi dacewa da Nazarin Sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos State University |url=https://lasu.edu.ng/home/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=lasu.edu.ng}}</ref> Tushenta na ilimi daga baya ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar ta game da kafofin watsa labarai da kuma shiga jama'a a masana'antar fina-finai. [[Fayil:Sultry and sexy yoruba actress Biodun Okeowo known in the industry as 'Omo Butty' or 'Hips Don't Lie has come a long way to become the household name in the industry today... Humility is a rare quality seen in the.jpg|thumb|'Yar wasan fina-finan Yarbanci mai kyau kuma mai jan hankali, Biodun Okeowo, wadda aka fi sani a masana’antar da suna '''“'''Omo Butty'''”''' ko '''“'''Hips Don’t Lie'''”''', ta yi nisa sosai har ta zama sananniya a cikin masana’antar fina-finai a yau]] == Ayyuka == Olabiyi ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006 a karkashin kungiyar Ray Eyiwunmi da ke Ebute Metta, Legas . Ta yi shekara guda tana horo tare da ƙungiyar kuma daga baya ta fito a cikin rawar da ta taka na farko a fim din ''Opin Irin Ajo'', inda ta yi aiki tare da Olu Jacobs da Sarki Wasiu Ayinde . Ta yi fim din da ta samar da kanta ''Tolani Osinrin'' a 2007. Fim dinta ''Omobutty'', wani fim din da ya samar da kansa, ya zama sananne kuma ya shahara, wanda ya ba ta laƙabi a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=adefaye |date=2012-07-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo brewing "Omo Butty" |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/biodun-okeowo-brewing-omo-butty/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsoli |first=Vivian |date=2021-01-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo biography: age, husband, daughter, net worth, house - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1399508-biodun-okeowo-biography-age-husband-daughter-net-worth-house.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wata hira a watan Fabrairun 2025, Biodun ta bayyana rabuwarta daga [[Nollywood]], tana hulɗa da binciken jama'a, da kuma matsayinta na tsattsauran ra'ayi game da tsirara a allon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2025-02-01 |title=No nude scenes for me, no matter the pay - Biodun Okeowo |url=https://thesun.ng/no-nude-scenes-for-me-no-matter-the-pay-biodun-okeowo/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma ci gaba da samar da fina-finai 10 a ƙarƙashin belinta kuma ta fito tare da [[Funke Akindele]], Iyabo Ojo, [[Odunlade Adekola]] . == Kasuwancin Kasuwanci == Baya ga aikin fim dinta, Olabiyi 'yar kasuwa ce. Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Victoria Beauty, kayan shafawa da kayan shafawa wanda aka yi rajista a karkashin NAFDAC. Tana da takaddun shaida a cikin maganin fata da kuma samar da samfur kuma ta gina alamar alama mai ƙarfi tsakanin matan Najeriya. == Ƙarfafawa == Olabiyi ya yi yarjejeniyar amincewa. Ta yi aiki tare da alamomi kamar Unique Motors, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/unique.motors/p/CSY3xJEgaEw/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Luciano Clothing da Asint homes. Wadannan sun hada da kasancewa jakada ga alamomi kamar Sterling Bank da Oasis Naija . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodun Okeowo, Mercy Aigbe, Bose Alao Bag Endorsement Deals with Mary Mak – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/10/06/biodun-okeowo-mercy-aigbe-bose-alao-bag-endorsement-deals-with-mary-mak/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai == Olabiyi ya shiga cikin aikin sadaka da yaɗa kai, yana ba da gudummawar abinci, kayan wanka, da kayan jin daɗi na asali, musamman a lokutan biki da kuma lokacin tafiyar da lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korkus |first=Stella Dimoko |title=Actress Biodun Okeowo To Feed Thousands And Give Away Water Source In Honor Of Mum's Memory |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2021/03/actress-biodun-okeowo-to-feed-thousands.html |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Olabiyi ya sami kyaututtuka da gabatarwa da yawa, gami da: • Mafi Kyawun Nollywood - An zabi Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Yoruba (2014)<ref>{{Citation|title=2014 Best of Nollywood Awards|date=2025-04-10|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Best_of_Nollywood_Awards&oldid=1284953711|access-date=2025-06-03|language=en}}</ref> • Kyautar Girma ta Duniya - Mutumin fim mai zuwa na Shekara<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Okeowo Unveils Her New Lover, Gushes Over Him |url=https://independent.ng/actress-okeowo-unveils-her-new-lover-gushes-over-him/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621132630/https://independent.ng/actress-okeowo-unveils-her-new-lover-gushes-over-him/ |archive-date=2021-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-gb |url-status=live }}</ref> • YMGA Awards - Mafi kyawun mai tasiri (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=849340403861200&set=a.508058137989430&type=3 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> • MAN Entertainment Honors - Top 3 Actress (2010) <ref>{{Cite web |last=adefaye |date=2012-07-27 |title=Biodun Okeowo brewing "Omo Butty" |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/biodun-okeowo-brewing-omo-butty/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''Shekara''' | valign="top" |'''Taken''' | valign="top" |'''Matsayi''' | valign="top" |'''Bayani''' |- | valign="top" |'''2006''' | valign="top" |Opin Irin Ajo | valign="top" | | valign="top" |Matsayin allo na farko tare da Olu jacobs |- | valign="top" |'''2007''' | valign="top" |Tolani Osinrin | valign="top" |Tolani | valign="top" |Fim din da aka samar da kansa |- | valign="top" |'''2007''' | valign="top" |'''Alapo ajje''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |'''<nowiki/>'Yar kasuwa a cikin rikici''' |- | valign="top" |'''2008''' | valign="top" |'''Boseyemi''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''2008''' | valign="top" |'''Okanjua''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |'''Taken da ya fi na halitta''' |- | valign="top" |'''2009''' | valign="top" |'''Ipese''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''2010''' | valign="top" |'''Igbe Aryawo''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |'''Wasan kwaikwayo na Aure''' |- | valign="top" |'''2014''' | valign="top" |'''Omobutty''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''2019''' | valign="top" |'''Ore''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |'''Game da abokai da batutuwan amincewa''' |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gn6eop281xcod4efnjrtmmgd2ctxeem 0 114874 891140 839521 2026-08-04T00:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|image=Cinnamon roll in Stockholm.jpg|caption=A Swedish cinnamon bun or ''kanelbulle'' with [[pearl sugar]]}}<gallery mode="packed" caption="National variations"> Fayil:Korvapuusti1.jpg|Finnish ''korvapuusti'' Fayil:Danskkanelsnegl.jpg|Danish ''kanelsnegl'' Fayil:Kanelboller.jpg|Norwegian ''skillingsbolle'' Fayil:Cinnamon-Roll-US-Bakery.jpg|American cinnamon roll </gallery>A '''Cinnamon roll''' (wanda aka fi sani da cinnamon bun, cinnamon swirl, cinnamon scroll, '''cinnamon Danish''' da cinnamon snail) wani nau'i ne [[Sweet roll|mai daɗi]] da aka saba amfani dashi a Arewacin Turai da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. Akwai madadin girke-girke da ke amfani da burodi na Puff maimakon gurasar yisti, amma ana gina su ta amfani da irin wannan hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puff pastry cinnamon rolls |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/puff-pastry-cinnamon-rolls |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=BBC Good Food}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=Quick Puff Pastry Cinnamon Rolls |url=https://www.gimmesomeoven.com/puff-pastry-cinnamon-rolls-recipe/ |website=Gimme some oven}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == [[Fayil:Cinnamon_mixture_spread_on_dough,_May_2009.jpg|thumb|Cinnamon cakuda a kan gurasar kafin a mirgine]] Rubuce-rubucen cinnamon ya ƙunshi takardar gurasar burodi mai yisti ko Viennoiserie, wanda aka yayyafa cinnamon da [[sukari]] (tare da wasu bambance-bambance ciki har da sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, ruwan inabi ko wasu sinadaran ) a kan wani nau'i mai laushi na [[man shanu]]. Sa'an nan kuma a mirgine gurasar, a yanka ta cikin ɓangarori daban-daban kuma a yi gasa da su, duk da haka ana kiran nau'in da aka dafa da sinamoni ko sinamoni bun doughnut . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinnamon Roll Donuts |url=https://moribyan.com/cinnamon-roll-donuts/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Moribyan}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cinnamonrollcutting.JPG|thumb|Gurasar sinamoni da aka yanka a cikin guda ɗaya kafin a dafa shi]] [[Fayil:Uncooked_cinnamon_roll_buns,_March_2010.jpg|thumb|Gurasar cinnamon da ba a dafa ba]] == Asalin == 'Yan kasuwar kayan yaji na Larabawa sun gabatar da kayan yaji da Sri Lankan cinnamon zuwa Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bringing cinnamon to Europe |url=https://thefreeinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Reading-2.pdf |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=The Free Institute |archive-date=26 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626201642/https://thefreeinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Reading-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Harvesting 'true cinnamon': The story of the Ceylon spice |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/18/harvesting-true-cinnamon-the-story-of-the-ceylon-spice#:~:text=Historian%20Nirmal%20Ranjith%20Dewasiri%20says,in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean%20trade. |website=Aljazeera}}</ref> Ba a san asalin rufin cinnamon ba, amma yana iya kasancewa a Byzantium. Tsohon girke-girke da aka rubuta don rubutun cinnamon sun fito ne daga Jamus a karni na 16. Rubutun Cinnamon ya bazu daga Jamus zuwa Scandinavia, <ref name=":0" /> wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa [[Norway]] daga 'Yan kasuwa na Hanseatic ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Bergen]] inda za a san shi da skillingsbolle (lit. ""), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historien om skillingsbollen |url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/2014/07/07/203367/historien-om-skillingsbollen |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=ABC Nyheter |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035232/https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/2014/07/07/203367/historien-om-skillingsbollen |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da ''kanelbulle'' na zamani na Sweden (lit. ""cinnamon bun") da aka kirkira bayan yakin duniya na farko. Sun bazu zuwa Amurka tare da baƙi na Jamus.<ref name=":0" /> == Girma == Girman rufin cinnamon ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, amma masu siyarwa da yawa suna ba da ƙaramin girman kusan {{Convert|5|cm}} in) a diamita kuma girman girman girman kusan {{Convert|10|cm}} in) zuwa gefe. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan za a iya samun su a [[Finland]], wanda ake kira [[Pulla|''korvapuusti'']] (lit. 'ƙuƙwalwa a kan kunne', {{Abbr|fig.|figuratively}} "karɓar kunnen wani don horo"), inda zai iya zama har zuwa {{Convert|20|cm}} cm (7.9 in) a diamita kuma auna har zuwa {{Convert|200|g}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korvapuusti in Finland<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=40011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226233802/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=40011 |archive-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> [[Gothenburg]]" id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Haga, Gothenburg">Haga, wani gundumar da ke Gothenburg, Sweden, yana da manyan takardu na cinnamon. Wadannan rufin cinnamon ana kiransu ''Hagabullar'' ko ''Sarauniyar Kitchen''. Hagabullar yawanci {{Convert|30|cm|in}} in) ko fiye a diamita kuma, duk da girman su, ba a dauke su a matsayin juzu'in jama'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanelbullar.se |url=http://www.kanelbullar.se/ |access-date=July 17, 2016 |publisher=Kanelbullar.se |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409214410/https://www.kanelbullar.se/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na kasa == === Turai === A [[Denmark]] an san rollo na cinnamon da ''kanelsnegl'', a [[Sweden]] ana kiransa ''kanelbulle'', a [[Norway]] an san shi da ''kanelbolle'', skillingsbolle, ''kanelsnurr'', ko ''kanel da svingene'', a [[Finland]] an san shi le ''korvapuusti'', a [[Ayislan|Iceland]] an san shi ne da ''kanilsnúður'', kuma a [[Istoniya|Estonia]] an san shi四ineelirull . <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Free Dictionary |title=cinnamon snail |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cinnamon+snail |access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Jen |title=Why The Cinnamon Snail Vegan Food Truck Is The Best Food Truck In Town |url=http://gothamist.com/2012/10/09/cinnamon_snail.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407040629/http://gothamist.com/2012/10/09/cinnamon_snail.php |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2013 |publisher=The Gothamist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2016 |title=Kanelsnegl, The Danish answer to Cinnamon buns |url=https://caprisserie.com/2016/05/22/cinnamon-buns-kanelsnegl/ |access-date=March 1, 2020 |website=caprisserie.com |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924205921/https://caprisserie.com/2016/05/22/cinnamon-buns-kanelsnegl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Austria da [[Jamus]], ana kiranta ''Zimtschnecke'' . A cikin [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] da [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], ana kiranta ''Skoricové slimáky'' /''skořicoví šneci'' (ma'ana 'ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta'). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Škoricové slimáky |url=https://dobruchut.aktuality.sk/recept/45425/skoricove-slimaky/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=dobruchut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2013 |title=Kanellbular - skořicové šneky |url=https://www.toprecepty.cz/recept/33024-kanellbular-skoricove-sneky/ |website=Toprecepty}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1999, 4 ga Oktoba an inganta shi a matsayin Cinnamon Roll Day (''Kanelbullens dag''), ranar taken ƙasa, wanda wani ɓangare na yawan mutanen Sweden suka amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanelbullens Dag 4 Oktober |url=http://www.kanelbullensdag.se/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830181011/http://www.kanelbullensdag.se/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2010 |publisher=Kanelbullensdag.se}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanelbullar |url=http://sweden.se/culture/cinnamon-buns/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108084233/http://sweden.se/culture/cinnamon-buns/ |archive-date=November 8, 2013 |access-date=March 25, 2013 |publisher=Sweden.se}}</ref> Yaren mutanen Sweden kanelbulle yawanci suna dauke da cardamom (powder ko buds), suna ba shi dandano na musamman. Swedish ''Butterkaka'' da Finnish ''Bostonkakku'' ("Kakin Boston") cake ne da aka yi ta hanyar yin burodi na cinnamon a cikin gurasar cake maimakon yin burodi daban, don su tsaya tare don samar da babban, cake na zagaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston cake |url=http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/14_11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114948/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/14_11.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=November 18, 2012 |publisher=Saunalahti.fi}}</ref> A Austria da Jamus, ana samun su a ko'ina a manyan kantuna da wuraren yin burodi. Wani nau'in Jamusanci, wanda yayi kama da salon Scandinavia, wanda ya samo asali ne a [[Hamburg]] da kewayenta shine ''Franzbrötchen'', mai cike da sinamarin sinamarin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar mai ba da sinam din Faransanci.<ref name="Berlin">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=Franzbrötchen, the German croissant born as rebellion against French occupation |url=https://en.berlinoschule.com/franzbrotchen-the-german-croissant-born-as-rebellion-against-french-occupation/#:~:text=The%20Franzbr%C3%B6tchen%20%E2%80%93%20literally%20%E2%80%9Cfrench%20roll,to%20the%20addition%20of%20cinnamon. |website=Berlino Schule}}</ref> A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ana amfani da bun, cinnamon roll da sunayen cinnamon swirl, kuma galibi ana samun su a yawancin manyan kantuna da wuraren yin burodi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Cinnamon Rolls |url=https://www.trolley.co.uk/explore/cinnamon-rolls |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Trolley}}</ref> === Amurka === Kayan sinamoni na Amurka suna da girma akai-akai, ana yin burodi a cikin kwanon rufi kuma an rufe su da cuku mai laushi (yawanci sukari na masu yin sukari) kuma wani lokacin ana soya su, an gama su da glaze, kuma an yi amfani da su azaman bambancin [[donut]] da aka ɗaga. Har ila yau, akwai haɗuwa ta yanki: a cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya, musamman [[Nebraska]] da [[Kansas]], ana cinye sinamoni tare da chili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili and Cinnamon Rolls, is this a Kansas Thing? |url=https://www.kansas.com/living/food-drink/article177205201.html |access-date=October 5, 2017}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai yankuna waɗanda suka haɗa da naman alade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bacon Cinnamon Roll (4 pack) |url=https://store59449804.shopsettings.com/Bacon-Cinnamon-Roll-4pk-p464627869 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Deutsch Apple Bakery}}</ref> A Kanada, an san su da cinnamon rolls ko cinnamon buns. Yawanci suna da kansu kuma ba a rufe su ba, kuma ba su da ruwan inabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagliafierro |first=Angelina |title=UBC Cinnamon Bun |url=https://www.food.ubc.ca/ubc-cinnamon-bun/ |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lugonja |first=Valerie |date=December 19, 2016 |title=Helen McKinney's Canadian Prairie Homemade Cinnamon Buns |url=https://www.acanadianfoodie.com/2016/12/19/homemade-cinnamon-buns/ |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref> Suna iya samun sinamoni da yawa har suna da ɗanɗano kuma suna da zafi ga dandano. === Asiya === A cikin al'adun Asiya, ana iya yin rufin cinnamon ta amfani da fasahar burodi da ake kira tangzhong. Wannan dabarar tana da alaƙa da gurasar madara ta Japan tunda tana ba da taushi, gashin gashi. Ta hanyar dumama gari a daidai 65 ° C ko 149 ° F, starches a cikin gari zai riga ya zama mai ƙanshi, yana sa ya yi kauri fiye da matsakaici. Tangzhong yana ba da damar starches su riƙe danshi na dogon lokaci, wanda ke haifar da rayuwa mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anastopoulo |first=Rossi |title=A Closer Look at Tangzhong |url=https://www.kingarthurbaking.com/blog/2021/02/05/tangzhong-method-soft-pillowy-cinnamon-rolls |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> == Hadisai na Cinnamon == A Sweden da Finland, ana jin daɗin rufin cinnamon a al'ada yayin haɗuwa, gami da amfani da kofi da ko kayan burodi. A Sweden, an san taron a matsayin <nowiki><i id="mwARE">fika</i></nowiki>, yawanci ana gudanar da shi da rana, ta abokan aiki a lokacin hutu, ta abokai ko ta iyali. Ana kiyaye Ranar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa (''Kanelbullens dag'') a ranar 4 ga Oktoba a Sweden da Finland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2009 |title=Kanelbullens dag – 4 oktober &#124; Temadagar |url=https://temadagar.se/kanelbullens-dag/ |website=temadagar.se}}</ref> A Denmark, buns na cinnamon sun shahara musamman a ranar Laraba, inda ake sayar da wani babban bambancin da ake kira kwari na Laraba. An kirkiro wannan al'adar musamman a cikin shekarun 1990 <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2017 |title=triviatirsdag: onsdagssnegl |url=http://omveje.com/triviatirsdag-onsdagssnegl/}}</ref> inda ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ke yawan buga wasanninsu a ranar Laraba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tare da [[Topfengolatsche]], Buttercroissant da Faschingskrapfen, sinamoni ne na yau da kullun da za a yi da kofi na rana, wanda aka sani da "Kaffe und Kuchen" a Austria da Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Schneckennudeln (German Cinnamon Rolls) |url=https://www.foxyfolksy.com/schneckennudeln-german-cinnamon-rolls/ |website=Foxy Folksy}}</ref> A [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], ana cinye shi don karin kumallo ko kayan zaki. Lokacin da aka ci karin kumallo a Amurka, ana iya ba da shi tare da cuku mai daskarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screamin' Cinnamon Rolls With Cream Cheese Frosting |url=http://www.food.com/recipe/screamin-cinnamon-rolls-with-cream-cheese-frosting-87768 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=Food.com}}</ref> Gurasar Cinnamon ta shahara musamman a lokacin Kirsimeti a duka Slovakia da Jamhuriyar Czech. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na kayan aikin Kirsimeti na gargajiya a cikin gidaje da yawa, tare da wasu kayan biki kamar vanilla crescents (vanilkové rožteky) da kuki na linzer. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed" heights="180" caption="Baking process"> Fayil:Cinnamon_rolls_shaped_and_ready_to_proof.jpg|alt=7 raw cinnamon rolls in a round pan, with some space between them to allow for expansion|Raw cinnamon rolls Fayil:Cinnamon_rolls_ready_to_bake.jpg|alt=The rolls look puffier and have expanded to fill most of the space|Ready to bake after proofing Fayil:Cinnamon_rolls_partially_baked_in_a_solar_oven.jpg|alt=The rolls have expanded even more, to fill the entire pan from edge to edge with no gaps. The dough looks dry but is pale and soft|Partially baked rolls in a solar cooker Fayil:Cinnamon_rolls_fully_baked.jpg|alt=The rolls are dry and golden brown.|Fully baked cinnamon rolls </gallery>{{Commonscat|Cinnamon rolls}} == Dubi kuma == * Ensaïmada <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> * [[List of buns|Jerin burodi]] </div>{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9i1346dblcilz7v8vv43fyfgiba2h5 0 114969 890934 801240 2026-08-03T12:47:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beit HaShita''' ( Hebrew , haske. ''Gidan [[Bagaruwa|Acacia]]'' ) kibbutz me wato wani guri ne a arewacin Isra'ila, ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Yankin Gilboa . Ya zuwa shekarar 2023 tana da yawan jama'a 1,464 . [ 2 ] == Geography == Wurin da aka gina na Beit Hashita ya tashi daga mita 70 ƙasa da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] zuwa matakin teku. == Tarihi == An samo yumbu da tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin [[Daular Rumawa|Rumawa]] a yankin Beit Hashita. Kibbutz ya samo asali ne daga taron ƙungiyar da aka yi a Hadera a cikin shekarar 1928, na "Kvuzat HaHugim" na ƙungiyar HaMahanot HaOlim daga Haifa da [[Jerusalem]] . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Historical summary on kibbutz website |url=http://beithashita.org.il/apage/63976.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123051333/http://beithashita.org.il/apage/63976.php |archive-date=2015-11-23 |access-date=2015-09-08}}</ref> Membobin farko sun rayu a kusa da Ein Harod har zuwa shekarar 1934, lokacin da aka fara kafa kibbutz a wurin da yake yanzu kimanin 1.&nbsp;km gabas da Shata . <ref name="history" /> Kamfanin Palestine Land Development Company ya sayi ƙasar kibbutz daga hannun Larabawa masu shi a cikin shekarar 1931. A cikin shekarar 2015, jikar mazauna kibbutz, Jasmine Donahaye, ta buga ''Losing Israel'' inda ta nuna rashin jin daɗin ta game da korar Larabawa a kan kafuwar kib. Daga baya an ba wa kibbutz sunan garin Beit Hashita na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, inda Madayanawa suka gudu bayan Gidiyon ya buge shi (Alƙalawa 7:22), ana tunanin inda Shata yake. Tana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Yankin Gilboa . A cikin ƙididdigar shekara ta 1945, ''Beit hash Shitta'' tana da mazauna 590, duka Yahudawa. An lura cewa ''Shata'' madadin suna ne. <gallery> Fayil:בית_השיטה_-_מראה_(פנורמה).-JNF045560.jpeg| Beit HaShita 1940 Fayil:בית_השיטה_-_מראה_(פנורמה).-JNF045559.jpeg| Beit HaShita 1940 Fayil:קיבוץ_בית-השיטה-JNF016733.jpeg| Beit HaShita 1945 Fayil:Beit_HaShita.jpg|alt=Palmach camp at Beit HaShita, 1947| Palmach sansanin a Beit HaShita, 1947 </gallery> === Bayan-1948 === A cikin shekarar 1948, Beit HaShita ta karɓi dunams 5,400 na ƙasa daga sabbin ƙauyukan [[Falasdinawa|Larabawa]] na Yubla da Al-Murassas . Membobin kibbutz goma sha ɗaya sun faɗi a lokacin Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973, adadi mafi girma a matsayin kaso na yawan jama'a fiye da kowane gari a Isra'ila. == Tattalin Arziƙi == Beit Hashita ta samar da auduga, alkama, kankana, zaitun da 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus. Akwai kuma rumbun kiwo da kaji da kuma gonar kifi. A cikin shekarar 1960s, Beit HaShita ya kafa masana'antar tsinko wanda ke samarwa da kasuwannin kayan zaki, zaituni da kayan marmari a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Beit HaShita. Har ila yau, masana'antar ta samar da syrups don yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace a ƙarƙashin sunan mai suna Vitaminchick. An sayi masana'antar daga kibbutz a cikin shekarar 1998 ta masana'antar abinci ta Isra'ila, Osem == Addini da al'adu == Cibiyar Kibbutz don Hutu da Al'adun Yahudawa, ƙungiyar da ke kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar kibbutz, memba na kibbutz Aryeh Ben-Gurion, ɗan'uwan Firayim Ministan Isra'ila David Ben-Gurion ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kibbutz Institute for Holidays and Jewish Culture |url=http://www.chagim.org.il/ListPages.aspx?catid=717 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307012309/http://www.chagim.org.il/ListPages.aspx?catid=717 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Beit Hashita ya kasance tushen tushen littafin ''Kibbutz Makom'' na Ingilishi na 1981, wanda ya bayyana al'ummar kibbutz. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Shulamit}}</ref> Yawancin iyalai na kibbutz masu zaman kansu ne. Akwai wata <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">Orthodox</span></nowiki>''</sup> . == Fitattun mutane == * Yair Rosenblum * Azariya Alon * Musa Peled == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Littafi Mai Tsarki ==   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.beithashita.org.il Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103619/http://www.beithashita.org.il/ |date=2015-02-08 }} * Binciken Falasdinawa ta Yamma, taswira 9: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8371 IAA]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.09.jpg Wikimedia Commons] * [https://haifa-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/collectionDiscovery?vid=HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81164295920002791&lang=en_US Tarin Kibbutz Beit HaShita] akan Tarin Dijital na Younes da Laburaren Soraya Nazarian, Jami'ar Haifa [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ye6eif29iiu9ocr367e4v0v3nzwbzu 0 115342 891301 708616 2026-08-04T11:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891301 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Ebonylife TV tashar talabijin ce ta nishadantarwa mallakar Mosunmola Abudu wacce aka fi sani da Mo Abudu, An kaddamar da ita a kan DSTV a watan Yulin 2013 daga baya aka kara tasha zuwa DSTV a watan Satumba 2014.<ref>"EbonyLife TV channel to go off DSTV". Vanguard News. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</ref> Bayan haɗin gwiwa da gamsar da tsarin gudanarwa Ebonylife TV ya yi tare da DSTV sama da shekaru biyar, Ebonylife TV ta ƙare shirye-shiryenta tare da DSTV kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Agusta 2018 don fara watsa shirye-shirye a cibiyar sadarwar StarTimes,<ref>"EbonyLife TV pulls plug on DSTV, to begin life as streaming service". Businessday NG. 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</ref> haɗin gwiwa tare da farawa shine don haɓakawa da haɓaka abun ciki na gida ga masu kallo da masu biyan kuɗi a Afirka da kuma ba da damar 'yan Najeriya da masu kallo gabaɗaya su more araha cikin sabis.<ref>"EbonyLife TV ends exclusivity with DSTV, expands globally". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</ref> == Ayyuka da nasarorin == A cikin 2021, Ebonylife TV ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da Ebonylife Creative Academy, wanda ke da niyyar inganta ingancin samar da fina-finai na gida, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]], Ebonylife creative academy tana ba da gajeren darussan ƙwararru game da yin fim, abun ciki na kafofin watsa labarai da sauran darussan da suka danganci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Inside the Newly-Launched EbonyLife Creative Academy and Studios |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/ebonylife-creative-academy-2/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebonylife TV da kafofin watsa labarai sun zama gidan watsa labarai na farko na Afirka da ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da [[Netflix]] kuma wannan ya sa [[Netflix]] ya sami damar samun sabbin fina-finai da Ebonylife Television ta samar kamar Castle da Castle da sauransu. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Sony Pictures Television (SPT) ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun kammala yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da EbonyLife TV wanda zai hada da hadin gwiwar The Dahomey Warriors, jerin game da Amazons waɗanda suka dauki masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin karni na 19 na mulkin Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Chris |title=Nollywood, Sony Pictures join forces for TV series on all-female African army |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/29/africa/nollywood-hollywood-female-african-tv-show/index.html |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=CNN}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2020, AMC Networks (Amurka) ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da EbonyLife don samar da ''Najeriya 2099'', wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na gaba wanda EbonyLife ta kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=2020-01-17 |title=Mo Abudu's Ebonylife is developing an Afro-futuristic Crime-Drama for AMC Networks. |url=https://culturecustodian.com/ebonylife-amc-nigeria-2099/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014) |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2020, an sanar da sabon haɗin gwiwa tsakanin EbonyLife TV da Netflix. Babban mai gudana ya sami jerin wasan kwaikwayo na EbonyLife: Castle &amp;amp; Castle, Fifty, Sons of the Caliphate, 'A kan Gaskiya, tare da wasan kwaikwayo nA Gaskiya, The Dating Game da fim din, The Royal Hibiscus Hotel . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=2020-02-10 |title=Ebonylife's Legal Drama 'Castle & Castle' is coming to Netflix |url=https://culturecustodian.com/castle-castle-netflix/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014) |language=en-US}}</ref> Ebonylife TV ya kara da nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar tabbatar da haƙƙin tare da Will Packer Productions da Universal Pictures don samar da fim akan Hushpuppi, wanda aka kama kwanan nan saboda ayyukan zamba. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa mataimakin EbonyLife Media ya sami yarjejeniyar ci gaba tare da BBC Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-11-29 |title=BBC Studios Sets Development Deal With Mo Abudu's EbonyLife Media |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/bbc-studios-ebonylife-mo-abudu-development-deal-1235121040/ |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fim din Ebonylife == Fim din Ebonylife ya samar da fina-finai da yawa da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin a Najeriya. Fim din da Ebonylife ta samar ya bayyana yana da kyau sosai, saboda koyaushe suna samun kuɗi sosai. Fim din farko na Ebonylife, Fifty a cikin 2015 shine fim din da ya fi samun kudade a Najeriya a cikin 2015 da 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-30 |title=Nigerian movie breaks box office record, makes N20m in holiday weekend |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fifty-nigerian-movie-breaks-box-office-record-makes-n20m-in-holiday-weekend/w3sth1z |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008190006/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fifty-nigerian-movie-breaks-box-office-record-makes-n20m-in-holiday-weekend/w3sth1z |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Wedding Party, wani daga cikin ayyukan fina-finai na Ebonylife, ya zama mafi girman taken kowane lokaci a masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ([[Nollywood]]) a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-23 |title=The Wedding Party 2 Sequel becomes highest grossing Nollywood movie of all time |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wedding-party-2-sequel-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-all-time/phnsbvv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008181556/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wedding-party-2-sequel-becomes-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-all-time/phnsbvv |archive-date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Fim === * Kashi hamsin * [[The Wedding Party (fim na 2016)|Bikin Bikin Aure]] * [[The Wedding Party 2|Bikin Bikin Aure na 2]] * [[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel|Otal din Royal Hibiscus]] * [[Chief Daddy|Babban Daddy]] * [[Chief Daddy 2: Going for Broke|Cif Daddy 2: Going for Broke]] * [[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]] * [[Òlóturé|Rashin ƙanshi]] * [[Elesin Oba, The king's Horseman|Elesin Oba, Mai Hawan Sarki]] === Zaɓaɓɓen talabijin === * Gidan sarauta da Gidan sarauniya * Gwamna * Rashin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa * Shida da Shida * [[Sons of the Caliphate|'Ya'yan Khalifanci]] * [[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters (jerin 2022)]] * [[Òlòtūré: The Journey|Òlòtūré: Tafiyar]] == Manazarta == 0zu2aqzogwwwrw11ki9frimw3b1dkk2 0 116012 891107 789108 2026-08-03T21:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hon. Prince Chinedu Afamuefuna Nsofor''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kpakpando Ndigbo''', masanin fasaha ne na Najeriya, mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban zamantakewa, kuma ɗan siyasa. An san shi da shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa, shirye-shirye na ci gaban al'umma, da kuma shiga siyasa a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=danivert |date=2025-07-16 |title=PDP aspirant, Nsofor survives abduction, narrates ordeal |url=https://thesun.ng/pdp-aspirant-nsofor-survives-abduction-narrates-ordeal/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2025-07-02 |title=BIODATA OF HON. PRINCE CHINEDU NSOFOR (KPAKPANDO NDIGBO) FRONT-LINE PDP |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929010120/https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === An haifi Chinedu Nsofor a cikin dangin Nsofor na Irefi, Oraifite, a yankin karamar hukuma na [[Ekwusigo]] na jihar Anambra . Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare da Sakandare ta Mayrays a [[Onitsha]] kafin ya yi karatun Social Work a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]], inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola]], [[Ogbomosho]], kuma ya bi karatun digiri a wannan fagen. Baya ga aikinsa na ilimi, ya halarci Makarantar Ma'aikatar Dunamis a [[Abuja]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2024-01-26 |title=PROFILE OF CHINEDU A. NSOFOR |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/profile-of-chinedu-a-nsofor/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929024541/https://saharaweeklyng.com/profile-of-chinedu-a-nsofor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka === Nsofor ta shiga cikin shirye-shirye da yawa da suka mayar da hankali kan karfafa matasa, samun ƙwarewa, da ci gaban zamantakewa. An yaba masa da fara shirin Aiki yayin da yake cikin Makaranta, wanda ya taimaka wa dubban dalibai hada ilimi tare da kasuwanci da horar da sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2024-07-27 |title=HOW CHINEDU NSOFOR CHANGED THE NARRATIVES AT UNN THROUGH HIS WORK WHILE IN |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/how-chinedu-nsofor-changed-the-narratives-at-unn-through-his-work-while-in-school-initiative-by-don-peter-okoro/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929020032/https://saharaweeklyng.com/how-chinedu-nsofor-changed-the-narratives-at-unn-through-his-work-while-in-school-initiative-by-don-peter-okoro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma taka rawar jagoranci a kungiyoyi daban-daban, gami da zama Manajan Darakta na Aiki yayin da yake cikin Kungiyar Makaranta, Darakta ta Kasa ta RapidHeal International, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapidheal Nigeria |url=https://rapidhealclinic.com/rapidheal-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Rapid Heal Clinic |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Darakta Na Shirye-shiryen Asia Pacific Sports International. Ta hanyar waɗannan matsayi, ya daidaita horo, ayyukan hada kuɗi, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpolu |first=Angela |date=2024-01-25 |title=Imo Ex-deputy Governor's Legacies Applauded |url=https://leadership.ng/imo-ex-deputy-governors-legacies-applauded/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Gidauniyar Iwuanyanwu, mai kula da kasa na Gidauniwar Ambulance ta Kasa ta Iwuanyanwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2025-07-02 |title=BIODATA OF HON. PRINCE CHINEDU NSOFOR (KPAKPANDO NDIGBO) FRONT-LINE PDP |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929010120/https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Iwuanyanwu I knew - Chinedu Nsofor |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/07/26/the-iwuanyanwu-i-knew-chinedu-nsofor/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === A cikin 2025, Nsofor ya bayyana niyyarsa ta tsaya takarar kujerar [[Majalisar Dattawan Anambra ta kudu|Sanata ta Kudu ta Anambra]] a karkashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa matasa, farfado da tattalin arziki, ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma dokokin da suka shafi al'umma. Shirye-shiryensa sun haɗa da inganta tsarin ilmantarwa, kafa cibiyoyin samun ƙwarewa, tallafawa cibiyoyin masana'antu, da kuma ba da shawara ga cibiyoyin tattalin arziki masu ƙarfi a yankin Kudu maso Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2025-07-02 |title=BIODATA OF HON. PRINCE CHINEDU NSOFOR (KPAKPANDO NDIGBO) FRONT-LINE PDP |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929010120/https://saharaweeklyng.com/biodata-of-hon-prince-chinedu-nsofor-kpakpando-ndigbo-front-line-pdp-senatorial-aspirant-for-anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lamarin satar mutane === A watan Yulin 2025, yayin da yake tafiya ta [[Jihar Kogi]], 'yan bindiga sun sace Nsofor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=danivert |date=2025-07-16 |title=PDP aspirant, Nsofor survives abduction, narrates ordeal |url=https://thesun.ng/pdp-aspirant-nsofor-survives-abduction-narrates-ordeal/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ya tsere daga bauta ba tare da ya biya fansa ba, wani abin da ya bayyana a matsayin mu'ujiza da kuma aikin sa hannun Allah. Wannan lamari ya hana shi kammala tsarin zabensa na Majalisar Dattijai. Bayan an sake shi, ya gudanar da hidimar godiya inda ya nuna godiya ga rayuwarsa kuma ya sake tabbatar da jajircewarsa ga hidimar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2025-07-24 |title=DIVINE INTERVENTION: SPECIAL INVITATION TO MY SURVIVAL/VICTORY THANKSGIVING |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/divine-intervention-survival-victory-thanksgivi/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912102048/https://saharaweeklyng.com/divine-intervention-survival-victory-thanksgivi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka na baya === Bayan zaben 2025, Nsofor ya ci gaba da magana kan batutuwan gwamnati, sake fasalin tattalin arziki, da karfafa matasa. Ya jaddada muhimmancin ci gaban noma, kirkire-kirkire, da lissafi a ofishin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=danivert |date=2025-08-31 |title=Ex Anambra South aspirant decries rising insecurity in Nigeria |url=https://thesun.ng/ex-anambra-south-aspirant-decries-rising-insecurity-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekly |first=Sahara |date=2025-08-14 |title=APPRECIATION MESSAGE FROM HON. PRINCE CHINEDU NSOFOR(KPAKPANDO NDIGBO) TO |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/prince-chinedu-nsoforkpakpando-ndigbo-to-my-s/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929021658/https://saharaweeklyng.com/prince-chinedu-nsoforkpakpando-ndigbo-to-my-s/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2u0okj75hr92y38v8ad2aij2puif4nb 0 116368 891218 839607 2026-08-04T07:06:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Prof._Dhruv_Raina.jpg|thumb]] Haɗin ilimi tare da S. Irfan Habib ya haifar da buga jerin labaran bincike (wanda aka tattara kwanan nan a matsayin kundin da ake kira, Domesticating Modern Science, 2004) akan sake fasalin al'adu na kimiyya ta zamani a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka. Sun shirya wani girma a kan Joseph Needham (Situating the History of Science, 1999) da kuma sashen kan Kimiyya a Kudancin Kashi na ashirin da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don kundi na 7 na UNESCO's History of Mankind Project . [1] A halin yanzu yana cikin Majalisar Sashen Ma'ana, Hanyar da Falsafar Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ƙungiyar Tarihi da Falsafa ta Duniya (2020-2023). <ref>{{Cite web |title=DLMPST Website: Council 2020-2023 |url=http://dlmps.org/pages/council/council-2020-2023.php |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Dhruv Raina da S. Irfan Habib (ed.). 1999. ''Yanayin Tarihin Kimiyya: Tattaunawa tare da Joseph Needham'' . New Delhi: Oxford University Press . [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJEPPwAACAAJ] * Dhruv Raina 2003. ''Hotuna da Yanayi: Tarihin Kimiyya da zamani a Indiya''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press . [https://academic.oup.com/book/4022] * Dhruv Raina da S. Irfan Habib . 2004. Domesticating Modern Science: Tarihin Jama'a na Kimiyya da Al'adu a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka . New Delhi: Littattafan Tulika . [https://tulikabooks.in/catalog/product/view/id/21727/s/domesticating-modern-science-tulika/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618013009/https://tulikabooks.in/catalog/product/view/id/21727/s/domesticating-modern-science-tulika/ |date=2024-06-18 }} * S. Irfan Habib da Dhruv. Ruwan sama. (Abin da ke tattare da su). 2007. Tarihin Kimiyya na Jama'a a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka . New Delhi: Oxford University Press . [https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-abstract/43/1/238/916055?redirectedFrom=fulltext] * Feza Günnergun da Dhruv Raina (ed.). 2011. ''Kimiyya tsakanin Turai da Asiya: Nazarin Tarihi kan watsawa, Amincewa da Daidaita Ilimi, Nazarin Boston a Falsafar Kimiyya''. Dordrecht: Springer . [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-481-9968-6] * Dhruv Raina 2015. ''Cibiyar sadarwa ta Indiya ta Needham: Binciken Gida don Tarihin Kimiyya a Indiya (1950-1970) ''. New Delhi: Yoda Press . [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoVuvgAACAAJ] * Hans Harder da Dhruv Raina (Eds.). 2022. ''Hanyar horo da ƙungiyoyi: Tattaunawa tsakanin Indiya da Duniya mai magana da Jamusanci.'' Hyderabad: Gabas Blackswan. == Dubi kuma == * Nazarin kimiyya da fasaha a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30403&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Bayani a shafin yanar gizon JNU] * [https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/raina.php Bayanan martaba, Cibiyar Kudancin Asiya, Jami'ar Heidelberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809193702/https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/raina.php |date=2024-08-09 }} * [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=9jVr03wAAAAJ&hl=en Masanin Google] * 'Seminar Magazine Special Issue on State of Science: wani taro kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya, ilimi da dimokuradiyya (wanda Dhruv Raina ya shirya) [http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/654.htm Mujallar Seminar Musamman a kan Jihar Kimiyya: wani taro kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya, ilimi da dimokuradiyya (wanda Dhruv Raina ya shirya)] * [http://smf4.emath.fr/Publications/RevueHistoireMath/9/pdf/smf_rhm_9_253-306.pdf "Tsakanin Jesuit da Haskakawa HIstoriography: Tarihin Jean-Sylvain Baily na Astronomy na Indiya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128061817/http://smf4.emath.fr/Publications/RevueHistoireMath/9/pdf/smf_rhm_9_253-306.pdf |date=2016-01-28 }} * "Bincike a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na "Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Al'umma" Ilimi a Jami'o'in Indiya da Cibiyoyin Fasaha" * [http://mediathek.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/mediathekPublic/versionEins/Conferences-Workshops/Global-Transfer-of-Knowledge/Transfer-of-Knowledge-Institutions.html Cibiyoyin da Canjin Ilimi na Duniya: Tattaunawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125140559/http://mediathek.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/mediathekPublic/versionEins/Conferences-Workshops/Global-Transfer-of-Knowledge/Transfer-of-Knowledge-Institutions.html |date=2016-01-25 }} * [http://www.metanexus.net/profile/dhruv-raina "Yaya za a je sama ko kuma yadda sammai ke tafiya?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704205040/http://metanexus.net/profile/dhruv-raina |date=2017-07-04 }} * [http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol49_4_11_DRaina.pdf "Aikin Classic: Muhimmancin zamani na Tarihin P.C. Ray"] * "Tsarin Kimiyya na zamani a Kudancin Asiya: Bayani na Tarihi game da Tsarin Gida da Globalization" * [http://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/dhruv-raina-1057 Labarai a cikin Mujallar Down to Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424152407/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/dhruv-raina-1057 |date=2024-04-24 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 27vmmem0543ug3r7w4wakjrccf4lct9 0 116409 891077 833164 2026-08-03T20:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Archbishop '''Charles Agyinasare''' (English pronunciation: / ɑdʒɪnəsɑ:ri / born 22 March 1962) is a [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] pastor who founded the Word Miracle Church International,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Perez Chapel International |url=http://www.perezchapel.org/about/ |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=perezchapel.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Word Miracle Church International Changes Its Name |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Word-Miracle-Church-International-changes-its-name-276602 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=GhanaWeb. |publisher=}}</ref> later Perez Chapel International, a Pentecostal-Charismatic ministry in Ghana. He is the founder of Precious TV,<ref name="Precious TV">{{Cite web |title=Precious TV: About Us |url=http://precioustelevision.tv/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125031116/http://precioustelevision.tv/about/ |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Precious Television}}</ref> Chancellor of the [[Kwalejin Jami'ar Perez|Perez University College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript of President JD Mahama's Remarks- Investiture and Graduation Ceremony, Pan African Christian University College Saturday February 27, 2016 |url=http://www.presidency.gov.gh/node/1144 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816210843/http://www.presidency.gov.gh/node/1144 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of Ghana |ref=www.presidency.gov.gh}}</ref> and author of several books on Christianity.<ref name="Books">{{Cite web |title=Rev Charles Agyinasare |url=http://azaliabooks.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=26&limit=25 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=Azalia Books |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105617/http://azaliabooks.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=26&limit=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Archbishop Charles Agyinasare Charles Yewuraekow Agyinasore a Achiase a Yankin Gabas Ghana a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1962. Daga baya ya koma [[Accra]] a yankin Greater Accra don halartar makaranta. Ya kasance dalibi na baya na Weija Barracks Primary, Armed Forces Experimental School da Nsawam St. Martins . <ref name="myjoyonline">{{Cite web |last=Edwin Appiah |date=13 April 2013 |title=Bola Ray's Personality Profile with Archbishop Charles Agyinasare: The listening experience |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/events/201306/107835.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085017/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/events/201306/107835.php |archive-date=2015-04-13 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |publisher=Myjoyonline}}</ref> A can, ya kasance "masu cin zarafin mata a kwaleji" wanda ya shiga cikin abin da ya kira "zunubi, farin ciki, maye da jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi" da kuma "rayuwa ta shan sigari, rashin jin daɗi, bin 'yan mata, amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi masu wuya, dare-club, da kuma tsayawa tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na sihiri".<ref name="Agyinasare's Life">{{Cite journal |last=Asamoah-Gyadu |first=John |date=2005 |title=Anointing Through the Screen: Neo-Pentecostalism and Televised Christianity in Ghana |url=https://www.academia.edu/4395837 |journal=Studies in World Christianity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=9–28 |doi=10.3366/swc.2005.11.1.9 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Daga baya aka kore shi daga St. Martin. A shekara ta 1980, an gayyaci Agyinasare zuwa Cocin Fentikos, inda, yana da shekaru 18, ya tuba zuwa [[Kiristanci]], an fitar da shi daga rayuwarsa ta lalata, kuma ya shiga Cocin Fintikos.<ref name="Agyinasare's Life" /> A cikin 2011 Agyinasare ya yi sanarwa ta doka game da canza sunan zuwa Charles Agyinasore . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Agyinasare's Name Change |url=http://www.perezchapel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Change-Of-Name.pdf |access-date=29 August 2015 |website=Perezchapel.org |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071050/http://www.perezchapel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Change-Of-Name.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, Enoch Agbodzo ya naɗa Agyinasare a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. A shekara ta 1986, ya yi tafiya zuwa Najeriya don nazarin shirin yaƙi a karkashin jagorancin Benson Idahosa a Benin City, Najeriya. A halin yanzu (2015) babban fasto ne na Perez Dome, wanda ke da ɗakin taro mai kujeru 14,000, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature: Adom Praiz 2013: The Perez Dome is looking for a challenge {{!}} Ghana News24 |url=http://www.ghananews24.com/news/feature-adom-praiz-2013-the-perez-dome-is-looking-for-a-challenge |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ghana News 24. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin babban ɗakin taro a Ghana. Shugaban Ghana, [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]], a ziyarar ya bayyana wurin ibada a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Ghana". <ref>{{Cite web |title='Curses will chase you all your life' - Agyinasare to armed robbers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Curses-will-chase-you-all-your-life-Agyinasare-to-armed-robbers-631238 |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> == Tasirin == A shekara ta 2007 Agyinasare ya sami lambar yabo ta kasa - memba na Order of the Volta (MV) - daga tsohon Shugaban Jamhuriyar [[Ghana]] [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], saboda nasarorin da ya samu wajen kare kyawawan Afirka a matsayin shugaban addini.<ref name="MV2">{{Cite web |title=76 Nominated for National Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/138662/1/76-nominated-for-national-awards.html |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Modern Ghana |publisher=myjoyonline}}</ref><ref name="MV Nominees2">{{Cite web |title=Government Nominates 76 For National Awards |url=http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=nws&read=5921 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=AMA Ghana District |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Farfesa Clifton Clarke ya ba Agyinasare lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Duniya daga Jami'ar Regent, Amurka don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ya yi na tayar da shugabannin a duk faɗin duniya da kuma tasirinsa a duk faɗakarwar duniya.<ref name="GLA2">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Agyinasare Honoured With Global Leadership Award |url=http://m.starrfmonline.com/1.4672161 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website= |publisher=StarrFM Online}}</ref> An ba shi sanarwa daga Jihar Texas kuma ɗan ƙasa ne mai daraja na Texas. An ce Agyinasare shine dan Ghana na 20 mafi tasiri bisa ga wani zabe a Ghana wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.facebook.com/Archbishop.Charles.Agyinasare?mibextid=LQQJ4d] * [http://www.perezchapel.org Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Perez Chapel] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] cjaqk3jz8um5mvby8lewmd8zh2r8nwq 0 120548 891171 735049 2026-08-04T02:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Crystal Marie Reed''' (an haife ta Fabrairu 6, 1985) <ref name="Twitter">{{Cite tweet|user=CrystalmReed}}</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba’amurke. Ta yi fice wajen wasa Allison Argent a cikin jerin ''Teen Wolf'' (2011 – 2014). <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2010 |title=Tyler Posey and Crystal Reed Exclusive Interview TEEN WOLF (MTV's Reboot Airing in 2011) |url=https://collider.com/tyler-posey-crystal-reed-interview-teen-wolf/ |access-date=January 7, 2015 |website=Collider}}</ref> Ta bar jerin bayan kakar wasa ta uku amma ta fito baƙo a kakar wasa ta biyar a matsayin kakan Allison Marie-Jeanne Valet. Reed ta ci gaba da mayar da matsayinta na Allison Argent a cikin fim ɗin haɗuwar ''Teen Wolf: Fim ɗin'' (2023). Reed ya buga Sofia Falcone a kakar wasa ta hudu na ''Gotham'' (2017 – 2018) da kuma jagorancin Abby Arcane a cikin jerin ''Swamp Thing'' (2019). Ta kuma fito a cikin fina-finan ''Skyline'' (2010), ''Crush'' (2013), ''Too Late'' (2015) da ''Ghostland'' (2018). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Reed kuma ya girma a [[Detroit]] ga iyayen Poland da ƴan asalin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocca |first=Jane |date=August 25, 2016 |title=What I know about women: Darren McMullen |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/what-i-know-about-women-darren-mcmullen-20160825-gr18jy.html |access-date=August 22, 2019 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Reed ta girma a cikin dangin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kodayake ta kuma bayyana cewa ta halarci cocin Baptist tana girma kuma ba ta ji daɗinsa ba. Reed ya ce "Na tsane shi kuma na san cewa ba zan taba shiga ciki ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Jensen |date=August 15, 2011 |title="Teen Wolf"'s Crystal Reed: "Nothing Infuriates Me More Than Small-Minded People" |url=http://www.thebacklot.com/teen-wolfs-crystal-reed-nothing-infuriates-me-more-than-small-minded-people/08/2011/ |access-date=January 8, 2015 |website=Thebacklot.com}}</ref> Ta sauke karatu daga [[Roseville High School (Michigan)|Roseville High School]], a [[Roseville, Michigan|Roseville]], a cikin 2003. <ref name="WSJ2">{{Cite web |last=Cheney |first=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2011 |title=My First Job: ''Teen Wolf''{{'}}s Crystal Reed |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-65613 |access-date=September 3, 2011 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Reed ya yi karatun rawa tun yana karami kuma ya kasance kyaftin din rawa a makarantar sakandare. Ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yanki kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin mawakan ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', ''[[Fiddler on the Roof|Fiddler akan Rufin]]'' da ''[[Grease (musical)|man shafawa]]'' . Ta halarci [[Wayne State University|Jami'ar Jihar Wayne]] kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na shirin [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]], amma ta bar shirin lokacin da ta yi tambaya ko ya dace da ita. "Na yi rajista don babban shirin tsare-tsare na BFA," in ji ta. "Sun kasance masu tsauri game da hanyoyin yin aiki, musamman game da yadda muke yin abubuwa kuma na fara tambayar ko wuri ne da ya dace a gare ni, kuma ko da gaske [daya] yana buƙatar digiri don zama mai fasaha." Ta koma [[Chicago]] kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasu abubuwan samarwa na gida. A cikin Disamba 2008, ta koma [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] don yin aikin allo. <ref name="CastBio2">[http://www.muchmusic.com/tv/teenwolf/crystal.aspx ''Teen Wolf Cast Bios - Crystal Reed'']{{Dead link|date=May 2019}} - MuchMusic</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Crystal_Reed_3,_2012.jpg|left|thumb|Reed a 2012 PaleyFest]] A cikin 2010, baƙon Reed ya yi tauraro a cikin ''CSI: Binciken Scene Crime'', ''CSI: NY'', ''Rizzoli &amp;amp; Isles'' da ''Hard Times na RJ Berger'' . A cikin 2011, ta fara wasa Allison Argent a cikin jerin MTV ''Teen Wolf'' . Kafin kakar wasa ta uku na jerin, Reed ya so ya ci gaba daga wasan kwaikwayon, yin abubuwa daban-daban da kuma gano wasu yankunan fim da kirkire-kirkire. Ta tuntubi mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayon, Jeff Davis, wanda ya goyi bayan shawararta. Reed ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin Maris 2014 a cikin hanyar mutuwar Allison Argent a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Swift |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Teen Wolf's Latest Victim Speaks Out: Why I Asked To Leave the Show |url=http://tvline.com/2014/03/18/teen-wolf-crystal-reed-allison-death-explained-interview/ |access-date=January 7, 2015 |website=Tvline.com}}</ref> Reed kuma ta bayyana cewa sha'awarta ta barin wasan kwaikwayon ya shafi bambancin shekaru ga halinta. Reed yana da shekaru 29 yana wasa mai shekaru 17 a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta uku. Ta bayyana a cikin Fabrairu 23, 2016, episode, "The Maid of Gévaudan" a matsayin na farko Argent werewolf mafarauci Marie-Jeanne Valet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiest |first=Brianna |date=8 January 2016 |title=Crystal Reed Is Returning to ''Teen Wolf'', and You'll Never Guess What Character She's Playing |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/crystal-reed-teen-wolf-return |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[Teen Vogue]]}}</ref> <ref name="andyswift">{{Cite web |last=Andy Swift |date=January 7, 2016 |title=''Teen Wolf'': Crystal Reed Returning In Flashback — Season 5B Spoilers |url=http://tvline.com/2016/01/07/teen-wolf-crystal-reed-returning-season-5b-spoilers-allison/ |website=TVLine |access-date=November 16, 2025 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209204224/https://tvline.com/2016/01/07/teen-wolf-crystal-reed-returning-season-5b-spoilers-allison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da take tallata ''Gotham'', Reed ta ce za ta so ta kasance wani ɓangare na sake yi ko jujjuyawar ''Teen Wolf'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Crystal Reed Would Love to Do a Teen Wolf Spin-Off |url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/crystal-reed-teen-wolf-spin-off/ |access-date=September 7, 2018 |website=TV Guide}}</ref> Kyautar fim ɗin Reed sun haɗa da ''Skyline'' da ''Crazy, Stupid, Love'' . Ta yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro ''Ghostland'', wanda mai shirya fina-finan Faransa Pascal Laugier ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2018 |title=NEWS[Review] Pascal Laugier's ''Incident in a Ghostland'' is Problematic Shock Value in a Half-Baked Story |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3505949/review-pascal-laugiers-incident-ghostland-problematic-shock-value-half-baked-story/ |access-date=October 25, 2021 |website=Bloody Disgusting}}</ref> An fara fitar da fim ɗin a Faransa a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2018. A kan Yuli 22, 2017, an jefa Reed a cikin yanayi na hudu na jerin talabijin na [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] ''Gotham'' kamar yadda Sofia Falcone, 'yar Carmine Falcone . An fara kakar wasa ta huɗu na ''Gotham'' a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Comic-Con: ''The Expanse'' Taps ''Lost'' Alum Elizabeth Mitchell For Recurring Role, Unveils New Trailer |url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/22/ |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Hoton Reed na Falcone shine karo na farko da ɗan wasan barkwanci ya kasance a cikin nunin talabijin ko fim. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa an jefa Reed a cikin jagorancin jerin talabijin na DC Universe <nowiki><i id="mwow">Swamp Thing</i></nowiki> . Ta bayyana Abby Arcane, likitar CDC mai wayo kuma mai kulawa wacce ta dawo garinsu a [[Louisiana]] kuma ta binciki abin da ake ganin kamar kwayar cuta ce ta fadama amma nan da nan ta gano cewa fadama yana rike da sirrin asiri da ban tsoro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=6 September 2018 |title=''Swamp Thing'': Crystal Reed To Star As Abby Arcane In DC Universe Series |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/swamp-thing-crystal-reed-star-abby-arcane-dc-universe-series-cast-1202458527/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Deadline}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da ''Swamp Thing'' ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2019. A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa Paramount + ya ba da umarnin sake haduwa da fim ɗin ''Teen Wolf'', tare da Jeff Davis ya dawo a matsayin marubucin allo kuma babban mai shirya fim ɗin. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na asali, gami da Reed, an saita su don mayar da ayyukansu. <ref name="Announcement">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=September 24, 2021 |title=''Teen Wolf'' Revival Movie Set at Paramount Plus as Creator Jeff Davis Inks MTV Entertainment Studios Overall Deal (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/teen-wolf-revival-movie-paramount-plus-jeff-davis-overall-deal-1235073403/ |access-date=September 24, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref name="Hoechlin">{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=May 13, 2022 |title=''Teen Wolf'' Movie: Tyler Hoechlin Set to Return for Paramount+ Revival |url=https://tvline.com/2022/05/13/tyler-hoechlin-teen-wolf-movie-2022-reunion-cast-derek-hale/ |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> An fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2023. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Reed ta ce ta ƙaura daga garinsu ne saboda "ba ta da hankali sosai kuma ba ta yarda da abubuwan da nake yarda da su ba". <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teen Wolf''{{'}}s Crystal Reed: 'Nothing Infuriates Me More Than Small-Minded People' |url=http://www.newnownext.com/teen-wolfs-crystal-reed-nothing-infuriates-me-more-than-small-minded-people/08/2011/ |access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> Reed ya yi wa [[Hillary Clinton]] yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka a 2016 . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=crystalmreed|title=En route to Oklahoma to {{as written|campai|n [sic]}} for @HillaryClinton We're stronger together! #ImWithHer|date=August 29, 2016|access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> Reed ya lissafa golf a matsayin ɗayan abubuwan sha'awarta lokacin da ba ta yin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=crystalmreed|title=I play a golf and spend loads of time with the people that matter the most to me. #AskCrystal|first=Crystal|last=Reed|access-date=October 25, 2021|date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> == Filmography == [[Fayil:Crystal_Reed_Comic-Con_2012.jpg|thumb|Reed a 2012 San Diego Comic-Con]] === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2010 | ''Skyline'' | Denise | |- | 2011 | ''Mahaukaci, Wawa, Soyayya.'' | Amy Johnson | |- | 2012 | ''Yahudawa'' | Rebecca asalin | |- | 2013 | ''Murkushe'' | Bess | Fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo |- | 2015 | ''Yayi Latti'' | Dorothy Mahler ne adam wata | |- | 2018 | ''Ghostland'' | Elizabeth "Beth" Keller | |- | 2022 | ''Pinball: Mutumin da Ya Ceci Wasan'' | Ellen | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2021-07-28 |title=Joel Courtney & Crystal Reed To Star In ''Pinball'' Film From Austin And Meredith Bragg |url=https://deadline.com/movie/joel-courtney-&-crystal-reed-to-star-in-pinball-film-from-austin-&-meredith-bragg/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''Teen Wolf: Fim'' | Allison Argent | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="4" | 2010 | ''CSI: Binciken Scene na Laifuka'' | Julie | Episode: "Batattu & Samu" |- | ''CSI: NY'' | Jules Roday | Episode: "La'ananne idan kun yi" |- | ''Hard Times na RJ Berger'' | Renee | Episode: "The Berger Cometh" |- | ''Rizzoli &amp;amp; Tsibirin'' | Natalie | Episode: "Tana aiki tuƙuru don kuɗi" |- | 2011 | scope="row" | ''Drop Dead Diva'' | Ali | Episode: "Ya ce, ta ce" |- | rowspan="2" | 2011-2014, 2016 | rowspan="2" | ''Teen Wolf'' | Allison Argent | Babban rawar (lokaci 1-3) |- | Marie-Jeanne Valet | Episode: "Maid of Gévaudan" |- | 2017-2018 | ''Gotham'' | Sofia Falcone | Babban rawar (lokaci na 4) |- | 2019 | ''Abun fadama'' | Abby Arcane | Babban rawa |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | rowspan="2" | Kyautar Kyautar Teen Choice | Zabi Tauraron Talabijin na bazara - Mace | ''Teen Wolf'' | {{Nom}} | |- | Zabi Jarumar TV: Fantasy/Sci-Fi | ''Teen Wolf'' | {{Nom}} | |- | 2012 | Kyautar Kyautar Teen Choice | Zabi Tauraron Talabijin na bazara - Mace | ''Teen Wolf'' | {{Nom}} | |- | 2013 | Matasan Hollywood Awards | Mafi kyawun Taro <small>(an raba tare da Tyler Posey, [[Dylan O'Brien]], Tyler Hoechlin, da Holland Roden )</small> | ''Teen Wolf''| {{Won}} | <ref name="YHA">{{Cite web |last=Tepper |first=Allegra |date=August 2, 2013 |title=Kit Harington: 'Horribly Humble and Insanely British' at Young Hollywood Awards |url=https://variety.com/2013/scene/awards/young-hollywood-awards-kit-harington-1200572503/ |access-date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] =Manazarta= kaj7d8vnkmmo0dqup8y0oao85ci86j5 0 121037 891210 737718 2026-08-04T06:08:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David John Wheeler''' (an haife shi a 4 ga Oktoba 1990) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Ingila]] wanda ya buga wa kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na kasar [[Ingila]] kungiyar Exeter City, Queens Park Rangers, Portsmouth, Milton Keynes Dons, Wycombe Wanderers da kuma Shrewsbury Town . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Lewes === Wheeler ya fara aikinsa a Lewes inda ya fara wasa a gasar Firimiya ta 2008-09 a kan Torquay United . Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kan kungiyar Altrincham, ya zira kwallayen sau takwas a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma hudu a kakar wasa ta karshe. === Garin Staines === A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2011, saboda alkawuran tafiye-tafiye da ke da alaƙa da karatunsa a Jami'ar Brunel, Wheeler ya bar kulob din Lewes kuma ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Staines Town na Kungiyar Kudancin saboda ita ce kulob din da ta fi kusa da harabar. Ya fara bugawa Staines a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a ranar 29, a cikin nasarar 2-1 a gida a kan Boreham Wood. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 9, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yan wasa da kuma 'yan wasan kulob din na shekara. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Wheeler ya zira kwallaye 14 mafi kyau, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din ya guje wa koma baya, kuma ya sake maimaita nasarorin da ya samu a kakar da ta gabata ta hanyar karɓar lambobin yabo biyu a ƙarshen girmamawar kakar. Wheeler ya kuma kasance kyaftin din tawagar a mafi yawan kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din. === Birnin Exeter === A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Wheeler ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da kungiyar Exeter City of Football League Two, bayan ya burge a gwaji. Ya fara aikinsa na farko kwana daya bayan haka, a cikin nasarar 2-1 a gida a kan Bristol Rovers. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2013 Wheeler ya zira kwallaye na farko a wasan 2-2 da ya yi da kungiyar Bury . A cikin [[Bury F.C.|Kabari]] 2016-17, Wheeler ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Exeter City ta kai wasan karshe na League Two, ta hanyar zira kwallaye 13 da kwallaye 20 a duk wasannin da kungiyar City ta yi. An ba Wheeler lambar yabo a matsayin Exeter City Player of the Year na wannan kakar. <ref name="POTY1617">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2017 |title=End-of-season Gala Ball: The award winners |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2017/may/end-of-season-gala-ball-the-award-winners/ |access-date=26 January 2019 |publisher=Exeter City F.C.}}</ref> === Queens Park Rangers === A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Wheeler ya sanya hannu a kan Queens Park Rangers don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=David Wheeler joins QPR |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/club-news/david-wheeler-joins-qpr/ |website=www.qpr.co.uk}}</ref> Wheeler ya zira kwallo ta farko na QPR a farkonsa na kulob din, inda ya bude kwallaye a wasan da aka yi da Middlesbrough 3-2. A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, Wheeler ya shiga kungiyar League One ta Portsmouth a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=David Wheeler: Portsmouth sign QPR winger on loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45099936 |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Portsmouth a nasarar 4-0 EFL Trophy a kan Gillingham a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2018. QPR ya tuno da Wheeler daga rance a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2019, ya buga wasanni 18 ga Portsmouth a dukkan gasa. Kashegari, Wheeler ya shiga kungiyar Milton Keynes Dons ta League Two a kan aro don sauran kakar 2018-19, ya sake haduwa da tsohon manajansa a Exeter City, Paul Tisdale . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=David Wheeler: QPR winger joins MK Dons on loan until the end of the season |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47004069 |access-date=25 January 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Masu yawo na Wycombe === Wheeler ya sanya hannu ga kungiyar Wycombe Wanderers a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Wheeler's a Wanderer! |url=https://www.wwfc.com/news/2019/july/wheelers-a-wanderer/ |website=wwfc.com}}</ref> Canjin kyauta ne a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2023, Wheeler ya wallafa wata kasida inda ya ce kwallon kafa ya kamata ya zama mai saurin dogaro da tallafi da tallace-tallace daga kamfanonin caca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=David |date=26 January 2023 |title=As a footballer I am surrounded by gambling ads. This needs to stop {{!}} David Wheeler |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jan/26/footballer-gambling-ads-stop-david-wheeler-wycombe |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2025, an sanar da Wheeler cewa ya bar kulob din, an dakatar da kwangilarsa ta hanyar yardar juna kafin lokacin canja wurin don ba shi damar shiga sabon kulob din.<ref> {{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=David Wheeler leaves the club |url=https://www.wwfc.com/news/2025/february/05/david-wheeler-leaves-the-club/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=www.wwfc.com}}</ref> === Garin Shrewsbury === A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun 2025, Wheeler ya shiga kungiyar League One ta Shrewsbury Town a kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci har zuwa karshen kakar, ya sake haduwa da tsohon kocin Wycombe Wanderers [[Gareth Ainsworth]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Shrewsbury Town snap up David Wheeler |url=https://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/2025/february/20/shrewsbury-town-snap-up-david-wheeler/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=www.shrewsburytown.com |archive-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913000545/https://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/2025/february/20/shrewsbury-town-snap-up-david-wheeler/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2025, Shrewsbury ya sanar da cewa dan wasan zai bar kulob din a watan Yuni lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retained and Released List 2024–25 |url=https://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/2025/may/07/retained-and-released-list-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.shrewsburytown.com |archive-date=2025-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507170527/https://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/2025/may/07/retained-and-released-list-2024-25/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin 2008-09, Wheeler ya buga wasanni takwas ga [[Ingila]] U18 Schoolboys . == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 12 April 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Lewes |2008–09<ref name="Soccerwaystats" /> |Taron Kasa |19 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |1 |- |2009–10<ref name="Soccerwaystats">{{Cite web |title=D. Wheeler |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/david-wheeler/76460/ |access-date=26 January 2019 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> |Taron Kudu |38 |8 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |8 |- |2010–11<ref name="Soccerwaystats" /> |Taron Kudu |31 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !88 !13 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !88 !13 |- | rowspan="3" |Garin Staines |2011–12<ref name="Soccerwaystats" /> |Taron Kudu |29 |9 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |29 |9 |- |2012–13<ref name="Soccerwaystats" /> |Taron Kudu |41 |14 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |14 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !70 !23 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !70 !23 |- | rowspan="6" |Birnin Exeter |2013–14 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |35 |3 |1 |0 |1 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Football League Trophy]]}} |0 |38 |3 |- |2014–15 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |45 |7 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |47 |7 |- |2015–16 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |31 |6 |3 |0 |2 |2 |2[a] |0 |38 |8 |- |2016–17 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |38 |17 |1 |0 |2 |0 |5{{Efn|Three appearances and two goals in [[2017 English Football League play-offs|2017 EFL League Two play-offs]], two appearances and two goals in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |4 |46 |21 |- |2017–18 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !151 !33 !6 !0 !6 !2 !8 !4 !171 !38 |- | rowspan="3" |Queens Park Rangers |2017–18<ref name="Wheeler201718" /> |Gasar cin kofin |9 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- |2018–19 |Gasar cin kofin |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !9 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !9 !1 |- |Portsmouth (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19<ref name="Wheeler201819" /> |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |11 |0 |2 |1 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |2 |18 |3 |- |Kyautar Milton Keynes (an ba da rancen) |2018–19<ref name="Wheeler201819" /> |Ƙungiyar Biyu |19 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |4 |- | rowspan="7" |Masu yawo na Wycombe |2019–20 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |31 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Three appearances and one goal in [[2020 English Football League play-offs|2020 EFL League One play-offs]], two appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |1 |39 |4 |- |2020–21 |Gasar cin kofin |38 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |41 |3 |- |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |30 |2 |2 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Two appearances in EFL Trophy, two appearances in [[2022 English Football League play-offs|EFL League One play-offs]]}} |0 |37 |2 |- |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |37 |7 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1[c] |0 |39 |7 |- |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |32 |3 |1 |0 |1 |0 |7[c] |0 |41 |3 |- |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |5 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 |3[c] |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !173 !18 !11 !0 !5 !0 !20 !1 !209 !19 |- |Garin Shrewsbury |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !531 !92 !19 !1 !12 !2 !32 !7 !594 !102 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 9v0zezxjfossd56s7vavk60yh5vydtw 0 121218 890992 738982 2026-08-03T16:11:47Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko a 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin a kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i0xbu0r24akgmqrfzwc5777bdjzbl38 890993 890992 2026-08-03T16:12:17Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko a 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin a kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4wgq99xpuds524szzfp6n8ppn0fnjmd 890994 890993 2026-08-03T16:13:00Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin a kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fi1v9oezmuji31kqt2j5irv5s5lo3f5 890997 890994 2026-08-03T16:14:01Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin a kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7zh2lrwdwb77u2ebtkggw17u7dja6wq 890998 890997 2026-08-03T16:14:55Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin ta a kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h03e2ahfo7r4yq5dqzj786t9ruyujh6 890999 890998 2026-08-03T16:15:26Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 890999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin ta acikin kakar 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4q0xfwlj1afmovir8fwuyurtjyor9ue 891002 890999 2026-08-03T16:16:22Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 891002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin ta acikin kakar ta 1960-61. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3ic0lwxpkk3sil9sgi9ruta77a3x6u9 891005 891002 2026-08-03T16:17:53Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 891005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta '''Tottenham''' Hotspur''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tottenham''' (/ˈtɒtənəm/, TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, TOT-nəm) ko '''Spurs''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a Tottenham, Arewacin London, Ingila. Kungiyar kanta ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kira shi "'''Tottenham Hotspur'''" ko "'''Spurs'''", saboda Tottenham shine yankin [[London]] kuma ba sunan kulob din ba. Tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar matakin [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninsu na gida a Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur tun cikin shekara ta 2019, inda ta maye gurbin tsohon gidansu na White Hart Lane, wanda aka rushe don samar da sabon filin wasa a wannan shafin. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1882, alama '''Tottenham Hotspur''' ita ce zakara da ke tsaye a kan kwallon kafa, tare da taken Latin Audere est Facere ("daukakawa shine yin"). Kungiyar ta saba sa fararen riguna da gajeren wando mai launin shudi a matsayin kayan gida tun daga ka'idar 1898-99 . Yankin horar da su yana kan Hotspur Way a Bulls Cross, Enfield . Bayan da aka kafa ta, Tottenham ta lashe Kofin FA a karo na farko acikin shekara ta 1901, kungiya daya tilo da ba ta League ba da yin hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1888. Tottenham ita ce kulob din farko a karni na 20 da ta samu nasarar lashe gasar League da FA Cup Double, inda ta lashe dukkan wasannin ta acikin kakar ta 1960-har zuwa cikin shekata 1961. Bayan nasarar kare Kofin FA a 1962, a 1963 sun zama kulob din Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe gasar kulob din UEFA - Kofin Masu Cin Kofin Turai. Sun kuma kasance masu cin Kofin UEFA a shekarar 1972, sun zama kulob din [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na farko da ya lashe manyan kofuna biyu na Turai. Sun tattara akalla babban zakara daya a cikin kowane shekaru sittin daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, nasarar da kungiyar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta samu kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United football club honours |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711234004/https://www.11v11.com/teams/manchester-united/tab/honours/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da farkon shekarun (1882-1908) === [[Fayil:Tottenham_Hotspur_team_in_1885.jpg|thumb|Kungiyoyin farko da na biyu na Spurs a shekarar 1885. Shugaban kulob din John Ripsher a jere na biyu a dama, kyaftin din kungiyar Jack Jull a jere na hudu a hagu, Bobby Buckle a jere na kasa a hagu.]] Asalin sunan '''Hotspur Football Club''', an kafa kulob din ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1882 ta ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta karkashin jagorancin Bobby Buckle. Sun kasance mambobi ne na Hotspur Cricket Club kuma an kafa kulob din kwallon kafa don yin wasanni a lokacin watanni na hunturu.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Bayan shekara guda yaran sun nemi taimako tare da kulob din daga John Ripsher, malamin aji na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a All Hallows Church, wanda ya zama shugaban farko na kulob din da kuma mai ba da kuɗi. Ripsher ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan yaran a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya sake tsarawa kuma ya sami wurin zama ga kulob din.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2007 |title=John Ripsher |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161919/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/john-ripsher-240907/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 an sake sunan kulob din "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" don kauce wa rikicewa tare da wani kulob din London mai suna Hotspur, wanda aka ba da mukaminsa ga Arewacin London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History: Year by year |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045223/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_yearbyyear.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Tottenham Hotspur Club History & Football Trophies |url=http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051119/http://www.afordawards.co.uk/blog/post/2014/11/06/Tottenham-Hotspur-Club-History-Football-Trophies.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Aford Awards}}</ref> Sunayen lakabi na kulob din sun hada da "Spurs" da "Lilywhites". === Shekaru da yawa na farko a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (1908-1958) === A shekara ta 1908, an zabi kulob din a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa Kungiyar Farko a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya kammala matsayi na biyu. A shekara ta 1912, Peter McWilliam ya zama kocin; Tottenham ta gama kasa na gasar a ƙarshen kakar 1914-15 lokacin da aka dakatar da kwallon kafa saboda [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. An sake komawa Spurs zuwa Sashe na Biyu a kan sake dawo da kwallon kafa bayan yakin, amma da sauri suka koma Sashe na Farko a matsayin Zakarun Sashe na biyu na kakar 1919-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Peter McWilliam: The Tottenham Boss Who Created Legends |url=https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409105745/https://ahalftimereport.com/2016/07/19/peter-mcwilliam-the-tottenham-boss-who-created-legends/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=A Halftime Report}}</ref> === Kwallon ƙafa na Premier League (1992-yanzu) === Tottenham na ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyar da suka tura don kafa [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], wanda aka kirkira tare da amincewar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda ya maye gurbin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko a matsayin mafi girman rukuni na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A watan Fabrairun Shukari ta 2001, Sugar ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a Spurs ga ENIC Sports plc, wanda Joe Lewis da Daniel Levy ke gudanarwa, kuma ya sauka a matsayin shugaban. Lewis da Levy za su mallaki kashi 85% na kulob din, tare da Levy da ke da alhakin gudanar da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Hunter |date=22 April 2016 |title=Tottenham Hotspur share sales see football club valued at £426m |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213912/https://realbusiness.co.uk/funding/2016/04/22/tottenham-hotspur-share-sales-see-football-club-valued-at-426m/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Real Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bains |first=Raj |date=27 April 2017 |title=Daniel Levy has divided Tottenham fans, but now he's overseeing something special at Spurs |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161641/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/daniel-levy-has-divided-tottenham-fans-now-hes-overseeing-something-special-spurs |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Duk da jerin manajoji da 'yan wasa kamar Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann da David Ginola, na dogon lokaci a Premier League har zuwa ƙarshen 2000s, Spurs sun gama tsakiyar tebur mafi yawan lokutan tare da 'yan ganima da aka samu. Sun lashe Kofin League a 1999 a karkashin George Graham, kuma a 2008 a karkashin Juande Ramos . Ayyukan sun inganta a karkashin Harry Redknapp tare da 'yan wasa kamar Gareth Bale da [[Luka Modrić]], kuma kulob din ya gama a saman biyar a farkon shekarun 2010. [[Fayil:Manchester_United_v_Tottenham_Hotspur,_December_2016_(08).JPG|thumb|'Yan wasan Spurs na kakar 2016-17, ciki har da Harry Kane, [[Dele Alli]], Son Heung-min, Christian Eriksen, Victor Wanyama, da Jan Vertonghen]] Bayan Redknapp ya tafi, an nada Mauricio Pochettino a matsayin kocin, wanda ke cikin rawar tsakanin 2014 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Mauricio Pochettino: Tottenham appoint Southampton boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27579306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118042011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A karkashin Pochettino, tare da sabbin taurari kamar Harry Kane wanda ya kammala karatun jami'a da kuma Son Heung-min na Koriya, Tottenham sun karfafa matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kungiyoyi masu tasowa da aka sani da Big Six. {{Sfn|Donovan|2017}} Spurs sun kammala na biyu a kakar 2016-17, mafi girman wasan da suka yi tun daga kakar 1962-63, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019, na farko na kulob din, inda suka rasa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 2-0 . An buga wasannin gida na kulob din a cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin Pochettino a Filin wasa na Wembley yayin da aka gina sabon Filin wasa na Tottenham Hotspur. == Filin wasa == === Dalilai na farko === Spurs sun buga wasanninsu na farko a filin jama'a a Park Lane ƙarshen Tottenham Marshes, inda dole ne su yi alama kuma su shirya nasu filin wasa.{{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} Lokaci-lokaci yaƙe-yaƙe sun ɓarke a kan marshes a cikin rikice-rikice tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="historickits">{{Cite web |title=Historical Kits&nbsp;– Tottenham Hotspur |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075333/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Tottenham_Hotspur/Tottenham_Hotspur.htm |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2013 |website=historicalkits.co.uk |publisher=Historic Football Kits}}</ref> Wasan farko na Spurs da 'yan jarida na gida suka ruwaito ya faru ne a Tottenham Marshes a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1883 a kan Brownlow Rovers, wanda Spurs ya ci 9-0 .{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A wannan filin ne, a cikin 1887, Spurs ta fara buga wa tawagar da daga baya za ta zama abokan hamayyar su, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (wanda aka sani da Royal Arsenal), wanda ke jagorantar 2-1 har sai an dakatar da wasan saboda rashin haske bayan tawagar ta zo da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Logan |title=A Month in the Illustrious History of Spurs: November |url=http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190211/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-november.htm |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=topspurs.com}}</ref> Yayinda suke wasa a filin shakatawa na jama'a, kulob din ba zai iya cajin kuɗin shiga ba kuma, yayin da yawan masu kallo ya karu zuwa 'yan dubban, ba ya samar da karɓar ƙofar. A shekara ta 1888, kulob din ya yi hayar filin wasa tsakanin lambobin 69 da 75 Northumberland Park <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Tottenham hotspur FC |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013843/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/history/white-hart-lane/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> a farashin £ 17 a kowace shekara, inda ake cajin masu kallo 3d a wasa, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 6d don alaƙar kofin. {{Sfn|Cloake|Fisher|2016}} An buga wasan farko a filin wasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1888, wasan ajiya wanda ya ba da karɓar ƙofar shillings 17. Gidan farko tare da sama da kujeru 100 da ɗakunan canzawa a ƙasa an gina shi a kakar 1894-95 a farashin £ 60. Koyaya, an hura tsaye bayan 'yan makonni kuma dole ne a gyara shi.{{Sfn|The Tottenham & Edmonton Herald|1921}} A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1898, magoya baya 14,000 sun zo kallon Spurs suna wasa da Woolwich Arsenal. Masu kallo sun hau kan rufin wurin shakatawa don ganin wasan da ya fi dacewa. Tsayawa ya rushe, ya haifar da wasu raunuka. Kamar yadda Northumberland Park ba zai iya jimrewa da manyan jama'a ba, Spurs ya nemi ƙasa mafi girma kuma ya koma shafin White Hart Lane a shekara ta 1899. === White Hart Lane === [[File:First_match_at_White_Hart_Lane_-_Spurs_vs_Notts_County_1899_-_first_half.jpg|thumb|Wasan farko a White Hart Lane, Spurs vs Notts County don buɗewa a hukumance a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1899]] An gina filin White Hart Lane a kan [[Fee simple|'yanci]] shuka da ba a yi amfani da shi ba mallakar [[Charrington Brewery]] kuma yana bayan [[pub|Gidan jama'a]] mai suna White Hart a kan Tottenham High Road (hanyar White Hart Lane da gaske tana da 'yan daruruwan yadudduka a arewacin babban ƙofar). Da farko an ba da hayar filin daga Charringtons, kuma an tura wuraren da suka yi amfani da su a Northumberland Park a nan, suna ba da mafaka ga masu kallo 2,500.<ref name="stadium history2">{{Cite web |title=History of White Hart Lane |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202050413/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/history/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Official Website}}</ref> Notts County sun kasance baƙi na farko zuwa 'Lane' a cikin abokantaka da mutane 5,000 ke kallo kuma suna ba da £ 115 a cikin rasit; Spurs sun ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2004 |title=Spurs v Notts County 1899 |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630055739/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/spurs-v-notts-county-1899-030804/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref> [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] sun zama baƙi na farko da suka yi gasa a ƙasa kuma mutane 11,000 sun ga sun rasa 1-0 ga Tottenham. A cikin 1905, Tottenham ta tara isasshen kuɗi don sayen mallakar ƙasar, da kuma ƙasa a arewacin (Paxton Road). <ref name="stadium history2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j4hqbx9b5hht0604etg975z7wnfsizu 0 121366 890961 739940 2026-08-03T14:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Billion Dollar Baby shine kundin studio na farko na mawakin [[Najeriya]] Seyi Vibez . An sake shi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2022, ta hanyar Vibez Inc, da Dvpper Music. Kundin ya hada da bako daga Simi, da Mayorkun . Kundin ya kasance cakuda Fuji, Tungba, da Apala rhythms. Wanda ya kafa Dvpper Music da Shugaba Dapper, da Seyi Vibez ne suka samar da shi, tare da samarwa daga TBM, Enta, QUE, FreshVDM, da Rexxie . [1] An fitar da sigar kundin kundin a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2022. == Fage == A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2023, The African Reporters sun ambaci Seyi Vibez a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na "Afro-Adura", wani yanki na [[Afrobeats]] tare da tasirin titi yana hade da addu'o'in Yarabawa, tare da ''Billion Dollar Baby'' ya kafa wannan gaskiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajayi |first=Dami |title=Afrobeats to Afro-Adura: Much ado about a sub-genre? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/305158/afrobeats-to-afro-adura-much-ado-about-a-sub-genre/ |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> == Mahimman liyafar == {{Album ratings|rev1=''Pulse Nigeria''|rev1score=8.2/10<ref name="Pulse Nigeria">{{cite web |last1=Adebiyi |first1=Adeayo |title=Seyi Vibez makes a bold play for the mainstream in 'Billion Dollar Baby' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/a-pulse-review-of-seyi-vibezs-billion-dollar-baby-album/4wqzbth |website=Pulse Nigeria |date=8 November 2022 |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103103858/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/a-pulse-review-of-seyi-vibezs-billion-dollar-baby-album/4wqzbth |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}Adeayo Adebiyi, wakilin waka na Pulse Nigeria ya bayyana cewa "Gaba ɗaya, 'Billion Dollar Baby' yana riƙe da isassun shaidar da ke ɗauke da masu sauraron da ke akwai yayin da ake ba da jin daɗin da ake buƙata don kawo sabbin masu sauraro a cikin rukunin. === Matsayi === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="border:none; margin:0;" |+Zaɓi martabar ''Jariri Biliyan'' ! scope="col" | Bugawa ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Jerin ! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | Daraja ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" | ''Pulse Nigeria'' | Manyan Albums 10 na ''Pulse Nigeria'' {{'}} 2022 |{{Center|10}} |{{Center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adebiyi |first1=Adeayo |title=Top 10 Albums of 2022 [Pulse Picks] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/top-10-nigerian-albums-of-2022-pulse-picks/06wy0l8 |website=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=30 September 2023 |language=en |date=25 December 2022}}</ref>}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="border:none; margin:0;" |+Zaɓi martabar ''Jariri Biliyan 2.0'' ! scope="col" | Bugawa ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Jerin ! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | Daraja ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" | ''{{Sort|TurnTable|[[TurnTable]]}}'' | Taswirar Tsakiyar Shekarar Najeriya {{'}} 2023 ''TurnTable'' |{{Center|2}} |{{Center|<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2023 Nigerian Mid-Year Charts: Seyi Vibez is Man of the Year |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/987 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>}} |} == Ayyukan kasuwanci == A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2022, TurnTable ya ba da rahoton " ''Babbar dala biliyan'' a baya an yi muhawara tare da raka'a kundi 3,150 a makon da ya gabata (daga kwana biyu na sa ido)". Ya ci gaba da cewa, "A yanzu album ɗin ya sami cikakken satin sa na farko na sa ido a cikin makon Nuwamba 4 - 10, 2022". Baya ga wannan, "wani shirin mayar da hankali kan album din "Chance (Na Ham)" yana nufin samun matsayi na goma a cikin manyan 10 na wannan makon. Zai kasance shiga na biyu na manyan goma na mawaki a Najeriya - shiga "Dala biliyan" wanda ya kai matsayi na 10 a farkon 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oriowo |first=Ayomide |title=Seyi Vibez's Billion Dollar Baby is Set for One of the Biggest Album Debuts of 2022 |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/654 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=[[TurnTable]]}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2022, ''Billon Dollar Baby'' kololuwa a lamba 2 akan Finan Albums 50 na Najeriya. <ref name="TurnTable">{{Cite web |title=Official Top 50 Albums |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/2 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2022, ''Jariri Biliyan 2.0'' ya hau lamba 1 akan Albums Top 50 na Najeriya. <ref name="TurnTable" /> A ranar 25 ga Yuli 2023, ''Bilyan Dala Baby 2.0'' an yi rikodin shi azaman kundi na 2 mafi yaɗawa a Najeriya ta TurnTable, a farkon rabin 2023 tare da rafukan miliyan 131.1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olabode |first=Taiwo |title=Seyi Vibez Has 680 Million Audiomack Streams, Not One Billion |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/1006 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> == Waƙa da jeri ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cn49pq8knera6y2mfi843nsp5q0l0pu 0 121831 891248 809722 2026-08-04T08:54:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Freiston Shore wani yanki ne a cikin Borough na [[Boston]], a Lincolnshire, Ingila . Yana cikin cocin farar hula na Freiston, kuma kusan kilomita 4 (6 gabas daga Boston. == Tarihi == A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiri bakin teku mai yashi na Freiston a kan The Wash a matsayin wurin shakatawa na wanka na teku. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, an yi tseren dawaki da sauran abubuwan jan hankali a bakin teku. Duk da haka, tsarin tara dawaki a bakin teku ya haifar da wani dausayin gishiri, wanda ya bar otal-otal ba tare da abokan ciniki ba. Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an rufe ƙarin dausayi a bayan gaɓar teku don amfani da shi azaman ƙasar noma. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], an gina tsaro a kusa da Freiston Shore a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen yaki da mamayewar Burtaniya na yakin duniya na II . An gina akwatuna da yawa, wuraren bindiga da fitilun bakin teku. Ana iya ganin ragowar waɗannan ganuwar a yau ciki har da gidan bindiga na Ruck, na nau'in da ya taɓa yaduwa a Lincolnshire. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, sake farfado da ƙasa ya haifar da ƙauyen ya zama cikin ƙasa da kusan rabin mil. Har yanzu ana iya ganin asalin bankin teku, tare da akwatunansa da wasu hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Freiston. Hanyar kai tsaye daga ƙauyen zuwa marsh a kan Wash har yanzu tana nan. === Manufofin Tsaro na Tekun === A shekara ta an sake fasalin farfado da ƙasa lokacin da aka karya wani ɓangare na bakin teku da gangan, kuma ƙasar da ke baya ta buɗe ga raƙuman ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin sake daidaitawa. Wannan ya ɗauki matsin lamba daga sauran tsaron teku tare da manufar tsawaita rayuwarsu, yayin da aka sake kafa hekta 66 (0.7 ) na tafkin gishiri don taimakawa wajen tsoma ƙarfin ruwa, wannan yana aiki a matsayin ƙarin tsaron teku.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Freiston Shore &#124; The RSPB |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/days-out/reserves/freiston-shore/ |website=www.rspb.org.uk}}</ref> == Kare yanayi == Wannan sabon fadama, tare da wani, wanda aka tsara don a kula da shi a matsayin fadama mai launin ja tare da tafkuna, yanzu ya zama wurin ajiyar Freiston Shore RSPB. Freiston Shore gida ne ga avocets masu launin pied, redshanks na gama gari, plovers masu zagaye, wheattears na arewa da harriers na marsh a lokacin bazara da bazara. A lokacin kaka da hunturu, ana iya ganin waders masu ƙaura kamar redshanks na gama gari, ruddy turnstones, dunlins, da waterfowl kamar dark-bellied brent goose da Eurasian wigeon.[1] == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == *   {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ocqixbitd71phybn9n9wpkgj8otjyq0 0 124304 891291 812816 2026-08-04T11:09:37Z ~2026-42944-87 47586 891291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gwamnatin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] tana nufin manufofi, dabaru, da hanyoyin yanke shawara da jihohin ƙasa da kananan hukumomi suka yi amfani da su game da amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Bonn2011">{{Cite web |last=Bonn2011 |first=Conference |title=Sustainable Soil Governance: Towards Integrated Management for Water and food Security |url=http://www.water-energy-food.org/documents/hottopicsessions/6_hot_topic_issue_paper_soils_for_sustainable_development.pdf}}</ref> A duniya, mulkin ƙasa an iyakance shi ga hangen nesa na [[noma]] saboda karuwar [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]] daga yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) da membobinta ne suka fara haɗin gwiwar Duniya don inganta tsarin mulki na iyakantaccen albarkatun ƙasa na duniya don tabbatar da ƙasa mai kyau da mai amfani don duniya mai aminci, da kuma tallafawa wasu muhimman ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |title=Global Soil Partnership |url=http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/ |access-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar Duniya == Canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, haɓaka yawan jama'a, da tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] sun haifar da sannu a hankali na lalacewar ƙasa.<ref name="MyerTurner1992">{{Cite journal |last=Myer |first=W.B |last2=Turner, B.L |year=1992 |title=Human Population Growth and global Land-Use/ Cover Change. |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=23 |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.23.1.39}}</ref><ref name="Eswaran,lal,reich2001">{{Cite web |last=Eswaran |first=H |last2=Lal,R., Reich P.F |year=2001 |title=Land Degradation and Overview |url=http://1.usa.gov/ddEA2g}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar ƙasa tsari ne na sannu a hankali wanda ya shafi tsarin halitta da na ɗan adam wanda ke haifar da asarar jiki (rugujewa) da raguwar Ingancin ƙasa.<ref name="Lal,Hall,Miller1989">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |last2=Hall, G.F. |last3=Miller, F.P |year=1989 |title=Soil Degradation: Basic Processes |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=51–69 |bibcode=1989LDeDe...1...51L |doi=10.1002/ldr.3400010106}}</ref> Sanin [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Tasirin ɗan adam]] akan lalacewar ƙasa ya rinjayi maganganun kula da ƙasa na birane, da kuma tsara manufofi ta ƙungiyoyin yanki.<ref name="Urbansoil">{{Cite web |last=Urban Soil Management Strategy |title=Urban Soil Protection |url=http://www.urban-sms.eu/urban-soil-protection/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160936/http://www.urban-sms.eu/urban-soil-protection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, ƙasa ta kasance a matsayin matsakaici na farko don samar da abinci, don haka ana jagorantar mulkin ƙasa na duniya zuwa ga tasirin lalacewar ƙasa akan samar da abinci da rikice-rikice da ke tasowa tsakanin buƙatar ƙauyukan ɗan adam da sararin samaniya don samar da kayan abinci.<ref name="Lal,Hall,Miller1989" /> Tasirin canjin yanayi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rikici saboda hayakin carbon dioxide ya ci gaba da haifar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar lalacewar ƙasa ta hanyar rushewa, karuwar salinity, da raguwar tsire-tsire da fauna waɗanda ke ba da guddina ga ingancin sa.<ref name="Brownfieldbrief">{{Cite web |last=BrownfieldBriefing |title=Global Soil Partnership Launched, 19 September 2011 |url=http://www.brownfieldbriefing.com/news/global-soil-partnership-launched}}</ref> === Kwamitin Fasaha na Gwamnati a kan Kasa (ITPS) === Kwamitin Fasaha na Intergovernmental a kan Kasa, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2003, yana wakiltar dukkan yankuna na duniya kuma ya kunshi wakilan kwararru 27 na ƙasa. ITPS tana nan don ba da shawara ga GSP kan ilimin kimiyya da fasaha, ba da shawara don haɗa gudanar da ƙasa mai ɗorewa a cikin jadawalin daban-daban, sake duba Shirin Aiki na GSP, bi kan Shirin Aikin kuma neman kafa kwamitoci don lokuta na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) |url=http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/intergovernmental-technical-panel-on-soils/en/ |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref><ref>[https://ganttpro.com/wedding-planning-timeline-template/ Gantt chart for wedding planning]</ref> == Matsayin kimiyya da fasaha == Taswirar ƙasa ta duniya ƙungiya ce ta duniya tsakanin cibiyoyin kimiyya na ilimi, yanki da na ƙasa waɗanda masu ruwa da tsaki suka tsara bisa ga yankuna masu dacewa. Yin amfani da [[Geographic information system|Tsarin Bayanai na Yanayi]] (GIS), nesa da fasahar da ke fitowa za a ƙirƙiri taswirar ƙasa ta duniya don wakiltar nau'ikan ƙasa daban-daban.<ref name="GSM20112">{{Cite web |last=Global Soil Map |title=About the Project |url=http://www.globalsoilmap.net/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |archive-date=2009-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124034548/http://www.globalsoilmap.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar tana karkashin jagorancin ISRIC-World Soil Information, wanda ke da alhakin kara ilimi a kan ƙasa ta hanyar tattara bayanai da watsawa da ci gaban fasahohi da hanyoyin taswirar ƙasa ta dijital. Ana amfani da GIS don nunawa, nazarin da tattara bayanan ƙasa da matakai, da kuma gano nau'ikan ƙasa daban-daban ta hanyar taswira da software na yanar gizo.<ref name="hossack2">{{Cite journal |last=Hossack |first=I |last2=Robertson, D. |last3=Tucker, P. |last4=Fyfe, C |year=2004 |title=A GIS and web based decision support tool for the management of urban soils |journal=Cybernetics and Systems |volume=35 |issue=5–6 |pages=499–509 |doi=10.1080/01969720490451878 |s2cid=30288572}}</ref> Ana amfani da [[Soil science|Kimiyya ta ƙasa]] tare da GIS don gano dukiyar ƙasa ta mutum da ta dace da aikin gona da kuma kula da ƙasa ta birane. Shirin Katin Lafiya na Kasa a Indiya yana amfani da kimiyyar ƙasa don ba da shawara ga manoma game da amfani da taki da juyawa na amfanin gona da kuma yin rikodin bayanai a kan hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa wacce za'a iya amfani da ita don tsara nau'ikan ƙasa daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. == Dubi kuma == === Amurka === * [[Dokar kare ƙasa da dokar bayar da gida|Dokar Kare Kasa da Rarraba Gida ta 1936]] == Manazarta == efku2sb8a9tmq5kgcut5c4gi46y5y3b 0 126105 891260 756283 2026-08-04T09:02:52Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{OSM Location map <!--There are only two essential parameters: -->|coord={{Coord|23.715566|90.419783}} <!--lat and long coordinates for middle of the map -->|zoom=15 <!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.-->|width=300|height=150|caption=Dhaka (Narinda) Christian cemetery in old town Dhaka <!-- Mini Map | minimap = file top left <!-- Adds a 'minimap image' to the designated corner -->|mini-file=|mini-width=xx <!-- All units for the mini-image are pixel units -->|mini-height=xx <!-- height and width need to match the dimensions of the image file -->|minipog-gx=xx <!-- x coords are pixels numbered from a top-left origin -->|minipog-gy=yy <!-- y coords They optionally place a red dot to show location of the main map --> --> <!-- Marker 1 -->|label=Christian Cemetery|mark-coord={{coord|23.715566|90.419783}}|label-pos=right|mark-title=Dhaka (Narinda) Christian Cemetery, Dhaka|mark-image=Entrance Christian Graveyard in Narinda Old Dhaka.JPG|mark-description=Entrance to the cemetery}}Kabarin Kirista na Dhaka (wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Wari) wani kabari ne da ke cikin Wari, Dhaka (Tsohon Dhaka), babban birnin [[Bangladesh]] . 'Yan kasuwa na Fotigal ne suka kafa shi a karni na 17. Portuguese sun ba da shi ga Birtaniya lokacin da suka bar Bengal. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka bar Bengal, an ba da ita a rubuce ga Ikilisiyar Anglican (Oxford Church). Ana buƙatar ma'aikata don kula da irin wannan babban makabartar. Saboda rashin isasshen ma'aikata, Ikilisiyar Anglican (Oxford Church) ta ba da alhakin kiyaye shi ga Cocin Katolika. Kodayake a halin yanzu Cocin Katolika ne ke gudanar da shi, Kiristoci na dukkan majami'u na iya binnewa. Wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne wanda gwamnatin Bangladesh da [[UNESCO]] suka amince da shi. Baƙi na yau da kullun suna zuwa nan. Koyaya, tunda har yanzu an binne makabarta a nan, ba a buɗe shi ga jama'a ba tare da izini na musamman ba. Duk da gaskiyar cewa tsoffin kaburbura sun lalace a matsayin wurin binciken kayan tarihi da gwamnati ta ayyana, hukumomin coci ba su iya yin wani aikin sabuntawa ba na dogon lokaci. Bayan dogon ƙoƙari. Zuwa ƙarshen 2024, Anglican (Oxford Church) ya sami damar yin wasu ayyukan sabuntawa. Wannan har yanzu yana gudana. Wannan ba kawai makabartar ba ne ko dukiyar Kirista. Shaida ce ga tarihin Bangladesh. Wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin barazana saboda aikin da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma rashin kulawa mai kyau. == Asalin == Har ila yau akwai rahotanni cewa an kafa cocin farko na Dhaka don al'ummar Kirista a shafin makabartar kuma firist Sebastian Manrique ya zo Dhaka tsakanin 1624 da 1629 kuma ya rubuta cewa akwai coci a wurin makabartar.<ref name="Pieal">{{Cite web |last=Jannatul Naym Pieal |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Tomb of Narinda and the Mysteries of Colombo |url=https://roar.media/bangla/main/bangladesh/narinda-cemetery-columbo-sahib |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Roarmedia |language=Bengali}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin nassoshi game da kasancewar coci a wannan wurin, gami da daga ɗan kasuwa mai daraja na Faransa da matafiyi Jean Baptiste Tavernier wanda ya ziyarci Dhaka a shekara ta 1666, da Niccolò Menucci ba da daɗewa ba, dukansu suna nufin coci a wannan wuri. An ɗauka cewa 'yan Augustin na Portuguese sun gina cocin, kuma cewa wurin binnewa na yanzu shine asalin wurin binnewa kusa da cocin, wanda aka fi sani da "kabari na cocin". <ref name="Pieal" /> == Mashahuran kaburbura da muhimmancin gine-ginen su == Kabarin yana da siffofin gine-gine daban-daban da suka danganci mausoleums, kayan ado na kabari da duwatsun kabarin: === Masallacin Columbo Sahib === [[Fayil:Christian_Cemetery_Dhaka_2025-1.jpg|left|thumb|Masallacin Columbo Sahib a karkashin sabuntawa a cikin 2025]] Tsarin mafi girma a cikin makabartar shine mausoleum wanda ke dauke da kaburbura uku, duk ba tare da wani rubutu ba. Wani zane na mausoleum ya kammala da ɗan wasan Jamus Johann Zoffany a cikin 1786, mai taken "Nagaphon Ghat" (wanda aka fassara daga Bengali yana nufin Nagaphon ratayewa ko tashar jiragen ruwa), yana nuna tsarin a kan Dolai Khal ko rafi, wanda tun lokacin da aka cika shi kuma ba ya kaiwa har zuwa makabarta. <ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Waqar A. Khan |date=28 September 2016 |title=The Dhaka Masterpiece Paintings |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1286497 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="Steel">{{Cite web |last=Tim Steel |date=17 April 2015 |title=Dhaka, Before the Fall |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/04/17/dhaka-before-the-fall |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nagaphon_Ghat.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton da ake kira ''Nagaphon Ghat'': Mausoleum na Columbo Sahib wanda ke cikin Kabari na Kirista kamar yadda ɗan wasan Jamus Johann Zoffany ya zana a cikin 1786 <ref name="Steel">{{Cite web |last=Tim Steel |date=17 April 2015 |title=Dhaka, Before the Fall |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/04/17/dhaka-before-the-fall |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>]] An fara kiran tsarin a matsayin mausoleum na Columbo Sahib ta Reginald Heber, Bishop na Calcutta [1] a cikin wani asusun 1824 na ziyararsa zuwa Dacca. Heber ya tsarkake makabartar Narinda a cikin 1824 kuma ya rubuta kasancewar babban kabarin mai ban sha'awa kamar ".... Wasu daga cikin kaburbura suna da kyau sosai; daya musamman, yana kama da gine-ginen da aka gina a kan kaburbura na tsarkakan Mussulman, yana da babban hasumiyar Gothic, tare da dome a cikin wannan salon, da windows takwas tare da tracer mai zurfi. [1] Hakazalika, Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt ya rubuta tsarin Columbo Sahib kamar haka: Babban hasumiyar Gothic mai tsayi takwas tare da windows takwas, duk an rufe shi da dome a cikin wannan salon, yana tsaye ba tare da suna ba, yana mamaye dukan makabartar kuma yana da kishi yana kula da kaburbura uku da ke ciki. ... Shiru da ban sha'awa, babban mausoleum yana riƙe da sirrin da yake riƙewa. [2] Hoton 1950 ya nuna cewa Mausoleum ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 160 da suka gabata lokacin da Johann Zoffany ya fentin shi a 1786 a matsayin mai zane-zane na Kotun Sarauta ta Burtaniya. [3] == Manazarta == dsjgj4gmo2jcd8szlmjjfet2s9qd4s4 0 126366 891250 786416 2026-08-04T08:54:48Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mabel Jewell Baker''' OBE (30 Disamba 1885 {{En dash}} 17 Yuni 1967) shugabar makaranta ce ta Kudu ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baker a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1885 a Gabashin [[Adelaide]]. Ita ce ta uku cikin 'ya'ya tara na William Kendall Baker da Harriett Ann (née Chaston). Baker ta halarci Makarantar Gabashin Adelaide, sannan kuma Makarantar Ci gaba ta 'yan mata a Adelaide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell Carnaby |first=Eliabeth |date=2024 |title=The Mabel Jewell Baker building |journal=Jewell |volume=Winter/Spring |pages=32-33}}</ref> Daga 1904 zuwa 1906, Baker ta kasance malama a makarantun jama'a na Parkside da Walkerville kafin ta ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Horar da Jami'ar a 1907-08. Baker ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Makarantar Jama'a ta Payneham na tsawon shekaru hudu. Farawa a 1907 kuma na tsawon shekaru shida ta wuce darussan zane-zane tara a Jami'ar Adelaide inda ta kasance wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Daliban Mata. A cikin 1907, Baker ya nuna rashin daidaito na albashi. == Ayyuka == A cikin 1913, Baker ta fara koyar da tarihi, ilimin ƙasa da Ingilishi a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Walford a Malvern kafin a inganta ta zuwa babbar uwargijiyar ba da daɗewa ba; rawar da ta fara a cikin 1917 bayan mutuwar babbar uwargidan Ellen Benham. A shekara ta 1917, Baker ta koma Makarantar 'yan mata ta Walford zuwa wurin da take a yanzu a Hyde Park.<ref name="walfsc">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.walford.net.au/about/history/ |access-date=18 August 2019 |website=Walford Anglican School for Girls |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818232532/https://www.walford.net.au/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fara kungiyar Tsohon Masanin ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta samu ci gaba da komawa makarantar.<ref name="walfsc" /> Baker, saboda alakar Anglican, tana maraba da ɗaliban da ke cikin dukan addinai da ƙungiyoyi. An san ta da ƙirƙirar yanayi mai tsauri amma abokantaka a makaranta. Baker memba ne na asali na Adelaide Lyceum Club. A shekara ta 1924 ta kafa kungiyar shugabannin makarantun sakandare na mata na Kudancin Australia; ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba sau biyu (a 1943 da 1954).[1] Zaɓin ma'aikatan Baker ya taimaka wajen inganta martabar ilimi a Walford ya bambanta da ƙananan wuraren kimiyya waɗanda suka sami gajeren ƙarshen sandar. Bugu da ƙari, ba sai a shekara ta 1941 ba ne aka fara karatun sakatare a Walford. A cikin 1937 Baker ya yi aiki don taron Adelaide na New Education Fellowship kafin ya kaddamar da Walford Parent-Teacher Association shekara guda bayan haka. Baker ta ba da izinin mutane a makarantar ta bayyana ra'ayoyin masu zaman lafiya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] duk da cewa ita mai mulkin mallaka ce kuma mai kishin kasa. Daga 1943 zuwa 1955, Baker ta kasance memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na watsa shirye-shiryen ilimi kafin ta yi shekaru shida a kwamitin yara na Sojoji. Baker ta sayar da makarantar dalibanta 450 ga Cocin Anglican kuma ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen 1955.<ref name="walfsc"/> A shekara ta 1956, an nada Baker O.B.E kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara a Kwalejin Mata ta Jami'ar (daga baya Kwalejin St Ann) har zuwa 1961. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} il48kcnc7ynocg7x7km96pnn6hnt3c3 0 127203 891161 789144 2026-08-04T01:44:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Coláiste Chiaráin makarantar sakandare ce ta Katolika ta haɗin kai a Summerhill a gefen yammacin Athlone, County Roscommon, Ireland.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=Coláiste Chiaráin, Our New Diocesan Co-Ed Secondary School |url=https://sspeterandpaulsparishathlone.com/colaiste-chiarain-our-new-diocesan-co-ed-secondary-school/ |website=Ss Peter & Paul's Parish, Athlone |publisher=Diocese of Elphin |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> An kafa makarantar a cikin 2017 bayan haɗakarwar St Joseph's Convent Summerhill, da St. Aloysius College, Athlone, kuma tana aiki a ƙarƙashin amintaccen Diocese na Elphin.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Name Announced for New Amalgamated Athlone School |url=https://www.elphindiocese.ie/name-announced-for-new-amalgamated-athlone-school/ |website=Diocese of Elphin |publisher=Diocese of Elphin |date=9 February 2016 |access-date=2 December 2025 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328150630/https://www.elphindiocese.ie/name-announced-for-new-amalgamated-athlone-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Welcome, Vision, Aims and Ethos |url=https://www.ccathlone.ie/page/Welcome%2C-Vision%2C-Aims-and-Ethos/22712/Index.html |website=Coláiste Chiaráin |publisher=Coláiste Chiaráin |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> Makasudin ginin harabar ɗakin bene mai hawa uku a Summerhill ya fara amfani da shi a cikin 2020 kuma an buɗe shi bisa hukuma a watan Mayu 2023.<ref name="auto8">{{cite news |last=Cusack |first=Adrian |title=Official opening of Athlone's Coláiste Chiaráin taking place on Friday |url=https://www.westmeathindependent.ie/2023/05/02/official-opening-of-athlones-colaiste-chiarain-taking-place-on-friday/ |work=Westmeath Independent |date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite news |title=Coláiste Chiaráin secondary school to be officially opened on Friday |url=https://www.advertiser.ie/athlone/article/135369/coliste-chiarin-secondary-school-to-be-officially-opened-on-friday |work=Athlone Advertiser |date=4 May 2023 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite news |title=Midlands Secondary School To Officially Open Today |url=https://www.midlands103.com/news/midlands-news/midlands-secondary-school-to-officially-open-today/ |work=Midlands 103 |date=5 May 2023 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2023 ya kula da kusan ɗalibai 770 daga Athlone da kewaye.<ref name="auto7"/> == Tarihi == Shirye-shiryen sabuwar makarantar sakandare ta hadin gwiwa ta diocesan da ke hidima a yammacin Athlone an ɓullo da ita a tsakiyar 2010s ƙarƙashin kulawar Diocese na Elphin.[1] A cikin Fabrairu 2016 diocese ta ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar makarantar, da za a kasance a Summerhill, za a kira Coláiste Chiaráin kuma za a ƙirƙira ta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Kwalejin St Aloysius da Kwalejin St Joseph.[2]. An bayyana sabuwar makarantar a lokacin a matsayin makarantar sakandare daya tilo da ke yammacin Athlone, wacce ke hidimar dalibai har 800.<ref name="auto10">{{cite news |title=New secondary school in Athlone christened Coláiste Chiaráin |url=https://www.advertiser.ie/mullingar/article/82263/new-second |work=Mullingar Advertiser |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> An kafa kwamitin gudanarwa na wucin gadi, kuma a cikin Janairu 2017 an nada Brendan Waldron a matsayin shugaban makarantar farko.[1] Coláiste Chiaráin ya buɗe wa ɗalibai a farkon shekarar makaranta ta 2017-18, da farko yana amfani da wuraren da ake da su a wurin Summerhill yayin da ake shirin gina sabon gini da sayan.[2] An ci gaba da gina sabon ginin makaranta da aka gina a Summerhill a ƙarƙashin shirin ginin makarantar bayan firamare na Sashen Ilimi. A shekara ta 2017 wakilan gida sun ba da rahoton ci gaban aikin bayan amincewar ministoci.[1] Sabon ginin bene mai hawa uku, wanda ke da fili kusan 10,864 m2, an gina shi ne a harabar Summerhill kuma ya haɗa da rusa tsarin makarantun sakandaren da ake da su.[2][3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Makarantu]] trzw9g7cyxxt2iulahbgvu4czoivu9c 0 127703 891166 853675 2026-08-04T02:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Australia satellite plane.jpg|thumb|yar kasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ce]] '''Constance Muriel Davey''' OBE (4 [[Disamba]] 1882 - 4 [[Disamba]] 1963) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] wanda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]], inda ta gabatar da darussan [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] na farko na jihar. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Davey a shekara ta 1882 a Nuriootpa, Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]], ga Emily Mary (née Roberts) da Stephen Henry Davey . Ta fara koyarwa a wata makarantar masu zaman kansu ta Port Adelaide a 1908 kuma a Makarantar 'yan mata ta St Peter's Collegiate a 1909. Ta halarci Jami'ar Adelaide a matsayin dalibi na ɗan lokaci, ta kammala B.A. a falsafar a 1915 da MA a 1918. A shekara ta 1921 ta sami kyautar Catherine Helen Spence Memorial Scholarship wanda ya ba ta damar yin digiri a Jami'ar London; Babban bangaren bincikenta shine "kwarewar tunani da rashi" a cikin yara. Ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a 1924 kuma ta ziyarci Amurka da Kanada don lura da koyarwar yara masu nakasa da masu laifi kafin ta koma Ostiraliya. [[Fayil:J150W-Davey.jpg|left|thumb|Alamar Constance Davey a kan Jubilee 150 Walkway a Adelaide]] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1924 an hayar da Davey a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na farko a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]], inda aka ba ta aiki tare da jarrabawa da shirya azuzuwan ɗaliban makaranta "da baya, masu jinkiri da matsala". Ta bincika kuma ta yi gwaje-gwaje na leken asiri a kan dukkan yara masu jinkirin ilimi, kuma ta kafa "aji na dama" na farko na Kudancin Australia ga waɗannan yara a cikin 1925. Ta kafa wata hanya wacce ta ilimantar da malamai kan aiki tare da yara masu nakasa a cikin 1931. Ta fara koyar da ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Adelaide a 1927, ta ci gaba har zuwa 1950, kuma a 1938 ta taimaka wajen kafa sabon karatun jami'a don horar da ma'aikatan zamantakewa. Ta yi murabus daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi a shekarar 1942, inda akwai yara 700 a cikin darussan da ta gabatar.<ref name="adb" /> Davey ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ba ta Jam'iyya ba na tsawon shekaru 30 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar daga 1943 zuwa 1947. Ta zama abokiyar kungiyar British Psychological Society a shekarar 1950 kuma an nada ta [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a shekarar 1955. A watan Yunin 1951, ta jagoranci, tare da Phyllis Duguid, wakili daga League of Women Voters zuwa Gwamnatin Playford, don ba da izinin mata masu juri a Kudancin Australia. Ba ta yi nasara ba, ta jagoranci wani wakili a 1955 amma ta sami irin wannan amsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women & Politics in South Australia |url=https://women-and-politics.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/polit7.htm |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=women-and-politics.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ba har zuwa 1962 ba ne aka ba wa mata na Kudancin Australia damar zama a matsayin masu juriya, lokacin da wakilin da Roma Mitchell ke jagoranta ya ci nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=Australian Biography: Dame Roma Mitchell |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/asset/99503-australian-biography-dame-roma-mitchell |website=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, ta wallafa Children and Their Law-makers, wani binciken tarihi na dokar Kudancin Australia kamar yadda ya shafi yara, wanda ta fara a 1945 a matsayin babban jami'in bincike a Jami'ar Adelaide. Davey ta mutu daga [[Ciwon daji Thyroid|Ciwon daji na thyroid]] a ranar haihuwarta ta 81 a 1963. == Manazarta == pd0pze1nr8jea2xlba0t5md8wfmxy6p 0 127835 891123 761078 2026-08-03T23:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Kanada''' (wadda a da '''Bell MTS Place ce''' kuma a da '''MTS Centre ce''' ) wani filin wasa ne na cikin gida a tsakiyar birnin [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Kanada. Ita ce gidan Winnipeg Jets na National Hockey League da kuma reshensu na American Hockey League, Manitoba Moose . <ref name="ahlwpg">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2015 |title=True North relocates AHL franchise to Winnipeg |url=http://jets.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=757779&navid=DL |access-date=March 13, 2015 |publisher=[[Winnipeg Jets]] |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108090531/http://jets.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=757779&navid=DL |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="jetsahl">{{Cite web |last=Roberts, Meghan |date=March 12, 2015 |title=Winnipeggers and local businesses welcome AHL team |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg/article/winnipeggers-and-local-businesses-welcome-ahl-team/ |access-date=March 13, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV Winnipeg]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> Filin wasan yana tsaye ne a wurin tsohon shagon Winnipeg na Eaton, kuma True North Sports &amp;amp; Entertainment ne ke da kuma kula da shi. Fadin filin wasan murabba'i 440,000 (41,000)&nbsp;m ² ) an gina ginin akan kuɗin CAD miliyan $133.5. An buɗe shi a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2004, a matsayin '''Cibiyar MTS''', wanda ya maye gurbin Winnipeg Arena da aka rushe tun lokacin. Yana da damar ɗaukar mutane 15,225 don wasannin hockey da kuma 16,345 don wasannin kade-kade. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Da faduwar shahararren shagon [[Eaton's|Eaton]], shahararren shagon da aka gina a Winnipeg, <ref name="PCL2">{{Cite web |title=MTS Centre (True North Centre |url=http://www.pcl.com/projects/archived/MTSCentre/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906115206/http://www.pcl.com/projects/archived/MTSCentre/index.aspx |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=August 4, 2010 |publisher=PCL Construction}}</ref> an yi nuni da wasu hanyoyi daban-daban na amfani da ginin (gami da gidajen zama) a wasu wurare, amma a ƙarshe an ɗauki filin wasan a matsayin mafi amfani da amfani ga tsakiyar birnin da ke fama da wahala ta hanyar Magajin Garin Winnipeg [[Glen Murray (politician)|Glen Murray]] da True North. Bayan ɗan juriyar rashin alamar Yammacin Kanada daga wasu mazauna yankin da kuma ƙungiyar Save the Eaton's Coalition, wadda ta yi wahayi zuwa ga "rungumar ƙungiya" ta "Babban Shago" da aka ruwaito mutane 180 a shekara ta 2001, an rushe shagon a shekara ta 2002 don samar da hanya ga sabon rukunin gidajen nishaɗi. An buɗe filin wasan a hukumance a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2004, inda aka maye gurbin tsohon filin wasan Winnipeg Arena, wanda ke aiki tun 1955. Wajen gane tarihin Eaton, an haɗa tubalan ja a cikin ƙirar facade na filin wasan, wanda hakan ya haifar da tunawa da shagonsu wanda ya taɓa yin kyau a Portage Avenue . An sanya tagar shagon asali da kewayen dutse na Tyndall a cikin filin wasan don ɗaukar tarin abubuwan tunawa na Eaton. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa abubuwan tunawa guda biyu na yaƙi a cikin ginin. <ref name="PCL">{{Cite web |title=MTS Centre (True North Centre |url=http://www.pcl.com/projects/archived/MTSCentre/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906115206/http://www.pcl.com/projects/archived/MTSCentre/index.aspx |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=August 4, 2010 |publisher=PCL Construction}}</ref> Mutum-mutumin Timothy Eaton wanda a da babban abin da ke cikin shagon shi ma yana kan titin filin wasan, bene ɗaya kai tsaye a sama inda yake a ƙasan ginin Eaton na asali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> === Curling === Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Kanada ta dauki nauyin gasar Tim Hortons Brier ta 2008. Daga 2005 zuwa 2010 (banda bugu na 2007-08 da aka gudanar a birnin Quebec), filin wasan ya karbi bakuncin gasar Grand Slam ta Curling ta Canadian Open . === Wasannin yaƙi === A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2013, filin wasan ya karbi bakuncin UFC 161. <ref name="UFC161">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2013 |title=UFC hits Winnipeg for UFC 161 on June 15 |url=http://www.ufc.com/news/ufc-161-winnipeg-press-release |access-date=March 5, 2013 |publisher=ufc.com}}</ref> A gasar kokawa ta ƙwararru, ta ɗauki nauyin watsa shirye-shiryen ''WWE Raw'' a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2020, wanda a ƙarshe shine taron ƙarshe na ba na hockey da za a gudanar a filin wasa kafin aiwatar da ƙa'idojin hana [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|yaɗuwar cutar COVID-19]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2021 |title=WWE is returning to Winnipeg in January |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg/article/wwe-is-returning-to-winnipeg-in-january/ |access-date=March 16, 2022 |website=CTV News Winnipeg |language=en}}</ref> An watsa ''WWE SmackDown'' daga Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Kanada a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2022, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen farko na WWE a Kanada tun farkon annobar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2023, ƙungiyar All Elite Wrestling (AEW) ta shirya wani shiri kai tsaye na <nowiki><i id="mwAT4">Dynamite</i></nowiki> da kuma ɗaukar hoton <nowiki><i id="mwAUA">Rampage</i></nowiki> a Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> a wani shiri na biyu na Kanada. Kafin taron, Magajin Garin Winnipeg Scott Gillingham da Firimiyan Manitoba Heather Stefanson sun karrama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na AEW Chris Jericho - wanda ya daɗe yana zaune a Winnipeg - tare da sanya wa wani ɓangare na Winnipeg's Wordsworth Way suna Chris Jericho Way, da kuma lambar yabo ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2015 |title=TRUE NORTH SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED UNVEILS MANITOBA MOOSE AS NAME OF AHL FRANCHISE & ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF TICKET CAMPAIGN |url=http://moosehockey.com/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=MooseHockey.com |publisher=[[Manitoba Moose]]}}</ref> == Zauren Shahararru da Gidan Tarihi na Hockey na Manitoba == Zauren Shahararrun Hockey na Manitoba yana kan babban bene na Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Kanada. * Jerin filayen wasa na cikin gida ta hanyar iya aiki * Jerin filayen wasa na cikin gida a Kanada == Manazarta == hwflatsysgjl4m03zl8vkcqn8tehdm9 0 128074 891262 761759 2026-08-04T09:03:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bhimayana: Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar labari ne mai ban sha'awa na Bhimrao ramji Ambedcar wanda Navayana ta buga a 2011 kuma [[CNN]] ta yaba da shi a matsayin ɗayan manyan littattafan ban dariya na siyasa guda biyar. Masu zane-zane Durgabai Vyam, Subhash Vyam da marubuta Srividya Natarajan da S. Anand ne suka kirkireshi. Ya nuna abubuwan da suka faru na nuna bambanci da juriya da Bhimrao Ambedkar ya rubuta a cikin zane-zanensa na tarihin kansa, daga baya aka tattara kuma aka gyara shi a Babasaheb Ambedkar: Rubuce-rubuce da Magana ta Vasant Moon a ƙarƙashin taken "Waiting for a Visa". Yana daya daga cikin manyan littattafan da ke sayar da hotuna a Indiya. An yaba wa Bhimayana saboda amfani da fasahar Pardhan Gond don nuna abubuwan da suka faru na nuna bambancin zamantakewa da Ambedkar ya fuskanta. Yana amfani da digna (hotuna da aka fentin a bangon da bene na gidajen Pardhan Gonds) da kuma hotuna na yanayi. Wadannan zane-zane an yi su ne ta hanyar al'ada ta mutanen Gond. An kawo zane-zanen Digna ga sanarwa na duniyar zamani ta hanyar masu zane-zane kamar Jangarh Singh Shyam . A cewar Jeremy Stoll, ma'aikatar haɗin gwiwa a Jami'ar Jihar Metropolitan ta Denver, 'Yana da ban sha'awa don nuna ƙarfin al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya da samar da misali mai ƙarfi na inda mutane da al'adun gargajiya suka haɗu". <ref name="Stoll-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Stoll |first=Jeremy |year=2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability: Incidents in the life of BhimraoRamji Ambedkar |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |journal=Journal of Folklore Research Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163954/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> A cikin 2011, an haɗa Bhimayana a cikin littafin 1001 Comics to Read Before You Die . An buga shi a ƙarƙashin taken ''Ambedkar: Yakin Adalci'' a Burtaniya da Amurka ta Tate Publishing a cikin 2013.<ref>"Digna Art "https://www.auchitya.com/digna-art-an-art-out-of-frame/</ref> An fassara littafin cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Malayalam, [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Koriya da Faransanci. == Tarihi == Bhimayana ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru da aka ba da labari a cikin bayanan rayuwar B.R. Ambedkar. An rubuta waɗannan bayanan a cikin 1935 tare da manufar yada bayanai game da aikin rashin taɓawa ga baƙi. Ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwarsa da sauransu" don samar da ra'ayi game da nuna bambanci ga Dalits wanda aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin addinin Hindu. Navayana ya buga su a matsayin Ambedkar: Autobiographical Notes a shekara ta 2003. == Bayani na Sashe == === Keɓewa da Gabatarwa === Littafin an sadaukar da shi ga Jangarh Singh Shyam, majagaba a cikin fasahar Pardhan Gond ta zamani. Udayan Vajpeyi ya yaba masa ya zama mahaliccin sabuwar makarantar fasaha da ake kira Jangarh Kalam . <ref>"Digna Art "https://www.auchitya.com/digna-art-an-art-out-of-frame/</ref> Ya karfafa kuma ya jagoranci Durgabai da Subhash Vyam, tare da wasu mambobin al'ummar Pardhan Gond, don zama masu zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance surukin Subhash Vyam. A cikin gabatarwa, mai sukar fasaha John Berger, wanda ya fi shahara da rubutun sa na 1972 "Hanyar Ganin", ya yaba da hanyar faɗakarwa da littafin ke amfani da ita. Game da shi, ya ce, 'Babu wani tsari na proscenium. Babu wani tsari na rectangular ko lokaci na unilinear. Babu wasu mutane da aka tsara. Maimakon haka, taron abubuwan da suka faru a jiki a tsakanin tsararraki, cike da ciwo da tausayi, kuma an kula da su ta hanyar hadin kai da jimiri wanda zai iya wucewa Kasuwar.' Ya yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan matani za su sa masu karatu su fi dacewa da labarin da saƙonsa. Labarin hoto ya fara ne da Labarin firam na wani hali da ba a san sunansa ba yana gunaguni game da 'waɗannan laifuka na aiki na baya da Scheduled Castes!" wanda nan da nan wani hali ya kalubalanci shi wanda ya haifar da tattaunawa game da tarihin cin zarafin kabilanci a Indiya. An shawarce shi da ya karanta game da Ambedkar don fahimtar abin da ya faru a Khairlanji. Littafin ya ci gaba da labarin rayuwar Ambedkar a cikin Littattafai na I, II da III. === Littafin I - Ruwa === 'Ruwa' ya shirya lamarin a cikin 1901, a rana ta yau da kullun a rayuwar Ambedkar a matsayin ɗan makaranta mai shekaru 10 na Mahar. An kunyata shi a hannun malamin Brahmin da ma'aikacin wanda, ya damu game da yiwuwar gurɓata, ya ƙi shi ruwa. Matashi Bhim ya koma gida inda ya tambayi kawunsa dalilin da ya sa ba zai iya sha daga famfo ba kamar sauran yara maza, duk da cewa ya fi tsabta fiye da ɗalibai masu daraja. Rubutun ya kuma haɗa rashin Ambedkar da kansa na samun ruwa a makaranta tare da aikin mahaifinsa a Goregaon, wanda ya haɗa da 'taimako wajen gina tankin ruwa ga mutanen da ke fama da yunwa waɗanda za su mutu idan ba don aikinsa ba ne.' An gayyaci saurayi Bhim tare da 'yan uwansa su zauna tare da mahaifinsa a Masur. Sun sauka daga jirgin kasa don gano cewa babu wanda ya zo ya karbe su kuma ya nemi taimakon maigidan tashar. Da zaran sun bayyana cewa su Mahars ne, mai kula da tashar ya zama mai ƙiyayya. Ya same su da karusa a kan yanayin cewa sun biya sau biyu. Daga ƙarshe sun sami gidan mahaifinsu. Ya zama cewa sakatarensa ya manta ya sanar da shi game da isowarsu.<ref name="Desai-2012">{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Prajna |date=18 April 2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability |url=https://www.tcj.com/reviews/bhimayana-experiences-of-untouchability/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Comics Journal}}</ref> Muryar labarin ta koma labarin firam a nan, kuma mai ba da labari wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya kammala cewa Ambedkar ya ce saboda kuskuren sakataren ne ya koyi 'matsalar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba game da rashin fahimta'. Sashe ya ƙare tare da asusun Ambedkar's Mahad satyagraha game da rashin samun ruwa daga Chavadar Tank. === Littafin II - Gida === An kafa wannan ɓangaren a cikin 1917, bayan Ambedkar ya dawo daga Jami'ar Columbia don yin aiki ga Maharaja na Baroda wanda ya tallafa wa karatunsa. Ya fara ne tare da shi yana shiga jirgin kasa zuwa Baroda kuma yana tattaunawa da Brahmin. Ba da daɗewa ba Ambedkar ya fahimci cewa matsayinsa a matsayin wanda ba za a iya taɓa shi ba, kodayake ya manta da shi yayin zamansa a kasashen waje, har yanzu babban batu ne a Indiya. A Baroda, daga baya an hana shi shiga otal din Hindu saboda matsayinsa na matsayi. Da yake ba zai iya samun masauki mai kyau ba, sai ya koma cikin gidan Parsi amma an kore shi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin neman mafaka, abokansa sun guje masa taimaka masa suna nuna matsaloli a gida, suna tilasta masa jira a lambun jama'a na Kamathi Baug kuma daga baya, ya tafi Bombay.<ref name="Desai-2012">{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Prajna |date=18 April 2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability |url=https://www.tcj.com/reviews/bhimayana-experiences-of-untouchability/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Comics Journal}}</ref> Sashe ya ƙare tare da muryar labarin labarin da ke fitowa da kuma nuna bambancin da aka yi da mazaunan birni 'masu sassaucin ra'ayi'. An kuma gabatar da wata kasida daga The Hindu mai taken "Dalit Siblings Thrashed by Landlord" don kwatanta matsalolin da dalits ke fuskanta yayin ƙoƙarin neman mafaka a cikin birane. === Littafin III - Tafiya === An kafa wannan ɓangaren a Aurangabad, 1934, inda Ambedkar ya yi tafiya zuwa Daulatabad tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan siyasa na Mahar da sauran ƙabilu marasa taɓawa. Ambedkar ya tuna game da kwarewarsa yayin tafiyarsa zuwa Bombay a 1929, lokacin da Chalisgaon ya aika da dan uwan su ya kori Ambedkar zuwa gidansu a kan [[Tonga]] saboda duk direbobin Tonga sun ki ba da Ambedkar, Mahar, tafiya.<ref name="Desai-2012">{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Prajna |date=18 April 2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability |url=https://www.tcj.com/reviews/bhimayana-experiences-of-untouchability/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Comics Journal}}</ref> Direban ba shi da ƙwarewa kuma sun haɗu da haɗari, amma suna karɓar taimakon likita nan da nan. Ambedkar sa'an nan kuma ya fuskanci mummunan gaskiyar cewa a cikin al'ummar Indiya masu digiri, wani dan Dalit mai ilimi sosai kuma sananne zai ci gaba da zalunci da kuma hana shi daraja. Sashe ya ambaci shari'o'in dalits da asibitoci suka hana kula da lafiya. Labarin ya sauya zuwa yanzu, inda aka hana Ambedkar da abokan aikinsa shan giya daga tankin ruwa a sansanin Daulatabad ta hanyar taron Musulmai. Sashe ya ƙare tare da haruffa daga labarin firam ɗin da ke tattauna gudummawar Ambedkar ga daidaito da adalci a Indiya a matsayin mai tayar da hankali da kuma gine-ginen Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Tattaunawar Gandhi da Ambedkar zuwa ƙarshe ta kawo hankalin mai karatu cewa, ba kamar Gandhi ba, Ambedkar ta kasance gwagwarmaya ce ta duniya da ta fi dacewa da rashin adalci da masu zalunci na gida suka yi. === Littafin IV - Fasahar Bhimayana === Wannan ɓangaren yana mai da hankali kan masu kirkirar Bhimayana ta hanyar wannan harshen hoto-rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sassan da suka gabata. An ba da labarin wannan babi ta hanyar muryoyin Durgabai Vyam da Subhash Vyam. Sun bayyana asalin su, al'umma, da kuma muhimmancin Ambedkar a rayuwarsu.<ref name="Stoll-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Stoll |first=Jeremy |year=2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability: Incidents in the life of BhimraoRamji Ambedkar |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |journal=Journal of Folklore Research Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163954/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan kalmar S. Anand, wanda ke bincika tsarin yin Bhimayana da kuma tushen da aka yi amfani da su don rubuta labarin. A cikin tsari, ya nuna rawar da Pardhan Gond bards ke takawa a matsayin masu ɗaukar al'adun al'ummominsu a tsakiyar Indiya, suna jayayya game da ci gaba da dacewa ta hanyar tsakiya na labarun aikinsu. Ya nuna yanayin al'umma na tsarin kirkirar Vyams kuma ya bayyana muhimmancin gane masu sana'a na gargajiya a matsayin masu zane-zane a kansu. Taken, Anand ya nuna, wani abu ne na Ramayana, labarin Hindu na Ubangiji Rama . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Md Maudud Hasan |date=2024-05-31 |title=THE ARTISTRY OF BHIMAYANA: FROM GRAPHIC ART TO SERIOUS GENRE |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/view/2068 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=5 |issue=5 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i5.2024.2068 |issn=2582-7472 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> Anand ya kammala ta hanyar bayyana tsarin hadin gwiwa da kuma yadda shi da Vyams ke sake tattauna labarin kanta, tare da haɗa sabbin haruffa da kasancewa mafi girma na yanayi, tare da ɗaukar wasu ƙananan 'yanci tare da tushen labarun don kare labarin mafi girma. Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙare tare da mai da hankali kan buƙatar magance kabilanci da ci gaba da kasancewarsa a matsayin nuna bambanci a Indiya.<ref name="Stoll-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Stoll |first=Jeremy |year=2012 |title=Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability: Incidents in the life of BhimraoRamji Ambedkar |url=http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |journal=Journal of Folklore Research Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163954/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/3406/3173 |archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rjqyehb6fpocm3pcbura4jlzqnumhhy 0 129460 891055 765204 2026-08-03T17:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale''' makaranta ce ta jama'a, mai ilimi tare, P-12, wacce ke cikin yankin [[Brisbane]] na Calamvale, a Queensland, Ostiraliya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Calamvale Community College {{!}} Department of Education |url=https://schoolsdirectory.eq.edu.au/Details/1699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624020937/https://schoolsdirectory.eq.edu.au/Details/1699 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=schoolsdirectory.eq.edu.au}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ACARA Data Access Program - School Profile 2023 |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2023.xlsx?sfvrsn=ae9d5307_0&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Australian Curriculum Assessment And Reporting Authority}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da yin rajistar ɗalibai 2,520 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 190, tun daga shekarar 2023.<ref name=":1" /> Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 12, <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> a wasu makarantu daban-daban. == Harabar makarantu == An tsara kwalejin zuwa ƙananan makarantu guda biyu, kowannensu yana da shugaban makarantar da ma'aikatansa, inda kowace ƙananan makarantu ke kula da wasu nau'ikan maki; ƙananan makarantu suna kula da shirye-shiryen zuwa aji na 6, kuma makarantar sakandare tana kula da ɗalibai daga aji na 7 zuwa 12. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Harabar ƙaramin makarantar ta ƙunshi ƙarshen kudu na babban harabar jami'a, yayin da makarantar sakandare ta ƙunshi arewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kowace ƙaramin harabar jami'a tana ba da kayan more rayuwa iri-iri, gami da albarkatun da aka raba da waɗanda suka keɓance ga ƙananan makarantu. Misalan wuraren da aka raba sun haɗa da: Oval, Laburare, filayen ƙwallon kwando, da zauren taro. Duk harabar jami'ar suna da shagunan Tuck (wanda kuma aka sani da canteens) da kuma manyan wurare biyu na ɓoye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Calamvale_community_college.jpg|right|frame|Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale]] Makarantar Jihar Calamvale makarantar firamare ce ta jiha wadda ta wanzu tun daga kafuwarta a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1955, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba, 2001;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-14 |title=Opening and closing dates of Queensland schools |url=https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Education |language=en}}</ref> kwana ɗaya bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2002, ta zama Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarin ɓangaren makarantar sakandare.<ref name="ArchivesSearch"> {{Cite web |title=ArchivesSearch {{!}} Queensland State Archives {{!}} Queensland Government |url=https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/agencies/A5054 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="CalamvaleStateSchool">{{Cite web |title=Calamvale State School {{!}} Mapping Brisbane History |url=https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/history-location/568-calamvale-state-school/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Mapping Brisbane History |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616141928/https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/history-location/568-calamvale-state-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buɗe Kwalejin a shekarar 2002 da ɗalibai 1,150, tun daga shirin zuwa aji na 8. Daga baya a shekarar 2003, an aiwatar da shirin a aji na 9, kuma yawan masu shiga ya karu zuwa 1540. A shekarar 2006, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale ta ba da shirin zuwa aji na 12, inda aka kiyasta cewa ɗalibai za su yi rajista a aji na 2200. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] An gina ƙaramin harabar makarantar sakandare a wani lokaci mai tsawo fiye da makarantar firamare, wacce Mista Crawlings ya halarta, wacce aka riga aka kafa ta ta hanyar Makarantar Jihar Calamvale. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2016, makarantar ta fuskanci barazanar bam, tun daga wata matashiya mai juna biyu da ta bayar da dala 21 ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifin guda biyu don yin kiran, wanda ba wai kawai ya kai ga kwashe daliban makarantar ba, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-08 |title=Pregnant teen 'offered men $20 to make bomb hoax call': court |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/pregnant-teen-offered-men-20-to-make-bomb-hoax-call-court-20160208-gmog77.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624030100/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/pregnant-teen-offered-men-20-to-make-bomb-hoax-call-court-20160208-gmog77.html |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Brisbane Times |language=en}}</ref> har ma da tsare su ukun. Ana kyautata zaton cewa lamarin kwafi ne, daga barazanar da ake yi wa makarantu a lokacin.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantu a Queensland == Manazarta == tngkk8gfek3qeeywnpgykhp5k49b5w4 0 131690 891111 770380 2026-08-03T22:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Fasaha ta Lincoln (LPAC)''' wani babban daki ne mai kujeru 446, wanda aka tsara don wasannin kwaikwayo kai tsaye, tarurruka, da kuma nuna fina-finai, a [[Lincoln|Lincoln, Lincolnshire]], Ingila, da kuma wani ɓangare na [[University of Lincoln|Jami'ar Lincoln]]. == Tarihi == An buɗe shi a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2008, tare da waƙar Steven Isserlis, mai rubuta waƙoƙi. Shirin wasannin kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo an tsara shi ne don ya dace, maimakon yin gogayya da na wuraren da ke makwabtaka da shi, kamar Theatre Royal, Lincoln . An yi rikodin shirin rediyo na ''Just a Minute'' a wurin taron a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2009. === Tallafin Kuɗi === Jami'ar Lincoln, Majalisar Gundumar Lincolnshire (gami da Wannan Fasaha ce <ref>{{Cite web |title=This is Art |url=http://www.thisisartlincs.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073929/http://www.thisisartlincs.org.uk/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> ), Majalisar Birnin Lincoln, Kamfanin Lincolnshire Enterprise (£1.8 miliyan), Hukumar Ci Gaban Gabashin Midlands, da kuma Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila ne suka dauki nauyin ginin. == Gine-gine == === Zane === Injiniyoyin ba da shawara su ne Ward Cole, <ref>{{Cite web |title=This is Art |url=http://www.thisisartlincs.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073929/http://www.thisisartlincs.org.uk/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> waɗanda ke kusa da titin Carholme ( A57 ). Sun kuma yi aiki a Makarantar Gine-gine ta Jami'ar da ɗakin karatu, Injin Shed, masaukin ɗalibai kusa da Foss Dyke, Asibitin Lincoln Nuffield, Witham Wharf (a kan Brayford), da kuma sinima ta Odeon ta birnin. Masu gine-ginen sune Stem Architects, da ke Sparkhouse Studios a harabar jami'ar, waɗanda suka tsara yawancin gine-ginen Jami'ar, gami da sabon ginin Enterprise @ Lincoln. === Kayan aiki === Ginin ya ƙunshi gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sabuwar Cibiyar Kirkire-kirkire a Fannin Fasaha, wani sansanin ɗaliban digiri na farko da na gaba da digiri na biyu, tare da LSPA. Babban ɓangaren sabon ginin shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai kujeru 446 wanda zai karɓi baƙuncin wasannin kwaikwayo na ƙwararru, kiɗa da raye-raye da kuma nuna fina-finai daga ɗaliban Makarantar Lincoln ta Fasaha. <ref name="LincolnFAF">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2009 |title=Lpac Theatre - University of Lincoln |url=http://www.lpac.co.uk/ |access-date=3 January 2009 |publisher=The University of Lincoln |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219083407/http://www.lpac.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kayan aiki === Yana da Zing Café a buɗe daga ƙarfe 9 na safe zuwa 5 na yamma a lokacin zangon karatu, kuma ga tarurrukan dare akwai Theatre Bar. Akwai ofishin akwatin ajiya a Tower Bar Foyer a cikin Injin Shed a buɗe daga ƙarfe 10 na safe zuwa 4 na yamma. == Ayyukan taimako == LPAC kuma tana ba da ayyukan ilimi da fasaha ga al'ummomin yankin. Cibiyar da ke da fam miliyan 5.9 kuma gida ce ga [https://web.archive.org/web/20110306191406/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/lspa/ Makarantar Koyon Aikin Kwaikwayo ta Lincoln] (LSPA) inda kimanin ɗalibai 240 ke karatu don digiri na farko da na gaba a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. An shirya su a kusa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo don rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, da kuma ofisoshi da ɗakunan sarrafawa da na'urorin rage zafi waɗanda aka tsara musamman don ba da damar koyar da ɗalibai yayin wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye. [[Fayil:University_of_Lincoln_By_Night,_Brayford_Pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1612355.jpg|right|thumb|Wurin Wanka na Brayford da dare]] == Manazarta == doeyhmuv2nuqb95oah3t1qxb6j6p7rc 0 134611 891080 776402 2026-08-03T20:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlotte''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɑ:r|l|ə|t|audio=En-us-charlotte.ogg}} {{respell|SHAR|lət}}}} ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a jihar [[North Carolina]] ta Amurka. Tana da yawan jama'a 874,579 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, <ref name="QuickFacts">{{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Charlotte city, North Carolina |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlottecitynorthcarolina |access-date=May 16, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> ita ce birni na 14 mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, birni na bakwai mafi yawan jama'a a Kudu, kuma birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Kudu maso Gabas (bayan Jacksonville, Florida ). Yankin babban birnin Charlotte, wanda ke da mazauna miliyan 2.88, shine yanki na 21 mafi girma a babban birni a Amurka <ref name="PopEstCBSA">{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2025 |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2024 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2024 |access-date=March 13, 2025 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division}}</ref> Yankin babban birnin Charlotte wani ɓangare ne na yanki na ƙididdiga na gundumomi 18 tare da kimanin yawan jama'a miliyan 3.47 a shekarar 2024. <ref name="PopEstCBSA" /> Ita ce cibiyar gundumar Mecklenburg . Tsakanin 2004 da 2014, Charlotte tana cikin yankunan da suka fi saurin bunƙasa a cikin birane a ƙasar, tare da sabbin mazauna 888,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solt |first=Katy |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Changing Face of NC: The Wall Street of the South |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2021/04/05/changing-faces-of-nc--the-wall-street-of-the-south |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=spectrumlocalnews.com |publisher=[[Spectrum News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlotte, NC – Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/places/nc/charlotte/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Brian |date=June 12, 2019 |title=The battle of U.S. banking giants could be won in Charlotte |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-bank-branch-war-could-be-won-in-charlotte-171930680.html |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Charlotte is a hot spot in the financial services industry |url=https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/CLT-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306215936/https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/clt-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Charlotte Regional Business Alliance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Number of people moving to Charlotte region climbs to highest level in more than a decade |url=https://charlotteregion.com/news/2023/07/11/alliance-news/number-of-people-moving-to-charlotte-region-climbs-to-highest-level-in-more-than-a-decade/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232105/https://charlotteregion.com/news/2023/07/11/alliance-news/number-of-people-moving-to-charlotte-region-climbs-to-highest-level-in-more-than-a-decade/ |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Charlotte Regional Business Alliance}}</ref> Dangane da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na Amurka daga 2005 zuwa 2015, Charlotte ta mamaye Amurka a yawan jama'a na shekaru dubu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Millennial mecca: Which Charlotte neighborhoods, suburbs rank tops for young professionals |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2020/06/18/millennials-continue-flocking-to-charlotte.html |access-date=October 31, 2021 |website=Bizjournals.com |publisher=Charlotte Business Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Where are millennials moving? This North Carolina city ranks top 10 study finds |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article243542292.html |access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackmon |first=Chyna |date=April 14, 2023 |title=Home purchases among millennials have surged in Charlotte, This chart tracks growth |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/know-your-704/article274329810.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Kendrick |date=August 22, 2023 |title=Charlotte is a vibe for young transplants, Why is it so popular among millennials |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article278451179.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2020, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen da suka fi bunƙasa a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Study: Charlotte among fastest-growing cities, New Yorkers top list of new residents coming in |url=https://www.fox46.com/news/local-news/study-charlotte-among-fastest-growing-cities-new-yorkers-top-list-of-new-residents-coming-in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319071539/https://www.fox46.com/news/local-news/study-charlotte-among-fastest-growing-cities-new-yorkers-top-list-of-new-residents-coming-in/ |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Fox46.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Hank |date=October 18, 2022 |title=Report: Charlotte is the 8th fastest-growing city in U.S. |url=https://www.wcnc.com/article/money/charlotte-8th-fastest-growing-us-city-unc-research-shows/275-bcf59ea5-e00f-4aba-bdba-5fb6d74cdcaf |access-date=November 24, 2022 |website=WCNC.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jalon |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Charlotte is one of the fastest growing cities in the U.S. What's leading the growth? |url=https://qcitymetro.com/2023/05/19/charlotte-is-one-of-the-fastest-growing-cities-in-the-south/ |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=QCityMetro.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Large Southern Cities Lead Nation in Population Growth |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/subcounty-metro-micro-estimates.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=census.gov}}</ref> Ana kiran mazauna Charlotte da " Charlotaians ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 21, 2018 |title=31 signs you're a native Charlottean |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-people/article236137853.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625130556/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-people/article236137853.html |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=June 22, 2020 |publisher=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulvihill |first=Carolyn |date=November 14, 2017 |title=15 Phrases That Will Make You Swear Charlotteans Have Their Own Language |url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/north-carolina/charlotte/popular-charlotte-phrases/ |access-date=December 7, 2022 |website=Only In Your State |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003214/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/north-carolina/charlotte/popular-charlotte-phrases/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charlotte gida ce ga hedikwatar kamfanoni ta [[Bankin Amurka|Bank of America]], Honeywell, Truist Financial, da kuma hedikwatar Wells Fargo ta Gabashin Tekun, wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da sauran cibiyoyin kuɗi da ke Charlotte, ya sanya birnin ya zama cibiyar banki ta biyu mafi girma a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solt |first=Katy |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Changing Face of NC: The Wall Street of the South |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2021/04/05/changing-faces-of-nc--the-wall-street-of-the-south |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=spectrumlocalnews.com |publisher=[[Spectrum News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlotte, NC – Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/places/nc/charlotte/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Brian |date=June 12, 2019 |title=The battle of U.S. banking giants could be won in Charlotte |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-bank-branch-war-could-be-won-in-charlotte-171930680.html |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Charlotte is a hot spot in the financial services industry |url=https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/CLT-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306215936/https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/clt-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Charlotte Regional Business Alliance}}</ref> Manyan abubuwan jan hankali na Charlotte sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin wasanni uku na ƙwararru, Carolina Panthers na NFL, Charlotte Hornets na NBA, da Charlotte FC na MLS . Birnin kuma gida ne ga NASCAR Hall of Fame, Opera Carolina, Charlotte Symphony, Charlotte Ballet, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Yara na Charlotte, Gidan Tarihi na Mint, Cibiyar Harvey B. Gantt, Gidan Tarihi na Bechtler na Fasaha na Zamani, Laburare na Billy Graham, Gidan Tarihi na Levine na New South, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Charlotte, wurin shakatawa na Carowinds, da Cibiyar Whitewater ta Amurka . Charlotte tana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi|yanayi mai zafi da danshi]] . Tana da nisan mil da dama a gabashin Kogin Catawba da kuma kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Norman, babban tafki da ɗan adam ya yi a North Carolina. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solt |first=Katy |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Changing Face of NC: The Wall Street of the South |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2021/04/05/changing-faces-of-nc--the-wall-street-of-the-south |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=spectrumlocalnews.com |publisher=[[Spectrum News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlotte, NC – Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/places/nc/charlotte/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Tafkin Wylie da Tafkin Tsibirin Mountain sune ƙananan tafkuna biyu da ɗan adam ya yi da ke kusa da birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Brian |date=June 12, 2019 |title=The battle of U.S. banking giants could be won in Charlotte |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-bank-branch-war-could-be-won-in-charlotte-171930680.html |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Charlotte is a hot spot in the financial services industry |url=https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/CLT-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306215936/https://charlotteregion.com/blog/2022/07/11/clt-alliance-blog/charlotte-is-a-hot-spot-in-the-financial-services-industry/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Charlotte%20Regional,grown%20by%2032%25%20since%202016. |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Charlotte Regional Business Alliance}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, kashi 66% na yankin birnin yana cike da wuraren kore. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solt |first=Katy |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Changing Face of NC: The Wall Street of the South |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2021/04/05/changing-faces-of-nc--the-wall-street-of-the-south |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=spectrumlocalnews.com |publisher=[[Spectrum News]]}}</ref> Birnin yana matsayi na ɗaya daga cikin [[Dajin birni|wuraren kore]] a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] kuma na 28 a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlotte, NC – Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/places/nc/charlotte/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[Fayil:Queen-charlotte-1744-1818.jpg|left|thumb|Sunan birnin, Charlotte ta Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Sarauniyar Burtaniya da Ireland, {{Circa|1779}}]] 'Yan asalin ƙasar Catawba su ne mutanen da suka fara zama a yankin Charlotte. Juan Pardo, wanda ya yi mulkin mallaka a Spain, ya fara haɗuwa da su a yankin a shekara ta 1567. sckqca7oih08yg7sg8xekzgfrfezznz 0 135245 891202 809319 2026-08-04T05:14:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} David Megas Komnenos (Girkanci: Δαυίδ Μέγας Κομνηνός, an fassara shi zuwa roman: David Megas Komnēnos; kusan 1408 - 1 Nuwamba 1463) shine Sarkin Trebizond na ƙarshe daga 1460 zuwa 1461. Shi ne ɗa na uku na Sarki Alexios na IV na Trebizond da Theodora Kantakouzene. Bayan faduwar Trebizond ga Daular Ottoman, an kai shi bauta tare da iyalinsa zuwa babban birnin Ottoman, Constantinople, inda aka kashe shi da 'ya'yansa maza da ɗan'uwansa a 1463. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Majalisar Dattijai mai tsarki ta Constantinople ta tsarkake Dauda da 'ya'yansa maza da dan uwansa. An ƙaddara ranar bikin su a matsayin 1 ga Nuwamba, ranar tunawa da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://omhksea.org/archives/4724 |title=Canonization of New Saints by the Ecumenical Patriarchate |date=2013-08-02 |publisher=Ecumenical Patriarchate - Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and South East Asia |access-date=2025-11-08 |archive-date=2025-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210181025/https://omhksea.org/archives/4724 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mai mulkin Daular Trebizond == David ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk lokacin mulkin dan uwansa kuma wanda ya riga shi John IV. An ba shi lakabin kotu na ''masu mulkin mallaka'', wanda a Trebizond ya sanya magajin kursiyin. David ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiyen ɗan'uwansa a kan Genoese, kuma ya cika ayyuka daban-daban na diflomasiyya. A shekara ta 1458 ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ɗan'uwansa tare da Sultan Mehmed II na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] a Adrianople, kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ya ba da 'yar uwarsa Theodora ga mijinta, Uzun Hassan na Ak Koyunlu . Dauda ya hau gadon sarauta jim kadan bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa, wani lokaci a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1460. Kodayake John IV ya sanya dan uwansa Alexius V magajinsa,<ref>[[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]] (''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 97) errs in stating Alexios was John's son. As Michel Kuršanskis ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1979_num_37_1_2098 "La descendance d'Alexis IV, empereur de Trébizonde. Contribution à la prosopographie des Grands Comnènes]", ''Revue des études byzantines'', '''37''' (1979), pp. 239–247) shows, Alexios was the son of [[Alexander of Trebizond|Alexander]].</ref> Alexios ƙarami ne; a cewar Laonikos Chalkokondyles David, tare da goyon bayan Kabasitanoi ''Archontes'', ya tura saurayi sarki a gefe kuma ya ɗauki kursiyin don kansa. Tare da cin nasarar Constantinople da Ottoman Turks suka yi a cikin 1453, barazanar da Mehmet II ya kawo wa daular aljihu ta karu. Ɗan'uwan Dauda John ya shafe shekaru masu zuwa har zuwa mutuwarsa yana gina kawance don kare daular, tare da sarakunan Georgia a gabas da Uzun Hassan na Ak Koyunlu, kuma Dauda da alama ya dogara da goyon bayansu. Shugabannin Musulmi na Sinope da Karaman sun bayyana cewa John ko Uzun Hassan sun shiga cikin su a matsayin abokan tarayya. Game da wannan lokacin, Oktoba 1460, wani Ludovico da Bologna ya bayyana a kotun Sarkin sarakuna Frederick III tare da maza biyu waɗanda suka kasance jakadun Farisa da Georgia; musamman, jakadan Farisa - Nicholas na Tbilisi - wakilin George na takwas na Georgia, kuma jakadan Georgia - wanda aka rubuta a matsayin "Custopa", "Custoda", "Chastodina" da sauran bambance-bambance - ya wakilci Qvarqvare II, yarima na Samkhets.[1] Sun ɗauki wasiƙu da waɗannan sarakunan Gabas suka sanya hannu ba kawai, har ma da wasu huɗu, da kuma kabilun Caucasus guda uku duk suna da sha'awar shiga cikin kawance da Ottomans. Ludovico ya ci gaba zuwa Venice, kuma ko dai a can ko a tasharsu ta gaba, Florence, sabon jakadan ya shiga cikin masu zuwa: Michael Alighieri, wanda ya ce shi ne jakadan Sarkin sarakuna Dauda. A Florence, birni da ke da sha'awar gina cibiyar sadarwa a cikin Levant, Alighieri ya tattauna yarjejeniya tsakanin Florence da David na Trebizond wanda ya ba birnin ofishin jakadanci (''fondaco'') da kuma sharuddan kasuwanci wanda ya haɗa da haraji na 2% akan fitarwa, kamar yadda Genoese da Venetians suka ji daɗin su a Trebizond. Kamar kakanninsa, [[Dante Alighieri]], Michael Alighiere dan Florentine ne, amma yana kasuwanci a kansa a cikin Black Sea. Bryer ya ambaci wani takarda mai kwanan wata 28 ga Afrilu 1470, inda masu kare Bankin St. George a Caffa suka ba Michael Alighieri amintaccen hali wanda ya rufe 'ya'yansa da ma'aikatansa. Bryer ya bi da ikirarin Ludovico da Bologna tare da matakin rashin amincewa da tuhuma, yana mai lura da Ludovico "yana kama da ya kasance mai glib sosai kuma daga baya ya damu da wani abu na halin Baron Corvo ga Ikilisiya, wanda ya kasa ɗaukar burinsa da gaske". A gefe guda, Bryer ya ɗauka Michael Alighieri wakilin halal ne na Sarkin sarakuna David, kodayake wasikar da ya ɗauka daga David zuwa Duke Philip the Good League na Burgundy "an rubuta shi, idan ba a Italiya ba, daga wani ra'ayi na Trebiz da William da aka gani ba, ya san san san san sabon ra'ayi, kamar yadda yake da sunan Trebiz. == Rashin Trebizond == Bayan ya yi kamar yana shirye don tattaunawa da wasu maƙwabtansa, Mehmed II ya kewaye Sinope kuma ya sami mika wuya. Sultan ya aika da rundunarsa zuwa Trebizond, yayin da ya jagoranci sojojin ƙasa a kan Uzun Hassan . Bayan da Mehmed ya kama sansanin Koylu Hisar ta hanyar guguwa, kuma abokan Uzun Hassan da ke Karamanians sun kasa zuwa taimaka masa, Uzun Hassan ya aika da mahaifiyarsa, Sara Khatun, tare da kyaututtuka masu tsada ga sansanin Sultan don neman zaman lafiya. Yayinda ta sami nasarar tattauna yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Mehmed da Aq Qoyunlu, ba za ta iya yin komai ga ƙasar surukarta ba, Trebizond. Steven Runciman ya sake maimaita musayar tsakanin Sara da Mehmed: "Me ya sa aka gaji da kanka, ɗana, don wani abu mafi kyau fiye da Trebizond?" ta tambaye shi. Ya amsa cewa Sword of Islam yana hannunsa, kuma zai ji kunyar kada ya gaji da bangaskiyarsa. Tare da abokin tarayya mafi inganci na Dauda, Mehmed II ya yi tafiya zuwa Trebizond. Rundunarsa ta sauka a can a farkon watan Yuli, ta ci sojojin Dauda, sannan ta kwace yankunan da ke kewaye da birnin fiye da wata daya. Kwamandan Ottoman Mahmud Pasha Angelovic ya bude tattaunawa da David har ma kafin zuwan maigidansa, kuma David's ''protovestiarios'', George Amiroutzes, ya shawarci sarki ya kai karar zaman lafiya. Lokacin da Mehmed II ya isa a watan Agusta, bai gamsu da tattaunawar ba, amma ya bar su ci gaba. Yanzu an rinjayi David ya mika wuya, a kan yanayin da za a ba shi damar ci gaba da iyalinsa, gidansa da dukiya, kuma an yi masa alkawarin ritaya mai fa'ida a Thrace. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Sarakuna]] 4cc9w94voi444cq35zg71j6qik64x4m 0 135860 891204 802326 2026-08-04T05:28:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David B. Robbins''' lauya ne na Amurka, manajan asusun hedge, kuma mai saka hannun jari a hannun jari masu zaman kansu. Ya kasance shugaban Bally Technologies har zuwa lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga Scientific Games a 2014 kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin haɗin gwiwar saka hannun jari daban-daban, ciki har da Relativity Media, UltraV Holdings, Alexiam Capital, da Trevi Health Capital. == Rayuwa da aiki == Robbins ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania da kuma digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta NYU . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan kamfani, Robbins ya kafa kuma ya kula da asusun hannun jari na kamfanoni daban-daban da kuma jarin ci gaba, yana zuba jari a kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi, wasanni, kiwon lafiya, da kimiyyar rayuwa. A shekara ta 2005, Robbins ya kafa Trevi Health Capital tare, wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa wanda ke mai da hankali kan harkokin kiwon lafiya, tare da mai da hankali kan bayanai kan harkokin kiwon lafiya da fasahar likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Bally Technologies (NYSE:BYI), wani kamfanin kayan wasanni da fasaha da aka sayar a bainar jama'a daga 1996 har zuwa lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga Wasannin Kimiyya (NASDAQ:SGMS) a 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Bally recalls old guard with new chairman and CEO |url=https://www.gamingintelligence.com/people/19026-bally-recalls-old-guard-with-new-chairman-and-ceo/ |website=Gaming Intelligence}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Robbins ya sayi Relativity Media, wani kamfanin rarraba fina-finai da talabijin, ta hanyar hannun jarin UltraV, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Robbins da SoundPoint Capital. <ref name="Sound Point Capital">{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://SoundPointcap.com |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Sound Point Capital}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Bally recalls old guard with new chairman and CEO |url=https://www.gamingintelligence.com/people/19026-bally-recalls-old-guard-with-new-chairman-and-ceo/ |website=Gaming Intelligence}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maddaus |first=Gene |date=August 16, 2018 |title=Relativity Media Sale to UltraV Holdings Approved by Bankruptcy Judge |url=https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/relativity-media-sale-judge-approved-1202907380/}}</ref> Robbins ya zuba jari a matsayin furodusa a cikin shirye-shiryen Broadway da yawa, musamman Pippin, wanda ya sami kyautar Tony Award don Mafi Kyawun Farfaɗowar Musical a 2013. == Hulɗar jama'a == Gidauniyar iyali ta Robbins ta mayar da hankali kan binciken likitanci, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin jijiyoyi, tana ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Halittar Jiki ta Jami'ar Columbia <ref name="Institute for Genomic Medicine 2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Institute for Genomic Medicine |url=https://www.igm.columbia.edu/ |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Institute for Genomic Medicine |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506010807/https://www.igm.columbia.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta NYU Langone . Robbins mai goyon baya ne a NYU FACES <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (Neman Maganin Farfadiya da Karyewa) kuma yana aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar McCarton <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (magance Autism da nakasassu na ci gaba), kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Farfadiya ta NYU Langone Comprehensive, <ref name="NYU Langone Health 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-05 |title=Comprehensive Epilepsy Center |url=http://nyulangone.org/locations/comprehensive-epilepsy-center |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=NYU Langone Health |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506101657/https://nyulangone.org/locations/comprehensive-epilepsy-center |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Majalisar Magungunan Precision ta Jami'ar Columbia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Bally recalls old guard with new chairman and CEO |url=https://www.gamingintelligence.com/people/19026-bally-recalls-old-guard-with-new-chairman-and-ceo/ |website=Gaming Intelligence}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Trevi Health Ventures |url=https://www.cipherbio.com/data-viz/investor/Trevi%2BHealth%2BVentures |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=Cipherbio.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ybpqgsz411j2chyhxhitvo4jyzyvze 0 135998 890996 778882 2026-08-03T16:14:00Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 890996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin Doiran''' ya kasance yaƙin 1917 tsakanin [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Ƙasar Ingila]] da Bulgaria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Yaƙin ya ƙare a cikin gagarumin nasarar Bulgarian, wanda ya haifar da watanni 16 na shiru a gaba kafin Yaƙin Doiran na Uku. == Shirye-shiryen == A lokacin [[Chantilly, France|Chantilly]]_Conferences" id="mwGA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chantilly Conferences">Taron na Biyu na Mai ba da shawara na Soja na Entente a Chantilly, an yanke shawarar ci gaba da yunkurin ci gaba. Aikin sojojin Entente a gaban Makidoniya shine a yi nasara a kan sojojin Bulgarian kuma a sami ci gaba a cikin Balkans a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kwamandan Allied, wanda ke sa ran ƙarfafawa, ya shirya babban hari a kan hanyar Vardar da Doiran. A cikin 1917 an maye gurbin 2nd (Bulgarian) Thracian Infantry Division a Doiran da 9th Pleven Infantry Unit karkashin umurnin Colonel Vladimir Vazov. == Hare-haren farko == A ranar 9 da 10 ga Fabrairu, Allies sun kai hari kan 33rd Svishtov da 34th Troyan Regiments amma an kori su ta hanyar gagarumin hari da Troyan Regiment. Ci gaban Burtaniya a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu ya kori [[Artillery|bindigogi]] na Bulgarian bayan yaƙin kwana biyu. Kwamandan Allied ya gano cewa matsayi na Bulgarian sun fi kyau fiye da shekarar da ta gabata, don haka ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da bindigogi a kan waɗannan tsaron. A halin yanzu, ya ci gaba da ci gaban filin da aka kafa, wanda ya kasance 800 - 1,500 m daga layin tsaro na Pleven Division. Don samun ci gaba, [[Birtaniya]] ta mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyoyi uku (Na 22, na 26, na 60), tare da bindigoginta - fiye da mutane 43,000, bindigogi 160, 110 da bindigogi 440. Manufar ba ta bambanta da yaƙin da aka yi a shekarar da ta gabata ba; babban bugun ya kasance a gaba na kilomita 5-6 zuwa Kalatepe.[1] – Hasashen kwamandan Bulgarian na wani gagarumin hari na Allied ya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar leken asiri. An karfafa rundunar Pleven ta 9, tana da mutane 30,000, bindigogi 147, bindigogi 35, da bindigogi 130. Dangane da umarnin Babban Kwamandan, an raba gaba zuwa yankuna uku tare da faɗin daban-daban: dama daga Kogin Vardar zuwa tsaunuka na Varovita tare da faɗakarwa na kilomita 13 Brigade na 1 ya kare shi (6 battalions tare da bindigogi 48, 12 mortars da 56 na'ura); tsakiya daga tsaunuka ta Varovita zuwa tsaunukan Karakho, {{Nowrap|9 km}}<nowiki>"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">4 km"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">13 km, wanda 57th Regondz (3 battalions) ya kare shi da kuma hagu daga Karakho highers, 2 brigards, 26rd battalions).</nowiki> == Matsayi na karewa == [[Fayil:Star_Dojran_-_Bulgarian_trenches_2.jpg|left|thumb|Ragowar ramukan Bulgarian a Star Dojran, Arewacin Makidoniya.]] [[Fayil:Serbia-WW1-4.jpg|thumb|Rundunar Makidoniya a cikin 1916-1917.]] A cikin 1917 an kara inganta matsayi na tsaro na Bulgarian da garu. Ya haɗa da matsayi biyu na farko tare da layuka biyu na ci gaba da rami 1.5 - 2 mita zurfi, 200 zuwa 1000 m nesa kuma an haɗa shi da sassan don sadarwa. A gaban waɗannan matsayi akwai tsarin layi biyu na wutan lantarki. Tsakanin layuka na wuraren tsaro, an gina mafaka, gidajen bindigogi da batir da suka nutse. Bayan wadannan tsaron akwai tashoshin kankare, sansanonin bindigogi, da kuma dandamali na harsashi. Akwai ƙananan ganuwa a gaban matsayi na farko, tare da wani ɓangare na matsayi na biyu 2 - 5 km zuwa bayansa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2khd5vnzlyz1a0frrmws7zs4ae2e9oe 0 137595 891196 884789 2026-08-04T04:14:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damaskinos Papandreou''' (an haife shi '''Vasileos Papandreou''', Βασίλειος Παπανδρέου; 23 ga Fabrairu, 1936, a Thermo, Aetolia-Acarnania - 5 ga Nuwamba, 2011, a [[Geneva]]) shi ne bishop na babban birni Orthodox na [[Edirne|Adrianople]] daga 2003 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kafin wannan ya kasance babban birni na Trajanopolis daga 1970, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban birni mai aiki a 1975, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin babban birni ya farko na Switzerland a 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://users.sch.gr/markmarkou/2011/koim2011.htm#13 |title=Profile (Greek) |access-date=2026-07-19 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017022207/http://users.sch.gr/markmarkou/2011/koim2011.htm#13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3sujlo5ea1sipko3eehoay8vaayw424 0 137782 891184 787290 2026-08-04T03:18:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Da-ice (ダナ, Daisu; an tsara shi a matsayin Da-iCE kuma ana kiransa "dice"), [[Boy band|ƙungiyar yarinya]] ce ta Japan. Kungiyar ta kunshi mambobi biyar: Yudai Ohno, Toru Iwaoka, Taiki Kudo, Sota Hanamura, da Hayate Wada . An sanya hannu a Universal Sigma har sai da suka koma [[Avex Trax]] a watan Yunin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> A halin yanzu [[Avex Group#Subsidiaries|Avex Management Inc]] ne ke sarrafa su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Da-iCE｜avex management Web |url=http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419080150/http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Avex |language=ja}}</ref> == Suna == Duk da alamar da ke cikin sunan kungiyar, ana furta shi a matsayin "dice". Bangarori biyar na mutuwa suna wakiltar membobin, yayin da gefen ƙarshe ke wakiltar magoya baya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Nhu |date=2014-02-12 |title=Da-iCE – Interview (2014) |url=https://j-generation.com/2014/02/da-ice-interview-2014/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=J-Generation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> "a-i" a cikin sunan an rubuta shi da gangan a cikin ƙananan kalmomi, kamar yadda "ai" ke nufin soyayya a cikin harshen Jafananci.<ref name="blog">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-14 |title=初めまして！！(^^)｜Da-iCE(ダイス)オフィシャルブログ Powered by Ameba |url=http://ameblo.jp/da-ice/entry-10861861726.html |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Ameba |language=ja}}</ref> == Tarihi == === 2011-2014: Kafawa da farkon shekarun === A watan Janairun 2011, Yudai Ohno, Toru Iwaoka, Taiki Kudo, Sota Hanamura, da Hayate Wada sun taru kuma manajan su na yanzu ya kafa su cikin rukuni.<ref name="bd interview">{{Cite web |title=Da-iCE「BILLION DREAMS」インタビュー (1/3) - 音楽ナタリー Power Push |url=http://natalie.mu/music/pp/daice |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Natalie.mu |language=ja |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419065522/http://natalie.mu/music/pp/daice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar, da farko ana kiranta Blackout, nan da nan ta yanke shawarar canza sunan saboda "blackout" yana nufin katsewar wutar lantarki.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="blog"/> A watan Afrilu, sun gudanar da kide-kide na farko a Shibuya Vuenos . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Daga Mayu zuwa Satumba 2012, Da-ice ta yi aiki a matsayin aikin buɗewa ga abokan aikinsu na [[AAA (band)|AAA]] a cikin "AAA Tour 2012 -777- Triple Seven". <ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Da-iCE｜avex management Web |url=http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419080150/http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Avex |language=ja}}</ref> Wannan ya fadada bayyanarsu ga jama'a, kuma a ƙarshen yawon shakatawa mabiyan su na Twitter sun karu daga kimanin 2,000 zuwa sama da 10,000.<ref name="bd interview"/> A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kungiyar ta fitar da karamin kundi na farko mai suna indie. Ya kasance na 1 a kan Recochoku ringtone na yau da kullun, kuma ya kai matsayi na lamba 15 a kan Oricon Daily Albums Chart. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bayan fitowar kundin, Da-ice sun gudanar da rangadin su na farko a watan Janairun 2013. A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, sun gudanar da rangadin su na biyu. A watan Yunin 2013, sun fito da wakarsu ta farko, "Zan dawo". Ɗaya daga cikin sunayen 14 a kan Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, kuma ya sami lambar daya a kan Recochoku ringtone na yau da kullun.[1] A watan Yulin, sun sanar da cewa za su fara bugawa a shekarar 2014, kuma a watan Oktoba, an sanar da cewa kuri'un kan layi na kasa daya zai tantance karon farko.[2] A ƙarshen shekara ta 2013, ƙungiyar ta sauya zuwa reshen Universal Music Japan, Universal Sigma . A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, kungiyar ta fitar da wakarsu ta farko, "Shout It Out", wacce ta kasance ta biyu a kan Oricon Daily Chart <ref name=":0"/> da kuma ta huɗu a kan Oriкон Weekly Charts. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> Magoya bayansu ne suka zaba guda ɗaya daga waƙoƙi guda uku.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Maris, sun gudanar da rangadin su na uku. Bayan fitowar waƙoƙi biyu na gaba, Da-ice ta fitar da cikakken kundi na farko, Fight Back, da kuma DVD na yawon shakatawa na uku, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2015, kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su saki kundi na biyu mai tsawo a kowane kakar. Dukkanin mutane huɗu daga 2015 za a haɗa su a cikin wannan kundin. === 2016-yanzu: ''Kowace Lokaci'' === An fitar da shi a hukumance a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2016, ''Kowace Lokaci'' ya kasance na farko a kan Oricon Daily Ranking a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, kwana daya kafin a fitar da shi. Tallace-tallacen kundin su sun kai fiye da 30,000 da aka sayar. Kowace kakar ta haɗa da mutane huɗu daga 2015 da haɗin gwiwa tare da SKY-HI daga babban rukuni, [[AAA (band)|AAA]]. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Da-iCE za ta yi zagaye na farko a fadin Japan tun daga watan Yuli, tare da tsayawa ta ƙarshe a Tokyo Nippon Budokan a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2017. Wannan zai zama karo na farko da kungiyar ta yi a filin wasa a matsayin wasan solo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, sun kammala yawon shakatawa na uku tare da sanarwar mamaki na "Watch Out", da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na uku na DVD Da-ice Live House Tour 2015-2016: Phase 4 Hello, wanda aka saki a lokaci guda a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2016. An saki "Watch Out" guda ɗaya a cikin nau'ikan 3 da kuma nau'ikan memba. DVD na uku na kai tsaye ya nuna wasan kusa da na karshe a Tokyo a Toyosu PIT a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya haɗa da iyakantaccen rikodin sa'a guda da ake kira "Hanyar zuwa Nippon Budokan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Da-iCE｜avex management Web |url=http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419080150/http://avex-management.jp/artists/DAICE/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Avex |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, kungiyar ta fitar da wakarsu "liveDevil", wacce ke aiki a matsayin waƙar buɗewa don shigarwa ta 32 na jerin Kamen Rider, ''Kamen Rider Revice'' . Waƙar ta ƙunshi ƙarin murya daga Subaru Kimura, wanda kuma ya bayyana ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa na Revice. Yankin B na ɗayan ya ƙunshi "Promise", waƙar ƙarshe don fim ɗin "Kamen Rider: Beyond Generations". A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, "Citrus" guda daya ta lashe Grand Prix a 63rd Japan Record Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHY - Da-iCE（ダイス） - UNIVERSAL MUSIC JAPAN |url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/da-ice/biography |access-date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Universal Music Japan |language=ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gpqlnxoyzbs3jtak8hiemkakk7822ha 0 137789 891270 839672 2026-08-04T10:04:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} Dorothy Little Happy (ドロシーリリリリルハー) ƙungiya ce ta solo da ta samo asali ne a Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku, Japan . Rukunin na kamfanin ƙwarewa ne na Stepone, wanda ke da hedikwatar a Sendai, a ƙarƙashin lakabin Otodama Records . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happyニューシングル、OTODAMA RECORDSより5月に |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312171803/http://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan Kana Shirato ta kammala karatu, kungiyar ta zama aikin Mari Takahashi. Mari ta kammala karatu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018 kuma tun daga lokacin an sake fara kungiyar tare da sabbin mambobi a shekarar 2019. [1] === Mambobin yanzu === * Fūka Kurimura (栗村風香) <ref name="News">{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2019 |title=メンバーの活動について (ご報告) |url=https://dorothylittlehappy.jp/news/4222.html |publisher=Dorothy Little Happy Official Website |language=ja |access-date=January 13, 2026 |archive-date=February 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209200439/https://dorothylittlehappy.jp/news/4222.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Akina Katō (加藤亜希菜) <ref name="News" /> * Kiri Kurokawa (黒川季里) <ref name="News" /> * Nana Takeuchi (竹內菜々) <ref name="News" /> === Mambobin da suka gabata === * Michiyo Suzuki (鈴木 美知代) * Ruuna Akimoto (a lokacin da aka samu a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015) <ref name="Oricon 2015-04-29">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2015 |title=ドロシー、一挙3人卒業発表 白戸&高橋2人で活動継続 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2052249/ |access-date=April 29, 2015 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> * Mimori Tominaga (富永 美杜) (hagu a watan Yulin 2015) <ref name="Oricon 2015-04-29" /> * Kōmi Hayasaka (早坂 香美) (hagu a watan Yulin 2015) <ref name="Oricon 2015-04-29" /> * Kana Shirato (ya kammala karatu a watan Yunin 2017) <ref name="Oricon 2018-07-01">{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happy白戸佳奈が芸能界引退「自分に自信がなくなって」 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/233423 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726040907/https://natalie.mu/music/news/233423 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mari Takahashi (高橋 麻里) (ta kammala karatu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018) <ref name="Oricon 2018-07-01" /> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Albums === {| class="wikitable" !# !Taken !Ranar fitarwa !Matsayi mafi girma na Oricon<br /> |- |1 |Demo Sayonara (Sanyawa) |Maris 16, 2011 | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |2 |Demo Sayonara 2012 (Sanyawa da aka yi amfani da ita a shekarar 2012) |Janairu 11, 2012 | style="text-align:center;" |153<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happyニューシングル、OTODAMA RECORDSより5月に |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312171803/http://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |3 |Rayuwa ta ci gaba |Fabrairu 20, 2013 | style="text-align:center;" |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life goes on |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1004001/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |4 |Farawa da Ƙari |Maris 10, 2014 | style="text-align:center;" |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=STARTING OVER |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1058889/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |5 |Duniyar duniya |Janairu 1, 2015 | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circle of the world |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1097742/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |6 |Mafi kyawun Dorothy Little Happy (2010-2015) |Afrilu 13, 2015 | style="text-align:center;" |30<ref>{{Cite web |title=The best of Dorothy Little Happy 2010-2015(DVD付) |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1117155/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oprhnktfhfsm5uu0sq4nxhpn03pnswh 0 140286 890954 825770 2026-08-03T13:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bhume Naach''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Bal puja, Namka Parva, Lokabangey, Jhyamkri rw Balka da Bulku''' ) yana ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwan da mutanen Kham Magar daga lardunan Lumbini na [[Nepal]] ke yi. Kalmar ''Bhume'' tana nufin 'Duniya' kuma ''Naach'' tana nufin 'rawa' a [[Nepali|yaren Nepal]] . Mutanen Kham suna yin addini wanda ke bauta wa ƙasa ( ''bhumi puja'' ), tsiron ruwa ( ''shim'' ), dazuzzuka ( ''ban puja'' ) da yanayi, suna neman ingantaccen amfanin gona da shanu. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ne:भुमेको भूमिमा सांस्कृतिक उत्सव (फोटोफिचर) |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/06/688268 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Online Khabar |language=ne}}</ref> Bikin Mayu shine babban rawar da Magars ke yi, musamman a gabashin Rukum da Rolpa . Ana yin wannan rawa a duk sassan Bhume Rural Municipality da Putha Uttarganga Rural Municipality a gabashin Rukum, kuma ana yin ta a Thabang da Jelbang a Rolpa. Wannan rawa rawa ce ta musamman da ake yi a manyan ƙauyuka inda ake magana [[Parbatey Kham|da Parbatey Kham Magar]] . Bhume Naach rawa ce ta gargajiya da ake yi a kusa da wuta don bauta wa Duniya. Mutanen ''Kham'' sun yi imani da cewa Duniya Allah ce. Ana ɗaukar Duniya a matsayin uwa kuma mai kariya wadda ke ba da mafaka, abinci da kuma abin ci ga kowa. Don faranta wa Duniya rai, mutane suna yin rawa daga tsakiyar watan Mayu zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni. Babban bikin yana faruwa ne a makon farko na watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=सुरेन्द्र राना |script-title=ne:रूकुम (पूर्व) मा 'भूमे' को रौनक |url=https://www.setopati.com/ghumphir/ghumphir-news/161985/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Setopati |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Game da Bhume Naach == Rawar Bhume ta shahara a Athara Magarat (al'ummomin Magar goma sha takwas) na yankin yammacin ƙasar. Asalin rawa ce ta gargajiya ta al'ummomin Magar na wannan yanki. Magars suna bauta wa ƙasa a matsayin babban ƙarfinsu saboda su masu bauta wa yanayi ne kuma suna yin rawa ta Bhume don girmama yanayi kamar yadda ake danganta ta da bauta wa yanayi. Ana yin rawa ta Bhume tare da tunawa da yanayi da kakannin da ke girmama ƙasa da allahntakar ƙasa. Ana yin rawar Bhume a ranakun farko da na biyu na watan Asar (Yuni). Wani lokaci, ana tsawaita ta zuwa kwanaki biyar, daga ranar farko zuwa rana ta biyar ta wannan watan. A cikin wannan rawar, ana ɗaukar ƙasa ko yanayi a matsayin mafi girma fiye da kowa. Da imanin cewa saboda ƙasa ne muke tsira daga masu rawa, sai su durƙusa ƙasa su fara rawa da addu'a ga yanayi. Maza da mata na kowane rukuni suna shiga cikin wannan rawa. Har ma baƙi waɗanda suka nuna sha'awar yin rawar ana maraba da su sosai a lokacin wannan rawa. A lokacin rawa, masu wasan kwaikwayo suna yin da'ira. Ana buga kayan kida waɗanda suka haɗa da sarewa, madal, paijam, chhelam da dundi (ƙaho da ƙaho) a tsakiyar da'irar. Lokacin da 'yan wasan suka fara kunna kayan kida cikin jituwa da bugu, mazan masu rawa a cikin da'irar da mata masu rawa a wajen da'irar suna fara rawa da bugun da kuma sautin kiɗan. Ko da yake ba a rera waƙoƙi a cikin rawar Bhume ba, rawa tana wakiltar tunawa da kakanninmu kuma tana isar da bayyana fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa da suka shafi ayyukan noma. Lokacin da kida da bugun kiɗan suka canza, haka nan rawan take. Ana kyautata zaton rawan Bhume ta ƙunshi ashirin da biyu da suka fi shahara a yanayinsu na asali, duk da haka har yanzu ana yin su a cikin waƙoƙi ashirin da biyu na waƙoƙin gargajiya na kwanan nan. Kodayake akwai jita-jita cewa ana yin sadaukarwar ɗan adam kafin fara rawan Bhume, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa a zahiri yana aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=भूमे पर्व : एक विशुद्ध मगर मौलिक पर्व |url=https://everesttimes.net/archives/24032#:~:text=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97,%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Everest Times UK |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bikin == A lokacin bikin ''Bhume Naach,'' shugaban ƙauyen ne ke zaɓen yara maza da mata kuma a aika su zuwa tudu ko dutse don tattara ruwa, ƙasa, da furanni iri-iri masu launi da mutanen ƙauyen ke ɗauka masu tsarki. Yaran suna ɗauke da tutoci masu launi da kuma ''patho'' (ɗan akuya/ɗan akuya); 'yan matan suna ɗauke da ruwa mai tsarki da abinci iri-iri. Bayan tattara ruwa, ƙasa da furanni, ana haɗa tutoci uku a kan wani babban itace don tashi a kan dutsen. Bayan sun shafe kwanaki goma sha biyar a kan tuddai ko duwatsu, yaran sai su bauta wa Duniya, su yi hadaya da ''patho'', sannan su koma ƙauyen a ranar farko ta watan Yuni, wanda kuma shine ranar farko ta bikin. Bayan dawowarsu, samarin maza da mata suna ɗaure tutoci uku masu haske a kan sandar katako sannan su ajiye ta a ƙasa. Suna jin daɗin waƙa, rawa da buga waƙoƙin ''gargajiya'' (wani kayan kida na gida), da ganguna. Mutanen ƙauyen suna murna kuma suna maraba da yaran ta hanyar buga ganguna da wani kayan kida na gida da ake kira ''majalisar dattawa'' . Masu bikin sun ɗauki wani ''abin biki'' zuwa kogin don yin wanka kafin a yi hadayar. Bayan hadayar, akuyar, wacce ake kyautata zaton ta tafi aljanna, ana kai ta tsakiyar ƙauyen. An ƙawata wuyanta da zane mai launin ja, rawaya, kore, da fari. Waɗannan suna wakiltar Duniya (uwar wannan al'umma ta asali), farin ciki, zaman lafiya, da ƙauna. 'Yan matan suna ƙawata kansu da tufafi masu launuka iri ɗaya a kafaɗunsu da kuma a wuyansu, yayin da suke yin waƙoƙi da rawa. == ''Patho'' == A lokacin bikin, wani yaro sanye da farar riga ya ja ''patho'' ko [[Akwiya|rago]], yayin da wasu samari suka bi shi, suna danna ''patho'' a hankali da sanda don su sa shi ya zagaya ƙauyen. Mata da 'yan mata suna tsaye a gefen hanya suna layi suna riƙe da ''Nanglo'' wani aikin hannu na gida da aka yi da bamboo wanda ya ƙunshi toka, masara, masara, gero, tsabar kuɗi, yadi masu launi ko kwal don zuba a kan ''patho'' . Kusan ƙarshen al'adar, wani yaro ya zo yana riƙe da abin tausayi yayin da Damais (ƙabilar sana'a) ke buga ganguna da ƙarfi. Dole ne yaran biyu su yi gudu da sauri gwargwadon iyawarsu yayin da sauran yaran ke danna abin tausayi don su sa shi ya gudu. Yayin gudu, idan wani ya faɗi, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mummunan alama, wanda za a iya dangantawa da mutuwa. Idan mutum ya faɗi yana iya yin rashin lafiya ko ya mutu. 'Yan uwansu na iya samun irin wannan rashin sa'a cikin shekara guda. Idan babu wanda ya faɗi ƙasa, ana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin alama ce mai kyau ga ƙauyen. A ƙarshe, mahalarta za su je kogin su ɗauki ''patho'' zuwa wurin ibada da ake amfani da shi don bauta wa ƙasar. Ana yanka ''patho'' a kogin, ana shafa jininsa a kan zane mai launi waɗanda aka makala a kan wani dogon sanda kuma a bar su su yi shawagi a kan dutse. Bayan haka, mutanen ƙauyen za su dafa abinci iri-iri, su ba da abubuwan sha daban-daban, su ci tare, sannan su yi musayar kyaututtuka yayin da suke yi wa juna fatan alheri. Bayan wannan taron, sai su taru a babban filin da suke yin ''Balpuja'' . Wannan al'ada ce inda ake yin da'ira ta mutane kuma taron jama'a suna rera waƙa. Ana buƙatar kowane memba na ƙauyen ya shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |script-title=ne:मगरात भुमी इतिहास पहिचानमा जोडिएको भुमे/भुम्या/भूम्हेँ पर्व महान साँस्कृतिक चाड हो। |url=https://magaratnepal.com/archives/6735 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=MagaratNepal |language=ne |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103073551/https://magaratnepal.com/archives/6735 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rawa ta Al'ada == Babban rawar Bhume Naach, tana buƙatar samarin ƙauye su yi rawa a tsakiyar da'ira da 'yan mata masu rawa ke kewaye da su waɗanda ke sanye da kyawawan tufafi, kayan ado, da furanni. 'Yan matan suna rarraba furanninsu don nuna girmamawa. Yara suna rawa duk tsawon yini suna kammala matakai ashirin da biyu a kowace waƙa kuma ana buƙatar su kammala dukkan matakai ashirin da biyu na rawar a cikin yini. ''Balpuja'' tana isar da saƙo ga Allah/Duniya. Tunda Kham tana ɗaukar Duniya a matsayin babban tushen ƙauna da kariya, dole ne Duniya ta kasance mai farin ciki don samun duk abin da suke buƙata, kamar abinci, ruwa, iska, haske da matsuguni. Da'irar 'yan mata ta waje tana wakiltar uwa da mai kare al'ummarsu. Shawarwarin da iyali da al'umma suka yanke suna da tasiri sosai daga matan Kham. Wannan bikin na shekara-shekara ana kammala shi ta hanyar mutane suna rera waƙoƙin baƙin ciki tare. Mahalarta suna kuka mai zafi kuma suna barin taron da fatan alheri da albarka daga dattawansu. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ne:मगर बस्तीमा भुमे नाचको रौनक |url=https://www.mulpati.com/news/1450 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103073550/https://www.mulpati.com/news/1450 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Mulpati |language=ne}}</ref> Tsarin bikin wannan Bhume Naach na gargajiya alama ce ta alaƙar mutanen Kham da yanayi maimakon allah. Bhume Naach yana haskakawa kuma yana murnar gaskiyar cewa ba tare da Duniya ba babu rai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ub8gv4zl1wvj489h5zifi27rfla5ac 0 141206 891058 828812 2026-08-03T18:12:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Candace Helaine Cameron Bure''' ('''Cameron''') an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1976) <ref name="TCM-Candace-Cameron-Bure">{{Cite web |title=Candace Cameron Bure - Turner Classic Movies |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/27531%7C0/Candace-Cameron-Bure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190658/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/27531%7C0/Candace-Cameron-Bure |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, marubuciya kuma tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa wacce aka fi sani da DJ Tanner a cikin ''Full House'' da ''Fuller House'', Summer van Horne a cikin ''Make It or Break It'', da kuma fina-finai da yawa na asali na Hallmark Channel - gami da halin taken a cikin daidaitawarsu na jerin littattafan Aurora Teagarden . A shekarar 2014, ta shiga gasar ƙarshe a kakar wasa ta 18 ta ''Dancing with the Stars'', inda ta kare a matsayi na uku. Bure ta kuma yi ƙananan rawar da ta taka a matsayin Cindy Nelson a cikin ''Some Kind of Wonderful'', Carrie Krytsick a cikin ''Punchline'', kuma ta yi rawar da ta taka a cikin ''FREDI'' . Daga 2015 zuwa 2016, ta kasance tare da mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa na talabijin na rana ''The View'' . A shekarar 2022, Bure ta zama babbar jami'ar bayanai ta Great American Media . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Candace Cameron a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1976, a birnin Panorama, [[California]] . Iyayenta su ne Barbara (née Bausmith), mai kula da gida kuma manaja a farkon ayyukan 'ya'yanta na wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma Robert Cameron. Mista Cameron ya yi ritaya daga makarantar koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-18 |title=Candace Cameron has 'Full House' of her own |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/candace-cameron-has-full-house-her-own-wbna21361249 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schacht |first=Darlene |date=2008-11-29 |title=Interview with Author, Barbara Cameron |url=http://christianwomenonline.net/2008/11/28/interview-with-author-heather-cameron/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Christian Women Online |language=en}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa uku: tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai wa'azi Kirk, Bridgette, da Melissa. <ref name="TCM-Candace-Cameron-Bure"/> == Sana'a == Cameron ya fito a matsayin bako a cikin fina-finai kamar ''St. A wani wuri'', ''Growing Pains'', da ''Who's the Boss?.'' A shekarar 1985, ta fito a matsayin Jennifer Bates a cikin wani shiri na sitcom ''Punky Brewster'' . A shekarar 1987, ta taka rawa a matsayin ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Eric Stoltz a cikin barkwancin matasa mai suna ''Some Kind of Wonderful'' . Haka kuma a shekarar 1987, tana da shekaru 11, Cameron ta fara rawar da ta fi taka rawa a cikin shirin sitcom ''mai suna Full House'', a matsayin Donna Jo "DJ" Tanner, babbar 'yar Danny Tanner na [[Bob Saget]] . An yi mata fim a tsawon shekaru takwas na shirin har zuwa karshensa a shekarar 1995. A lokacin da take cikin ''Full House'', Cameron ya kuma fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Camp Cucamonga'', wani barkwanci mai ban dariya. Ta fito a matsayin bako a cikin fim ɗin da ya gaza nasarar ''Real Mature'', da kuma wani shiri na ''Bill Nye the Science Guy'' a matsayin "Candace the Science Gal". Ta kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin Tom Hanks da [[Sally Field]] mai suna ''Punchline'' . Cameron ya karbi bakuncin kyautar Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards a shekarar 1990 tare da abokin wasan ''Full House'' , Dave Coulier da David Faustino, sannan kuma a shekarar 1994 tare da Joey Lawrence da Marc Weiner . === Bayan ''Cikakkiyar Gida'' === [[Fayil:Candace_Cameron_Bure_2009.jpg|right|thumb|Bure a Susan G. Komen don Maganin Cure a shekarar 2009]] Bayan kammala ''Full House'' a shekarar 1995, Bure ta fito a shirin ''Cybill'' da ''Boy Meets World'' . Bure ya kuma fito a fina-finai da dama da aka yi a [[NBC]] don talabijin, ciki har da ''No One Would Tell'', inda ya taka rawar matashiya da aka ci zarafinta ; ''She Cried No'', a lokacin da take saurayi da aka yi wa fyade; da kuma ''NightScream'', wani abin mamaki. Bayan haihuwa, Bure ta dakatar da kanta daga talabijin da fina-finai don mayar da hankali kan iyalinta. A shekarun 2000, ta fito a matsayin mai yin hira a shirin ''I Love the 1980s'' and ''I Love the 1980s Strikes Back'' . Daga baya ta kasance tare da shirin ''50 Cutest Child Stars: All Grown Up'' a cikin E!, tare da shahararren fim ɗin Keshia Knight Pulliam na ''The Cosby Show'' . A shekarar 2007, Bure ta fito a matsayin bako a shirin talabijin mai ''suna That's So Raven'' . A shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta yi tare da Randy Travis a cikin ''shirin The Wager'' sannan ta fito tare da Tom Arnold a cikin shirin talabijin ''mai suna Moonlight da Mistletoe'' a cikin shirin Hallmark Channel a shekarar 2008. Bure ta dawo fagen talabijin a shekarar 2009 kuma aka saka ta a cikin ''shirin Make It or Break It'', wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 2012. A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2014, an sanar da cewa Bure za ta fafata a kakar wasa ta 18 ta ''Dancing with the Stars'', tare da haɗin gwiwa da Mark Ballas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2014 |title=Full Dancing With the Stars Cast Revealed! |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/517094/dancing-with-the-stars-cast-revealed-cody-simpson-nene-leakes-and-james-maslow-are-among-the-names-see-the-full-list |access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun kai ga wasan ƙarshe kuma sun ƙare a matsayi na uku a bayan Meryl Davis da Amy Purdy waɗanda suka zo na farko da na biyu, bi da bi. [[Fayil:CandiceCameronBureMovieguideAwards_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Bure a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Movieguide Awards a shekarar 2015]] An sanar a shekarar 2015 cewa Bure za ta sake gabatar da matsayinta na DJ Tanner a cikin shirin fim na ''Fuller House'' na Netflix na 2016, wanda yanzu DJ Tanner-Fuller ke jagoranta. An fara daukar fim a watan Yulin 2015. Bure ta kasance mai masaukin baki a shirin ''The View'' na kakar wasa ta 19 da 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title="The View" Returns for a Historic Season 20 on Tuesday, September 6 |url=http://abc.go.com/shows/the-view/news/view-news/the-view-returns-for-an-historic-season-20-on-tuesday-september-6 |access-date=August 3, 2016 |website=ABC}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2016, an dauki ''Fuller House'' a matsayin kakar wasa ta biyu. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2016, Bure ta sanar da cewa za ta bar ''The View'' saboda rikicin sadaukarwa tsakanin ayyukan ''Fuller House'' da Hallmark Channel da kuma rayuwar iyali. A watan Janairun 2019, an sabunta ''Fuller House'' a kakar wasa ta biyar kuma ta karshe da za a watsa daga baya a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=January 31, 2019 |title='Fuller House' Renewed For Fifth & Final Season By Netflix |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/fuller-house-end-renewed-fifth-final-season-netflix-1202546263/ |website=Deadline}}</ref> Jerin shirye-shiryen sun kammala a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=April 28, 2020 |title='Fuller House' Sets Premiere Date For Final Episodes |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/fuller-house-premiere-date-season-5-final-episodes-1202918313/ |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, jarumar ''Fuller House'' Miss Benny ta zargi Bure a kaikaice da yunkurin cire halin Benny daga rubutun shirin saboda yanayin halinta na rashin kunya . Bayan fuskantar suka ta yanar gizo, Bure ta musanta ikirarin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |title=Candace Cameron Bure refutes Miss Benny's claim that she tried to remove queer character from Fuller House |url=https://ew.com/tv/candace-cameron-bure-denies-miss-benny-claim-remove-queer-character-fuller-house/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=ew.com |publisher=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Bure ta fafata a kakar wasa ta goma sha uku ta The Masked Singer a matsayin "Cherry Blossom". Yayin da aka fitar da ita daga gasar "Group C Premie: Carnival Night", Bure ta bayyana cewa ta yi hakan ne don tunawa da Bob Saget inda ta gane shi a matsayin "Squiggly Monster" a kakar wasa ta hudu . === Aikin Hallmark Channel === Bure ta fito a fina-finai sama da ashirin da biyu na Hallmark Channel, ciki har da 2017 ''Switched for Christmas,'' da kuma matsayinta na jaruma Aurora Teagarden a cikin jerin fina-finai na ''Aurora Teagarden'' mai fina-finai goma sha takwas don Hallmark Movies &amp;amp; Mysteries . Bure ta kuma shirya kuma ta dauki nauyin ''bikin Kirsimeti na musamman na Hallmark Channel a Amurka'' . Ta kuma taka rawa a ''bikin Kirsimeti'' na musamman na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Candace Cameron Bure to Produce New Special on Hallmark Channel |url=http://blog.feelingthevibe.com/news/candace-cameron-bure-to-produce-new-special-on-hallmark-channel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062232/http://blog.feelingthevibe.com/news/candace-cameron-bure-to-produce-new-special-on-hallmark-channel/ |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |access-date=July 31, 2018 |website=Feeling the Vibe Magazine}}</ref> Bure ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na bikin Movieguide Awards na shekara-shekara na 26 ga cibiyar sadarwar a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2019, tare da 'yarta Natasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Candace Cameron Bure and Daughter Natasha to Host Movieguide Awards on Hallmark Channel (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/candace-cameron-bure-daughter-natasha-host-movieguide-awards-1178421 |access-date=January 27, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> === Manyan Kafafen Yada Labarai na Amurka === A watan Afrilun 2022, an sanar da cewa Bure zai ɗauki babban aiki a GAC Media - wani kamfani wanda tsohon shugaban Hallmark Channel Bill Abbott ke jagoranta - don haɓaka, shiryawa, da kuma tauraro a cikin fina-finan barkwanci na soyayya da na hutu na asali da shirye-shiryen hutu don GAC Family (wanda yanzu shine Great American Family ) da GAC Living . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Ryan |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Hallmark Vet Candace Cameron Bure Makes Move to GAC Family, to Develop 'Family and Faith-Filled Programming' |url=https://tvline.com/2022/04/19/candace-cameron-bure-leaving-hallmark-channel-gac-family-christmas-movies/ |access-date=April 22, 2022 |website=TVLine}}</ref> Bure ya zama babban jami'in abun ciki na kamfanin. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=2022-11-15 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Talks Hallmark Exit & Reveals Great American Family "Will Keep Traditional Marriage At Core" And Not Feature Gay Couples |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/candace-cameron-bure-hallmark-exit-reveals-great-american-family-keep-traditional-marriage-core-not-feature-gay-couples-1235172492/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gamerman |first=Ellen |date=2022-11-14 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Wants to Put Christianity Back in Christmas Movies |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/candace-cameron-bure-great-american-family-11668205295 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da ''mujallar The Wall Street Journal'' a watan Nuwamban 2022, Bure ta bayyana cewa ta bar Hallmark ne saboda "tsarin sadarwa daban da lokacin da na fara", kuma tana son "bayar da labarai masu ma'ana da manufa da zurfi a bayansu" - gami da waɗanda ke da jigogi masu ƙarfi na addini (kodayake ba sa "nuna wa kafiri ko wanda ke da wani addini daban"). Bure ta bayyana cewa Great American Media "tana son haɓaka shirye-shiryen addini da nishaɗin iyali mai kyau", kuma ta ce, "Ina tsammanin Babban Iyalin Amurka zai ci gaba da riƙe auren gargajiya a cikin zuciyarta." <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4"/> An yi imanin cewa kalaman Bure na nuni ne ga wani yanayi na ci gaba zuwa ga jigogi masu tasowa, gami da amincewa da al'ummar LGBT, a cikin shirye-shiryen Hallmark Channel. Abbott ya bar Hallmark Channel a farkon 2020, jim kaɗan bayan ya fuskanci suka kan yin tallan Zola.com na ɗan lokaci wanda ke nuna [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|ma'aurata 'yan madigo]] . <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4"/> <ref name=":0" /> Dangane da suka kan maganganun da wasu shahararrun mutane kamar Hilarie Burton da [[JoJo Siwa]] suka yi game da auren "na gargajiya", <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wratten |first=Marcus |date=2022-11-17 |title=Candace Cameron Bure shares utterly bizarre defence of 'homophobic' comments |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/11/17/candace-cameron-bure-homophobic-comments-christmas/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=[[PinkNews]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bure ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke da "sunaye" daban-daban suna aiki a shirye-shiryen Great American Media, kuma "dukkanku da kuka san ni, kun san cewa ina da ƙauna da ƙauna ga dukkan mutane." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=France |first=Lisa Respers |date=2022-11-16 |title=Candace Cameron Bure criticized by JoJo Siwa and others over 'traditional marriage' comment |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/entertainment/candace-cameron-bure-jojo-siwa/index.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Longeretta |first=Emily |date=2022-11-16 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Addresses Stance on Gay Christmas Movies, Blames 'Toxic Climate' for Controversy: 'I'm Called to Love All People, and I Do' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/candace-cameron-responds-backlash-anti-gay-remarks-gaf-1235434724/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Game da ra'ayin Bure cewa shirye-shiryen Great American Media ba za su taɓa nuna ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya ba, Abbott ya shaida wa ''Wall Street Journal'' cewa, "Tabbas shekarar 2022 ce, don haka mun san abubuwan da ke faruwa. Babu wani allo da ke cewa, 'Ee, wannan' ko 'A'a, ba za mu taɓa zuwa nan ba.'" <ref name=":3" /> === Littattafai === Cameron Bure ya rubuta littattafai guda huɗu: Littafin New York Times mafi sayarwa, Sake fasalin Duk: Motivation for Physical and Spirituality Fitness ( ), an buga a watan Janairun 2011; Daidaita Duka: Labarina na Juggling Priority da Manufa ( ), an buga shi a watan Janairun 2014; Rawar Rayuwa: Matakan Jarumtaka da Yanke Shawara ( ), an buga shi a watan Agusta 2015; da Kind Is the New Classy: The Power of Living Graciously ( ), an buga a watan Afrilun 2018. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a watan Satumba na 2015, Bure ta bayyana cewa ''Dancing Through Life'' ta bayyana batutuwa na kashin kanta fiye da littattafanta biyu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pajer |first=Nicole |date=September 18, 2015 |title=Candace Cameron Bure on Faith & Her New Gig on 'The View' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/style/candace-cameron-bure-on-the-betsey-johnson-she-129350123978.html}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da ta yi da ita a watan Afrilu na 2018, Bure ta bayyana cewa ''Kind Is the New Classy'' ta gabatar da ra'ayin kasancewa mai da hankali da kuma yin alheri ga wasu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:Candace_Cameron_and_Valeri_Bure_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Bure da mijinta Valeri Bure a shekarar 2010]] Bure ta auri ɗan wasan hockey na NHL na Rasha Valeri "Val" Bure a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography &#124; About &#124; Candace Cameron Bure &#124; The Official Site |url=http://www.candacecameronbure.net/about/biography.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313223455/http://www.candacecameronbure.net/about/biography.php |archive-date=March 13, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |website=CandaceCameronBure.net |publisher=Candace Cameron Bure}}</ref> An gabatar da su a wani wasan hockey na agaji daga abokin wasanta ''na Full House,'' Dave Coulier a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1994. <ref name="people2000" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orfanides |first=Effie |date=2024-09-07 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Shares Update on Family Move |url=https://entertainmentnow.com/hallmark/candace-cameron-bure-texas/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=EntertainmentNow |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610184943/https://entertainmentnow.com/hallmark/candace-cameron-bure-texas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref name="people2000" /> Ta danganta imaninta na Kirista a matsayin ƙarfin da ke ɗaure aurenta. Ita da mijinta suna zaune a California. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orfanides |first=Effie |date=2024-09-07 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Shares Update on Family Move |url=https://entertainmentnow.com/hallmark/candace-cameron-bure-texas/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=EntertainmentNow |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610184943/https://entertainmentnow.com/hallmark/candace-cameron-bure-texas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bure mai goyon bayan Compassion International ne, wata kungiyar agaji ta Kirista, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya dauki nauyin yara uku ta hanyar shirye-shiryen agaji na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Candace Cameron Bure |url=https://www.compassion.com/sponsor_a_child/?referer=111016 |access-date=February 29, 2020 |website=Sponsor a child |publisher=Compassion}}</ref> Bure 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ce [[Conservatism|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sieczkowski |first=Cavan |date=January 18, 2016 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Discusses How She'd Handle A Gay Plot Line On 'Fuller House' |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/candance-cameron-bure-discusses-how-shed-handle-a-gay-plot-line-on-fuller-house_us_569d3929e4b0778f46fa5395 |access-date=December 25, 2016 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2016 |title=Candace Cameron Bure: 'I am disappointed in my party' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/candace-cameron-bure-i-am-disappointed-in-my-party/ |access-date=December 25, 2016 |website=Fox News}}</ref> Ta zama Kirista tana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Testimony |url=http://candacecameronbure.net/ministry/testimony.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031817/http://candacecameronbure.net/ministry/testimony.php |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |access-date=November 25, 2017 |website=Ministry |publisher=Candace Cameron Bure |id=The Official Site}}</ref> Bure ta ce tana adawa da zubar da ciki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Erica |date=2023-11-10 |title=Celebrities Who Are Pro-Choice vs. Celebrities Who Are Pro-Life |url=https://popcrush.com/celebrities-pro-choice-vs-pro-life/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=PopCrush |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2016-02-23 |title='The View': Whoopi Goldberg and Candace Cameron Bure Debate Abortion (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-candace-cameron-bure-debate-abortion-video/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], ta yi ta suka ga umarnin allurar riga-kafi amma ta bayyana cewa ba ta hana allurar riga-kafi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanDyke |first=Nicole |last2=Reporter |first2=C. P. |date=2021-10-20 |title=Candace Cameron Bure: I am 'pro-medical freedom' but not against COVID vaccines |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/candace-cameron-is-pro-medical-freedom-but-not-against-vaccines.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.christianpost.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Says She's "Standing Up for Freedom" In Response to COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1305364/candace-cameron-bure-says-shes-standing-up-for-freedom-in-response-to-covid-19-vaccine-mandates |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=E! Online}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ta bayyana cewa tana fama da cutar bulimia nervosa a farkon shekarunta na ashirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loinaz |first=Alexis L. |date=December 14, 2013 |title=Candace Cameron Bure Opens Up About Bulimia Battle: 'I Turned to Food for Comfort' |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20766541,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214194700/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20766541,00.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=January 8, 2014 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 1987 | ''Wani Irin Abin Al'ajabi'' | Cindy Nelson | rowspan="3" | An san shi da Candace Cameron |- | 1988 | ''Punchline'' | Carrie |- | 1995 | ''Mashin Dodanni'' | Maryamu |- | 1996 | ''Babu Wanda Zai Iya Cewa'' | Stacy Collins | |- | 2001 | ''{{Sortname|The|Krew}}'' | Babban Karls | |- | 2007 | ''{{Sortname|The|Wager|The Wager (2007 film)}}'' | Cassandra | |- | 2015 | ''Imani na Ubanninmu'' | Cynthia | |- | 2018 | ''FREDI'' | Fredi (murya) | |- | 2024 | ''Jarumin da ba a rera ba'' | Kay Albright | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1982–1984 |''St. Elsewhere'' |Megan White |Recurring role, 5 episodes |- |1983 |''Alice'' |Child waiting in line for Santa |Episode: "Tis the Season to Be Jealous" |- |1984 |''T. J. Hooker'' |Tina |Episode: "The Confession" |- |1985 |''Punky Brewster'' |Julie Whitney / Jennifer Bates |Episode: "Milk Does a Body Good" |- |1986, 1987 |''The Disney Sunday Movie'' |Julie / Samantha |Episodes: "Little Spies", "Bigfoot" |- | rowspan="2" |1987 |''Who's the Boss?'' |Young Mona |Episode: "Mona" |- |''Growing Pains'' |Jennifer "Jenny" Foster |Episode: "The Long Goodbye" |- |1987–1995 |''Full House'' |D.J. Tanner |Main role |- | rowspan="2" |1988 |''I Saw What You Did'' |Julia Fielding |Television film |- |''Growing Pains'' |Jenny Foster |Episode: "Fool for Love" |- | rowspan="2" |1990 |''The All New Mickey Mouse Club'' |D.J. Tanner |Episode: "Guest Day" |- |''Camp Cucamonga'' |Amber Lewis |Television film |- |1991 |''Nickelodeon Gets Real Mature'' |Herself |Television pilot |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |''Sharon's Secret'' |Sharon Hartley |Television film |- |''Visitors of the Night'' |Katie English |Television film |- | rowspan="4" |1996 |''Cybill'' |Hannah |Episode: "When You're Hot, You're Hot" |- |''No One Would Tell'' |Stacy Collins |Television film |- |''Kidz in the Wood'' |Donna |Television film |- |''She Cried No'' |Melissa Connell |Television film |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''NightScream'' |Drew Summers / Laura Fairgate |Television film |- |''Boy Meets World'' |Millie |Episode: "The Witches of Pennbrook" |- |2001 |''Twice in a Lifetime'' |Rose Hathaway |Episode: "Moonshine Over Harlem" |- |2007 |''That's So Raven'' |Courtney Dearborn |Episode: "Teacher's Pet" |- |2008 |''Moonlight and Mistletoe'' |Holly |Television film |- |2009–2012 |''Make It or Break It'' |Summer Van Horne |Main role |- | rowspan="3" |2011 |''Truth Be Told'' |Annie Morgan |Television film |- |''Can't Get Arrested'' |Candace |Episode: "House of Pain" |- |''{{Sortname|The|Heart of Christmas}}'' |Megan Walsh |Television film |- |2012 |''Puppy Love'' |Megan |Television film |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Finding Normal'' |Dr. Elizabeth "Lisa" Leland |Television film |- |''Let It Snow'' |Stephanie Beck |Television film |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''Christmas Under Wraps'' |Dr. Lauren Brunell |Television film |- |''The Neighbors'' |Bella Bure |Episode: "There Goes the Neighbors' Hood" |- |''Dancing with the Stars'' |Herself |Contestant; finalist in season 18 |- |2015–2022 |''Aurora Teagarden Mysteries'' |Aurora Teagarden |Main role; 18 films |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Just the Way You Are'' |Jennie Wreitz |Television film |- |''A Christmas Detour'' |Paige Summerlind |Television film |- |2015–2016 |''The View'' |Herself |Co-host |- |2016 |''Journey Back to Christmas'' |Hanna Norris |Television film |- |2016–2020 |''Fuller House'' |D.J. Tanner-Fuller |Main role; also director (3 episodes) |- |2017 |''Switched for Christmas'' |Kate/Chris |Television film |- |2018 |''A Shoe Addict's Christmas'' |Noelle Carpenter |Television film |- |2019 |''Christmas Town'' |Lauren Gabriel |Television film |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Nickelodeon's Unfiltered'' |Herself |Episode: "Zombies Eat Unicorns!" |- |''If I Only Had Christmas'' |Darcy |Television film |- |2021 |''The Christmas Contest'' |Lara |Television film |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''A Christmas... Present'' |Maggie Larson |Television film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Kelli |date=September 20, 2022 |title='A Christmas…Present': Marc Blucas to Co-Star in Candace Cameron Bure's First GAF Holiday Movie |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/1061577/a-christmas-present-marc-blucas-candace-cameron-bure-great-american-family/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=[[TV Insider]]}}</ref> |- |''Christmas on Candy Cane Lane'' | {{N/a}} |Producer; Television film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Martin |date=September 15, 2022 |title='Full House' Reunion as Andrea Barber Joins Candace Cameron Bure Holiday Movie |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/1060786/full-house-andrea-barber-candace-cameron-bure-movie/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=[[TV Insider]]}}</ref> |- |''Reindeer in Here'' |Pinky (voice) |Television special<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=November 3, 2022 |title='Reindeer in Here' Announces Sledful of Stars for Voice Cast |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/11/reindeer-in-here-announces-sledful-of-stars-for-voice-cast/ |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref> |- |2023 |''My Christmas Hero'' |Nicole Ramsey |Television film |- |2024 |''Just in Time'' | {{N/a}} |Producer; television film |- |2024 |''The Ainsley McGregor Mysteries: A Case for the Wine Maker'' |Ainsley McGregor |Television film |- |2024 |''A Christmas Less Traveled'' |Desi |Television film |- |2024 |''Home Sweet Christmas'' |Sophie Marlow |Television film |- |2025 |''The Ainsley McGregor Mysteries: A Case for the Yarn Maker'' |Ainsley McGregor |Television film |- |2025 |''The Masked Singer'' |Herself/Cherry Blossom |Season 13 contestant |} === Bidiyon kiɗa === * " Farin Ciki " (2018) ta For King &amp;amp; Country, a matsayin Mai Gabatar da Labarai == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Association !Category !Nominated work !Result |- | rowspan="2" |1988 | rowspan="2" |Young Artist Awards |Outstanding Young Actors/Actresses Ensemble in Television or Motion Picture |''Little Spies'' (shared with cast) | {{Nom}} |- |Best Young Actress Guest Starring in a Television Comedy Series |''Growing Pains''<br />(for episode "The Long Goodbye") | {{Nom}} |- |1989 |Young Artist Awards |Best Young Actress<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA58">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>— Starring in a Television Comedy Series | rowspan="6" |''Full House'' | {{Nom}} |- |1990 |Young Artist Awards |Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series | {{Nom}} |- |1991 |Young Artist Awards |Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series | {{Nom}} |- |1992 |Young Artist Awards |Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series | {{Nom}} |- |1993 |Young Artist Awards |Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series | {{Nom}} |- |1994 |Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite Television Actress | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2016 | style="white-space:nowrap;" |Daytime Emmy Awards |Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host<br /><br />{{Small|(shared with [[Joy Behar]], [[Michelle Collins (comedian)|Michelle Collins]], [[Paula Faris]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Rosie Perez]], [[Raven-Symoné]], and [[Nicolle Wallace]])}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2016 |title='Young & Restless' Leads Daytime Emmy Noms But Ceremony Won't Be on TV |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/daytime-emmy-nominations-young-and-the-restless-tv-pop-1201738398 |access-date=March 24, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> |''The View'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Teen Choice Awards |Choice TV Actress Comedy | rowspan="2" |''Fuller House'' | {{Won}} |- |Choice TV: Chemistry (with Jodie Sweetin & Andrea Barber) |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Daytime Emmy Awards |Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host<br /><br />{{Small|(shared with Joy Behar, [[Jedediah Bila]], Paula Faris, Whoopi Goldberg, [[Sara Haines]], [[Sunny Hostin]], and Raven-Symoné)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Greg |date=March 22, 2017 |title=2017 Daytime Emmy Nominations: CBS Leads Networks With 70 Noms, 'Young & Restless' Tops With 25 |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/daytime-emmy-award-nominations-general-hospital-days-of-our-lives-1202048743/ |access-date=March 24, 2017}}</ref> |''The View'' | {{Nom}} |- |Teen Choice Awards |Choice TV Actress Comedy | rowspan="6" |<nowiki><i id="mwA_Y">Fuller House</i></nowiki> | {{Won}} |- |2018 |Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite TV Actress | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite Female TV Star | {{Nom}} |- |Teen Choice Awards |Choice Comedy TV Actress | {{Nom}} |- |2020 |Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite Female TV Star | {{Nom}} |- |2021 |Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite Female TV Star | {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pxebygt9pi0pebyjoh49cnbeb6omcbh 0 143372 891074 804106 2026-08-03T20:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Celia Jane Harvey''' OBE QVRM TD VR ( née '''Plummer''' ; an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1962) soja ce kuma mai ilimi a Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ƙasa tun lokacin da ta shiga rundunar sojojin mata a shekarar 1987. Harvey ta koma aikin injiniyan lantarki da injiniyoyi na Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers a shekarar 1991. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa babban janar a watan Maris na 2020 kuma ta zama mataimakiyar kwamandan rundunar sojojin ƙasa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=WO2 Barnes |date=11 March 2020 |title=First UK female Army Reservist to become a General Officer appointed. |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2020/03/first-uk-female-army-reservist-to-become-a-general-officer-appointed/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence |date=2020-01-09 |title=A decade of deployments: 2010 to 2020 |url=https://medium.com/voices-of-the-armed-forces/a-decade-of-deployments-2010-to-2020-ea4d2236da4c |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Harvey ta tsaya takarar zama ɗan majalisar dokoki a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative a shekarar 2010 a kujerar Leicester West kuma ta zo ta biyu bayan Liz Kendall . Malama ce a fannin nazarin kasuwanci kuma ta buga takardu da dama na ilimi. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Celia Plummer a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1962 a [[Leicester]], Ingila. <ref name="WW 25">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title=Harvey, Maj. Gen. Celia Jane, (born 4 Dec. 1962), Deputy Commander Field Army, 2020–22 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U293453 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=[[Who's Who 2025]] |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="tory2">{{Cite web |title=Leicester Tories choose candidates to take on Patricia Hewitt's successor, Peter Soulsby and Keith Vaz |url=https://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/leicester-west/ |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog |publisher=Conservative Party |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920160626/https://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/leicester-west/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta shiga sashin [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|rundunar sojojin ƙasa]] (TA) na [[Women's Royal Army Corps|rundunar sojojin mata]] (WRAC) a matsayin kadet na jami'i kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin [[Second lieutenant|laftanar ta biyu]] a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1987; an tabbatar da cikakken aikinta a shekara mai zuwa. An ɗaukaka Plummer zuwa matsayin laftanar a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1989. Bayan wargajewar WRAC da haɗa mata cikin babban runduna, Plummer ta koma [[Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1991, a lokacin ne ta riƙe [[Acting rank|muƙamin kyaftin]] na riƙo. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar ta sami ci gaba zuwa [[Substantive rank|matsayin kyaftin na dindindin]] tare da matsayinta na babba tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 1991. A ranar 31 ga Yuli 1993 ta auri [[John Attlee, 3rd Earl Attlee|John Attlee, Earl Attlee na 3]], kuma daga baya aka sanya mata suna Countess Attlee. == Jami'in filin wasa da kuma aikinsa daga baya == An ƙara wa Countess Attlee matsayi zuwa babban jami'a a ranar 20 ga Janairu 1997, inda aka fara ba ta matsayi na gaba tun daga ranar 10 ga Janairu 1994. [1] An ba ta lambar yabo ta Inficiency Decoration saboda shekaru goma sha biyu da ta yi tana aiki a Jami'ar a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1999, sannan aka ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Laftanar Kanar a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2001. [2] [3] Daga Fabrairu 2001 zuwa Mayu 2003, ta jagoranci Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Jami'ar East Midlands. An zaɓe ta don naɗin Jami'ar Order of the British Empire, wanda aka amince da shi kuma aka ba shi a bikin girmama ranar haihuwa ta 2003. [4] A wannan lokacin, Countess Attlee ta saki Earl Attlee ta sake aure da John Harvey, wani kanar na TA wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 13. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na fari a watan Nuwamba 2001. [5] Daga nan Harvey ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa a Kwalejin Hadin Gwiwa da Ma'aikata kuma an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Kanar a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Sarauniya ta Masu Sa-kai a cikin lambar yabo ta Sabuwar Shekara ta 2009 da lambar yabo ta Sa-kai a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2009. Mijin Harvey ya zama kansilan gunduma kuma a watan Yulin 2009 an zaɓi Celia Harvey a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta Jam'iyyar Conservative a mazabar Leicester West . <ref name="tory">{{Cite web |title=Leicester Tories choose candidates to take on Patricia Hewitt's successor, Peter Soulsby and Keith Vaz |url=https://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/leicester-west/ |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog |publisher=Conservative Party |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920160626/https://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/leicester-west/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen gama gari na Burtaniya na 2010 Harvey ya zo na biyu bayan Liz Kendall ta Labour bayan ya ƙara ƙuri'un 'yan Conservative da kashi 2.8% kuma ya rage rinjayen jam'iyyar Labour zuwa 4,017 (daga 9,070). Aikin Harvey a wajen aikin soja ya shafi fannin ilimi, musamman a fannin nazarin kasuwanci . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma ta buga takardu da dama kan kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci, ciki har da ''Entrepreneurship and Marketing: Issues for Independent Inventors'' a 2014. <ref name="tory"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Len Tiu |last2=Harvey |first2=Celia |date=2014 |title=Entrepreneurship and Marketing: Issues for Independent Inventors |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228314560 |journal=Handbook of Research on International Entrepreneurship |language=en |doi=10.4337/9781845420512.00019 |isbn=9781845420512 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> Harvey tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Marketwise a 2004. Harvey tana taimaka wa reshenta na Royal British Legion . == Aikin babban jami'in == An ƙara wa Harvey matsayi zuwa brigadier a shekarar 2017, a lokacin tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kwamandan rundunar sojojin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=London's reservist medics pass out as officers from Sandhurst |url=https://glrfca.org/news/detail/217 |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=The Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Association for Greater London}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yunin 2019, Sakataren Tsaro na wancan lokacin , Penny Mordaunt, ta sanar da cewa za a ƙara wa Harvey matsayi zuwa matsayin manjo janar kuma a naɗa shi mataimakiyar kwamandan rundunar sojojin sama a watan Maris na 2020. Harvey za ta zama mace ta farko mai mukamin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin sama, mace ta uku mai mukamin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya kuma ta farko daga rundunar sojojin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Secretary keynote speech at the Land Warfare Conference 2019 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/defence-secretary-keynote-speech-at-the-land-warfare-conference-2019 |access-date=22 September 2019 |website=British Government |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> Harvey ta karɓi naɗin a ranar 11 ga Maris 2020, kuma an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa manjo janar a lokaci guda. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62947|date=17 March 2020|page=5503|supp=y}}</ref> Ta yi ritaya daga rundunar sojoji a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2022. <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63895|date=6 December 2022|page=23362|supp=y}}</ref> [[Fayil:Maj_Gen_Harvey_2021.jpg|thumb|Manjo Janar Celia Harvey Jami'in Sufeto 2021]] == Sauran abubuwan sha'awa == Harvey yanzu alkali ne a kotun koli a ɗakin biyan fansho na yaƙi da sojoji, mataimakin shugaban gidajen tarihi na Ogilby Trust (AMOT), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Meet the Trustees - Army Museums Ogilby Trust |url=https://www.armymuseums.org.uk/meet-the-trustees/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> kuma amintaccen ƙungiyar Victory Services Club. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ggbyab7vh4au7ylrsjljgb18hqkwm3k 0 143715 891053 820056 2026-08-03T17:44:46Z Baffa ali 47435 891053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Countess Amalie Maximilianovna Adlerberg''' (daga 16 ga watan Yuni 1808, Regensburg zuwa 21 ga watan Yuni 1888, Tegernsee ) 'yar Duchess Therese ta Mecklenburg-Strelitz ce, wacce jami'in diflomasiyyar Bavaria Maximilian-Emmanuel Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönberg (daga 1772 harzuwa 1809) ta haifa. Duchess Therese ta yi soyayya da jami'in diflomasiyyar Bavaria yayin da mijinta Karl Alexander, Yarima na 5 na Thurn da Taxis, ya kasance a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] tsawon shekaru da dama bisa gayyatar [[Napoleon]] . Mahaifiyar Amalie goggon Sarauniya Alexandra Feodorovna ce, matar Tsar Nicholas I. Mijin mahaifiyarta, Karl Alexander Fürst von Thurn und Taxis ( daga 1770 harzuwa 1827), Napoleon ya gayyace shi don sabbin ayyukansa, kuma ya zauna a Paris tsawon shekaru. A lokacin da ba ya nan, Gimbiya Therese ta yi sha'awar soyayya da Count Maximilian-Emmanuel von Lerchenfeld (daga 1772 harzuwa 1809). Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, Graf von Lerchenfeld, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1809, an sanya Amalie a hannun dangin "von Sternfeld" na Therese a Darmstadt (a lokacin tana cikin Grand Duchy na Hesse ), kuma jaririn ya ɗauki sunan mahaifi bayan an haife ta. Daga baya aka kawo Amalie von Sternfeld zuwa Regensburg, kusa da Gimbiya Therese, kuma aka canza sunan mahaifi zuwa "Stargard". Daga ƙarshe dangin Lerchenfeld suka kula da ita kuma suka zauna a fadarsu da ke [[München|Munich]] ko kuma a gidan dangin da ke Köfering kusa da Regensburg . A ƙarshe, a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1823, Babban Duke na Hesse ya ba wa Amalie Stargard mai shekaru goma sha biyar izinin ɗaukar sunan mahaifi "von Lerchenfeld", amma ba tare da haƙƙin amfani da rigar yaƙi ko a saka ta cikin bishiyar iyali ba, wanda shine farashin haihuwarta bayan aure. == Matasa == A shekarar 1822, Amalie Stargard, kyakkyawar 'yar shekara goma sha biyar, ta haɗu da matashi Fyodor Tyutchev, wanda ya kasance mai hulɗa da ofishin diflomasiyyar Rasha, wanda ya zo daga [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] . Tyutchev mai shekaru goma sha tara ya kamu da soyayya kuma matasan biyu sun yi musayar ra'ayoyi masu daɗi game da soyayya. Waƙar Tyutchev mai suna ''Tears'' or ''Slyozy'' (Russian: ''[[wikisource:ru:Слёзы (Тютчев)|Люблю, друзья, ласкать очами …]]'' ) ta yi daidai da ɗaya daga cikin kwanakinsu, kuma wataƙila an keɓe ta ga Amalie. Daga cikin wasu waƙoƙin da Amalie ta yi wahayi zuwa gare su akwai ''K N.'' da ''I Remember the Golden Time…'' === Auren farko === [[Fayil:Kruedener_v10_p19.png|thumb|304x304px|Alamar hannun Barons von Krüdener]] Amalie mai fure ta jawo hankalin sakataren farko na wakilan diflomasiyyar Rasha, Baron [[Alexander von Krüdener]] (daga1786 har izuwa1852). Tsohuwar diflomasiyyar ta fito ne daga Jamus, kuma gimbiya mai tasowa amma mai aiki tukuru ta zaɓi laƙabin baron maimakon mawaƙin da ba a laƙaba masa suna Tyutchev. Wasiƙu da littattafan tarihin Count Maximilian Joseph von Lerchenfeld sun haskaka shekarun farko na Tyutchev a matsayin diflomasiyya a Munich (daga 1822 harzuwa 26), suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da soyayyarsa da Amalie, kusan ta haɗa da faɗa da abokin aikinsa (a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1825). A ranar 31 ga Agusta 1825, Amalie von Lerchenfeld mai shekaru 17 ta auri Baron Krüdener a Köfering . An haifi ɗanta na fari, Nikolai-Arthur, a ranar 2 July [ . === Tyutchevs da Krüdeners === Tyutchevs da Krüdeners sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wannan ƙungiyar diflomasiyya, kusan maƙwabta ne na kusa da Tyutchevs da ke zaune a Karolinenplatz 1, kuma Krüdeners suna da nisan tafiyar minti biyar a kan Briennestrasse 15. Fyodor Tyutchev ya ci gaba da ganin Amalie, amma a cikin iyalai. Yarima Karl, ɗan'uwan Sarki Ludwig na ɗaya na Bavaria, da sarkin da kansa sun yi mamakin kyakkyawar Amalie. Ludwig I ya yi odar hoton Amalie mai mai ga mai zane Joseph Stieler don Gallery of Beauties ɗinsa. An kammala shi a 1828 kuma a yau ana iya ganinsa a Fadar Nymphenburg da ke [[München|Munich]] . A watan Afrilun 1836, Fyodor Tyutchev ya sadaukar da waƙarsa mai ''suna "I Remember the Golden Time"'' ga Amalie. Wannan waƙar ba ta game da soyayya ba ce, amma tunawa da soyayya ce, ta tarurrukansu na baya a tsaunukan Regensburg. Daga baya Mieczysław Weinberg ya fassara waƙar, a cikin ''littafin Opus 25: Six Romances bayan F. Tutchev don mawaƙi da piano'' (1945) a cikin soyayyar suna ɗaya. == Babban al'ummar Rasha == A watan Afrilun 1836, Baron von Krüdener ya sami ci gaba sannan ya tafi Rasha . Amalie ta kawo wakokin Tyutchev gungun (fiye da 100) zuwa Saint Petersburg . Ta ba wa tsohon abokin aikin mawaƙin, Yarima Ivan Gagarin da dama daga cikinsu. Gagarin ya rubuta wakoki da dama kuma ya ba shi su karanta wa Alexander Pushkin, mawallafin Sovremennik, mujallar adabi mafi tasiri a Rasha. Pushkin ya yi matukar farin ciki kuma ya buga su nan take. Don haka, Amalie ta taimaka wa Tyutchev ya sami karbuwa a ƙasarsa. Masu rubuta tarihin Pushkin kamar [[Alexander Shik]] sun bayyana cewa Alexander Pushkin ya ji tausayin Amalie kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yi mata gori a ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru. Natalia Pushkina, ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi kyau a Rasha, dole ta "yi magana" da mijinta, bayan haka mawaƙin yana yi masa barkwanci cewa "Madonna tana da hannu mai nauyi..." Count Alexander von Benckendorff wani mai sha'awar Baroness Amalie von Krüdener ne. Tasirinta ya yi yawa har ma ya koma [[Cocin katolika|addinin Katolika]] a ɓoye. A cikin Daular Rasha, inda Orthodoxy shine addinin gwamnati, wannan matakin zai fuskanci hukunci na shekaru da yawa na katorga (asirin ya bayyana ne kawai bayan mutuwar Benckendorff). Ya kuma taimaka wajen dawo da Fyodor Tyutchev a Ma'aikatar bayan an kore shi a 1843, kuma ya shirya taron Tyutchev tare da Nicholas I na Rasha da Minista Karl von Nesselrode . Mai Martaba Nicholas I na Rasha da kansa bai nuna damuwa ga Amalie ba; a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1836 ta sami wata riga mai tsada ta gashi a matsayin kyauta daga Tsar wanda ta samu akan haƙƙin ɗan'uwanta. == Aure da Adlerberg == [[Fayil:Adlerbergi_suguvõsa_krahvivapp.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Alamar makamai ta Counts Adlerberg]]<ref>The Married Pushkin by Alexander Shik, p. 68, 1936</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gc1icffque79xycwptpx7hrocuhs886 0 144333 891007 806589 2026-08-03T16:19:03Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 891007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dorothy Mary '''Crowfoot''' Hodgkin''' OM FRS HonFRSC <ref name="frs" /> (née Crowfoot; 12 Mayu 1910 - 29 Yuli 1994) masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi ce wacce ta inganta fasahar X-ray crystallography don tantance tsarin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya zama mahimmanci ga ilmin halitta. <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Dodson |year=2002 |title=Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=48 |pages=179–219 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011 |issn=0080-4606 |pmid=13678070 |s2cid=61764553 |doi-access=free}} {{Free access}}</ref> <ref name="glusker">{{Cite journal |last=Glusker |first=J. P. |author-link=Jenny Glusker |year=1994 |title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) |journal=Protein Science |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=2465–69 |doi=10.1002/pro.5560031233 |pmc=2142778 |pmid=7757003}}</ref> Ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1964 a fannin ilmin sunadarai, kuma ita ce kawai mace masanin kimiyya na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Nóbel. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi tasiri sune tabbatar da tsarin penicillin kamar yadda [[Edward Ibrahim]] da Ernst Boris Chain suka yi la'akari da su a baya; da kuma taswirar tsarin Bitamin B<nowiki><sub id="mwUw">12</sub></nowiki>, wanda a 1964 ta zama mace ta uku da ta lashe kyautar Nobel a ilmin sunadarai. Hodgkin ya kuma bayyana tsarin insulin a cikin 1969 bayan shekaru 35 na aiki.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2014 |title=The Biography of Dorothy Mary Hodgkin |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/the-biography-of-dorothy-mary-hodgkin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506002326/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/the-biography-of-dorothy-mary-hodgkin/ |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=11 May 2014 |website=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref> Hodgkin ta yi amfani da sunan "Dorothy Crowfoot" har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu bayan ta auri Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, lokacin da ta fara amfani da "Dor Timothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Hodgkin ana kiranta "Dorothy Hodgkin" ta Royal Society (lokacin da yake magana game da tallafawa da Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), da kuma Kwalejin Somerville. Tarihin Kasa na Ƙasar Ingila yana kiranta da "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dorothy Mary Crowfoot a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Misira]], babba daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu waɗanda iyayensu suka yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin mulkin mallaka kuma daga baya a matsayin masu binciken tarihi. Dorothy ta fito ne daga dangin masu binciken tarihi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin |url=https://trowelblazers.com/2014/09/11/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=Trowelblazers |language=en-GB}}</ref> Iyayenta sune John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959), suna aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar, da matarsa Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877-1957), wanda aka sani ga abokai da dangi kamar Molly . Iyalin sun zauna a Alkahira a lokacin watanni na hunturu, suna komawa Ingila a kowace shekara don kauce wa ɓangaren zafi na kakar a Misira. A shekara ta 1914, mahaifiyar Hodgkin ta bar ta (shekara 4) da 'yan uwanta mata biyu Joan (shekaru 2) da Elisabeth (shekarar watanni 7) tare da kakanninsu na Crowfoot kusa da Worthing, kuma ta koma ga mijinta a Misira. Sun shafe yawancin yarantakarsu ba tare da iyayensu ba, duk da haka suna tallafawa daga nesa. Mahaifiyarta za ta ƙarfafa Dorothy ta bi sha'awar lu'ulu'u da aka fara nunawa tun tana 'yar shekara 10. A cikin 1923, Dorothy da 'yar'uwarta za su yi nazarin duwatsu da suka samu a cikin koguna da ke kusa da su ta amfani da kayan bincike na ma'adinai. Iyayensu sun koma kudu zuwa Sudan inda, har zuwa 1926, mahaifinta ke kula da ilimi da ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. An kashe 'yan uwan mahaifiyarta guda huɗu a yakin duniya na kuma a sakamakon haka ta zama mai goyon bayan sabuwar kungiyar League of Nations. <ref name="frs2">{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Dodson |year=2002 |title=Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=48 |pages=179–219 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011 |issn=0080-4606 |pmid=13678070 |s2cid=61764553 |doi-access=free}} {{Free access}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Hodgkin 1910–1994 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmhodg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724040227/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmhodg.html |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |website="A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries" a 1997 [[PBS]] documentary and accompanying book}}</ref> A cikin 1921 mahaifin Hodgkin ya shigar da ita a Makarantar Sir John Leman Grammar School a Beccles, [[Ingila]], inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata biyu da aka ba ta damar karatun ilmin sunadarai.{{Sfn|Ferry|1998}} Sau ɗaya kawai, lokacin da take da shekaru 13, ta ziyarci iyayenta, sannan ta zauna a [[Khartoum]], babban birnin Sudan, inda mahaifinta ya kasance Shugaban [[Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon|Kwalejin Gordon]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, dan uwanta mai nisa, masanin sunadarai Charles Harington (daga baya Sir Charles), ya ba da shawarar D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Da yake ci gaba da tsarin kafin yaƙin, iyayenta sun zauna kuma sun yi aiki a kasashen waje na wani ɓangare na shekara, suna komawa Ingila da yaransu na watanni da yawa a kowane bazara. A shekara ta 1926, a lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga ma'aikatar gwamnati ta Sudan, mahaifinta ya ɗauki matsayin Darakta na Makarantar Archaeology ta Burtaniya a Urushalima, inda shi da mahaifiyarta suka kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1935. A cikin 1928, Hodgkin ta haɗu da iyayenta a wurin binciken archaeological na Jerash, a cikin Jordan na yanzu, inda ta rubuta alamu na mosaics daga Ikklisiyoyin Byzantine da yawa waɗanda suka kasance daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa 6. Ta shafe fiye da shekara guda tana kammala zane yayin da ta fara karatunta a Oxford, yayin da take gudanar da nazarin sunadarai na tesserae na gilashi daga wannan shafin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin {{!}} TrowelBlazers |url=https://trowelblazers.com/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007084619/https://trowelblazers.com/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> Kulawarta ga daki-daki ta hanyar kirkirar zane-zane na waɗannan mosaics yana nuna aikinta na gaba a ganewa da rubuce-rubuce a cikin ilmin sunadarai. Hodgkin ta ji daɗin kwarewar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology sosai har ta yi la'akari da barin ilmin sunadarai don tallafawa ilimin kimiyyyar archéology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1964/hodgkin/biographical/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar Yale ce ta adana zane-zanenta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin |url=https://trowelblazers.com/2014/09/11/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=Trowelblazers |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hodgkin ta ci gaba da sha'awar ilmin sunadarai tun tana ƙarama, kuma mahaifiyarta, ƙwararren masanin ilimin shuke-shuke, ta haɓaka sha'awarta ga kimiyya. A ranar haihuwarta ta 16 mahaifiyarta ta ba ta littafi daga W. H. Bragg a kan X-ray crystallography, "Game da Yanayin Abubuwa", wanda ya taimaka mata ta yanke shawarar makomarta.[1] Masanin sunadarai A.F. Joseph, abokiyar iyali wanda ya yi aiki a Sudan ya kara karfafa mata gwiwa.[2] Ilimi na makarantar jiha bai haɗa da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ba, sannan ana buƙatar shiga Oxbridge. Shugaban makarantar Leman, George Watson, ya ba ta karatun kanta a cikin batun, wanda ya ba ta damar wuce jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Oxford]]. Lokacin da aka tambayi Hodgkin a rayuwarta ta baya don ba da sunayen jarumai na yarinta, ta ba da sunaye mata uku: na farko da na farko, mahaifiyarta, Molly; mai wa'azi na likita Mary Slessor; da Margery Fry, Shugaban Kwalejin Somerville. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] nm5i3jv9tzv6ak5hfg25cls8pz2vr5t 0 145021 891174 808488 2026-08-04T03:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cynthia Ikponmwenosa Morgan''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1991), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cynthia Morgan |url=http://www.iwantairplay.com/cynthiamorgan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725094136/http://www.iwantairplay.com/cynthiamorgan |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na baya '''Cynthia Morgan''', wacce yanzu take '''Madrina,''' ƙwararriyar marubuciya ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da waƙoƙin pop, hip hop, dancehall da rap . Ta yi fice a fagen waƙa bayan fitowar waƙoƙi biyu masu taken "Don't Break My Heart" da "Lead Me On", waɗanda suka sami karbuwa sosai daga masu suka. Cynthia ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a fim ɗin Nollywood na 2016 mai suna "The Wrong Number" wanda Saint Joseph ovensehi ya jagoranta, da kuma fim ɗin barkwanci [[Ayo Makun|na Ay]] mai suna 'A trip to Jamaica'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cynthia Morgan Makes Comeback with ‘Lead me on’ |url=http://flairng.com/cynthia-morgan-makes-comeback-with-lead-me-on/ |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151621/https://flairng.com/cynthia-morgan-makes-comeback-with-lead-me-on/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Cynthia Morgan a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] inda ta kammala karatunta na asali. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Cynthia Morgan Biography (Marshal Morgan) |url=http://nigeriangists.com.ng/cynthia-morgan-biography-boyfriend-age-shocking-life-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817111323/http://nigeriangists.com.ng/cynthia-morgan-biography-boyfriend-age-shocking-life-history/ |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> Tun tana da shekaru 3, ta riga ta zama mawaƙiya ga ƙungiyar mawakan mahaifiyarta. <ref name="auto" /> Rahotanni game da lokacin yarintar Cynthia Morgan sun ce mahaifinta ya yi watsi da su lokacin da mahaifiyarta ke da shekaru 20 kacal kuma tana da juna biyu. A lokacin ne wata uwa marar aure ta rene ta, wacce yanzu babbar mai zane-zane a birnin Benin. Wataƙila shi ya sa Morgan ta kamu da son kiɗa a farkon rayuwarta. Idan da gaske Morgan ta fara yin waka tun tana 'yar shekara 3, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ta fara yin wakokinta tun tana 'yar shekara 7. Waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka mata ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar sakandare. Shekaru 10 bayan haka, Cynthia Morgan ta shirya yin rikodin waƙarta ta farko. Ta fito da Pype a cikin waƙar farko mai taken Dutty Stepping . Bayan haka, ta ƙaura zuwa Legas don ƙarfafa waƙarta. Daga baya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da Northside Entertainment Inc. Da wannan yarjejeniyar, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da daraja. Fim ɗinta na ''"Don't Break My Heart"'' da ''"Lead Me On"'' ya sami karbuwa sosai, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin mutane sosai. Ta fara harkar kiɗa a fannin waƙa tun tana 'yar shekara 16 kuma ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko tana 'yar shekara 17, Cynthia Morgan ta nuna cewa tana da ƙwarewa sosai, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan waƙoƙin don wani abu na musamman. Yayin da waƙar "Don't Break My Heart" ke gudana tare da waƙar Afro Pop mai daɗi da aka haɗa don wakiltar waƙa mai kyau da ta dace da lokutan alƙawarin aure, "Lead Me On" tana nuna waƙar soyayya ta reggae-dancehall wacce aka ƙawata da lafazin patois na Morgan. Wakokin waƙoƙin sun ci gaba da samun sharhi mai daɗi daga Cynthia kuma daga ƙarshe an zaɓe shi a matsayin "Lead Me On" don "Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙin Reggae-Dancehall" a The Headies na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-25 |title=Cynthia Morgan – 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know About Madrina |url=https://buzznigeria.com/cynthia-morgan/ |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hz006azrmh5top3xqvqkawxkueog2ip 0 145360 891311 826609 2026-08-04T11:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eseohe Arhebamen''' ko '''Eseohe Arhebamen-Yamasaki''', wanda aka fi sani da Edoheart (an haife ta '''Obehioye Eseohe Ikhianose Oghomwenyenmwen Cleopatra Anne Arhebamen'''), mawaki ne, mai rawa, mawaƙi, mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Exclusive Interview Inside "For The Love – EP" With Nigerian Born Artist Edoheart |url=https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229165828/https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/ |archive-date=29 February 2020 |website=Demand Africa}}</ref><ref name="EP">{{Cite web |last=Kressa |first=Kaarel |date=24 April 2009 |title=Viies esituskunsti festival Diverse Universe meenutab maailma mitmekesisust |url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/466508 |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=Eesti Payaleht}}</ref><ref name="PP">{{Cite web |last=Kivila |first=Marian |date=28 April 2009 |title=Pärnu kunstihallis kohtusid nüüdisaegne tants ja macho-metal |url=http://www.parnupostimees.ee/?id=112386 |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=Pärnu Postimees }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="SIRP">{{Cite web |last=Kivila |first=Marian |date=8 May 2009 |title=Ikka teel |url=http://www.sirp.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8743:ikka-teel&catid=6:kunst&Itemid=10&issue=3251 |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=SIRP Eesti Kultuurileht Number 18 (3251)}}</ref><ref name="Hankooki">{{Cite web |last=정 |first=영주 |date=3 September 2008 |title=국내 최대 실험예술 축제 열린다 |url=http://weekly.hankooki.com/lpage/08_life/200809/wk20080903133924100510.htm |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=[[Hankook Ilbo]]}}</ref><ref name="12Q">{{Cite web |last=Keralis |first=Spencer |date=4 April 2011 |title=Eseohe Arhebamen |url=https://12questionslmp.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/eseohe-arhebamen/ |access-date=5 May 2011 |website=12 Questions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebrave |first=Benjamin |date=31 August 2010 |title=Huuuuuuge: Edoheart - Akwaaba Music |url=http://www.akwaabamusic.com/blog/huuuuuuge-edoheart/ |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Akwaaba Music}}</ref> An haifi Eseohe a [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Najeriya]] kuma ya fito ne daga dangin sarauta na [[Masarautar Benin|Daular Benin]] . Kakar mahaifiyar Eseohe Arhebamen ita ce Gimbiya Theresa Maria Nodumwenben Osazuwa, gimbiya ce ta [[Mutanen Edo]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paldrok |first=Al |date=2009 |title=Eseohe Arhebamen |url=http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Diverse Universe Performance Festival |archive-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120055431/http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kakan kakan Eseohe Arhebamen Osazuwa Eredia, mahaifin Gimbiya Theresa Osazuwa, shi ne Oba N"Ugu da Enogie na Umoghumwun, wanda ya sa Eseohe Rhebamen ya zama zuriyar sarauta da sarauniya. "Tushen Masarautar Ugu, tare da babban birninta a Umoghumwun an gano shi ne ga Yarima Idu, ɗan fari na Oba Eweka I. " == Rayuwar farko == Eseohe Arhebamen ita ce 'yar'uwa mafi girma a cikin 'yan'uwa biyar kuma galibi tana taka rawa a cikin tarbiyyar su. Tana da shekaru bakwai <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Cyril |date=November 2005 |title=Eseohe Arhebamen |url=http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=Softblow |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202104816/http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyalan Eseohe sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka suka zauna a [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] . Tana da shekaru 17 ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Michigan a Kwalejin Gidaje. Duk da cewa an ƙarfafa ta sosai ta nemi aikin likitanci a matsayin hanyar aiki, Eseohe ta bi sha'awarta ga waƙa, harshe da fasaha. A matsayinta na ɗalibi mai digiri na farko Eseohe ta mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin adabi da aiki a matsayin hanyar da za ta shafi canjin zamantakewa. <ref name="EJ">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2002 |title=The Environmental Justice Poetry Slam Ann Arbor, MI |url=http://eji.snre.umich.edu/poetryslam.html |access-date=5 April 2010 |website=Environmental Justice Initiative |publisher=The University of Michigan - School of Natural Resources & Environment}}</ref> Yayin da take Jami'ar Michigan, Eseohe ta sami kyaututtuka masu daraja saboda rubuce-rubucenta <ref name="12Q"/> <ref name="120WA">{{Cite web |last=Mendler |first=Janet Nellis |date=3 May 2000 |title=Students share more than $120,000 in writing awards |url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3474-students-share-more-than-120-000-in-writing-awards |access-date=5 April 2010 |publisher=University of Michigan News Service}}</ref> kuma an haɗa ta a cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Jami'ar Michigan Anthology of Hopwood Award. == Sana'a == Tana da shekaru 19, Eseohe ta sami matsayin Marubuci a Gida tare da InsideOut Literary Arts a [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] kuma ta yi aiki da yara a makarantun da ke cikin birni marasa galihu don faɗaɗa ƙwarewarsu ta adabi. Bayan ta koma New York a shekarar 2003, Eseohe ta kafa kamfanin EdoHeart wanda aka rubuta da Edoheart wanda ya zama sunan wasan kwaikwayo nata. Eseohe Arhebamen tana da alaƙa da Edoheart. Eseohe ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha daga Jami'ar Michigan a fannin Rubutu da Adabi Mai Kirkire-kirkire a watan Agusta, 2005, sannan ta sake samun wani digiri na farko na Fasaha a Fasahar Studio tare da ƙaramin digiri na Turanci daga Kwalejin Hunter . Ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar New York tare da digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Aiki, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wanda aka samo daga nazarin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa, ka'idar adabi, da nazarin shari'a. Eseohe ya kuma yi karatun rawa sosai tare da Yukio Waguri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2009 |title=Tisch Performance Studies Biography of Eseohe Arhebamen |url=http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035837/http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |publisher=New York University}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali a cikin ayyukan gwaji na Eseohe Arhebamen sune ƙirƙirar yanayi daban-daban, da [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]] da maganganun murya a matsayin tushen motsi. <ref name="12Q"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Eseohe Arhebamen : Tisch School of the Arts at NYU |url=http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035837/http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=New York University}}</ref> Ta yi aikin tsara da koyarwa ko jagorantar bita da suka shafi waɗannan fannoni masu ban sha'awa a Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia da The Living Theatre . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namerow |first=Evan |date=7 August 2009 |title=Butoh Workshop at The Living Theatre " Dancing Perfectly Free |url=http://dancingperfectlyfree.com/2009/08/07/butoh-workshop-at-the-living-theatre/ |access-date=5 April 2010 |publisher=Dancing Perfectly Free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shieh |first=Eric |date=24 April 2009 |title=Teachers College - Columbia University: Calendar |url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/calendar/index.htm?EventID=6403 |access-date=5 April 2010 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Eseohe Arhebamen ta fito a talabijin da labarai na Koriya da Amurka, da kuma jaridun Amurka, Estonia da Latvia. <ref name="EP"/> <ref name="PP"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2008 |title=Daum tv팟 - 실험에술월드엑스포_Eseohe Arhebamen,김석환 홍대앞 퍼포머들 / 실험예술월드엑스포_Eseohe Arhebamen,김석환,더 벨리댄,들소리 4 - 동영상 |url=http://see.daum.net/clip/ClipView.do?clipid=10149269&q=%EA%B9%80%EC%84%9D |access-date=5 April 2010 |publisher=DAUM TV}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2012 |title=NYC Media - NYC Life |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/tv/nyctv_life_arttrek_episodes.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052751/http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/tv/nyctv_life_arttrek_episodes.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=The City of New York}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, mawakiya Kalup Linzy ta zaɓe ta don ta fito a cikin wani [[Documentary film|shirin gaskiya]] game da mawakan New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2012 |title=New NYC Art Reality Show Debuts TONIGHT, With Kalup Linzy |url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/artintheair/2012/01/09/new-nyc-art-reality-show-debuts-tonight-with-kalup-linzy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113200313/http://blogs.artinfo.com/artintheair/2012/01/09/new-nyc-art-reality-show-debuts-tonight-with-kalup-linzy/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=In the Air: Art News & Gossip |publisher=ARTINFO.com}}</ref> Eseohe Arhebamen kuma ta bayyana a cikin faifan bidiyo da aka haɗa a cikin takaddun mawaƙiya Anne Waldman da aka saya ta ɗakin karatu na musamman na Jami'ar Michigan . == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Butoh vocal == Eseohe Arhebamen ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta fara yin wasan butoh na asali da kuma na asali. <ref name="SPalms">{{Cite web |last=Anna |date=30 April 2011 |title=Nigeriansk Butoh |url=https://swedishpalms.blogspot.com/2011/04/nigeriansk-butoh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825160657/http://swedishpalms.blogspot.com/2011/04/nigeriansk-butoh.html |archive-date=25 August 2011 |access-date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Swedish Palms}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Eseohe Arhebamen ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta haɗa rawar butoh da waƙa, magana, mudra, yaren kurame, magana, da kuma waƙoƙin gwaji bayan salon rawa na gargajiya na [[mutanen Edo]] na Yammacin [[Afirka]] . <ref name="SPalms" /> Tana kiran wannan salon rawa da Butoh-Vocal Theatre. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vocal Styles: An Interview with Performance Artist Edoheart |url=http://www.claudiafriedlander.com/the-liberated-voice/2010/07/vocal-styles-an-interview-with-performance-artist-edoheart.html |access-date=20 August 2016 |publisher=The Liberated Voice}}</ref> Salon wasan kwaikwayo na Butoh-Vocal na Eseohe Arhebamen ya samo asali ne daga aikinta a cikin [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]], kiɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Edo inda masu yin rawa da waƙa a lokaci guda, kuma yana da tasiri ta hanyar imani da ta bayyana game da tarihin harshe iri ɗaya tsakanin mutanen Edo na Najeriya da Japan. <ref name="SPalms" /> A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2010, Eseohe ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wani taron bita mai zurfi [[Yukio Waguri|na Yukio Waguri]] wanda ke nuna salon wasan kwaikwayo na Butoh-Vocal Theatre wanda ta yi rawa butoh yayin da take rera Pure Imagination daga Willy Wonka &amp;amp; the Chocolate Factory . Kaarel Kressa ta bayyana rawar da Eseohe ya taka a lokacin rangadin Fifth Diverse Universe a matsayin wacce ta kunshi kyawun halitta da kuma mace; tare da wakoki, rawa da wakoki wadanda suka jawo hankalin masu kallo. [1] An kuma kira wasannin Eseohe "al'ada mai karfi". [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q5cvtqezvmy0xi74qo2u7wpirsfm9bp 0 149262 890933 857647 2026-08-03T12:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Bayardo Abaunza''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1936) tsohon dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu son a yankin Los Angeles . An haife shi a [[Nicaragua]], Abaunza ya wakilci tawagar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://us-soccer.team/player/625 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2025-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817082748/https://us-soccer.team/player/625 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Abaunza, babban ɗan'uwan Manuel Abaunza, ya koma [[Los Angeles]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1960, ya zira kwallaye ga Los Angeles All Stars a cikin cin nasara 8-1 a hannun ziyarar Munich 1860. A shekara ta 1964, ya buga wa kungiyar Los Angeles Kickers-Victoria wasa lokacin da suka lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta 1964. A shekara ta 1965, ya koma Orange County FC na Continental League . A shekarar 1966, Orange County ta fadi a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasa ta 1966. Ya buga wa Orange County wasa har zuwa akalla 1967.<ref>http://national.soccerhall.org/history/MNTAlltime_1960-79.htm</ref> == Ƙungiyar ƙasa == Abaunza ta samu kwallo uku tare da tawagar Amurka tsakanin 1965 da 1969. Wasansa na farko tare da tawagar kasa ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1965, nasarar cin kofin duniya a kan Honduras . Ya buga wasan na biyu tare da Honduras, 1-1 tie kawuna hudu bayan haka. Abaunza bai sake yin wasa ba har zuwa Afrilu 20, 1969. A wannan rana, Amurka ta sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Haiti. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Bayardo Abaunzaa National-Football-Teams.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ht6vshr92h0qjow3ja9o9f4u49v8f6b 0 149592 891159 831199 2026-08-04T01:38:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891159 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Colleen Pempho Zamba''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Shugaban kasa da majalisar ministoci (SPC) na [[Malawi|Jamhuriyar Malawi]] tsakanin 2022 da 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zamba a Dowa, Malawi, babba cikin yara shida na Skeffa Thom Zamba da Felestia Zamba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Biography of Colleen Pempho Zamba |url=https://malawifreedomnetwork.com/2023/01/11/biography-of-colleen-pempho-zamba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914010819/https://malawifreedomnetwork.com/2023/01/11/biography-of-colleen-pempho-zamba/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Malawi Freedom Network}}</ref> duka malamai. Mahaifinta ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Malawi na Dowa ta Kudu maso Gabas . 'Yar'uwarta ita ce [[Hope Tionge Zamba]], wacce ta lashe wannan kujerar a babban zaben 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Results of the Parliamentary Elections Held on 16 September 2025 |url=https://www.malawi2025.info/m_report.php |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.malawi2025.info |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211175941/https://malawi2025.info/m_report.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Lilongwe kuma daga baya ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Malawi|Kwalejin Chancellor]], [[Jami'ar Malawi]], a shekarar 1985. Zamba ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Glasgow, Scotland, inda ta sami difloma ta digiri na biyu a Manufofin Ci Gaban a shekarar 1988 da kuma Jagora na Falsafa a Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1989, inda aka ba ta suna ɗalibi mafi kyau na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Biography of Colleen Pempho Zamba |url=https://malawifreedomnetwork.com/2023/01/11/biography-of-colleen-pempho-zamba/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Malawi Freedom Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Zamba ta fara aikinta a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki kuma ta zama Babban Sakatare na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, inda ta jagoranci sa ido kan Shirin Tattalin Ruwa na Malawi . Daga nan sai ta zama Babban Sakatariyar Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi da Taimako inda ta jagoranci tattaunawar Kasashen Da ke da Biyan Laifi Malawi Decision Point . Ta kuma zama Babban Sakatariyar Kasuwanci, inda ta kasance mai magana da yawun Kudancin Afirka a tattaunawar kasuwanci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2022-06-01 |title=Meet Colleen Zamba, new SPC replacing Zanga-zanga Chikhosi |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2022/06/01/meet-colleen-zamba-new-spc-replacing-zanga-zanga-chikhosi/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>  A watan Oktoba na 2021, Shugaba [[Lazarus Chakwera]] ya nada Zamba shugaban sashin bayar da shugaban kasa da kuma Babban mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa kan manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) da harkokin kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2022-06-01 |title=Meet Colleen Zamba, new SPC replacing Zanga-zanga Chikhosi |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2022/06/01/meet-colleen-zamba-new-spc-replacing-zanga-zanga-chikhosi/ |access-date=2025-01-10}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2022, an nada Zamba a matsayin Sakataren Shugaban kasa da Ma'aikatar, wanda ya gaji Zangazanga Chikhosi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Chakwera appoints Colleen Zamba as New SPC |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-appoints-colleen-zamba-as-new-spc/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Emma Kaliya ta yaba da nadin ta a matsayin nuna jajircewar Shugaba Chakwera ga daidaiton jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Renowned gender activist Emma Kaliya lauds Chakwera for Zamba's appointment as Secretary to President & Cabinet - Maravi Express - Your Kind of News. Clear and accurate. |url=https://www.maraviexpress.com/renowned-gender-activist-emma-kaliya-lauds-chakwera-for-zambas-appointment-as-secretary-to-president-cabinet/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an kama Zamba a [[Filin jirgin saman Lilongwe|Filin jirgin saman Kamuzu]] da ke Lilongwe yayin da yake shirin tafiya zuwa Switzerland. Jami'an 'yan sanda ne suka tsare ta daga hedikwatar' yan sanda ta kasa kuma suka koma ofishin' yan sanda na Lingadzi don yin tambayoyi. Hukumomi ba su bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka kama shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=FORMER CHIEF SECRETARY TO GOVT. COLLEEN ZAMBA ARRESTED |url=https://shiretimes.com/former-chief-secretary-to-govt-colleen-zamba-arrested/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Shire Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Secretary to the President and Cabinet of Malawi]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] i24jdgvid0ptnih0mwvhg6rgl0ev7mb 0 149853 891191 832231 2026-08-04T03:50:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daley Blind''' (da An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Maris 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] [[Girona FC|ta Girona]] . Ɗan wasa ne mai iya amfani da salon wasansa, an tura shi a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]], [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na tsakiya]], da kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] . Shi ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan baya na Ajax ne kuma tsohon manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Netherlands, Danny Blind . Blind ya fara taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax, inda ya zama ɗan wasa na yau da kullun bayan ya yi aro a Groningen, kuma ya lashe kofunan Eredivisie sau huɗu a jere tare da ƙungiyar. A watan Satumba na 2014, ya koma Manchester United kan fam miliyan 13.8, inda ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe kofuna huɗu, ciki har da Kofin FA, Kofin EFL da kuma Kofin UEFA Europa League . A lokacin bazara na 2018, Blind ya koma Ajax, inda ya lashe kofin Eredivisie na biyar da kuma Kofin KNVB na farko a kakar wasa ta farko da ya koma ƙungiyar. Ya lashe kofunan Eredivisie guda biyu kafin ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], inda ya lashe Bundesliga a tsawon watanni shida. Blind ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Girona na Sipaniya a 2023. Blind, wanda ya buga wa Netherlands wasa daga 2013 zuwa 2024, ya samu sama da wasanni 100, kuma ya kasance memba na tawagar Holland da ta zo ta uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014. Ya ci gaba da buga wasa a gasar UEFA Euro 2020, [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022]] da kuma gasar Euro 2024 . == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === Blind ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta ƙungiyar garinsu ta Ajax ; ƙungiyar da mahaifinsa Danny ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararre. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax Showtime - Nieuws over Ajax, Jong Ajax en Ajax-jeugd |url=http://www.ajaxshowtime.com/index.php?msg=33171&page=1 |website=ajaxshowtime.com |access-date=2026-05-07 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905204027/https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/index.php?msg=33171&page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Blind ya samo asali ne daga tsarin matasa na Ajax, kuma yayin da a hukumance har yanzu yana ɗan shekara biyu, ya zama babban ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar A-Juniors a kakar wasa ta 2007-08 <ref name="ajax_contract" /> kafin ya sami ci gaba zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2008-09. <ref name="ajax_debut">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2008 |title=Blind helps Ajax win in debut |url=http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id=154814/contentid=68236 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140444/http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id%3D154814/contentid%3D68236 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> Ya nuna kyakkyawan alkawari tun yana ƙarami kuma aka naɗa shi kyaftin na Jong Ajax a 2007. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru yana da shekaru 17, wanda hakan ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar har zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2010. <ref name="ajax_contract">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2007 |title=Ajax sign Daley Blind |url=http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id=154814/contentid=62320 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228050825/http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id%3D154814/contentid%3D62320 |archive-date=28 February 2008 |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2008, Blind ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a wasan da suka yi da FC Volendam . Blind ya yi tasiri nan take lokacin da ya tilasta wa ɗan wasan baya na Volendam bugun kusurwa, wanda Jan Vertonghen ya ci wa Ajax ƙwallon da ta ba shi nasara. [1] A ranar 19 ga Disamba 2008, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama tare da Ajax har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2013. [2] [3] ==== Lamuni zuwa Groningen ==== A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2010, ya koma Groningen a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2009-10, a lokacin kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2010 |title=Daley Blind on loan to FC Groningen |url=http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Daley-Blind-on-loan-to-FC-Groningen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109033001/http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Daley-Blind-on-loan-to-FC-Groningen.htm |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 April 2010 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> A Groningen, Blind galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2010 |title=Daley Blind maakt furore bij FC Groningen |trans-title=Daley Blind makes a splash at FC Groningen. |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/updates/daley-blind-maakt-furore-bij-fc-groningen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145352/http://www.ajaxlife.nl/updates/daley-blind-maakt-furore-bij-fc-groningen |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |publisher=[[Ajax Life]]}}</ref> An kusa sayar da shi ga Groningen kan Yuro miliyan 1.5 ta Ajax a kan dindindin amma komawarsa ba ta yi nasara ba. ==== Dawowa daga sihirin aro ==== [[Fayil:Daley_Blind_6013.jpg|thumb|Blind ya buga wa Ajax wasa a shekarar 2011]] A kakar wasa biyu masu zuwa, Blind ya ba da gudummawa ga gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta Eredivisie guda biyu tare da Ajax, a kakar wasa ta 2010-11, da kuma kakar wasa ta 2011-12, wanda na farko zai zama gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 30 ga Ajax. Duk da haka, rawar da Blind ya taka lokacin da aka ba shi damar ba ta gamsarwa ba, har ma an yi masa ihu a filin wasa a wasan Eredivisie. A ƙarƙashin sabon manaja Frank de Boer, za a ba Blind ƙarin amincewa da lokacin wasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi matsayi a matsayin ɗan wasan [[Mai buga baya|baya na farko da ya zaɓa a hagu]] tare da matsayin farawa na dindindin a kakar wasa ta 2012-13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Blind, exponent nieuw Ajax (Dutch) |trans-title=Blind, exponent of the new Ajax. |url=http://nos.nl/video/442809-blind-exponent-nieuw-ajax.html |access-date=6 February 2013 |publisher=NOS.nl}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2013, Marc Overmars ya sanar da cewa Ajax da Blind sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru uku, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2013 |title=Blind verlengt contract bij Ajax (Dutch) |trans-title=Blind extends contract with Ajax. |url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1441/Ajax/article/detail/3430068/2013/04/22/Blind-verlengt-contract-bij-Ajax.dhtml |access-date=24 April 2013 |website=Algemeen Dagblad}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Mayu, Blind ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar Ajax a gasar Netherlands ta Eredivisie ta uku a jere, inda ya zama zakaran gasar na 32 a kulob din, wanda ya taimaka wajen kayar da Willem II da ci 5-0 a gida, sannan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa na farko a teburi kwana daya kacal daga karshen kakar wasa. Daga baya a wannan rana aka sanar da cewa an ayyana Blind a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan AFC Ajax na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, bayan ya buga wasa mai kyau a Ajax a shekara ta biyar, daga matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A kakar wasa ta 2013-14, De Boer ya mayar da Blind matsayinsa na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma an zaɓe shi gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Holland yayin da Ajax ta lashe gasar lig ta karo na huɗu a jere. === Manchester United === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2014, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta cimma yarjejeniyar sayen Blind, bisa ga gwajin lafiya da kuma yarjejeniyar kashin kai. An kammala cinikin a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2014, kan kudi £13.8.&nbsp;miliyan. [[Fayil:Daley_Blind_vs_Aleksandr_Erokhin_2017.jpg|thumb|Blind ya buga wa Manchester United wasa a shekarar 2017]] Blind ya fara buga wasa ne kwanaki 13 bayan ya sanya hannu, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 yayin da United ta doke Queens Park Rangers da ci 4-0 a Old Trafford a karon farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa kungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, bugun yadi 20 wanda ya sa United ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 da West Bromwich Albion . A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Blind ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta Netherlands da Latvia wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wa kungiyar Manchester United wasa har zuwa karshen shekarar 2014. A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2015, Blind ya koma kungiyar United, inda ya fara tsaron gida a wasan da Southampton ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo a ragar United a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham]] . [[Fayil:CSKA-MU_2017_(13).jpg|left|thumb|Blind ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da Manchester United ta buga da Tottenham a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2017-18.]] Duk da cewa a duk kakar da ta gabata, Blind ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko kuma dan wasan baya na hagu, amma Blind ya fara kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya, inda ya buga wasa mafi yawan kakar wasa. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2015, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da ci 3-1 a Old Trafford, kuma an nada shi gwarzon dan wasa saboda rawar da ya taka. Ya fara kakar wasan Premier ta 2016-17 a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na farko tare da Chris Smalling ; duk da haka, ya rasa matsayinsa a ƙungiyar bayan dawowar Phil Jones da Marcos Rojo . Ya yi aiki tuƙuru don komawa ƙungiyar farko, amma ya fito a ɓangaren hagu, inda ya maye gurbin ɗan wasan baya na hagu Luke Shaw . Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka yi da Sunderland a ranar Boxing Day, inda ya shiga cikin akwatin don haɗa kwallo da [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]] ya kuma kare a ƙasa zuwa kusurwar ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United 3 - 1 Sunderland Match report - 26/12/2016 Premier League - Goal.com |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/manchester-united-vs-sunderland/2241935 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321045235/http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/manchester-united-vs-sunderland/2241935 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya fara wasan ƙarshe na Europa League da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa Ajax, wadda Manchester United ta ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sargeant |first=Jack |date=2017-05-24 |title=Blind, Fellaini and Mkhitaryan start vs. Ajax |url=https://thebusbybabe.sbnation.com/2017/5/24/15686214/manchester-united-vs-ajax-lineups-team-news-europa-league-final |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Busby Babe |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ssc8eu8fnob74ww86i96jeugff6dxw 0 149855 891190 832235 2026-08-04T03:50:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daley Blind''' (da An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Maris 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] [[Girona FC|ta Girona]] . Ɗan wasa ne mai iya amfani da salon wasansa, an tura shi a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]], [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na tsakiya]], da kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] . Shi ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan baya na Ajax ne kuma tsohon manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Netherlands, Danny Blind . Blind ya fara taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax, inda ya zama ɗan wasa na yau da kullun bayan ya yi aro a Groningen, kuma ya lashe kofunan Eredivisie sau huɗu a jere tare da ƙungiyar. A watan Satumba na 2014, ya koma Manchester United kan fam miliyan 13.8, inda ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe kofuna huɗu, ciki har da Kofin FA, Kofin EFL da kuma Kofin UEFA Europa League . A lokacin bazara na 2018, Blind ya koma Ajax, inda ya lashe kofin Eredivisie na biyar da kuma Kofin KNVB na farko a kakar wasa ta farko da ya koma ƙungiyar. Ya lashe kofunan Eredivisie guda biyu kafin ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], inda ya lashe Bundesliga a tsawon watanni shida. Blind ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Girona na Sipaniya a 2023. Blind, wanda ya buga wa Netherlands wasa daga 2013 zuwa 2024, ya samu sama da wasanni 100, kuma ya kasance memba na tawagar Holland da ta zo ta uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014. Ya ci gaba da buga wasa a gasar UEFA Euro 2020, gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 da kuma gasar Euro 2024 . == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === Blind ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta ƙungiyar garinsu ta Ajax ; ƙungiyar da mahaifinsa Danny ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararre. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax Showtime - Nieuws over Ajax, Jong Ajax en Ajax-jeugd |url=http://www.ajaxshowtime.com/index.php?msg=33171&page=1 |website=ajaxshowtime.com |access-date=2026-05-07 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905204027/https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/index.php?msg=33171&page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Blind ya samo asali ne daga tsarin matasa na Ajax, kuma yayin da a hukumance har yanzu yana ɗan shekara biyu, ya zama babban ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar A-Juniors a kakar wasa ta 2007-08 <ref name="ajax_contract" /> kafin ya sami ci gaba zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2008-09. <ref name="ajax_debut">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2008 |title=Blind helps Ajax win in debut |url=http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id=154814/contentid=68236 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140444/http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id%3D154814/contentid%3D68236 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> Ya nuna kyakkyawan alkawari tun yana ƙarami kuma aka naɗa shi kyaftin na Jong Ajax a 2007. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru yana da shekaru 17, wanda hakan ya sa ya koma ƙungiyar har zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2010. <ref name="ajax_contract">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2007 |title=Ajax sign Daley Blind |url=http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id=154814/contentid=62320 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228050825/http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id%3D154814/contentid%3D62320 |archive-date=28 February 2008 |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2008, Blind ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a wasan da suka yi da FC Volendam . Blind ya yi tasiri nan take lokacin da ya tilasta wa ɗan wasan baya na Volendam bugun kusurwa, wanda Jan Vertonghen ya ci wa Ajax ƙwallon da ta ba shi nasara. [1] A ranar 19 ga Disamba 2008, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama tare da Ajax har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2013. [2] [3] ==== Lamuni zuwa Groningen ==== A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2010, ya koma Groningen a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2009-10, a lokacin kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2010 |title=Daley Blind on loan to FC Groningen |url=http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Daley-Blind-on-loan-to-FC-Groningen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109033001/http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Daley-Blind-on-loan-to-FC-Groningen.htm |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=27 April 2010 |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> A Groningen, Blind galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2010 |title=Daley Blind maakt furore bij FC Groningen |trans-title=Daley Blind makes a splash at FC Groningen. |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/updates/daley-blind-maakt-furore-bij-fc-groningen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145352/http://www.ajaxlife.nl/updates/daley-blind-maakt-furore-bij-fc-groningen |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |publisher=[[Ajax Life]]}}</ref> An kusa sayar da shi ga Groningen kan Yuro miliyan 1.5 ta Ajax a kan dindindin amma komawarsa ba ta yi nasara ba. ==== Dawowa daga sihirin aro ==== [[Fayil:Daley_Blind_6013.jpg|thumb|Blind ya buga wa Ajax wasa a shekarar 2011]] A kakar wasa biyu masu zuwa, Blind ya ba da gudummawa ga gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta Eredivisie guda biyu tare da Ajax, a kakar wasa ta 2010-11, da kuma kakar wasa ta 2011-12, wanda na farko zai zama gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 30 ga Ajax. Duk da haka, rawar da Blind ya taka lokacin da aka ba shi damar ba ta gamsarwa ba, har ma an yi masa ihu a filin wasa a wasan Eredivisie. A ƙarƙashin sabon manaja Frank de Boer, za a ba Blind ƙarin amincewa da lokacin wasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi matsayi a matsayin ɗan wasan [[Mai buga baya|baya na farko da ya zaɓa a hagu]] tare da matsayin farawa na dindindin a kakar wasa ta 2012-13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Blind, exponent nieuw Ajax (Dutch) |trans-title=Blind, exponent of the new Ajax. |url=http://nos.nl/video/442809-blind-exponent-nieuw-ajax.html |access-date=6 February 2013 |publisher=NOS.nl}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2013, Marc Overmars ya sanar da cewa Ajax da Blind sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru uku, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2013 |title=Blind verlengt contract bij Ajax (Dutch) |trans-title=Blind extends contract with Ajax. |url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1441/Ajax/article/detail/3430068/2013/04/22/Blind-verlengt-contract-bij-Ajax.dhtml |access-date=24 April 2013 |website=Algemeen Dagblad}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Mayu, Blind ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar Ajax a gasar Netherlands ta Eredivisie ta uku a jere, inda ya zama zakaran gasar na 32 a kulob din, wanda ya taimaka wajen kayar da Willem II da ci 5-0 a gida, sannan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa na farko a teburi kwana daya kacal daga karshen kakar wasa. Daga baya a wannan rana aka sanar da cewa an ayyana Blind a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan AFC Ajax na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, bayan ya buga wasa mai kyau a Ajax a shekara ta biyar, daga matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> A kakar wasa ta 2013-14, De Boer ya mayar da Blind matsayinsa na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma an zaɓe shi gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Holland yayin da Ajax ta lashe gasar lig ta karo na huɗu a jere. === Manchester United === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2014, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ta cimma yarjejeniyar sayen Blind, bisa ga gwajin lafiya da kuma yarjejeniyar kashin kai. An kammala cinikin a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2014, kan kudi £13.8.&nbsp;miliyan. [[Fayil:Daley_Blind_vs_Aleksandr_Erokhin_2017.jpg|thumb|Blind ya buga wa Manchester United wasa a shekarar 2017]] Blind ya fara buga wasa ne kwanaki 13 bayan ya sanya hannu, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 yayin da United ta doke Queens Park Rangers da ci 4-0 a Old Trafford a karon farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa kungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, bugun yadi 20 wanda ya sa United ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 da West Bromwich Albion . A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Blind ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta Netherlands da Latvia wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wa kungiyar Manchester United wasa har zuwa karshen shekarar 2014. A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2015, Blind ya koma kungiyar United, inda ya fara tsaron gida a wasan da Southampton ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo a ragar United a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham]] . [[Fayil:CSKA-MU_2017_(13).jpg|left|thumb|Blind ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da Manchester United ta buga da Tottenham a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2017-18.]] Duk da cewa a duk kakar da ta gabata, Blind ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko kuma dan wasan baya na hagu, amma Blind ya fara kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya, inda ya buga wasa mafi yawan kakar wasa. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2015, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da ci 3-1 a Old Trafford, kuma an nada shi gwarzon dan wasa saboda rawar da ya taka. Ya fara kakar wasan Premier ta 2016-17 a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na farko tare da Chris Smalling ; duk da haka, ya rasa matsayinsa a ƙungiyar bayan dawowar Phil Jones da Marcos Rojo . Ya yi aiki tuƙuru don komawa ƙungiyar farko, amma ya fito a ɓangaren hagu, inda ya maye gurbin ɗan wasan baya na hagu Luke Shaw . Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka yi da Sunderland a ranar Boxing Day, inda ya shiga cikin akwatin don haɗa kwallo da [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]] ya kuma kare a ƙasa zuwa kusurwar ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United 3 - 1 Sunderland Match report - 26/12/2016 Premier League - Goal.com |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/manchester-united-vs-sunderland/2241935 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321045235/http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/manchester-united-vs-sunderland/2241935 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya fara wasan ƙarshe na Europa League da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa Ajax, wadda Manchester United ta ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sargeant |first=Jack |date=2017-05-24 |title=Blind, Fellaini and Mkhitaryan start vs. Ajax |url=https://thebusbybabe.sbnation.com/2017/5/24/15686214/manchester-united-vs-ajax-lineups-team-news-europa-league-final |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Busby Babe |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4r8i0pjpdel6wy60emnu957ahw5skoa 0 151737 891220 837924 2026-08-04T07:26:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football official | name = Digbori Tejiri | fullname = Tejiri Besmart Digbori | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | role = Assistant referee | confederation = CAF | internationalyears = 2016– }} '''Digbori Tejiri''' wanda cikakken sunansa '''Tejiri Besmart Digbori''', ɗan Najeriya ne kuma alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya yi suna a matsayin ''assistant referee'' a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin [[CAF]] da [[FIFA]]. An fara saka sunansa a cikin jerin alkalan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na FIFA tun daga shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Refereeing International Lists |url=https://cloudfront.bernews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/FIFA-List-Of-Internation-Match-Officials.pdf |publisher=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=English}}</ref> Tejiri ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasan Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na shekarar 2024. A cikin sanarwar da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta fitar, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ''assistant referees'' guda goma sha ɗaya da za su wakilci Najeriya a matakin duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA approves 30 Nigerian referees for international duties in 2024 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/fifa-approves-30-nigerian-referees-for-international-duties-in-2024/ |publisher=TheCable |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=English}}</ref> A shekarar 2026 ma, FIFA ta sake bayyana sunan Digbori Tejiri a cikin jerin alkalan wasan Najeriya masu lasisin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan ya nuna ci gaba da amincewar da FIFA da CAF suke da ita gare shi wajen kula da manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List |url=https://von.gov.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list/ |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=3 January 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=English}}</ref> Shafukan bayanan alkalan wasa na duniya kamar su Playmaker Stats da ZeroZero sun bayyana Digbori a matsayin alkalin wasa mai aiki daga Najeriya, tare da sunansa na cikakke ''Tejiri Besmart Digbori''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tejiri Digbori - Nigeria - Referee Profile |url=https://www.playmakerstats.com/referee/tejiri-digbori/27975 |publisher=Playmaker Stats |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=English }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.playmakerstats.com/referee/tejiri-digbori/27975 Tejiri Digbori at Playmaker Stats]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} jj39xno0fusg7irv29nk7adrzi3fhel 0 152576 891231 890234 2026-08-04T08:47:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, "Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara". Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka. == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100). Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref> Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. <ref name="JMP" /> Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref> Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). <ref name="IDA">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}</ref> == Sabis == [[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar. An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006; an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). <ref name="BIDE">{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]] [[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]] Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa. Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin [[Gambiya|Gambia]], Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès. Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003</ref> Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003</ref> Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.<ref name="WB" /> Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m³/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m³/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.<ref name="LTWSP">[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6</ref> Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.<ref name="ONAS">[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]</ref> Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.<ref>SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).<ref>Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911</ref> == Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) == [[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]] A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.<ref name="ONAS" /> == Nauyi (Responsibility) == === Manufofi (Policy) === Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. === Samar da Ayyuka === Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.<ref>Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011</ref> Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli. A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban. == Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) == Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits). === Hayar samar da ruwa a birane === Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.<ref name=WL>{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}</ref> A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.<ref name="IDA"/> Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta [[Boston]] (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.<ref name="BIDE"/> An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.<ref name="WB" /> A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka. === Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar === Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin "Eau Populaire", ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx |title=Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2013-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701161717/http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Samar da ruwa a karkara === A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).<ref>[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005</ref> Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="WSP" /> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) === 1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) === 1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba. 1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida. 1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe. === Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) === 1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar. 1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe. 1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba. 1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&id=6&type=docs&cat=1&lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 |title=Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2011-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525185735/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe. 2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba. 2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).<ref>[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&id=22&type=docs&cat=2&lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya. 2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES. 2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS. 2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari. 2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka. 2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref name=Eplus/> 2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade. Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.<ref name=Eplus/> 2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref name=Eplus> {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} </ref> == Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci == Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji: * Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai. * Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi. * Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m³ 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. <ref name="WB" /> === Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe === SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku: * Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m³ a shekarar 2008). * Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m³ a shekarar 2008. * Haraji na "korewa" (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m³ a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. <ref name="IRIN" /> Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, "wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a". Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin "korewa". A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun "harajin jin daɗin jama'a". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}</ref> A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da "babban aibi", duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. <ref name="WB" /> Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. <ref name="IRIN" /> Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m³ a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m³ a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m³ (US$1.09/m³ a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m³) a shekarar 2007. Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE. Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m³ daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m³ na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale. Ko da yake [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba. Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. <ref name="IDA" /> A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. <ref name="WB" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. <ref name=WL/> A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga. === Saka hannun jari da bayar da kuɗaɗe === Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa kuɗaɗen da suka kai biliyan 260 F.CFA (kimanin dala miliyan 500 a shekarar 2008) an tattara su tsakanin 1996 da 2006 ta hanyar Projet Sectoriel Eau (PSE) da Projet Eau à Long Terme (PELT). <ref name="Mbaye" /> A cewar wasu rahotannin, dala miliyan 300 aka saka a haɗin gwiwar ruwa na Senegal. <ref name="IRIN" /> A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya, farashin Aikin Ruwa na Senegal (gami da tsaftar muhalli) ya kai dala miliyan 290; IDA ta bayar da dala miliyan 100 da wasu dala miliyan 125 don aikin sa ido na Long Term Water Sector Project. <ref name="IDA"/> Kasafin kudin PEPAM na 2005-2015 ya kai biliyan 515 F.CFA (kimanin dala biliyan 1): biliyan 274 F.CFA don yankunan karkara da biliyan 241 F.CFA don yankunan birane. Yawancin saka hannun jari a fannin ana tallafawa ne daga masu bayar da tallafi tare da lamuni ba tare da ruwa ba daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Duniya (International Development Association) ta Babban Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka ko tallafi daga wasu masu bayar da tallafi, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. An saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 20 wanda kamfani mai zaman kansa ya ɗauki nauyinsa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na yarjejeniyar hayar. A shekarar 1996, Citibank da Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO) sun samar da layin bashi na dala miliyan 21.4 (biliyan 11 F.CFA) na tsawon shekaru shida don taimakawa kamfanin mallakar kadarori SONES da kwararar kuɗin shiga. <ref name="WB">{{Cite web |url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf |title=Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens: Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal, The World Bank Group: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, 2004 |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2017-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205023017/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Inganci === Asarar ruwa, mafi yawancinta ta hanyar ɗigo, ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2006 daga kashi 32 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. Ragewar yana nufin tanadin da ya kai bukatun ruwa na mutane 930,000. <ref name="IDA" /> Yawan ma'aikata ya kai 2.3 a kowane ma'aikata 1,000 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya tashi daga 6.1 a shekarar 1996. <ref name=WL/> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa == Babban Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka (USAID), Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD), Jamus, da Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma (BOAD) suna cikin manyan masu bayar da tallafi ga fannin ruwa na Senegal. A shekarar 1995, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da rancen kashi na IDA na dalar Amurka miliyan $100 ga gwamnatin Senegal don aiwatar da gyare-gyarenta.<ref name="IDA"/> Sannan an biyo baya da aikin fannin ruwa na dogon lokaci na dalar Amurka miliyan $125 wanda ya fara a watan Yunin 2001.<ref name="IDA"/> A shekarar 2006, ya amince da aikin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan $7.7 (output-based aid) don tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da dabarun tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama a Dakar, wanda ONAS, hukumar ayyukan jama'a ta AGETIP da wata ƙungiyar NGO suka aiwatar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|title=Documents & Reports - All Documents &#124; The World Bank|website=World Bank}}</ref> Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya ba da lamuni guda biyu (Euro miliyan 15 a shekarar 1995 da Euro miliyan 16 a shekarar 2001) ga gwamnatin Senegal ƙarƙashin aikin samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwa a Dakar. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, EIB ta sanyawa hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kuɗi guda biyu na daban tare da SONES don tallafawa Tsarin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Magudanan Ruwa na Ƙarni na Senegal (PEPAM). Tallafin Asusun Raya Turai (EDF) na CFAF biliyan 5.7 (Euro miliyan 8.6) da rancen EIB na F.CFA biliyan 9.8 (Euro miliyan 15) sun cika shirin zuba jari na SONES na F.CFA biliyan 38 (Euro miliyan 58). Ƙarƙashin aikin, fiye da birane 60 (gami da Dakar) za su ci gajiyar tsare-tsaren gyarawa, haɓakawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha, wanda zai kai ga mutane fiye da 500,000 cikin shekaru huɗu. Ayyukan da aka tsara sun haɗa da kafa sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 25, gina masana'antar tace ruwa, faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwa da fiye da kilomita 500 da kuma kafa haɗin ruwa na tallafi guda 50,000 da famfunan ruwa na jama'a 360. Masu ba da kuɗaɗe guda huɗu sun daidaita hanyoyinsu na gudanarwa, tare da aiwatar da alkawuran da aka guda a Yarjejeniyar Paris (Paris Declaration) kan daidaita tallafin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-122-euro-senegalese-cooperation---cfaf-15.5bn-eur-23.6m-for-improved-access-to-drinking-water.htm |title=European Investment Bank: CFAF 15.5bn (EUR 23.6m) for improved access to drinking water}}</ref> Wani rancen Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Euro miliyan 64.5, haɗe da tallafin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55 ga Senegal, an bayar da shi a shekarar 2023. Kuɗaɗen za su samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna Saint-Louis da wasu al'ummomi guda biyu a tsakiya da kudancin Senegal: Kaolack da Kolda.<ref name="European Investment Bank">{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure bring the 'comfort of a running tap' to 1 mln in Senegal |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-infrastructure-senegal |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Magoum-2022">{{Cite web |last=Magoum |first=Inès |date=2022-03-29 |title=SENEGAL: EU and EIB pledge €70m to improve access to drinking water |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eu-and-eib-pledge-e70m-to-improve-access-to-drinking-water/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228123838/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eu-and-eib-pledge-e70m-to-improve-access-to-drinking-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Senegal - Green Economy {{!}} Team Europe Initiative and Joint Programming tracker |url=https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/tei-jp-tracker/tei/senegal-green-economy |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=europa.eu}}</ref> Idan aka kammala aikin, Saint-Louis za ta ci gajiyar sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan sha, wuraren tana da ruwa (reservoirs), da kuma faɗaɗa hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="European Investment Bank" /><ref name="Magoum-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heartlandsconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/task-6e-st-louis-region-water-infrastructure-report-final.pdf|title=Summary of Water Infrastructure in the St. Louis Region}}</ref> Wannan yana daidai da Shirin Birane Masu Dorewa na Afirka (African Sustainable Cities Initiative).<ref name="European Investment Bank" /><ref name="Magoum-2022" /> Kudin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55, wanda Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya tattara, zai taimaka wa kamfanin ruwa na Senegal wajen hanzarta samar da haɗin ruwan sha na tallafi guda 35,000 ga abokan ciniki 350,000 a faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="European Investment Bank"/><ref name="Magoum-2022"/><ref name="europa.eu"/> ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} == Ƙara mahaɗa == *[http://www.sones.sn/ Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal] *[http://www.sde.sn Sénégalaise des Eaux]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ensemble/index.php?rubr=vue Programme d'eau potable et assainissement pour le millénaire (PEPAM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225235732/http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ensemble/index.php?rubr=vue |date=2009-02-25 }} *[http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] World Bank report with focus on Senegal. ==Ƙara karatu== * Aymeric Blanc and Cédric Ghesquières: [http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/Documents-de-travail/024-document-travail.pdf Secteur de l'eau au Sénégal - Un partenariat équilibré entre acteurs publics et privés pour servir les plus démunis ?]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Agence Française de Développement, Direction de la Stratégie, Département de la Recherche, Document de Travail n°24, 2006 8gkcu4st6b607xcp5b3jsa7wepo6e4m 0 152878 891200 865887 2026-08-04T04:58:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dapo Akande''' masanin kimiyya ne kuma lauya a Burtaniya da Najeriya. Akande shi ne Farfesa na Chichele na Shari'ar Jama'a ta Duniya a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], Fellow na Kwalejin All Souls, Oxford kuma co-direkta na Cibiyar Oxford don Da'a, Shari'a da Rikicin Makamai (ELAC).<ref>https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/dapo-akande</ref>. Akande shine farfesa na farko na Black da aka girmama shi da hoto a Kwalejin St Peter, Oxford.<ref>https://medium.com/oxford-university/oxford-is-a-complicated-place-it-is-both-very-diverse-in-some-ways-and-not-at-all-in-others-d8766d6c6dbc</ref> Akande shine editan kafa na EJIL:Talk! , shafin yanar gizon masanin na Jaridar Turai ta Shari'a ta Duniya.<ref>https://www.ejiltalk.org/author/blogeditor/</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, an zabi Akande a cikin [[Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don wa'adin 2023-2027 a zaman 76 na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho.<ref>https://legal.un.org/ilc/elections/2021election_outcome.shtml</ref> [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], [[Japan]], [[Kenya]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] da [[Najeriya]] sun zabi shi tare, wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko da kasashe hudu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka zaba a tarihin Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya.<ref>https://legal.un.org/ilc/elections/2021election.shtml</ref><ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/news/united-kingdoms-prof-dapo-akande-backed-by-five-united-nations-members-for-2021-international-law-commission-election</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana niyyarta ta zabi Akande don zabe a matsayin alƙali a [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] don wa'adin 2027 - 2035.<ref name=":1">[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-nominate-professor-dapo-akande-for-election-as-a-judge-to-the-international-court-of-justice#:~:text=The%20UK%20National%20Group%20will%20nominate%20Professor%20Akande%20in%202026, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-nominate-professor-dapo-akande-for-election-as-a-judge-to-the-international-court-of-justice#:~:text=The%20UK%20National%20Group%20will%20nominate%20Professor%20Akande%20in%202026,]</ref><ref name=":2">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2025/02/17/lawyer-who-opposed-uk-chagos-claim-backed-attoney-general/</ref> == Ilimi == Akande ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Dokoki (LLB) daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] (tsohuwar Jami'ar Ife) a shekarar 1992. A shekara ta 1993, ya cancanci zama lauya da lauya daga [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]]. An ba Akande lambar yabo ta Master of Laws (LLM) daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London a shekarar 1994, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Masters of Arts (MA) ta hanyar ƙuduri daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a shekara ta 2004.<ref>https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/964777/_EN__Professor_Dapo_Akande_-_United_Kingdom_Candidate_for_the_International_Law_Commission_Election_2021.pdf</ref> == Ayyukan ilimi == [[Fayil:Dapo_Akande_-2018_(45622262024).jpg|thumb|Akande a cikin 2018]] Tun daga shekara ta 2004, Akande ya ba da lacca a cikin Dokar Jama'a ta Duniya a Jami'ar Oxford . Kafin wannan, Akande ya koyar da doka a Jami'ar Durham (2000-2004), Jami'ar Nottingham (1998-2000), Jami'ar Cambridge (1996-1998) da kuma Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London (1994-1998). Akande ya kuma gudanar da farfesa da yawa na baƙi na duniya.<ref>https://essexcourt.com/barrister/dapo-akande/</ref> Akande yana zaune a kan kwamitin mujallu da yawa na shari'a da kungiyoyin masana, gami da American Journal of International Law, Israel Law Review, Nigerian Yearbook of International Law.<ref>https://www.weforum.org/people/dapo-akande</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a na kasa da kasa == Akande ta shiga aikin ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin ƙasa da yawa da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kan batutuwan dokar kasa da kasa.<ref>https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-remarkable-exploits-of-the-first-black-professor-to-get-a-portrait-at-st-peters-college-oxford</ref> Ya ba da shawara da kuma taimaka wa lauya ko kuma ya ba da ra'ayoyin ƙwararru a cikin shari'o'i a gaban [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]], Kotun Shariʼa ta Duniya ta Duniya, [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Kotin Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Mutum, [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] da kotunan cinikayya da sasantawa ta Duniya. Ya ba da shawara ga [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], Sakatariyar Commonwealth, Majalisar Turai, Kungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN), Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross da [[NATO]].<ref name=":0">https://essexcourt.com/barrister/dapo-akande/</ref> Akande ya kuma yi jawabi ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dattijai.<ref>https://essexcourt.com/barrister/dapo-akande/</ref> Akande ya ba da horo kan dokar kasa da kasa ga lauyoyi, diflomasiyya, jami'an soja da sauran jami'an gwamnati, gami da jami'ai daga Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya, Ofishin Commonwealth da Ci Gaban da Royal Navy, Gwamnatin [[Denmark]], Gwamnatin [[Sudan]], da shugabannin daga Yankin Asiya-Pacific.<ref>https://www.ictj.org/about/dapo-akande</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana niyyar zabar Akande don zabe a matsayin alƙali a [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] don wa'adin 2027 - 2035. Wani labarin a cikin The Telegraph ya lura cewa an zabi Akande duk da goyon bayansa ga [[Moris|Mauritius]] a kan Burtaniya, a cikin shari'ar ICJ ta 2019 game da ikon mallakar Chagos Archipelago.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ayyukan shari'a na cikin gida == Akande memba ne na Kotun Kotun Essex, London.<ref>https://essexcourt.com/barrister/dapo-akande</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shari'o'i a gaban kotunan Burtaniya, gami da Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya kuma ya ba da shawara ga Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya kan Drones.<ref name=":3">http://appgdrones.org.uk/appg-inquiry-into-the-use-of-armed-drones-panel-members/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka == * Dokta mai daraja na Dokar Jama'a (DCL), Jami'ar Durham (Yuli 2025).<ref name=":3" /><ref>https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/dapo-akande-be-awarded-honorary-degree-durham-university</ref> * Ambassador's Commendation, Gwamnatin Japan saboda gagarumin gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban dokar kasa da kasa da goyon baya ga kokarin Japan na karfafa mulkin doka (2024).<ref>https://www.durham.ac.uk/media/durham-university/professional-services/ceremonies-all/honorary-graduates/2025/Oration-for-Dapo-Akande.pdf</ref> * Takardar shaidar cancanta don ƙwarewar fasaha da amfani ga lauyoyi da malamai masu aiki, American Society of International Law (2019).<ref>https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/professor-dapo-akande-awarded-commendation-ambassador-japan</ref> * Premio Regione Toscana Giorgio La Pira Prize (Lambar Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta mafi Kyawu da Matashi ya rubuta) don labarinsa a cikin Jaridar Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya kan "Hukuncin Kotun Laifuka ta Kasa da Kasa ta Ƙungiyoyi: Tushen Shari'a da Ƙayyadaddun" (2003).<ref>https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/professor-dapo-akande-awarded-commendation-ambassador-japan</ref> * Junior Award na Kwamitin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na Gilbert Murray Trust (1995). == Littattafai == Akande ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce sama da sittin a kan batutuwa daban-daban na shari'a na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iow.eui.eu/people/co-investigators/dapo-akande/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2025-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010090045/https://iow.eui.eu/people/co-investigators/dapo-akande/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littattafansa sun hada da: ** {{cite book|last1=Welsh|last2=Akande|last3=Rodin|title=The Individualisation of War: Ethics, Law and Politics|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55710|date=2023|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192872203}}<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-candidate-for-the-international-law-commission-elections-2021-professor-dapo-akande-election-brochure/professor-dapo-akande-united-kingdom-candidate-for-the-international-law-commission-2021</ref> ** {{cite book|last1=Saul|last2=Akande|title=Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-international-humanitarian-law-9780198855309?cc=us&lang=en&#|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198855309}} ** {{cite book|last1=Akande|last2=Kuosmanen|last3=McDermott|last4=Roser|title=Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges: Poverty, Conflict and the Environment|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/human-rights-and-21st-century-challenges-9780198824770?cc=us&lang=en&|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198824770}} ** {{cite book|last1=Akande|last2=Higgins|last3=Webb|last4=Sivakumaran|last5=Sloan|title=Oppenheim's International Law: The United Nations|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oppenheims-international-law-united-nations-9780198808312?cc=us&lang=en&|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198808312}} ** {{cite book|last1=International Group of Experts|title=Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tallinn-manual-20-on-the-international-law-applicable-to-cyber-operations/E4FFD83EA790D7C4C3C28FC9CA2FB6C9|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781316822524}} ** {{cite book|last1=Murray|last2=Akande|last3=Garraway|last4=Hampson|last5=Lubell|last6=Wilmshurst|title=Practitioner's Guide to Human Rights in Armed Conflict|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/practitioners-guide-to-human-rights-law-in-armed-conflict-9780198791393?cc=us&lang=en&|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198791393}}  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vhzji1l0nlmbe7xyoacbqwargkjuko 0 153910 891193 874671 2026-08-04T04:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Tichy-Haf''' madatsar ruwa ce ta Arch-gravity a kan Oued Bousellam a Mahfouda, Bouhamza Commune, Bejaia, [[Aljeriya]]. == Tarihi == Ginin ruwan ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ta kamfanin Yugoslav Hydrotchnika, kuma daga baya kamfanin Aljeriya Cosider Group ya kammala shi. An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekara ta 2008, kuma an buɗe ta a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2009. Dam din yana samar da mita miliyan 47 a kowace shekara na ruwan sha don hanyar Akbou-Béjaïa, da kuma cubic mita milio 4 a kowace shekara don ban ruwa. Kusa da madatsar ruwan shine Tichy-Haf Treatment Plant, wanda ke da damar 120,000 cubic mita a kowace rana, bututun mai mai tsawon kilomita 70 da tankunan ajiya tare da damar {{Cvt|42,000|m3}} m3 cu .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nieuwe Trends Voor Heren & Dames |url=http://www.soudoud-dzair.com/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |website=Soudoud Dzair }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=EN RAISON DE LA VALEUR “TRÈS ÉLEVÉE” DE LA TURBIDITÉ : L’ADE de Béjaïa suspend la distribution d’eau du barrage de Tichy Haf - L’Actualité : Liberté |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/l-ade-de-bejaia-suspend-la-distribution-d-eau-du-barrage-de-tichy-haf-367254 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.liberte-algerie.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youcef |first=BELHANI |date=1980-01-31 |title=ESMA, Développement des applications full web, Webmapping |url=http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=197.112.0.211 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boudjadi |first=Kamel |date=2024-07-18 |title=De l’eau à partir du barrage de Bouhamza |url=https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=L'Expression}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2017-07-10 |title=TIFRA. Les habitants bloquent la mairie - |url=https://leflaye.net/tifra-les-habitants-bloquent-la-mairie |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tichy haf |url=https://www.anbt.dz/en/tichy-haf-2/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |date=2025-01-16 |title=Bejaïa : Le barrage de Tichy Haff reçoit un million de mètres cubes en 48 heures |url=https://lavoiedalgerie.dz/bejaia-le-barrage-de-tichy-haff-recoit-un-million-de-metres-cubes-en-48-heures/2025/16/13/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=La voie dAlgérie |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ginin madatsar ruwa da tafkin ya kasance a kan tsohuwar gonar, wanda mazauna yankin suka nuna rashin amincewa da ginin a cikin 2000s da kuma a cikin 2011. A cikin 2023 madatsar ruwan ta kasance a cikin 6% kawai, wannan ya haifar da haƙa ramuka a cikin kwarin kuma tafkin ya bushe.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2011-09-19 |title=Béjaïa en proie à la protestation - |url=https://leflaye.net/bejaia-en-proie-a-la-protestation |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mazauna yankin galibi suna amfani da madatsar ruwa da tafkin don yin iyo, nutsewa, jirgin ruwa, kuma akwai itatuwan zaitun da ke gefen kogin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabah |first=Irbah |date=2015-08-03 |title=Barrage de Tichy Haf (Béjaïa) : Des baigneurs bravent le danger |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052653/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commune de Darguina : Un programme pour désenclaver les villages |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153758/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kifi kuma yana faruwa a kan tafkin, don Common carp da Common bream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pêche continentale sur le barrage de Tichy Haf |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623001853/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.djazairess.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Koyaya, yana da haɗari a yi iyo ko nutsewa kusa da madatsar ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amghar |first=Kamel |date=2009-08-05 |title=Dangers omniprésents dans de nombreuses localités à Béjaïa |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153914/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 86ur6nnc5j8uwof621ocxiy75znxirq 0 154266 891257 889738 2026-08-04T09:01:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 891257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist|30em}} "'''Raining Blood'''" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙan ta Amurka mai suna Slayer . Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta ta a [[Albom|Kundin studio]] na 1986 Reign in Blood, ra'ayin addini na waƙar shine game da hambarar da Sama. Waƙar tana da minti huɗu da sakonni goma sha huɗu. Yana farawa da sakan 33 na tsarin sauti na ruwan sama kuma yana ƙare da minti daya na ƙarin tasirin sauti na sama. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan" ta Allmusic, <ref name="allmusic album">{{Cite web |last=Huey |first=Steve |title=Reign in Blood - Slayer |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/reign-in-blood-mw0000191741 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}</ref> magoya baya sun lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙan Slayer.  A matsayin kusan ƙari na dindindin ga shirye-shiryen su na rayuwa, Hanneman da King duka sun yarda da ita a matsayin waƙar da suka fi so don kunna kai tsaye.  Yawancin wasannin raye-rayen Slayer na waƙar an kama su akan kundi na raye-raye na ƙungiyar da kuma kundin tarin tarin tarin yawa ciki har da ''MTV2 Headbangers Ball''. == Rubuce-rubuce da ra'ayi == "Raining Blood" Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta. D. X. Ferris ya ce "lokacin da Hanneman ya rubuta waƙar, ya yi tunanin wani abu daga cikin duhu ko kuma hanyar jini", kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da cewa waƙar "ta bayyana rai da aka fitar da shi da ya farka kuma yana jin yunwa don ramawa. " Sarki ne ya rubuta aya ta biyu, wanda "ya ɗauki taken Hanneman kuma a cikin sabon shugabancinsa". <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref>[ed] Waƙar, tare da sauran Reign in Blood, an rubuta ta a 1986 a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], tare da furodusa Rick Rubin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive oral history of Slayer |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813155123/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-date=2006-08-13 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=Decibel Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> Hanneman ya bayyana cewa "yana game da wani mutumin da ke cikin Purgatory saboda an jefa shi daga Sama. Yana jiran fansa kuma yana so ya yi amfani da wannan wuri. " Sarki daga baya ya ce "sauran waƙar ta bayyana abin da ke faruwa lokacin da ya fara yin amfani da mutane. Kalmomin 'Return to power draw near' saboda yana jiran ya sake samun ƙarfi don ya sake jefa sama. Sa'an nan kuma 'Fall into me, da sky' jinin mutum yana gudana a kansa.<ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == "Raining Blood" yana da minti huɗu da sakan goma sha huɗu, kuma shine Reign in Blood ta rufe waƙa.<ref name="allmusic album"/> Waƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi uku daga cikin kundin da ya wuce minti uku a tsawon.<ref name="allmusic album" /> Steve Huey daga Allmusic ya ba da shawarar cewa "Reign in Blood ya buɗe kuma ya rufe tare da waƙoƙi masu tsawo (masu gargajiya 'Angel of Death' da 'Raining Blood') waɗanda saurin saurin sautin sautin saurin sa sautin saitin sautin sahun sautin sawun sautin sa'a. " Waƙar ta rubuta ta guitarist Hanneman ne kawai (wanda shi ma marubucin farko ne na kalmomin waƙar), wanda ya gabatar da ƙiyayya da fushi a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="allmusic album" /> Huey ya kuma lura cewa "an gina riffs a kan atonal chromaticism wanda ke sauti kamar yadda tashin hankali da aka nuna a yawancin kalmomin", kuma ya ce "ya kasance mai ban tsoro" kuma "mai ban tsoro".<ref name="allmusic album" /> Clay Jarvis daga ''Stylus Magazine'' ya rubuta cewa waƙar tana da "ja-herring, ƙone-ƙone-ƙasa shigarwa, mai ban tsoro tsawa-da-tom-tom-triplet interlude da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun riffs a tarihin ƙarfe. Yana da ƙarfi, fashewa kuma ya dace da ƙarshen mai ban mamaki, tashin hankali" marubucin D. X. Ferris, littafin Reign Inbarbarbarbar, ya ƙare cewa waƙar nan gaba tana gudana zuwa rayuwa tare da ainihin riffff ya fi sananne, ƙarfe na wannan rukuni mai suna Black<ref name="stylus">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis, Clay |date=1 September 2003 |title=Reign in Blood |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511163047/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |archive-date=11 May 2006 |access-date=7 April 2007 |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferris|2008}}<ref name="ferris 138">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref><ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> == Ayyuka na rayuwa == "Raining Blood", tare da Reign in Blood ta bude waƙa "Angel of Death", kusan ƙari ne na dindindin ga jerin abubuwan da Slayer ya fi so, kuma shine Hanneman da King suka fi so don yin wasa kai tsaye.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{Cite web |last=Davis, Brian |date=26 July 2004 |title=Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |access-date=13 December 2006 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204211311/https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen DVD ɗin Still Reigning, akwai ƙarshen tare da ƙungiyar da aka rufe da jini na karya yayin wasan kwaikwayon "Raining Blood".<ref name="Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety.">{{Cite web |last=Patrizio, Andy |date=11 January 2005 |title=Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety |url=http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |access-date=5 February 2007 |publisher=IGN |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004403/http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambaye shi wane waƙa ce ta fi kyau, duka Slayer guitarists sun amsa "Raining Blood". Hanneman ya yarda cewa "har yanzu yana son yin wannan waƙa kai tsaye. Kuna tunanin za mu gaji da shi - Ina nufin, ina son sanin sau nawa ne muka buga shi kai tsaye. " Sarki ya ce "za mu iya yin wasa a gaban Alanis Morissette, kuma taron suna son ɓangaren".[s]<ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Sarki ya gaya wa D. X. Ferris cewa "duk lokacin da 'Raining Blood' ya zo a cikin saiti, kawai yana ba da wutar lantarki ga dukan taron. Mutane kawai suna zubar lokacin da kuka buga bayanan farko. Kamar 'Yesu Kristi guitar ne, ku zauna a ƙasa.'" <ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> A baya, Slayer ya yi amfani da jinin karya don rufe jikinsu yayin yin waƙar kai tsaye. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da amfani da jinin karya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, Sarki ya ce "Lokaci ya yi da za a ci gaba, amma kada a taɓa cewa ba. Na san [[Japan]] ba ta taɓa ganin shi ba, Kudancin Amurka da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ba su taɓa ganin shi. Don haka ba ku taɓa sani ba".<ref name="King interview">{{Cite web |last=Atkinson, Peter |date=24 April 2006 |title=Songs about God and Satan – Part 1: An Interview with Slayer's Kerry King |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |access-date=9 February 2007 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117141509/http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayyanawa == An gabatar da waƙar a cikin shirin 127 na South Park, "Die Hippie, Die", wanda aka watsa a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2005. Slayer guitarist Kerry King ya sami labarin mai ban dariya kuma ya nuna sha'awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayon, ya ambaci shi a cikin wata hira, yana cewa "Yana da kyau a ga waƙar da ake amfani da ita sosai. Idan za mu iya tsoratar da wasu hippies, mun yi aikinmu. "<ref name="King interview"/> An kuma haɗa waƙar a cikin Grand Theft Auto: Mataimakin City a cikin gidan rediyo na wasan "V-Rock".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Vol. 1: V-Rock review |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r614786|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=August 15, 2010 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> "Raining Blood" waƙa ce da za a iya bugawa a cikin wasan bidiyo Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, inda aka san shi da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi wuya a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Career Mode: tallan aiki na 2008 don masu buga Guitar Hero na gaba sun lissafa waƙar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin huɗu waɗanda masu neman za su iya yin wasa a matakin mafi girma.<ref name="gametesters">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2008 |title=Test the New Guitar Hero!-Neversoft is hiring now! |url=http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209054652/http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=18 March 2010 |publisher=Become A Video Game Tester}}</ref> Waƙar kuma an nuna ta a cikin Guitar Hero: Smash Hits, tare da na farko kuma kawai biyar note chord a cikin jerin. An sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rock Band 3'' a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2012, tare da "South of Heaven" da "Seasons in the Abyss". An kuma sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rocksmith 2014'' a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Slayer Song Pack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2015 |title='5 Slayer classics including "Raining Blood" & "Angel of Death" arrive as #Rocksmith2014 DLC this week!' |url=https://twitter.com/Rocksmithgame/status/600696214300983297 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocksmith® 2014 – Slayer Song Pack |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/342841/ |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Steam (service)|Steam]]}}</ref> A taron wasan kwaikwayo na gardama na UFC 97 a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2009, mayaƙin Chuck Liddell ya fito fili a cikin UFC kuma ya yi amfani da "Raining Blood" a matsayin kiɗan shigarsa. A cikin 2018, an yi amfani da waƙar don tallan OVO Energy inda muka ga tarin kayan aiki daban-daban kamar na'urorin wanki, microwaves da TVs a kan rairayin bakin teku. Waƙar ta fara da sakan 30 a cikin talla yayin da muke jin jawabin daga fim din 1976 NetworkCibiyar sadarwa == Bayanan murfin == Malevolent Creation, Havok, Natalie Prass, Body Count, Vader, Diecast, Quiet Company, Reggie da Full Effect, da Erik Hinds, waɗanda suka rufe dukkan kundin Reign in Blood a kan H'arpeggione.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All artists that have performed Raining Blood |url=http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Raining+Blood/order:default-asc |access-date=2010-08-12 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref><ref name="RIB - Erik Hinds">{{Cite web |last=Couture, François |title=RIB – Erik Hinds |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1779818|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=2007-04-07 |publisher=Allmusic}}</ref> Waƙoƙin guitar daga "Raining Blood" da "Mandatory Suicide" an samo su ne daga rapper Lil Jon a cikin waƙar "Stop Fuckin Wit' Me" daga kundin Crunk Juice na 2004. Wannan shi ne kawai haɗin gwiwar Rick Rubin tare da Lil Jon a cikin rikodin. Jon yana so ya kirkiro "baƙar fata" na waƙar Suicidal Tendencies "Institutionalized".<ref name="Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz Stop Fuckin Wit Me">{{Cite web |last=Breihan, Tom |date=2005-01-14 |title=Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz "Stop Fuckin Wit Me" |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012952/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2007-04-04 |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com}}</ref> Kungiyar [[New Zealand]] drum da bass Concord Dawn ta samar da drum da bass cover version a kan kundin su Uprising, wanda suka ɗan gwada sanannen buɗewar waƙar. === Tori Amos === A shekara ta 2001, Tori Amos ta rufe waƙar a cikin kundin studio dinta na Strange Little Girls . Rubutun "Raining Blood" ya ba da shawarar ne daga bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, wanda ya gaya wa Amos cewa ta "yi ƙoƙarin kusan kowane nau'in kiɗa, daga rap zuwa sabon raƙuman ruwa zuwa punk zuwa ƙasar zuwa pop, me ya sa ba ƙarfe ba?" Meldal'Johnsen ya zaɓi kundin Reign in Blood, kuma bayan sauraron shi, Amos ya amince da yin wani nau'in murfin "Raining jini". A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da ta fara jin waƙar, hoton da ta yi tunanin shi ne "wannan kyakkyawa ta vulva [duka] ... ruwan sama da jini a kan wannan ikon namiji".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=The Quietus &#124; Features &#124; A Quietus Interview &#124; Tori Amos Interview: Song, Slayer & Staying True To Her Vision |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/02683-tori-amos-interview |website=The Quietus}}</ref> Sarki ya ce murfin ya kasance m;  "Na ɗauki minti daya da rabi kafin in sami wuri a cikin waƙar inda na san inda take, abin mamaki ne, da ba ta taba gaya mana ba, da ba mu taba sani ba, da kun kunna mana kuma mun kasance, 'Mene ne haka?'  Kamar minti daya da rabi na ji layi na kasance kamar, 'Na san inda take!!'" <ref name="A Conversation With Kerry King">{{Cite web |last=Barker, Samuel |date=2002-02-09 |title=A Conversation With Kerry King |url=http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228204422/http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-date=2002-02-28 |access-date=2007-02-09 |publisher=Rockzone.com}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Slayer ta aika da wasu T-shirts ga Amos, wanda ta ce ana godiya da shi. <ref name="Meade">{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Zaedryn |date=September 10, 2001 |title=Archetypes and Wine: Tori Amos Roundtable Interview |url=https://www.musiqqueen.com/2001/11/06/archetypes-and-wine-tori-amos-roundtable-interview/ |access-date=August 13, 2010 |website=MusiqQueen}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == Clay Jarvis na ''Stylus Magazine'' ya ce waƙar ta dace da zama waƙar rufewa don Reign in Blood, kuma ya lura cewa waƙar, tare da wasu waƙoƙi daga Reign in blood, yana da "manic, hacksaw guitars, monsoons na sau biyu-bass drum rolling da kuma daga-kirtar barking - duk bayanin kula-cikakke da daidai - wanda har yanzu yana shan sigari na kowane rukuni da ke wasa da sauri da / ko nauyi a yau".<ref name="stylus"/> J. Bennett ya tabbatar da cewa waƙar "har yanzu tana yin wasu rukunin ƙarfe kamar ƙarancin ƙuƙwalwa".[s]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Steve Huey ya ce classic ne, kuma cewa "slow riffs yana ba da mafi yawan 'yan kaɗan na kundin". <ref name="allmusic album"/> Erik Hinds daga About.com ya ce wannan yanki ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ballad. Derrick Harris, editan jaridar hukuma ta Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, ya ce tana da "solo mai banƙyama".<ref>Harris, Derrick. [http://media.www.spectatornews.com/media/storage/paper218/news/2001/09/06/Spotlight/Cd.Review.Old.Slayer.Album.Makes.Up.For.What.New.Bands.Lack-89354.shtml "CD REVIEW: Old Slayer album makes up for what new bands lack"]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}. ''The Spectator''. 2001-09-06.</ref> Ya kai lamba 64 a Ƙasar Ingila, inda zai kasance a kan ginshiƙi na makonni uku. "Raining Blood" an dauke shi daya daga cikin waƙoƙin mafi kyau na ƙungiyar kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin ƙarfe. A cikin 2012, ''Loudwire'' ya sanya waƙar lamba ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 10 mafi girma na Slayer, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Graham |date=September 26, 2012 |title=10 Best Slayer Songs |url=https://loudwire.com/best-slayer-songs/ |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2020, ''Kerrang'' ya sanya waƙoƙin lamba biyu a cikin jerin manyan waƙoƙinsu na Slayer 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Sam |date=September 29, 2020 |title=The 20 greatest Slayer songs – ranked |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-20-greatest-slayer-songs-ranked |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Kerrang!|Kerrang]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya waƙar lamba takwas a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi girma na waƙoƙin ƙarfe. == Shafuka == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Shafin (1987) !Matsayi mafi girma<br /> |-{{singlechart|UK|64|date=1987-06-13|rowheader=true|access-date=May 30, 2015|refname=UKsingles}} |- |} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] lhmbi79tc5iw0muayb1e3oik4jn94hk 891281 891257 2026-08-04T10:42:42Z Mahuta 11340 891281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist|30em}} "'''Raining Blood'''" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙan ta Amurka mai suna Slayer . Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta ta a [[Albom|Kundin studio]] na 1986 Reign in Blood, ra'ayin addini na waƙar shine game da hambarar da Sama. Waƙar tana da minti huɗu da sakonni goma sha huɗu. Yana farawa da sakan 33 na tsarin sauti na ruwan sama kuma yana ƙare da minti daya na ƙarin tasirin sauti na sama. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan" ta Allmusic, <ref name="allmusic album">{{Cite web |last=Huey |first=Steve |title=Reign in Blood - Slayer |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/reign-in-blood-mw0000191741 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}</ref> magoya baya sun lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙan Slayer.  A matsayin kusan ƙari na dindindin ga shirye-shiryen su na rayuwa, Hanneman da King duka sun yarda da ita a matsayin waƙar da suka fi so don kunna kai tsaye.  Yawancin wasannin raye-rayen Slayer na waƙar an kama su akan kundi na raye-raye na ƙungiyar da kuma kundin tarin tarin tarin yawa ciki har da ''MTV2 Headbangers Ball''. == Rubuce-rubuce da ra'ayi == "Raining Blood" Jeff Hanneman da Kerry King ne suka rubuta. D. X. Ferris ya ce "lokacin da Hanneman ya rubuta waƙar, ya yi tunanin wani abu daga cikin duhu ko kuma hanyar jini", kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da cewa waƙar "ta bayyana rai da aka fitar da shi da ya farka kuma yana jin yunwa don ramawa. " Sarki ne ya rubuta aya ta biyu, wanda "ya ɗauki taken Hanneman kuma a cikin sabon shugabancinsa". <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref>[ed] Waƙar, tare da sauran Reign in Blood, an rubuta ta a 1986 a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], tare da furodusa Rick Rubin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive oral history of Slayer |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813155123/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566 |archive-date=2006-08-13 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=Decibel Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> Hanneman ya bayyana cewa "yana game da wani mutumin da ke cikin Purgatory saboda an jefa shi daga Sama. Yana jiran fansa kuma yana so ya yi amfani da wannan wuri. " Sarki daga baya ya ce "sauran waƙar ta bayyana abin da ke faruwa lokacin da ya fara yin amfani da mutane. Kalmomin 'Return to power draw near' saboda yana jiran ya sake samun ƙarfi don ya sake jefa sama. Sa'an nan kuma 'Fall into me, da sky' jinin mutum yana gudana a kansa.<ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == "Raining Blood" yana da minti huɗu da sakan goma sha huɗu, kuma shine Reign in Blood ta rufe waƙa.<ref name="allmusic album"/> Waƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi uku daga cikin kundin da ya wuce minti uku a tsawon.<ref name="allmusic album" /> Steve Huey daga Allmusic ya ba da shawarar cewa "Reign in Blood ya buɗe kuma ya rufe tare da waƙoƙi masu tsawo (masu gargajiya 'Angel of Death' da 'Raining Blood') waɗanda saurin saurin sautin sautin saurin sa sautin saitin sautin sahun sautin sawun sautin sa'a. " Waƙar ta rubuta ta guitarist Hanneman ne kawai (wanda shi ma marubucin farko ne na kalmomin waƙar), wanda ya gabatar da ƙiyayya da fushi a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="allmusic album" /> Huey ya kuma lura cewa "an gina riffs a kan atonal chromaticism wanda ke sauti kamar yadda tashin hankali da aka nuna a yawancin kalmomin", kuma ya ce "ya kasance mai ban tsoro" kuma "mai ban tsoro".<ref name="allmusic album" /> Clay Jarvis daga ''Stylus Magazine'' ya rubuta cewa waƙar tana da "ja-herring, ƙone-ƙone-ƙasa shigarwa, mai ban tsoro tsawa-da-tom-tom-triplet interlude da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun riffs a tarihin ƙarfe. Yana da ƙarfi, fashewa kuma ya dace da ƙarshen mai ban mamaki, tashin hankali" marubucin D. X. Ferris, littafin Reign Inbarbarbarbar, ya ƙare cewa waƙar nan gaba tana gudana zuwa rayuwa tare da ainihin riffff ya fi sananne, ƙarfe na wannan rukuni mai suna Black<ref name="stylus">{{Cite web |last=Jarvis, Clay |date=1 September 2003 |title=Reign in Blood |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511163047/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm |archive-date=11 May 2006 |access-date=7 April 2007 |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferris|2008}}<ref name="ferris 138">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref><ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> == Ayyuka na rayuwa == "Raining Blood", tare da Reign in Blood ta bude waƙa "Angel of Death", kusan ƙari ne na dindindin ga jerin abubuwan da Slayer ya fi so, kuma shine Hanneman da King suka fi so don yin wasa kai tsaye.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{Cite web |last=Davis, Brian |date=26 July 2004 |title=Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |access-date=13 December 2006 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204211311/https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen DVD ɗin Still Reigning, akwai ƙarshen tare da ƙungiyar da aka rufe da jini na karya yayin wasan kwaikwayon "Raining Blood".<ref name="Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety.">{{Cite web |last=Patrizio, Andy |date=11 January 2005 |title=Slayer: Still Reigning The landmark metal album performed in its entirety |url=http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |access-date=5 February 2007 |publisher=IGN |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004403/http://au.dvd.ign.com/articles/579/579116p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambaye shi wane waƙa ce ta fi kyau, duka Slayer guitarists sun amsa "Raining Blood". Hanneman ya yarda cewa "har yanzu yana son yin wannan waƙa kai tsaye. Kuna tunanin za mu gaji da shi - Ina nufin, ina son sanin sau nawa ne muka buga shi kai tsaye. " Sarki ya ce "za mu iya yin wasa a gaban Alanis Morissette, kuma taron suna son ɓangaren".[s]<ref name="mudrian 53">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Sarki ya gaya wa D. X. Ferris cewa "duk lokacin da 'Raining Blood' ya zo a cikin saiti, kawai yana ba da wutar lantarki ga dukan taron. Mutane kawai suna zubar lokacin da kuka buga bayanan farko. Kamar 'Yesu Kristi guitar ne, ku zauna a ƙasa.'" <ref name="ferris 139">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ferris|2008}}</ref> A baya, Slayer ya yi amfani da jinin karya don rufe jikinsu yayin yin waƙar kai tsaye. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da amfani da jinin karya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, Sarki ya ce "Lokaci ya yi da za a ci gaba, amma kada a taɓa cewa ba. Na san [[Japan]] ba ta taɓa ganin shi ba, Kudancin Amurka da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ba su taɓa ganin shi. Don haka ba ku taɓa sani ba".<ref name="King interview">{{Cite web |last=Atkinson, Peter |date=24 April 2006 |title=Songs about God and Satan – Part 1: An Interview with Slayer's Kerry King |url=https://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |access-date=9 February 2007 |publisher=KNAC.com |archive-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117141509/http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayyanawa == An gabatar da waƙar a cikin shirin 127 na South Park, "Die Hippie, Die", wanda aka watsa a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2005. Slayer guitarist Kerry King ya sami labarin mai ban dariya kuma ya nuna sha'awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayon, ya ambaci shi a cikin wata hira, yana cewa "Yana da kyau a ga waƙar da ake amfani da ita sosai. Idan za mu iya tsoratar da wasu hippies, mun yi aikinmu. "<ref name="King interview"/> An kuma haɗa waƙar a cikin Grand Theft Auto: Mataimakin City a cikin gidan rediyo na wasan "V-Rock".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Vol. 1: V-Rock review |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r614786|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=August 15, 2010 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> "Raining Blood" waƙa ce da za a iya bugawa a cikin wasan bidiyo Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, inda aka san shi da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi wuya a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Career Mode: tallan aiki na 2008 don masu buga Guitar Hero na gaba sun lissafa waƙar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin huɗu waɗanda masu neman za su iya yin wasa a matakin mafi girma.<ref name="gametesters">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2008 |title=Test the New Guitar Hero!-Neversoft is hiring now! |url=http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209054652/http://game-testers.com/video-game-qa-tester-jobs/test-the-new-guitar-hero-neversoft-is-hiring-now/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=18 March 2010 |publisher=Become A Video Game Tester}}</ref> Waƙar kuma an nuna ta a cikin Guitar Hero: Smash Hits, tare da na farko kuma kawai biyar note chord a cikin jerin. An sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rock Band 3'' a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2012, tare da "South of Heaven" da "Seasons in the Abyss". An kuma sake shi azaman waƙar da za a iya saukewa don ''Rocksmith 2014'' a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Slayer Song Pack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2015 |title='5 Slayer classics including "Raining Blood" & "Angel of Death" arrive as #Rocksmith2014 DLC this week!' |url=https://twitter.com/Rocksmithgame/status/600696214300983297 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocksmith® 2014 – Slayer Song Pack |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/342841/ |access-date=May 30, 2015 |publisher=[[Steam (service)|Steam]]}}</ref> A taron wasan kwaikwayo na gardama na UFC 97 a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2009, mayaƙin Chuck Liddell ya fito fili a cikin UFC kuma ya yi amfani da "Raining Blood" a matsayin kiɗan shigarsa. A cikin 2018, an yi amfani da waƙar don tallan OVO Energy inda muka ga tarin kayan aiki daban-daban kamar na'urorin wanki, microwaves da TVs a kan rairayin bakin teku. Waƙar ta fara da sakan 30 a cikin talla yayin da muke jin jawabin daga fim din 1976 NetworkCibiyar sadarwa == Bayanan murfin == Malevolent Creation, Havok, Natalie Prass, Body Count, Vader, Diecast, Quiet Company, Reggie da Full Effect, da Erik Hinds, waɗanda suka rufe dukkan kundin Reign in Blood a kan H'arpeggione.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All artists that have performed Raining Blood |url=http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Raining+Blood/order:default-asc |access-date=2010-08-12 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref><ref name="RIB - Erik Hinds">{{Cite web |last=Couture, François |title=RIB – Erik Hinds |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1779818|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=2007-04-07 |publisher=Allmusic}}</ref> Waƙoƙin guitar daga "Raining Blood" da "Mandatory Suicide" an samo su ne daga rapper Lil Jon a cikin waƙar "Stop Fuckin Wit' Me" daga kundin Crunk Juice na 2004. Wannan shi ne kawai haɗin gwiwar Rick Rubin tare da Lil Jon a cikin rikodin. Jon yana so ya kirkiro "baƙar fata" na waƙar Suicidal Tendencies "Institutionalized".<ref name="Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz Stop Fuckin Wit Me">{{Cite web |last=Breihan, Tom |date=2005-01-14 |title=Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz "Stop Fuckin Wit Me" |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309012952/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/track_review/30037-stop-fuckin-wit-me |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2007-04-04 |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com}}</ref> Kungiyar [[New Zealand]] drum da bass Concord Dawn ta samar da drum da bass cover version a kan kundin su Uprising, wanda suka ɗan gwada sanannen buɗewar waƙar. === Tori Amos === A shekara ta 2001, Tori Amos ta rufe waƙar a cikin kundin studio dinta na Strange Little Girls . Rubutun "Raining Blood" ya ba da shawarar ne daga bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, wanda ya gaya wa Amos cewa ta "yi ƙoƙarin kusan kowane nau'in kiɗa, daga rap zuwa sabon raƙuman ruwa zuwa punk zuwa ƙasar zuwa pop, me ya sa ba ƙarfe ba?" Meldal'Johnsen ya zaɓi kundin Reign in Blood, kuma bayan sauraron shi, Amos ya amince da yin wani nau'in murfin "Raining jini". A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da ta fara jin waƙar, hoton da ta yi tunanin shi ne "wannan kyakkyawa ta vulva [duka] ... ruwan sama da jini a kan wannan ikon namiji".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=The Quietus &#124; Features &#124; A Quietus Interview &#124; Tori Amos Interview: Song, Slayer & Staying True To Her Vision |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/02683-tori-amos-interview |website=The Quietus}}</ref> Sarki ya ce murfin ya kasance m;  "Na ɗauki minti daya da rabi kafin in sami wuri a cikin waƙar inda na san inda take, abin mamaki ne, da ba ta taba gaya mana ba, da ba mu taba sani ba, da kun kunna mana kuma mun kasance, 'Mene ne haka?'  Kamar minti daya da rabi na ji layi na kasance kamar, 'Na san inda take!!'" <ref name="A Conversation With Kerry King">{{Cite web |last=Barker, Samuel |date=2002-02-09 |title=A Conversation With Kerry King |url=http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228204422/http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/slayer.shtml |archive-date=2002-02-28 |access-date=2007-02-09 |publisher=Rockzone.com}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Slayer ta aika da wasu T-shirts ga Amos, wanda ta ce ana godiya da shi. <ref name="Meade">{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Zaedryn |date=September 10, 2001 |title=Archetypes and Wine: Tori Amos Roundtable Interview |url=https://www.musiqqueen.com/2001/11/06/archetypes-and-wine-tori-amos-roundtable-interview/ |access-date=August 13, 2010 |website=MusiqQueen}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == Clay Jarvis na ''Stylus Magazine'' ya ce waƙar ta dace da zama waƙar rufewa don Reign in Blood, kuma ya lura cewa waƙar, tare da wasu waƙoƙi daga Reign in blood, yana da "manic, hacksaw guitars, monsoons na sau biyu-bass drum rolling da kuma daga-kirtar barking - duk bayanin kula-cikakke da daidai - wanda har yanzu yana shan sigari na kowane rukuni da ke wasa da sauri da / ko nauyi a yau".<ref name="stylus"/> J. Bennett ya tabbatar da cewa waƙar "har yanzu tana yin wasu rukunin ƙarfe kamar ƙarancin ƙuƙwalwa".[s]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bennet|2009}}</ref> Steve Huey ya ce classic ne, kuma cewa "slow riffs yana ba da mafi yawan 'yan kaɗan na kundin". <ref name="allmusic album"/> Erik Hinds daga About.com ya ce wannan yanki ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ballad. Derrick Harris, editan jaridar hukuma ta Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, ya ce tana da "solo mai banƙyama".<ref>Harris, Derrick. [http://media.www.spectatornews.com/media/storage/paper218/news/2001/09/06/Spotlight/Cd.Review.Old.Slayer.Album.Makes.Up.For.What.New.Bands.Lack-89354.shtml "CD REVIEW: Old Slayer album makes up for what new bands lack"]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}. ''The Spectator''. 2001-09-06.</ref> Ya kai lamba 64 a Ƙasar Ingila, inda zai kasance a kan ginshiƙi na makonni uku. "Raining Blood" an dauke shi daya daga cikin waƙoƙin mafi kyau na ƙungiyar kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin ƙarfe. A cikin 2012, ''Loudwire'' ya sanya waƙar lamba ɗaya a cikin jerin sunayen 10 mafi girma na Slayer, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Graham |date=September 26, 2012 |title=10 Best Slayer Songs |url=https://loudwire.com/best-slayer-songs/ |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2020, ''Kerrang'' ya sanya waƙoƙin lamba biyu a cikin jerin manyan waƙoƙinsu na Slayer 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Sam |date=September 29, 2020 |title=The 20 greatest Slayer songs – ranked |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-20-greatest-slayer-songs-ranked |access-date=February 22, 2022 |website=[[Kerrang!|Kerrang]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya waƙar lamba takwas a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi girma na waƙoƙin ƙarfe. == Shafuka == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Shafin (1987) !Matsayi mafi girma<br /> |-{{singlechart|UK|64|date=1987-06-13|rowheader=true|access-date=May 30, 2015|refname=UKsingles}} |- |} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ti77fn25pz2rt0qv85toxwlt0k5a45g 0 154513 891289 846166 2026-08-04T11:02:58Z ~2026-43191-68 47585 891289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin rayuwar sakin software''' shine tsari na haɓaka, gwaji, da rarraba samfurin software (misali, tsarin aiki). Yawanci ya kunshi matakai da yawa, kamar pre-alpha, alpha, beta, da kuma dan takarar saki, kafin a saki sigar karshe, ko "zinariya", ga jama'a. [[Fayil:Software_dev2.svg|thumb|Misali na tsarin rayuwar sakin software na asali]] Pre-alpha yana nufin farkon matakan ci gaba, lokacin da ake tsara software kuma ana gina shi. Gwajin Alpha shine matakin farko na gwaji na al'ada, lokacin da ake gwada software a ciki ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Gwajin Beta shine mataki na gaba, inda babban rukuni na masu amfani ke gwada software, yawanci a waje da kungiyar da ta haɓaka shi. Sashe na beta yana mai da hankali kan rage tasirin ga masu amfani kuma yana iya haɗawa da gwajin amfani. Bayan gwajin beta, software na iya wucewa ta hanyar fitowar matakai ɗaya ko fiye, inda aka inganta shi kuma aka gwada shi, kafin a saki sigar ƙarshe. Wasu software, musamman a cikin masana'antun intanet da fasaha, an sake su a cikin yanayin beta na dindindin, ma'ana ana ci gaba da sabuntawa da inganta shi, kuma ba a taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin cikakkiyar samfurin ba. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar tsarin ci gaba mai sauri kuma yana ba da dama ga software don a saki kuma masu amfani su yi amfani da shi a farkon tsarin ci gaba. == Matakan ci gaba == Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. ''Milestone'' versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Alfa === Sashe na haruffa na sake zagayowar rayuwa shine matakin farko na Gwajin software (alpha shine harafin farko na haruffan Helenanci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman lambar 1). A wannan matakin, masu haɓakawa gabaɗaya suna gwada software ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Ana yin ƙarin tabbatarwa ta amfani da dabarun baki ko launin toka, ta wata ƙungiyar gwaji. Motsawa zuwa gwajin akwati a cikin kungiyar an san shi da ''sakin alpha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an alpha version of a game? |url=https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923135620/https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-date=Sep 23, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> Mai haɓakawa ba ya gwada software na Alpha sosai kafin a saki shi ga abokan ciniki. Alpha software na iya ƙunsar manyan kurakurai, kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da hadari ko asarar bayanai. Alpha software bazai ƙunshi duk fasalulluka da aka shirya don sigar ƙarshe ba. Gabaɗaya, wadatar waje na software na alpha ba ta da yawa ga software mai mallaka, yayin da software mai budewa sau da yawa yana da nau'ikan alpha na jama'a. Lokaci na alpha yawanci yana ƙare tare da daskarewa na fasalin, yana nuna cewa ba za a kara wasu fasalulluka ga software ba. A wannan lokacin, an ce software ɗin ya cika. Ana gudanar da gwajin beta bayan gwajin karɓa a shafin mai ba da sabis (gwajin alpha) kuma nan da nan kafin a saki software a matsayin samfurin. ==== Cikakken fasalin ==== Cikakken fasalin (FC) na wani [[software]] yana da duk abubuwan da aka tsara ko fasalulluka na farko da aka aiwatar amma har yanzu ba su da ƙarshe saboda kwari, aiki ko matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen gwajin alpha a ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, cikakken software har yanzu yana buƙatar fuskantar Gwajin beta da gyaran kwari, da kuma aiki ko ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali kafin ya iya zuwa sakin dan takara, kuma a ƙarshe matsayi na zinariya. === Beta === Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. A beta phase generally begins when the software is feature-complete but likely to contain several known or unknown bugs. Software in the beta phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software and speed or performance issues, and may still cause crashes or data loss. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts on users, often incorporating usability testing. The process of delivering a beta version to the users is called ''beta release'' and is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Software beta releases can be either open or closed, depending on whether they are openly available or only available to a limited audience. Beta version software is often useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization and to prospective customers. Some developers refer to this stage as a ''preview'', ''preview release'', ''prototype'', ''technical preview'' or ''technology preview'' (''TP''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Preview Features Support Scope |url=https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview |access-date=2015-03-18 |publisher=[[Red Hat]]}}</ref> or ''early access''. ''Masu gwajin Beta'' mutane ne waɗanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan tare da software na beta. Yawanci abokan ciniki ne ko wakilan abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka software. Masu gwajin Beta suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukansu kyauta amma galibi suna karɓar nau'ikan samfurin da suke gwadawa, rangwamen a kan sigar saki, ko wasu abubuwan motsawa. ==== Beta na dindindin ==== Ana adana wasu software a cikin abin da ake kira ''''beta'' na dindindin'', inda ake ci gaba da ƙara sabbin fasalulluka zuwa software ba tare da kafa sakin "mai ɗorewa" na ƙarshe ba. Kamar yadda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙa rarraba software cikin sauri da arha, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga amfani da kalmar beta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 1996 |title=Waiting with Beta'd Breath ''TidBITS'' #328 (May 13, 1996) |url=https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214914/https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> ==== Budewa da rufe beta ==== Masu haɓakawa na iya saki ko dai beta mai rufewa, ko beta mai buɗewa; ana saki sigar beta mai rufe ga ƙuntataccen rukuni na mutane don gwajin mai amfani ta gayyata, yayin da masu gwajin beta masu buɗewa daga babban rukuni, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar. Beta mai zaman kansa na iya zama ya dace da software wanda ke iya isar da darajar amma ba a shirye don kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba ko dai saboda matsalolin haɓaka, rashin takardu ko har yanzu ya rasa muhimman fasalulluka. Masu gwadawa suna ba da rahoton duk wani kwari da suka samu, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar ƙarin fasalulluka da suke tunanin ya kamata su kasance a cikin sigar ƙarshe. Open betas serve the dual purpose of demonstrating a product to potential consumers, and testing among a wide user base is likely to bring to light obscure errors that a much smaller testing team might not find.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Dan takarar saki === [[Fayil:Microsoft_windows_2000_server_rc2_media.jpg|thumb|Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Release Candidate 2 kafofin watsa labarai]] A ''release candidate'' (''RC''), also known as gamma testing or "going silver", is a beta version with the potential to be a stable product, which is ready to release unless significant bugs emerge. In this stage of product stabilization, all product features have been designed, coded, and tested through one or more beta cycles with no known showstopper-class bugs. A release is called ''code complete'' when the development team agrees that no entirely new source code will be added to this release. There could still be source code changes to fix defects, changes to documentation and data files, and peripheral code for test cases or utilities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Saki mai ɗorewa === Har ila yau ana kiranta sakin samarwa, sakin da ya dace shine ''dan takarar saki'' na ƙarshe (''RC'') wanda ya wuce dukkan matakai na tabbatarwa da gwaje-gwaje. Duk wani sanannen kwari da ya rage ana ɗaukarsa abin karɓa. Wannan fitowar ta tafi samarwa. Some software products (e.g. Linux distributions like Debian) also have ''long-term support'' (''LTS'') releases which are based on full releases that have already been tried and tested and receive only security updates.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == Da zarar an sake shi, an san software a matsayin "sakewa mai ɗorewa". Kalmar al'ada sau da yawa ta dogara da hanyar saki: kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri, saki na kan layi, ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana ba da software ɗin da aka saki sunan hukuma ko lambar sigar. (Software kafin saki na iya ko bazai sami Sunan lambar aikin ciki daban ko lambar sigar ciki ba). === Saki zuwa masana'antu (RTM) === [[Fayil:Satya_Nadella_Gears_of_War_4_Gold_Master.jpg|thumb|Satya Nadella na [[Microsoft]] tare da zinare na Gears of War 4''Gears na Yaƙi 4'']] Kalmar "saki zuwa masana'antu" (RTM), wanda aka fi sani da "going gold", kalma ce da ake amfani da ita lokacin da samfurin software ya shirya don isar da shi. Ana iya sanya hannu kan wannan ginin ta hanyar dijital, yana bawa mai amfani na ƙarshe damar tabbatar da amincin da amincin sayan software. Ginin RTM an san shi da "maigidan zinariya" ko GM <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=What is Golden Master (GM)? - Definition from Techopedia |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5434/golden-master-gm |website=Techopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> ana aika shi don kwafin taro ko kwafin faifai idan ya dace. An ɗauki kalmomin daga masana'antar yin rikodin sauti, musamman tsarin sarrafawa. RTM ya riga ya kasance gaba ɗaya (GA) lokacin da aka saki samfurin ga jama'a. Tsarin mashahuri na zinariya (GM) yawanci shine ginin karshe na wani software a cikin matakan beta don masu haɓakawa. Yawanci, ga iOS, shine ginin karshe kafin babban saki, duk da haka, akwai 'yan banbanci. Ana amfani da RTM a wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki - sabanin samar da software na musamman ko aikin a cikin samar da kasuwanci ko gwamnati da rarraba - inda ake sayar da software a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin a cikin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta mai alaƙa kuma yawanci inda software da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa za a samu kuma ana sayar da su a kan taro / jama'a a shagunan sayar da su don nuna cewa software ya sadu da matakin inganci kuma yana shirye don rarraba kayan sayarwa. RTM na iya nufin a wasu mahallin cewa an isar da software ko kuma an saki shi ga abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki don shigarwa ko rarraba zuwa kwamfutocin masu amfani da kayan aiki masu alaƙa ko injuna. Kalmar ba ta bayyana hanyar isar da ita ko ƙarar ba; kawai ta bayyana cewa ingancin ya isa don rarraba taro. Abin da za a iya bayarwa daga ƙungiyar injiniya sau da yawa a cikin nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi ko don samar da hoton don yanar gizo. === Samun gaba ɗaya (GA) === [[Fayil:ProductEndOfLifeCycle.png|thumb|Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwar samfurin: wadatar gaba ɗaya (GA), Sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOLA), kwanan wata na ƙarshe (LOD), da ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL) ]] General availability ('''GA''') shine matakin tallace-tallace wanda aka kammala duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da ake buƙata kuma samfurin software yana samuwa don siye, dangane da, duk da haka, akan harshe, yanki, da kuma wadatar lantarki vs. kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luxembourg |first=Yvan Philippe |date=20 May 2013 |title=Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary Of Software Asset Management Terms |url=http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810111112/http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=Operations Management Technology Consulting}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje na tsaro da bin doka, da kuma yanki da wadatar duniya. Lokaci tsakanin RTM da GA na iya ɗaukar daga kwanaki zuwa watanni kafin a iya ayyana sakin da ke akwai gaba ɗaya, saboda lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala duk ayyukan kasuwanci da GA ke buƙata. A wannan matakin, software ya "tafi rayuwa". === Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW) === '''Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo''' ('''RTW''') ko Yanar gizo hanyar isar da software ce da ke amfani da Intanet don rarrabawa. Babu kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri da aka samar a cikin wannan nau'in hanyar saki ta hanyar masana'anta. Sakin yanar gizo ya zama ruwan dare yayin da amfani da Intanet ya karu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Taimako == A lokacin rayuwar da ake tallafawa, software wani lokacin ana sanya shi a ƙarƙashin sakin sabis, patches ko fakitin sabis, wani lokacin ana kiransa "sakewa na wucin gadi" ko "sakewar kulawa" (MR). Misali, Microsoft ta fitar da manyan fakitin sabis guda uku don fitowar 32-bit na Windows XP da fakitin sabis biyu don fitowar 64-bit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Update Catalog |url=https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=xp%20service%20pack%203 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.catalog.update.microsoft.com}}</ref><ref>[https://blog.ganttpro.com/en/advantages-gantt-charts-marketing/ Gantt charts for marketing]</ref> Irin waɗannan sakonnin sabis ɗin suna ƙunshe da tarin sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, da haɓakawa, waɗanda aka kawo a cikin nau'in kunshin shigarwa guda ɗaya. Hakanan suna iya aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka. An saki wasu software tare da tsammanin tallafi na yau da kullun. Darussan software waɗanda gabaɗaya suka haɗa da tallafi mai tsawo kamar yadda aka saba da su sun haɗa da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasannin kan layi masu yawa. Ci gaba da wannan misalin Windows XP, Microsoft ya ba da sabuntawa da aka biya na ƙarin shekaru biyar bayan ƙarshen ƙarin tallafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa tallafin ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Microsoft Product Lifecycle Search |url=http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720010405/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> === Ƙarshen rayuwa === Lokacin da ba a sayar da software ko tallafawa ba, an ce samfurin ya kai ƙarshen rayuwa, don a dakatar da shi, ya yi ritaya, ya zama mara amfani, ya watsar, ko kuma ya wuce, amma amincin mai amfani na iya ci gaba da wanzuwarsa na ɗan lokaci, koda bayan dandalinsa ya wuce - misali, Common Desktop Environment <ref>{{Cite web |title=[cdesktopenv-devel] CDE 2.2.1 released {{!}} CDE - Common Desktop Environment |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/mailman/message/32043063/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sourceforge.net}}</ref> da Sinclair ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=ZX-Uno [ZX Spectrum Computer Clone Based on FPGA] |url=http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105191835/http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> Bayan ranar ƙarshen rayuwa, mai haɓakawa yawanci ba zai aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka ba, gyara lahani na yanzu, kwari, ko rauni (ko an san shi kafin wannan ranar ko a'a), ko samar da kowane tallafi ga samfurin. Idan mai haɓakawa yana so, suna iya sakin lambar tushe, don masu sa kai su kula da dandalin. == Tarihi == Amfani da kalmar gwajin "alpha / beta" ya samo asali ne daga IBM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Irin waɗannan kalmomin don ci gaban software na IBM an yi amfani da su ta mutanen da ke da hannu tare da IBM daga akalla shekarun 1950 (kuma mai yiwuwa a baya). Gwajin "A" shine tabbatar da sabon samfurin kafin sanarwar jama'a. Gwajin "B" shine tabbatarwa kafin a saki samfurin da za a ƙera. Gwajin "C" shine gwajin karshe kafin samar da samfurin gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda software ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tayin IBM, an yi amfani da kalmar gwajin alpha don nuna gwajin sanarwar kafin kuma an yi amfani le gwajin beta don nuna shirye-shiryen samfurin don wadatar gaba ɗaya. Martin Belsky, manajan wasu ayyukan software na IBM na baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar. IBM ta sauke ma'anar alpha / beta a cikin shekarun 1960, amma a lokacin ta sami sanarwa mai yawa. Amfani da "gwajin beta" don komawa ga gwajin da abokan ciniki suka yi ba a yi shi a cikin IBM ba. Maimakon haka, IBM ta yi amfani da kalmar "gwajin filin".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Manyan betas na jama'a sun bunkasa daga baya, tare da abokan ciniki na farko da suka sayi "bugawa na farko" na WordVision word processor don IBM PC don $ 49.95. A shekara ta 1984, Stephen Manes ya rubuta cewa "a cikin wani gagarumin juyin mulki na tallace-tallace, Bruce da James Program Publishers sun sami nasarar samun mutane su biya don damar gwada samfurin. " <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=211–221}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, an saki wani ''akwatin akwatin'' tsarin aiki na [[Apple]] na Mac OS X Public Beta. Tsakanin Satumba 2005 da Mayu 2006, Microsoft ta fitar da samfurori na fasahar al'umma (''CTP'') don Windows Vista. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ''Minecraft'' ya kasance a cikin beta na jama'a. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, ZDNet ta buga wata kasida game da abin da ya faru na sigar ''beta'' sau da yawa yana zaune na shekaru kuma ana amfani dashi kamar dai yana matakin samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festa |first=Paul |date=2005-02-11 |title=A long winding road out of beta |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-long-winding-road-out-of-beta/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> Ya lura cewa [[Gmail]] da Google News, alal misali, sun kasance a cikin beta na dogon lokaci kodayake ana amfani da su sosai; Google News ya bar beta a watan Janairun 2006, sannan Google Apps (yanzu ana kiransa Google Workspace), gami da Gmail, a watan Yulin 2009.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ''gabatarwa'' da Windows 8, [[Microsoft]] ta kira software na pre-release preview maimakon beta. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka gina kafin a saki ta hanyar Shirin Windows Insider da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 ana kiransu "Insider Preview builds". "Beta" na iya nuna wani abu kamar dan takarar saki, ko kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na demo mai iyakantaccen lokaci, ko dabarar talla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=May 17, 2010 |title=The inconvenient truths behind betas |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430173029/http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |website=GamesRadar}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6gsb2mlvdsn3ord6qfllja073gbi59s 0 155088 891310 884129 2026-08-04T11:56:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Edo State Ministry of Justice | native_name = Ministry of Justice, Edo State | logo = Edo State Government Seal | formed = 1991 | jurisdiction = Edo State, Nigeria | headquarters = Block C, State Secretariat, Sapele Road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria | minister1_name = Prof. Roland Itoya Otaru (SAN) | minister1_pfo = Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice | parent_department = Edo State Government | website = https://moj.edostate.gov.ng }} '''Edo State Ministry of Justice''' ma'aikatar shari'a ce ta gwamnatin Jihar Edo da ke da alhakin kula da dukkan harkokin shari'a na jihar. Ma'aikatar ita ce cibiyar bayar da shawarar doka ga gwamnati, tana wakiltar jihar a kotuna, tana gudanar da shari'o'in gwamnati, tare da tabbatar da bin doka da oda da kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. Haka kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta tsarin adalci da tabbatar da kyakkyawan shugabanci a Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=About Ministry of Justice |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice |access-date=2026-06-05 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Edo a matsayin wani muhimmin sashe na gwamnatin jihar bayan kafuwar Jihar Edo a shekarar 1991. Tun daga wannan lokaci take jagorantar harkokin doka da shari'a na gwamnati, tana ba da shawarwari ga ma'aikatu da hukumomi, tare da taimakawa wajen tsara dokoki da ake gabatarwa ga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. Ma'aikatar ta ci gaba da fadada ayyukanta domin daidaita tsarin shari'a da bukatun al'umma na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/ |title=Home - Ministry of Justice |publisher=Edo State Government}}</ref> == Manufofi == Manufar ma'aikatar ita ce zama abin koyi wajen tabbatar da adalci, kare doka, da samar da kariya ta doka ga dukkan mazauna jihar. Burinta shi ne samar da ingantattun ayyukan shari'a da za su tallafa wa gwamnati wajen aiwatar da manufofinta tare da kare 'yanci da haƙƙin jama'a. Ma'aikatar tana aiki ne bisa tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 da sauran dokokin kasa da na jiha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=About Ministry of Justice |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban aikin ma'aikatar shi ne ba gwamnatin jihar shawarar doka kan dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi gwamnati. Haka kuma tana gudanar da shari'o'in laifuka ta hanyar gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da karya dokokin jihar, tana kare muradun gwamnati a shari'o'in farar hula, da kuma taimakawa wajen tsara sabbin dokoki. Bugu da ƙari, tana kula da hanyoyin sasanta rikice-rikice ta hanyar cibiyar sulhu, tana kuma kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar sashen kare haƙƙin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=Our Responsibilities |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tsarin gudanarwa == Ma'aikatar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Lauyan Jihar Edo (Attorney General) wanda kuma shi ne Kwamishinan Shari'a. A shekarar 2025, Prof. Roland Itoya Otaru (SAN) ne ke jagorantar ma'aikatar a matsayin Attorney General da Commissioner for Justice. Ma'aikatar tana da sassa daban-daban da suka haɗa da Sashen Gurfanar da Masu Laifi (Public Prosecution), Sashen Shari'o'in Farar Hula (Civil Litigation), Sashen Ba da Shawarar Doka da Tsara Dokoki, Sashen Kare Haƙƙin Jama'a, Cibiyar Sulhu ta Jama'a (Citizens Mediation Centre), da kuma sassan gudanarwa da kudi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edostate.gov.ng/ag-and-commissioner-for-justice-charges-staff-to-uphold-justice-integrity/ |title=AG and Commissioner for Justice Charges Staff to Uphold Justice, Integrity |publisher=Edo State Government |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2025-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213131211/https://edostate.gov.ng/ag-and-commissioner-for-justice-charges-staff-to-uphold-justice-integrity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=Departments |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kare haƙƙin jama'a == Daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan ma'aikatar shi ne kare haƙƙin jama'a da tabbatar da cewa an yi adalci ga wadanda aka zalunta. Ta hanyar Department of Citizens Rights, ma'aikatar tana binciken koke-koken jama'a dangane da take haƙƙi ko rashin gaskiya daga hukumomi, tana kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙoƙinsu na doka. Hakan ya sanya ma'aikatar zama wata muhimmiyar kafa wajen tabbatar da bin doka da oda a jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/about-us/ |title=Department of Citizens Rights |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sauye-sauye da ci gaba == A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, gwamnatin Jihar Edo ta ci gaba da aiwatar da gyare-gyare domin inganta aikin ma'aikatar. Ma'aikatar ta jaddada manufarta ta inganta gaskiya, rikon amana da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren shari'a. Har ila yau, gwamnatin jihar ta ci gaba da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin ma'aikatu domin kara ingancin gudanarwa da samar da ayyuka masu tasiri ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Edo Attorney General Reaffirms State’s Unwavering Commitment to Transparency and Good Governance |publisher=Edo State Ministry of Justice}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Okpebholo restructures Edo Ministries, creates 28 portfolios |work=The Nigerian Observer}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jihar Edo * Attorney General of Edo State * Gwamnatin Jihar Edo == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Government ministries of Edo State]] [[Category:Justice ministries of Nigeria]] [[Category:Organizations based in Benin City]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1991]] ohhlh5kbd0pe1zjktkp5kbfwlyone89 0 155094 891104 847800 2026-08-03T21:30:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chikaosolu Ojukwu | caption = Chikaosolu Ojukwu | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Litigation, Constitutional Law, Human Rights Advocacy | alma_mater = University of Abuja<br>University of Dundee | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | years_active = 2000s–present }} '''Chikaosolu Ojukwu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Ya yi suna a fannonin shari'ar kundin tsarin mulki, kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, shari'o'in zaɓe, harkokin kasuwanci da kuma sasanta rikice-rikice ta hanyar sulhu. Shi ne babban abokin hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na Ojukwu and Co., wanda ke da hedikwata a Abuja, Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya da suka yi aiki a manyan shari'o'i da kuma ba da shawarwari ga hukumomin gwamnati. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ojukwuandco.com/our-team/chikaosolu-ojukwu-esq/ |title=CHIKAOSOLU OJUKWU, Esq. |publisher=Ojukwu and Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Chikaosolu Ojukwu ya yi karatun digirin farko na shari'a (LL.B.) a Jami'ar Abuja, bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya domin fara aikin lauya. Daga baya ya samu digirin biyu na Master of Laws (LL.M.) a fannin Dokokin Man Fetur da Manufofi (Petroleum Law and Policy) daga Jami'ar Dundee da ke Birtaniya. Haka kuma ya halarci wani kwas na Diploma a fannin International Commercial Arbitration a Jesus College, Jami'ar Oxford, tare da haɗin gwiwar Chartered Institute of Arbitrators na Birtaniya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ojukwuandco.com/our-team/chikaosolu-ojukwu-esq/ |title=CHIKAOSOLU OJUKWU, Esq. |publisher=Ojukwu and Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Ojukwu ya gina sana'arsa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da suka haɗa da dokokin man fetur da iskar gas, shari'o'in farar hula da na laifuka, shari'o'in zaɓe, harkokin kasuwanci da kuma sasanta rikice-rikice. Ya kuma ba da shawarwari kan manyan ayyukan kuɗi da kasuwanci na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. A tsawon aikinsa, ya yi aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati da jami'an gwamnati a matakai daban-daban na gudanarwa a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ojukwuandco.com/our-team/chikaosolu-ojukwu-esq/ |title=CHIKAOSOLU OJUKWU, Esq. |publisher=Ojukwu and Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa da ke duba Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1999. Wannan aiki ya haɗa da bayar da shawarwari kan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki da batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban tsarin mulkin ƙasar. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ojukwuandco.com/our-team/chikaosolu-ojukwu-esq/ |title=CHIKAOSOLU OJUKWU, Esq. |publisher=Ojukwu and Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Samun mukamin SAN == A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Kwamitin Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee (LPPC) ya amince da ba Chikaosolu Ojukwu mukamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman karramawa ga lauyoyi a Najeriya. An rantsar da shi tare da wasu sababbin SAN guda 58 a harabar Kotun Koli ta Najeriya da ke Abuja. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lawyard.org/news/lppc-approves-the-elevation-of-58-legal-practitioners-to-the-inner-bar/ |title=LPPC Approves the Elevation of 58 Legal Practitioners to the Inner Bar |publisher=Lawyard |date=2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.notchnewsonline.com.ng/2023/11/chikaosolu-oseloka-others-inaugurated.html |title=Chikaosolu, Oseloka others inaugurated as Senior Advocates of Nigeria |publisher=Notch News Online |date=28 November 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin SAN, Ojukwu ya fito fili ya yi Allah wadai da wasu mutane da suka riƙa yayyafa kuɗi a wajen liyafar murnar samun mukamin. Ya bayyana cewa ya riga ya bayar da umarnin kada a aikata hakan, yana mai cewa irin waɗannan ayyuka ba su dace da mutuncin aikin lauya ba kuma ba sa wakiltar ƙimominsa na sana'a. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/ojukwu-condemns-spraying-of-money-at-reception-for-san-swearing-in/ |title=Ojukwu condemns spraying of money at reception for SAN swearing-in |newspaper=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 December 2023}}</ref> == Fitattun ayyuka == A matsayin SAN, Ojukwu ya shiga cikin manyan shari'o'i da dama a Najeriya. Ya wakilci fitattun mutane da kamfanoni a gaban kotuna daban-daban. A shekarar 2025, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da suka kare 'yar kasuwa Aisha Achimugu bayan kama ta da Hukumar EFCC ta yi, inda ya bayyana matsayinta da kuma matakan shari'a da suka biyo baya. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/791313-aisha-achimugu-declares-hunger-strike-in-efcc-custody-lawyer.html |title=Aisha Achimugu declares hunger strike in EFCC custody – Lawyer |newspaper=Premium Times |date=29 April 2025}}</ref> Haka kuma ya yi fice wajen bayyana ra'ayinsa kan batutuwan da suka shafi aikin lauya da tsarin shari'a a Najeriya. A shekarar 2026, ya yi tsokaci kan muhawarar da ta shafi yiwuwar samun ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi fiye da ɗaya a Najeriya, inda ya nuna cewa tsarin shari'ar ƙasar ba ya goyon bayan samun ƙungiyoyin lauya masu iko iri ɗaya a lokaci guda. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-cant-have-two-bar-associations-says-ojukwu/ |title=Nigeria can't have two bar associations, says Ojukwu |newspaper=The Punch |date=8 January 2026}}</ref> == Mambobinsa a ƙungiyoyi == Ojukwu mamba ne na ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a da dama, ciki har da: * Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (United Kingdom) * International Bar Association * Society of Petroleum Engineers * Association of International Petroleum Negotiators <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ojukwuandco.com/our-team/chikaosolu-ojukwu-esq/ |title=CHIKAOSOLU OJUKWU, Esq. |publisher=Ojukwu and Co. |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Abuja alumni]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners]] jlcza8w0a3591nboxa304uqihzf10ek 0 156191 891197 883904 2026-08-04T04:20:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin [[Nissan Leaf]] yana da matsayi na {{Convert|73|mi}} a cikin jerin [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|sunayen Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA). .]] '''Damuwar da ke tattare da kewayo''' shine [[Tsoro|tsoron]] direban cewa [[Vehicle|abin hawa]] ba shi da isasshen ajiyar makamashi (mai da/ko ƙarfin baturi) don rufe nisan da ake buƙata don isa inda aka nufa, kuma hakan zai iya ɗaure masu ababen hawa a tsakiyar hanya. <ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |last=Eberle |first=Ulrich |last2=von Helmolt |first2=Rittmar |date=2010-05-14 |title=Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Backstrom |first=Michael |date=May 22, 2009 |title=Comments of Southern California Edison Company on the California Public Utilities Commission Staff's White Paper, Light-Duty V |url=http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/8B8F7624-1DF1-426B-847A-74255D3484D6/0/SCE_Comments_on_LDV_Electrification_White_Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629060851/http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/8B8F7624-1DF1-426B-847A-74255D3484D6/0/SCE_Comments_on_LDV_Electrification_White_Paper.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2010 |access-date=26 June 2010 |page=4}}</ref> Kalmar, wacce {{As of|2010}} An yi amfani da shi musamman don la'akari da yanayin tuki na motocin lantarki masu amfani da batir (BEVs), an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen tunani ga ɗaukar manyan motocin lantarki a bainar jama'a. <ref name="RSC" /> <ref name="harv1">{{Cite web |last=Jose Gomez-Ibane |last2=Prof. Hermann Bennett |last3=Dean John Haigh |last4=Alfred Wiederer |last5=Ronald Philip |title=Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities |url=http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/cache/documents/11089/1108934.pdf |access-date=23 July 2010 |website=Clinton Climate Initiative |publisher=Harvard |archive-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110122536/http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/cache/documents/11089/1108934.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara bayar da rahoton kalmar "damuwa ta nesa" a cikin manema labarai a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1997, a cikin ''Jaridar Kasuwanci ta San Diego'' ta Richard Acello yana nufin damuwar direbobin motocin lantarki na GM EV1 . <ref name="SDBJ">{{Cite web |title=First public citation of range anxiety |url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/rangeanxiety.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809062102/http://www.wordspy.com/words/rangeanxiety.asp |archive-date=2014-08-09 |access-date=2011-04-16}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2010, General Motors ta shigar da wannan kalma a matsayin alamar kasuwanci, tana mai cewa an yi ta ne don "haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da ƙarfin motocin lantarki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=How GM Will Use Fear to Sell You a Chevy Volt |url=http://jalopnik.com/5626306/how-gm-will-use-fear-to-sell-you-a-chevy-volt}}</ref> An sanya ''rekkeviddeangst'' na Norway a matsayi na biyu a cikin jerin "kalmomin shekara" na Norway na 2013 ta Majalisar Harshen Norway . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eric Loveday |title="Range Anxiety" in 2nd Place on Norway's "Words of the Year" List |url=http://insideevs.com/range-anxiety-in-2nd-place-on-norways-words-of-the-year-list/ |website=[[Motorsport Network#InsideEVs|InsideEVs]] |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815222107/http://insideevs.com/range-anxiety-in-2nd-place-on-norways-words-of-the-year-list |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan dabarun rage damuwar kewayo tsakanin direbobin motocin lantarki sune tura manyan kayayyakin caji, haɓaka ƙarfin batir mai yawa a farashi mai rahusa, fasahar musanya batir, amfani da na'urorin faɗaɗa kewayon, ingantaccen hasashen kewayawa da kewayon da kuma samuwar motocin lamuni kyauta don dogayen tafiye-tafiye. A cewar wani bincike da Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Amurka ta gudanar, maganin damuwa shine mallakar abin hawa mai amfani da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edmonds |first=Ellen |date=22 January 2020 |title=AAA: Owning an electric vehicle is the cure for most consumer concerns |url=https://newsroom.aaa.com/2020/01/aaa-owning-an-electric-vehicle-is-the-cure-for-most-consumer-concerns/ |publisher=[[American Automobile Association]]}}</ref> == Amsoshi ga damuwa ta jeri == [[Fayil:Tesla_Model_S_P85+_dashboard_with_zero_range_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Allon kayan aikin Tesla Model S wanda ya isa inda aka nufa kamar yadda kewayon da aka nuna ya kai sifili]] <blockquote>Damuwar da ke tattare da kekuna za ta takaita damar amfani da dukkan motocin lantarki a wasu takamaiman aikace-aikace, koda kuwa farashin batirin ya ragu. - Bill Reinert, Manajan Fasaha na Ƙasa a Kamfanin Toyota na Amurka, 2010 </blockquote>Damuwar da ake nunawa game da kekuna na iya ƙaruwa, domin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya kammala da cewa yawancin tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun ana iya yi su ne a cikin kewayon abin hawa mai araha na lantarki. <ref name="MyUser_The_Washington_Post_August_16_2016c">{{Cite web |last=Chris Mooney |date=August 15, 2016 |title='Range anxiety' is scaring people away from electric cars — but the fear may be overblown |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/08/15/range-anxiety-scares-people-away-from-electric-cars-why-the-fear-could-be-overblown/ |access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> Damuwar da ake nunawa cewa masu amfani da motocin lantarki za su iya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali ya haifar da kira ga jama'a da su yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na caji na jama'a. <ref name="harv1"/> {{As of|2013|12}} [[Istoniya|Estonia]] ita ce kaɗai ƙasar da ta tura hanyar sadarwa ta caji ta EV tare da ɗaukar nauyin da ya dace a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da na'urorin caji masu sauri a kan manyan hanyoyi a matsakaicin nisan tsakanin {{Convert|40|and|60|km}}, da kuma yawan jama'a a birane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=KredEx |date=2013-02-20 |title=Estonia becomes the first in the world to open a nationwide electric vehicle fast-charging network |url=http://estonianworld.com/technology/estonia-becomes-the-first-in-the-world-to-open-a-nationwide-electric-vehicle-fast-charging-network/ |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Estonian World}}</ref> Yankin ƙasar Estonia da yawan jama'a sune abubuwan da suka sa hakan ya yiwu. Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, tunda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da sauran sassan ƙasa da ƙasa na matakin farko, rabin girmansa ya kai na [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] kuma gundumomi uku a Amurka suna da faɗin ƙasa mafi girma. Masana'antun motocin lantarki sun yi ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da ke tattare da yanayin damuwa ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin batirin don faɗaɗa kewayon motar. REVA tana da wata fasaha ta musamman mai suna "Revive", wacce ajiyar batir ce da masu amfani da motocin lantarki za su iya saki ta hanyar aika saƙon tes ko kiran cibiyar aiki. <ref name="harv1"/> Ta amfani da mafita ta faɗaɗa kewayon, kamar yadda aka aiwatar a cikin Chevrolet Volt ko BMW i3, injin ƙonewa na ciki yana kunnawa don sake caji batir kafin ya zama babu komai. <ref name="RSC"/> <ref name="R1">{{Cite web |last=Matthe |first=Roland |last2=Eberle |first2=Ulrich |date=2014-01-01 |title=The Voltec System - Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450 |access-date=2014-05-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL's Range Extender Allows Electrically Driven Ranges equal to those of Conventional Vehicles |url=http://www.atzonline.com/index.php;do=show/site=a4e/sid=18762177414d6a85de938b0568579942/alloc=1/id=9806}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL Introduces New Modular Range Extender Technologies and Engineering Services (17 May 2009) |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/05/avl-re-20090517.html |access-date=9 June 2026 |archive-date=14 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914174749/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/05/avl-re-20090517.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The AVL Range Extender |url=https://www.avl.com/electrified-passenger-cars |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707193526/https://www.avl.com/electrified-passenger-cars |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Electrically: "AVL Pure Range Extender" for Electric Vehicles |url=https://www.avl.com/press-releases-2010/-/asset_publisher/F57c/content/avl-at-the-geneva-motor-show?redirect=%2Fpress-releases-2010 |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000158/https://www.avl.com/press-releases-2010/-/asset_publisher/F57c/content/avl-at-the-geneva-motor-show?redirect=%2Fpress-releases-2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL introduces its own Wankel rotary EV range-extender |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/07/16/avl-introduces-its-own-wankel-rotary-ev-range-extender/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wata hanya kuma ita ce hanyar da aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Ridek na mota inda za a iya musanya chassis na abin hawa da wanda ke ɗauke da babban batirin da ke da babban ƙarfin aiki a hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin musayar chassis kafin fara tafiya mai nisa. Tunda rashin bayanai na iya zama abin da ke haifar da hakan, ingantaccen tsarin kewayawa tare da sanin ƙarfin batirin da kuma nisan da ya rage zai iya rage tsoro. Akwai kuma yiwuwar rage tsoro kafin siyan abin hawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=iEV electric car simulator |url=http://dottribes.com/iEV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154041/http://dottribes.com/iEV |archive-date=2012-07-29}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Amurka (AAA) ta fara wani shirin gwaji na sake cajin motoci a birane shida: Knoxville, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle da Tampa. Membobin AAA masu tuƙi a cikin EV za su iya amfani da ƙarfin caji na matakin 3 na motar don sake cajin [[Nissan Leaf]] zuwa kashi 80% cikin mintuna 30. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Test Ride Electric Cars for Free |url=http://www.torquenews.com/1079/test-ride-electric-car-free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=AAA says that its emergency electric vehicle charging trucks served "thousands" of EVs without power |url=https://electrek.co/2016/09/06/aaa-ev-emergency-charging-truck/ |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=Electrek}}</ref> == Musayar batir == Sauya batir dabara ce ta guje wa damuwa game da kewayo wanda ke ba motocin lantarki damar faɗaɗa ƙarfinsu ta hanyar tashar canza batir. A tashar, ana musanya batirin da ya lalace da batirin da aka cika caji a daidai lokacin da ake ɗauka don cika mota da mai. [1] Sauya batir abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin rumbunan ajiya ta amfani da manyan motocin forklift na lantarki. [2] Yayin da motar lantarki ta fito a matsayin babbar fasahar da ta shahara a ƙarshen shekarun 1890 har zuwa shekarun 1920, an fara gabatar da manufar sabis na batir mai musanya tun daga shekarar 1896 domin shawo kan ƙarancin iyakokin aiki na motocin lantarki da manyan motoci. Kamfanin Hasken Lantarki na Hartford ne ya fara aiwatar da wannan manufar ta hanyar sabis na batir na GeVeCo kuma da farko yana samuwa ga manyan motocin lantarki. Mai motar ya sayi motar daga Kamfanin General Vehicle (GVC, wani reshe na Kamfanin General Electric) ba tare da baturi ba kuma an sayi wutar lantarki daga Hartford Electric ta hanyar batirin da za a iya musanyawa. Mai motar ya biya kuɗin sabis na kowane mil da kuma kuɗin sabis na kowane wata don biyan kulawa da adana motar. An gyara motoci da batura duka don sauƙaƙe musayar batir cikin sauri. An samar da sabis ɗin tsakanin 1910 da 1924 kuma a wannan lokacin ya rufe sama da mil miliyan 6. Tun daga shekarar 1917, an gudanar da irin wannan sabis mai nasara a [[Chicago]] ga masu motocin Milburn Light Electric waɗanda suma za su iya siyan motar ba tare da batura ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i05ahyx21qrqcwaapvq7y4yb3oha3qk 0 156689 890962 873767 2026-08-03T14:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890962 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person | name = Bimbo Odukoya | image = BimboOdukoya.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Abimbola Rosemary Williams | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1960|09|12}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2005|12|11|1960|09|12}} | death_place = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria | occupation = Pastor | spouse = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Abimbola Rosemary "Bimbo" Odukoya''' .{{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Bimbo Odukoya.wav|Listen|help=no}} <ref>Adejokun, Bukola. "[http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm Even in death, Bimbo Odukoya speaks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806175702/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm|date=August 6, 2007}}." ''[[Daily Sun]]''. Wednesday 20 September 2006. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.</ref><ref name="ActofGod2">Akinsuyi, Yemi. "[http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=35562 Its an Act of God, Says Pastor Bimbo’s Mother]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}," ''[[Thisday]]''. 12 December 2005. Retrieved on 23 February 2009. [http://allafrica.com/stories/200512130072.html See version at] [[AllAfrica]]</ref> an haife ta Williams; 12 ga Satumba 1960 - 11 ga Disamba 2005) ta kasance fasto ce ta Najeriya kuma mai wa'azin talabijin wacce ta auri abokin aikinta wanda ya kafa Cocin Fountain of Life Church, [[Taiwo Odukoya]] . Odukoya, sau da yawa ana kiranta ".<ref>Ajimotokan, Wale. "[http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/07/09/20040709spo02.html Odukoya, Bassey are Olympic Torch Bearers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118041753/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/07/09/20040709spo02.html|date=January 18, 2005}}." ''[[Thisday|This Day]]''. 9 July 2004. Retrieved on 17 June 2009.</ref> kasance mai karɓar kyaututtuka sama da 60 na ƙasa da na duniya saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga gina ƙasa, ci gaban ƙasarsu, Najeriya, da yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], da kuma jagoranci a matsayin mace. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa da [[Samsung]] ta zaba don wakiltar Najeriya wajen ɗaukar fitilar Olympics a [[Athens]], Girka, a Wasannin Olympics na 2004.Ta mutu ne sakamakon hadarin jirgin saman Sosoliso Flight 1145. == Rayuwa == Odukoya ta auri fastocin da ya kafa Cocin Fountain of Life, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fountain Of Life Church |url=http://www.tfolc.org/ |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.tfolc.org |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Taiwo Odukoya]] (1956-2023) a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1984 a Cocin Yaba Baptist, kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya uku; yanzu fastoci [[Tolu Odukoya-Ijogun]] (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1985) da [[Jimmy Odukoya]] (an haifi 27 ga Afrilu 1987), da Tobi Odukoya - Enuha (an haifu shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1990). 'Ya'yanta biyu na fari Jimmy da Tolu, yanzu su ne babban fasto da kuma babban fasto na Cocin Fountain of Life, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsu a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Apanpa |first=Olaniyi |date=2023-09-17 |title=Meet Nollywood actor, Jimmy Odukoya, now Senior Pastor Fountain of Life Church |url=https://punchng.com/meet-nollywood-actor-jimmy-odukoya-now-senior-pastor-fountain-of-life-church/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A lokacin mutuwarta, Odukoya ta kasance babban fasto na The Fountain of Life Church kuma shugaban Discovery for Women . <ref name="tfolc.org">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Pastor Bimbo Odukoya |url=http://www.tfolc.org/about-us/founding-pastors/13-pastor-bimbo-odukoya.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728090847/http://tfolc.org/about-us/founding-pastors/13-pastor-bimbo-odukoya.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin Single and Married, <ref name="tfolc.org"/> shirin talabijin wanda ke hulɗa da batutuwan da mutane ke fuskanta a cikin aure da dangantaka. Odukoya ya shiga jirgin sama na Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145, wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Port Harcourt daga [[Abuja]]. A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 jirgin ya fadi yayin saukowa a [[Filin jirgin saman Port Harcourt]]; Bimbo ya tsira daga tasirin farko kuma ya mutu daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 11 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2005. Shirin coci ta na manufa ya ci gaba da gudanar da ɗanta [[Jimmy Odukoya|Othniel Jimmy Odukoya]] . == Littattafan da aka rubuta == * ''Yadda za a Zaɓi Abokin Rayuwa, ta Bimbo Odukoya'', Xulon Press (15 ga Oktoba 2005) * Rayuwa kyauta, Yadda za a Gudanar da Ƙin yarda ta Bimbo Odukoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 * Rayuwa kyauta, Shawo kan Masturbation ta Bimbo Odukoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 * ''Aure, Mutanen Gaskiya, Batutuwan Gaskiya, Shawarar Mai Hikima'' ta Bimbo Odokoya, Grace Springs Publishers, Inc., 2006 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806175702/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2006/sept/20/citysun-20-09-2006-001.htm Ko da a cikin mutuwa, Bimbo Odukoya yana magana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222155128/http://www.singleandmarried.org/profile.htm Bayani game da Fasto Bimbo] * [http://www.tfolc.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Cocin Maɓuɓɓugar Rayuwa] * [https://www.pbofoundation.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Gidauniyar Fasto Bimbo Odukoya]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.gracespringsafrica.com/bookstore Littattafan Fasto Bimbo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220143151/http://www.gracespringsafrica.com/bookstore |date=2009-02-20 }} An adana su [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 6ia2umezkjqadphh6n0zg6zanmgcugt 0 156750 891221 874759 2026-08-04T07:28:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=459476549|image=Digoxin.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=300|alt=|image2=Digon ball-and-stick.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=<!--Clinical data-->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|d|ᵻ|ˈ|dʒ|ɒ|k|s|ᵻ|n}}<ref name="oxforddict">{{cite dictionary |entry=Digoxin |entry-url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/digoxin |dictionary=Lexico |access-date=28 October 2019 |language=en |title=Digoxin &#124; Definition of Digoxin by Lexico |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027122438/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/digoxin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=digoxin |website=WordReference |url=https://www.wordreference.com/definition/digoxin |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027122944/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/digoxin |url-status=dead }}</ref>|tradename=Lanoxin, others|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|digoxin}}|MedlinePlus=a682301|DailyMedID=Digoxin|pregnancy_AU=A|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]]|ATC_prefix=C01|ATC_suffix=AA05|ATC_supplemental=|legal_AU=S4|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=60 to 80% (by mouth)|protein_bound=25%|metabolism=[[Liver]] (16%)|elimination_half-life=36 to 48 [[hour]]s <br />(normal [[kidney function]])<br />3.5 to 5 [[day]]s <br />(impaired kidney function)|excretion=[[Kidney]] <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=20830-75-5|PubChem=2724385|IUPHAR_ligand=4726|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00390|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=2006532|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=73K4184T59|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D00298|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=4551|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1751|NIAID_ChemDB=|PDB_ligand=DGX|synonyms=<!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=3β-[(''O''-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-''O''-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-12β,14-dihydroxy-5β-card-20(22)-enolide|C=41|H=64|O=14|SMILES=O=C\1OC/C(=C/1)[C@H]2CC[C@@]8(O)[C@]2(C)[C@H](O)C[C@H]7[C@H]8CC[C@H]6[C@]7(C)CC[C@H](O[C@@H]5O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C3)C)[C@@H](O)C4)C)[C@@H](O)C5)C6|StdInChI=1S/C41H64O14/c1-19-36(47)28(42)15-34(50-19)54-38-21(3)52-35(17-30(38)44)55-37-20(2)51-33(16-29(37)43)53-24-8-10-39(4)23(13-24)6-7-26-27(39)14-31(45)40(5)25(9-11-41(26,40)48)22-12-32(46)49-18-22/h12,19-21,23-31,33-38,42-45,47-48H,6-11,13-18H2,1-5H3/t19-,20-,21-,23-,24+,25-,26-,27+,28+,29+,30+,31-,33+,34+,35+,36-,37-,38-,39+,40+,41+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=LTMHDMANZUZIPE-PUGKRICDSA-N|melting_point=249.3|solubility=0.0648}} '''Digoxin''', wanda ake sayarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Lanoxin''' da sauransu, magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] daban-daban. <ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web |title=Digoxin |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004328/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da shi don maganin atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, da [[gazawar zuciya]] . <ref name="AHFS2016" /> Digoxin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin magunguna da ake amfani da su a fannin ilimin zuciya . Yana aiki ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin jijiyoyin zuciya, ƙara yawan bugun jini da hawan jini, rage bugun zuciya, da kuma tsawaita lokacin matsewar . <ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patocka J, Nepovimova E, Wu W, Kuca K |date=October 2020 |title=Digoxin: Pharmacology and toxicology-A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668920300764 |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology |volume=79 |bibcode=2020EnvTP..7903400P |doi=10.1016/j.etap.2020.103400 |pmid=32464466 |s2cid=218950180 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana shan Digoxin ta baki ko ta hanyar allura a cikin jijiya . <ref name="AHFS2016" /> Digoxin yana da rabin rayuwa na kimanin awanni 36 da aka bayar a matsakaicin allurai ga marasa lafiya da ke da aikin koda na yau da kullun. Ana fitar da shi ba tare da canzawa ba a cikin fitsari. Illolin da aka saba samu sun haɗa da faɗaɗa nono tare da wasu illolin da ke tattare da yawan shan magani. <ref name="AHFS2016"/> <ref name="WHO2008" /> Waɗannan illolin na iya haɗawa da rashin ci, tashin zuciya, wahalar gani, ruɗani, da bugun zuciya mara tsari . <ref name="WHO2008" /> Ana buƙatar kulawa sosai ga tsofaffi da waɗanda ke da matsalar aikin koda . <ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}</ref> Ba a san ko amfani da shi a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] yana da lafiya ba. <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{Cite web |title=Digoxin Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/digoxin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004656/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/digoxin.html |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |website=Drugs.com}}</ref> Digoxin yana cikin dangin magunguna na cardiac glycoside . <ref name="AHFS2016"/> An fara gano shi a shekarar 1930 daga Girka foxglove ( ''Digitalis lanata'' ). <ref name="hollman">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hollman A |date=April 1996 |title=Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Digoxin comes from Digitalis lanata |journal=BMJ |volume=312 |issue=7035 |page=912 |doi=10.1136/bmj.312.7035.912 |pmc=2350584 |pmid=8611904}}</ref> Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . <ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, shi ne magani na 241 da aka fi rubutawa a Amurka, tare da fiye da 1{{Spaces}}magunguna miliyan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2021 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=ClinCalc}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digoxin - Drug Usage Statistics |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Digoxin |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=ClinCalc}}</ref> == Amfani da lafiya == === Buga bugun zuciya mara tsari === Alamomin da aka fi sani da digoxin sune rashin ƙarfin zuciya da kuma rashin ƙarfin zuciya mai sauri, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sticherling C, Oral H, Horrocks J, Chough SP, Baker RL, Kim MH, Wasmer K, Pelosi F, Knight BP, Michaud GF, Strickberger SA, Morady F |date=November 2000 |title=Effects of digoxin on acute, atrial fibrillation-induced changes in atrial refractoriness |journal=Circulation |volume=102 |issue=20 |pages=2503–8 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.102.20.2503 |pmid=11076824 |s2cid=127927 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallberg P, Lindbäck J, Lindahl B, Stenestrand U, Melhus H |date=October 2007 |title=Digoxin and mortality in atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=63 |issue=10 |pages=959–71 |doi=10.1007/s00228-007-0346-9 |pmid=17684738 |s2cid=30951337}}</ref> musamman a cikin tsofaffi ko marasa ƙarfi, kodayake ana iya fifita masu toshewar beta da/ko masu toshewar tashar calcium a wasu marasa lafiya, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin jiki, ko waɗanda ba su da gazawar zuciya ko rashin kwanciyar hankali na hemodynamic. <ref name="Craig2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Furie KL, Heidenreich PA, Murray KT, Shea JB, Tracy CM, Yancy CW |date=July 2019 |title=2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=Circulation |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=e125–e151 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665 |pmid=30686041 |s2cid=59304609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan digoxin ya nuna karuwar haɗarin mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke shan digoxin, duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi na ba da damar wasu abubuwan haɗari ga mutuwa (abin da ake kira daidaiton maki na jaraba ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ouyang AJ, LvYN, Zhong HL, Wen JH, Wei XH, Peng HW, Zhou J, Liu LL |date=April 2015 |title=Meta-analysis of digoxin use and risk of mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation |journal=The American Journal of Cardiology |language=English |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=901–906 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.01.013 |pmid=25660972 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Vamos2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vamos M, Erath JW, Hohnloser SH |date=July 2015 |title=Digoxin-associated mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=36 |issue=28 |pages=1831–1838 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv143 |pmid=25939649 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, sake dubawa na tsari da aka mayar da hankali kan gwaje-gwajen digoxin da aka sarrafa bazuwar (wanda ya tabbatar da kamanceceniya tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke shan digoxin, da waɗanda ba sa shan sa) bai nuna wani bambanci a cikin mace-mace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Safi S, Feinberg J, Gluud C, Jakobsen JC |date=2018-03-08 |title=Digoxin for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=3 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1393924S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0193924 |pmc=5843263 |pmid=29518134 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, Griffith M, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Steeds RP, Townend J, Kotecha D |date=August 2015 |title=Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data |journal=BMJ |volume=351 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h4451 |pmc=4553205 |pmid=26321114}}</ref> Shaida ta nuna cewa ƙaruwar mace-macen da ke cikin marasa lafiya da ke shan digoxin ya faru ne saboda suna da mummunan cututtukan zuciya fiye da waɗanda ba sa shan sa. <ref name="Ziff_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, Griffith M, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Steeds RP, Townend J, Kotecha D |date=August 2015 |title=Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data |journal=BMJ |volume=351 |issue= |doi=10.1136/bmj.h4451 |pmc=4553205 |pmid=26321114}}</ref> Ciwon zuciya na iya faruwa lokacin da aka rubuta wa marasa lafiya digoxin tare da thiazides da loop diuretics . === Matsalar Zuciya === Digitalis (watau cirewa, gami da digoxin, daga nau'in shukar ''Digitalis'' ) ita ce magani ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita don magance [[Kumburi|dropsy]] (kumburin idon sawu—alamar gazawar zuciya) bayan gano ta ta William Withering . Tare da magungunan diuretics, ita ce babbar hanyar magance matsalar gazawar zuciya tsawon sama da ƙarni. Tun bayan gabatar da wasu magunguna masu kyakkyawan sakamako da ƙarancin illa, galibi ana amfani da ita ne kawai inda gazawar zuciya ke da alaƙa da atrial fibrillation ko saurin ventricular. <ref name="ESC2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CS, Lyon AR, McMurray JJ, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GM, Ruschitzka F, Kathrine Skibelund A |date=September 2021 |title=2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure |journal=European Heart Journal |publisher=European Society of Cardiology |volume=42 |issue=36 |pages=3599–3726 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 |pmid=34447992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wasu yanayi ana iya amfani da ita a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararru ban da, ko kuma maimakon, magungunan farko da aka ba da shawarar na ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, mineralocorticoid antagonist, da SGLT-2 inhibitor, inda ba su da tasiri ko kuma ba a yarda da su ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ezekowitz JA, O'Meara E, McDonald MA, Abrams H, Chan M, Ducharme A, Giannetti N, Grzeslo A, Hamilton PG, Heckman GA, Howlett JG, Koshman SL, Lepage S, McKelvie RS, Moe GW, Rajda M, Swiggum E, Virani SA, Zieroth S, Al-Hesayen A, Cohen-Solal A, D'Astous M, De S, Estrella-Holder E, Fremes S, Green L, Haddad H, Harkness K, Hernandez AF, Kouz S, LeBlanc MH, Masoudi FA, Ross HJ, Roussin A, Sussex B |date=November 2017 |title=2017 Comprehensive Update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure |journal=The Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1342–1433 |doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2017.08.022 |pmid=29111106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="ESC2021" /> === Zubar da ciki === Ana kuma amfani da Digoxin a cikin ciki ko kuma a cikin mahaifa a lokacin [[zubar da ciki]] a ƙarshen watanni uku na biyu da kuma watanni uku na uku na ciki. Yawanci yana haifar da mutuwar tayi (ana auna shi ta hanyar dakatar da aikin zuciya) cikin awanni bayan an sha. === Euthanasia === Digoxin shine babban sinadari mai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na haɗin magunguna ta baki DDMA ( diazepam, digoxin, morphine, da amitriptyline ), DDMP (diazepam, digoxin, morphine, da propranolol ), da DDMAPh (diazepam, digoxin, morphine, amitriptyline, da phenobarbital ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Worthington A, Finlay I, Regnard C |date=July 2022 |title=Efficacy and safety of drugs used for 'assisted dying' |journal=British Medical Bulletin |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |doi=10.1093/bmb/ldac009 |pmc=9270985 |pmid=35512347}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman DN, Strand GR |date=25 December 2025 |title=Clinical practice and pharmacology decisions of medical aid-in-dying providers in the United States |journal=BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care |doi=10.1136/spcare-2025-005397 |pmc=9270985 |pmid=41448862}}</ref> Digoxin yana kawo cikas ga daidaiton sodium da potassium a cikin zuciya wanda aka haɗa shi da propranolol (wanda ke rage bugun zuciya da rage hawan jini) ko amitriptyline (wanda ke toshe hanyoyin membrane na sodium) yana iya dakatar da zuciya. Duk da cewa diazepam da morphine ba su da wani tasiri a zuciya, suna aiki don kwantar da hankalin majiyyaci da kuma sanya shi cikin kwanciyar hankali. == Illolin da ke tattare da hakan ==   Ana yawan samun mummunan tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi, saboda ƙarancin ma'aunin magani (rabin da ke tsakanin inganci da guba ). An ambaci Gynaecomastia (faɗaɗa [[Nono|ƙwayar nono]] ) a cikin littattafan karatu da yawa a matsayin sakamako mai illa, ana tsammanin ya faru ne saboda ɓangaren steroid mai kama da estrogen na ƙwayar digoxin, <ref name="Moscovitz">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moscovitz T, Aldrighi JM, Abrahanshon PA, Zorn TM, Logullo AF, Gebara OC, Rosano GG, Ramires JF |date=April 2005 |title=Repercussions of digoxin, digitoxin and estradiol on the endometrial histomorphometry of oophorectomized mice |journal=Gynecological Endocrinology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=213–20 |doi=10.1080/09513590400021219 |pmid=16019364 |s2cid=22855158}}</ref> amma idan aka nemi shi da tsari, shaidar wannan ba ta da tabbas {{As of|2005}} . <ref name="Ptherapy1993">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thompson DF, Carter JR |year=1993 |title=Drug-induced gynecomastia |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02688.x |pmid=8094898 |s2cid=30322620}}</ref> Haɗuwar ƙaruwar arrhythmogenesis ( atrial ) da kuma hana atrioventricular (AV) conduction (misali paroxysmal atrial tachycardia tare da AV block - wanda ake kira "PAT tare da block") ana cewa yana da alaƙa da gubar digoxin (wato, ganowa). <ref name="Doering1977">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doering W, König E, Sturm W |date=March 1977 |title=[Digitalis intoxication: specifity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. part I: Patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias (author's transl)] |trans-title=''Digitalis'' intoxication: specificity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. Part I: Patients with ''[[Digitalis]]''-induced [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]]s |journal=Zeitschrift für Kardiologie |language=de |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=121–8 |pmid=857452}}</ref> Digoxin na iya haifar da bugun zuciya idan aka ba shi da thiazides da madaurin diuretics. Wannan saboda shan digoxin tare da magunguna kamar thiazides da madaurin diuretics wanda zai iya haifar da hypokalemia, ƙarancin matakan potassium a cikin jini a cikin jini. Wannan yana ƙara haɗarin bugun zuciya saboda ƙarancin potassium yana rage adadin K+ a famfon ATPase kuma yana ƙara yawan calcium wanda ke haifar da waɗannan bugun zuciya. Hakanan yana iya haifar da rikicewar gani da kuma dizziness ko suma. Wasu magunguna da dama da ke da alaƙa da rashin kyawun sakamako na miyagun ƙwayoyi a lokaci guda sun haɗa da verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine, tetracycline, da erythromycin . == Yawan shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima == Idan aka sha fiye da kima, ana buƙatar matakan tallafi na yau da kullun. Idan arrhythmias ya zama mai wahala, ko kuma mummunan hyperkalemia ya faru (ƙaruwar matakin potassium saboda gurguwar ƙwayoyin halitta, famfon Na/K masu dogaro da ATPase ), maganin rigakafi na musamman shine antidigoxin (gurasa na rigakafi akan digoxin, sunayen kasuwanci Digibind da Digifab). <ref name="Flanagan2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flanagan RJ, Jones AL |year=2004 |title=Fab antibody fragments: some applications in clinical toxicology |url=http://drugsafety.adisonline.com/pt/re/drs/fulltext.00002018-200427140-00004.htm |journal=Drug Safety |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=1115–33 |doi=10.2165/00002018-200427140-00004 |pmid=15554746 |s2cid=40869324 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116063055/http://drugsafety.adisonline.com/pt/re/drs/fulltext.00002018-200427140-00004.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2007}}</ref> Tsarin aiki ga magunguna kamar Digibind da Digifab, waɗanda ake amfani da su lokacin da abubuwan da ba su dace ba suka faru tare da amfani da digoxin, shine cewa yankunan FAB akan ƙwayoyin rigakafi da aka ƙirƙira akan digoxin suna hanzarta fitar da maganin zuwa fitsari. Saboda haka, adadin digoxin a cikin jiki yana raguwa da sauri yayin da yake fitar da shi da sauri. == Ilimin Harkar Magunguna == === Magungunan Magunguna === [[Fayil:Signal-averaged_ECG_with_digoxin.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|415x415px|Matsakaicin ECG na sigina daga mutumin da ke shan digoxin, yana bayanin raunin ST a cikin mafi yawan precordial leads V4 da V5.]] Babban hanyar aikin Digoxin ya haɗa da hana sinadarin sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase ( Na <nowiki><sup id="mwAR4">+</sup></nowiki> /K <nowiki><sup id="mwAR8">+</sup></nowiki> ATPase ), galibi a cikin myocardium . <ref name="sciencedirect.com"/> Wannan hanawa yana haifar da ƙaruwar matakan sodium a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da raguwar aikin musayar sodium-calcium, wanda yawanci ke shigo da ions guda uku na ƙwayoyin halitta cikin ƙwayar halitta kuma yana jigilar ion guda ɗaya na calcium daga cikin ƙwayar halitta. Juyawar wannan mai musayar, wanda ƙaruwar sinadarin sodium a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa, yana haifar da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin calcium a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta wanda ke samuwa ga sunadaran da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin halitta. Ƙara yawan sinadarin calcium yana haifar da ɗaure ƙarin sinadarin calcium zuwa troponin C, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar inotropy . Ƙara yawan sinadarin calcium a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta yana tsawaita lokaci na 4 da mataki na 0 na ƙarfin aikin zuciya, wanda ke haifar da raguwar bugun zuciya. Ƙara yawan sinadarin Ca2 ⁺ kuma yana haifar da ƙaruwar ajiyar sinadarin calcium a cikin sarcoplasmic reticulum, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwa daidai a cikin sakin sinadarin calcium a kowane ƙarfin aiki. Hana sinadarin sodium famfo na iya inganta yanayin baroreceptor a cikin gazawar zuciya kuma yana iya bayyana wasu daga cikin tasirin digoxin a cikin neurohormonal. <ref name="Wang 1990">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang W, Chen JS, Zucker IH |date=June 1990 |title=Carotid sinus baroreceptor sensitivity in experimental heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1959–66 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.81.6.1959 |pmid=2344687 |doi-access=}}</ref> Digoxin yana da muhimman tasirin parasympathetic, musamman akan atrioventricular node . <ref name="Gheorghiade 2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Adams KF, Colucci WS |date=June 2004 |title=Digoxin in the management of cardiovascular disorders |journal=Circulation |volume=109 |issue=24 |pages=2959–64 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.0000132482.95686.87 |pmid=15210613 |s2cid=33752611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake yana ƙara girman matsin lamba na zuciya, tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka yana ƙaruwa kaɗan ne kawai. Amfani da shi azaman maganin hana arrhythmic, to, ya fito ne daga halayensa na kai tsaye da na kai tsaye na parasympathetic. Ƙarfafa jijiyoyi na Vagus yana rage isar da sako a AV node ta hanyar ƙara lokacin da ba ya aiki na ƙwayoyin zuciya. Sanyi na AV node mai jinkiri yana ba wa ventricles ƙarin lokaci don cikewa kafin ya kwanta. Wannan mummunan tasirin chronotropic yana aiki tare da tasirin kai tsaye akan ƙwayoyin bugun zuciya. Arrhythmia da kanta ba ta shafi ba, amma aikin famfo na zuciya yana inganta, saboda ingantaccen cikawa. Gabaɗaya, bugun zuciya yana raguwa yayin da bugun jini ke ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar hawan jini, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar kumburin nama. Wannan yana sa myocardium yayi aiki yadda ya kamata, tare da ingantaccen hemodynamics da ingantaccen lanƙwasa aikin ventricular. Sauran tasirin lantarki sun haɗa da ɗan ƙaramin ƙaruwa na farko a cikin ƙarfin aiki, sai kuma raguwa yayin da tasirin K <nowiki><sup id="mwAUw">+</sup></nowiki> ke ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar adadin ions na Ca2 <nowiki><sup id="mwAU8">+</sup></nowiki> a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta . Lokacin rashin ƙarfin atria da ventricles yana raguwa, yayin da yake ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin sinoatrial da AV. Ana samun ƙarancin tasirin membrane na hutawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar fushi. Saurin watsawa yana ƙaruwa a cikin atria, amma yana raguwa a cikin AV node. Tasirin da ke kan zaruruwan Purkinje da ventricles ba shi da yawa. Hakanan ana ƙara yawan aiki ta atomatik a cikin atria, AV node, Purkinje fibers, da ventricles. Canje-canjen ECG da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke shan digoxin sun haɗa da ƙaruwar tazara ta PR (saboda raguwar kwararar AV) da kuma raguwar tazara ta QT. Haka kuma, raƙuman T na iya juyawa kuma tare da ɓacin rai na ST. Yana iya haifar da rhythm na AV da bugun ectopic (bigeminy) wanda ke haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da fibrillation . Digoxin kuma wani sinadari ne mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na M2 . Yawanci ana ba da Digoxin ta baki, amma kuma ana iya ba da shi ta hanyar allurar IV a cikin yanayi na gaggawa (allurar IV ya kamata ta kasance a hankali, kuma ya kamata a sa ido kan yadda zuciya ke aiki). Duk da cewa ana iya jure wa maganin IV (ƙananan tashin zuciya), digoxin yana da tsawon rai a cikin ƙwayar zuciya, wanda zai jinkirta fara aikinsa da sa'o'i da yawa. Rabin rayuwar shine kimanin awanni 36 ga marasa lafiya da ke da aikin koda na yau da kullun, ana ba da digoxin sau ɗaya a rana, yawanci a cikin 125.&nbsp;μg ko 250&nbsp;allurai μg. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana cire Digoxin ne galibi ta hanyar fitar da koda kuma yana ɗauke da sinadarin P-glycoprotein, wanda ke haifar da mu'amala mai mahimmanci ta asibiti da magungunan hana P-glycoprotein. Misalan da aka saba amfani da su ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin zuciya sun haɗa da spironolactone, verapamil da amiodarone. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ƙarancin aikin koda, rabin rayuwa ya fi tsayi, tare da raguwar Vd (yawan rarrabawa), wanda ke buƙatar rage yawan shan magani ko canzawa zuwa wani glycoside daban, kamar digitoxin (ba a samu a Amurka ba), wanda ke da tsawon lokacin kawarwa na tsawon kwanaki bakwai kuma hanta ke cire shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Matakan da ke cikin jini masu inganci sun bambanta dangane da alamun likita. Ga [[Gazawar zuciya|matsalar toshewar zuciya]], matakan suna tsakanin 0.5 da 1.0&nbsp;Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da ng/mL. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B |date=September 2005 |title=ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=e154-235 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 |pmid=16160202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan nazarin gwaje-gwajen da ake yi ''bayan hoc'', wanda ke nuna cewa matakan da suka fi girma na iya dangantawa da ƙaruwar mace-mace . Don sarrafa bugun zuciya ( atrial fibrillation ), matakan plasma ba a fayyace su sosai ba kuma galibi ana ƙididdige su zuwa ƙimar bugun zuciya. Yawanci, matakan digoxin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin magani don sarrafa bugun zuciya tsakanin 0.5 da 2.0&nbsp;ng/mL (ko 0.6 da 2.6)&nbsp;nmol/L). Idan ana zargin guba ko rashin inganci, ya kamata a sa ido kan matakan digoxin. Hakanan ana buƙatar a kula da matakan potassium a cikin jini sosai (duba illolin da ke ƙasa). Quinidine, verapamil, da amiodarone suna ƙara yawan digoxin a cikin jini (ta hanyar cire wuraren da ke ɗaure nama da kuma rage yawan fitar da digoxin daga koda), don haka dole ne a kula da digoxin a cikin jini a hankali lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana kuma amfani da Digoxin a matsayin wani sinadari na yau da kullun don gwada hana P-glycoprotein . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giacomini KM, Huang SM, Tweedie DJ, Benet LZ, Brouwer KL, Chu X, Dahlin A, Evers R, Fischer V, Hillgren KM, Hoffmaster KA, Ishikawa T, Keppler D, Kim RB, Lee CA, Niemi M, Polli JW, Sugiyama Y, Swaan PW, Ware JA, Wright SH, Yee SW, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Zhang L |date=March 2010 |title=Membrane transporters in drug development |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=215–236 |doi=10.1038/nrd3028 |pmc=3326076 |pmid=20190787}}</ref> Digoxin ya bayyana a matsayin magani mai zaɓin gefe saboda ƙarancin sha'awar [[kwakwalwa]] wanda ke faruwa sakamakon ɗaurewa da P-glycoprotein. <ref name="pmid10706193">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fromm MF |date=February 2000 |title=P-glycoprotein: a defense mechanism limiting oral bioavailability and CNS accumulation of drugs |url= |journal=Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=69–74 |doi=10.5414/cpp38069 |pmid=10706193}}</ref> <ref name="pmid10837715">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinkel AH |date=April 1999 |title=P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier |url= |journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev |volume=36 |issue=2–3 |pages=179–194 |doi=10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00085-4 |pmid=10837715}}</ref> === Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta === An danganta ƙwayoyin cuta ''Eggerthella lenta'' da raguwar gubar digoxin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PharmacoMicrobiomics |url=http://pharmacomicrobiomics.com/select/?q=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212845/https://c.statcounter.com/6166637/0/607d5329/0/ |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=pharmacomicrobiomics.com}}</ref> An yi nazarin waɗannan tasirin ta hanyar kwatantawa tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Indiyawa, inda raguwar bayanin metabolite na digoxin yana da alaƙa da yawan ''E. lenta'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mathan VI, Wiederman J, Dobkin JF, Lindenbaum J |date=July 1989 |title=Geographic differences in digoxin inactivation, a metabolic activity of the human anaerobic gut flora |journal=Gut |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=971–7 |doi=10.1136/gut.30.7.971 |pmc=1434295 |pmid=2759492}}</ref> Ƙarin bincike sun kuma nuna ƙaruwar gubar digoxin lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da erythromycin ko tetracycline, binciken ya danganta hakan da raguwar yawan ''E. lenta'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP, Tse-Eng D, Saha JR |date=October 1981 |title=Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=305 |issue=14 |pages=789–94 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198110013051403 |pmid=7266632}}</ref> == Tarihi == Abubuwan da aka samo daga tsirrai na nau'in ''Digitalis'' suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da su a fannin likitanci. Nicholas Culpeper ya yi magana game da amfani da magunguna daban-daban don foxglove a cikin littafinsa na 1652 ''Likitan Ingila'' . An yaba wa William Withering da bayanin farko da aka buga game da amfani da samfuran ''Digitalis'' a cikin littafinsa na 1785 ''mai suna An Account of the Foxglove da wasu daga cikin Amfanin Lafiyarsa Tare da Bayanan Aiki akan [[Kumburi|Dropsy]] da Sauran Cututtuka'' . Amfani da shi ya kasance na ɗan lokaci kaɗan har sai da Sir James Mackenzie ya gano abin da ke faruwa na atrial fibrillation, da kuma ayyukan digitalis akan wannan. Arthur Robertson Cushny ne ya fara bayyana tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cushny AR |date=1925 |title=The Action and Uses in Medicine of Digitalis and its Allies |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/116008a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |edition=1st |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co |volume=116 |issue=2905 |pages=8–9 |bibcode=1925Natur.116....8. |doi=10.1038/116008a0 |s2cid=9025850 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sunan portmanteau ne, wanda aka samo daga ''Digitalis lanata'' da ''toxin'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=digoxin |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digoxin |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Wiktionary |publisher=Wikimedia |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1930, Dr. Sydney Smith ne ya fara gano digoxin daga shukar foxglove, ''Digitalis lanata'' . <ref name="hollman"/> <ref name="smith">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith S |date=1930 |title=LXXII.—Digoxin, a new digitalis glucoside |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/1930/jr/jr9300000508 |url-status=live |journal=J. Chem. Soc. |publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry |pages=508–510 |doi=10.1039/JR9300000508 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212903/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1930/jr/jr9300000508/unauth |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref> Da farko, an tsarkake digoxin ta hanyar narkar da busasshen kayan shuka a cikin acetone sannan aka tafasa maganin a cikin chloroform. Daga nan aka mayar da maganin da acetic acid da ƙaramin adadin ferric chloride da sulfuric acid ( Keller reaction ). Ana iya bambanta Digoxin da sauran glucosides ta hanyar maganin da aka samar daga wannan amsawar, wanda ba shi da ja kwata-kwata. <ref name="smith" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Charles Cullen ya amince a shekarar 2003 da kashe har marasa lafiya 40 a asibiti sakamakon shan magungunan zuciya fiye da kima—yawanci digoxin—a asibitoci a New Jersey da Pennsylvania a tsawon shekaru 19 da ya yi yana aikin jinya. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2006, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai 18 a jere kuma bai cancanci a yi masa afuwa ba. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2008, [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta manema labarai <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-15 |title=Recalls, Market Withdrawals & Safety Alerts |url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/actavis04_08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160007/https://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/actavis04_08.html |archive-date=2008-05-02 |access-date=2011-11-08 |publisher=Federal Drugs Administration}}</ref> inda ta sanar da jama'a game da wani nau'in Digitek mai suna Class I, wani nau'in digoxin da Mylan ya samar. An saki wasu kwayoyi a kauri biyu, don haka karfinsu ya ninka, wanda hakan ya sa wasu marasa lafiya suka fuskanci gubar digoxin. An sanar da karar da aka shigar a kan kamfanin samar da magunguna na Iceland mai suna Actavis makonni biyu bayan haka. A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2009, FDA ta sanar da wani sabon kiran kwayar digoxin ta hanyar buga wannan sanarwar manema labarai ta kamfanin a shafin yanar gizon hukumar: "Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd. Ta Sanar da Dakatar da Daukacin Allunan Digoxin da Aka Yi Saboda Bambancin Girman su a Duk Fadin Kasa". Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a ranar 31 ga Maris daga Caraco, wani kamfanin hada magunguna na gama gari, ta bayyana cewa:{{Cardiac glycosides}}Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2008 ya nuna cewa digoxin yana da amfani ba kawai ga zuciya ba, har ma da rage haɗarin kamuwa da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang H, Qian DZ, Tan YS, Lee K, Gao P, Ren YR, Rey S, Hammers H, Chang D, Pili R, Dang CV, Liu JO, Semenza GL |date=December 2008 |title=Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides inhibit HIF-1alpha synthesis and block tumor growth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=re: [[glycoside]]s |volume=105 |issue=50 |pages=19579–86 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10519579Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.0809763105 |pmc=2604945 |pmid=19020076 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, sharhi kan wannan binciken ya nuna cewa digoxin ba shi da tasiri wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji a yawan maganin da ke cikinsa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lopez-Lazaro M |date=March 2009 |title=Digoxin, HIF-1, and cancer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=E26; author reply E27 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106E..26L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0813047106 |pmc=2651277 |pmid=19240208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> don haka sakamakon yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dal Canto MC |date=May 1989 |title=AIDS and the nervous system: current status and future perspectives |journal=Human Pathology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=410–8 |doi=10.1016/0046-8177(89)90004-x |pmid=2651280}}</ref> === Sunayen alama === Ana sayar da magungunan Digoxin a ƙarƙashin sunayen Cardigox; Cardiogoxin; Cardioxin; Cardoxin; Coragoxine; Digacin; Digicor; Digitek; Digomal; Digon; Digosin; Digoxine Navtivelle; Digoxina-Sandoz; Digoxin-Sandoz; Digoxin-Zori; Dilanacin; Eudigox; Fargoxin; Grexin; Lanacordin; Lanacrist; Lanicor; Lanikor; Lanorale; Lanoxicaps; Lanoxin; Lanoxin PG; Lenoxicaps; Lenoxin; Lifusin; Mapluxin; Natigoxin; Novodigal; Purgoxin; Sigmaxin; Sigmaxin-PG; Toloxin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Digoxin: a medicine to treat heart problems |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/digoxin/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digoxin Tablets: Uses & Side Effects |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19363-digoxin-tablets |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> == Digoxin da ciwon daji == Ana amfani da sinadarin glycosides na zuciya, musamman digoxin, a al'adance don magance matsalolin zuciya da suka zama ruwan dare, musamman gazawar zuciya da bugun zuciya. An kuma yi nazarin hulɗar digoxin da ciwon daji. Duk da akwai bincike da yawa da suka yi nazari kan tasirin digoxin wajen rage ciwon daji, babu wani sakamako mai ƙarfi da aka tabbatar ya zuwa yanzu. Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa digoxin na iya samun kaddarorin hana ciwon daji, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yokoyama S, Sugimoto Y, Nakagawa C, Hosomi K, Takada M |date=November 2019 |title=Integrative analysis of clinical and bioinformatics databases to identify anticancer properties of digoxin |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916597Y |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53392-y |pmc=6851125 |pmid=31719612}}</ref> wasu kuma ba sa da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaapu KJ, Murtola TJ, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TL, Auvinen A |date=November 2016 |title=Digoxin and prostate cancer survival in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer |journal=British Journal of Cancer |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=1289–1295 |doi=10.1038/bjc.2016.328 |pmc=5129833 |pmid=27755533}}</ref> Digoxin yana hana yaduwar layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da yawa ''a cikin vitro'', <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Deng K, Shen J, Wang W, Li M, Li H, Chen C, Zhao H, Zhang M, Xue T, Liu Q, Lui VW, Hong B, Lin W |date=2019-01-02 |title=Sodium chloride (NaCl) potentiates digoxin-induced anti-tumor activity in small cell lung cancer |journal=Cancer Biology & Therapy |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=52–64 |doi=10.1080/15384047.2018.1504723 |pmc=6343689 |pmid=30183476}}</ref> <ref name="Chung 44203–44216">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chung MH, Wang YW, Chang YL, Huang SM, Lin WS |date=July 2017 |title=Risk of cancer in patients with heart failure who use digoxin: a 10-year follow-up study and cell-based verification |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=27 |pages=44203–44216 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.17410 |pmc=5546474 |pmid=28496002}}</ref> amma ''har'' yanzu ba a fayyace mahimmancinsa ga cutar kansa ba. == Duba kuma == {{Antiarrhythmic agents}} * Lanatoside C (isolanid, Cedilanid - analog glycoside guda huɗu), Digoxigenin (analog aglycone) == Manazarta == {{GlaxoSmithKline}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ƙarin karatu == {{Blockquote|[All] tablets of Caraco brand Digoxin, USP, 0.125&nbsp;mg, and Digoxin, USP, 0.25&nbsp;mg, distributed prior to March 31, 2009, which are not expired and are within the expiration date of September, 2011, are being voluntarily recalled to the consumer level. The tablets are being recalled because they may differ in size and therefore could have more or less of the active ingredient, digoxin.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="8" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Digoxin</nowiki&gt;">Digoxin</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Digoxin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|300x300px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Digon_ball-and-stick.png|class=bg-transparent|300x300px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Clinical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pronunciation | class="infobox-data" |<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/]]</span></span><ref name="oxforddict"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="641">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191027122438/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/digoxin "Digoxin"]. </span>''<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="642">Digoxin &#x7C; Definition of Digoxin by </span>''<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="643">''Lexico''. ''Lexico''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="644">Archived from [https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/digoxin the original] on 27 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="645"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</span></cite></ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.wordreference.com/definition/digoxin "digoxin"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027122944/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/digoxin |date=2019-10-27 }}. </cite></ref>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade names]] | class="infobox-data" |Lanoxin, others |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html Monograph]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682301.html a682301]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|License data]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small>&nbsp;DailyMed:&nbsp;<span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Digoxin Digoxin]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pregnancy<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>category | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;A<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy"/> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Routes of<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>administration | class="infobox-data" |By mouth, intravenous |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ATC code | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * C01AA05&#x20;(<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01AA05 WHO]</span>)&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Legal status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Legal status | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;S4 (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United Kingdom</nowiki&gt;">UK</abbr>:</small>&#x20;POM (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;℞-only </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Pharmacokinetic data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |60 to 80% (by mouth) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Protein binding | class="infobox-data" |25% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Liver (16%) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Elimination <nowiki><span class="nowrap">half-life</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |36 to 48 hours <br /><br />(normal kidney function)<br /><br />3.5 to 5 [[Rana (lokaci)|days]] <br /><br />(impaired kidney function) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Excretion | class="infobox-data" |Kidney |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Identifiers |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>IUPAC name</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">3β-[(''O''-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-''O''-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-''ribo''-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-12β,14-dihydroxy-5β-card-20(22)-enolide</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CAS Number | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20830-75-5 20830-75-5]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |PubChem <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr></span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2724385 2724385]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |IUPHAR/BPS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org">[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4726 4726]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |DrugBank | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00390 DB00390] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804002545/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00390 |date=2020-08-04 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2006532.html 2006532]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/73K4184T59 73K4184T59]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00298 D00298]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEBI | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:4551 CHEBI:4551]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1751 ChEMBL1751]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |PDB ligand | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * DGX (<span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=DGX PDBe]</span>, <span title="www.rcsb.org">[https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/DGX RCSB&nbsp;PDB]</span>) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>)</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5022934 DTXSID5022934] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422222#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.040.047 100.040.047] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422222#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Chemical and physical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Formula | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₄₁<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₆₄<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₁₄ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Molar mass | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">780.949</span>&nbsp;g·mol⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |3D model (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%5C1OC%2FC%28%3DC%2F1%29%5BC%40H%5D2CC%5BC%40%40%5D8%28O%29%5BC%40%5D2%28C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29C%5BC%40H%5D7%5BC%40H%5D8CC%5BC%40H%5D6%5BC%40%5D7%28C%29CC%5BC%40H%5D%28O%5BC%40%40H%5D5O%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%5BC%40%40H%5D4O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%5BC%40%40H%5D3O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29C3%29C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29C4%29C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29C5%29C6 Interactive image]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Melting point | class="infobox-data" |249.3&nbsp;°C (480.7&nbsp;°F) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Solubility in water | class="infobox-data" |0.0648&nbsp;mg/mL (20&nbsp;°C) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>SMILES</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C\1OC/C(=C/1)[C@H]2CC[C@@]8(O)[C@]2(C)[C@H](O)C[C@H]7[C@H]8CC[C@H]6[C@]7(C)CC[C@H](O[C@@H]5O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C3)C)[C@@H](O)C4)C)[C@@H](O)C5)C6</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C41H64O14/c1-19-36(47)28(42)15-34(50-19)54-38-21(3)52-35(17-30(38)44)55-37-20(2)51-33(16-29(37)43)53-24-8-10-39(4)23(13-24)6-7-26-27(39)14-31(45)40(5)25(9-11-41(26,40)48)22-12-32(46)49-18-22/h12,19-21,23-31,33-38,42-45,47-48H,6-11,13-18H2,1-5H3/t19-,20-,21-,23-,24+,25-,26-,27+,28+,29+,30+,31-,33+,34+,35+,36-,37-,38-,39+,40+,41+/m1/s1^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:LTMHDMANZUZIPE-PUGKRICDSA-N^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=459476549&page2=Digoxin (verify)]</span></span> |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c4y91kd39og5bwuavkyxe87jyd5q4k1 0 156902 891011 855381 2026-08-03T16:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891011 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Brandon Jefferson''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Dreamland Gran Canaria ta La Liga ACB . == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Bayan an cire shi daga cikin jerin 'yan wasan NBA na 2014, Jefferson ya shiga Denver Nuggets don gasar NBA ta bazara ta 2014. A watan Yulin 2014, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar KTP-Basket ta ƙasar Finland. A watan Yulin 2015, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da German Club Phoenix Hagen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson moves to Phoenix Hagen. |url=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919202050/http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2016, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Slovenia Union Olimpija . A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da kulob din Pallacanestro Trapani na Italiya. Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Orléans Loiret Basket na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta biyu ta Faransa LNB Pro B a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson signs with Orleans |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215257/https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |access-date=August 9, 2018 |website=Sportando}}</ref> An naɗa shi ɗan wasa mafi daraja na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Pro B a kakar wasa ta 2018-19. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.1 da kuma taimako 3.9 a kowane wasa. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, ya sanya hannu da SIG Strasbourg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2020 |title=SIG Strasbourg inks Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/sig-strasbourg-inks-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=Sportando}}</ref> Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.2 da taimako 3.4 a kowane wasa. A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2021, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Élan Béarnais . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Elan Bernais Pau Orthez announces 2-year deal with Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/elan-bernais-pau-orthez-announces-2-year-deal-with-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=Sportando}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2022, ya sanya hannu tare da Tianjin Pioneers na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta China . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson (Pau-Orthez) jouera en Chine la saison prochaine |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Brandon-jefferson-pau-orthez-jouera-en-chine-la-saison-prochaine/1338482 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, ya sanya hannu da Dinamo Sassari na Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 23, 2023 |title=La Dinamo firma Jefferson |url=https://www.dinamobasket.com/blog/la-dinamo-firma-jefferson |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=dinamobasket.com |publisher= |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2024, ya sanya hannu da JL Bourg na LNB Pro A. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 18, 2024 |title=Bourg inks sharpshooter Brandon Jefferson |url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/en/eurocup/news/bourg-inks-sharpshooter-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=euroleaguebasketball.net |publisher= |language=En |archive-date=February 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208223140/https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/en/eurocup/news/bourg-inks-sharpshooter-brandon-jefferson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2025, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da kulob din Karditsa na Girka. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2026, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da Dreamland Gran Canaria na Liga ACB . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carchia |first=Emiliano |date=2026-04-27 |title=El Dreamland Gran Canaria se refuerza con Brandon Jefferson |url=https://acb.com/es/liga/noticias/el-dreamland-gran-canaria-se-refuerza-con-brandon-jefferson-144924 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=acb.com |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1b006d5nijxn8bliq616s4tvbhvgzbj 0 156903 891146 855384 2026-08-04T00:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical''' ( '''ACC''' ) wani [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ne mai tsanani wanda ya samo asali daga cortex (nama mai samar da hormones na steroid ) na glandar adrenal . Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical abu ne mai ban mamaki ga yawancin cututtukan hormonal da ke faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da ciwon daji na steroid ("aiki"), ciki har da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing]], Conn syndrome, virilization, da feminization . Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical sau da yawa yakan mamaye kyallen da ke kusa ko kuma [[Metastasis|ya bazu]] zuwa ga gabobin da ke nesa a lokacin ganewar asali, kuma jimillar adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 shine kusan kashi 50%. <ref name="CancerNet">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title=Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=Cancer.net}}</ref> Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical ƙari ne mai wuya, wanda ke faruwa tsakanin mutum ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowace miliyan a kowace shekara. <ref name="WangSun2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J |date=March 2014 |title=Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers |journal=Histopathology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/his.12283 |pmc=4282325 |pmid=24102952}}</ref> <ref name="Fassnacht18">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fassnacht12">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="UTDACC">{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors |url=http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&type=A&selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&type=A&selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-05 |website=UpToDate Online v. 15.1 |publisher=UpToDate}}</ref> Yana da rarrabawar bimodal bisa ga shekaru, tare da kamuwa da cuta a cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 5 da kuma manya 'yan shekara 30-40. <ref name="DeVita" /> An gano nau'in ƙwayar halittar da ke samar da [[steroid]] mai amsawa ga angiotensin-II H295R da aka fi amfani da shi sosai daga ciwon da aka gano a matsayin ciwon daji na adrenocortical. <ref name="TP-160129-001">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang T, Rainey WE |date=March 2012 |title=Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines |journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology |volume=351 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.041 |pmc=3288152 |pmid=21924324}}</ref> <ref name="TP-150519-002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gazdar AF, Oie HK, Shackleton CH, Chen TR, Triche TJ, Myers CE, Chrousos GP, Brennan MF, Stein CA, La Rocca RV |date=September 1990 |title=Establishment and characterization of a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line that expresses multiple pathways of steroid biosynthesis |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/50/17/5488.long |journal=Cancer Research |volume=50 |issue=17 |pages=5488–96 |pmid=2386954}}</ref> Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya faruwa a kowane zamani, inda mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar ke tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 60. Mata sun fi kamuwa da cutar (55 zuwa 60%) fiye da maza (40 zuwa 45%). Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yawanci yakan faru ne lokaci-lokaci a cikin manya. Duk da haka, wani lokacin suna faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na cututtukan gado, kamar: * Ciwon Li-Fraumeni * Ciwon Lynch * Ciwon daji na endocrine da yawa (MEN) * Ciwon polyposis na iyali (duba kuma ciwon adenomatous ) <ref name="Fassnacht18"/> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yara da manya. Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin yara suna aiki, kuma kamuwa da cutar virilization shine mafi yawan alamun da ke bayyana, sai kuma [[ciwon Cushing]] da kuma balaga kafin lokacin balaga . Daga cikin manya da ke da ciwon hormonal, cutar Cushing ita ce ta fi yawa, sai kuma kamuwa da Cushing da virilization ( glucocorticoid da androgen overproduction). Ciwon Feminization da Conn syndrome (yawan mineralocorticoid ) suna faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 10% na lokuta. Ba kasafai ake samun rahoton yawan fitar catecholamines kamar pheochromocytoma a cikin ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba. Ciwon daji marasa aiki (kusan kashi 40%, hukumomi sun bambanta) yawanci yana tare da ciwon ciki ko gefen jiki, varicocele, da thrombosis na jijiyoyin koda <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheungpasitporn W, Horne JM, Howarth CB |date=August 2011 |title=Adrenocortical carcinoma presenting as varicocele and renal vein thrombosis: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-337 |pmc=3160386 |pmid=21806824 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko kuma suna iya zama marasa alamun cutar kuma an gano su ba zato ba tsammani. <ref name="UTDACC" /> Ya kamata a yi wa duk marasa lafiya da ake zargin suna da ACC cikakken bayani don gano alamun da ke tattare da cututtukan hormonal. Ga cutar Cushing (yawan glucocorticoid), waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Ƙara nauyi|ƙaruwar nauyi]], ɓatar da tsoka, layukan shunayya a ciki, " ƙugu mai kitse " a wuya, fuska mai kama da wata, da kuma siririn fata mai rauni. Ƙwayar cuta (yawan androgen) ta fi bayyana a cikin mata, kuma tana iya haifar da yawan gashi a fuska da jiki, kuraje, faɗaɗa clitoris, zurfafa murya, ƙaiƙayin fuska, daina haila . Ciwon Conn (yawan mineralcorticoid) yana da alaƙa da [[hawan jini]], wanda zai iya haifar da [[ciwon kai]] da rashin isasshen sinadarin potassium a cikin jini, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rauni a tsoka, ruɗani, da bugun zuciya ), ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da kuma yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana iya ganin Feminization (yawan estrogen ) a cikin maza cikin sauƙi, kuma ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nono, raguwar sha'awa, da [[Rashin aiki na erectile|rashin ƙarfi]] . <ref name="UTDACC"/> <ref>Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. {{ISBN|0-07-139140-1}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == Ba a san babban abin da ke haifar da cutar ACC ba, duk da cewa iyalai masu fama da cutar Li–Fraumeni, wadda maye gurbi na rashin aiki da aka gada a cikin ''TP53'' ke haifarwa, suna da ƙarin haɗari. An nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta da dama suna canzawa akai-akai, ciki har da <nowiki><i id="mwkA">TP53</i></nowiki>, ''CTNNB1'', ''MEN1'', ''PRKAR1A'', ''RPL22'', da ''DAXX'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zheng S, Cherniack AD, Dewal N, Moffitt RA, Danilova L, Murray BA, Lerario AM, Else T, Knijnenburg TA, Ciriello G, Kim S, Assie G, Morozova O, Akbani R, Shih J, Hoadley KA, Choueiri TK, Waldmann J, Mete O, Robertson AG, Wu HT, Raphael BJ, Shao L, Meyerson M, Demeure MJ, Beuschlein F, Gill AJ, Sidhu SB, Almeida MQ, Fragoso MC, Cope LM, Kebebew E, Habra MA, Whitsett TG, Bussey KJ, Rainey WE, Asa SL, Bertherat J, Fassnacht M, Wheeler DA, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Verhaak RG |date=May 2016 |title=Comprehensive Pan-Genomic Characterization of Adrenocortical Carcinoma |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=723–736 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.002 |pmc=4864952 |pmid=27165744}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Assié G, Letouzé E, Fassnacht M, Jouinot A, Luscap W, Barreau O, Omeiri H, Rodriguez S, Perlemoine K, René-Corail F, Elarouci N, Sbiera S, Kroiss M, Allolio B, Waldmann J, Quinkler M, Mannelli M, Mantero F, Papathomas T, De Krijger R, Tabarin A, Kerlan V, Baudin E, Tissier F, Dousset B, Groussin L, Amar L, Clauser E, Bertagna X, Ragazzon B, Beuschlein F, Libé R, de Reyniès A, Bertherat J |date=June 2014 |title=Integrated genomic characterization of adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=607–612 |doi=10.1038/ng.2953 |pmid=24747642 |s2cid=13089427}}</ref> Ana ƙara yawan kwayar halittar telomerase ''TERT'' yayin da ake cire ''[[ZNRF3]]'' da ''CDKN2A'' ta hanyar homozyg. <ref name=":0" /> Kwayoyin halittar ''h19'', insulin-like growth factor II ( <nowiki><i id="mwsA">IGF-II</i></nowiki> ), da ''p57 ^kip2'' suna da mahimmanci ga girma da ci gaban tayi. Suna kan chromosome 11p. Bayyanar kwayar halittar ''h19'' yana raguwa sosai a cikin carcinomas na adrenal cortical marasa aiki da aiki, musamman a cikin ciwace-ciwacen da ke samar da [[cortisol]] da aldosterone . Haka kuma, asarar aiki na samfurin kwayar halittar ''p57 <small>kip2</small>'' a cikin adenomas masu kama da virilizing da adrenal cortical carcinomas. Sabanin haka, an nuna cewa bayyanar kwayar halittar ''IGF-II'' tana da yawa a cikin adrenal cortical carcinomas. A ƙarshe, bayyanar kwayar halittar ''c-myc'' tana da yawa a cikin neoplasms, kuma sau da yawa ana danganta ta da rashin kyakkyawan hasashen. Ciwon adrenocortical na biyu ba shi da yawa fiye da na gefe ɗaya. Yawancin ciwon adrenocortical na biyu za a iya bambanta su gwargwadon girma da yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta: cutar adrenocortical ta farko mai launin shuɗi, wadda za ta iya zama ta lokaci-lokaci ko kuma wani ɓangare na Carney complex, da kuma babban macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia ta biyu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Metastasis|Ciwon hanta (metastasis)]] ya fi yawa a hanta da [[huhu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=James Norman |date=16 February 2023 |title=Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex: Adrenal Cancer |url=https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/adrenal-cancer/diseases-adrenal-cortex-adrenal-cancer-0 |website=EndocrineWeb}} Updated on: 04/14/16</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == === Gano abin da ya faru === Kimanin kashi 30% na ciwon daji na glandar adrenal ana gano su ta hanyar bazata ( incidencendalomas ). Duk da haka, yuwuwar cewa ciwon daji na glandar adrenal shine ciwon daji na adrenal cortex yana da ƙasa sosai. Adenomas sun fi yawa a wannan yanayin. Sauran ciwon daji marasa lahani ko masu cutarwa suma na iya zama sanadin hakan. <ref name="Fassnacht18"/> === Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje === Ya kamata a tabbatar da cututtukan Hormonal ta hanyar gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin cutar Cushing sun haɗa da ƙaruwar glucose a cikin jini (sukarin jini) da ƙaruwar [[cortisol]] a cikin fitsari. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar adrenal virilism ta hanyar gano yawan androstenedione da dehydroepiandrosterone a cikin jini. Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin Conn syndrome sun haɗa da ƙarancin potassium a cikin jini, ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar mace ta hanyar gano yawan estrogen a cikin jini. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hoto === Nazarin rediyo a cikin ciki, kamar [[CT scan|na'urar daukar hoton CT]] da hoton maganadisu suna da amfani wajen gano wurin da ciwon yake, da bambance shi da sauran cututtuka, kamar adrenocortical adenoma, da kuma tantance girman mamayar ciwon zuwa ga gabobin da kyallen da ke kewaye. A kan CT, yana nuna bayyanar da ba ta da bambanci saboda necrosis, calcifications, da zubar jini. Bayan allurar da aka yi wa maganin, yana nuna ƙaruwar gefen jiki. Mamayar gine-gine da ke kusa da su kamar koda, vena cava, hanta, da kuma retroperitoneal lymph nodes suma sun zama ruwan dare. <ref name="Albano 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S, La Grutta L, Midiri M, Galia M |date=January 2019 |title=Imaging features of adrenal masses |journal=Insights into Imaging |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8 |pmc=6349247 |pmid=30684056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana samun bayanai kan yanar gizo na gwajin CT na carcinoma adrenocortical. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adrenal-ACC-Ki67-Seg: Adrenocortical Carcinoma |url=https://dicomtube.com/playlist/adrenal-acc |website=DicomTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=ADRENAL-ACC-KI67-SEG |url=https://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/collection/adrenal-acc-ki67-seg/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) |language=en-US |doi=10.7937/1FPG-VM46}}</ref> A kan MRI, yana nuna ƙarancin ƙarfi akan hotunan T1 masu nauyin T1, da kuma siginar T2 mai girma tare da ƙarfin haɓaka bambanci daban-daban da kuma rage gudu a hankali. Yankunan zubar jini na iya nuna babban siginar T1. <ref name="Albano 2019"/> Hoto tare da hoton positron emission tomography (PET) yana da amfani a lokacin binciken farko na ciwon daji na adrenal mai yuwuwar zama mai haɗari da kuma gano metastasis. Fluorodeoxyglucose ([ ¹⁸ F]FDG ko FDG) yana da babban ji na ƙwarai amma ba zai iya bambance ACC da sauran ciwon daji ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wong KK, Miller BS, Viglianti BL, Dwamena BA, Gauger PG, Cook GJ, Colletti PM, Rubello D, Gross MD |date=August 2016 |title=Molecular Imaging in the Management of Adrenocortical Cancer: A Systematic Review |journal=Clinical Nuclear Medicine |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=e368–e382 |doi=10.1097/RLU.0000000000001112 |pmid=26825212}}</ref> 11 Metomidate mai lakabin <nowiki><sup id="mw-Q">C</sup></nowiki> yana ɗaure ga enzymes da aka bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin adrenocortical kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gano rediyo tare da babban takamaiman ga ciwon daji na adrenal. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendichovszky IA, Powlson AS, Manavaki R, Aigbirhio FI, Cheow H, Buscombe JR, Gurnell M, Gilbert FJ |date=November 2016 |title=Targeted Molecular Imaging in Adrenal Disease-An Emerging Role for Metomidate PET-CT |journal=Diagnostics |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics6040042 |pmc=5192517 |pmid=27869719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Cututtuka === [[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.JPG|right|thumb|Babban ra'ayi na babban ACC]] [[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Shirye-shiryen toshewar ƙwayoyin halitta daga wani babban allurar da aka yi amfani da allura wajen cire ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ƙaramin matakin ƙwayoyin cuta na nukiliya.]] Sau da yawa ba a yin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na adrenal kafin a yi tiyata, don haka ana tabbatar da ganewar asali idan aka yi gwajin samfurin tiyatar ta hanyar likitan cututtuka . A takaice dai, ACCs galibi suna da girma, tare da saman da aka yanke mai launin rawaya-rawaya, da kuma wuraren zubar jini da necrosis . A lokacin gwajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciwon yawanci yana nuna takaddun ƙwayoyin halitta marasa tsari waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex na yau da kullun. Kasancewar mamayewa da ayyukan mitotic suna taimakawa wajen bambance ƙananan ciwon daji daga adrenocortical adenomas . Da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan ACC da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun haɗa da: * Ciwon daji na adrenal cortical * Ciwon daji na Myxoid adrenal cortical * Ciwon daji * Ciwon daji na adenosquamous adrenocortical * Ciwon daji na adrenal adrenal mai haske === Ganewar bambance-bambance === [[Fayil:Incidences_and_prognoses_of_adrenal_tumors.png|thumb|240x240px|Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma hasashen ciwace-ciwacen adrenal, tare da cutar kansar adrenocortical a sama.]] Bambancin ganewar asali ya haɗa da: * Ciwon adenoma na ƙashi * Ciwon daji na ƙwayoyin koda * Pheochromocytoma * Ciwon daji na Hepatocellular Ana iya bambanta cutar kansar Adrenocortical daga cutar adenocortical (takwaransu marasa kyau) ta hanyar tsarin Weiss, <ref name="WangSun2014"/> kamar haka: <ref name="AyeMyint2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Halaye <ref name="AyeMyint2015"/> ! Ci |- | Babban matakin nukiliya (wanda aka faɗaɗa, oval zuwa lobated, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa hyperchromatic chromatin kuma ana iya gane shi cikin sauƙi, fitaccen nucleoli) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=Adrenocortical Cancer |url=https://oncohemakey.com/adrenocortical-cancer/ |website=Oncohema Key}}</ref> | 1 |- | Karin mitoses fiye da filayen wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi 5/50 | 1 |- | Mitoses marasa tsari | 1 |- | Cytoplasm na Eosinophilic a cikin fiye da kashi 75% na ƙwayoyin ƙari | 1 |- | Tsarin yaɗuwar ƙari na >33% | 1 |- | Ciwon jijiyoyi | 1 |- | Mamayar jijiyoyin jini | 1 |- | Mamayar sinusoidal (babu santsi tsoka a bango) | 1 |- | Mamayar ƙwayoyin halitta | 1 |} Jimlar maki yana nuna: <ref name="AyeMyint2015"/> * 0-2: Ciwon adenoma na ƙashin baya * 3: Ba a tantance ba * 4-9: Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical == Hasashen == Gabaɗaya, ACC tana ɗauke da mummunan hasashen cutar, <ref name="allolio">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allolio B, Fassnacht M |date=June 2006 |title=Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update |url=https://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/2027 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=2027–37 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-2639 |pmid=16551738 |doi-access=free |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516205348/http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/2027 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da jimlar tsawon shekaru 5 na rayuwa kusan kashi 50% <ref name="CancerNet"/> Rayuwa ta shekaru biyar ba tare da cututtuka ba don cire cikakken [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]] na I-III ACC kusan kashi 30% ne <ref name="allolio" /> Mafi mahimmancin abubuwan hasashen cutar sune shekarun majiyyaci da matakin ciwon. Abubuwan hasashen cutar marasa kyau sun haɗa da aikin mitotic, mamayewar jijiyoyin jini, nauyin 50 g ko fiye, diamita na 6.5&nbsp;cm ko fiye, ma'aunin lakabin Ki-67/MIB1 na 4% ko fiye, da kuma p53 mai kyau. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A cikin mummunan ciwon kansa, ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba kamar yawancin ciwon daji na adrenal cortex ba ne, waɗanda ba su da kyau ( adenomas ) kuma a wasu lokutan suna haifar da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing's syndrome]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Magani == Maganin da za a iya magancewa kawai shine cire ciwon gaba ɗaya na tiyata, wanda za a iya yi ko da a cikin manyan jijiyoyin jini, kamar jijiyar koda ko kuma ƙananan jijiyoyin jini . Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 5 bayan tiyatar da ta yi nasara shine kashi 50-60%, amma abin takaici, marasa lafiya da yawa ba sa cikin waɗanda za a yi musu tiyata. Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya nuna cewa tiyatar laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy da alama tana rage rashin lafiya a ƙarshen lokaci, lokacin zuwa ruwan baki ko cin abinci da lokacin tafiya idan aka kwatanta da tiyatar laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy, duk da haka akwai rashin tabbas game da waɗannan tasirin saboda ƙarancin inganci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arezzo A, Bullano A, Cochetti G, Cirocchi R, Randolph J, Mearini E, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Bonjer HJ, Morino M |date=December 2018 |title=Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011668.pub2 |pmc=6517116 |pmid=30595004}}</ref> Don sakamako kamar mace-mace mai haifar da matsala, rashin lafiya da wuri, tasirin tattalin arziki, da kuma sigogin tiyata da bayan tiyata, shaidar ba ta da tabbas game da tasirin ɗayan hanyoyin biyu fiye da ɗayan. <ref name=":1" /> Ana iya amfani da maganin radiation da kuma cire mitar rediyo don rage zafi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa cikin waɗanda aka yi wa tiyata. Dabaru na tiyata marasa rinjaye har yanzu suna ci gaba da zama abin jayayya saboda rashin bayanai na dogon lokaci, tare da damuwa ta musamman game da yawan sake dawowa da cutar kansa ta peritoneal. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]] yawanci ya haɗa da maganin [[mitotane]], wani maganin hana haɗakar steroid, wanda yake da guba ga ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex, <ref name="Fassnacht12"/> da kuma magungunan cytotoxic na yau da kullun. Wani bincike da aka yi a baya ya nuna fa'idar rayuwa ga mitotane ban da tiyata idan aka kwatanta da tiyata kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, Rossetto R, Buci L, Sperone P, Grossrubatscher E, Reimondo G, Bollito E, Papotti M, Saeger W, Hahner S, Koschker AC, Arvat E, Ambrosi B, Loli P, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Bruzzi P, Mantero F, Allolio B, Dogliotti L, Berruti A |date=June 2007 |title=Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=23 |pages=2372–80 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |pmid=17554118 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide (EDP) + mitotane, da streptozotocin + mitotane. Gwajin FIRM-ACT ya nuna cewa akwai karuwar amsawar da ake samu da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da EDP + mitotane ba tare da ci gaba ba fiye da streptozotocin + mitotane. <ref name="Fassnacht12"/> === Nazarin ilimin farfaɗowa === Saboda ƙarancin cutar, har yanzu ba a amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da cutar kansar adrenocortical ba. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi wa marasa lafiya da yawa magani a cikin nazarin rajista ko nazarin magani. === Tallafin jinyar === Baya ga maganin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan magance ciwon daji, likitan da ke kula da shi zai ba da maganin tallafi. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu ayyukan tallafi da yawa da ake da su. Waɗannan na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da iyalansu su jure wa ganewar asali, maganin ciwon daji, da kuma sakamakon cutar. Jerin da ke ƙasa ba cikakken bayani ba ne game da duk ayyukan tallafi da ake da su. Ya ƙunshi misalai waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe neman tallafi na farko ga kowane majiyyaci. * Shawarar kwayoyin halitta * Ciki da cutar kansar adrenal * Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, gabaɗaya * Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, batutuwa na musamman * Sauran taimako * Ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai (misali, [[LET'S CURE ACC|MU MAGANCE ACC]], https://letscureacc.com/ ) == Yara masu cutar kansar adrenal == === Janar bayani === Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yana da matuƙar wuya a cikin yara (kimanin lokuta 0.2 zuwa 0.3 a kowace miliyan 1 a kowace shekara). <ref name="UKW-KKuPK-PNNK">{{Cite web |title=Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome |trans-title=Pediatric adrenal carcinomas |url=https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Würzburg |language=de}}</ref> Hasashen ba shi da kyau. A halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi da aka kafa don gano cutar da magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riedmeier M, Decarolis B, Haubitz I, Müller S, Uttinger K, Börner K, Reibetanz J, Wiegering A, Härtel C, Schlegel PG, Fassnacht M, Wiegering V |date=October 2021 |title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma in Childhood: A Systematic Review |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=13 |issue=21 |pages=5266 |doi=10.3390/cancers13215266 |pmc=8582500 |pmid=34771430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, an kafa ƙungiyar binciken "ENSAT kids" don yara masu ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin ENSAT. Duk da cewa kashi ɗaya ne kawai na ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya suna aiki da hormones, kusan duk waɗannan ciwon daji suna aiki da hormones a cikin yara da abin ya shafa. <ref name="Glandulinchen_Glandula_55-22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiegering V |date=December 2022 |title=Nebennierenrindentumore im Kindesalter |url=https://www.glandula-online.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Aktuelle_Meldungen/GLANDUlinchen_2-22.pdf |journal=GLANDUlinchen das Magazin für Kinder- und Jugendendokrinologie |issue=55/22 |pages=36–38}}</ref> Ciwon Cushing, balaga ta farko, ko virilization yawanci yakan faru. Kamar yadda yake tare da maganin manya, ana cire ciwon gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata. Idan akwai wani mataki mai zurfi, ana cire ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin yara, kuma ana ba da maganin chemotherapy da mitotane. === Yanayin bincike === Kimanin kashi 70% na yaran da abin ya shafa mata ne. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan kashi 90% na ciwon daji ne masu aiki da hormones. * 50% na androgens * 30% gauraye * 10% na steroids * 10% na hormones ba sa aiki Matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon bayyanar cututtuka zuwa ga ganewar asali shine watanni shida. Kimanin kashi 70% na ciwace-ciwacen za a iya cire su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata. Ana ɗaukar yanayin binciken da ake yi a yanzu bai isa ba. Kwatanta kaɗan da ake da su tsakanin ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya da yara yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, binciken da aka samu zuwa yanzu a cikin manya ba za a iya amfani da shi cikin sauƙi ga yara ba. Don rufe waɗannan gibin ilimi da kuma iya tantance hanyoyin magancewa masu dacewa ga yara, ana buƙatar fahimtar ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta game da hasashen da ilimin halittar ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin yara. A halin yanzu, manyan tambayoyin bincike sune: # Asibiti: Kimantawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da ganewar asali da magani da nufin inganta fahimtar asibiti da hanyoyin magani. # Nazari a Asibiti: Nazarin mahimmancin bayanan plasma da fitsari na steroid / biopsy na ruwa da nufin gano alamun ƙari masu dacewa. # Gwaji: Gano halayen immunohistochemical da kuma jerin DNA da nufin gano abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji, wato, abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji. Wannan ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa an kare ƙwayoyin lafiya daga maganin gwargwadon iko. <ref name="UKW-KKuPK-PNNK"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ihygg6ss4mm7zbvw2qefqe0p9ndkhj 0 157023 891211 855690 2026-08-04T06:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox peerson | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honorable]] | name = Adebo Edward Ogundoyin | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | order = | office = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Oyo State House of Assembly]] | term_start = June 2019 | term_end = | deputy = | constituency = [[Ibarapa East]] | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|17}} | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | citizenship = | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] | other_party = | spouse = Olamidun Majekodunmi - Ogundoyin | partner = | relations = | children = | parents = | mother = Justina Iyabo Ogundoyin | father = Adeseun Oguntona Ogundoyin | relatives = | education = [[Babcock University]] | alma_mater = | occupation = {{Plainlist| *Politician *[[Agronomist]]}} | profession = | known_for = | salary = | net_worth = | awards = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Adebo Edward Ogundoyin''' an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta (1987) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Shi ne kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo na tara kuma memba ne wanda ke wakiltar [[Ibarapa ta Gabas|Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas]] a karkashin dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=32-Year-Old Ogundoyin Emerges Speaker Of Oyo Assembly {{!}} Channels Television |url=https://www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.channelstv.com/2019/06/10/32-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-speaker-of-oyo-assembly/amp/?usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121171802/https://www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.channelstv.com/2019/06/10/32-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-speaker-of-oyo-assembly/amp/?usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PDP defeats APC in Oyo by-election |url=https://www-premiumtimesng-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/270802-pdp-defeats-apc-in-oyo-by-election.html?amp_markup=1&usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=PDP wins Ibarapa East State Constituency by-election |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/in-oyo-state-pdp-wins-ibarapa-east-state-constituency-by-election/bgb9bzl |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> Ya hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == Adebo Edward Ogundoyin ya fito ne daga Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas, Jihar Oyo. Ya kammala karatun shi na sama da sekandari a [[Jami'ar Babcock]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Debo Ogundoyin |url=https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616201620/https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=Latest Nigerian News Today}}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar Jihar Ibarapa ta Gabas kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Kakakin majalisar ba tare da adawa ba a ranar Litinin,10 ga Yuni 2019. Lokaci na biyu, an fara zabarsa a cikin gidan 8 na Majalisar a shekarar 2018 a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) bayan ya lashe zaben, wanda aka gudanar bayan mutuwar tsohon Kakakin, Rt. Hon. Michael Adeyemo, wanda ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a, 27 ga Afrilu 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Behold, Adebo Ogundoyin, Nigeria's Youngest Speaker |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/16/behold-adebo-ogundoyin-nigerias-youngest-speaker/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Tarihin iyali == Adebo Ogundoyin yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi babban mai ba da agaji da masanin masana'antu, Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin. kuma ya rasu a shekarar 1991 yana da shekaru hudu. Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin, [[Alhaji Arisekola Alao]], Cif Akanni Aluko sun mamaye yanayin zamantakewa kamar yadda zakuna masu kuka suka mamaye daji a Ibadan a lokacin su su. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ltnsym62hy0uhlve7q7dm4m4gc80k1y 0 157561 890932 870267 2026-08-03T12:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890932 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Affe_am_gitter.jpg|right|thumb|Dabbobin da ke cikin kurkuku]]   '''Kula da dabbobi''' shine tsare dabbobi gida da na daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is that animal wild or domesticated? {{!}} World Animal Protection |url=https://www.worldanimalprotection.ca/our-work/animals-wild/wildlife-not-pets/wild-or-domesticated |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.worldanimalprotection.ca |language=en-CA}}</ref> Fiye da haka, dabbobin da mutane ke riƙe da su kuma an hana su tserewa an ce suna cikin bauta. Kalmar kama dabbobi galibi ana amfani da ita ga dabbobin daji da ake tsare da su a cikin tsare, amma ana iya amfani da wannan kalmar gabaɗaya don bayyana kiyaye dabbobi na gida kamar dabbobi ko dabbobi. Wannan na iya haɗawa, alal misali, dabbobi a cikin [[Gona|gonaki]], gidaje masu zaman kansu, gidajen namun daji, [[Aquarium|akwatunan kifaye]], akwatunan ruwa na jama'a da dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Za'a iya rarraba bautar dabbobi bisa ga takamaiman dalilai, manufofi, da yanayin tsare-tsare. [[Fayil:Spheniscus_humboldti_(54906549945).jpg|thumb|Humboldt penguin a gidan zoo na Copenhagen, Denmark]] [[Fayil:Flock_of_sheep.jpg|thumb|258x258px|[[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]]]] A duk tarihin, dabbobin gida kamar dabbobi da dabbobi an tsare su a tsare kuma mutane ne ke kula da su. Koyaya, dabbobi da dabbobi ba su ne kawai dabbobi da za a tsare su ba kuma su sami kulawar mutum saboda dabbobin daji suna da wannan. Duk da gaskiyar cewa mutane sun kasance dabbobin daji dubban shekaru, wannan ba koyaushe ba ne ya zo kusa da wuraren da ake da su. Wasu sun kasance yunkurin zama gida. Bugu da ƙari, masu arziki, galibi aristocrats da sarakuna, sun tattara dabbobin daji saboda dalilai daban-daban. Masu arziki sun gina gidajen namun daji na farko a matsayin tarin kansu don nuna rinjaye da wadatarsu. Wadannan tarin dabbobi masu zaman kansu an san su da menageries. Sabanin domestication, an kiyaye tsananin hali da halayyar halitta na dabbobin daji kuma an nuna su. A yau, gidajen namun daji suna da'awar suna da wasu dalilai na kiyaye dabbobi a ƙarƙashin kulawar mutum: kiyayewa, ilimi da kimiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin halaye marasa kyau shine halaye masu kama da juna, watau maimaitawa da kuma halayyar motsi mara ma'ana. Misalan halayen da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da tafiya, raunin kai, bin hanyar da kuma yin ado da kai. Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa da damuwa da rashin motsawa. Mutane da yawa da ke kula da dabbobi suna ƙoƙari su hana ko rage halayyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar gabatar da motsawa, tsarin da aka sani da wadatar muhalli. Manufofin wadatar muhalli shine yin mahalli mafi rikitarwa da ruwa, samar da matakai masu rikitarwa, da kuma ba da dabbobi damar yin yanke shawara. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don samar da wadatar muhalli sun haɗa da zamantakewa, aiki, jiki, ji, da abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental enrichment |url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/why-ufaws-work-is-important/environmental-enrichment-3 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.ufaw.org.uk |language=english |archive-date=2022-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026052541/https://www.ufaw.org.uk/why-ufaws-work-is-important/environmental-enrichment-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani nau'in halayyar da ba daidai ba da aka nuna a cikin dabbobi masu kamawa shine halayyar cutar da kai (SIB). Halin raunin kai yana nuna duk wani aiki da ya haɗa da cinyewa, gogewa, bugawa, Cire gashi, ko yin ido wanda zai iya haifar da raunin kansa.<ref name="Rommeck">{{Cite journal |last=Rommeck |first=Ina |last2=Anderson |first2=Kristen |last3=Heagerty |first3=Allison |last4=Cameron |first4=Ashley |last5=McCowan |first5=Brenda |year=2009 |title=Risk factors and remediation of self-injurious and self-abuse behavior in rhesus macaques |journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–72 |doi=10.1080/10888700802536798 |pmc=4443667 |pmid=17209750}}</ref> Kodayake abin da ya faru da shi ba shi da yawa, ana lura da halayyar cutar kai a cikin nau'o'in dabbobi masu yawa, musamman ma lokacin da suke fuskantar warewar jama'a a jariri.<ref name="Hosey">{{Cite journal |last=Hosey |first=Geoff R. |last2=Skyner |first2=Lindsay J. |year=2007 |title=Self-injurious behavior in zoo primates |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1431–1437 |doi=10.1007/s10764-007-9203-z |s2cid=29918666}}</ref> Kashe kai ya haɗa da cinye jikin mutum - yawanci hannaye, kafafu, kafadu, ko al'aura. Cin zarafin barazana ya haɗa da cin zarafin jikin mutum - yawanci hannu, wuyan hannu, ko gaban hannu - yayin kallon mai kallo, takamaiman, ko madubi a cikin barazana. Kashe kai ya haɗa da buga kanka a kowane bangare na jiki. Yin amfani da ido wani hali ne (wanda aka lura da shi a cikin dabbobi masu kama da juna) wanda ke matse wuyan hannu ko yatsa a cikin sararin samaniya sama da ido. Cire gashi motsi ne da aka yi amfani da shi ga gashin mutum tare da hannaye ko hakora, don haka yana haifar da cire shi da yawa.<ref name="Rommeck" /> The proximal causes of self-injurious behavior have been widely studied in captive primates; either social or nonsocial factors can trigger this type of behavior. Social factors include changes in group composition, stress, separation from the group, approaches by or aggression from members of other groups, conspecific male individuals nearby, separation from females, and removal from the group.<ref name="Hosey"/> Social isolation, particularly disruptions of early mother-rearing experiences, is an important risk factor.<ref name="Rommeck"/> Studies have suggested that, although mother-reared rhesus macaques still exhibit some self-injurious behaviors,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erwin |first=J. |last2=Mitchell |first2=G. |last3=Maple |first3=Terry |year=1973 |title=Abnormal behavior in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=515–523 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.515 |pmid=4202533 |s2cid=21576022}}</ref> nursery-reared rhesus macaques are much more likely to self-abuse than mother-reared ones.<ref name="Rommeck" /> Abubuwan da ba na zamantakewa ba sun haɗa da kasancewar ƙaramin yanke, rauni ko mai banƙyama, yanayin sanyi, hulɗar mutum, da baƙi masu yawa na gidan zoo.<ref name="Hosey"/> Misali, wani binciken ya nuna cewa yawan baƙi na gidan zoo yana da alaƙa da yawan gorillas da ke bugawa a kan shingen, kuma ƙarancin baƙi na zoo ya sa gorillas suyi aiki a hanyar da ta fi sauƙi. Dabbobi da aka kama sau da yawa ba za su iya guje wa kulawa da rushewar da jama'a suka haifar ba, kuma damuwa da ke haifar da wannan rashin kula da muhalli na iya haifar da karuwar halayen cutar da kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Deborah L. |year=2005 |title=A note on the influence of visitors on the behavior and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=93 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.019}}</ref> Akwai binciken da ke nuna cewa yawancin halayen da ba daidai ba ne, gami da halayyar cutar da kai, ana iya magance su da nasara ta hanyar gidaje biyu. Gidaje biyu suna ba da dabba mai gida ɗaya a baya tare da abokin tarayya na jinsi ɗaya.<ref name="Baker">{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Kate C. |last2=Bloomsmith |first2=Mollie A. |last3=Oettinger |first3=Brooke |last4=Neu |first4=Kimberly |last5=Griffis |first5=Caroline |last6=Schoof |first6=Valérie |last7=Maloney |first7=Margaret |year=2012 |title=Benefits of pair housing are consistent across a diverse population of rhesus macaques |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=137 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2011.09.010 |pmc=4307811 |pmid=25635151}}</ref> Wannan hanyar tana da tasiri sosai tare da primates, waɗanda aka sani da dabbobi na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weed |first=J.L. |last2=Wagner |first2=P.O. |last3=Byrum |first3=R. |last4=Parrish |first4=S. |last5=Knezevich |first5=M. |last6=Powell |first6=D.A. |year=2003 |title=Treatment of persistent self-injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys through socialization: A preliminary report |journal=Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=21–23 |pmid=14510519}}</ref> Abokan hulɗa da aka bayar ta hanyar gidaje biyu yana ƙarfafa hulɗar zamantakewa, don haka rage halayyar da ba ta dace ba da damuwa a cikin dabbobi da aka kama da kuma kara yawan motsi.<ref name="Baker" /> == Dalilin da ya sa aka sanya dabbobi a cikin bauta == Ana iya sanya dabbobin daji a cikin bauta don kiyayewa, karatu, cinikin dabbobi na waje, da noma.[1] Wuraren da aka kama da ke da alaƙa da AZA, (Association of Zoos and Aquariums), na iya riƙe dabbobi a matsayin hanyar ceton su daga halaka. Misali, AZA SAFE, (Save Animals From Extinction), yana inganta jin daɗi da kula da dabbobi, kiyayewa, da ƙarin horo don karewa da taimakawa dabbobin daji. Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen farfadowa, hadin kai tsakanin ma'aikatan AZA, da ci gaban kiyayewa. Bugu da ƙari, AZA da zoos da aquariums da aka amince da su tare da AZA suna amfani da taimakon malamai, Likitocin dabbobi, da mutanen da ke yin bincike. Tare da taimakon su, gidajen namun daji da wuraren kifi suna iya samun abubuwan da suka dace da ake buƙata a cikin shirye-shiryen farfadowa don hana dabbobi daga ɓacewa.[2] [[Fayil:Kiger_wild_horse_auction,_Hines,_Oregon.jpg|thumb|Kiger wild horse auction.]] Kowace shekara, ana ba da izinin cewa dubban dabbobin daji sun ƙare a cikin bauta saboda cinikin dabbobi na daji. Wadannan dabbobi za a iya tsare su saboda yawan jama'arsu a cikin gidajen namun daji na gefen hanya. Ƙarin dalilai game da dalilin da ya sa dabbobi zasu iya ƙare a cikin bauta shine saboda an kama dabbobi daga asalin mazauninsu, sun fito ne daga Masu kiwon dabbobi, ko kuma sun fito ne Daga kasuwar baƙar fata. Lokacin da aka kama dabbobin daji kuma aka tsare su, to ana iya sayar da su a cikin shagunan dabbobi, tallace-tallace, ko kuma [[Yanar Gizo na Duniya|Yanar Gizo ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captive Animals - Most states have no laws governing captive wild animals. |url=https://aldf.org/focus_area/captive-animals/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=[[Animal Legal Defense Fund]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Captive_lion_at_a_breeding_center.jpg|thumb|Hoton zaki a cibiyar kiwo.]] An san wuraren kiwon dabbobi a matsayin wurin da baƙi ke shigowa don ganin dabbobin daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=zoo |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/zoo |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin Gidajen namun daji na iya ajiye dabbobi a cikin tsare. Misali, gidajen namun daji na iya riƙe dabbobi a matsayin hanyar ceton su daga lalacewa. Fiye da haka, a cikin 2020 Ci gaban Kimiyya ya buga wani binciken inda suka kammala cewa aikin da yawan mutane sun shafi ci gaban dabbobi da ke ɓacewa a duniya. Rikicin dabbobin da ke ɓacewa ya sa gidajen namun daji su yi amfani da shirye-shiryen kiwo a kan dabbobi masu haɗari a kokarin samar da yawan jama'a. An ce gidajen namun daji suna da alhakin rage yawan dabbobi a cikin jerin jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari da kuma halaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrelet |first=Agnes |date=2021-06-24 |title=How Zoos Improve the Lives of Animals |url=https://childrensnatureretreat.org/how-zoos-improve-the-lives-of-animals/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Children's Nature Retreat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2010-11-11 |title=Captive Breeding and Species Survival |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/captive-breeding-species-survival/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=National Geographic Society |language=en}}</ref> Za a iya saninsa da wuraren kiwon dabbobi a matsayin wurin da ake sanya dabbobi bayan an fitar da su daga mazauninsu na halitta. Lokacin da aka cire dabbobi daga mazauninsu na asali kuma aka kai su wurin da ba su saba da shi ba, to an ce dabbobi na iya fuskantar firgici da rashin lafiyar hankali. Bugu da ƙari, wasu dabbobin daji sun mutu a cikin gidajen namun daji saboda firgici na sanya su a cikin wani wuri da ba a sani ba. Don zama mafi ƙayyadaddun, wannan na iya nufin cewa ɗaukar dabbobi daga mazauninsu na asali na iya rushe hanyar rayuwarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Jerin dabbobin daji a Amurka da aka saba gudanarwa a tsare == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name of animal and classification{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}} !Animal description !Lifespan in the wild !Lifespan in captivity !Photo of animal |- |'''Alligators''' * reptile |The American alligators are considered to be [[Kada|crocodilians]]. Alligators may grow longer than 12 feet and weigh around 1,000 pounds (454&nbsp;kg). This creature may be found in the southeastern area of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Alligator |url=https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Reptiles/American-Alligator |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=National Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> More specifically, places such as [[Florida]], Southern [[Virginia]] Border, Rio Grande ([[Texas]]), and west of the Gulf Coast. Alligators live in areas such as lakes, rivers, swamps, and wetlands. Furthermore, alligators' bodies are covered with scutes (scales) or osteoderms (bone skin)<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Alligator - Alligator Mississippiensis - NatureWorks |url=https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/americanalligator.htm |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=nhpbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Osteoderm Fossils: More than Skin Deep {{!}} State Historical Society of North Dakota Blog |url=https://blog.statemuseum.nd.gov/blog/osteoderm-fossils-more-skin-deep |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=blog.statemuseum.nd.gov}}</ref> |35–50 years |65–80 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Alligator {{!}} Stone Zoo |url=https://www.zoonewengland.org/stone-zoo/our-animals/reptiles-amphibians/american-alligator/#:~:text=In%20the%20wild%20they%20can,species%20of%20Least%20Concern%20globally |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.zoonewengland.org |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509220005/https://www.zoonewengland.org/stone-zoo/our-animals/reptiles-amphibians/american-alligator/#:~:text=In%20the%20wild%20they%20can,species%20of%20Least%20Concern%20globally |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Fayil:American_Alligator.jpg|thumb|Photo of the American alligator.]] |- |'''Bears''' * mammalia (mammals) |[[Dabbar beya|Bears]] come in all different shapes and sizes due to where they live and how much food they have in their environment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bears of North America |url=https://bebearaware.org/bears-of-north-america |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Be Bear Aware Campaign |language=en}}</ref> For example, the panda can weigh around 300 pounds (136&nbsp;kg)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Amanda |date=10 June 2020 |title=Panda Fact Sheet {{!}} Blog {{!}} Nature {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/panda-fact-sheet/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> and the male polar bear can weigh from 550-1700 pounds (249 to 771&nbsp;kg).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Amanda |date=9 December 2020 |title=Polar Bear Fact Sheet {{!}} Blog {{!}} Nature {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/polar-bear-fact-sheet/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> The range of bear heights can go from the panda who can be 4 feet tall<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Amanda |date=10 June 2020 |title=Panda Fact Sheet {{!}} Blog {{!}} Nature {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/panda-fact-sheet/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> to the polar bear who can be up to 11 feet tall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dfg.webmaster@alaska.gov |title=Polar Bear Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game |url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=polarbear.main |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.adfg.alaska.gov |language=en}}</ref> |20–30 years |Around 40 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Long Do Brown Bears Live? Discover the Brown Bear Lifespan (with Photos) - WildlifeTrip |url=https://wildlifetrip.org/how-long-do-brown-bears-live/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=wildlifetrip.org}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Ursidae-01.jpg|thumb|Photo that includes the bear subspecies.]] |- |'''Cougars''' * mammalia (mammals) |Cougars are considered to be mountain lions or pumas. The cougars' appearance is said to look like a larger version of a [[Kyanwa|cat]]. The adult male cougar may weigh 200 pounds (91&nbsp;kg) and the adult female may weigh 120 pounds (54&nbsp;kg).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cougar Facts for Kids - NatureMapping |url=http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/cougar_k6.html#:~:text=This%20animal%20is%20identified%20by,and%20tip%20of%20the%20tail. |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=naturemappingfoundation.org}}</ref> The range of length for an adult cougar is said to be from 42 to 54 inches, including the tail that is 3 feet long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cougar Facts - NatureMapping |url=http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/cougar_712.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=naturemappingfoundation.org}}</ref> |Around 12 years |Up to 20 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cougar: Key Facts |url=https://www.forestwildlife.org/cougar/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Forest Wildlife |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Mountain_Lion_(C).jpg|thumb|Photo of a cougar.]] |- |'''Chimpanzees''' * mammalia (mammals) |Chimpanzees are said to be social animals and their habitat is in the forests of [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimpanzees {{!}} Species {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/chimpanzee |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> In terms of appearance, chimpanzees have long black or brown hair that covers their body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimpanzee {{!}} San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/chimpanzee |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=animals.sandiegozoo.org}}</ref> Additionally, chimpanzees can be 3 feet tall. The females may weigh from 70 to 100 pounds (32 to 45&nbsp;kg) and the males may weigh from 90 to 120 pounds (41 to 54&nbsp;kg). |About 33 years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cummings |first=Mike |date=2017-03-20 |title=Yale-led study: Wild chimpanzees have surprisingly long life spans |url=https://news.yale.edu/2017/03/20/yale-led-study-wild-chimpanzees-have-surprisingly-long-life-spans |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=YaleNews |language=en}}</ref> |31.7 years for males and 38.7 years for females <ref>{{Cite web |last=J.B |date=2013-03-08 |title=How long do chimpanzees live? |url=https://chimpsnw.org/2013/03/how-long-do-chimpanzees-live/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Pan_troglodytes_(male).jpg|thumb|Photo of a chimpanzee.]] |- |'''Lions''' * mammalia (mammals) |[[Zaki|Lions]] are considered to be muscular and have broad bodies. In terms of their appearance, male lions have a mane of hair that surrounds the neck area. Lions also tend to have a yellow to gold coat. Additionally, male lions tend to be 10 feet in length and weigh around 330 to 550 pounds (150&nbsp;kg to 249&nbsp;kg). On the other hand, female lions, also known as lionesses,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Lion Family - Male, Female & Cub |url=https://lionalert.org/meet-the-family/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Alert |language=en-US}}</ref> tend to be 9 feet in length and weigh between 265 and 395 pounds (120&nbsp;kg to 179).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Lion |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/lion |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Amanda |date=3 September 2020 |title=Lion Fact Sheet {{!}} Blog {{!}} Nature {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/lion-fact-sheet/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, lions can be found in continents such as [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Asiya|Asia]], and [[Turai|Europe]]. More specifically, lions live in places such as [[Benin]], [[Botswana]], [[Kamaru|Cameroon]], [[Indiya|India]], [[Kenya]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], and [[Zambiya|Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Places Where Lions Live in the Wild (with Photos) - WildlifeTrip |url=https://wildlifetrip.org/places-where-lions-live-in-the-wild/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=wildlifetrip.org}}</ref> |12 to 16 years |Around 25 years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=2011-09-21 |title=Big Cats in Captivity |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/big-cats-in-captivity/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=National Geographic Society |language=en}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Lion_And_Lioness.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lion (right) and Lioness (left) together.]] |- |'''Ocelots''' * mammalia (mammals) |Ocelots are medium-sized animals. They have golden brown to silver colored fur as well as brown and black spots. Also, ocelots have stripes that starts at the inner edges of their eyes. Without the tail, ocelots are 3 feet long and weigh about 30 pounds (14&nbsp;kg). This animal can be found in [[Arizona]], Southern Texas and Northern [[Argentina]]. Furthermore, ocelots are night time animals. This is because they rest during the day and hunt during the night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural history |url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/ocelot/natural_history.html#:~:text=DESCRIPTION:%20The%20ocelot%20is%20a,day%20resting%20under%20heavy%20brush. |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.biologicaldiversity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocelot - Leopardus pardalis - NatureWorks |url=https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/ocelot.htm |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=nhpbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) |url=https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/ocelot/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=tpwd.texas.gov}}</ref> |About 12 years |Around 20 years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-08-23 |title=Ocelot |url=https://carolinatigerrescue.org/species/ocelot/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Carolina Tiger Rescue |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Ocelot_(Jaguatirica)_Zoo_Itatiba.jpg|thumb|Photo of an ocelot in the zoo.]] |- |'''Servals''' * mammalia (mammals) |Servals, a slender wild cat, has stripes and spots on its body. Serval can be small to medium-sized in length. To be more specific, this animal is approximately between 1 and 2 meters long. In terms of weight, Servals weigh around 20 to 40 pounds (9 to 19&nbsp;kg).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serval Facts and Information {{!}} SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment |url=https://seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/serval/#:~:text=The%20serval%20is%20a%20small,60%20cm%20(2%20ft.) |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=seaworld.org}}</ref> This animal lives close to the savannas in the central and south area of Africa. More specifically, servals live where there are [[Kogi|rivers]] and [[Korama|streams]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serval {{!}} San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/serval |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=animals.sandiegozoo.org}}</ref> |10 to 12 years |Up to 20 years and higher<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-08-23 |title=Serval |url=https://carolinatigerrescue.org/species/servals/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Carolina Tiger Rescue |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Felidae_-_Leptailurus_serval_(Serval)_(8300229302).jpg|thumb|Photo of a serval.]] |- |'''Tigers''' * mammalia (mammals) |Tigers have many subspecies and are known as one of the largest cats in the world. More specifically, Amur tigers are 10 feet long and weigh around 660 pounds (300&nbsp;kg). In contrast, the Sumatran tigers, the smaller subspecies of tigers, are about 8 feet long and weigh around 310 pounds (141&nbsp;kg). The female tigers for every subspecies are stated to be smaller in size and lighter in weight compared to the males. Furthermore, tigers may be found in South and Southeast Asia, Eastern Russia, and [[Sin|China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Tiger |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/tiger |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref> |10 to 25 years |Up to 20 years<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Tiger |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/tiger |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg|thumb|Photo of amur tigers (largest subspecies in tigers) in the zoo. In the image, there appears to be the mother tiger with one of her cubs.]][[Fayil:Felidae_Panthera_tigris_sumatrae_3.jpg|thumb|Photo of sumatran tiger (smallest subspecies in tigers).]] |- |'''Wolves''' * mammalia (mammals) |There are different subspecies of wolves such as grey, timer, or canines. In terms of looks, the grey wolves stated to look similar to the German shepherd. In terms of sizes, where they live impacts how big or small they are. For example, wolves in the north are considered to be bigger in contrast to the wolves in the south. Additionally, for length, wolves tend to be 3 to 5 feet long. Their tails often are one to two feet long in length. The male wolves can weight anywhere around 70 to 145 pounds (32 to 66&nbsp;kg) and the female wolves can weigh anywhere from 60 to 100 pounds (27 to 45&nbsp;kg). The gray wolf can be found in serval American states such as [[Alaska]], North Idaho, North Michigan, North [[Wisconsin]], Northeast [[Oregon]], West [[Montana]], and in Yellowstone park which is located in [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gray Wolf |url=https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Gray-Wolf |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=National Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> |Typically no more than 10 years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mech |first=David |date=1988 |title=Longevity wild wolves. |url=https://wolf.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/123longevitywildwolves.pdf}}</ref> |Up to 20 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ about wolves |url=https://www.ifaw.org/journal/faq-about-wolves |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=IFAW |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Fayil:Eurasian_wolf_2.jpg|thumb|Photo of the gray wolf.]] |- |'''Honey Badgers''' * mammalia (mammals) |''Mellivora capensis'', commonly known as honey badgers, are considered small mammals that weigh from 11 to 35 pounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2024 |title=Honey Badger (Mellivora Capensis) |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/honey-badger/ |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=A-Z-Animals}}</ref> ''Mellivora Capensis'' have been observed to defend themselves against Leopards, Pythons, and Crocodiles. Honey Badgers can be found in dry areas, grasslands, and forests in Africa, Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Honey Badger (Ratel) {{!}} San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/honey-badger-ratel |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=animals.sandiegozoo.org}}</ref> Honey Badgers are considered solitary mammals and have black and white fur with large sharp claws as distinctive features.<ref name=":0" /> |7-8 years in the wild <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Honey badger (Mellivora capensis) longevity, ageing, and life history |url=https://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Mellivora_capensis |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=genomics.senescence.info}}</ref> |Approximately 24 years (longest recorded 31 years)<ref name=":1" /> |[[Fayil:Honeybadgerjabarinapleszoo.jpg|thumb|Photo of a Honey Badger within an enclosure at a zoo. ]] |- |'''Giraffes''' * mammalia (mammals) |Giraffes are the tallest land animals, native to Africa, known for their long necks, spotted coats, and graceful gait. They feed on leaves, primarily from acacia trees, using their long tongues and necks to reach high branches. Social and gentle, giraffes live in loose herds and are a keystone species in their ecosystems. |Up to 25 years |20-27 years |[[Fayil:Giraffe08_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg|thumb|photo of a giraffe]] |- |'''Meerkats''' * mammalia (mammals) |Meerkats are small, social mammals native to southern Africa. They are known for their upright stance and cooperative behavior. Living in groups called mobs, they share tasks like foraging, babysitting, and watching for predators. These diurnal creatures primarily eat insects but also small animals and plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) longevity, ageing, and life history |url=https://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Suricata_suricatta#:~:text=In%20the%20wild%20these%20animals,lives%20longer%20than%20their%20subordinates.}}</ref> |15 years |20.6 years |[[Fayil:Meerkat_Standing.jpg|thumb|photo of a meerkat]] |}   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iubdpmxldtq9jr6og5g9rigv5j20h4f 0 157716 891121 857937 2026-08-03T23:19:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891121 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|35|32|24.36|N|139|45|15.59|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:JP}}    {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Tsakiya (CIEA) ''' cibiyar bincike ce ta dabbobi na gwaji a [[Japan]]. Tatsuji Nomura ne ya kafa shi a cikin 1952 tare da manufar inganta matakin Binciken kiwon lafiya. == Babban nasarorin da ayyukan da ke gudana == * Kafa cibiyar kulawa ta farko da kawai don dabbobi na gwaji a cikin 1970. An nada shi a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Kimiyyar Dabbobi ta Duniya (ICLAS) a shekarar 1979. * Ci gaba da kafa linzamin kwamfuta na Tg-PVR, wanda aka gabatar da kwayar cutar poliovirus ta mutum, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman gwajin aminci don allurar rigakafin cutar polio ta baki. * Kafa linzamin kwamfuta na Tg-rasH2, wanda aka gabatar da samfurin mutum c-Ha-ras oncogene, da kuma kimanta amfanin su. Ya sami babban daidaito a gwajin carcinogenicity don kwayoyi kuma ya rage lokacin gwajin zuwa watanni shida daga tsarin shekaru biyu na al'ada.<ref name="pmid14657512">{{Cite journal |last=James MacDonald and |display-authors=etal |year=2004 |title=The Utility of Genetically Modified Mouse Assays for Identifying Human Carcinogens: A Basic Understanding and Path Forward |journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]] |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=188–194 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfh037 |pmid=14657512 |doi-access=}}</ref> * Ci gaba da samfurin rauni na kashin baya da kuma tsarin [[Cutar Parkinson]] ta amfani da Marmoset na yau da kullun (New World monkey). * Kafa wani tsananin linzamin kwamfuta, NOD / Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull linzamin (NOD / SCID / IL-2R γnull linza, NOG linzamin) da ci gaban aikace-aikacensa ga gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na dabbobi da tsarin gwaji. == Cibiyar Kulawa ta ICLAS == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa Cibiyar Kula da ICLAS a cikin CIEA a cikin 1979 kuma ita ce kawai cibiyar a duniya don gwaji da tabbatar da ingancin dabbobi na dakin gwaje-gwaje, a karkashin jagorancin Dokta Tatsuji Nomura tare da gudanarwar Majalisar Duniya don Kimiyya ta Dabbobi (ICLAS). === Tarihin Cibiyar Kulawa === Shirin Cibiyar Kulawa ya zo a cikin ajanda a cikin ICLAS a farkon shekarun 1970s kuma an kafa burin don taimakawa kungiyoyin kimiyya wajen gano dabbobi masu inganci. A shekara ta 1979, an shirya wani bita a Japan a karkashin jagorancin ICLAS da Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Duniya (ICREW) tare da wakilai daga kwamitin gudanarwa na ICLAS, mambobin jam'iyyar aiki ta ICLAS. A wannan lokacin, shirin Cibiyar Kula da ICLAS da kuma shirya Littafin Kasa da Kasa kan Kula da Halitta, wanda ya kasance a ci gaba na ɗan lokaci, yana ci gaba sosai. Shirin na karshe daga baya kwamitin ya amince da shi a matsayin makircin da ya dace kuma mai tushe wanda zai ba masu amfani da dabbobi na dakin gwaje-gwaje shirin da ya fi kyau kuma zai taimaka wajen sake kafa amincewa da tsarin. Cibiyar Kula da Kwayoyin Kwayoyin ICLAS ta farko a duniya an kafa ta ne a 1980 a CIEA a Japan, ta hanyar Dokta Tatsuji Nomura, Darakta na CIEA. Wannan cibiyar ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Yankin Asiya a cikin aikin Cibiyar Bayani ta ICLAS tun 1979. == Tarihi == * 1952 An kafa shi a Gundumar Nishitama, Tokyo, [[Japan]] * 1957 An ba da izini a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Japan * 1962 An kafa wurin samar da takamaiman Pathogen Free (SPF) a Nogawa, Kawasaki, Japan * 1965 An cire sashen samar da dabbobi da wadata a matsayin CLEA Japan, Inc. * 1966 An kafa Laboratory na Bincike na Preclinical * 1969 An kafa wurin dabbobi marasa kwayar cuta * 1973 An kafa Sashen Binciken Kimiyya * 1976 An shirya "Taron Nazarin Kasa da Kasa na 2 a kan Mice Naked", Tokyo, Shugaban T. Nomura * 1979 An nada shi a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da ICLAS * 1982 An kafa Laboratory na Injiniyan Embryological * 1985 An kammala wuraren kula da dabbobi na dakin gwaje-gwaje * 1987 Gwajin Injiniya na Ci gaba da aka buga * 1988 Babban fifiko "Aikin kula da dabbobi na Laboratory" ya fara * 1991 ''Daga Mice shida: Tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Tsakiya'' da aka buga * 1992 Laboratory Animal Cryopreservation Gidajen da aka kammala * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Lafiya da Kimiyya ta 2001 (CAHB) da aka kafa a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta a Amurka * 2002 An fara ci gaban kasuwanci na duniya * 2005 An ba da takardar shaidar NOG * 2006 Tatsuji Nomura ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na CIEA * 2006 An shirya "Taron Nazarin Kasa da Kasa na 1 a kan Mice", Tokyo, Shugaban T. Nomura == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ciea.or.jp/en/index.html Gidan yanar gizon CIEA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106215108/https://www.ciea.or.jp/en/index.html |date=2025-11-06 }} * [http://www.iclasmonic.jp/ Cibiyar Kulawa] (Jafananci) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111021060438/http://www.ciea.or.jp/en/rash2_mouse.html Tsuntsaye na Tg-rasH2] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726045126/http://www.ciea.or.jp/en/nog_mouse.html Rukunin NOG] * [http://www.iclas.org/ Majalisar Kasa da Kasa don Kimiyyar Dabbobi] == Manzarta == akdvvqv2y8cf458qvyaom74gid84df9 0 157817 891126 858267 2026-08-03T23:46:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Yankin Grand Junction''' cibiyar ce a Grand Junction, Colorado, tana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke da [[Rashin ci gaba|nakasa na ci gaba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Junction Regional Center {{!}} Colorado Department of Human Services |url=https://cdhs.colorado.gov/gjrc |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=cdhs.colorado.gov}}</ref> A baya an san shi da Gidan Jiha don Masu Rashin Halitta. Tana kan shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Teller da ta ɓace yanzu, makarantar kwana da ke cikin ajiya wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta karɓi 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga Yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Wes |date=27 November 2021 |title=A Look Back at the Teller Institute at Grand Junction Regional Center |url=https://kekbfm.com/history-grand-junction-regional-center/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=99.9 KEKB |language=en}}</ref> == Makarantar Indiya ta Teller == Sanata Henry Teller na Colorado ya nemi Majalisa don amincewa da makarantar kwana ta waje tare da manufar daidaita Ƙabilar Ute. An tsara makarantar ne bayan Makarantar Indiya ta Carlisle a [[Pennsylvania]]. A cewar Pratt, wanda ya kafa Makarantar Indiya ta Carlisle, daidaitawa zai yiwu ne kawai tare da cirewa gaba ɗaya daga gidansu da al'adunsu da nutsewa cikin al'ummar fararen fata. An buɗe makarantar Indiya ta Grand Junction a cikin 1886. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake masa suna Makarantar Indiya ta Teller bayan Henry Teller, kuma daga baya Cibiyar Teller. Makarantar Teller ita ce makarantar kwana ta tarayya ta bakwai kuma ta farko a dutsen yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=yongli |date=2021-06-29 |title=Grand Junction Indian Boarding School |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction-indian-boarding-school |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=coloradoencyclopedia.org |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi niyyar makarantar kwana don samar da ilimi na aji takwas da horo na masana'antu. An yi niyyar makarantar ta kasance mai gamsarwa tare da ɗalibai da aka tilasta su yi aikin hannu. Malamai sun koya wa yara maza su "yi noma ƙasa, tura jirgin sama, buga ƙugiya, kuma su kori igiya" kuma 'yan mata "yi aikin mai gida mai kyau da ƙwarewa. " Koyaya, makarantar tana da matsalolin girma amfanin gona saboda ƙasa mara kyau, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da ruwan sha da tsarin datti. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The story of the Ute and the Grand Junction Indian School. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+story+of+the+Ute+and+the+Grand+Junction+Indian+School.-a0176049764 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> Ute ba ta so ta tura yaransu zuwa makarantar kwana. An kori Whiteriver da Uncompahgre Ute daga ƙasashensu a [[Colorado]] kuma an tura su zuwa Uintah da Ouray Reservation a Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ute PAC |url=https://utepac.com/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Ute PAC |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213223703/https://utepac.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1887, gwamnatin jihar Colorado ta yi iƙirarin cewa Utes sun keta dokokin wasan jihar kuma sun mamaye sansanin Ute a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, sun kama wani yaro Ute kuma sun kashe wani yaro Ute. Lokacin da Utes suka gudu zuwa Utah, Gwamnan Colorado ya yi kira ga 'yan bindiga su kama su. Wakilin Indiya T. A. Byrnes ya yi iƙirarin cewa iyayen Indiya daga hukumar Ouray ba su shirya su aika da yaransu zuwa makarantar Grand Junction a Colorado ba, domin an gaya musu cewa duk wani "Ute Indians da ke tsallaka layin Colorado za a harbe su a gani".<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://cdhs.colorado.gov/gjrc}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b1wxcyvnkudwaxq34bar50gap4u8rbi 0 157827 891145 858279 2026-08-04T00:44:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891145 wikitext text/x-wiki Down's Syndrome [[Scotland]] ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Scotland wacce ke aiki don inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Jill |date=11 April 2024 |title=40th celebrations for members of Down's Syndrome Scotland's central branch |url=https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/people/40th-celebrations-for-members-of-downs-syndrome-scotlands-central-branch-4588119 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=[[Falkirk Herald]]}}</ref> An yi rajista sadaka a Scotland tun 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSCR {{!}} Charity Details |url=https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=SC011012 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.oscr.org.uk}}</ref> Membobin sun hada da mutanen da ke fama da cutar Down, iyalai, da masu sana'a. Kungiyar agaji tana ba da bayanai, tallafi da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptrott |first=Sharon |date=7 June 2024 |title=Charity football tournament raises £1,500 for charity |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/annan-charity-football-tournament-raises-32956665 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Daily Record |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Desperate mum threatened to harm daughter in bid for help, Covid inquiry told |url=https://news.stv.tv/east-central/desperate-mum-threatened-to-harm-daughter-in-bid-for-help-covid-inquiry-told |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=STV News}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Down's Syndrome Scotland yana ba da bayanai, kuma yana buga takardu da sauran wallafe-wallafe. Tana da rassa shida na gida inda mutane ke aiki tare da malamai, likitoci, da sauran masu sana'a. Sun kuma shirya abubuwan da suka faru, bita, da horo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Down syndrome Scotland Website Services |url=https://www.dsscotland.org.uk/our-services/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |archive-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712001838/https://www.dsscotland.org.uk/our-services/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.dsscotland.org.uk Ofishin Kasa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512002624/http://www.downswest.org.uk/ Ofishin reshe na Yammacin Scotland - shafin da ba na hukuma ba] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4yz2zowr38uvj28z2zmud01ccd1vaf1 0 157865 890953 883177 2026-08-03T13:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Neda Bernards Imasuen''' Sanata ce ta Tarayyar Najeriya daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York ta kore shi a shekarar 2010 saboda rashin halin kwararru. An zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Edo a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. Shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar]] Labour......<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nseyen |first=Nsikak |date=27 February 2023 |title=Election result: Labour Party wins Edo South Senatorial seat |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-labour-party-wins-edo-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Daily Post |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Imasuen ya fara karatun firamare daga Makarantar Katolika ta St. Thomas, a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo inda ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare. Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Edo Boys, kuma Benin City kuma ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. An tabbatar da shi kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai ba da shawara da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a shekarar 1985. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Long Island, Brooklyn Campus a shekara ta 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-15 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232433/https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref>((((((Imasuen started his primary education from St. Thomas' Catholic School, in Benin City, Edo State where he obtained his Primary School Leaving Certificate. He proceeded to the Edo Boys High School, also Benin City and obtained the West African School Certificate. After his secondary education, he proceeded to the University of Maiduguri where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was certified and enrolled as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1985. He graduated with a Master's == Ayyuka == A cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, Imasuen na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] Party ya ci Matthew Iduoriyekemwen na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] da Valentine Asuen na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] don zama sanata wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Edo ta Kudu a majalisar dattijai ta Najeriya..<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okoro |first=Churchhill |date=2023-02-27 |title=LP wins Edo South senatorial district, oredo federal constituency |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lp-wins-edo-south-senatorial-district-oredo-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=14 June 2023 |title=CSO congratulates Imasuen, Omoruyi, Iyawe, calls on minority to ensure effective representation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/cso-congratulates-imasuen-omoruyi-iyawe-calls-on-minority-to-ensure-effective-representation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Vanguard |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Imasuen ta yi aure tare da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=theconclaveng |date=2023-03-18 |title=Neda Imasuen the Edo South Senatorial District "Star Boy", By Augustine Osayande |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Conclave Online Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225216/https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zargin Cin Hanci da rashawa == Imasuen ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa biyo bayan rahotanni cewa shi da Sanata [[Victor Umeh]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya taro a gidan baƙi na Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Godswill Akpabio]]. A cewar Sahara Reporters, a lokacin wannan taron, sanatoci 87 da ake zargin sun karɓi biyan kuɗi daga $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 kowannensu don samun goyon bayan majalisa ga sanarwar Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] game da dokar ta baci a Jihar Rivers........ == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0ae52ng2fx3buxwyc7pxxlxlp6uxrqe 0 157965 891110 883786 2026-08-03T22:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chuka Odom''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1960) lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai neman takarar Gwamna na Jihar Imo na 2015 na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). Ya kasance Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman tsakanin 2003 - 2007, a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Ministan Jiha na Tarayya na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Mayu 2009 sannan Ministan Ji'a na FCT (Federal Capital Territory, [[Abuja]]), mukamin da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba 2010. == Yaron da Ilimi == An haifi Odom a [[Ikeduru]] a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1960 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-17 |title=ODOM, Chief Chuka Julius |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/odom-chief-chuka-julius/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ga dangin Sir Tobias Odom da Lady Irene Odom (née Onyerindu). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a makarantar firamare ta St. Michael, [[Umuahia]], Jihar Abia tsakanin 1971 da 1974. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception Ahia-Eke, [[Umuahia]] a shekara ta 1974 kuma ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta A"Level a shekara ta 1980. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] don nazarin doka. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB Hons) a 1981 kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a 1986.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka da Siyasa == Odom ya shiga siyasa a 1999 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dabarun kamfen na [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] na yakin neman gwamna na 1999 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman, ayyuka na musamman ga tsohon gwamnan tsakanin 1999 da 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref>Daga baya ya tashi ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Gwamna, Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman, Jihar Abia kuma tsakanin Mayu 2007 zuwa Satumba 2007 an sanya shi Kwamishinan ayyuka, Gidaje da Shirye-shiryen Birane na Gwamnatin Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Ya zama Ministan Jiha mai daraja na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane na Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 - 2009 kuma daga baya ya zama Ministan Gwamnati, Babban Birnin Tarayya tsakanin 2009 da 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=WHY IGBO FEEL MARGINALISED –Ex-Minister Odom |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-igbo-feel-marginalised-ex-minister-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-13 |title=Awa Kalu, SAN a cherished diamond at 60 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/awa-kalu-san-a-cherished-diamond-at-60/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-27 |title=Govs Forum, ex-minister clash over Abuja building |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/govs-forum-ex-minister-clash-over-abuja-building/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Ya yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da nasara ba don kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Ikeduru Tarayya, Jihar Imo a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Babban zaben 2015]], ya bayyana sha'awarsa na tsayawa takarar Gwamnan jihar Imo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Odom joins Imo guber race |url=http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.imostateonline.com |archive-date=2019-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906140557/http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-30 |title=2015: 22 for governor in Imo PDP |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2015-22-for-governor-in-imo-pdp/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-21 |title=Understanding the Guber Imbroglio in Imo State |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/01/21/understanding-the-guber-imbroglio-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> pp tare<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> idan aka zabe shi amma ya rasa tikitin zaben jam'iyyar ga [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha|Emeka Ihedioha]] wanda daga baya ya rasa Rochas Okorocha na All Progressive Congress a zaben gwamna na 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Bayan babban zaben 2019 a jihar Imo tare da fitowar Emeka Ihedioha a matsayin gwamnan jihar, an sanar da shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin sauyawa..<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2019 |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on hitch- free transition |url=https://guardian.ng/news/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-hitch-free-transition/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maduabuchi |first=Chidi |date=2019-05-04 |title=Governor Okorocha, Emeka Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-okorocha-emeka-ihedioha-agree-peaceful-transition-217825 |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2 April 2019 |title=Imo- Gov elect Emeka Ihedioha constitute transition committee |url=https://trailreporters.com/imo-gov-elect-emeka-ihedioha-constitutes-transition-committee/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Trails Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olayanju |first=Kabir |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition ahead of May 29 |url=https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Latest Alert |archive-date=2019-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906140559/https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Imo 2019: See FULL LIST of Ihedioha's transition committee |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/imo-2019-see-full-list-of-ihediohas-transition-committee.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Odom ya auri Lady Adaku Celine Odom, (née Nwakibu) manajan darektan The Lifestyle Group a cikin 1990 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya 8.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":02">{{cite web |last1=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Admin |title=ADAKU CHUKA-ODOM HITS GOLDEN AGE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/adaku-chuka-odom-hits-golden-age/212690/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |newspaper=[[This Day]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gxsntrst89zwp5d498807ucyeyaxh8w 0 158099 891106 859062 2026-08-03T21:33:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891106 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam din Chimmini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chimmini_dam_front_view.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Bayyanar gaba na madatsar ruwan Chimmini</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Fayil:India_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|253x253px|Chimmini Dam is located in India]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:83.264%;left:29.564%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Chimmini Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dam din Chimmini</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin madatsar ruwan Chimmini a Indiya</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nuna Indiya</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Fayil:India_Kerala_relief_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|343x343px|Chimmini Dam is located in Kerala]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:51.218%;left:56.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Chimmini Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dam din Chimmini</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Dam din Chimmini (Kerala) </div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Kerala</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sunan hukuma | class="infobox-data" |Dam din Chimmini |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Thrissur, [[Kerala]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimmini_Dam&params=10.4391_N_76.4604_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′21′′N</span> <span class="longitude">76°27′37′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4391°N 76.4604°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.4391; 76.4604</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimmini_Dam&params=10.4391_N_76.4604_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°27′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4391°N 76.4604°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">10.4391; 76.4604</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai aiki | class="infobox-data" |Gwamnatin [[Kerala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Halitta | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Chimmini |} '''Chimmini Dam''' tana cikin Echippara a Chalakudy taluk na gundumar Thrissur a jihar Kerala, ƙasar Indiya. An gina ta ne a kan kogin Kurumali, wanda yake reshen kogin Karuvannur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini Dam project |url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/pjt_&_pgm/Chimmini.php |access-date=2010-04-14 |publisher=Dept of Irrigation}}</ref> Chimmini ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a gundumar Thrissur. Har ila yau, Chimminy Wildlife Sanctuary yana kusa da madatsar ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini dam and wildlife sanctuary in Thrissur |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/chimmini-thrissur/57 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwan mai tsawon mita 495 (masonry) da kuma mita 686 (earthen dam) a shekarar 1975, kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1996. Jimillar kuɗin aikin ya kai Rs 59.71 crore, duk da cewa an fara ƙiyasta cewa zai kai Rs 36.15 crore ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini dam cement usage baffles officials |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/10/chimmini-dam-cement-usage-baffles-officials-122297.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723140351/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/10/chimmini-dam-cement-usage-baffles-officials-122297.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Wannan tafkin yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido kuma akwai tsalle-tsalle a tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coracle rides to woo tourists at Chimmini reservoir in Thrissur |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/coracle-rides-to-woo-tourists-at-chimmini-reservoir-in-thrissur-1.4480787 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> An kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1996. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta game da wannan madatsar ruwan shine rashin tsarin tashar. Ruwan da ke cikin tafkin ana samunsa ga filayen Kole da filayen paddy ta hanyar kogi da tsarin tashar da ke akwai ta hanyar mai sarrafawa. Ba a kafa tsarin tashar wucin gadi ba don wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary (Timings, Entry Fee & Safari) - Kerala Tourism 2021 |url=https://keralatourism.travel/chimmony-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=keralatourism.travel}}</ref> Koguna daban-daban sun isa tafkin Chimmini. Dam din Chimmini da tafkin suna da iyaka tare da Dam din Mangalam da Parambikkulam Wildlife Reserve . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ആനകളെ കാണും വഴി, രണ്ടു ഡാമുകൾ, സിറ്റിയിൽനിന്ന് ഒരുമണിക്കൂർ അകലെ മാത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-in-wild/2020/03/06/chimmini-dam-and-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Yankin Chimmini ya bazu a kan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10 a cikin yanki na murada kilomita 85 wanda aka ayyana a matsayin gandun daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit these picturesque dams within an hour from Thrissur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/03/13/picturesque-dam-thrissur-in-an-hour.html |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2021-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723134429/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/03/13/picturesque-dam-thrissur-in-an-hour.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 1984, Gidan Tsaro na namun daji na Chimmini yana kusa da Gidan Tsarkin Peechi-Vazhani kuma yana yada kusan murabba'in kilomita 85,067. Akwai Bamboo Rafting, hanyar tsuntsaye, safari na malam buɗe ido, sana'ar daji da bin dabbobi da sauransu ga masu yawon bude ido. == Aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa == Shirin Chimmini Small Hydro Electric ya yi la'akari da amfani da ruwa daga ruwan Chimminy wanda shine da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. Ruwa ya fara gudana ta hanyar tsarin penstock wanda ke da tsawon mita 30 zuwa tashar wutar lantarki tare da turbine na 2.5 Megawatt. Bayan samar da wutar lantarki ana samun ruwa don dalilai na ban ruwa kuma yana gudana zuwa tsarin tashar ruwa. Yana samar da raka'a miliyan 6.7 na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara. Ana ciyar da wutar zuwa wani tashar a Puthukkad. [[Fayil:Chimmini-dam-reservoir.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Bayani mai kyau na tafkin madatsar ruwan Chimmini]] == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMX1IBq0sA4 KSEB Telefilm a kan aikin Chimmini hydroelectric] == Manazarta == cb29ceo90b352lwg5axpmksioj87umt 0 158162 891054 859240 2026-08-03T17:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cade '''Jared Benjamin Smith''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na Cleveland Guardians na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya fara bugawa MLB a shekarar 2024. == Ayyuka == Smith ya halarci Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mennonite a Abbotsford, British Columbia, Kanada . Minnesota Twins ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 16 na shirin Baseball na 2017 Major League, amma bai sanya hannu ba kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-02 |title=Rainbow Warriors look for ‘Twin’ career out of Cade Smith |url=https://www.khon2.com/news/rainbow-warriors-look-for-twin-career-out-of-cade-smith/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=KHON2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith picked by Minnesota Twins |url=https://www.abbynews.com/home2/abbotsfords-cade-smith-picked-by-minnesota-twins-1765045 |website=The Abbotsford News |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318110657/https://www.abbynews.com/home2/abbotsfords-cade-smith-picked-by-minnesota-twins-1765045 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Shirin MLB na 2020, wanda aka taƙaita saboda annobar COVID-19, Smith ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Indians . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2020 |title=University of Hawaii pitcher Cade Smith signs with Indians |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/06/16/sports/sports-breaking/university-of-hawaii-pitcher-cade-smith-signs-with-indians/ |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Former ‘Bows Pitcher, Cade Smith, ready for chance with Cleveland Indians |url=https://www.khon2.com/sports/former-bows-pitcher-cade-smith-ready-for-chance-with-cleveland-indians/}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2021, yana buga wa Lynchburg Hillcats da Lake County Captains. A shekara ta 2022, ya buga wa Lake County da Akron RubberDucks wasa. Bayan kakar, ya buga wasan a cikin [[Arizona Fall League]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Callis |first=Jim |date=2022-10-19 |title=Guardians Arizona Fall League overview 2022 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-arizona-fall-league-overview-2022 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an zaɓi Smith don buga wa tawagar kwallon kwando ta ƙasar Kanada wasa a cikin World Baseball Classic na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith named to Team Canada for World Baseball Classic |url=https://www.hopestandard.com/sports/abbotsfords-cade-smith-named-to-team-canada-for-world-baseball-classic-2087920 |website=Hope Standard }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masu kula sun zaɓi kwangilar Smith a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2023, suna ƙara shi zuwa jerin sunayen mutane 40. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2024, Smith ya fara bugawa MLB, inda ya buga wa 'yan wasan Oakland Athletics biyar a wasanni biyu. Ayyukansa sun kafa rikodin Cleveland don mafi yawan strikeouts a farkon innings biyu da aka buga ko žasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith reunites with family, sets club record in MLB debut |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-top-prospect-cade-smith-makes-debut |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> Smith ya gama kakar wasa ta farko tare da 1.91 ERA da 103 strikeouts a cikin innings.  Smith ya fara wasan farko a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, inda ya buga dukkan 'yan wasan Detroit Tigers hudu da ya fuskanta a nasarar Cleveland 7-0 a Wasan 1 na American League Division Series . Smith ya kori 12 daga cikin 22 da ya fuskanta a cikin ALDS, ya kafa babban rikodin league don raguwa ta hanyar mai sauyawa a cikin Division Series. A cikin kakar 2025, Smith ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu rufewa biyu na maye gurbin Guardians bayan an sanya Emmanuel Class a kan hutun da ba a biya ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike game da caca ta wasanni ta ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025. A wannan lokacin, Smith ya zama firamare na Cleveland kusa yayin da ya tafi rikodin 6-2 tare da 2.79 ERA da 39 strikeouts a wasanni 30. A kakar 2025, ya ƙare tare da rikodin 8-5 tare da 2.93 ERA da 104 strikeouts a wasanni 76. Ya kuma zama American League Reliever of the Month na watan Satumba yayin da ya ceci wasanni bakwai, wanda ya fi dacewa a AL, gami da ceto a wasanni shida a jere daga Satumba 6-14. Ya ƙare watan tare da 2.77 ERA da 22 strikeouts a cikin 13 innings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeRosa |first=Theo |date=2025-09-30 |title=MLB monthly award winners for September 2025 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-monthly-award-winners-for-september-2025 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Smith sananne ne saboda yawan saurin sa. Da farko ya jefa kwallon sauri guda huɗu wanda ke da matsakaicin kusan 96 mph. Babban filin sa na biyu shine mai raba, kuma yana haɗuwa a cikin mai sharewa a wani lokaci. Har ila yau, an san shi da tsawo mai daraja, daga cikin mafi girma a cikin Major League Baseball, wanda ke ba shi damar sakin kwallon kusa da farantin gida, yana sa sa saurinsa ya bayyana da sauri ga masu bugawa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka saki shi ya fi ƙasa da matsakaicin league, yana haifar da kusurwar yaudara wanda ke sa sa saurin sa ya tashi fiye da yadda ake tsammani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clemens |first=Ben |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Cade Smith's Fastball, Examined |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/cade-smiths-fastball-examined/ |access-date= |website=FanGraphs Baseball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats: Statcast, Visuals & Advanced Metrics |url=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/savant-player/cade-smith-671922?stats=statcast-r-pitching-mlb |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=baseballsavant.com |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; Smith ya auri Elizabeth, Ba'amurke. Shi Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shushkewich |first=Tyson |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Reliever Cade Smith takes home Special Achievement Award from Baseball Canada |url=https://bluejaysnation.com/news/reliever-cade-smith-takes-home-special-achievement-award-from-baseball-canada |access-date= |website=BlueJaysNation |language=en}}</ref> Ya girma a matsayin mai sha'awar Toronto Blue Jays . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News |url=https://www.mlb.com/guardians/player/cade-smith-671922 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] ci3m443fqdfzj1gplopyyjdpcgwtg8c 0 158195 891168 874460 2026-08-04T02:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Coo-Trois-Ponts''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ajiyar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin famfo, wacce ke Trois-Ponts, Lardin Liege, Belgium. Tana kusa da Kogin Amblève, ɗaya daga cikin wurare kaɗan da ake samun tsayin gida mai nisan mita 250+ a Belgium. Tashar wutar lantarki tana amfani da ruwanta don tallafawa tsarin wutar lantarki inda ake fitar da ruwa daga ƙaramin tafki zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna biyu da aka sani da Coo I da Coo II. Idan buƙatar makamashi ta yi yawa, ana iya fitar da ruwa daga waɗannan tafkuna don samar da wutar lantarki. Sannan ruwan zai koma ƙaramin tafki kuma aikin zai maimaita kamar yadda ake buƙata. Haka kuma ana amfani da injunan da ke tura ruwan zuwa manyan tafkuna a mafi tsayi a matsayin janareto. An ƙaddamar da masana'antar a matakai biyu, Coo I (1969) da Coo II (1978). Engie-Electrabel ne mallakarta kuma tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 1,164 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coo hydroelectric plant |url=http://www.walo.ch/english/projekte/aktuelle-projekte/damm-und-deponiebau/psw-coo-belgien.html?iTempCatID=86&iSuperCatID=51&iSelectedProject=126 |access-date=14 January 2012 |publisher=Walo }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Zane da aiki == Madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki tana da siffar gwiwar hannu domin tsohon kogin Ambleve ne (wanda yanzu haka wani ruwa mai tsawon mita 15 ya ratsa ta). An samar da shi da madatsun ruwa guda biyu, ɗaya mai {{Convert|10|m|ft|0}} tsayi da sauran {{Convert|30|m|ft|0}} . Matsakaicin tsayin tafki na wannan tafki shine {{Convert|248|m|ft|0}} . A cikin tsaunukan da ke sama da yammacin ƙasan madatsar ruwa akwai madatsun ruwa na sama, Coo I da Coo II. An samar da kowace madatsar ruwa da wani jirgin ruwa mai cike da ƙasa. Coo I da Coo II suna da matsakaicin tsayin madatsar ruwa na {{Convert|509|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|507|m|ft|0}}, bi da bi. Ajiyar aiki (ko mai amfani) na haɗakar ma'ajiyar Coo ta sama shine {{Convert|8450000|m3|acre.ft|0}} . Madatsar ruwan ƙasa tana da irin wannan ƙarfin aiki. Ana canja ruwa tsakanin madatsar ruwan ta hanyar amfani da bututun ruwa guda biyu, Coo I yana da girman {{Convert|748|m|ft|0}} tsayi da kuma Coo II a {{Convert|830|m|ft|0}}tsawon a ƙasa. Tashar wutar lantarki tana ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma tana ɗauke da janareto shida na masana'antar. Ma'ajiyar Coo I tana ba da wutar lantarki ga injinan famfo na Francis guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 158 (FPT) tare da Coo II waɗanda suka ƙunshi FPT guda uku masu ƙarfin MW 230. Sauyin tsayi tsakanin ma'ajiyar biyu yana ba da damar samun kan ruwa wanda ya bambanta tsakanin {{Convert|230|m|ft|0}} da kuma {{Convert|275|m|ft|0}}, shugaban da ya fi tasiri shine {{Convert|245|m|ft|0}} . A cikin shekarun 2000, Engie-Electrabel tana da shirin gina madatsar ruwa ta uku ta sama tare da ƙarin injinan turbines (da kuma zurfafa madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa daidai gwargwado). Daga nan aka yi watsi da waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin an ɗauki fasahar batirin sinadarai a matsayin zaɓi mafi kyau, galibi don aiwatar da ƙananan na'urori tare da ƙarancin buƙatun haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Extension de la centrale de stockage de Coo — Presse |url=http://www.cdh-wallonie.be/notre-action-au-pw/questions-ecrites/l2019extension-de-la-centrale-de-stockage-de-coo }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Madadin haka, a shekarar 2021, an ɗaga ɗaya daga cikin bututun ruwa na sama da mita 2, a matsayin matakin farko na babban gyaran tashar. Za a kuma haƙa ƙaramin ma'ajiyar ruwa don ƙara ƙarfinta daidai gwargwado, wanda zai haifar da ƙaruwar ƙarfin adanawa da kashi 7.5% (daga daidai da 6,000 MWh zuwa 6,450 MWh). Za a maye gurbin tsofaffin injinan turbines guda 3, wanda hakan zai ƙara ƙarfin kololuwar wutar lantarki daga 1,080 MW zuwa 1,159 MW. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Energie: Engie va doper la centrale de Coo |url=https://www.lesoir.be/371567/article/2021-05-11/energie-engie-va-doper-la-centrale-de-coo}}</ref> Kamfanin zai iya tashi daga tsayawa zuwa cikakken aiki cikin mintuna biyu da rabi sannan ya koma yanayin famfo cikin mintuna bakwai. Yana samar da kimanin MWh miliyan 1 a kowace shekara kuma yana cinye kusan kashi 20 cikin ɗari a yanayin famfo. Kamfanin yawanci yana fitar da ruwa a lokutan da farashin wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa kuma yana sakin sa don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da farashin ya yi tsada don samun riba mai yawa. Ikonsa na daidaitawa da sauri zuwa ga buƙatar wutar lantarki ya sa ya zama tashar wutar lantarki mai tasowa . == Manazarta == r6my4swluwy5s4nbrmeawu2y5d6byig 0 158347 890973 870601 2026-08-03T15:20:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Black peas''', wanda kuma ake kira parched peas ko '''dapple peas''', ana dafa su ne peas mai launin purple-podded (''Pisum sativum'' var. ''Arvense'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art and Mystery of Food: Grey, Black, Carling, Pigeon Peas and "Burning the Witch" |url=http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas.html |access-date=2010-06-28 |archive-date=2010-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709161502/http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>). Su ne abincin gargajiya na Lancashire yawanci ana ba da su tare da lashings na malt vinegar, kuma a al'ada a kan ko kusa da Bonfire Night (5 ga watan Nuwamba). Abincin ya shahara a Bury, Preston, Rochdale, Oldham, Wigan, [[Bolton]], Atherton, Tyldesley, Leigh da Heywood. Ana tsoma busassun wake da daddare kuma a dafa su don samar da nau'in wake. Parching wani lokaci ne na dogon lokaci mai saurin tafasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester, Lancashire & Cheshire Regional Dishes, Foods & Delicacies |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat&drink/local-dishes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221233609/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/eat%26drink/local-dishes.html |archive-date=2007-12-21 |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> Peas sune wake na gona, an bar su bushe a kan shuka, kamar yadda ya bambanta da wake na lambu, an karɓi kore don amfani da sabo. Carlin pea, iri-iri daban-daban, da aka shirya ta irin wannan hanyoyi kuma an ci shi a arewacin Ingila, ya samo asali ne daga karni na 12.[1] An ce Martin Frobisher ya binne ɓoye-ɓoye na waɗannan wake a Tsibirin Baffin a cikin shekarun 1570 don ci gaba da tafiyarsa yayin da yake neman hanyar Arewa maso Yamma. == Amfani da shi == Ana sayar da wake baƙar fata da aka dafa a wuraren baje kolin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wigan World |url=http://www.wiganworld.co.uk/stuff/irem7.php?opt=irem |access-date=2007-12-12}}</ref> da kuma wuraren sayar da abinci. A al'ada ana cin su daga kofin tare da gishiri da ruwan inabi. Ana iya ba da su zafi ko sanyi, tsohon ya shahara musamman a cikin watanni na hunturu. A wuraren baje kolin, ana ba da su a al'ada a cikin fararen tukwane kuma ana cinye su da cokali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ba da su a cikin manyan kofuna masu yawa. A cikin "mashahuriyar duniya" Bury Market da Preston, ana sayar da wake da aka dafa a shirye kuma ana ba da su a cikin jaka na takarda mai launin ruwan kasa ko a cikin bututun filastik, a matsayin abincin kaka. Ana kuma sayar da su a kasuwannin Kirsimeti na Manchester.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2018 |title=Manchester Christmas Markets 2018 - full list of traders revealed |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/manchester-christmas-markets-traders-2018-15383867}}</ref> Ana cin wannan abincin ne kawai a wasu yankuna da ke cikin tsoffin iyakokin Lancashire, musamman a Oldham, Wigan, Bury, Rochdale, Preston, Stalybridge, Leigh, Atherton, Tyldesley, Ormskirk, da sauran yankuna da [[Bolton]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Karlin peas == '''Karlin peas''', wanda aka fi sani da carling, maple, launin ruwan kasa ko [[Waaken Santanbul|kurciya]] peas (amma ya bambanta da kurciya mai zafi ''Cajanus cajan''), da baƙar fata ko launin toka, ƙananan, launin ruwan hoda ne, an fara rubuta su a Zamanin Elizabethan. <ref name="heritage">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Carlin Peas, A Northern Tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/ |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa sunan "Carlin" ya fito ne daga "Carling Sunday" ko "Care Sunday" bayan an ceci yawan mutanen Newcastle daga yunwa a cikin kewaye na 1327 ko 1644 lokacin da jirgin ya zo daga Norway tare da kaya na waɗannan wake a wannan rana. Ana rarraba su a matsayin al'ada ko iri-iri, galibi ana kiransu da tsire-tsire na tsire-shire. Ana iya shuka su kamar yadda ake shuka wake. Shuke-shuke suna girma zuwa kimanin ƙafa shida, tare da furanni masu launin fari da purple. Kwayoyin suna cike da ƙananan ruwan kasa wanda za'a iya amfani da shi sabo, ko bushewa.<ref name="heritage"/> Ana amfani da wake na Carlin don shirya abincin da aka yi a arewa maso gabashin Ingila da sassan Cumbria. Su ne al'adun gargajiya na Carlin Sunday (Lahadi kafin Palm Sunday). <ref> {{Cite journal |last=The Society for Folk Life Studies |author-link=The Society for Folk Life Studies |year=1964 |title=Carlin Peas |journal=Folk Life |issue=9 |issn=0430-8778}}</ref> Ana dafa wake har sai ya yi taushi, sannan a dafa shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da man shanu ko dripping. Ba a ƙara gishiri yayin dafa abinci, saboda ana zaton zai dakatar da tsarin dafa abinci. Ana sa su da ruwan inabi da baƙar fata ko wani lokacin rum da launin ruwan kasa. Ana iya cin su da zafi ko sanyi.<ref name="heritage"/> Waƙar yara tana ƙidaya ranar Lahadi na Lent a matsayin "Tid, Mid, Misere; Carlin, Palm, Paste-Egg Day", yana nufin Lahadi na biyu lokacin da aka raira "Te Deum"; na uku lokacin da aka rera "Mi Deus"; Lahadi lokacin da aka yi waƙar "Misere Mei"; Carlin Lahadi; Palm Sunday; da Pace Eggs a ranar Lahadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas: a Northern tradition |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/04/carlin-peas-a-northern-tradition/?doing_wp_cron=1519663392.5812439918518066406250 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=Heritage and History}}</ref> Carlins suna da ƙarancin kitse, kuma suna da 23g a kowace 100g na furotin da fiber. Suna dauke da Manganese, molybdenum B bitamin B, musamman B1. Launi na ja / shuɗi ya samo asali ne daga anthocyanins, waɗanda ke da abubuwan gina jiki masu kyau. == Samun sa == Samun baƙar fata ne na yanayi; yawanci ana samun su daga ƙarshen Oktoba da kuma duk watan Nuwamba. Ana samun su daga shagunan gida da kuma shagunan dabbobi (kamar yadda wake suna da kyau) kodayake wake daga shagunan dabba ba lallai bane su da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Particle Baits – Part Two. |url=http://www.haiths.com/haiths-baits/top-10-particle-baits-part-two-/ |access-date=2016-05-22 |website=Super Catch}}</ref> Carlin peas ba su samuwa a ko'ina a cikin shagunan Burtaniya, amma wani lokacin ana samun su a cikin shagunannin abinci na kiwon lafiya. Ana iya saya su don shirye-shiryen gida a kalla iri biyu, "Red Fox" da "Black Badger", kuma ana samun ƙarshen a cikin ruwa. Wannan samfurin, daga Hodmedod's, ya lashe lambar yabo ta BOOM ta Ƙungiyar Soil ta 2016 a matsayin wanda ya lashe "Store cupboard items" kuma ya lashe gaba ɗaya a cikin rukunin "Pantry".<ref name="soilassoc">{{Cite web |title=Pantry |url=https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212012/https://www.soilassociation.org/organic-living/the-boom-awards-2017/boom-the-2016-winners/pantry/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=BOOM – the 2016 winners |publisher=Soil Association}}</ref><ref name="hodme">{{Cite web |title=Carlin peas in water, organic |url=https://hodmedods.co.uk/products/carlin-water |access-date=26 February 2018 |publisher=Hodmedod}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jlx6mafkhd7mqq2rzo1g79lu5tt0moq 0 158348 891271 859828 2026-08-04T10:23:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Fari a Kahon Afirka | image = | image_size = | caption = Taswirar yankin Kahon Afirka | type = [[Fari]] | location = [[Kahon Afirka]] | countries = [[Somaliya]], [[Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]] | start_date = 2020 | end_date = 2023 (babban mataki) | cause = [[Canjin yanayi]], rashin ruwan sama, da [[La Niña]] | affected = Fiye da mutane miliyan 36 }} '''Fari a Kahon Afirka''' wani mummunan yanayi ne na ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi yankin [[Kahon Afirka]], musamman ƙasashen [[Somaliya]], [[Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Djibouti]] da [[Eritrea]]. Wannan fari ya jawo ƙarancin abinci, mutuwar dabbobi, ƙaura da kuma matsalolin jin kai ga miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/horn-africa-crisis|title=Horn of Africa Crisis|publisher=World Food Programme|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Yankin Kahon Afirka ya saba fuskantar fari lokaci-lokaci. Amma daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2023 an samu damina biyar a jere ba tare da isasshen ruwan sama ba, lamarin da ya haddasa ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin fari a tarihin yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2020-000136-eth|title=Horn of Africa Drought Updates|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Sanadi == Manyan abubuwan da suka haddasa wannan fari sun haɗa da: * [[Canjin yanayi]] * Tasirin [[La Niña]] * Rashin isasshen ruwan sama * Lalacewar muhalli da sare bishiyoyi == Illoli == Farin ya haifar da: * Yunwa da ƙarancin abinci * Mutuwar dabbobi masu yawa * Karancin ruwan sha * Ƙaura daga gidaje * Yawaitar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/emergencies|title=FAO Emergencies|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Martanin duniya == Gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin jin kai irin su [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], [[World Food Programme]] (WFP), [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), da [[UNICEF]] sun samar da tallafin abinci, ruwan sha, da kula da lafiya domin rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/horn-africa-drought|title=Horn of Africa Drought|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=18 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin yanayi]] * [[Fari]] * [[Kahon Afirka]] * [[Yunwa]] * [[La Niña]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/horn-africa-crisis|title=Horn of Africa Crisis|publisher=World Food Programme}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/emergencies|title=FAO Emergencies|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization}} * {{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int|title=ReliefWeb – Horn of Africa Drought}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/horn-africa-drought|title=Horn of Africa Drought|publisher=UNICEF}} [[Category:Fari]] [[Category:Bala'o'in yanayi]] [[Category:Canjin yanayi]] [[Category:Kahon Afirka]] [[Category:Yunwa]] [[Category:Somaliya]] [[Category:Habasha]] [[Category:Kenya]] 2vibvp47yqf558u5tay2cdmz1vlfodu 0 158409 891108 861217 2026-08-03T21:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=444919138|IUPAC_name=8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid|image=Chiniofon.png|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=Skeletal formula|width=120|image2=Chiniofon-3D-spacefill.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Space-filling model|width2=150 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|chiniofon}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=8002-90-2|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=AX01|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|AX01}}|ChEMBL=2104146|PubChem=11043|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB13379|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=10575|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=98F8Y85B6W <!--Chemical data-->|C=9|H=6|I=1|N=1|O=4|S=1|smiles=O=S(=O)(O)c1cc(I)c(O)c2ncccc12|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C9H6INO4S/c10-6-4-7(16(13,14)15)5-2-1-3-11-8(5)9(6)12/h1-4,12H,(H,13,14,15)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=ZBJWWKFMHOAPNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Chiniofon</nowiki&gt;">Chiniofon</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chiniofon.png|alt=Skeletal formula|class=skin-invert-image|148x148px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chiniofon-3D-spacefill.png|alt=Space-filling model|class=bg-transparent|150x150px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/chiniofon.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01AX01 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AX01 WHO]</span>) QP51AX01&#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">8-Hydroxy-7-iodine-5-quinolinesulfonic acid</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8002-90-2 8002-90-2]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11043 11043]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13379 DB13379] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211100729/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13379 |date=2019-12-11 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10575.html 10575]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/98F8Y85B6W 98F8Y85B6W]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL2104146 ChEMBL2104146]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1046136 DTXSID1046136][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5101067#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.127 100.008.127][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5101067#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₉<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₆<span title="Iodine">Na</span><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span>₄<span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">351.11</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DS%28%3DO%29%28O%29c1cc%28I%29c%28O%29c2ncccc12 Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=S (=O) (O) c1cc (I) c (O) s2ncc12</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C9H6INO4S/c10-6-4-7 (16 (13,14) 15) 5-2-1-3-11-8 (5) 9 (6) 12/h1-4,12H, (H,13,14,15) ^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: ZBJWKFMHOAPNS-UHFFFAO^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444919138&page2=Chiniofon (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} Chiniofon wakili ne na antiprotozoal.[1] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa ==  {{Agents against amoebozoa}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> tvcnwt0m18oy8zf5z77ewft2nv2amc3 0 158419 891219 860297 2026-08-04T07:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|IUPAC_name=[4-[2-[(4-arsonophenyl)amino]ethylamino]phenyl] arsonic acid|image=Difetarsone.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=Skeletal formula of difetarsone|width=270px|image2=Difetarsone molecule spacefill.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=Space-filling model of the difetarsone molecule <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number=3639-19-8|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=AR02|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|AD02}}|PubChem=68199|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB13599|ChemSpiderID=61506|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=G4G9J3Q65W|KEGG=D07357 <!--Chemical data-->|C=14|H=18|As=2|N=2|O=6}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Difetarsone</nowiki&gt;">Difetarsone</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Difetarsone.svg|alt=Skeletal formula of difetarsone|class=skin-invert-image|270x270px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Difetarsone_molecule_spacefill.png|alt=Space-filling model of the difetarsone molecule|class=bg-transparent|270x270px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01AR02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AR02 WHO]</span>) QP51AD02 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51AD02 WHO]</span>&#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">[4-[2-[ (4-arsonophenyl) amino]ethylamino]phenyl] arsonic acid</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3639-19-8 3639-19-8]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68199 68199]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13599 DB13599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211233555/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13599 |date=2019-12-11 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.61506.html 61506]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/G4G9J3Q65W G4G9J3Q65W]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07357 D07357]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID30189913 DTXSID30189913][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275254#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.020.788 100.020.788][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275254#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₄<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₁₈<span title="Arsenic">Kamar yadda</span>₂<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₂<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₆ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">460.149</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |} '''Difetarsone''' wakili ne na rigakafin protozoal. Bincike daban-daban sun nuna cewa yana da tasiri sosai a kan ''Trichuris trichiura'', wanda aka fi sani da whipworm. Kafin amfani da kwayoyi a farkon shekarun 1970, akwai wasu magunguna masu tasiri ga wannan kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leary PM, Jones C, Douglas F, Boyd ST |date=June 1974 |title=Difetarsone in outpatient treatment of Trichuris trichiura infestation |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=486–8 |doi=10.1136/adc.49.6.486 |pmc=1648795 |pmid=4851370}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da shi don magance cututtukan Entamoeba histolytica.<ref name="meyler">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Difetarsone sau da yawa yana da ƙananan sakamako masu illa, waɗanda suka haɗa da rashes, ƙishirwa da amai. Har ila yau, ya haifar da angioedema a akalla sanannen shari'a guda ɗaya.<ref name="meyler" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pf04116f6snpsk57tiep49p5vfj0kst 0 158462 891048 860418 2026-08-03T17:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|drug_name=|INN=|type=<!-- empty -->|image=Bunamidine.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=|caption=<!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|ATCvet=|ATC_prefix=<!-- 'none' if uncategorised -->|ATC_suffix=<!-- Legal status -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C5, D1, D2, E, F1, F2, F3, F4 -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_US_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_status=<!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=|duration_of_action=|excretion=<!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number=3748-77-4|PubChem=13986|ChemSpiderID=11644438|UNII=A9IW1G3P6C|DrugBank=DB11501|ChEMBL=1355596 <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|IUPAC_name=''N'',''N''-Dibutyl-4-hexoxynaphthalene-1-carboximidamide|C=25|H=38|N=2|O=1|StdInChI=1S/C25H38N2O/c1-4-7-10-13-20-28-24-17-16-23(21-14-11-12-15-22(21)24)25(26)27(18-8-5-2)19-9-6-3/h11-12,14-17,26H,4-10,13,18-20H2,1-3H3|StdInChIKey=FGGFIMIICGZCCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N|SMILES=CCCCCCOC1=CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C21)C(=N)N(CCCC)CCCC}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Bunamidine</nowiki&gt;">Bunamidine</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Bunamidine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>[[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|Sunan IUPAC]]</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">''N'',''N''-Dibutyl-4-hexoxynaphthalene-1-carboximidamide</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[CAS Registry Number|Lambar CAS]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3748-77-4 3748-77-4]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13986 13986]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11501 DB11501]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.11644438.html 11644438]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/A9IW1G3P6C A9IW1G3P6C]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1355596 ChEMBL1355596]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4048272 DTXSID4048272][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27273807#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₂₅<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₃₈<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₂<span title="Oxygen">O</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |382,592 g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCCCCCOC1%3DCC%3DC%28C2%3DCC%3DCC%3DC21%29C%28%3DN%29N%28CCCC%29CCCC Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CCCCOC1=CC=C (C2=CC=CC= C21) C (=N) N (CCCC) CCCC</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C25H38N2O/c1-4-7-10-13-20-28-24-17-16-23 (21-11-11-12-15-22 (21) 24) 25 (26) 27 (18-8-5-2) 19-9-6-3/h11-12,14-17,26H,4-10,13,18-20H2,1-3H3</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:FGGFIMIICGZCCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |} '''Bunamidine''' magani ne na anthelmintic da ake amfani da shi a cikin maganin dabbobi don magance cututtukan cututtukani na tapeworm na jinsin ''Taenia''; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunamidine |url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB11501 |website=[[DrugBank]]}}</ref> saboda haka an rarraba shi azaman Taeniacide. Hakanan yana da tasiri a kan ''Echinococcus granulosus'' (dog tapeworm) <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Andersen FL, Loveless RM, Jensen LA |date=May 1975 |title=Efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=673–675 |pmid=1169897}}</ref> da ''Hymenolepis diminuta'' (rat tapeworm). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chatfield RC, Yeary RA |date=1979 |title=The effects of bunamidine HCL on Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=5 |issue=2–3 |pages=177–193 |doi=10.1016/0304-4017(79)90008-6}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h4kh2vqn9ht1xph89iawj529kthyy6a 0 158494 891135 882779 2026-08-04T00:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cinchonism''' wani yanayi ne na cututtukan da ya haifar da wuce gona da iri na quinine ko tushen sa na halitta, cinchona bark. Ana amfani da Quinine da abubuwan da aka samo asali a magani don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da lupus erythematosus. A cikin ƙananan adadi, quinine shine sinadarin abin sha na tonic, yana aiki azaman wakili mai zaki. Cinchonism na iya faruwa daga maganin maganin quinine, ko dai daga daya ko da yawa manyan allurai. Quinidine (a Class 1A anti-arrhythmic) kuma na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism don bunkasa tare da kadan kamar kashi ɗaya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomi da alamun cinchonism mai sauƙi (wanda zai iya faruwa daga daidaitattun maganin maganin quinine) sun haɗa da fata mai laushi da gumi, ƙarar kunnuwa (tinnitus), hangen nesa, rashin ji, rikicewar rikice-rikice, asarar ji mai yawa, ciwon kai, ciwon ciki, rashes, [[Lichen planus|lichenoid]]_reaction" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Drug-induced lichenoid reaction">maganin da aka haifar da lichenoid (lichenoid photosensitivity), <ref name="pmid7711556">{{Cite journal |last=Dawson |first=T A J |year=1995 |title=Side effect of quinine for nocturnal cramps |journal=BMJ |volume=310 |issue=6981 |pages=738 |doi=10.1136/bmj.310.6981.738a |pmc=2549119 |pmid=7711556}}</ref> Vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]]. Yawancin allurai na quinine na iya haifar da alamun cinchonism mai tsanani (amma mai iya jujjuyawa): rashes na fata, kurma, rashin bacci, raguwar gani ko makanta, girgiza anaphylactic, da damuwa a cikin bugun zuciya ko tafiyarwa, da mutuwa daga cututtukan zuciya (lalacewar zuciya). Hakanan Quinine na iya haifar da wani nau'i na rashin hankali da ba kasafai ba a cikin marasa lafiyar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ake kira zazzabin ruwan baƙar fata, wanda ke haifar da babban haemolysis, haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinuria, da gazawar koda. Yawancin alamomin cinchonism (sai dai a lokuta masu tsanani) suna canzawa kuma suna ɓacewa da zarar an cire quinine. Ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ta hanyar shan babban kashi na quinine ya haifar da hangen nesa na ramin da ba za a iya jurewa ba da kuma nakasar gani sosai.[1] Marasa lafiya da aka kula da su da quinine na iya fama da karancin sukari a jini, musamman idan an ba da shi ta hanyar intravenous, da kuma hypotension (karancin Hawan jini). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} Quinine, kamar [[chloroquine]], yana kashe enzymes a cikin lysosomes na sel kuma yana da tasirin rigakafi, saboda haka amfani da shi a cikin maganin rheumatoid arthritis. Koyaya, rashin aiki na waɗannan enzymes na iya haifar da tarin glycogen da phospholipids a cikin lysosomes, wanda ke haifar da myopathy mai guba. Yana yiwuwa wannan aikin shine tushen cinchonism. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Xi |last2=Chen |first2=Shanping |last3=Tee |first3=Daniel |date=May 1998 |title=Effects of Quinine on the Excitability and Voltage-Dependent Currents of Isolated Spiral Ganglion Neurons in Culture |url=http://jn.physiology.org/content/79/5/2503 |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=2503–12 |doi=10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2503 |pmid=9582223 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2017-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042110/http://jn.physiology.org/content/79/5/2503 |url-status=dead }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l3zi6htwbzug0enjce8cw5aty2uk4gj 0 158512 891239 863598 2026-08-04T08:51:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 891239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ajin Osa wataƙila shine nau'in jiragen ruwan makamai masu linzami mafi yawa da aka taɓa ginawa, tare da jiragen ruwa sama da 400 da aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1973 don Sojojin Ruwan Soviet da kuma don fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa. ''Osa'' yana nufin tsutsa a cikin Rashanci, amma ba suna bane na hukuma. An sanya jiragen ruwan a matsayin "manyan masu yanke makamai masu linzami" a cikin Sojojin Ruwan Soviet. == Asalin == Duk da cewa jiragen ruwan Komar na baya-bayan nan jiragen ruwa ne masu araha da inganci (kuma na farko da suka nutsar da jirgin ruwan yaƙi da makamai masu linzami masu jagora, inda suka lalata ''Eilat'' na Sojojin Ruwan Isra'ila), juriyarsu, kiyaye ruwa, da kuma yadda suke rayuwa sun yi kaɗan a mafi kyawun yanayi, kuma akwatin makami mai linzamin yana fuskantar lalacewa daga raƙuman ruwa. Daga cikin sauran raunin da suke da shi akwai harsashin katako, na'urar radar ba ta da na'urar sarrafa wuta, da kuma isasshen kayan kariya wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa biyu masu sarrafa kansu da hannu 25.&nbsp;bindigogin mm masu sauƙin gani a cikin turret guda ɗaya. Makaman da Komars suka harba sun kunshi makamai masu linzami guda hudu kirar P-15 Termit (NATO: SS-N-2 "Styx"), kuma babu isasshen karfin da zai iya daukar jiragen P-15M masu dogon zango na zamani. Na'urorin auna karfin ba su da inganci sosai don amfani da matsakaicin zangon makamai masu linzami, kuma ma'aikatan jirgin 17 ba su da girma sosai don amfani da dukkan tsarin yadda ya kamata. == Aiki == Jiragen ruwan Project 205 sun fi jiragen ruwa na farko na Project 183R (NATO: aji Komar ) girma, tare da nauyinsu sau huɗu, kuma kusan ninki biyu na ma'aikatan jirgin. Har yanzu an yi nufin su zama jiragen ruwa 'mafi ƙanƙanta' don ayyukan da aka tsara. An yi harsashin ne da ƙarfe, tare da ƙaramin gini mai faɗi da aka yi da ƙarfe mai sauƙi, bene mai ci gaba, da kuma babban allo mai kyauta. Gefen benen an zagaye su kuma suna da santsi don sauƙaƙa wanke gurɓataccen rediyo idan yaƙin nukiliya ya faru. Jirgin yana da faɗi sosai, amma jiragen ruwan Project 205 har yanzu suna iya samun babban gudu saboda suna da injunan dizal guda uku na Zvezda M503 waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar jimillar 12,000.&nbsp;HP (15,000)&nbsp;hp akan Project 205U gaba) yana tuƙa shafts uku. Injinan masu ƙarfi sun ba da damar yin matsakaicin gudu na kimanin knots 40 tare da juriya da aminci mai kyau. Akwai kuma janareta uku na dizal. An sanya manyan injina biyu da janareta ɗaya a ɗakin injin gaba, babban injin na uku da janareta biyu a ɗakin injin baya. Akwai ɗakin sarrafawa tsakanin ɗakunan injin biyu. An warware matsalar da ta shafi raunin makaman yaƙi na farko na Project 183R ta hanyar amfani da turrets guda biyu na AK-230, a cikin bene na gaba da na baya. An sanya radar sarrafa wuta ta MR-104 ''Rys'' (NATO: "Drum Tilt") a cikin wani babban dandamali, kuma ya sarrafa sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya, duk da manyan gine-ginen da suka yi faɗi amma ƙasa. Ko da an sanya su a baya, wannan radar yana da kyakkyawan filin gani a ko'ina. Harbin AK-230 ba su da matuki, kowannensu yana dauke da makamai guda biyu guda 30&nbsp;bindigogin mm waɗanda za su iya harbawa a lokacin rpm 2,000 (400 a aikace) tare da kewayon aiki na mita 2,500. Ana iya amfani da su akan wuraren da ake hari a saman, amma kamar yadda yake a jiragen ruwan Komar na baya, da zarar an gama amfani da dukkan makamai masu linzami, an shirya tserewa ba tare da yaƙi ba. Ba a sami ingantattun makaman harba makamai masu guba ba har sai da aka gabatar da jerin corvettes na Aikin 12341.1 ''Molniya'' (NATO: " Tarantul "), tare da 76&nbsp;bindigogin mm. Makaman yaƙin sun ƙunshi makamai masu linzami guda huɗu na P-15 Termit (NATO: SS-N-2 "Styx"), kowannensu an kare shi daga mummunan yanayi a cikin wani makamin harba mai siffar akwati. Wannan ya ninka makaman da ake da su idan aka kwatanta da Project 183R, wanda ya ba da ƙarin juriya. An sarrafa makamai masu linzamin ta hanyar radar MR-331 ''Rangout'' (NATO: "Top Bow") da kuma radar ''Nikhrom-RRM'' (NATO: "Square Tie") ESM / IFF wanda har ma ya ba da damar kai hari a sararin samaniya, idan an kunna radar ɗin da aka kai hari. Da duk waɗannan ci gaba, waɗannan jiragen ruwan sun fi tasiri sosai. Suna da ɗaya daga cikin na farko, idan ba na farko ba , tsarin makamai masu kusanci (CIWS). An inganta ƙimar tsira zuwa kashi 50%, kuma ana iya harba makami mai linzami 12 ta jiragen ruwa uku kawai. Saboda haka, nutsar da jirgin mai lalata jirgin ruwa an ɗauke shi a matsayin 'tabbatacce' ta amfani da jiragen ruwa shida kawai (dakaru biyu na jiragen ruwa uku), wanda hakan ya sa jiragen Project 205 suka fi sauƙin daidaitawa har ma da rahusa fiye da adadin da ake buƙata na jiragen Project 183R don cimma irin wannan tasiri. Sakamakon waɗannan ci gaban, jiragen ruwan Project 205 ba su da daidaito a ƙarshen shekarun 1950/farkon shekarun 1960. An ƙera sama da jiragen ruwa 400 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma wasu jiragen ruwa 120 a China. Wasu daga cikin ingantattun jiragen ruwa na Project 205U (Osa 2) an sanya musu makamai masu linzami samfurin 9K32 Strela-2 (NATO: SA-N-5 "Grail") daga sama zuwa sama a cikin jiragen harba makamai masu linzami na MTU-4 a yunƙurin inganta tsaron sama. Wannan sabon samfurin ya kuma sami injuna masu inganci, da sabbin akwatunan makamai masu linzami na silinda, tare da ingantattun makamai masu linzami na P-15U. Jiragen ruwa 205M da 205 mod suna da dogon bututu don ƙarin ingtun makamai masu linzami na P-15M. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</sp</nowiki>''</sup> == Osa 2 == Jirgin Osa 2 (Project 205U), 1982 Jirgin P-15M mai harba makami mai linzami mai sauri na Osa 2, 1981 Aljeriya Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Aljeriya – Jiragen Ruwa 8 da aka tura 1978 [[Angola]] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Angola – Jiragen Ruwa 6 da aka tura 1982–1983, A cewar Sharpe, suna "cikin matakai daban-daban na lalacewa" a shekarar 1996 Azerbaijan Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Azerbaijan – Jirgin Ruwa 1 Bulgaria Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Bulgaria – Jiragen Ruwa 3 (duk sun daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2008) Cuba Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Juyin Juya Halin Cuba – Jiragen Ruwa 13 a shekarar 1991 Masar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Masar – Jiragen Ruwa 4 [ana buƙatar ambato] (Duba bayanin kula daga jirgin ruwan makami mai linzami na Tuima na Finland) [[Itofiya|Habasha]] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Habasha − Jiragen Ruwa 4 da aka tura daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet tsakanin 1978 da 1981.[A shekarar 1996, biyu ne kawai suka yi sansani a Djibouti yayin da sauran aka nutsar da su ko kuma aka yi musu tarkace [[Eritrea]] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Eritrea – Jiragen Ruwa 5 Finland Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Finland – Jiragen Ruwa 4 aka tura a shekarar 1974–75. An san su da jiragen ruwan makami mai linzami na Tuima. An janye aikin a shekarar 2003 kuma aka sayar wa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Masar, don amfani da su a matsayin jiragen ruwan makami mai linzami bayan an gyara su.[ana buƙatar ambato] Indiya Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya – Jiragen Ruwa 8 aka tura a shekarar 1976–77. An san su da jiragen ruwan makami mai linzami na aji Chamak. An soke aikinsu daga 1999–2003 Iraki Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Iraki – Jiragen Ruwa 5 kafin Yaƙin Gulf. Duk sun ɓace a shekarar 1991 Libya Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Libya – Jiragen Ruwa 4 a shekarar 2011 Libya Rundunar 'Yantar da Kasa – Ba a San Ko Su Ba Rasha Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Rasha – An Raba ta daga Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Soviet Somaliya Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Somaliya – Jiragen Ruwa 2 a shekarar 1991 Tarayyar Soviet Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Soviet – Jiragen Ruwa 24 a shekarar 1991.[17] An Raba ta ga jihohin da suka gaje ta Siriya Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Siriya – Jiragen Ruwa 10 da aka karɓa tsakanin 1978 da 1984.[13] Akalla jiragen saman Isra'ila sun lalata akalla shida bayan faduwar gwamnatin Assad Vietnam Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Vietnam – Jiragen Ruwa 8 Yemen Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yemen – Jiragen Ruwa 18 Duba kuma Jerin Jiragen Ruwa na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Soviet Jerin Jiragen Ruwa na Rasha ta lambar aikin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 213j3dgoxaqbgosjgcsek1zy94b0ew1 0 158657 891084 885766 2026-08-03T21:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cheyletiella''''' wani nau'i ne na ƙwayoyin da ke zaune a kan fata na [[Kare|karnuka]], <ref name="pmid17423097">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paradis M, Villeneuve A |date=August 1988 |title=Efficacy of Ivermectin against Cheyletiella yasguri Infestation in Dogs |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=633–635 |pmc=1680781 |pmid=17423097}}</ref> [[Kyanwa|Cats]], <ref name="pmid17423707">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scott DW, Paradis M |date=December 1990 |title=A survey of canine and feline skin disorders seen in a university practice: Small Animal Clinic, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec (1987-1988) |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=830–835 |pmc=1480900 |pmid=17423707}}</ref> da zomo. <ref name="pmid18171479">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mellgren M, Bergvall K |year=2008 |title=Treatment of rabbit cheyletiellosis with selamectin or ivermectin: a retrospective case study |journal=Acta Vet. Scand. |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/1751-0147-50-1 |pmc=2235873 |pmid=18171479 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manyan ƙwayoyin suna da kimanin 0.385 millimeters tsawo, suna da kafafu takwas tare da combs maimakon yatsunsu, kuma suna da palpi wanda ya ƙare a cikin manyan ƙugiyoyi.<ref name="Mueller">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Ralf S. |year=2005 |title=Superficial mites in small animal dermatology |url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/scivac/2005/Mueller4_en.pdf?LA=1 |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=Proceedings of the 50° Congresso Nazionale Multisala SCIVAC |format=PDF}}</ref> Ba sa tonowa cikin fata, amma suna rayuwa a matakin keratin. Dukan rayuwarsu ta kwanaki 21 tana kan mai masaukin daya. Ba za su iya rayuwa daga mai masaukin ba fiye da kwanaki 10. == Cheyletiellosis == '''Cheyletiellosis''' (wanda aka fi sani da ''Cheyletiella'' dermatitis), <ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0-07-138076-0}}.</ref> ƙwayoyin cuta ne mai sauƙi wanda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Cheyletiela suka haifar. Har ila yau, an san shi da '''dandruff mai tafiya''' saboda sikelin fata da ƙwayoyin ke ɗauka. Cheyletiellosis ana ganin shi a yankunan da ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da yawa, saboda raguwar amfani da samfuran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke da inganci don maganin wannan ƙwayoyin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Diagnosing and treating cheyletiellosis |url=https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=veterinary-practice.com |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921153736/https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheyletiellosis yana da yaduwa sosai. Ana watsawa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da dabba da abin ya shafa.<ref name=":0"/> === Gabatarwa === Alamomi a cikin dabbobi sun bambanta daga babu alamomi zuwa ƙishirwa mai tsanani, sikelin akan fata, da asarar gashi. Raunin yawanci yana kan baya dabba. Alamomi a cikin mutane sun haɗa da ja da yawa, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a kan hannayensu, akwati, da ƙuƙwasawa. Saboda mutane ba masu karɓar bakuncin ƙwayoyin ba ne, alamun yawanci suna ɓacewa cikin kimanin makonni uku. Kodayake al'ummar kiwon lafiya ba sa la'akari da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin tabbatacciyar ganewar asali, za ta magance alamun idan ya cancanta.<ref name=":0"/> === Binciken ganewa === Binciken shine ta hanyar gano ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwai microscopically a cikin fatar fata, combing, ko a kan tef na acetate da aka yi amfani da shi a fata.<ref name=":0"/> === Magani === Magani mafi yawanci a cikin dabbobi shine amfani da kowane mako na wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari da ƙuda dace da dabbar da abin ya shafa, sau da yawa samfurin antiflea. Fipronil yana aiki da kyau, musamman a cikin cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scarampella F, Pollmeier M, Visser M, Boeckh A, Jeannin P |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of fipronil in the treatment of feline cheyletiellosis |journal=Vet Parasitol |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=333–9 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.02.008 |pmid=15845289}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya kula da Cats tare da maganin kwari na sulfur ko shampoo tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ba na pyrethrin ba na makonni biyu bayan kammala alamun. A lokuta marasa amsawa, ana amfani da ivermectin. Ana ƙuda ba da shawarar Selamectin don magani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ihrke |first=Peter J. |year=2006 |title=New Approaches to Common Canine Ectoparasites |url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/wsava/2006/lecture6/Ihrke2.pdf?LA=1 |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=Proceedings of the 31st World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association |format=PDF}}</ref> Babu wani daga cikin wadannan kayayyakin da aka amince da su don maganin cheyletiellosis.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Mange in Dogs and Cats |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/72005.htm |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=The Merck Veterinary Manual |archive-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217140053/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/72005.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran dabbobi a cikin wannan gida ya kamata a kula da su, kuma dole ne a kula da gidan ko gidan tare da yaduwar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jeromin |first=Alice |date=August 2006 |title=Cheyletiella: The under-diagnosed mite |journal=DVM |pages=8S–9S}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == * ''Cheyletiella blakei'' Smiley, 1970 - ya mamaye cats (''[[Kyanwa|Felis catus]]''), Amurka (Washington DC) * ''[[Cheyletiella parasitivorax]]'' - ya mamaye buns (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''), Faransa * ''[[Cheyletiella romerolagi]]'' <small> (Fain, 1972) </small> - ya kamu da cutar ''Romerolagus diazi'', Amurka (New York) * ''[[Cheyletiella strandtmanni]]'' Smiley, 1970 - ya mamaye hare (''Lepus'' spp.), Taiwan * ''Cheyletiella yasguri'' <small>Smiley, 1965</small> - ya mamaye karnuka ''C. yasguri'' da ''C. blakei'' na iya shafar mutane na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="Mueller"/> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da halayen fata * Ku ci == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dpdndjyilmttul2zilr139wfyqsr6z9 0 158674 891152 861422 2026-08-04T01:07:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:North_african_catfish_total_production_thousand_tonnes_1950-2022.svg|thumb|Kama (shuɗi) da kuma noman kifi (kore) na kifin kifin Arewacin Afirka ( ''Clarias gariepinus'' ) a cikin tan dubu daga 1950 zuwa 2022, kamar yadda FAO ta ruwaito <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]] '''''Clarias gariepinus''''' ko kuma '''kifin Afirka mai kaifi''' iri ɗaya ne na kifin catfish na dangin Clariidae, kifin catfish mai numfashi ta iska. == Rarrabawa == Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin [[Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], kuma suna zaune a cikin [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa, [[Kogi|koguna]], da [[fadama]], da kuma wuraren da mutane suka gina, kamar [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|tafkunan iskar shaka]] ko ma najasar birane. An gabatar da kifin Afirka mai kaifi a ko'ina cikin duniya a farkon shekarun 1980 don amfanin kiwon kaji, don haka ana samunsa a [[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasashen]] da ke wajen wurin da yake zama, kamar [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]] ( [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]] da [[Haiti]] ), [[Brazil]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Taiwan]], da [[Indiya]] . A ƙasashen da nau'ikan ''Clarias'' na asali ke faruwa, kamar Indonesia, ana iya bambanta kifin kaifi mai kaifi; a Indonesia, ana kiransa '''''lele dumbo''''' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iswanto |first=Bambang |date=2013 |title=Menelusuri Identitas Ikan Lele Dumbo |url=http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ma/article/view/382 |journal=Media Akuakultur |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=85 |doi=10.15578/ma.8.2.2013.85-95 |access-date=9 January 2024 |doi-access=free |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822115304/http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ma/article/view/382 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:African_Catfish_(Clarias_gariepinus)_landing_on_the_ford_after_its_jump_upstream_..._(16332780150).jpg|left|thumb|Tsalle sama a wani reshe na [[Kogin Sabie]], Kruger NP]] [[Fayil:Clarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg|left|thumb|Samfurin daga Bogor, Indonesia (wani lokacin ana noma shi)]] Kifin kifin sharptooth na Afirka babban kifi ne mai kama da [[Kifi|kifin]] eel, yawanci launin toka mai duhu ko [[Baki (Black)|baƙi]] ne a baya, yana shuɗewa zuwa farin ciki. A [[Afirka]], an ruwaito cewa wannan kifin catfish yana da girma na biyu bayan vundu na ruwan Zambesian, kodayake FishBase ya nuna cewa kifin sharptooth na Afirka ya fi wannan nau'in tsayi da nauyi. ''C. gariepinus'' yana da matsakaicin tsawon babba na {{Convert|1|-|1.5|m}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya kai matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1.7|m}} TL kuma yana iya auna har zuwa {{Convert|60|kg}} . Waɗannan kifayen suna da jiki siriri, kai mai faɗi, mai laushi fiye da na ''Silurus'', da kuma baki masu faɗi, masu maƙalli guda huɗu. Suna kuma da manyan gabobin numfashi masu haɗawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi baka na gill . Haka kuma, fin-fin na pectoral ne kawai ke da kashin baya. == Halaye == Kifi ne mai kama da kifin catfish da yawa. Yana cin dabbobi masu rai, da kuma waɗanda suka mutu (kamar kwari, plankton, [[Dodon kodi|katantanwa]], kaguwa, jatan lande, sauran dabbobi marasa kaciya, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu ruwa da tsaki, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, sauran kifaye, da ƙwai ) da kuma ƙwayoyin shuka kamar [['ya'yan itace]] da iri . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarias gariepinus (Barbel) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Clarias_gariepinus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> Saboda faɗin bakinsa, yana iya haɗiye babban abincin da aka kama gaba ɗaya. An san yana ɗaukar manyan tsuntsayen ruwa kamar na [[Kazar ruwa|moorhen]] . Hakanan yana iya rarrafe a kan busasshiyar ƙasa don tserewa daga busasshiyar tafki. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya rayuwa a cikin laka mara zurfi na dogon lokaci, tsakanin lokacin damina. == Manazarta == olu08iyfg9adcsaquuo1bt1p8frhj1w 0 158796 891113 888439 2026-08-03T22:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:CERMEL_Campus.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar CERMEL a Lambaréné]] '''Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Lambaréné''' (CERMEL) cibiyar bincike ce mai zaman kanta a Lambaréné, [[Gabon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=cermel.org |url=http://www.cermel.org/index.php |website=www.cermel.org}}</ref> Cibiyar tana mai da hankali kan bincike game da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], [[tarin fuka]] mai tsayayya da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=New process allows tailor-made malaria research &#124; University Tübingen |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/neues-verfahren-ermoeglicht-passgenaue-malariaforschung.html |access-date=2018-06-12 |publisher=Uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> da cututtukan tsutsotsi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bélard |first=S |last2=Remppis |first2=J |last3=Bootsma |first3=S |last4=Janssen |first4=S |last5=Kombila |first5=DU |last6=Beyeme |first6=JO |last7=Rossatanga |first7=EG |last8=Kokou |first8=C |last9=Osbak |first9=KK |last10=Obiang Mba |first10=RM |last11=Kaba |first11=HM |last12=Traoré |first12=AN |last13=Ehrhardt |first13=J |last14=Bache |first14=EB |last15=Flamen |first15=A |year=2016 |title=Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Drug Resistance in Lambaréné, Gabon: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=472–80 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.15-0668 |pmc=4973203 |pmid=27352879}}</ref> CERMEL tana da alaƙa ta kusa da cibiyoyin ilimi a duk duniya, gami da Jami'ar Tübingen, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Vienna da Jami'an Amsterdam. Shugaban CERMEL shine mai binciken Austrian Peter Gottfried Kremsner, wanda kuma shine shugaban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical a Jami'ar Tübingen. Babban Sakatare shine mai binciken Gabonese Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=cermel.org/board of directors |url=http://www.cermel.org/boardofdirectors.php |website=www.cermel.org}}</ref> Cibiyar tana samun kuɗi galibi ta hanyar ayyukan bincike da nazarin asibiti. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sune [[Tarayyar Turai]], Gidauniyar Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates da Gwamnatin Gabon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=cermel.org/funders |url=http://www.cermel.org/html.fr/funders.php |website=www.cermel.org}}</ref> Gine-ginen bincike da gudanarwa suna kusa da Hôpital Albert Schweitzer a arewacin [[Kogin Ogooué]]. A cikin 2017, cibiyar ta koma sabon harabar. A watan Yulin 2017, Gwamnatin Gabon, Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Jamus (DZIF), Jami'ar Tübingen da Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Vienna sun amince da kafa makarantar ga masu sana'a a harabar CERMEL don horar da likitoci da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a can.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Tübingen joins with international partners to train medical staff in Africa &#124; University Tübingen |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/archive/archivfullview-press-releases/article/tuebingen-joins-with-international-partners-to-train-medical-staff-in-africa.html |access-date=2018-06-12 |publisher=Uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.cermel.org/index.php Shafin yanar gizon CERMEL] * [http://www.lenouveaugabon.com/sante/2501-9859-40-projets-scientifiques-en-cours-au-centre-de-recherche-medicale-de-lambarene Rahoto game da aikin bincike a CERMEL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211210123/https://www.lenouveaugabon.com/sante/2501-9859-40-projets-scientifiques-en-cours-au-centre-de-recherche-medicale-de-lambarene |date=2024-12-11 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gbodlcgykip8o3xl2fyb6fj9y7pr87e 0 158806 890936 861791 2026-08-03T12:51:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].<ref name=":0">https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].<ref name=":0" />.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]], == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan sana'a === Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.<ref name=":0" />Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/</ref><ref>https://citybusinessnews.com/bayelsa-renews-commitment-to-oil-palm-rice-fish-other-farmers/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bayelsa-govt-ndu-to-partner-on-food-security-commissioner/</ref>Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bayelsawatch.com/korean-trip-for-bayelsa-agricultural-devt-very-positive/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-20 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113190103/https://bayelsawatch.com/korean-trip-for-bayelsa-agricultural-devt-very-positive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/01/17/bayelsa-government-receives-mechanised-agric-equipment-worth-500000-from-south-korea/</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kz8d20bmc20qh8lemisrxezk1rmye03 0 158812 891299 874894 2026-08-04T11:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sir Ebia Olewale''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1940 - 23 ga Janairu 2009) ɗan siyasa ne na Papua New Guinea. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a 1968 kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe mukamai da dama na minista a lokacin mulkin kai da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai na PNG a 1975, ciki har da na mataimakin firayim minista. An ba shi lambar yabo a 1983 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Goroka daga 2000 zuwa 2006. Daga 2002 har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya kasance darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Dorewa na Papua New Guinea. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Niwia Ebia Olewale a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, a Ture Ture, wani ƙauye da ba shi da nisa da cibiyar gudanarwa ta Daru a yankin da yanzu ake kira Lardin Yammacin [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] (a lokacin Yankin Papua ). Mahaifiyarsa tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan a yankin a lokacin da suka yi aiki. Ya yi karatu a wata makarantar London Missionary Society daga 1949 zuwa 1952, sannan ya koma wata makaranta a Daru, daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga nan ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Sogeri kusa da [[Port Moresby]], makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a ƙasar a lokacin. A gaskiya ma, an zaɓe shi don ya sami tallafin karatu don zuwa makaranta a Ostiraliya, amma an ɗauke shi, yana da shekaru 17, a matsayin tsufa sosai. Yana Sogeri a lokaci guda da sauran shugabannin PNG na gaba a lokacin 'yancin kai. Kasancewarsa mai himma a muhawarar makarantu, ya zama ƙwararren mai magana da yawun jama'a. A shekarar 1964, ya yi rajista a kwalejin malamai a Port Moresby. Bayan shekara guda, ya fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Daru, inda ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kila Kila da ke Port Moresby a shekara mai zuwa. Ya yi murabus a ƙarshen 1967 don neman zaɓe. A Port Moresby, ya kasance memba na [[Bully Beef Club]], wata ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta siyasa wadda ta haɗa da ɗaliban Sogeri da dama kuma ta jagoranci kafa Pangu Pati, wadda za ta kafa gwamnatin PNG ta farko mai zaman kanta a 1975. <ref name="ANU">{{Cite web |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/outrigger/2012/06/18/ebia-olewale-a-life-of-service-by-jonathan-richie/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=Outrigger: Blog of the Pacific Institute |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107200526/https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/outrigger/2012/06/18/ebia-olewale-a-life-of-service-by-jonathan-richie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Gray">{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Geoffrey |date=January 2014 |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262605798_Ebia_Olewale_A_Life_of_Service |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=396-398 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Jack">{{Cite journal |last=Corbett |first=Jack |date=2013 |title=Ebia Olewale: a life of service |url=https://www.academia.edu/3670558/Ebia_Olewale_a_life_of_service |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305095227/https://www.academia.edu/3670558/Ebia_Olewale_a_life_of_service |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Olewale ya lashe kujerar South Fly Open a zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a shekarar 1968. Bayan ya zama memba na Pangu Pati, an sake zabensa a zaben 1972, kodayake bai bayyana kasancewarsa memba na jam'iyyar ba sai bayan zaben. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Firayim Minista Michael Somare a matsayin ministan ilimi a 1972 da 1973. Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga PNG a 1975, an nada Olewale a matsayin ministan shari'a. An sake zabarsa a matsayin dan majalisar kasa na Papua New Guinea a zaben gama gari na Papua New Guinea na 1977, ya zama mataimakin firayim minista kuma ministan harkokin waje. Har zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba domin ana sa ran Albert Maori Kiki zai zama mataimakin firayim minista, amma bai samu nasara ba. Tare da sakataren harkokin waje, Anthony Siaguru, Olewale ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Torres Strait da Australia da kuma yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . <ref name="ANU" /> <ref name="Gray" /> <ref name="Jack" /> Ba a sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1982 ba kuma bai sake komawa majalisar dokoki ba. Lokacin da ya sha kaye a zaɓe ya kasance lokaci mai wahala a gare shi. Bai da cancantar ilimi don ɗaukar babban aiki a ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa suna kan mulki. Ya fuskanci wasu gazawar kasuwanci. A shekarar 1994, bisa shawarar gwamnatin PNG, Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta zaɓe shi ya zama mai sa ido a zaɓen farko bayan wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 1995 ya zama mai ba da shawara ga BHP da Ok Tedi Mine, wanda ke lardin Yammacin. A shekarar 2000, an naɗa shi darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Gaggawa na Papua New Guinea Ltd, wanda ya fi aiki a lardin Yammacin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2006, ya zama shugaban jami'a na Jami'ar Goroka, jami'a da ke mai da hankali kan horar da malamai a manhajar karatunsu. <ref name="ANU" /> <ref name="Gray" /> <ref name="Jack" /> <ref name="Nalu">{{Cite web |last=Nalu |first=Malum |title=Sir Ebia Olewale biography launched |url=https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2012/06/sir-ebia-olewale-biography-launched.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=MalumNalu}}</ref> == Daraja == An ba Olewale digirin farko a fannin Knight a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1983 . == Mutuwa == Olewale ya rasu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2009, yana da shekaru 78. Yana da mata biyu da 'ya'ya tara. An yi jana'izarsa a Port Moresby kuma mutane sama da dubu ɗaya ne suka halarci jana'izar, ciki har da Gwamna Janar, Sir Paulias Matane, Firayim Minista, Michael Somare da Veronica Somare, Mataimakin Firayim Minista Puka Temu da shugaban 'yan adawa, Sir Mekere Morauta . An binne shi a Kunini da ke Lardin Yamma. <ref name="Nalu" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] gmw4vtz2toar9ggxj3ev9mu0sjsh7pk 0 159176 890963 863481 2026-08-03T14:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal|title=Current HIV Research|cover=Current HIV Research.jpg|former_names=|abbreviation=Curr. HIV Res.|discipline=[[HIV]] research|peer-reviewed=|language=[[English language|English]]|editor=Yuntao Wu|publisher=[[Bentham Science Publishers]]|country=|history=2003–present|frequency=|openaccess=|license=|impact=0.802|impact-year=2019|ISSN=1570-162X|eISSN=1873-4251|CODEN=|JSTOR=|LCCN=|OCLC=|website=http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=chivr|link1=|link1-name=|link2=|link2-name=|boxwidth=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox hproduct" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |''<span class="fn">Binciken HIV na yanzu</span>'' | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Current_HIV_Research.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hanyar horo | class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;" |Binciken [[HIV]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |[[English language|Turanci]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An shirya shi ta hanyar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |Yuntao Wu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Bayani game da bugawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |2003-ya zuwa yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai bugawa | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Bentham Science Publishers|Masu wallafa Kimiyya na Bentham]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="nowrap">[[Impact factor|Matsayi na tasiri]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |0.802 (2019) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Abun taƙaice <span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">[https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Current_HIV_Research ISO 4] ([http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' Bluebook ([https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/ Alt]) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1570-162X%5BISSN%5D NLM] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Current+HIV+Research%5BJournal%5D Alt]) • [https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf MathSciNet] ([https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=1570-162X&Submit=Search Alt]) &nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;[[File:Lock-red-alt-2.svg|link=|14x14px|Paid subscription required]]</span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 4 (infobox)|ISO 4]] | class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;" |''Ka yi amfani da shi. Rashin jituwa na HIV'' |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt) MIAR · NLM (alt) • Scopus · W&L<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">CODEN ([https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1873-4251 Alt] '''&#xB7;''' [https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Current+HIV+Research][https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [[jstor:1570162X|JSTOR]] ([https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Current+HIV+Research&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2 Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=1570-162X&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2 LCCN] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Current+HIV+Research%5BJournal%5D Alt]) MIAR '''&#xB7;''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1570-162X%5BISSN%5D NLM] (alt) • [https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=1570-162X Scopus] '''&#xB7;''' [https://managementtools4.wlu.edu/LawJournals/ W&L]&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<span class="value">[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1570-162X 1570-162X]</span> (bugawa) [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1873-4251 1873-4251] (web) &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Haɗin kai |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;" | * <span class="url">[http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=chivr Shafin farko na jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703013342/http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=chivr |date=2014-07-03 }}</span> |} '''''Binciken HIV na yanzu''''' mujallar kimiyya ce da ake nazari da ita wanda ke mai da hankali kan Binciken HIV / AIDS, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2003. Yuntao Wu ne ya shirya mujallar kuma Bentham Science Publishers ne suka buga ta. Yana da tasirin 1.581 == Bayyanawa == ''Binciken HIV na yanzu'' an cire shi kuma an jera shi a cikin bayanan bayanai da wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|*[[BIOSIS]] *[[BIOSIS Previews]] *[[BIOSIS Reviews Reports and Meetings]] *[[Chemical Abstracts]] *[[EMBASE]] *[[Google Scholar]] *[[MEDLINE]] *[[ISI Alerting Services]] *[[Journal Citation Reports]]/Science Edition *[[JournalSeek]] *[[PubsHub]] *[[Science Citation Index Expanded]] *[[Scopus]] *[[Standard Periodical Directory]] *[[Web of Science]]}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|1=http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=chivr}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hxghtyqnih07c9c7x9nruywbvcavqt1 0 159300 891118 864281 2026-08-03T23:06:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa (Abbreviation: '''NCID'''; Malay: Pusat Nasional Nasional bagi Penyakit Berjangkit; Tamil:__wol____wol____wol__; Sinanci: Cibiyar Kulawa ta Kasa), wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Kulawar Cututtuka (Abbraviation: '''CDC'''), cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta kasa a karkashin [[Singapore]])" id="mwLQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ministry of Health (Singapore)">Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Singapore. Da yake kusa da Asibitin Tan Tock Seng a Novena, duk marasa lafiya a cikin birni da ke fama da cutar da ke yaduwa sosai ana keɓe su a NCID kuma ana amfani da su don sarrafa barkewar irin waɗannan cututtukan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Linette |date=7 September 2019 |title=New infectious disease centre tracks everyone in the building in case of outbreak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/new-infectious-disease-centre-tracks-everyone-in-the-building-in-case-of-outbreak |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> Babban darektan asibitin shine Farfesa Yee-Sin Leo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Leo Yee-Sin - National Centre for Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.ncid.sg/About-NCID/Leadership/Pages/Professor-LEO-Yee-Sin.aspx |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=www.ncid.sg |archive-date=2021-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220060832/https://www.ncid.sg/About-NCID/Leadership/Pages/Professor-LEO-Yee-Sin.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin kafa wurin keɓewa a titin Moulmein, akwai sansanin keɓewa da Balestier a cikin 1907. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19040312-1.2.24 |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=The Origins of Singapore's Communicable Disease Centre: Hanging Fire |url=https://kyotoreview.org/issue-26/the-origins-of-singapores-communicable-disease-centre-hanging-fire/ |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> An buɗe shi a cikin 1913, wurin keɓewa a Moulmein Road an fara saninsa da Asibitin Isolation . <ref name=":4" /> Daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Asibitin Middleton a cikin 1920, don girmama Dokta W.R.C Middleton, wanda ya yi aiki a asibitin na tsawon shekaru 27, bayan ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Middleton's Retirement. |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19200922-1.2.32?ST=1&AT=filter&K=middleton%20hospital&KA=middleton%20hospital&DF=&DT=&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=1920&QT=middleton,hospital&oref=article |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Middleton Hospital on Moulmein Road. It was set up in 1907 … |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/b28cfced-1161-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=www.nas.gov.sg}}</ref> Cibiyar ta zama reshe na Asibitin Tan Tock Seng (TTSH) a 1985, an sake masa suna Cibiyar Cututtukan Cututtuka (CDC), kuma ta zo ƙarƙashin kulawar Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Communicable Disease Centre {{!}} Infopedia |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_336_2005-01-03.html |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1995, ya zo karkashin gwamnatin kai tsaye ta TTSH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communicable Disease Centre comes under TTSH's wings |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19950405-1.2.32.8 |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, CDC ita ce cibiyar barkewar cutar ta cututtukan numfashi mai tsanani (SARS) a Singapore. Kamar yadda ɗakunan da aka ware sun iyakance, dole ne a tura marasa lafiya na HIV zuwa wani wuri a cikin cibiyar yayin da dole ne a sallami marasa lafiya da ke da yanayin fata don samun hanyar keɓewa da ake zargi da cutar SARS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tai |first=Janice |date=2018-10-15 |title=Harbhajan Singh: A lifetime of nursing work helped when Sars struck |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/harbhajan-singh-a-lifetime-of-nursing-work-helped-when-sars-struck |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da barkewar cutar ta ci gaba, TTSH ta zama babban asibiti don keɓewa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya na SARS a ranar 22 ga Maris 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seow |first=E. |date=2003-11-01 |title=SARS: experience from the emergency department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore |url= |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |language=en |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=501–504 |doi=10.1136/emj.20.6.501 |issn=1472-0205 |pmc=1726235 |pmid=14623831}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, an gyara wani toshe na TTSH da ke kusa da CDC don a yi amfani da shi azaman unguwanni na hanawa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin CDC 2.<ref name=":2"/> Da farko an sake gina wannan toshe don Asibitin Al'umma na Ren Ci, barkewar SARS ta kawo hutu ga shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of CDC 2 (Part 2) - Tan Tock Seng Hospital |url=https://www.ttsh.com.sg/yourstory/The-Chronicles-CDC-2-Part2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002938/https://www.ttsh.com.sg/yourstory/The-Chronicles-CDC-2-Part2/ |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=www.ttsh.com.sg}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Disamba 2018, CDC ta dakatar da aiki a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya, ta kammala shekaru 111 na aiki.[1] Dukkanin ayyukan sun koma Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa, sabon gini da ke gaban babban ginin Asibitin Tan Tock Seng. Yana aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, sabon wurin yana da damar gado 330 kuma an tsara shi don sarrafa barkewar cutar girman barkewar SARS.[2] A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2019, Ministan Lafiya Gan Kim Yong ne ya bude Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Kasa. Yana da fasahar zamani kuma yana bin diddigin marasa lafiya a cikin ginin don hana yaduwar barkewar cutar. Bugu da kari, ginin yana da rukunin keɓewa na farko na Singapore don cututtukan da ke yaduwa sosai, har ma da cututtukani masu kisa kamar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]].<ref name=":3"/> An yi amfani da NCID a matsayin wurin keɓewa ga marasa lafiya da suka kamu da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a lokacin annobar COVID-19. == Samun dama == Cibiyar kiwon lafiya tana kusa da tashar Novena MRT a kan layin Arewacin Kudu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Kula da lafiya a Singapore * Lafiya a Singapore == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rzi6ngkvfwlt27pkl0rxxeyh45dq9c6 0 159339 891116 864630 2026-08-03T23:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta [[Malawi|Malawian]] (PHIM) ''' hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Malawi da cibiyar bincike, da kuma cibiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta ƙasar Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHIM |url=https://phim.health.gov.mw/about-us/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health Institute of Malawi (PHIM) {{!}} GHDx |url=https://ghdx.healthdata.org/organizations/public-health-institute-malawi-phim |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=ghdx.healthdata.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Epidemiology and Survellance – PHIM |url=https://phim.health.gov.mw/epidemiology-and-survellance/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129091956/https://phim.health.gov.mw/epidemiology-and-survellance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PHIM |url=https://phim.health.gov.mw/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya. PHIM tana gina ikon kasar don halarta yadda ya kamata da kuma magance matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ciki har da cututtukan da ke yaduwa da wadanda ba su yaduwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Malawi COVID-19 Weekly Situation Report |url=https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/83996 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=UNHCR Operational Data Portal (ODP) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chawinga |first=Winner |last2=Singini |first2=Wales |last3=Phuka |first3=John |last4=Chimbatata |first4=Nathaniel |last5=Mitambo |first5=Collins |last6=Sambani |first6=Clara |last7=Kambalame |first7=Dzinkambani |date=2023 |title=Combating coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in rural areas of Malawi: Factors affecting the fight |journal=African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=3464 |doi=10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3464 |issn=2071-2936 |pmc=9900245 |pmid=36744457 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Public Health Institute Malawi Archives |url=https://www.247malawi.com/tag/public-health-institute-malawi/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=247MALAWI NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban ayyukan cibiyar sune sa ido kan kiwon lafiya, bincike da rigakafin cututtuka. Cibiyar ta kunshi bangarorin bincike don lafiyar muhalli, kula da kamuwa da cuta da bayanan kiwon lafiya, da kuma lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHIM |url=https://phim.health.gov.mw/about-us/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title=CDC in Malawi {{!}} Global Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/malawi/default.htm |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Insights from Malawi's Deep Dive of the Integrated Disease Surveillance System {{!}} IANPHI {{!}} Atlanta GA |url=https://ianphi.org/news/2023/malawi-deep-dive-integrated-disease-surveillance-system.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=ianphi.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafawa === An kafa ma'aikatar ne a farkon 2013 tare da tallafi daga Ma'aikatun Lafiya don bincike, rigakafi da sarrafa cututtuka a matakin ƙasa da kuma samun shaidar da ke aiwatar da manufofi da aiki a cikin isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a.[1] Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ta yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Norway (NIPH) kuma suna da haɗin gwiwa na shekaru da yawa. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Norway ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga kafa PHIM a cikin 2013. Dukkanin cibiyoyin suna da irin wannan sha'awa wajen sa ido kan cututtukan cututtuka a kasashensu. Wani ɓangare na yankin da PHIM ya nema shine IDSR, alhakin cibiyar. A cikin 2023, PHIM, tare da Ma'aikatar Lafiya sun ƙaddamar da ajanda don Binciken Lafiya na Kasa da Hanyar Bincike da ke da alhakin samar da tsarin don gudanar da binciken bangaren kiwon lafiya.[2] Har ila yau, ajanda tana tabbatar da magance kalubalen da jami'an kiwon lafiya ke fuskanta yayin gudanar da bincike.[3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fqsu7epmhewb9kx5srm6p9lpcy9h2iy 0 159512 891203 865366 2026-08-04T05:21:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jirgin Empire Aldgate''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar kaya mai nauyin tan 3,485 wanda aka gina a shekarar 1945. An sake mata suna '''''Thackeray''''' a shekarar 1948, '''''Sugar Refiner''''' a shekarar 1951, '''''San Patricio''''' a shekarar 1958, da kuma '''''San Miguel''''' a shekarar 1965. Masu shi sun yi watsi da ita a shekarar 1965 kuma aka soke ta a shekarar 1967. == Tarihi == W Gray Ltd, West Hartlepool <ref name="Aldgate">{{Cite web |title=NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET MOTEURS DE MOINS DE 300 tx., CHALUTIERS, &c. |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a0325.pdf |access-date=2008-12-23 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> gina ''Empire Aldgate'' a matsayin lamba 1180. An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1945 kuma an kammala ta a watan Yuli. An gina ''Empire Aldgate'' don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi a Burtaniya kuma tana aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Glen & Co Ltd. <ref name="Aldgate" /> A shekara ta 1948, an sayar da ''Empire Alderney'' ga Rodney Steamship Co, [[Landan|London]] kuma aka sake masa suna ''Thackeray'' . Ta yi aiki tare da su har zuwa 1951 lokacin da aka sayar da ita ga Silvertown Services Ltd, London kuma aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Sugar Refiner'' . <ref name="Mariner">{{Cite web |title=Empire-A |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireA.html |access-date=2008-12-23 |publisher=Mariners-L}}</ref> An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin jagorancin RS Dalgleish & Co, [[Newcastle|Newcastle upon Tyne]], har zuwa Janairu 1953 lokacin da gudanarwa ta koma ga Kentships Ltd. <ref name="Sugar">{{Cite web |title=Tate & Lyle Limited, Marine Division History of Sugar Line Limited – Athel Line Limited |url=http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/Documents/Scanner/01/05/default.asp?ID=c002 |access-date=2008-12-23 |publisher=Toronto Maritime History Society |archive-date=2010-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920235132/http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/Documents/scanner/01/05/default.asp?ID=c002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1958, an sayar da ita ga Valck & Monkton, [[Valparaiso|Valparaíso]], Chile, sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''San Patricio'' . Sun sayar da ita ga Worldwide Maritime Co, [[Laberiya|Liberia]], a shekarar 1962. A shekarar 1965, an sayar da ''San Patricio'' ga Altair Maritime Corporation, Liberia, wanda ya sake mata suna ''San Miguel'' . <ref name="Mariner"/> == Lambar hukuma da haruffan lamba == Lambobin hukuma sun kasance farkon lambobin IMO . ''Empire Aldgate'' tana da lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya 180083 daga 1945 zuwa 1958 kuma ta yi amfani da Haruffan Lambobin MPBM. <ref name="Aldgate"/> == Manazarta == c1hvxs92a1r8jbxdomvvrykcsrtrfyl 0 159680 891157 866850 2026-08-04T01:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dr_Clive_Sherlock,_Oxford,_December_2011.jpg|thumb|Clive Sherlock, 2011]] '''Clive Sherlock''' likita ne ɗan Birtaniya wanda ya yi karatu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma nazarin halayyar ɗan adam na Jungian a lokacin karatun digiri na biyu a Oxford . Ya ga iyakoki a cikin ka'idoji da amfani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma magungunan psychotropic, yana mai fahimtar cewa ba mu fahimci yanayi da kuma dalilin yanayi kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], fushi da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa]] ba, shi ya sa masana har yanzu ke neman hanyoyin magance su. Baya ga karatu da aiki a fannin likitanci na gargajiya da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ya kuma yi wani bincike na musamman kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da falsafar gabashin duniya, musamman na [[Buddha|addinin Buddha]], kuma a shekarar 1975 ya gabatar da tunani a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin horo mai tsari ga mutanen da ke fuskantar matsaloli daga ƙananan matsaloli na tunani da motsin rai. Waɗannan sun haɗa da bipolar, babban baƙin ciki, damuwa, firgici, rashin lafiyar obsessive-compulsive da kuma matsalolin cin abinci. Ya kira wannan hanyar [http://www.adaptationpractice.org Dabarar Daidaitawa] . Ta hanyar Daidaitawa, yana nufin tsarin tunani wanda ke canza halayenmu, martanin da muka saba da shi da kuma ɗabi'unmu na waje don su yi daidai da buƙatun kowane yanayi da muke ciki. Daidaitawa yana buƙatar canje-canje na asali a yadda muke amsawa ga motsin zuciyar da ke haifar da matsalolin tunani kuma waɗanda ke kawo cikas ko hana aiki mafi kyau a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, a cikin dangantaka, a gida da kuma a wurin aiki. Saboda haka daidaitawa yana shafar kwarin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa. Daidaitawa yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin motsin rai kafin motsin rai ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin tunani. Misali, tunani mai tsauri da motsa rai, damuwa da jita-jita, da kuma fahimta mara kyau da tunawa, duk waɗanda motsin rai ke haifarwa kuma saboda haka wani ɓangare na alamun baƙin ciki, damuwa, fushi ko damuwa. Tsarin Daidaitawa yana koyar da aikin yau da kullun a matsayin muhimmin sashi na horon. Bincike ya nuna tasirin wannan a cikin Tsarin Daidaitawa. Sannan ana gabatar da bimbini a zaune, bisa ga aikin rayuwar yau da kullun. Tsarin yana aiki tare da ɓangarorin jiki na motsin rai kuma ana iya ba da shawarar ga mutanen da a halin yanzu ke fama da kowace irin matsala ta motsin rai, gami da matsananciyar damuwa, bipolar, damuwa, fushi da damuwa. Sherlock ya fara koyar da Dabarar Daidaitawa ga mutanen da ke zuwa Asibitin Jami'ar Oxford masu fama da damuwa da damuwa masu jure magani a shekarar 1977. Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana cewa ya taimaka wa mutanen da ke da kowace matsala da ta shafi yadda suke ji, kamar: baƙin ciki, damuwa, fushi, damuwa, rashin lafiyar da ke damun mutum da kuma rashin cin abinci. Bugu da ƙari, wannan Dabarar Daidaitawa ƙwararru ne, shugabannin kasuwanci, 'yan wasa ƙwararru da masu fasaha don haɓaka aikinsu a fannoni na musamman. Ya ci gaba da koyar da Dabarar Daidaitawa ga mutanen da ke da yanayi da matsaloli iri-iri, daga kowane fanni na rayuwa da kuma daga al'adu, addini, siyasa da falsafa daban-daban. Ya kuma horar da likitoci, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi don koyar da Dabarar Daidaitawa. A shekarar 1985 ya fara koyar da Dabarar Daidaitawa ta hanyar koyo daga nesa a ƙasashen duniya: imel, waya da kuma kwanan nan ta Skype. Bayan ya yi karatun likitanci a Landan a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College, London, Birtaniya, kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a asibitocin koyarwa, sai ya tafi Jami'ar Heidelberg don yin karatun falsafa a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Ernst Tugendhat . Bayan dawowarsa Birtaniya, ya fara karatunsa na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da falsafar Zen a ƙarƙashin Venerable Myokyo-ni, jim kaɗan kafin ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Landan a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Steven Hirsch a Asibitin Charing Cross. Yayin da yake Landan, ya yi horo kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam tare da Dr Robert Liberman sannan ya ci gaba da horonsa a sashen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Jami'ar Oxford a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Michael Gelder. A Oxford Sherlock ya yi horo kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Jungian tare da Dr Anthony Storr . A shekarar 1999, ''jaridar The Times'' ta buga wani labarin fasali kan Adaptation Practice. Sherlock ya wallafa labarai kan falsafar Yamma da Gabas da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da suka shafi falsafar tsari ta AN Whitehead kuma memba ne na kafa [http://www.chromatika.org/spip/spip.php?article42&lang=en Whitehead Psychology Nexus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000914/http://www.chromatika.org/spip/spip.php?article42&lang=en |date=2016-03-04 }}, wata ƙungiyar bincike da ke haɗa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da falsafar Gabas da Yamma. Ya koyar da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da falsafar Buddha tsawon shekaru da dama a Ƙungiyar Buddha da ke Landan kuma ya rubuta labarai ga mujallar ''The Middle Way'' ta Ƙungiyar Buddha. == Littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Sherlock, Clive |last2=John, Chris |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Adaptation Practice: Teaching doctors how to cope with stress, anxiety and depression by developing resilience |journal=British Journal of Medical Practitioners |volume=9}} * ''A New Psychological Model of the Psyche with Special Relevance to Depression, Anxiety, Anger, and Stress'' by Clive Sherlock: presented at the 4th International Conference on Philosophy and Psychiatry in Florence August 2000. *   * {{Cite book|ref=etal}} * {{Cite journal |date=November 1996 |title=The Four Nobel Truths |journal=The Middle Way |series=3 |volume=71 |pages=160–165}} * {{Cite journal |date=February 1997 |title=Three Refuges, Signs of Being and Fires |journal=The Middle Way |series=4 |volume=71 |pages=229–239}} * {{Cite journal |date=November 1997 |title=Dharmas, Dhatus, Skandhas |journal=The Middle Way |series=3 |volume=72 |pages=131–141}} * {{Cite journal |date=May 1997 |title=Transformation Through Practice |journal=The Middle Way |series=1 |volume=72 |pages=21–29}} * {{Cite journal |date=May 1998 |title=The Wheel of Birth ad Death |journal=The Middle Way |series=1 |volume=73 |pages=23–30}} * {{Cite journal |date=August 1998 |title=Karma and Rebirth |journal=The Middle Way |series=2 |volume=73 |pages=81–86}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] om12ybe08fqndeaqzl4hya69fss4cse 0 159764 890952 867727 2026-08-03T13:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Bernardo Oliveira Dias''' an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997), wanda aka fi sani da '''Benny''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kungiyar Girabola ta Atlético Petróleos de Luanda . == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a [[Lisbon]], Dias ya shiga tsarin matasa na C.F. Os Belenenses a shekarar 2014, yana da shekaru 17. A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 ya fara buga wasan Firimiya na Liga, inda ya fara wasa da kuma buga minti 56 a wasan da ya yi da Vitória de Setúbal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2016 |title=Vitória vence Belenenses e arranca com o pé direito |trans-title=Vitória beat Belenenses and start off on the right foot |url=https://vfc.pt/noticias/futebol/2016/08/16/vitoria-vence-belenenses-e-arranca-com-o-pe-direito/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106054618/http://vfc.pt/noticias/futebol/2016/08/16/vitoria-vence-belenenses-e-arranca-com-o-pe-direito/ |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=12 May 2017 |publisher=Vitória F.C. |language=pt}}</ref> Dias ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2017, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabi na biyu kuma ya rufe nasarar 4-1 a kan C.D. Feirense. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maia |first=Vítor |date=24 September 2017 |title=Feirense-Belenenses, 1–4 (crónica) |trans-title=Feirense-Belenenses, 1–4 (match report) |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/24-09-2017/feirense-belenenses-1-4-cronica |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> Na biyu ya zo a ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, a wasan 1-1 a gida tare da Boavista FC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Golo em fora-de-jogo dá empate ao Boavista no Restelo |trans-title=Offside goal gives Boavista draw at the Restelo |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/102550/golo-em-fora-de-jogo-da-empate-ao-boavista-no-restelo |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=[[Rádio Renascença]] |language=pt |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033820/https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/102550/golo-em-fora-de-jogo-da-empate-ao-boavista-no-restelo |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba da ya gabata, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2022 tare da sashi na sayen Yuro miliyan 15. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 2018, an ba da rancen Dias daga B-SAD zuwa S.L. Benfica B na kakar wasa daya. Farkon bayyanarsa a LigaPro ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da ya fara a wasan da aka ci Leixões SC 2-1 a gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2018 |title=Benfica B entra a ganhar na II Liga |trans-title=Benfica B have II League winning debut |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/pt-pt/agora/noticias/2018-2019/08/11/cronica-futebol-benfica-b-leixoes-1-jornada-segunda-liga |access-date=27 October 2018 |publisher=S.L. Benfica |language=pt}}</ref> Goal dinsa na farko ya zo a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, ya taimaka wa masu masaukin baki su doke S.C. Covilhã 3-2. Dias ya sanya hannu tare da G.D. Chaves har yanzu a matakin na biyu a watan Janairun 2020. Ya zira kwallaye guda daya da ya ci kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, a cikin nasara 4-3 a [[Benfica]] B. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2021, Dias ya amince da yarjejeniya a Doxa Katokopias FC a cikin Cypriot First Division . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2021 |title=ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ – BERNARDO OLIVEIRA DIAS |trans-title=Announcement – Bernardo Oliveira Dias |url=https://doxafc.com.cy/anakoinosi-bernardo-oliveira-dias/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=Doxa Katokopias |language=el}}</ref> Ya koma [[Portugal]] da rukuni na biyu a lokacin rani na 2023, a kan kwangila a S.C.U. Torreense . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |title=Médio Benny regressa a Portugal para reforçar o Torreense na II Liga |trans-title=Midfielder Benny returns to Portugal to bolster Torreense in the II League |url=https://sportinforma.sapo.pt/futebol/segunda-liga/artigos/medio-benny-regressa-a-portugal-para-reforcar-o-torreense-na-ii-liga |access-date=24 January 2026 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> Dias ya koma kasashen waje daga baya, yana da shekara guda a Armenia ta Araz-Naxçıvan PFK da Angola ta Atlético Petróleos de Luanda . Tare da wannan na ƙarshe, ya shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2025-26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2025 |title=Benny strike earns Petro valuable away win against Simba to go top in Group D |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-champions-league/news/benny-strike-earns-petro-valuable-away-win-against-simba-to-go-top-in-group-d/ |access-date=26 January 2026 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] p8yl3ubz7w8lssz1faidf3db0fy7c9m 0 159928 891179 868971 2026-08-04T03:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''DFDS Seaways''' wani kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na ƙasar Denmark wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a duk faɗin arewacin Turai . Bayan mallakar Norfolkline a shekarar 2010, DFDS ta sake tsara sauran sassan jigilar jiragen ruwa ( DFDS Tor Line da DFDS Lisco) zuwa ga ayyukan DFDS Seaways na fasinjoji kawai. == Tarihi == === Sabunta rundunar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:King_seaways_IJmuiden,_December_2011.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwFw">King Seaways</i></nowiki> a IJmuiden]] Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya sabunta jiragen ruwansa a shekarar 2006, inda ya sayi MS <nowiki><i id="mwGw">King of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> da MS <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Princess of Norway</i></nowiki> don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe da har yanzu suna aiki tun daga shekarun 1970. Kamfanin ya sami suna wajen siyan jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma karɓar kwangilolin ginawa ko ɗaukar sabbin gine-gine da wasu kamfanoni suka yi odarsu. Lokaci na ƙarshe da DFDS Seaways ta yi odar sabon gininta shine a shekarar 1978. Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya daina hidimar [[Sweden]] a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka cire MS <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Princess of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> daga aiki, kuma kamfanin [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] - [[Oslo]] ya daina kira a Helsingborg . A watan Mayu na 2008, DFDS ta bayyana shirinta na rufe kamfanin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] - [[Norway]] mai asarar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Anthony |date=27 May 2008 |title=DFDS Seaways to close route with loss of 340 jobs |url=http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528142203/http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |publisher=NewsGuardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2008 |title=Extensive improvement plan to safeguard earnings at DFDS Seaways |url=http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828160633/http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=DFDS press release |publisher=DFDS}}</ref> Jirgin MS <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Queen of Scandinavia</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin, an yi hayar shi zuwa St Peter Line . === Sayen Norfolkline === A watan Yulin 2010, DFDS ta sayi Norfolkline daga Maersk . An haɗa hanyoyin Norfolkline da jiragen ruwa cikin DFDS Seaways. DFDS Seaways yanzu tana da hanyar [[Dover]] - Dunkirk, kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar Dover- Calais a watan Fabrairun 2012. === Sabunta alama === A shekarar 2015, DFDS ta sanar da cewa ta bayyana wani sabon tambari, wanda ya ga 'DFDS' a cikin sabon rubutu, kuma tambarin da ke ɗauke da farin giciyen Maltese ya rasa da'irar waje; ta kuma sanar da cewa za a rage reshen DFDS Seaways zuwa 'DFDS' kawai yana ɗauke da harsashi mai launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin rubutu iri ɗaya maimakon harsashin gargajiya mai launin shuɗi mai haske, da kuma giciyen Maltese mai da'ira. Jiragen ruwa na farko da suka karɓi sabon abu - da kuma sabon tsarin suna wanda daga ƙarshe za a fitar a duk faɗin rundunar - su ne tsoffin jiragen ruwan MyFerryLink <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Rodin</i></nowiki> (yanzu ''Côte des Dunes'' ) da Berlioz (yanzu ''Côte des Flandres'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=11 February 2016 |title=New DFDS Ferry Enters Service on Dover-Calais Route |url=http://travmedia.com/showPRPreview/100019834 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=TravMedia }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:Aura_Seaways_Maiden_Call_Kiel_XI_05.jpg|right|thumb|''Aura Seaways'' a shekarar 2022]] A shekarar 2018, DFDS ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda uku na RoPax - daya daga cikinsu E-Flexer ne da aka yi hayarsa daga Stena RoRo, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin ''Côte d'Opale'' a watan Agusta na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=New DFDS ferry Côte D'Opale makes maiden voyage to Dover |url=https://trans.info/en/new-dfds-ferry-cote-d-opale-makes-maiden-voyage-to-dover-249419 |website=trans.info}}</ref> da RoPax guda biyu don ayyukan Tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=DFDS orders RoPax ships in China |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/dfds-orders-ro-pax-ships-in-china |website=DFDS}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da tagwayen Baltic na farko, mai suna ''Aura Seaways'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=''Aura Seaways'' |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:6541946/mmsi:219028116/imo:9851036/vessel:AURA_SEAWAYS |website=MarineTraffic}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Successful launch of new RoPax |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/successful-launch-of-new-ro-pax |website=DFDS}}</ref> kuma an yi gwajin karkata a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Newbuilding for the Baltics soon ready for sea trials |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/newbuilding-for-the-baltics-soon-ready-for-sea-trials |website=DFDS}}</ref> An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen teku a tsakiyar 2021. == Manazarta == kl0c52m7mwz57wo3l35h44suaenb95g 0 159963 891290 884090 2026-08-04T11:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891290 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Dürnten</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Municipalities of Switzerland|Garin]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Tann_-_Pfannenstiel_-_Rüti_Haltbergstrasse_IMG_3325.JPG|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:CHE_Dürnten_Flag.svg|border|100x100px|Flag of Dürnten]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Fadar</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:CHE_Dürnten_COA.svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Dürnten]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Dürnten","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q67220"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Dürnten"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q67220"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[8.85,47.28333333333333],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Dürnten","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Wurin Dürnten</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Dürnten is located in Switzerland]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:28.698%;left:62.245%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Dürnten]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dürnten</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Switzerland</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Reliefkarte_Zürich_blank.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Dürnten is located in Canton of Zürich]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:74.612%;left:71.484%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Dürnten]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Dürnten</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Canton na Zürich</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 47°17′N 8°51′E / 47.283°N 8.850°E / 47. 283; 8.850<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:9}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCrnten&params=47_17_N_8_51_E_type:city(7645)_region:CH-ZH <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.283°N 8.850°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">47.283; 8.850</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |Switzerland |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Zürich |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Hinwil |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |10.19 km² (3.93 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |511 m (1,677 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Disamba 2020) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |7,645 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |750.²/km2 (1,943/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+01:00 (CET) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">• Lokacin bazara (DST) &nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+02:00 (CEST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8635</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar SFOS | class="infobox-data" |113 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambobin ISO 3166 | class="infobox-data nickname" |CH-ZH |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankunan | class="infobox-data" |Za a iya samun Tarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kewaye shi da | class="infobox-data" |Bubikon, Hinwil, Rüti, Wald |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Garin Twin | class="infobox-data" |Szentbékkálla (Hungary) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |www.duernten.ch |} '''Dürnten''' wata karamar hukuma ce a cikin gundumar Hinwil a cikin canton na Zürich a Switzerland . == Tarihi == An fara ambata Dürnten tsakanin 743 da 747 a matsayin ''Tunriude'' . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Dürnten.JPG|left|thumb|Garin Dürnten da coci]] Dürnten yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 10.2 (murabba'in kilomita 3.9). Daga cikin wannan yanki, kashi 60.4% ana amfani da su ne don amfanin gona, yayin da kashi 17% kuma suna da dazuzzuka. Daga cikin sauran ƙasar, kashi 21.4% suna zaune ne (gine-gine ko hanyoyi) kuma sauran (1.1%) ba sa samar da amfanin gona (koguna, ƙanƙara ko tsaunuka). Ya zuwa shekarar 1996, gidaje da gine-gine sun ƙunshi kashi 13.9% na jimlar yankin, yayin da kayayyakin more rayuwa na sufuri suka ƙunshi sauran (7.4%). Daga cikin jimillar yankin da ba shi da amfani, ruwa (koguna da tafkuna) sun ƙunshi kashi 0.8% na yankin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, kashi 15.4% na jimlar yankin birni yana fuskantar wani nau'in gini.<ref name="StatZürich"/> Kogin Jona yana gudana ta cikin gari. Tana cikin gefen kudu maso yammacin dutsen Bachtel . Ya haɗa da ƙauyukan Dürnten, Oberdürnten da Tann . == Yawan jama'a == Dürnten tana da yawan jama'a (a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 2020) na 7,645.[5] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, 14.9% na yawan jama'a sun hada da 'yan kasashen waje. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 rarraba jinsi na yawan jama'a ya kasance 50.2% namiji da 49.8% mata. A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata yawan jama'a ya karu da kashi 8%. Yawancin jama'a (kamar yadda na 2000) suna magana da Jamusanci (89.3%), tare da Albanian na biyu mafi yawan (2.6%) kuma Italiyanci na uku (2.5%). A cikin zaben 2007 jam'iyyar da ta fi shahara ita ce SVP wacce ta samu kashi 41.3% na kuri'un. Jam'iyyun uku da suka fi shahara sune [[Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Switzerland|SPS]] (15%), CSP (10.4%) da FDP (10.1%). Rarraba shekarun yawan jama'a (kamar yadda na 2000) yara ne da matasa (shekaru 0-19) sun kai kashi 25.1% na yawan jama'ar, yayin da manya (shekara 20-64) suka kai kashi 60.8% kuma tsofaffi (sama da shekaru 64) sun kai kashi 14%. Dukan mutanen Switzerland suna da ilimi sosai. A cikin Dürnten kimanin kashi 76.7% na yawan jama'a (tsakanin shekaru 25-64) sun kammala ko dai karatun sakandare na sama ko ƙarin ilimi mafi girma (ko dai jami'a ko Fachhochschule). Akwai gidaje 2464 a Dürnten.<ref name="StatZürich"/> Dürnten tana da ƙarancin rashin aikin yi na 1.79%. Ya zuwa shekarar 2005 [sabuntawa], akwai mutane 155 da ke aiki a fannin tattalin arziki na farko da kuma kimanin kasuwanci 51 da ke da hannu a wannan fanni. Mutane 268 ne ke aiki a fannin sakandare kuma akwai kasuwanci 68 a wannan fanni. Mutane 847 ne ke aiki a fannin manyan makarantu, tare da kasuwanci 149 a wannan fanni. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007 [sabuntawa] kashi 39.4% na yawan ma'aikata suna aiki cikakken lokaci, kuma kashi 60.6% suna aiki na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="StatZürich">[http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html Statistics Zürich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508211257/http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html |date=2013-05-08 }} {{In lang|de}} accessed 4 August 2009</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 akwai [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] 1803 da [[Protestant Reformation|Furotesta]] 2697 a Dürnten. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2000, an raba addini zuwa ƙananan rukunoni. Daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2000, kashi 49.6% wasu nau'ikan Furotesta ne, tare da kashi 44.3% na Ikilisiyar Swiss Reformed da kuma kashi 5.3% na sauran majami'u na Furotesta. Kashi 28.7% na yawan jama'a Katolika ne. Daga cikin sauran yawan jama'a, 0% Musulmi ne, 7.9% na wani addini ne (ba a lissafa ba), 2.7% ba su ba da addini ba, kuma 10.8% ba su yarda da Allah ba ne ko agnostic.<ref name="StatZürich"/> An kaddamar da Haikali na Sri Vishnu Thurkkai Amman a Dürnten a cikin shekara ta 2010.<ref name="zol-20130720">{{Cite web |last=Regula Lienin |date=2013-07-20 |title=Ein Pfauentanz für Göttin Amman |url=http://www.zol.ch/bezirk-hinwil/duernten/Ein-Pfauentanz-fuer-Goettin-Amman/story/30175702 |access-date=2014-12-18 |publisher=[[Zürcher Oberländer]] |language=German}}</ref><ref name="lz-20100117">{{Cite web |last=Patrizia Legnini |date=2010-01-17 |title=Indische Handwerker bauen Hindu-Tempel – ohne Bewilligung |url=http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/indische-handwerker-bauen-hindu-tempel-ohne-bewilligung-5842098 |access-date=2014-12-18 |publisher=[[Limmattaler Zeitung]] |language=German |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218220615/http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/indische-handwerker-bauen-hindu-tempel-ohne-bewilligung-5842098 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da yawan jama'a na tarihi a cikin tebur mai zuwa: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Yawan jama'a |- bgcolor="#E3E3E3" !shekara !yawan jama'a |- | align="center" |1670 | align="center" |977 |- | align="center" |1792 | align="center" |1382 |- | align="center" |1850 | align="center" |1663 |- | align="center" |1900 | align="center" |3094 |- | align="center" |1941 | align="center" |3006 |- | align="center" |1950 | align="center" |3390 |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |5736 |- | align="center" |1995 | align="center" |5843 |- | align="center" |2000 | align="center" |6032 |- | align="center" |2005 | align="center" |6081 |- | align="center" |2010 | align="center" |6665 |- | align="center" |2011<ref name="duernten.ch" /> | align="center" |7055 |} == Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa == === Garin Twin - Garin 'Yan uwa === Dürnten yana da tagwaye tare da: * [[Szentbékkálla]], Hungary - tun daga shekara ta 2001 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-08 |title=Partnergemeinde Szentbékkálla (HU) |url=http://www.duernten.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d4/f330.cfm |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024548/http://www.duernten.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d4/f330.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Flagicon|HUN}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3lk9076k6zj8u7pmjytfo10xb1t1lz0 0 160052 891109 869985 2026-08-03T22:10:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An nada Kyaftin din Sojan Ruwa '''Christopher Osondu''' a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Soja na [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], Najeriya a watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin rikon kwarya na Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], ya mika mulki ga zababben gwamnan farar hula [[Donald Duke]] a watan Mayu 1999.<ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm</ref>Ba da daɗewa ba, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi ritaya, tare da duk sauran tsoffin ministocin soja, gwamnoni da masu gudanarwa.<ref>https://groups.yahoo.com/group/AlukoArchives/message/25</ref> Navy Captain '''Christopher Osondu''' was appointed Military Administrator of [[:en:Cross_River_State|Cross River State]], Nigeria in August 1998 during the transitional regime of General [[:en:Abdulsalami_Abubakar|Abdulsalami Abubakar]], handing over power to the elected civilian governor [[:en:Donald_Duke|Donald Duke]] in May 1999.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |accessdate=2010-03-03 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> Shortly after, he was retired by the Federal Government, along with all other former military ministers, A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban (Arewa) na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP) a Jihar Abia.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002 ya bar PDP.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120318055412/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/coverstories/2002/dec/2402.html</ref> A cikin zaben 2003 ya kasance dan takarar sanata na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) a Abia North.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/mar/27/0032.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024559/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/mar/27/0032.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Cross River == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 76s4gtsxem8gcz7h1mzqqs7hyq6kcpb 0 160060 891149 870580 2026-08-04T00:57:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinwe Clara Nnabuife''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1971) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai tsara dokoki. A halin yanzu tana wakiltar mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] / [[Orumba ta Kudu]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10 a karkashin dandalin Young Progressives Party.<ref name=":0">https://businessday.ng/politics/article/meet-female-lawmakers-in-nigerias-10th-national-assembly/</ref><ref name=":1">https://dailytrust.com/meet-the-17-women-who-made-it-to-10th-natl-assembly/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Nnabu[[Anambra|ife]] ta fito ne daga Orumba, Jihar Anambra . An haife ta ne a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1971, a cikin gidan Mista Eric Nnabuife da Mrs. Elizabeth Nnabuife . A shekara ta 1991, ta sami Digiri na Kasa mafi girma a Sadarwar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Oko a Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Nnabuife-Chinwe-Clara-1376{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nnabuife ta fara aikinta ne tare da Majalisar Yankin Abuja (AMAC) inda aka nada ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in Bayanai. Daga baya ta shiga cikin sana'arta a cikin busine kuma daga ƙarshe ta shiga siyasa a cikin 2019 kuma an ci ta. A shekara ta 2023, ta lashe Orumba North / Orumba South a karkashin jam'iyyar, Young Progressives Party<ref>https://theparliamentdiary.com/nnabuife-chinwe-clara-politician-philanthropist-and-a-successful-entrepreneur/</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 69oceb4ldhet5jb0u1924tjx7t8vpzb 0 160084 891207 870237 2026-08-04T06:00:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David M. Smadja''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1978, a [[Clermont-Ferrand|Clermont Ferrand]], Faransa) ƙwararren likitan jini ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke aiki a matsayin likitan asibiti a Asibitin Georges Pompidou na Turai, wani ɓangare na AP-HP, da Jami'ar Paris Cité . Ya ƙware a fannin hemostasis, thrombosis da ilimin halittar jijiyoyin jini. Smadja ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike kan matsalolin jijiyoyin jini da na jini da ke da alaƙa da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da kuma [[Dogon COVID-19|dogon lokacin da COVID]] ya yi a lokacin annobar duniya. == Ilimi da aiki == A shekarar 2005, ya sami takardar shaidar digirinsa na musamman a fannin [[Ilimin halittu na kiwon lafiya|ilmin likitanci,]] wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin jini daga Jami'ar Paris Descartes . A shekarar 2006, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na uku a fannin kimiyyar asali a wannan jami'ar. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Shirin Ilimin Halittar Jijiyoyin Jini a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard, a Sashen Tiyata a Asibitin Yara na Boston da ke Amurka. A halin yanzu shi farfesa ne a jami'a a Jami'ar Paris Cité kuma ƙwararren likita ne a asibiti a sashen ilimin jini na Asibitin Turai na Georges Pompidou, wani ɓangare na AP-HP. Ayyukansa na ƙwararru sun haɗa da jagorantar zaman nazarin halittun jijiyoyin jini na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Thrombosis da Haemostasis (2018–2022), da kuma yin aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar kimiyya da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na INNOVTE (Investigation Network On Venous Thrombo-Embolism). INNOVTE wata cibiyar sadarwa ce ta ƙasa, wadda F-CRIN ta amince da ita, wadda aka sadaukar da ita ga ci gaban binciken asibiti da fassara, da kuma nazarin Turai kan cututtukan thromboembolic na jijiyoyin jini (VTE). Daga 2019 zuwa 2021, Smadja ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na Bio-Surgical a Gidauniyar Carpentier, inda ya kula da babban wurin da ake kula da dabbobi. Tun daga 2021, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita na Stem Cell Reviews and Reports kuma memba ne na kwamitin edita na mujallar Angiogenesis . Ya taɓa yin aiki a kwamitin edita na Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, da Vascular Biology . A shekara ta 2005, ya sami lambar yabo daga ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Faransa ta Hemostasis da Thrombosis saboda bincikensa kan kunna thrombin a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar endothelial progenitor. Yana kuma da hannu a cikin ƙoƙarin yaƙi da labaran ƙarya na lafiya da kimiyya a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar lafiya a cikin ''[https://www.lelaboratoiredelarepublique.fr/ Laboratoire de la République]'', wata ƙungiyar tunani ta Faransa wacce tsohon ministan ilimi Jean-Michel Blanquer ya kafa kuma ta sadaukar da kai don haɓaka ɗabi'un jamhuriya a Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin wannan hukumar lafiya da aka bayyana shine dawo da amincewar jama'a ga cibiyoyin kimiyya da na likitanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erevan |date=2025-01-30 |title=Santé et désinformation: rétablir la confiance, un défi majeur |url=https://www.lelaboratoiredelarepublique.fr/evenements/comptes-rendus/sante-et-desinformation-retablir-la-confiance-un-defi-majeur/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Laboratoire de la République |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comment contrer la désinformation médicale et restaurer la confiance en la santé ? Franchement c'est pas gagné chez tout le monde… |url=https://www.autun-infos.com/news/vie-locale/vie-locale/comment-contrer-la-desinformation-medicale-et-restaurer-la-confiance-en-la-sante-franchement-c-est-pas-gagne-chez-tout-le-monde.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=autun-infos.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> da kuma mayar da martani ga labaran da ke ƙalubalantar sahihancin kimiyya. Smadja ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ''Résiste'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=https://www.associationresiste.fr/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Association Résiste |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328194223/https://www.associationresiste.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wata ƙungiyar Faransa da ta mai da hankali kan yaƙi da cin zarafin makarantu da cin zarafin yanar gizo. Ƙungiyar tana aiki kafada da kafada da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin ilimi don aiwatar da kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, matakan kariya, da tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa a duk faɗin Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=rédaction |first=La |date=2024-11-04 |title=Voici comment la ville de Saint-Raphaël compte aider ses jeunes à résister au harcèlement scolaire |url=https://www.varmatin.com/jeunesse/resisterau-harcelement-scolaire-954808 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Var-Matin |language=fr}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken David Smadja ya fi mayar da hankali kan sashin endothelial da ke zagayawa, tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da ƙwayoyin endothelial ke takawa - dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta masu girma da waɗanda suka riga suka girma - da kuma abubuwan da ke nuna furotin a cikin ganewar asali, magani, da kuma farfaɗowa. Aikinsa ya bincika rawar da ƙwayoyin endothelial ke takawa a aikace-aikacen likita, gami da yuwuwarsu a matsayin kayan aikin bincike, abubuwan da ake nufi da magani, ko wakilai a cikin maganin sake farfaɗowa . === Kwayoyin halittar endothelial da sake farfaɗo da jijiyoyin jini === Gano ƙwayoyin halittar endothelial progenitor (EPCs) na manya a shekarar 1997 babban ci gaba ne a fannin ilmin jijiyoyin jini, wanda ya buɗe sabbin damammaki don magance cututtukan jijiyoyin jini ta hanyar maganin ƙwayoyin halitta . A lokacin karatunsa na PhD, David Smadja ya zurfafa cikin nazarin EPCs, yana mai da hankali kan halayensu da rawar da suke takawa a cikin samuwar jijiyoyin jini. Ya binciki yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin ke hulɗa da tsarin coagulation, musamman tare da thrombin da thrombospondin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Bièche |first2=Ivan |last3=Uzan |first3=Georges |last4=Bompais |first4=Heidi |last5=Muller |first5=Laurent |last6=Boisson-Vidal |first6=Catherine |last7=Vidaud |first7=Michel |last8=Aiach |first8=Martine |last9=Gaussem |first9=Pascale |date=November 2005 |title=PAR-1 Activation on Human Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhances Angiogenesis In Vitro With Upregulation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 System |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=2321–2327 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000184762.63888.bd |issn=1079-5642 |pmid=16141404}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=d'Audigier |first2=Clément |last3=Bièche |first3=Ivan |last4=Evrard |first4=Solène |last5=Mauge |first5=Laetitia |last6=Dias |first6=Juliana-Vieira |last7=Labreuche |first7=Julien |last8=Laurendeau |first8=Ingrid |last9=Marsac |first9=Bérengère |last10=Dizier |first10=Blandine |last11=Wagner-Ballon |first11=Orianne |last12=Boisson-Vidal |first12=Catherine |last13=Morandi |first13=Verônica |last14=Duong-Van-Huyen |first14=Jean-Paul |last15=Bruneval |first15=Patrick |date=March 2011 |title=Thrombospondin-1 Is a Plasmatic Marker of Peripheral Arterial Disease That Modulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenic Properties |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=551–559 |doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.220624 |issn=1079-5642 |pmid=21148423}}</ref> Bincikensa ya ba da haske game da yadda EPCs ke ba da gudummawa ga ischemia, gyaran jijiyoyin jini da sake farfaɗo da jijiyoyin jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvestre |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Smadja |first2=David M. |last3=Lévy |first3=Bernard I. |date=October 2013 |title=Postischemic Revascularization: From Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications |journal=[[Physiological Reviews]] |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=1743–1802 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00006.2013 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=24137021}}</ref> Smadja ta kuma taka rawa a gwajin OPTIPEC, wani gwajin maganin ƙwayoyin halitta don magance matsalar ischemia ta gaɓɓai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Huyen |first=Jean-Paul Duong |last2=Smadja |first2=David M |last3=Bruneval |first3=Patrick |last4=Gaussem |first4=Pascale |last5=Dal-Cortivo |first5=Liliane |last6=Julia |first6=Pierre |last7=Fiessinger |first7=Jean-Noël |last8=Cavazzana-Calvo |first8=Marina |last9=Aiach |first9=Martine |last10=Emmerich |first10=Joseph |date=July 2008 |title=Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell therapy induces distal angiogenesis after local injection in critical leg ischemia |journal=[[Modern Pathology (journal)|Modern Pathology]] |language=en |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=837–846 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2008.48 |pmid=18487998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Duong-van-Huyen |first2=Jean-Paul |last3=Dal Cortivo |first3=Liliane |last4=Blanchard |first4=Anne |last5=Bruneval |first5=Patrick |last6=Emmerich |first6=Joseph |last7=Gaussem |first7=Pascale |date=February 2012 |title=Early endothelial progenitor cells in bone marrow are a biomarker of cell therapy success in patients with critical limb ischemia |journal=[[Cytotherapy (journal)|Cytotherapy]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=232–239 |doi=10.3109/14653249.2011.627917 |pmid=22040109}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Bièche |first2=Ivan |last3=Silvestre |first3=Jean-Sébastien |last4=Germain |first4=Stéphane |last5=Cornet |first5=Adeline |last6=Laurendeau |first6=Ingrid |last7=Duong-Van-Huyen |first7=Jean-Paul |last8=Emmerich |first8=Joseph |last9=Vidaud |first9=Michel |last10=Aiach |first10=Martine |last11=Gaussem |first11=Pascale |date=December 2008 |title=Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 2 and 4 Are Selectively Expressed by Late Outgrowth Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Promote Neoangiogenesis |journal=[[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |language=en |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=2137–2143 |doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.168815 |issn=1079-5642 |pmid=18818419}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa allurar bargo a cikin kyallen ƙashi na ƙasan ƙafa na iya haifar da wani tsari na neoangiogenic. Bayan shekaru biyu a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard a dakin gwaje-gwajen Joyce Bischoff da ke Boston, inda ya yi nazarin yadda ƙwayoyin tushe ke taimakawa wajen samar da jijiyoyin jini a cikin hemangioma na jarirai, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Mulliken |first2=John B. |last3=Bischoff |first3=Joyce |date=December 2012 |title=E-Selectin Mediates Stem Cell Adhesion and Formation of Blood Vessels in a Murine Model of Infantile Hemangioma |journal=[[The American Journal of Pathology]] |language=en |volume=181 |issue=6 |pages=2239–2247 |doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.030 |pmc=3509767 |pmid=23041613}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Guerin |first2=Coralie L. |last3=Boscolo |first3=Elisa |last4=Bieche |first4=Ivan |last5=Mulliken |first5=John B. |last6=Bischoff |first6=Joyce |date=2014-03-01 |title=α6-Integrin Is Required for the Adhesion and Vasculogenic Potential of Hemangioma Stem Cells |journal=[[Stem Cells (journal)|Stem Cells]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=684–693 |doi=10.1002/stem.1539 |issn=1066-5099 |pmc=3944134 |pmid=24022922}}</ref> David Smadja ya koma Paris a shekarar 2012 don bincika ontogeny na zuriyar endothelial. Duk da ƙaruwar sha'awar ƙwayoyin endothelial colony-forming (ECFCs), nama da asalin ƙwayoyin halitta ba su da tabbas. A cikin 2015, aikin Smadja ya haifar da gano cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin tushe masu kama da tayi (VSELs), musamman daga ƙwayoyin halitta masu kyau na CD133 a cikin mutane, na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin endothelial. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guerin |first=Coralie L. |last2=Loyer |first2=Xavier |last3=Vilar |first3=José |last4=Cras |first4=Audrey |last5=Mirault |first5=Tristan |last6=Gaussem |first6=Pascale |last7=Silvestre |first7=Jean-Sébastien |last8=Smadja |first8=David M. |date=September 2015 |title=Bone-marrow-derived very small embryonic-like stem cells in patients with critical leg ischaemia: evidence of vasculogenic potential |journal=[[Thrombosis and Haemostasis]] |language=en |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=1084–1094 |doi=10.1160/TH14-09-0748 |issn=0340-6245 |pmid=25608764}}</ref> Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Louisville, ya nuna cewa CD34+ VSELs na iya bambanta zuwa nau'in EPCs masu vasculogenic, wanda aka sani da ECFCs. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Domingues |first=Alison |last2=Rossi |first2=Elisa |last3=Bujko |first3=Kamila |last4=Detriche |first4=Grégoire |last5=Richez |first5=Ulysse |last6=Blandinieres |first6=Adeline |last7=Kucia |first7=Magdalena |last8=Ratajczak |first8=Janina |last9=Smadja |first9=David M. |last10=Ratajczak |first10=Mariusz Z. |date=May 2022 |title=Human CD34+ very small embryonic-like stem cells can give rise to endothelial colony-forming cells with a multistep differentiation strategy using UM171 and nicotinamide acid |journal=[[Leukemia (journal)|Leukemia]] |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1440–1443 |doi=10.1038/s41375-022-01517-0 |issn=0887-6924 |pmc=9061289 |pmid=35169243}}</ref> Smadja ya rubuta takarda ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan hanyoyin fasaha don ware da haɓaka ECFCs. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smadja |first=David M. |last2=Melero-Martin |first2=Juan M. |last3=Eikenboom |first3=Jeroen |last4=Bowman |first4=Mackenzie |last5=Sabatier |first5=Florence |last6=Randi |first6=Anna M. |date=July 2019 |title=Standardization of methods to quantify and culture endothelial colony-forming cells derived from peripheral blood |journal=[[Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis]] |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=1190–1194 |doi=10.1111/jth.14462 |pmc=7028216 |pmid=31119878}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya gabatar da wani takarda ta biyu da aka amince da ita bisa ga wani bincike na kasa da kasa kan ayyukan da ake yi a al'adar ƙwayoyin halittar endothelial, wanda ya karfafa gudummawar da yake bayarwa a fannin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blandinières |first=Adeline |last2=Randi |first2=Anna M. |last3=Paschalaki |first3=Koralia E. |last4=Guerin |first4=Coralie L. |last5=Melero-Martin |first5=Juan M. |last6=Smadja |first6=David M. |date=September 2023 |title=Results of an international survey about methods used to isolate human endothelial colony-forming cells: guidance from the SSC on Vascular Biology of the ISTH |journal=[[Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis]] |language=en |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=2611–2619 |doi=10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.014 |pmid=37336438}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nicolas Fortunel, darektan bincike a Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, ƙungiyar David Smadja ta sami tallafin "FRANCE 2030 PEPR Biotherapies" don aikin "Bioengineered Skin France". Aikin yana da nufin haɓaka fasahar dashen fata ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin sake farfaɗo da dashen, musamman ta hanyar ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin tushe da haɗa dabarun prerevascularization tare da ECFCs, yayin da kuma mai da hankali kan rage ƙin dashen. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Covid-19]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qsw1kswzbtsgqve0qzhw2m8xehfvci2 0 160112 891160 883817 2026-08-04T01:42:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Collins Nweke''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 1965 a Igbuzo, [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]]) shi ne marubucin diflomasiyyar [[tattalin arziki]] na Diaspora (2026) da kuma mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci na kasa da kasa wanda ke da alaƙa da Kamfanin Kasuwanci na CBL-ACP na [[Beljik|Belgian]]. Tsohon dan siyasar Belgium na Green Party, an rantsar da shi a karo na uku a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2019 a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zamantakewa a gwamnatin Magajin garin Bart Tommelein a Majalisar Birnin Ostend a lardin West Flanders. Collins Nweke dan asalin Najeriya ne, kuma ya zauna a Belgium a 1993. Shi ne mutum na farko da ba ɗan Belgium ba wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban siyasa a Yammacin Flanders. Yana aiki musamman a cikin jin dadin jama'a, tattalin arziki, ci gaban kasa da kasa da kuma batutuwan kabilanci. Ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a zaben 2014. A ƙarshen wa'adinsa na uku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Collins Nweke bai nemi sake zaben zuwa ofishin siyasa ba, ya fi son mayar da hankali sosai kan shawarwarin kasuwanci na duniya, bincike, rubutu, da nazarin manufofin kafofin watsa labarai. Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa mai aiki, Collins Nweke ya rubuta littafi, Tattalin Arziki na Diaspora . Wannan littafi ne mai tsawo mai tsawo wanda aka taɓa rubuta shi a cikin wannan nau'in. An buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2026. Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban zartarwa da shugaban 'yan Najeriya a Diaspora (NIDO) a Turai, kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin shawarwari da bayar da shawarwari a fagen ci gaba zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga Najeriya da Afirka gabaɗaya da kuma kyakkyawar alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Afirka. Daga ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, Collins Nweke ya zama Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masana Bincike da Masu Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IARSAC), Amurka bayan nadin da Shugaban-Janar, Farfesa Akin Ogunsakin na jikin iyayenta, IARSA Consortium. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Collins Nweke a Najeriya kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Belgium a 1993. Yana da asali guda biyu, Najeriya da Belgium. Nweke yana da harsuna da yawa Turanci-Dutch kuma yana zaune tare da matarsa, Tonia a Ostend, Belgium . Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tonna Jessy (Teejay) Nweke (an haife shi 11 Maris 1994) da Chidi Rae Nweke (a haife shi 15 Oktoba 1996). Shi matafiyi ne mai yawa zuwa Najeriya, ƙasar da ya fito, inda kusan dukkanin mambobin babban dangin Nweke ke zaune. Mahaifinsa marigayi, Obi (Eze) Adigwe Nweke (ya mutu 1/08/2025), ya kasance mai mulkin gargajiya kuma memba na Majalisar Gudanar da Al'adun Ndi Nze na garinsu na Igbuzo . Mahaifiyarsa, Loveth Nweke, ta mutu 5/09/2014, kwanaki biyu kafin jawabinsa ya karɓi Kyautar Sabis na Jagora a Hamburg, Jamus a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2014. Ya sadaukar da kyautar ga mahaifiyarsa.<ref>http://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/?p=2059</ref> == Ilimi == Collins Nweke ya horar da Mass Communications (OND), International Business Management (BCom) da Management Social Economy (MSE) a wani bangare a Najeriya amma galibi a Turai. Har ila yau, yana da 'Graduaat' na Belgium a cikin Manufofin Kamfanoni da Dokta na Gudanarwa (Honoris Causa) wanda aka ba shi a shekarar 2014.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141229124531/http://www.icampusng.com/2014/03/foreign-varsity-set-to-honour-nigerians/</ref>.Collins Nweke Fellow ne na Cibiyar Masu ba da Shawara ta Gudanarwa (FIMC) da kuma Mai ba da shawara kan Gudanarwa. Ya kasance Babban Fellow na Ƙungiyar Masana Bincike da Masu Gudanarwa ta Duniya, ƙungiyar da aka nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2023 kuma aka nada shi Shugaban ƙungiyar Amurka, IARSAC daga ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2026. A halin yanzu yana aiki a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Kungiyar Hakanan yana da matsayi mafi girma na Fellow Chartered Public Manager (FCPM) na Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a ta Najeriya.<ref>https://www.iarsac.org/</ref> == Ayyuka da sana'o'i == Kafin ƙaura, Nweke ya koyar da wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Omu Boys, Ibusa . Daga nan ya yi aiki na shekaru biyar a Bankin United for Africa plc . A Belgium, ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ke ba da Hukumar Shari'a da Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tare da bincike da nazarin sa hannun kabilanci a harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa na Turai. Daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ɗalibai a kan horo daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Yammacin Flanders a ci gaban cibiyar albarkatu tare da ayyukan aiki da aka tsara don bukatun kasuwar ma'aikata na kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru a cikin shekara ta 2004, wanda ya ƙare a taron kasa mai cin nasara na abokan hulɗa masu zaman kansu. Daga 2002 zuwa 2004 ya yi aiki da sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a na Ostend<ref name=":1">http://www.oostende.be/sociaal%20huis</ref> inda ya kafa Cibiyar Binciken Shari'a ta dijital don al'amuran zamantakewa da manufofi. Mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, Collins kuma yana aiki a bangaren kula da baƙi, wanda shine babban tushen tattalin arzikin yankin Ostend. Ya kasance co-kafa, tare da haɗin gwiwar {{Interlanguage link|Reginald Moreels|nl}} [nl], sannan Ministan Ci Gaban Duniya na Belgium, na Ƙungiyar Jajiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Jakoeboe a Ostend. Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kafa. === 'Yan Najeriya a kasashen waje a Turai === Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin babban zartarwa na kwamitin amintattu na 'yan Najeriya a Diaspora a Turai (NIDO Turai) daga 2004 zuwa 2006 kuma a matsayin babban sakatare daga 2007 zuwa 2009, kuma an zabe shi shugaban a 2011. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Global Diaspora a Amurka, Asiya-Pacific da Afirka, Nweke yana da alhakin tsari tare da surori a cikin ƙasashe 18 na Turai waɗanda ke wakiltar al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira na Najeriya ("Diaspora") kusan miliyan 6, manufarta ita ce ta tallafa wa ci gaban Najeriya. Nweke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa<ref>http://www.nidoeurope.org/</ref> a cikin bincike da kuma gudanar da shigarwar Najeriya a cikin Taron Gyaran Siyasa na Kasa na 2005 (NPRC) a Najeriya. Ya gudanar da bincike kan manufar "Voting Out-of-Country" kuma ya gabatar da wani bayani ga Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya kan batun, wanda ya ƙare a cikin kuri'a don tallafawa rubuta manufar cikin doka. A shekara ta 2018 Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya shi a cikin jerin sunayen don la'akari da shi don matsayin darektan janar na sabuwar Hukumar Diaspora ta Najeriya a cewar African Courier Magazine Germany[https://www.theafricancourier.de/europe/nigerian-born-councillor-sworn-into-office-for-a-third-term-in-belgian-city/ Mujallar African Courier Jamus] A matsayinsa na shugaban, Nweke ya mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci da saka hannun jari da kuma samar da hanyoyin gudanar da dabarun ci gaba.<ref>http://www.proshareng.com/news/15675.html</ref>Ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Kasuwanci wanda ya shafi 45 Diaspora da ayyukan saka hannun jari 13 zuwa Jihar Osun, Najeriya a watan Agustan 2012. Koyaya, ƙoƙarin Nweke na sake fasalin Memorandum da Articles of Association of NIDO Europe a taron koli a Zurich, Switzerland, an hana su. A ƙarshen wa'adinsa na shekaru biyu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, ya rushe kwamitin amintattu na mutum bakwai kuma ya ki ya kasance a ofis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erhZBdl0Gfs</ref> === Ba da shawara da kuma bayar da shawarwari === Nweke ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin Najeriya kan rawar da Diaspora ke takawa a ci gaban kasa<ref>http://www.nidoeurope.org/</ref> kuma yana ba da shawara don yawancin hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Yin aiki tare da Peter Tichansky na Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa (BCIU) da Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya, ya taimaka a dangantakar jama'a ta kasa da kasa ga Najeriya ga Gwamnatin Dimokuradiyya ta Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauyen Shugaban kasa kan hangen nesa na Najeriya 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora mai ba da shawara ga African Diaspora Investment Forum a London, wanda [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] (New Partnership for Africa's Development) ya samo asali, da kuma Majalisar Kasuwancin Commonwealth. Mai ba da shawara kan Gudanarwa (CMC) Collins memba ne na Cibiyar Masu ba da shawara ga Gudanarwa. Har ila yau, shi ne Fellow Chartered Public Manager (FCPM) na Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Public Management of Nigeria . Nweke ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ann Pettifor na Advocacy International UK<ref>http://advocacyinternational.co.uk/?post_type=ai_team</ref><ref>http://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/nieuwe-awards-eren-inzet-voor-economische-verandering-van-afrika/article-normal-75433.html%20</ref> a cikin lobbying don soke bashin ga ƙasashen Afirka. A wannan matsayin ya sauƙaƙa tarurruka na Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Afirka a Burtaniya, Faransa, Italiya, Jamus, Japan da Amurka tare da shugabannin siyasa na Afirka. Ya kasance co-kafa tare da Yarima Francis Abutoh (King Franky) na Global Change for Africa Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2015/02/nigerians-for-peace/#.VPXMPvnF-Sp |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405193156/http://businessdayonline.com/2015/02/nigerians-for-peace/#.VPXMPvnF-Sp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-oostende/vredesmars-voor-nigeria-a2236660/</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa na Global Village Consult, masu mallakar alamar Nigeria Human Capital, tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya. Bayan hare-haren ta'addanci a Najeriya da kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta addini ta Boko Haram da kuma rikice-rikicen siyasa sakamakon jinkirta babban zaben Najeriya Nweke ta shirya 'Matsayin Zaman Lafiya ga Najeriya' a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2015 a Ostend City Hall da tafiya zuwa Nelson Mandela Bridge.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-oostende/vredesmars-voor-nigeria-a2236660/</ref> Kafin wannan lokacin, a cikin Majalisar Sitting na 23 ga Janairun 2015 na Majalisar Birnin Ostend, Nweke ya bukaci a hada wadanda aka kai hari kan ta'addanci a Baga, Najeriya a cikin shiru na minti daya da aka shirya don wadanda aka kai farmaki na Charlie Hebdo a Paris. Ya motsa bukatarsa ta hanyar jayayya cewa wadanda aka kai hari kan ta'addanci a Afirka ya kamata su sami hukunci daidai da wadanda aka kashe a Turai.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150128162936/http://www.oostende.be/product.aspx?id=16766</ref>. An ba da izinin yin shiru na minti daya bayan muhawara A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2015, Collins Nweke ya fara fitowa a kan TVC News kuma a cikin hunturu na shekara ta 2017 a kan gidan talabijin na Turkiyya TRT World a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin duniya da kuma mai sharhi game da harkokin Afirka bi da bi, yana ba da sharhi, bincike da ra'ayoyi game da harsunan duniya da siyasar Afirka. Ya kasance mai sharhi kan harkokin kasashen waje a kan Channels TV Diplomatic Channel tun lokacin hunturu na 2019.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7fD_ahjXcw&list=PLlWFxD6XYX6M8pFPDj2BM-1uWdX22x5Gs</ref> A cikin jaridar yaren Dutch De Zeewacht na 16 ga Oktoba 2015, shafi na 29 an bayyana Collins Nweke a matsayin "muryar Turai a talabijin na Afirka" Nweke kuma mai ba da gudummawa ne kuma mai ba le shawara ga shirye-shiryen BEN TV na London kamar NigerianAffairs, In Diaspora da The Politics Show.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot</ref>Ya bayyana a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2014 a shirin BEN TV London 'You Decide' yana inganta batutuwan da suka shafi karfafa siyasa na matasa a Najeriya da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianjobsmarket.com/2013/02/09/creating-jobs-for-unemployed-nigerian-yo/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085916/http://nigerianjobsmarket.com/2013/02/09/creating-jobs-for-unemployed-nigerian-yo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga iyaye da ke da hannu sosai a cikin ilimin yara masu ƙaura kuma yana ba da laccoci game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blikopeners.be/index.php?p=19 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122904/http://www.blikopeners.be/index.php?p=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ya ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen magana na rediyo da talabijin a kan batun.<ref>http://radiovoiceofnaija.org/?page_id=1920</ref> Rubutun nasa da labaran sun hada da: A Confused Policy Tool (2012),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citizensplatform.net/2012/04/a-confused-policy-tool/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2014-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227195841/http://citizensplatform.net/2012/04/a-confused-policy-tool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>The Joy and Regrets of Law-making (2010), Analysis of Nigerian Financial Sector Reforms (2006), Nigerian Diaspora Leadership Report (Nuwamba 2005), The Role of the Diaspora in Bridging Scientific and Digital Divides (2005), da Headquarters and Regional Surters Operations: Towards Synergy in Nigeria's Developmental Aspirations (2004). == Ayyukan siyasa == === Kwamitin ba da shawara na birni don Ƙananan Ƙasashe === Collins Nweke ya yi yaƙi don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ostend City don Ƙananan Ƙasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kafa kwamitin ba da shawara amma ya yi murabus bayan kimanin shekara guda, ya yi takaici da rashin damar da hukumomin birni da ma'aikatan gwamnati suka bayar masa don aiwatar da ayyukansa. Ya kara tashin hankali a matsayin memba na bene, yana mai cewa majalisar ba ta riga ta shirya don shugaban asalin kabilanci ba. Ya yi kira ga karin gaskiya, kyakkyawan shugabanci da inganci a gudanar da kwamitin ba da shawara. A cikin fitowar Oktoba 2004 na City Magazine, shafi na 12, "De Grote Klok" <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050217012802/http://www.oostende.be/file_uploads/585.pdf</ref>.Nweke ya bayyana matsayinsa game da aikin kwamitin ba da shawara na City for Ethnic Minorities. Jaridar Ripple ta Afirka ta ruwaito cewa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2016, an girmama Collins Nweke tare da Kyautar "Ambassador of Integration and Diversity" kuma ya ba da Yarjejeniyar hakan ta hanyar Magajin garin {{Interlanguage link|Hilde Claes|nl}} [nl] a wani bikin a Hasselt, Belgium.<ref>http://africanripples.com/collins-nweke-becomes-ambassador-integration-and-diversity-nigeria-news/</ref> === Mai ba da shawara na gari === [[Fayil:Collins_Nweke_-_Bart_Tommelein.JPG|thumb|Bayan ya rantsar da shi a matsayin Wakilin Birnin Ostend, Collins ya sami taya murna daga shugaban majalisa, Bart Tommelein, Janairu 2013]] Ya shiga cikin Zaben Majalisar Birnin Ostend na shekara ta 2006. An nada shi a matsayin Green Party Ostend point-man kan manufofin zamantakewa na lokacin majalisa na 2006-2012 kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zamantakewa, Cibiyar Jama'a don Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a (OCMW) a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na wannan majalisa, ya zama mutum na farko da aka haifa a waje da Belgium don zama irin wannan ofishin siyasa a lardin West Flanders.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=1635bfap</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianewsday.com/world/1280-nigerian-makes-history-in-belgium |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2025-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604213630/http://www.nigerianewsday.com/world/1280-nigerian-makes-history-in-belgium |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xpats.com, Wouter De Vriendt Collins Nweke ya gayyace shi ba memba ne na kowace jam'iyya ba a lokacin, amma an nada shi mutum ne na jam'iyyar don Manufofin Jama'a a lokacin majalisa na 2006-2012, yana aiki kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga jin dadin Jama'a ga Cibiyar Jama'a ta Majalisar don jin dadin Jamaʼa.<ref>http://www.xpats.com/nigerian-councillor-sworn</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141227204236/http://www.diasporacommittee.com/index.php/component/content/article/1-homepagenews/105-nigerian-sworn-in-as-councillor-for-second-term-of-office-in-belgium</ref><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi ta hanyar jefa kuri'a kai tsaye a shekarar 2012 a cikin majalisar birni. Takardar shaidarsa ta haɗa da tattalin arziki, manufofin zamantakewa, ci gaban kasa da kasa da manufofin daidaito.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citcom.be/oostende/raad-24-januari-2014/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104185508/http://citcom.be/oostende/raad-24-januari-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/morgen-nog-pediatrie-op-campus-henri-serruys/article-4000012696626.htm</ref><ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20130828_00712082</ref> Bayan zabensa a matsayin wakilin majalisa, dole ne ya yi murabus daga cikin mambobin kwamitin ba da shawara na Ostend City City na Ƙananan Ƙasa amma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa na adawa tare da al'amuran ƙabilu a ƙarƙashin fayil dinsa.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/blefo_20130514_002</ref> A cikin littafin yaren Dutch De Keizer van Oostende. an yaba wa Nweke da kawo adawa da muhawara a Majalisar Harkokin Jama'a wacce ba ta wanzu ba kafin lokacinsa. Saboda kasancewa muryar adawa ce kawai, littafin ya yi jayayya, batutuwan da ya tayar da su sun yi watsi da su. ==== Magani na musamman ga 'ya'yan majalisa ==== A cikin Taron Majalisar na 7 ga Disamba 2011, Collins Nweke ya fara kamfen don kawo karshen aikin kulawa ta musamman ga 'ya'yan majalisa a cikin rarraba wurare don ayyukan dalibai.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150104040726/http://collinsnweke.be/tussenkomst_de_raadzitting_van_7_december_2011_over_studentenjob</ref>Nweke ya ci gaba da yin adawa mai karfi ga aikin, yana jayayya a cikin Majalisar cewa ba daidai ba ne ga 'ya'yansa maza biyu da suka matasan suyi aiki a Majalisar kawai saboda mahaifinsu ya kasance wakilin.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/groenoostende/posts/249087678539485</ref> ==== ''Economisch Huis Oostende'' jayayya ==== A farkon shekara ta 2014, Nweke ya nuna damuwa game da ingancin Kasuwancin mallakar Jiha (SOE), ''Economisch Huis Oostende'' (House of the Economy Ostend)<ref>http://www.oostendewerkt.be/</ref> wajen isar da burin kamfaninsa duk da albarkatun da majalisar ta saka a ciki. Duk da haka ya bayyana cewa yana shirye ya ba da dama mai kyau ga sabon Alderman, Niko Geldhof, don yin amfani da wani motsawa a cikin kamfanin. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014 Nweke ya yaba da ci gaban a kafofin sada zumunta. Koyaya, kafin zaman muhawara na Majalisar na kowane wata na watan Agusta 2014, Nweke ya tayar da tambayoyi game da asarar da kamfanin ya yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ba za ta amince da ƙarin kudade ga kamfanin ba har sai an gabatar da shirin farfadowa ga Majalisar. Jam'iyyar adawa, New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) ta zargi Collins da flip-flop. Collins ya tabbatar da tsarinsa a cikin maganganun jama'a.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=blefo_01236639</ref><ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/politiek/groen-verzet-zich-tegen-subsidie-voor-economisch-huis-in-oostende/article-4000729398295.htm</ref> ==== Ostend Citizen List OK jayayya ==== Wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta gida mai suna OK, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) Hendrik Wallijn a cikin wata hira a cikin wata jarida ta kasa De Standaard na 20 ga Satumba 2018.<ref>https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20180919_03762522</ref> ta bayyana cewa ba za su iya tattara isasshen sa hannu don yin rajista da jam'iyyarsu don shiga cikin zaben birni na 14 ga Oktoba 2018, mai barin gado Collins Nweke ya zo ya cece su ta hanyar yarda da sanya hannu kan ayyukan da suka dace ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da tushen dama na sabuwar jam'iyyar, wasu daga cikin abokan aikin jam'iyyar Collins Nweke da magoya bayan hagu da yawa ba su iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya yanke shawara ba. A cikin wata sanarwa ta jama'a da aka bayar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2018, Collins Nweke ya yarda cewa ba shi da wani abokin ra'ayi na sabuwar jam'iyyar amma ba game da shi ba ne. A matsayinsa na dan dimokuradiyya ya yi imanin cewa shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar a cikin zaben shine zurfafa dimokuradiyar yankin, sabon zabi ga 'yan ƙasa. ==== Rikici game da manufofin 'yan gudun hijira na Najeriya ==== Nweke ya fuskanci zargi game da dogon sa hannu a cikin jagorancin NIDO. Masu adawa sun zarge shi da abokan hulɗarsa na Diaspora da kula da kungiyar don amfanin kansu, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa a cikin Diaspora. A watan Fabrairun 2024, a mayar da martani ga sabon shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin kasashen waje, wanda Nweke ya rubuta, an soki shi sosai.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/02/14/ending-the-affront-to-the-rule-of-law-a-response-to-collins-nweke/?amp</ref> Nweke ya ninka sau biyu a kan shawarwarin manufofinsa yana mai da hankali cewa [[Abike Dabiri]] a matsayin Shugaban zai iya yin ƙarin don kafa Kwamitin Najeriya a Hukumar Diaspora (NiDCOM). ==== Ayyukan jirgin ruwa ==== A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2014, Collins shine kadai wakilin daga cikin 41 wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin farar hula don tafiya zuwa Ramsgate da Canterbury (United Kingdom) suna tayar da hankali don ci gaba da ayyukan jirgin ruwa tsakanin Ostend da Ingila.<ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/verkeer-en-mobiliteit/actievoerders-steken-het-kanaal-over-om-te-ijveren-voor-een-nieuwe-ferryverbinding-tussen-oostende-en-engeland/article-4000783258456.htm?nb-handled=true&M_BT=2805991681146</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa a kan kafofin sada zumunta bayan tafiyar, ya yi tambaya game da tushen kyakkyawan fata na tattalin arziki na Birnin Ramsgate kuma ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa magajin garin Ostend ya kasance mai mummunan ra'ayi game da damar kasuwanci ga birnin. === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2014 don memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai === Bayan nasarar Zaben fidda gwani da zabarsa a matsayin dan takara, Collins Nweke ya fara kamfen dinsa<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaFIxXLWcDg</ref> a matsayin dan dan takarar Green Party na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a watan Fabrairun 2014 don zaben 25 ga Mayu 2014.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150109070453/http://nigeriacamera.net/first-of-its-kind-as-nigeria-born-collins-nweke-is-contesting-in-eu-paliament-election-under-the-green-party-in-belgium/</ref> Manufar kamfen dinsa ta kasance a kan Talauci da Rarraba Jama'a, Tattalin Arziki, Aiki (matakan aiki na musamman da manufofi), Kasuwanci na Duniya, [[Talauci na makamashi|Talauci na Makamashi]], Hanyoyin Haɗin Kai, Dangantakar Ciniki ta Afirka da Gudanar da Kasuwancin Dan Adam. Ba a zabi Nweke ba, inda ya lashe kuri'u 11,803 kodayake an sake zabar abokin aikinsa na Green Party, memba mai ci, Bart Staes.<ref>http://verkiezingen2014.belgium.be/en/eur/preferred/preferred_EUL12025_1000014.html</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2014 Collins Nweke ya taru kuma ya kaddamar da taron sauye-sauyen manufofin zamantakewar Afirka a majalisar dokokin Turai, wanda Bart Staes ya shirya.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbRitMPFEQQ</ref> === Yajin aikin kasa Disamba 2014 === Ya shiga cikin hadin kai tare da 'yan kungiyar kwadago a yajin aikin kasa na 15 ga Disamba 2014 daga baya ya buga wani labarin Cutting Close to the Bones of Workers a karkashin jerin Social-Economic Policy Briefing a shafin yanar gizonsa. === Sauran matsayi === Nweke memba ne na kwamitin daraktocin Ostend's SOE, House of the Economy,<ref>http://www.oostendewerkt.be/home/rvb</ref> Kwamitin Gudanar da membobin, Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido Ostend Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ofishin WestKans (Lardin Yammacin Flanders) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150104183302/http://www.westkans.be/nl/over-westkans/structuur/raad-van-bestuur</ref>.na Hukumar Gudanar da Harkokin Ilimi (GOK) ga yara marasa galihu, da kuma Hukumar Ostend kan Laifi da Rigakafi. == Dubi kuma ==   * Green jam'iyyar * Siyasa mai laushi * [[Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya|Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3wbanw1heey1n3z21oko6duikzdgjdr 0 160178 891215 870844 2026-08-04T06:42:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=477002950|image=|width=|alt=|caption=<!-- Clinical data -->|pronounce=|tradename=Ontak, others|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|denileukin_diftitox}}|MedlinePlus=a611024|DailyMedID=Denileukin diftitox|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Intravenous]]|class=[[Antineoplastic]]|ATC_prefix=L01|ATC_suffix=XX29|ATC_supplemental=<!-- Legal status -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Ontak FDA label">{{cite web | title=Ontak (denileukin diftitox) Injection for intravenous infusion Initial U.S. Approval: 1999 | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=246788 | access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lymphir FDA label">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240809131924/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/761312s000lbl.pdf fda.gov]</ref>|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_status=<!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|onset=|elimination_half-life=70-80 min|duration_of_action=|excretion=<!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=173146-27-5|PubChem=|IUPHAR_ligand=7044|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00004|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=none|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|changed|FDA}}|UNII=25E79B5CTM|KEGG=D03682|ChEBI=|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1201550|NIAID_ChemDB=|PDB_ligand=|synonyms=<!-- Chemical and physical data -->|IUPAC_name=Diphtheria toxin-Interleukin-2 fusion protein|C=2560|H=4042|N=678|O=799|S=17}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Denileukin diftitox</nowiki&gt;">Denileukin diftitox</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Ontak, wasu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/denileukin_diftitox.html Littafin da aka rubuta]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611024.html a611024]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Denileukin+diftitox Denileukin diftitox]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |A cikin jijiyoyi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kwalejin miyagun ƙwayoyi | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan rigakafi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * L01XX29 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L01XX29 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Sai dai </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kashe <nowiki><span class="nowrap">rabin rayuwa</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 70-80 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">Dabbobin ƙwayoyin cuta-Interleukin-2 sunadarai</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=173146-27-5 173146-27-5]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |IUPHAR / BPS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org">[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7044 7044]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00004 DB00004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414032007/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00004 |date=2020-04-14 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/25E79B5CTM 25E79B5CTM]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03682 D03682]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1201550 ChEMBL1201550]</span>^{&nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>} </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₂₅₆₀<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₄₀₄₂<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₆₇₈<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₇₉₉<span title="Sulfur">S</span>₁₇ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">57<span style="margin-left:.25em;">647</span>.46</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;^{[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&#x2612;|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}&nbsp; (mece wannan?) </span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477002950&page2=Denileukin+diftitox (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Denileukin diftitox''', wanda aka sayar a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Ontak''' daga 1999-2014, magani ne na rigakafin cutar kansa da aka amince da shi don maganin manya tare da T-cell lymphoma. Yana da IL2-receptor-directed cytotoxin. Yana da furotin injiniya wanda ya haɗu da interleukin-2 da guba ta diphtheria.<ref name="pmid17187516">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turturro F |date=January 2007 |title=Denileukin diftitox: a biotherapeutic paradigm shift in the treatment of lymphoid-derived disorders |journal=Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |doi=10.1586/14737140.7.1.11 |pmid=17187516 |s2cid=9028829}}</ref> == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == An nuna Denileukin diftitox don maganin manya tare da sake dawowa ko matakin I-III na cutaneous T-cell lymphoma bayan akalla magani daya da ya gabata. == Sakamakon da ba daidai ba == Alamar takardar magani ta ƙunshi gargadi na akwatin cewa cutar leak syndrome (CLS), gami da haɗari ga rayuwa ko halayen kisa, na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke karɓar denileukin diftitox. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A cikin 1999, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da denileukin diftitox don maganin cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.<ref name="pmid19817678">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Manoukian G, Hagemeister F |date=November 2009 |title=Denileukin diftitox: a novel immunotoxin |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1445–1451 |doi=10.1517/14712590903348135 |pmid=19817678 |s2cid=23956460}}</ref> An janye shi da son rai daga kasuwa a cikin 2014 saboda matsalolin masana'antu. Daga baya, an kirkiro sabon tsari na deniluekin diftitox (wanda aka fi sani da E7777 ko denileukin diftitoxa-cxdl) kuma an amince da shi a Japan a cikin 2021 (an sayar da shi a matsayin '''Remitoro''') kuma a Amurka a cikin 2024 (an sayar dashi a matsayin '''Lymphir'''). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goyal A, Foss FM |date=July 2025 |title=An evaluation of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=687–694 |doi=10.1080/14712598.2025.2517853 |pmid=40489974}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Denileukin Diftitox (Code C1476) |url=https://evsexplore.semantics.cancer.gov/evsexplore/concept/ncit/C1476 |website=NCI Thesaurus}} {{Extracellular chemotherapeutic agents}}{{Interleukin receptor modulators}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7yl84tomqai78o1o2kv3qmv6oe4qdy6 0 160237 891050 871318 2026-08-03T17:29:22Z Kaddi123 38060 891050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruwa''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai Ruwa suna daya daga cikin abubuwa da Dan Adam ke bukata masaman lokaci zafi ,ana bukata mutun ya sha Lita uku ga Rana,rashi ruwa yana da ila sosai ga jiki ya kawo war bushewr fata.. [[Abubuwan sunadarai|Sinadari]] ne mai haske, mara dandano, mara wari, {{Efn|see the [[water#Taste and odor|taste and odor]] section}} kuma kusan babu launi . Shi ne babban sinadarin da ke cikin [[Korama|kogunan]] Duniya, [[Tafki|tafkuna]], da tekuna . Ruwa kuma shine ruwan dukkan halittu masu rai da aka sani, wanda yake aiki a matsayin mai narkewa . Ruwa, kasancewar kwayar halitta ta polar, yana fuskantar haɗin hydrogen mai ƙarfi tsakanin molecular wanda babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ne ga halayensa na zahiri da na sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2019 |title=Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]]}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci ga dukkan nau'ikan rayuwa da aka sani, duk da rashin samar da kuzarin abinci ko kasancewarsa sinadari mai gina jiki na halitta. Saboda kasancewarsa a cikin dukkan halittu, kwanciyar hankalin sinadarai, yalwar sa a duniya, da kuma ƙarfin polarity idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin girman kwayoyin halittarsa, ana kiran ruwa da "mai narkewa na duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Santa_Cruz/UCSC%3A_Chem_1B-AL_(Mednick)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/04%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Reactions_and_Solution_Stoichiometry/4.01_Water%2C_the_Universal_Solvent |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> ==Asalin Kalma== Kalmar ''ruwa'' ta fito daga Tsohon Turanci '''wæter''', daga Proto-Germanic *watar (asalin kalmomi kamar Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, vatn, Gothic wato), daga Proto-Indo-European *wod-or, sifar tushen *wed- (ruwa; rigar).<ref>{{cite web |title=Water (v.) |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> Haka kuma tana da alaƙa da kalmomin Helenanci ύδωρ (ýdor), Rasha вода́ (vodá), Irish uisce, da Albanian ujë. ==Tarihi== ===A Doron Ƙasa=== Ruwa ya kasance a doron ƙasa tun farkon samuwarsa, inda aka samo shi daga tsarin samuwar doron ƙasa da yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Origin of water on Earth |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> ==Siffofi== Ruwa (H2O) haɗin sinadarin da ba na halitta ba ne mai ɗaukar lantarki. A yanayin ɗaki ruwa ba shi da ɗanɗano, ba shi da ƙanshi, kuma kusan ba shi da launi sai ɗan shuɗi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water, the Universal Solvent |website=USGS |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> Ana kiran shi "mai narkewa na duniya" saboda ikon sa na narkar da sinadarai da yawa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |year=2013 |publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref> Ruwa shi kaɗai ne daga cikin abubuwa da ake samu a matsayin daskararre, ruwa, da tururi a yanayin doron ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |year=2013 |publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref> ===Yanayi=== Ruwa yana da sunaye biyu na hukuma: ''oxidane'' da ''ruwa''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Principles of chemical nomenclature |publisher=Blackwell Science|year=1998}}</ref> Ruwa yana kasancewa a matsayin ruwa, kankara, da tururi. Sauyin zafi yana haifar da sauyin yanayi: daskarewa, narkewa, tururi, hadewa, sublimation, da deposition.<ref name=Belnay>{{cite web |title=The water cycle |publisher=Earth System Research Laboratory |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> ====Ƙarfin Ruwa==== Ruwa yana da halin musamman na faɗaɗa yayin da yake yin sanyi a wasu yanayi. Yana yin faɗaɗa lokacin da ya daskare, yana rage ƙarfi da yawa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity |year=2005}}</ref> Wannan faɗaɗa na iya karya duwatsu da bututu.<ref name="MM">{{cite journal |title=Frost weathering |journal=Permafrost and Periglacial Processes |year=2008}}</ref> Wannan halin yana da muhimmanci ga rayuwar halittu a doron ƙasa. ====Magnetism==== Ruwa abu ne mai diamagnetic, wato ba ya jan maganadisu.<ref name="Chen-2010">{{Cite web|title=Measurement of Diamagnetism in Water|date=21 April 2010}}</ref> ====Sauyin Yanayi==== A matsin lamba na 1 atm, ruwa yana daskarewa a 0 °C kuma yana tafasa a 100 °C. Amma ko kafin tafasa, ruwa na iya zama tururi ta hanyar ƙura (evaporation).<ref name=Belnay/> Haka kuma ana samun dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar deposition.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |date=21 January 2017}}</ref> Saboda zafin da matsin lamba na saman duniya yana kusa da maki uku na ruwa, ruwa yana wanzuwa a Duniya a matsayin mai ƙarfi, ruwa, da iskar gas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=John |title=The Earth – Introduction – Weathering |url=https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130051934/https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=[[University of Houston]] |quote=Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface.}}</ref> Yana samar da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] a cikin nau'in ruwan sama da iskar gas a cikin nau'in hazo . Gajimare sun ƙunshi ɗigon ruwa da [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|ƙanƙara]] da aka dakatar, yanayin tauri. Idan aka raba shi da kyau, ƙanƙarar [[Crystal|kristal]] na iya faɗuwa a cikin siffar dusar ƙanƙara. Yanayin iskar gas na ruwa shine tururi ko [[Turirin Ruwa|tururin ruwa]] . Ruwa yana rufe kusan kashi 71% na saman Duniya, tare da tekuna da tekuna waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan ruwan (kimanin kashi 96.5%). <ref name="WSS">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]]}}</ref> Ƙananan sassan ruwa suna faruwa ne a matsayin [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙasa]] (1.7%), a cikin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] da kuma kankara na [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da [[Greenland]] (1.7%), kuma a cikin iska kamar tururi, gajimare (wanda ya ƙunshi kankara da ruwan ruwa da aka dakatar a cikin iska), da kuma ruwan sama (0.001%). Ruwa yana tafiya akai-akai ta cikin zagayowar ruwa na ƙafewa, fitar ruwa ( evapotranspiration ), [[Sandaro|danshi]], [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]], da kuma [[kwararar ruwa]], yawanci yana isa teku. Ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin duniya . Kimanin kashi 70% na ruwan da mutane ke amfani da shi yana zuwa noma . Kamun kifi a cikin gishiri da ruwa mai tsafta ya kasance, kuma har yanzu shine babban tushen abinci ga sassa da yawa na duniya, yana samar da kashi 6.5% na furotin na duniya. Yawancin cinikin kayayyaki masu nisa (kamar mai, iskar gas, da kayayyakin da aka ƙera) ana jigilar su ta jiragen ruwa ta cikin tekuna, koguna, tafkuna, da magudanan ruwa. Ana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, kankara, da tururi don sanyaya da dumamawa a masana'antu da gidaje. Ruwa kyakkyawan mai narkewa ne ga abubuwa iri-iri, ma'adanai da na halitta; saboda haka, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ayyukan masana'antu da kuma dafa abinci da wanke-wanke. Ruwa, kankara, da dusar ƙanƙara suma suna da mahimmanci ga wasanni da sauran nau'ikan nishaɗi, kamar yin iyo, yin kwale-kwale na nishaɗi, tseren kwale-kwale, hawan igiyar ruwa, kamun kifi na wasanni, nutsewa, yin kankara a kan dusar ƙanƙara, yin kankara a kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma yin tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara . ==== Sauyin Yanayi ==== A matsin lamba na 1 atm, kankara tana narkewa ko ruwa yana daskarewa a 0 °C, kuma ruwa yana tafasa ko tururi yana hadewa a 100 °C. Duk da haka, ko kafin tafasa, ruwa na iya zama tururi ta saman sa ta hanyar ƙura (evaporation). Haka kuma ana samun sublimation da deposition a saman abubuwa.<ref name=Belnay/> Misali, dusar ƙanƙara tana taruwa a saman sanyi yayin da ƙanƙara take samuwa ta deposition.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |date=21 January 2017}}</ref> A tsarin busar da abinci (freeze-drying), and Science of Snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |date=21 January 2017}}</ref> A tsarin busar da abinci (freeze-drying), ana daskarar da abinci sannan a adana shi a ƙarancin matsin lamba don kankara ta zama tururi.<ref name=FreezeDrying>{{Cite book|title=Food processing technology: principles and practice|year=2017}}</ref> Matsayin narkewa da tafasa suna dogara da matsin lamba. Kyakkyawan misali na yadda yanayin narkewa ke canzawa da matsin lamba ana bayyana shi ta hanyar dangantakar Clausius–Clapeyron: <math display="block"> \frac{d T}{d P} = \frac{T \left(v_\text{L}-v_\text{S}\right) }{L_\text{f}} </math> inda <math>v_\text{L}</math> da <math>v_\text{S}</math> suke wakiltar ƙarar molar na ruwa da kankara, kuma <math>L_\text{f}</math> shi ne zafin narkewa na molar. Wannan yana nuni da yadda yanayin narkewa ke sauyawa idan matsin lamba ya canza. ==== Ƙarfin Ruwa (Density) ==== Ruwa yana daga cikin abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samu ba da ke faɗaɗa kuma yana rage ƙarfi yayin da yake yin sanyi a wasu yanayi. Shi ne kaɗai sanannen abu da ake samu a yanayin ruwa da ke yin haka. Haka kuma yana da ban mamaki saboda yana rage ƙarfi sosai lokacin da ya daskare, kodayake ba shi kaɗai ne da wannan hali.<ref name="NatureWaterStructure">{{cite journal |title=Water – an enduring mystery |journal=Nature |year=2008}}</ref> A matsin lamba na 1 atm, ruwa yana samun mafi girman ƙarfinsa a 3.98 °C, inda ƙarfinsa ya kai 999.972 kg/m3.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Density? |website=Mettler Toledo |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> Kafin wannan yanayin, amma kafin daskarewa, ruwa yana faɗaɗa har sai ya kai 0 °C. Lokacin da ya daskare ya zama kankara, ruwa yana faɗaɗa da kusan kashi 9%, inda ƙarfinsa ya sauka zuwa 917 kg/m3.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity |year=2005}}</ref> Wannan faɗaɗa na iya karya bututu da duwatsu.<ref name="MM">{{cite journal |title=Frost weathering |journal=Permafrost and Periglacial Processes |year=2008}}</ref> A tafkuna da tekuna, ruwa a 4 °C yana nutsewa ƙasa, yayin da kankara ke yin daskarewa a saman, tana iyo a kan ruwa. Wannan kankara tana kare ruwan da ke ƙasa daga daskarewa gaba ɗaya, tana ba da damar halittu su tsira a lokacin sanyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Look Under The Ice: Winter Lake Ecology |website=Ausable River Association |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Wannan hali na musamman yana da muhimmanci a tsarin zagayawar zafi a cikin tekuna na duniya. ==== Magnetism ==== Ruwa abu ne mai diamagnetic, wato ba ya jan maganadisu.<ref name="Chen-2010">{{Cite web|title=Measurement of Diamagnetism in Water|date=21 April 2010}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan hulɗa tana da rauni, idan aka yi amfani da maganadisu masu ƙarfi, ana iya samun tasiri mai muhimmanci.<ref name="Chen-2010" /> ==== Sauyin Yanayi (Phase transitions) ==== A matsin lamba na 1 atm, kankara tana narkewa a 0 °C kuma ruwa yana tafasa a 100 °C. Amma ko kafin tafasa, ruwa na iya zama tururi ta saman sa ta hanyar ƙura (evaporation). Haka kuma ana samun sublimation da deposition a saman abubuwa.<ref name=Belnay/> Misali, dusar ƙanƙara tana taruwa a saman sanyi yayin da ƙanƙara take samuwa ta deposition.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |date=21 January 2017}}</ref> A tsarin busar da abinci (freeze-drying), ana daskarar da abinci sannan a adana shi a ƙarancin matsin lamba don kankara ta zama tururi.<ref name=FreezeDrying>{{Cite book|title=Food processing technology: principles and practice|year=2017}}</ref> Matsayin narkewa da tafasa suna dogara da matsin lamba. Dangantakar Clausius–Clapeyron tana bayyana yadda yanayin narkewa ke sauyawa da matsin lamba: <math display="block"> \frac{d T}{d P} = \frac{T \left(v_\text{L}-v_\text{S}\right) }{L_\text{f}} </math> inda <math>v_\text{L}</math> da <math>v_\text{S}</math> suke wakiltar ƙarar molar na ruwa da kankara, kuma <math>L_\text{f}</math> shi ne zafin narkewa na molar. Wannan yana nuni da yadda yanayin narkewa ke sauyawa idan matsin lamba ya canza. ==== Ƙarfin Zafi (Heat capacity) ==== Ruwa yana da babban ƙarfin ɗaukar zafi (specific heat capacity), wanda ke nufin yana iya ɗaukar zafi mai yawa kafin yanayinsa ya canza. Wannan halin yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi a doron ƙasa da kuma kare halittu daga sauyin yanayi mai tsanani.<ref>{{cite book |title=Campbell Biology |year=2013 |publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref> Wannan shi ne dalilin da yasa tekuna da manyan tafkuna ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na duniya. ==== Ƙarfin Narkewa (Solvent properties) ==== Ruwa yana da ikon narkar da sinadarai da yawa, duka na ma’adinai da na halitta. Saboda haka ana kiran shi "mai narkewa na rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |year=2013 |publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref> Wannan halin yana ba shi muhimmanci a cikin halittu da kuma a masana’antu, girki, da tsafta. Duk da haka, ruwa ba shi da ƙarfi wajen narkar da abubuwan da ba su da lantarki (nonpolar substances).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solvent properties of water |website=Khan Academy}}</ref> ==== Wutar Lantarki (Conductivity) ==== Ruwa tsantsa ba ya da ƙarfin wutar lantarki sosai, amma idan aka samu sinadarai da aka narkar a cikinsa, yana iya zama mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki. Wannan yana da muhimmanci a fannoni da dama na kimiyya da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |year=2013}}</ref> ==== Muhimmanci ga Rayuwa ==== Ruwa yana da muhimmanci ga dukkan nau’o’in rayuwa da aka sani. Yana shiga cikin dukkan halittu, yana taimakawa wajen narkar da sinadarai, jigilar su, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan halitta. Ba tare da ruwa ba, rayuwa ba za ta yiwu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water density |website=Science Learning Hub |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> ==== Muhimmanci ga Tattalin Arziki ==== Ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin duniya. Ana amfani da shi wajen noman gona, kamun kifi, jigilar kaya ta jiragen ruwa, da kuma a masana’antu da gidaje wajen sanyaya da dumama.<ref name=Baroni2007>{{cite journal |title=Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |year=2007}}</ref> Haka kuma ruwa, kankara, da dusar ƙanƙara suna da muhimmanci a wasanni da nishaɗi kamar iyo, tseren jirgin ruwa, kamun kifi, nutsewa, kankara, dusar ƙanƙara, da yin ski. == Manazarta == nw5fwsemiba49jlf1htf6isgd1bgh6l 0 160255 891268 871678 2026-08-04T09:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dominic Ugochukwu Ezerioha''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981) [[lauya]] ne kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar Oru ta Yamma a Majalisar Dokokin [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] tun daga shekara ta 2019. kuma memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]], ya rike manyan mukamai masu yawa a Majalisar.<ref>https://imha.imostate.gov.ng/team/</ref><ref name=":0">https://imha.imostate.gov.ng/team/hon-barr-dominic-ugochukwu-ezerioha/</ref><ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/ezerioha-dominic-ugochukwu</ref><ref>https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/dominic-ezerioha</ref><ref>https://thepressman.com.ng/?p=17101</ref><ref>https://www.watchdogng.com/2020/05/covid-19-ezerioha-oru-west-lawmaker-distributes-palliatives-to-physically-challenged/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ezerioha a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1981. Ya bi aiki a fannin shari'a, ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LL.B), sannan ya sami cancantar Barrister a Shari'a. Ya ci gaba da samun Master of Laws (LL.M) da kuma Diploma a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa (DIL), ya samu ilimi mai zurfi a cikin tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == An fara zabar Ezerioha a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Imo a shekarar 2019, tana wakiltar Oru West a karkashin APC.<ref>https://www.imonews.ng/2024/03/a-bill-for-protection-of-consumers.html</ref><ref>https://ariseafrika.com/2025/03/imo-assembly-urges-imo-state-government-to-source-and-procure-improved-high-yield-seedlings-for-farmers-for-2025-bumper-harvest-season.html</ref> An sake zabarsa a shekarar 2023, inda ya samu kuri'u 11,036 a zaben wannan shekarar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/%5bcandidate%5d/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813160147/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/&#91;candidate&#93;/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Majalisar, Ezerioha ya jagoranci kwamitoci masu mahimmanci da yawa, gami da: * Aikin noma, dabbobi da albarkatun kasa (Shugaba, 2019-2023).<ref name=":0" /> * A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Bayanai, Shari'a, da Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> * Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Man Fetur da Gas / ISOPADEC/<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ezerioha ta yi aure kuma lauya ce mai horar da ita. Yana ci gaba da kasancewa a kan kafofin sada zumunta, inda yake hulɗa da masu jefa kuri'a kuma yana ba da sabuntawa na yau da kullun game da ayyukansa na majalisa.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] lv31hd4juih4w21iwsw5zvnkllpbvij 0 160361 891162 872228 2026-08-04T01:52:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Notelist}}'''Constance Ella Glynn''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi, mai ba da labari a Intanet, mawaƙa kuma tsohuwar cosplayer. Glynn ya sami shahara a YouTube kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama sananne don rubuta fiction na matasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Glynn ta fito ne daga Hatfield, Hertfordshire . Ita da ɗan'uwanta sun halarci [[Letchworth]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Christopher School, Letchworth">Makarantar St. Christopher a Letchworth a kan bursary.{{Efn|Glynn uses [[she/her]] and [[they/them]] pronouns. This article uses she/her pronouns for consistency.}}<ref name="haulternative">{{Cite journal |last=Blanchard |first=Tamsin |date=24 April 2015 |title=Noodlerella's vintage #haulternative video |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/videos/TMG11558237/Noodlerellas-vintage-haulternative-video.html |journal=The Telegraph |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Ta dauki darussan a makarantar Guildhall School of Music & Drama a matsayin matashiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connie Glynn |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/connie-glynn |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=Penguin Books Australia}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Sussex tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Fim a 2016, Glynn ya koma [[Landan]]. <ref name="unapologetically pink">{{Cite journal |last=Tostevin |first=Daniel |date=26 February 2016 |title=Connie Glynn: Unapologetically Pink |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2017/02/26/connie-glynn-interview-unapologetically-pink/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=ROOM TOUR - Dream Pink Princess Teen Fantasy Room + Walk in Closet - Connie Glynn |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1XVi3LeUD4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518183936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1XVi3LeUD4&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=18 May 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Glynn ta bayyana rawar da Moxie Dewdrop ta taka a cikin fitowar Burtaniya na fim din DreamWorks na shekarar 2016 ''Trolls'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nordin |first=Kiersten |date=13 September 2016 |title=Carrie Hope Fletcher and Noodlerella Join the Cast of Trolls |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2016/09/13/carrie-hope-fletcher-and-noodlerella-join-the-cast-of-trolls/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Glynn ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littattafai uku tare da manufar littattafai biyar tare da Penguin Random House <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eyre |first=Charlotte |date=24 January 2017 |title=YouTuber Connie Glynn lands book deal with PRH |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/prh-children-s-signs-youtuber-connie-glynn-473961 |journal=The Bookseller |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> don jerin tatsuniyoyin matasa masu girma The Rosewood Chronicles wanda ya dogara da abubuwan da Glynn ya samu a makarantar kwana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Keeley |date=5 September 2018 |title=Author Connie Glynn shares her best advice for anyone wanting to become a writer |url=https://www.her.ie/life/author-connie-glynn-shares-her-best-advice-for-anyone-wanting-to-become-a-writer-429186 |journal=Her |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Kashi na farko a cikin jerin, Undercover Princess ya sanya ta babbar marubuciya ta farko a cikin nau'ikan matasa a Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=14 January 2019 |title=The Teach Primary Book Awards 2019 – Meet the Judges! |url=https://www.teachwire.net/news/the-teach-primary-book-awards-2019-meet-the-judges |journal=Teach Wire |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Princess-in-Practice da The Lost Princess sun biyo baya a cikin 2018 da 2019 bi da bi.<ref name="pop">{{Cite journal |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=27 October 2018 |title=Connie Glynn On Writing, YouTube, And Her Dream Casting For Princess in Practice |url=https://www.unitedbypop.com/interviews/connie-glynn/ |journal=United by Pop |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan ya zo yawon shakatawa na littattafai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Sarah |date=15 July 2019 |title=Connie Glynn Announces UK Book Tour |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2019/07/15/connie-glynn-announces-uk-book-tour/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Glynn ta ƙaura daga halinta na Noodlerella, kuma a watan Agustan 2019, ta sake ƙaura daga "launi mai ruwan hoda" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalinta da kyawawan abubuwa yayin da ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da kiɗa tare da ƙungiyarta Snaggletooth. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=we're breaking up |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wjg-WejnhY |access-date=25 August 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="pop"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Teri |date=28 May 2021 |title=The Definition of Snaggletooth |url=https://www.mothsandgiraffes.com/theactualcontent/cnyshp5h5qxfr90r8v7183w7mpc737 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Moths and Giraffes}}</ref> Glynn ta bayyana murfin Princess a Heart a watan Oktoba 2020, littafi na huɗu a cikin jerin Rosewood Chronicles . A sake shi a watan Fabrairun 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess at Heart |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/316818/princess-at-heart/9780241458358.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018173436/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/316818/princess-at-heart/9780241458358.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=Penguin Random House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=31 March 2021 |title=Connie Glynn Talks, Princess At Heart, Book Four In The Rosewood Chronicles Series |url=https://www.unitedbypop.com/books/young-adult-books/connie-glynn-talks-princess-at-heart-book-four-in-the-rosewood-chronicles-series/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=United by Pop}}</ref> Glynn ta sanar da taken na biyar da na karshe na jerin, Princess Ever After a watan Yulin 2021, don ranar fitarwa ta Fabrairu shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucilla Rose |date=23 November 2023 |title=Princess Ever After by Connie Glynn |url=https://storylinks.booklinks.org.au/2023/11/23/princess-ever-after/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Story Links}}</ref> Glynn ta sake haɗuwa da Penguin don littafin fantasy na matasa na gaba, wanda ya fara da The Cursed Melodies . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=The Cursed Melodies by Connie Glynn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/456177/the-cursed-melodies-by-glynn-connie/9780241646144 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Penguin Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Katie |date=18 October 2024 |title=Penguin signs Connie Glynn's fantasy trilogy in six-figure deal |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/penguin-signs-connie-glynns-fantasy-trilogy-in-six-figure-deal |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=The Bookseller}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Glynn tana da Jima'i biyu kuma ta tabbatar da cewa tana da saurayi a 2024, <su about="#mwt86" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Cita/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wF4acb69Bs&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;no more internet drama. i just wanna kiss my boyfriend&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;author&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Connie Glynn&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;via&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;YouTube&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19 January 2025&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;accessdate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;20 January 2025&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAf0\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt84\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFConnie_Glynn2025\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Connie Glynn (19 January 2025). </cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-25" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Connie_Glynn#cite_note-25 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] bayan da ta kasance a buɗe game da tafiyarta tare da lakabi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Lucy |date=12 February 2018 |title=YouTuber Connie Glynn aka Noodlerella reveals she's aromantic |url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/02/12/youtuber-connie-glynn-aka-noodlerella-reveals-aromantic-7306105/?ito=cbshare |journal=Metro |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilmour |first=Paisley |date=13 February 2019 |title="It's a big societal reminder that I'm different" - Valentine's Day when you're asexual or aromantic |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/relationships/a26320354/asexual-aromantic-valentines-day/ |journal=Cosmopolitan |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Glynn tana amfani da sunayen su da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glynn |first=Connie |title=honey im home ( and im a lesbian ) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKHqEvQurDM |access-date=16 July 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Motar ta buge Glynn a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2016 kuma ta karye kafa. An yi mata tiyata sau biyu. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, ta bayyana game da PTSD da kuma agoraphobia da ta biyo baya da paranoia da ta samu a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan hadarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Karla |date=29 November 2016 |title=Connie Ella 'Nooderella' Glynn Was Hit by a Car |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/connie-ella-glynn-known-as-noodlerella-was-hit-by-a-car-119789/ |journal=J-14 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127060047/https://www.j-14.com/posts/connie-ella-glynn-known-as-noodlerella-was-hit-by-a-car-119789/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Emma-Louise |date=17 May 2019 |title=Video Spotlight: I was insane for 2 years and didn't tell anyone. |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2019/05/17/video-spotlight-i-was-insane-for-2-years-and-didnt-tell-anyone/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === ''Tarihin Rosewood'' === * ''Gimbiya mai ɓoye'' (2017) * ''Gimbiya a cikin Ayyuka'' (2018) * Gimbiya da ta ɓace (2019) * ''Gimbiya a Zuciya'' (2021) * ''Gimbiya Ko da yaushe'' (2022) === ''Labarai daga Shadow Library'' === * ''Waƙoƙin da aka la'anta'' (2025) * ''Duet mafi duhu'' (2026) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2016 |Kyautar Zaɓin Yara |UK da aka fi so Breakthrough Vlogger |Shi da kansa| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodson |first=Charleyy |date=15 March 2016 |title=Cherry Wallis Is The UK's Newest Breakthrough Vlogger |url=https://www.wetheunicorns.com/news/cherry-wallis-breakthrough-vlogger-kids-choice/ |journal=We the Unicorns |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2016 |Summer a cikin City Awards |Kyautar Kyauta |Shi da kansa| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=Erin |date=14 August 2016 |title=Summer in the City Awards 2016 Round-Up |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2016/08/14/summer-in-the-city-awards-2016-round-up/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> |- |2018 |Summer a cikin City Awards |Littafin Shekara |''Gimbiya mai ɓoye''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beveridge |first=Marta |date=12 August 2018 |title=Summer in the City Awards 2018 Round-Up |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2018/08/12/summer-in-the-city-awards-2018-round-up/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> |- |} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8563381}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ix10fx0jqe21ytl6bm8mw948xw5g48e 0 160390 891088 872550 2026-08-03T21:24:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Onwurah ta kasance ministar dabaru, kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire a karkashin jagorancin shugaban kwadago Jeremy Corbyn daga watan Oktoba na 2016 [1] har zuwa Afrilun 2020, lokacin da aka nada ta ministar kimiyya, bincike da fasahar zamani ta Keir Starmer . [2] == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifiyar Onwurah 'yar Newcastle ce. Mahaifinta, daga Najeriya, yana aiki a matsayin likitan hakora yayin da yake karatu a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Newcastle lokacin da suka haɗu suka yi aure a shekarun 1950. [1] An haifi Onwurah a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1965 a Wallsend, sannan a Northumberland . A lokacin da take ƙarama, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Awka]], Najeriya a shekarar 1965. Shekaru biyu kacal bayan haka, [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] ya ɓarke, wanda ya kawo yunwa, wanda ya tilasta wa mahaifiyarta dawo da yaran zuwa Tyneside, yayin da mahaifinta ya zauna a can a cikin rundunar Biafra. <ref name="Early Life">{{Cite web |title=Labour MPs – Chi Onwurah |url=http://www.labour.org.uk/mp/chinyelu_onwurah/833 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323101232/http://www.labour.org.uk/mp/chinyelu_onwurah/833 |archive-date=23 March 2014 |access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Immigration - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-12-13/debates/DB61C374-16B5-411C-9A29-CC3DCA119EB3/IllegalImmigration |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref> Onwurah ta halarci Makarantar Kenton da ke Newcastle [1] kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Landan a shekarar 1987 tare da digiri a fannin injiniyan lantarki . [2] Ta yi aiki a fannin haɓaka kayan aiki da software, sarrafa kayayyaki, haɓaka kasuwa da dabarun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙasashe daban-daban - Burtaniya, Faransa, Amurka, Najeriya da Denmark - yayin da take karatun digiri na MBA a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Manchester . [3] Kafin shiga Majalisar Dokoki, Onwurah shine Shugaban Fasahar Sadarwa a Ofcom, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Clare |date=3 October 2017 |title=Chi Onwurah, shadow minister for industrial strategy, science and innovation - The 50 Most Influential Women in UK Tech 2017 |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/photostory/450427420/The-50-Most-Influential-Women-in-UK-Tech-2017/5/5-Chi-Onwurah-shadow-minister-for-Department-for-Business-Energy-and-Industrial-Strategy |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=www.computerweekly.com}}</ref> tare da mai da hankali kan samar da intanet. <ref name="chron">{{Cite web |last=Southern |first=Keiran |date=2017-05-04 |title=Who is Chi Onwurah, whose Prince Philip tweet sparked a furious backlash? |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/who-chi-onwurah-whose-prince-12987907 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=ChronicleLive |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Kafin shiga Majalisar Dokoki, Onwurah ta kasance mai himma a cikin [[Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata|Ƙungiyar Yaƙi da Wariyar launin fata]] . Ta shafe shekaru da yawa tana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa, da kuma ta magajin ta, [[Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata|ACTSA: Action for Southern Africa]] . Ta kuma shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Buɗe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2017 |title=Chi Onwurah MP: Engineering a better future in politics |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/business/news/chi-onwurah-mp-engineering-better-future-politics |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=The Open University Business School }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Aikin majalisar dokoki === An zaɓi Onwurah a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki (MP) mai wakiltar Newcastle upon Tyne Central a babban zaɓen 2010 da rinjayen 7,466. <ref name="parl">{{Cite web |title=Chi Onwurah |url=http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/chi-onwurah/4124 |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=Parliament}}</ref> Ta maye gurbin tsohon ɗan majalisar jam'iyyar Labour Jim Cousins, wanda ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mulki bayan shekaru 23. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Cousins, former MP, Newcastle upon Tyne Central |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/10137/jim_cousins/newcastle_upon_tyne_central |website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2009 |title=Newcastle Labour MP Jim Cousins to step down |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-labour-mp-jim-cousins-1455675 |website=ChronicleLive}}</ref> Ta bayyana Majalisar a matsayin "abin mamaki na al'adu", amma kuma ta ce idan aka kwatanta da tarihin injiniyanta "majalisa ita ce mafi yawan yanayin aiki da na taɓa kasancewa a ciki, mafi daidaito tsakanin jinsi". Onwurah ya goyi bayan Ed Miliband a zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour na 2010. Miliband ya naɗa Onwurah a matsayin ƙaramin ministan kasuwanci, kirkire-kirkire da ƙwarewa a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2010. A watan Janairun 2013, an ba Onwurah sabon "muhimmiyar matsayi" a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Ofishin Majalisar Ministoci, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan "tsaro ta yanar gizo, kasuwanci na zamantakewa da gwamnati mai bude." <ref name="parl"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-02 |title=Chi takes up a new shadow ministerial role in the Cabinet Office team |url=https://chionwurahmp.com/2013/01/chi-takes-up-a-new-shadow-ministerial-role-in-the-cabinet-office-team/ |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=Chi Onwurah MP |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ainsworth |first=David |date=17 January 2013 |title=Chi Onwurah MP given shadow social enterprise role |url=https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/chi-onwurah-mp-given-shadow-social-enterprise-role/policy-and-politics/article/1167249 |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=www.thirdsector.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan ta bar mukamin a watan Satumba na 2015, Louise Haigh ta gaje ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marrs |first=Colin |date=2020-06-24 |title=Jeremy Corbyn appoints MP Louise Haigh to Labour digital brief |url=https://www.civilserviceworld.com/news/article/jeremy-corbyn-appoints-mp-louise-haigh-to-labour-digital-brief |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=Civil Service World |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024 aka naɗa ta Shugabar Kwamitin Zaɓen Kimiyya, Ƙirƙira da Fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary career for Dame Chi Onwurah - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament |url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/4124/career |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=members.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Yaƙin neman zaɓe kan batutuwan jinsi ==== A watan Fabrairun 2014, Onwurah ta yi magana a wani muhawarar majalisar dokoki da aka kira kan shirinta kan batun tallata kayan wasa na musamman ga jinsi. Ta kuma ba da goyon bayanta ga kamfen ɗin "Let Toys Be Toys" . A jawabinta ga Majalisar Wakilai, ta ce:<blockquote>"Kafin na shiga Majalisar Dokoki, na shafe shekaru ashirin a matsayin ƙwararren injiniya, ina aiki a nahiyoyi uku. Ko ina nake ko girman kamfanin, koyaushe mahalli ne na maza, ko kuma maza duka, amma sai lokacin da na shiga shagon kayan wasa ne kawai nake jin ina fuskantar wariyar jinsi." </blockquote>Daga baya ta shaida wa Kira Cochrane ta ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' cewa ta yi imanin cewa takaita yara ta hanyar ra'ayin jinsi babbar matsala ce ta tattalin arziki, inda adadin ɗaliban mata da ke karatun digirin injiniya ya ragu daga kashi 12% zuwa kashi 8% cikin shekaru talatin tun lokacin da ta fara karatu da kanta. Da take magana game da ƙarancin injiniyoyi da Birtaniya ke da "mafi ƙarancin kaso a Turai na mata waɗanda ƙwararrun injiniyoyi ne", ta ce "kayan wasan yara suna da matuƙar muhimmanci kuma suna da tsari, kuma a gare ni wannan yana magana ne game da ayyukan nan gaba, game da abin da zai faru cikin shekaru 10 ko 15. Ba za mu iya ci gaba da al'umma mai rarrabuwa ba." === Zaɓen shugabanci da kuma rawar da 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa ke takawa a inuwar === [[Fayil:Chi_Onwurah,_2016_Labour_Party_Conference.jpg|thumb|Onwurah a taron jam'iyyar Labour na 2016]] A zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour na 2015, Onwurah ta sanar da goyon bayanta ga Andy Burnham, inda ta fara zaɓar Jeremy Corbyn don "faɗaɗa muhawarar". A lokacin, Onwurah ita ce kaɗai injiniyan da aka yi wa rijista da ke aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisa, wani abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai lokacin da take fafutukar neman ilimin masana'antu da fasaha a cikin tsare-tsaren dokoki Bayan da Jeremy Corbyn ya lashe zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour a watan Satumba na 2015, an nada Onwurah a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Kasuwanci, Kirkire-kirkire da Kwarewa, da kuma Ministan Inuwa na Al'adu, Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Wasanni. ==== Takaddama kan nuna wariya ga launin fata ==== A cikin sake fasalin da aka yi a watan Janairun 2016, rawar da Onwurah ta taka a fannin al'adu da tattalin arzikin dijital ta rabu a tsakaninta da Thangam Debbonaire na ɗan lokaci. A cewar Onwurah, Corbyn bai sanar da wannan sauyi ga ko wanne ɗan majalisa kai tsaye ko kuma ya gaya wa Debbonaire lokacin da ya sauya shawararsa ba, wanda ya bar su cikin rudani game da ainihin nauyin da ke kansu. Bugu da ƙari, ya ƙi buƙatar ƙarin bayani. Mai magana da yawun ofishin Corbyn, wanda ke musanta rashin "tattaunawa" a watan Janairu, ya ce "a kowane lokaci ba a kori kowa ba. Muna baƙin ciki da Chi ta ji an ware ta, amma a bayyane yake ba haka lamarin yake ba. Kalaman Chi Onwurah sun shafi tattaunawa game da tsara ayyukan majalisar inuwar a watan Janairun da ya gabata, kamar yadda ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin kabad da kabad na inuwar." Onwurah ta lura cewa rudanin ya shafi 'yan tsirarun kabilu biyu, 'yan majalisar mata (daga cikin kashi 5% na jimillarsu), kuma ta yi jayayya cewa dokar aiki ta bukaci manajojin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su kasance masu hankali da amsawa sosai wajen magance irin wannan yanayi. Ta ce: "Da ace wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ma'aikata na a fannin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, da Jeremy ya sami kansa a gaban kotun masana'antu don a kore shi daga aiki, wataƙila tare da nuna wariyar launin fata." Daga baya Onwurah ta rubuta cewa "Ban yi zargin wariyar launin fata a kan Jeremy ba", bayan an yi iƙirarin cewa ta "yi wasa da katin tsere". ==== Zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour na 2016 ==== Onwurah backed Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour leadership election, but remained a Labour frontbencher. In August 2016, during the Labour leadership campaign she publicly supported Owen Smith's calls for a second referendum on the UK's EU membership. === Zaɓen gama gari da aikin majalisa === [[Fayil:Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_crop_2.jpg|thumb|Hoton majalisar dokoki ta hukuma, 2017]] Onwurah ta ci gaba da riƙe kujerarta a babban zaɓen 2017, wanda hakan ya ƙara yawan ƙuri'un jam'iyyar Labour zuwa 65%. Newcastle Upon Tyne Central ita ce mazabar farko da ta bayyana sakamako a babban zaɓen a wannan shekarar. An sake zaɓenta a [[2019 United Kingdom general election|babban zaɓen 2019]], kuma, Newcastle Upon Tyne Central ita ce kujera ta farko a Burtaniya da aka ayyana. Kason kuri'unta ya ragu zuwa kashi 57.6%, wanda ya wakilci mafi rinjayen kuri'u 12,278 tare da raguwar ƙasa da kashi 4% ga Jam'iyyar Conservative . A babban zaɓen 2024, an soke kujerar Onwurah kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin kujerar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ta Newcastle upon Tyne Central da West, wadda ta ƙunshi mafi yawan kujerun da ta taɓa samu baya ga yankunan da ke yammacin Newcastle. Ta lashe kujerar da kashi 45.6% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ta fi abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa, Reform UK, ƙuri'u 11,060. ==== An taimaka wa waɗanda suka mutu a ƙuri'ar ==== Mahaifiyar Onwurah memba ce a ƙungiyar Sa-kai ta Euthanasia, kuma da farko ta yi tunanin cewa idan aka ba ta dama, za ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan mutuwar da aka yi mata da son rai. Duk da haka, a watan Nuwamba na 2024, ta rubuta wa mazabunta cewa za ta yi adawa da Dokar Manya Masu Rashin Lafiya (Ƙarshen Rayuwa), tana mai bayyana damuwa cewa dokar "tana da matsala" kuma babu isasshen lokaci don cikakken bincike a majalisar dokoki. '''Matsalolin ɗabi'a''' Mahaifiyar Onwurah memba ce a ƙungiyar agaji ta Euthanasia Society, kuma ta yi tsammanin idan aka ba ta dama, za ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan mutuwar da aka yi mata da son rai. Amma a watan Nuwamba na 2024, ta rubuta wa mazauna yankin cewa za ta yi adawa da Dokar Manyan da ke fama da rashin lafiya ta ƙarshe (Ƙarshen Rayuwa) da ta ba wa manya da ke fama da rashin lafiya na ƙarshe damar kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsu, tana mai cewa tana damuwa da cewa dokar "tana da matsala" kuma babu isasshen lokacin da za a duba majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My statement on how I will be voting on the Assisted Dying Bill. |url=https://x.com/chionwurah/status/1861822361558741255?s=46&t=vs8FmfHt1YLwA3LuC3LKWQ |website=X}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Onwurah yana goyon bayan [[Newcastle United FC]] . == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A shekarar 2018, an ƙara Onwurah a cikin shirin "Mata Masu Tasiri a Burtaniya IT" na mako-mako na ''Computer Weekly'' tare da Hannah Dee, Sarah Wood da Sherry Coutu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Clare |date=17 July 2018 |title=Most Influential Women in UK IT 2018: Entrants to the Hall of Fame |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252444993/Most-Influential-Women-in-UK-IT-2018-Entrants-to-the-Hall-of-Fame?asrc=EM_EDA_97694330 |access-date=22 January 2019 |website=Computer Weekly |publisher=}}</ref> In 2020 she was made an Honorary Fellow of the British Science Association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Latest BSA Honorary Fellows announced |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/news/latest-bsa-honorary-fellows-announced |website=British Science Association}}</ref> Onwurah was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the 2025 Birthday Honours for Political and Public Service.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=14 June 2025}}</ref> == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}}*{{Official website|http://chionwurahmp.com}}{{UK MP links|parliament=Chi-Onwurah/4124|hansardcurr=5617|publicwhip=chinyelu_onwura|theywork=chinyelu_onwura}} * [https://vimeo.com/158694425 Chi Onwurah yana jawabi] a Jami'ar Edinburgh don Kalubalen Duniya Lab/Practical Action, bazara 2016 {{S-start}} {{S-par|uk}} |- {{S-bef|before=[[Jim Cousins]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br>for [[Newcastle upon Tyne Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle upon Tyne Central]]|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–[[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]]}} {{S-non|reason=Constituency abolished}} |- {{S-new|constituency}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br>for [[Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West]]|years=[[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]]–present}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}}{{Labour Party UK MPs}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1m5ivcvbk5y7u2bff6v2yhx73nsrlba 0 160432 891214 881224 2026-08-04T06:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deji Adeyanju''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1979) lauya ne kuma mai fafutuka [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Ya kafa kungiyar dimokuradiyya mai suna Concerned Nigerians, wanda daga baya ya jagoranci a matsayin mai shirya taron, kuma abokin kafa ne na kamfanin lauya Deji Adeyanju & Partners a [[Abuja]]. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka hada da zalunci na 'yan sanda da 'yanci na jama'a. Adeyanju, tsohon shugaban kungiyar dalibai, ya fara gwagwarmayarsa a karkashin gwamnatin soja ta [[Sani Abacha]], kuma ya fuskanci kamawa akai-akai a tsawon shekaru saboda shirya zanga-zangar adawa da hukumomin jihar. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sabon Media na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), kafin ya bar ya bi aikin gwagwarmaya na cikakken lokaci a shekarar 2017.<ref name=":2">https://thewhistler.ng/breaking-police-arrests-former-pdp-social-media-director-deji-adeyanju/</ref>Ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a tare da girmamawa na farko daga [[Jami'ar Baze]] a 2022 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya jim kadan bayan haka.<ref name=":1">https://punchng.com/multiple-arrests-trumped-up-charges-motivated-me-to-study-law-deji-adeyanju/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adeyanju a [[Kabba]], a cikin Karamar Hukumar Kabba-Bunu ta [[Jihar Kogi]], arewa maso tsakiyar Najeriya. Shi ɗan asalin Ayere ne, wani gari a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Yankin Karamar Hukumar]] [[Ijumu]], kuma memba ne na Mutanen Okun.<ref name=":0" /> Ya girma ne a cikin dangi mai tsawo a Kabba.<ref name=":0">https://thenationonlineng.net/i-dream-of-a-nigeria-where-there-is-justice-for-all/</ref> Ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare daga Makarantar Firamare ta Kojola a Kabba (1986-1991), sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] Capital a Kaduna (1993-1999), inda ya sami [[Ilimi a Najeriya|Babban Takardar Shaidar Sakandare]] (SSCE).<ref name=":0" /> Ya shiga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]] a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin Mass Communication, amma bai kammala digiri ba bayan ya fuskanci shari'a a lokacin shekarunsa na dalibi.<ref name=":1" />A cikin 2019, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Baze]] da ke Abuja don nazarin doka, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Laws tare da girmamawa na farko a cikin 2022. Daga nan sai ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a Abuja kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya. Daga baya ya kammala Master of Laws (LL.M) a Jami'ar Baze a shekarar 2025.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://gazettengr.com/deji-adeyanju-bags-first-class-law-degree-from-top-nigerian-university/</ref> == Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko == Adeyanju ya fara aikinsa na gwagwarmaya a kusan shekaru 16. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin tsohon shugaban kungiyar dalibai wanda rikice-rikice na farko da hukumomin jihar ya zo ne a karkashin gwamnatin soja ta [[Sani Abacha]] . Yawancin ayyukan da ya rubuta a cikin ɗalibai suna da alaƙa da lokacinsa a [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]], inda ya shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar ɗalibai kafin a kama shi kuma a gurfanar da shi kan zargin kisan kai da ya nuna a matsayin mai motsa siyasa. An wanke shi kuma an warware shari'ar a shekara ta 2009; daga baya jihar ta farfado da wannan zargi a shekarar 2018 kafin a sake sallame shi bisa la'akari da haɗari biyu.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/300983-activist-deji-adeyanju-arrested-again.html</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Kafin ya fara gwagwarmaya ta cikakken lokaci, Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sabon Media na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://punchng.com/ex-pdp-new-media-director-deji-adeyanju-arrested-over-freennamdikanu-protest/</ref> Ya bar rawar a shekarar 2017 don mayar da hankali ga cikakken lokaci kan gwagwarmaya.<ref name=":5">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/300983-activist-deji-adeyanju-arrested-again.html</ref> == 'Yan Najeriya da suka damu == Adeyanju ita ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar mai shirya taron 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da Dokar Shari'a, ƙungiyar jama'a da aka yi rajista a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2021-02-26 |title=Concerned Nigerians group gets CAC registration |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/concerned-nigerians-group-gets-cac-registration/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Adeyanju, 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa sun shirya zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe a Unity Fountain a Abuja - filin zanga-zaye na jama'a na Babban Birnin Tarayya - kuma sun ba da wasiƙu da korafe-korafe ga cibiyoyin gwamnati, gami da Majalisar Dokoki.<ref name=":3">https://saharareporters.com/2025/02/09/activist-adebayo-raphael-appointed-new-convener-concerned-nigerians-group-deji-adeyanju</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, Adeyanju ya sauka a matsayin mai shirya taron 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa na lauya, ya mika jagorancin ga mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya Adebayo Raphael<ref name=":3" /> == Yunkurin fafutuka == === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Sheikh el-Zakzaky (2017-2018) === Daga cikin kamfen din da ya fi dadewa shi ne turawa don sakin Sheikh [[Ibrahim el-Zakzaky]], shugaban kungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]] ta tsare bayan kisan Zaria a watan Disamba na 2015. Adeyanju da 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa sun shirya wani tsawo na yau da kullun a Unity Fountain a Abuja suna kira ga sakin el-Zakzaky. A lokacin yakin, 'yan sanda sun kama shi, ciki har da wani abin da ya faru inda Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na [[Federal Capital Territory, Abuja|FCT]] da kansa ya jagoranci jami'an da suka watsar da masu zanga-zangar da iskar hawaye kuma suka tsare Adeyanju na sa'o'i da yawa ba tare da tuhuma ko gurfanar da su ba.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2018/04/14/zakzaky-islamic-movement-comdems-attack-protesters-abuja/</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, an kama Adeyanju a Abuja yayin da yake shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ke kira ga sakin [[Nnamdi Kanu]], shugaban 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB), wanda gwamnatin Buhari ta tsare. An tsare shi tare da wasu masu gwagwarmaya kuma daga baya aka sake shi.<ref name=":4" /><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/breaking-police-releases-deji/</ref> === Kaddamarwa da tsare-tsare a karkashin gwamnatin Buhari (2018-2019) === A shekara ta 2018, Adeyanju ya kasance mai sukar murya ga gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. An kama shi sau da yawa saboda jagorancin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati.<ref name=":5" /> ==== An kama shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018 ==== A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2018, an kama shi a Abuja yayin da yake jagorantar zanga-zangar da ake kira "Yan sanda Ba 'yan siyasa ba ne, Ka ceci Dimokuradiyya tamu", wanda ya bukaci tsaka-tsaki na' yan sanda kafin Babban Zabe 2019. An kwace wayoyin hannu guda uku. An gurfanar da shi a wannan rana a Kotun Babban Majalisa a Karshi, Abuja, an ba shi belin, amma bai iya cika sharuɗɗa ba kuma an tura shi gidan yarin Keffi, inda ya kasance har zuwa 6 ga Disamba 2018.<ref>http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/28/breaking-police-arrest-deji-adeyanju-while-leading-protest-abuja</ref> ==== Disamba 2018 sake kamawa da kuma kisan kai ==== A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Sufeto-Janar na Sashin Kula da 'yan sanda ya sake kama shi, tare da' yan sanda suna ambaton shari'ar kisan kai ta 2005 a matsayin dalilan, duk da ƙudurin da ya yi a shekara ta 2009. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Bukola Saraki]] da sauransu sun bayyana sake kamawa a matsayin siyasa fiye da shari'a.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/302450-deji-adeyanjus-arrest-more-political-than-judicial-saraki.html</ref> An canja shi daga Abuja zuwa [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2018, kuma an gurfanar da shi a ranar 21 ga Disamba a gaban Kotun Babban Majalisa a Kano, wanda ya gano cewa ba shi da [[Yanke hukunci|iko]] don gwada shari'o'in kisan kai kuma ya tsare shi har sai an tura shi zuwa babbar kotun. [[National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Najeriya]] ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai da ta yi Allah wadai da abin da ta kira "tsarin cin zarafi da tsoratar da hankali" na Adeyanju,<ref>https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/nhrc-media/press-release/62-press-release-on-the-arrest-detention-and-trial-of-deji-adeyanju.html</ref>yayin da Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta ba da umarnin kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan 'yan sanda da shari'a su sake bincika sake kama shi.<ref>https://guardian.ng/news/senate-orders-investigation-of-deji-adeyanju-detention-by-police/</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2018/12/18/senate-orders-committee-to-investigate-deji-adeyanjus-rearrest/</ref> ==== Saki da kuma wankewa ==== A watan Fabrairun 2019, Babban Kotun [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta ba shi belin, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 2019 an sake shi daga [[Kano Central Prison|Kurkukun Tsakiya na Kano]] bayan fiye da watanni biyu a tsare.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/317026-breaking-activist-deji-adeyanju-released-from-prison.html</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2019, Babban Kotun Jihar Kano ta sallame shi kuma ta wanke shi daga zargin kisan kai, tana riƙe da cewa an riga an wanke shi a shekara ta 2009 kuma sake gwada shi ya keta haramcin kundin tsarin mulki game da haɗari biyu.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/362329-again-court-clears-deji-adeyanju-of-murder-charges.html</ref> === Harin a lokacin zanga-zangar #FreeSowore (2019) === A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Adeyanju yana jagorantar zanga-zangar a hedikwatar [[National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa]] a Abuja yana neman a saki dan jarida kuma mai fafutuka [[Omoyele Sowore]], wanda Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jiha (DSS) ta sake kama shi duk da umarnin kotu guda biyu da suka ba da umarnin a sake shi. Wani rukuni na masu zanga-zangar sun kai hari ga masu zanga-zanga; An doke Adeyanju kuma ya ji rauni, kuma daga baya aka kai shi Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don magani. Kafofin yada labarai na Najeriya sun ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin mawuyacin hali.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2019/12/23/video-deji-adeyanju-beaten-up-as-sowore-supporters-counter-protesters-clash-despite-police-presence/</ref><ref>https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/12/24/deji-adeyanju-in-critical-condition-flown-abroad-after-brutal-attack-by-thugs/</ref> Adeyanju daga baya ya yi zargin cewa DSS ta shirya harin ne don ramawa ga aikinsa.<ref name=":7">https://saharareporters.com/2019/12/29/dss-behind-attack-me-deji-adeyanju-alleges</ref> === #EndSARS zanga-zangar (2020) === A watan Oktoba 2020, Adeyanju na daga cikin masu gwagwarmayar da suka jagoranci [[2020 Nigerian protests|zanga-zangar #EndSARS]] a Abuja, tare da Omoyele Sowore da sauransu. Adeyanju ya ce shi da Sowore sun kasance daga cikin masu shirya yunkurin #EndSARS, bayan sun shirya zanga-zangar da suka gabata game da zaluncin 'yan sanda na SARS kafin zanga-zambe na Oktoba 2020.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/30/endsars-sowore-and-i-started-protest-adeyanju-accuses-bisi-akande-of-lying/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/video-deji-adeyanju-sowore-lead-endsars-protest-in-abuja/</ref>.Ya kuma yi amfani da ikonsa na shari'a don kalubalantar karar da aka shigar a kan mutane 50 - ciki har da kansa, mawaƙi [[Davido]], da mai fafutuka [[Aisha Yesufu]] - saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar. Babban Kotun FCT ta kori karar kuma ta amince da umarni na hana gurfanar da kara.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2021/07/02/breaking-endsars-court-strikes-out-government-sponsored-motion-against-deji-adeyanju</ref> === #EndBadGovernance zanga-zangar (2024) === A watan Agustan 2024, Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masu zanga-zangar a lokacin zanga-zambe na #EndBadGovernance a duk faɗin Najeriya. Ya yi magana da [[CNN]] game da zanga-zangar adawa da kungiyoyin gwamnati a lokacin zanga-zambe.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/01/africa/nigeria-mass-protests-against-hunger-intl/index.html</ref> Ya sami sakin masu zanga-zangar 26 da 'yan jarida da 'yan sanda da DSS suka tsare a Abuja bayan zanga-zambe.<ref>https://www.naijanews.com/2024/08/12/26-arrested-endbadgovernance-protesters-journalists-regain-freedom/</ref> Daga baya ya wakilci masu zanga-zangar 124 - ciki har da kananan yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 17 - da ake tuhuma da cin amana (duba aikin shari'a). == Ayyukan shari'a da sanannun shari'o'i == Bayan kiran da ya yi wa lauyan Najeriya, Adeyanju ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Abuja Deji Adeyanju & Partners, tare da aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokar aikata laifuka.<ref>https://dejiadeyanjuandpartners.com/</ref><ref name=":8">https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/2025/08/27/nba-spidel-breakout-session-on-access-to-justice-security-and-accountability/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Adeyanju da kamfaninsa sun wakilci abokan ciniki da yawa a cikin shari'o'i masu rikitarwa na siyasa. Ya yi kira ga sakin ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutuka Omoyele Sowore a lokacin da aka tsare shi da DSS a shekarar 2019. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mai fafutukar kafofin sada zumunta Martins Vincent Otse (VeryDarkMan) a duk faɗin kamawa da yawa daga 2024 zuwa 2025, gami da tsarewar Otse ta [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] (EFCC) a watan Mayu 2025 bayan ziyarar reshen Bankin Guaranty Trust a Abuja.<ref>https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/deji-adeyanju-why-verydarkman-was-arrested-at-gtb-in-abuja/</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi da ta sami sakin rapper Darlington Achakpo (Speed Darlington), wanda aka kama shi sau biyu a cikin 2024-2025 biyo bayan takardar neman izinin ɗan'uwan mawaƙa Burna Boy.<ref>https://punchng.com/missing-speed-darlington-in-police-custody-deji-adeyanju/</ref><ref>https://gazettengr.com/speed-darlington-released-from-kuje-prison-after-meeting-bail-conditions/</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ya wakilci masu zanga-zangar 124, ciki har da kananan yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 17, wadanda aka kama su kuma aka tuhume su da cin amana bayan zanga-zambe na #EndBadGovernance; ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa yara da aka tsare sun bayyana ba su da abinci mai gina jiki kuma an hana su samun damar zuwa lauya kafin a gurfanar da su.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/06/nigeria-protesters-charged-treason</ref> === Shari'ar tilasta inshorar mota ta ɓangare na uku (2025-2026) === A cikin 2025, Adeyanju ya shigar da kara (FHC / ABJ / CS/291/2025) a Babban Kotun Tarayya a Abuja a kan Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda, Babban Lauyan Tarayya, da Kungiyar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FRSC), suna neman bayani game da aiwatar da dokokin inshorar mota ta ɓangare na uku a Najeriya.<ref name=":6">https://punchng.com/court-bars-police-frsc-from-imposing-third-party-insurance-fines-on-motorists/</ref> Adeyanju ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da hukumomin tilasta bin doka suna da ikon bincika bin bukatun inshora, ba su da ikon doka don sanya tarar a kan masu motoci ba tare da amincewar shari'a ba.<ref name=":6" /> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, kotun, karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Hauwa Yilwa, ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa, tana mai cewa rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da FRSC na iya tilasta bin doka amma ba za ta iya sanya tarar a kan masu motoci ba tare da umarnin kotu ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa kotun da ke da iko ne kawai za ta iya sanya irin wannan hukunci, ta bambanta tsakanin tilasta aiki da ikon ba da izini, kuma ta hana hukumomin karɓar tarar yayin binciken kan hanya.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/24/third-party-insurance-court-restrains-police-frsc-from-imposing-fines-on-motorists/</ref> == Matsayin jama'a == === Cibiyar 'Yanci === Adeyanju yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar 'Yanci, ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya da ke mai da hankali kan' yancin farar hula da kuma neman sauye-sauyen zabe.<ref>https://leadership.ng/niger-coup-kperogi-sandy-modibbo-others-to-speak-at-leadership-twitter-spaces/</ref> === 'Yan Afirka suna tashi === Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin Co-Chairman na African Rising daga Yuli 2021 zuwa 2023 (wanda ake kira African Rising), ƙungiyar Afirka da ke aiki don hadin kai, adalci, zaman lafiya, da mutunci, da hedikwata a [[Gambiya]]. An zabe shi a matsayin Co-Chairman a watan Yulin 2021 a lokacin taron gudanarwa na kungiyar Coordinating Collective a Arusha, Tanzania, tare da Co-C Chairman Farfesa Wangui wa Goro (Kenya / UK), yana aiki har zuwa 2023.<ref>https://gna.org.gh/2021/08/africans-rising-gets-new-leadership/</ref>.A wannan matsayin, ya shiga cikin hadin kai a Guinea, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kamaru, da sauran ƙasashe don tallafawa maido da mulkin demokraɗiyya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220123224155/https://leadership.ng/african-rising-motivates-youth-with-awards-for-peace-democracy/</ref> == Rashin jituwa == === Sakamakon tare da Charly Boy da Our Mumu Don Do (2019) === Adeyanju ya kasance fitaccen memba na ƙungiyar Our Mumu Don Do, ƙungiyar farar hula da ke karkashin jagorancin mai nishadantarwa Charles Oputa (wanda aka sani da Charly Boy), wanda ya shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Buhari tsakanin 2016 da 2019. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, jim kadan bayan da aka sake shi daga gidan yarin Kano, Adeyanju ya yi murabus a fili daga motsi, yana zargin Charly Boy da cin amanar lamarin yayin da aka tsare shi. Ya yi zargin cewa Charly Boy ya karbi kudi daga gwamnati kuma ya yi amfani da shi don samar da kayan kamfen akan dan takarar shugaban kasa na adawa Atiku Abubakar, da kuma dakatar da hare-hare kan gwamnatin Buhari.<ref>https://punchng.com/charly-boy-betrayed-us-while-i-was-in-prison-deji-adeyanju/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/deji-adeyanju-dumps-charly-boys-group-our-mumu-don-do/</ref> Charly Boy ya amsa ta hanyar ƙungiyar Our Mumu Don Do, ya amince da murabus ɗin kuma ya bayyana cewa kungiyar za ta sake duba shaidar kafin ta amsa zarge-zargen. Daga baya ya yi zargin cewa Adeyanju ya nemi rabon kuɗin da ya karɓa, wanda Adeyanju ya musanta.<ref>https://guardian.ng/life/charly-boy-alleges-deji-adeyanju-wanted-part-of-money-from-festus-keyamo/</ref> === Zargin cin hanci na DSS (2019) === Bayan harin da aka kai masa a lokacin zanga-zangar #FreeSowore a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Adeyanju ya yi zargin cewa Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Gwamnati (DSS) ta ba shi miliyan 1 don janyewa daga zanga-zambe kuma ta dakatar da shawararsa don sakin Sowore. Ya bayyana cewa ya ki amincewa da tayin, kuma ya yi zargin cewa DSS ta shirya wani hari a kansa a matsayin fansa saboda kin amincewarsa da kuma fallasa yunkurin cin hanci a fili.<ref name=":7" /> DSS ba ta amsa a fili ga zargin ba, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba. === Rashin gafara na PDP (2024) === A ƙarshen 2024, Adeyanju ya bayyana a cikin kwasfan fayiloli kuma ya yi zargin cewa Shugaban PDP na kasa Umar Damagun da Sakataren Kasa Samuel Anyanwu suna aiki ne a matsayin masu kula da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] a cikin jam'iyyar adawa. Dukkanin jami'an sun yi barazanar shari'ar farar hula da aikata laifuka don ɓata suna ta hanyar lauyan su. A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin lauya na Adeyanju ya ba da wasika ta neman gafara da babban abokin tarayya Zainab Otega ya sanya hannu, yana janye maganganun kuma yana nuna nadama ga duk wani cin zarafin da aka gani.<ref>https://punchng.com/defamation-activist-deji-adeyanju-bows-to-pressure-begs-pdp-chairman-secretary/</ref> === zargin cin hanci da rashawa na Peter Obi (2025) === A watan Agustan 2025, Adeyanju ya yi zargin a cikin wata hira ta kai tsaye a gidan talabijin na Channels cewa Peter Obi, dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Labour a [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2023]], ya ba shi ambulaf na tsabar kudi yayin wani taro na sirri a cikin gina zaben, wanda ya ce ya ki. Adeyanju ya ce da farko ya nuna ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da takarar Obi amma ya zama mai mahimmanci bayan taron.<ref>https://www.legit.ng/politics/1671649-peter-obi-offered-money-i-refused-adeyanju-speaks-fresh-video/</ref> deyanju is married. He is based in Abuja. == Recognition == Adeyanju ta shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma mai tattaunawa a abubuwan da suka faru na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, gami da zaman da sashen Dokar Jama'a da Ci Gaban (NBA-SPIDEL) ya gudanar.<ref name=":8" /> A watan Janairun 2019, DAAR Communications PLC, masu aiki da AIT da RayPower FM sun ba shi suna Mafi Girma Mai Girma na Shekara.<ref>https://guardian.ng/life/daar-awards-2019-sets-internet-abuzz/</ref> == Membobin kwamitin == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an nada Adeyanju a cikin kwamitin Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Katutu, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke New York.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2026/05/15/nigerian-lawyer-deji-adeyanju-appointed-board-pan-african-katutu-civil-rights-center</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/deji-adeyanju-appointed-to-board-of-katutu-civil-rights-center/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ukd0mj6froszaw0zq9o3yqawi8cg91 0 160658 891216 874917 2026-08-04T06:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dennis van der Heijden''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wa VV Capelle wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Netherlands 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 wasa . Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar ADO Den Haag, amma bai sake zura kwallaye a gasar Eredivisie ba a cikin shekara ɗaya da rabi da ta biyo baya. Sakamakon haka, ya shafe sauran kakar wasa ta biyu tare da ƙungiyar a matsayin aro a Volendam, kafin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City a ƙarshen kakar wasa. A can ya sake yin kakar wasa ta baya kafin ya koma Italiya don komawa Carpi a shekarar 2018. == Aikin kulob == === ADO Den Haag === Van der Heijden ya fara buga wasa a ADO Den Haag a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2016 a wasan da suka yi da Excelsior . An kawo shi a madadin Vito Wormgoor a minti na 77, inda Den Haag ya biyo baya da ci 2-1, kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu don taimakawa kungiyar ta kammala nasarar da ta samu a wasan da suka tashi 4-2. Yin hakan ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a kungiyar a karon farko tun bayan [[Dmitri Bulykin]] a shekarar 2010. A ranar 24 ga Maris, van der Heijden ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na kwararru, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. Ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni tara da kwallaye biyu a raga yayin da ''The Hague'' ta kare a matsayi na 11 a gasar Eredivisie. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, an nada van der Heijden a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a kyautar Goal of the Season ta ADO Den Haag saboda kwallon da ya ci a wasan da suka yi da Excelsior, inda ya sha kashi da kashi 4% a hannun mai tsaron gidan kulob din Martin Hansen . ==== Lamuni zuwa Volendam ==== Van Der Heijden ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasansa na farko na Kofin KNVB a wasan da suka doke Telstar da ci 2-1 a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2016, inda ya fito daga benci ya zira kwallon da ta yi nasara a minti na 81 na wasan. Duk da haka, bai zura kwallo a wasanni 16 na Eredivisie ba kafin watan Janairu, kuma a karshen watan an ba shi aro ga kungiyar Eerste Divisie Volendam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Dennis van der Heijden word Verhuurt aan FC Volendam |url=http://adodenhaag.nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/5771-dennis-van-der-heijden-wordt-verhuurd-aan-fc-volendam |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=ADO Den Haag |language=nl}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2017, inda ya fara rashin nasara da ci 3-1 a hannun Emmen kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko bayan kwana goma, inda ya zura kwallon farko ta Volendam a wasan da suka doke Utrecht II da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blaauw |first=Sjors |date=3 February 2017 |title=FC Volendam switcht te laat |url=http://www.noordhollandsdagblad.nl/sport/volendam/article28996340.ece/FC-Volendam-switcht-te-laat_ |access-date=17 February 2017 |website=Noordhollands Dagblad |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2017 |title=Heerlijke eerste Volendam-goal Van der Heijden |url=http://www.vi.nl/vivideo/heerlijke-eerste-volendamgoal-van-der-heijden.htm |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}</ref> Daga karshe ya buga wasanni 9 a kakar wasa kuma ya zura kwallaye 3 yayin da Volendam ta sha kashi a wasannin share fage na NAC Breda . <ref>{{Cite web |last=van den Steenhoven |first=Stan |date=21 May 2017 |title=Dessers helpt NAC Breda aan finaleplek |url=http://www.goal.com/nl/news/213/eredivisie/2017/05/21/35703882/dessers-helpt-nac-breda-aan-finaleplek |access-date=24 May 2017 |website=Goal |language=nl}}</ref> === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Almere City FC === A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, van der Heijden ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Van der Heijden tekent bij Almere City |url=https://www.foxsports.nl/nieuws/artikel/1948214/van-der-heijden-tekent-bij-almere-city |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=FOX Sports |language=nl |archive-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005617/https://www.foxsports.nl/nieuws/artikel/1948214/van-der-heijden-tekent-bij-almere-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zura kwallayensa na farko a ƙungiyar a ranar 22 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a rabin lokaci na biyu, wanda hakan ya bai wa Almere damar yin kunnen doki 2-2 da Oss . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarts |first=Rob |date=22 September 2017 |title=FC Oss vervalt in oude fouten |url=https://www.bd.nl/sport/fc-oss-vervalt-in-oude-fouten~aa087a09/ |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=BD |language=nl}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe ya sami nasarar zura kwallaye bakwai a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar, abin da ya zama kakar wasa ɗaya tilo da ya buga da Almere. === Carpi === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018, van der Heijden ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da ƙungiyar Carpi ta Italiya. A ranar 22 ga Yunin 2021 ya bar ƙungiyar bisa yarjejeniyar da aka cimma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Mercato: rescissione consensuale con il centravanti Dennis Van Der Heyden |url=https://www.carpifc.com/news/mercato-rescissione-consensuale-con-il-centravanti-dennis-van-der-heyden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622143506/https://www.carpifc.com/news/mercato-rescissione-consensuale-con-il-centravanti-dennis-van-der-heyden |archive-date=2021-06-22 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=carpifc.com |language=it}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Fermana ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2019, ya koma Fermana a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=ALTRO RINFORZO IN ATTACCO: PRESO L'OLANDESE VAN DER HEJDEN |url=http://www.fermanafc.com/altro-rinforzo-in-attacco-preso-lolandese-van-der-hejden/ |publisher=[[Fermana F.C.|Fermana]] |language=Italian}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga TOP Oss ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2020, ya koma Netherlands, inda ya koma TOP Oss a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Dennis #VdHejiden ceduto in prestito fino al 30 giugno 2020 agli olandesi del TOP Oss |url=https://www.facebook.com/CarpiFC1909/photos/a.695991953759555/4151431331548916/?type=3&theater |publisher=[[Carpi F.C. 1909|Carpi]] |language=Italian}}</ref> An tsawaita yarjejeniyar zuwa karin kakar wasa a watan Agustan 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=TOP Oss heeft nieuwe spits bijna binnen, Loen blijft niet in Oss |url=https://www.kliknieuws.nl/regio/stadskrantveghel/voetbal/168207/top-oss-heeft-nieuwe-spits-bijna-binnen-loen-blijft-niet-in-oss |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=www.kliknieuws.nl}}</ref> === Chrobry Głogów === A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2021, Van der Heijden ya sanya hannu tare da kulob na Poland Chrobry Głogów . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Dennis van der Heijden napastnikiem Chrobrego! |url=http://www.chrobry-glogow.pl/news,14231-dennis-van-der-heijden-napastnikiem-chrobrego.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182033/http://www.chrobry-glogow.pl/news,14231-dennis-van-der-heijden-napastnikiem-chrobrego.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=chrobry-glogow.pl |language=pl}}</ref> === VV Capelle === Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta 2021-22, van der Heijden ya koma Holland don shiga ƙungiyar Vierde Divisie VV Capelle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dennis van der Heijden |url=https://www.vvcapelle.nl/profiel/2077/dennis-van-der-heijden/?tab=1 |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=[[VV Capelle]] |language=nl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasa na Netherlands === Bayan nasarar da ya samu tare da ADO Den Haag a farkon kakar wasa ta lig da ta gabata, an nada van der Heijden a matsayin wanda zai jagoranci tawagar Aron Winter a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19. Ya fara buga wa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Netherlands wasa a wasan farko na gasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, inda ya maye gurbin [[Steven Bergwijn]] a wasan da suka doke Croatia da ci 3-1. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan karshe na Netherlands a gasar, wanda daga karshe ya kawo karshen rashin nasara a bugun fenariti da Jamus wanda ya sa suka kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2017. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2016, van der Heijden ya zira kwallaye huɗu ga 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 na Netherlands a wasan da suka doke Amurka da ci 5-3 a gasar ƙasashe huɗu. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|17 May 2018}} <ref>{{Soccerway|dennis-van-der-heijden/435236|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin FA ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | ADO Den Haag | 2015–16 | rowspan="2" | Eredivisie | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 |- | 2016–17 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla ! 23 ! 2 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | rowspan="1" | Lamuni (Loan) | 2016–17 | Eerste Division | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla ! 9 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 9 ! 3 |- | rowspan="1" | Birnin Almere | 2017–18 | Eerste Division | 29 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 7 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 61 ! 11 ! 3 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 64 ! 12 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Dennis van der Heijden at WorldFootball.net [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r3k3qgm7jddueeeih2in5tocdgjz7mq 0 161071 891192 878885 2026-08-04T03:54:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lokacin da yara ƙanana ne, makarantu suna fara nazarin ƙwarewar yaran kuma suna rarraba su cikin rukuni bisa ga nasarar da aka annabta. Tsarin yana sanya wa amfanin gona alama a matsayin baiwa . Clark (2002) ya bayyana baiwa a matsayin "lakabi ne kawai da al'umma ke bayarwa ga waɗanda suka aiwatar da ikonsu zuwa wani babban mataki ko kuma suka ba da shaida cewa irin wannan nasarar tana nan tafe". Gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana baiwa a matsayin "ɗalibai, yara ko matasa waɗanda ke ba da shaidar ƙwarewar aiki mai girma a fannoni kamar ilimi, ƙirƙira, fasaha, ko jagoranci, ko a wasu fannoni na ilimi, kuma waɗanda ke buƙatar ayyuka ko ayyukan da ba makarantar ta saba bayarwa ba don haɓaka irin waɗannan damar gaba ɗaya" (Clark, 2002). Ɗaliban da ke da baiwa suna koyo ta wata hanya daban kuma a cikin sauri idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu a cikin aji don haka suna buƙatar shirye-shiryen da suka ba da baiwa don haɓaka da amfani da baiwarsu. Yara masu hazaka suna buƙatar damar koyarwa da ci gaba na waje don faɗaɗa tunaninsu da kuma zama masu amfani ga al'umma da kansu. A cikin jerin dalilan da aka tattara a cikin ''Inganta Ingantaccen Ilimi'', McLeod da Cropley (1989) sun bayyana takamaiman fa'idodin sanya yara masu hazaka cikin shirye-shirye masu dacewa: # "Yara masu baiwa albarkatu ne"; a nan an bayyana buƙatar tunani mai ƙirƙira da hankali waɗanda za su inganta rayuwa da ci gaba a sabon zamanin fasaha. # "Mai baiwa ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman da ta dace da wadda nakasassu suka samu;" ya kamata mai baiwa ya sami tallafin kuɗi iri ɗaya da ake bai wa wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ba su da "al'ada". # "Yara masu baiwa suna buƙatar ƙarfafawa mai kyau;" an taso da muhawara tsakanin ƙarfafawar da yara masu baiwa ke samu ta hanyar kasancewa a cikin aji ɗaya tilo na mafi girman kashi biyar cikin ɗari da kuma hujjar cewa yara na yau da kullun da masu jinkirin za su amfana daga haɗuwa da baiwa. # "Tanadi na musamman ga waɗanda suka samu baiwa zai hana su barin makaranta, rashin samun nasara da kuma rashin bin ƙa'ida;" yara masu baiwa na iya rasa sha'awarsu ta zuwa makaranta idan aka hana su koyo a yadda suke so kuma suna iya ƙoƙarin cimma "al'ada" don "samun rayuwa mai natsuwa a makaranta". (McLeod & Cropley, 1989). Ba wai kawai yana da muhimmanci a bai wa baiwar ƙarin ƙarfafawa wanda ke da amfani ga al'umma ba, tunanin waɗannan ɗaliban suna aiki ta hanya ta musamman kuma suna buƙatar salon koyarwa daban. "Masu ilimi suna tunani da koyo daban-daban daga wasu… yana da mahimmanci a koya musu yadda ya kamata" (Freeman et al., 1999). Kamar yadda aka ambato Merenheimo a cikin Mujallar Ilimi ta Halittu, "ɗaliban da ke da baiwa suna da dabarun nazari na fahimtar bayanai. Marasa baiwa suna amfani da dabarun atomistic ko serialistic" (Freeman et al., 1999). An kuma gano cewa yara masu baiwa sun fi buri—a cikin wahala da ƙoƙarin da aka saka a cikin aikin—a cikin aikin makaranta fiye da sauran tsararrakinsu. (Freeman et al., 1999). Makarantu ya kamata su ɗauki nauyin kula da hazakar ɗaliban da ke da hazaka. "A bayyane yake daga shaidar cewa ƙwarewa ba ta fitowa ba tare da taimakon da ya dace ba .... Domin cimma matsayi mai girma a kowane fanni, yara masu hazaka suna buƙatar hanyoyin koyo; wannan ya haɗa da kayan aiki da kuma mai da hankali, ƙalubalen koyarwa, wani lokacin har da koyarwa ko jagoranci wanda ba a bayar a makarantun yau da kullun ba" (Freeman et al., 1999). Hanyoyi biyu da Freeman ya ambata waɗanda makarantu ke amfani da su wajen koyar da yara masu hazaka sune: 1. Haɓaka koyo ga yara, ko dai ta hanyar mayar da su zuwa ga tsofaffi ko kuma taƙaita kayan da suke buƙatar koya, da kuma 2. Haɓaka, tattarawa, da zurfafa kayan da za a koya (Freeman et al., 1999). == Ka'idojin kula da yara masu hankali a aji == * "Domin su kasance cikin mafi kyawun aiki, ana iya taimaka wa ɗalibai su gano hanyoyin koyo nasu, wanda zai haɗa da dabarun tsarawa, sa ido, kimantawa, da zaɓin abin da za su koya. Ya kamata kuma a taimaka musu su san ra'ayoyinsu game da yankin da za a koya, kamar son sani, juriya, da amincewa." (Freeman et al., 1999). * "Duk shaidun sun nuna cewa takamaiman tanadi a cikin fannoni na ilimi shine mafi inganci wajen haɓaka baiwa, maimakon wadatar da kai gabaɗaya ba tare da an gano manufofi ba." (Freeman et al., 1999) * "Ana buƙatar tsara abubuwan da suka shafi manhaja mai ma'ana ga ɗaliban da suka sami hazaka a hankali, a rubuta su, a aiwatar da su, sannan a kimanta su domin a ƙara yawan tasirin da za a iya samu." (Van Tassel-Baska, 2000) * Haƙƙin "za a iya ƙara samun baiwa ne kawai ta hanyar shiga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi koyo waɗanda ke ƙalubalantar kuma suka faɗaɗa tun daga matakin baiwa, iyawa, da sha'awar yaron" (Clark, 2002). Ɗaliban da ke da baiwa ba za su iya cimma cikakkiyar ƙarfinsu ba ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin aji na yau da kullun, wanda zai iya zama kamar suna ci gaba da raguwa. Suna iya zama masu ware kansu daga takwarorinsu a matakin zamantakewa, tunda neman ilimi don kansa shine babban abin da ke motsa su. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Waɗannan ɗaliban za su iya samun wadatar da ake so idan aka sanya su a tsakanin sauran waɗanda suka yi nasara ta hanyar hanzarta aikin koyarwa da kuma ba su damar haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu da ra'ayoyinsu. Shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don ɗalibai masu hazaka na iya haɓaka yanayi mai dacewa da nasararsu. == Matsalolin da ke tattare da zamantakewa == Tatsuniya ce da aka saba gani game da matasa masu baiwa a cikin azuzuwan yau da kullun ita ce cewa masu baiwa babban kadara ne ga sauran ɗalibai kuma, ta hanyar hazakarsu, suna taimaka wa waɗanda ke da hankali na yau da kullun su zama ɗalibai mafi kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Myths about Gifted Students |url=https://nagc.org/page/myths-about-gifted-students |access-date=June 27, 2017 |website=National Association for Gifted Children |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827134320/https://nagc.org/page/myths-about-gifted-students |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Yara Masu Hazaka, kwarin gwiwar ɗaliban yau da kullun ba ya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwararren ƙwararren tunani. Akasin haka, marubuta sun lura da misalan tarihi na kishi da ƙiyayya ga ɗalibai masu baiwa. Leonard Mlodinow ya ba da labarin shekarun makarantar [[Isaac Newton]] cewa "kasancewa daban kuma a bayyane yake cewa ya fi Newton kyau a fannin ilimi ya kawo masa irin martanin da yake yi a yanzu - sauran yaran sun ƙi shi." Wani abin damuwa kuma shi ne cewa yaran da suka samu baiwa waɗanda aka cire daga ajinsu na gargajiya don samun ilimi mai kyau ba za su yi ƙoƙari a cikin dangantakar zamantakewa ba. Duk da haka, an nuna cewa ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen aji ko na fita waɗanda aƙalla galibi ke biyan buƙatun ilimi na ɗalibi, za su yi ƙoƙarin ƙulla dangantaka mai ƙarfi da takwarorinsu, su zama ɗalibai masu cikakken ilimi, kuma su yi aiki a matsayin shekaru da suka dace da lafiyarsu. A zahiri, bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da suka sami baiwa, ko marasa ilimi, masu baiwa matsakaici, ko masu baiwa mai yawa "sun kasance, gabaɗaya, sun daidaita a cikin zamantakewa, kuma da alama babu wata alaƙa tsakanin ƙaruwar hankali da daidaitawar zamantakewa". Ɗaliban da aka ba su izinin biyan buƙatunsu na ilimi, a kowane mataki, suna da aminci da kwarin gwiwa game da buƙatun zamantakewa kuma suna ƙirƙirar dangantaka mai mahimmanci da takwarorinsu na shekaru. Duk da yake da yawa suna danganta ci gaban zamantakewa na yaro da ci gaban karatunsu kuma suna ɗauka cewa dole ne mutum ya sha wahala kafin ɗayan ya ci gaba, an nuna hakan a kididdiga cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kimantawa == To yanzu da aka tabbatar da buƙatar waɗannan shirye-shiryen masu baiwa, ta yaya makarantu da shirye-shiryen neman baiwa ke gano waɗanda suka cika sharuɗɗan samun baiwa? Ƙwarewar Ƙasa: Shari'a don Ci Gaban Ƙwarewar Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da waɗannan jagororin (Clark, 2002): # Duba fannoni daban-daban na ilimi ga ɗalibai masu hazaka. # Yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri da sauran matakan kimantawa don nemo da kuma yi wa ɗaliban da ke nuna manyan ƙwarewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma a shekaru daban-daban. # Tabbatar da cewa dukkan ɗalibai suna da damar samun damar koyo iri ɗaya da kuma kimantawa mara son kai. # Haɓaka hanyoyin tantancewa waɗanda ke ba da damar bambance-bambancen adadin balaga da abubuwan sha'awa. # Nemi ɗaliban da hujjojinsu na iya zama gaskiya ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma waɗanda ba a iya bayyana su ba. # Yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki kamar sha'awa, himma, da sha'awa wajen tantance nasara. Akwai fannoni shida na iyawa waɗanda galibi ake kimantawa domin a tantance ko yaro yana da baiwa ko a'a: fasaha ta gama gari, ta fahimta, ta ilimi, ta ƙirƙira, ta jagoranci, da kuma fasahar gani da wasan kwaikwayo. Ana auna su ta hanyar haɗa gwaje-gwajen da aka daidaita, kimantawa da naɗin takwarorinsu da malamai, da kuma lura da takamaiman yaron. Dangane da sahihancin waɗannan hanyoyin, Olszewski-Kubilius ya tabbatar mana cewa "shaidar bincike da ake da ita ta nuna cewa waɗannan ayyuka suna da inganci" (Olszewski-Kubilius et al., 1998). == Duba kuma == * Kwarewa * Yaro mai ban mamaki * [[Ilimi mai baiwa|Ilimi mai hazaka]] * Jerin shirye-shiryen masu hazaka da baiwa * Yawan iko * Rarrabuwa Mai Kyau == Manazarta == 0toii3u9ao8zlgmy4q01vcdd86fo0v7 0 161089 891023 878942 2026-08-03T17:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brimah Razak''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1987) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar Tercera Federación CD Torreperogil . Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Spain, yana wakiltar Guadalajara, Mirandés da Córdoba a Segunda División . Ya kuma buga wasa a Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya lashe gasar Premier tare da Mamelodi Sundowns . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gyamera-Antwi |first=Evans |date=18 October 2017 |title=Brimah wants to use Sundowns opportunity to return to Europe |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/brimah-wants-to-use-sundowns-opportunity-to-return-to-europe/ud0625jgecbg1dfpmhgiqr0e2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019105358/http://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/brimah-wants-to-use-sundowns-opportunity-to-return-to-europe/ud0625jgecbg1dfpmhgiqr0e2 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> Razak ya bayyana a [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] sau biyu tare da [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]], bayan da ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2013. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Bayan da ba kasafai yake zama ɗan wasa na matasa ba, <ref name="ABROAD">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Ghana and Linares Deportivo goalkeeper Razak Brimah reflects on flying career abroad |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-and-linares-deportivo-goalkeeper-razak-brimah-reflects-on-flying-career-abroad |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> Razak wanda aka haifa a [[Accra]] ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a watan Janairun 2007 tare da GD Chaves na Portugal, yana wasa a Segunda Liga na ƙasar. A shekara mai zuwa ya koma rukuni na uku ya koma ƙungiyar CF União ta Madeira, inda ya zama zaɓi na farko yayin da suka zo na biyu a rukuninsu na yanki - duk da cewa ba su sami ci gaba na ƙarshe ba. <ref name="ABROAD" /> === Poli Ejido === A lokacin bazara na 2008, Razak ya koma ƙungiyar da ya riga ya wakilci a matsayin matashi, Polideportivo Ejido a Segunda División B ta Spain. Ya goyi bayan tsohon ɗan wasan Joaquín Valerio a kakar wasa ɗaya tilo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2009 |title=El Poli quiere seguir soñando ante el Espanyol |trans-title=Poli want to dream on against Espanyol |url=https://www.defensacentral.com/mas_futbol/19296-el-poli-quiere-seguir-sonando-ante-el-espanyol |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Defensa Central |language=es}}</ref> === Betis === Razak ya rattaba hannu da Real Betis a shekarar 2009, amma ya shafe shekararsa ta farko a gasar da ta gabata, domin ya fito ne kawai a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve . An ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a kakar wasa ta 2010–11, tare da 'yan [[Andalusia|Andalusians]] a gasar Segunda División . Razak ya fara buga wasa a gasar a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2010, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan Copa del Rey da UD Salamanca, wanda ya yi nasara a gida da ci 2-1 . === Mai Tafiya === Razak ya yi canji tsakanin matakin na biyu da na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sipaniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yana wakiltar CD Tenerife, CD Guadalajara, Córdoba CF B da CD Mirandés . A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2015 ya koma Córdoba, yanzu an sanya shi cikin babban ƙungiyar kuma a rukuni na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2015 |title=Razak nuevo jugador del CCF |trans-title=Razak new player of CCF |url=http://www.cordobacf.com/-/razak-nuevo-jugador-del-ccf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031150/http://www.cordobacf.com/-/razak-nuevo-jugador-del-ccf |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=Córdoba CF |language=es}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns === A watan Agusta na 2017, Razak ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns FC ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gyimah |first=Edmund Okai |date=1 August 2017 |title=Razak Brimah joins Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2017/08/01/razak-brimah-joins-mamelodi-sundowns/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030333/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2017/08/01/razak-brimah-joins-mamelodi-sundowns/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Football Made in Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2017 |title=Razak Brimah joins South African giants Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/razak-brimah-joins-south-african-giants-mamelodi-sundowns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200159/https://www.myjoyonline.com/razak-brimah-joins-south-african-giants-mamelodi-sundowns/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=My Joy Online}}</ref> ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a matsayin dan wasa mai zaman kansa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeboah |first=Thomas Freeman |date=1 August 2017 |title=Ghana goalie Razak Brimah joins Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/official-ghana-goalie-razak-brimah-joins-mamelodi-sundowns/9vqrvcc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201236/https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/official-ghana-goalie-razak-brimah-joins-mamelodi-sundowns/9vqrvcc |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> ya bayyana a wata hira cewa dalilinsa na shiga kungiyar shine saboda kungiyar ita ce mafi kyau a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma a [[Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Variava |first=Yusuf |date=13 October 2017 |title=I joined Mamelodi Sundowns because they are the best team in the PSL and in Africa, says Razak Brimah |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/i-joined-mamelodi-sundowns-because-they-are-the-best-team-in-the-/ujyup9tqsunu1jud7fhs8zsva |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195441/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/i-joined-mamelodi-sundowns-because-they-are-the-best-team-in-the-/ujyup9tqsunu1jud7fhs8zsva |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 11 ga Satumba, a wasan da suka doke Free State Stars FC da ci 2-1 a waje. A kakar wasa daya tilo da ya buga, ya yi aiki a matsayin madadin Denis Onyango ga zakarun. <ref name="SAPD">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Ghana's Razak Brimah wins ABSA Premiership title with Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://www.happyghana.com/ghanas-razak-brimah-wins-absa-premiership-title-with-mamelodi-sundowns/ |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Happy Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2018 |title=Razak Brimah wins PSL title with Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://www.kickgh.com/more/ghanaians-abroad/5096-razak-brimah-wins-psl-title-with-mamelodi-sundowns |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Kick GH |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200324/https://www.kickgh.com/more/ghanaians-abroad/5096-razak-brimah-wins-psl-title-with-mamelodi-sundowns |url-status=dead }}</ref> Razak ya rabu da Sundowns a watan Agustan 2018 bisa amincewar juna, inda ya yi zargin rashin lokacin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Variava |first=Yusuf |date=4 August 2018 |title=Razak Brimah confirms departure from Mamelodi Sundowns |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/reports-mamelodi-sundowns-and-goalkeeper-razak-brimah-part/ovogzfcr44rb19xrhvdzhv5aw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807030444/http://www.goal.com:80/en-gh/news/reports-mamelodi-sundowns-and-goalkeeper-razak-brimah-part/ovogzfcr44rb19xrhvdzhv5aw |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matakanye |first=Robert |date=6 August 2018 |title=Ghanaian Goalkeeper Razak Brimah terminates his contract with Mamelodi Sundowns |url=http://www.soka25east.com/ghanaian-goalkeeper-razak-brimah-terminates-his-contract-with-mamelodi-sundowns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810002152/http://www.soka25east.com:80/ghanaian-goalkeeper-razak-brimah-terminates-his-contract-with-mamelodi-sundowns |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Soka 25 East}}</ref> === Linares Deportivo === Razak ya koma Linares Deportivo na ƙungiyar Tercera División ta ƙasar Sipaniya a watan Yulin 2019, kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Appiah |first=Samuel Ekow Amoasi |date=25 July 2019 |title=Razak Brimah joins Spanish third-tier side Deportivo Linares |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/947110/razak-brimah-joins-spanish-third-tier-side-deporti.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091633/https://www.modernghana.com/sports/947110/razak-brimah-joins-spanish-third-tier-side-deporti.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Daraja Jr. |date=25 July 2019 |title=Razak Brimah joins Spanish lower-tier side Deportivo Linares |url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2019/07/25/razak-brimah-joins-spanish-lower-tier-side-deportivo-linares/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223191004/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2019/07/25/razak-brimah-joins-spanish-lower-tier-side-deportivo-linares/ |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Football Made in Ghana}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta sami ci gaba a kakar wasa ta farko da maki 75, fiye da CD El Ejido da maki 27 bayan wasanni 29 kafin a rage kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=El Linares afirma que su objetivo era ganarse el ascenso en el campo |trans-title=Linares claim their goal was to promote on the pitch |url=https://iusport.com/art/110764/el-linares-afirma-que-su-objetivo-era-ganarse-el-ascenso-en-el-campo |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Iusport |language=es}}</ref> <ref name="TERCERA">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2020 |title=Goalkeeper Razak Brimah and Linares Deportivo promoted to Spanish Segunda B |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/goalkeeper-razak-brimah-and-linares-deportivo-promoted-to-spanish-segunda-b |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ɗan wasan a matsayin mafi kyawun mai tsaron gida bayan ya zura kwallaye 13 a wasanni 25. <ref name="GOALKEEPER">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Ghana's Razak Brimah named Best Goalkeeper in Spain |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanas-razak-brimah-named-best-goalkeeper-in-spain |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> [[Fayil:Brimah_Razak_AFCON_final_2015.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Razak kafin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2015]] A watan Agusta na 2020, Razak ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din da wata shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwafo |first=Eric Nana Yaw |date=16 August 2020 |title=Goalkeeper Razak Brimah inks contract extension at Linares Deportivo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1023367/goalkeeper-razak-brimah-inks-contract-extension.html |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A shekarar 2020–21, ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan share fage na gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 13; <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=Razak Brimah happy over his side's promotion play off in Spanish second division |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Razak-Brimah-happy-over-his-side-s-promotion-play-off-in-Spanish-second-division-1243471 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> sun sha kashi a wannan matakin, amma an daukaka su zuwa sabuwar kungiyar Primera División RFEF . An zabe shi a cikin kungiyar kakar wasa kuma ya zabi mafi kyawun mai tsaron gida, bayan ya ajiye kwallaye 15 a raga . <ref name="POTY">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Razak {{sic|nolink=y|Braimah}} named Spanish Segunda B goalkeeper of the season |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/razak-braimah-named-spanish-segunda-b-goalkeeper-of-the-season |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Razak ya fara buga wa [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] wasa sau 27 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2013, inda ya buga wasa tsakanin sa da Turkiyya a wasan sada zumunta da suka tashi 2-2 a lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da minti na 46. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=Two-goal hero Gyan leads Ghana fightback in friendly draw against Turkey |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/gyan-leads-ghana-fightback-in-friendly-draw-against-turkey |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Ghana Soccernet |language=es}}</ref> Yana cikin tawagar da ta buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2015, inda ya kasance zakaran farko yayin da kasar ta kai wasan karshe ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Ian |date=5 February 2015 |title=Ghana 3–0 Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/31033703 |access-date=6 February 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> a wasan da suka yi da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]], ya rasa damar bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 9-8. <ref name="ACN">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Ian |date=8 February 2015 |title=Ivory Coast 0–0 Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/31079315 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Razak ya fara a gasar 2017, inda ya zo na hudu a [[Gabon]] . Bayan sukar da aka yi masa kan rawar da ya taka, ya saka wani bidiyo a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] wanda aka yi masa kallon rashin girmamawa ga 'yan kasarsa, kuma [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana ta]] ci shi tarar dala $ 2,500. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Saj |date=2 February 2017 |title=Cameroon 2–0 Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38753437 |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Razak Brimah yet to pay Black Stars misconduct fine |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Razak-Brimah-yet-to-pay-Black-Stars-misconduct-fine-542555 |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Razak ya haifi ɗa Nasser da 'yarsa Atu, yana mai kiransu da ''<nowiki>"mafi girman abin bauta masa da rayuwarsa"</nowiki> .'' <ref name="ABROAD" /> Ya ɗaukaka mai tsaron gida na ƙasa da ƙasa na Ghana Sammy Adjei, wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa yayin da yake bugawa Accra Hearts of Oak SC wasa, kuma an kuma tuna da shi a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na FIFA World Youth Championship a 1999 da Spain . <ref name="ABROAD" /> A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2023, Razak ya auri budurwarsa ta daɗe (kuma uwar 'ya'yansa) a Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Goalkeeper Razak Brimah marries longtime girlfriend |url=https://footballghana.com/goalkeeper-razak-brimah-marries-longtime-girlfriend |access-date=28 June 2023 |publisher=Football Ghana}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |[[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] <ref>{{NFT player|53355}}</ref> |- ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | 2013 | 1 | 0 |- | 2014 | 2 | 0 |- | 2015 | 13 | 0 |- | 2016 | 6 | 0 |- | 2017 | 5 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 27 ! 0 |- | colspan="3" | |} == Daraja == '''Mamelodi Sundowns''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu : 2017–18 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Said |first=Nick |date=20 July 2018 |title=Brighton sign South African striker Percy Tau |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/mamelodi-sundowns/story/3570382/brighton-sign-south-african-striker-percy-tau |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref name="SAPD"/> '''Linares Deportivo''' * Rarraba Tercera : 2019-20 <ref name="TERCERA"/> '''Ghana''' * Gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|kofin Afirka ta 'yan wasa ta biyu]] : 2015 <ref name="ACN"/> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Segunda División B Mafi Golan Gola: 2020–21 <ref name="POTY"/> * Kungiyar Segunda División B na kakar wasa: 2020–21 <ref name="POTY" /> * Tercera División Mafi Golan Gola: 2019–20 <ref name="GOALKEEPER"/> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Brimah Razak at ForaDeJogo (archived) * Brimah Razak at BDFutbol * Brimah Razak at LaPreferente.com (in Spanish) * {{Soccerway|razak-brimah/59975}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l422mk79j7awe1gxdsnrqrb27idw9mp 0 161461 891014 881882 2026-08-03T16:42:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brian Aris''' is a British photographer who began his career as a photojournalist. Initially, he was a front line photographer of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, the plight of Palestinian children in Jordan, the civil war in Lebanon, famine in Africa and the Vietnam War.<ref name="brianaris">{{Cite web |title=BRIAN ARIS : British Celebrity Photographer - Portraiture, Fashion And Editorial Photography |url=http://www.brianaris.com |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=Brianaris.com}}</ref> In 1976, he met with [[Paula Yates]] who wanted to become a model and struck up a friendship with her then boyfriend Bob Geldof. Eventually he decided to change direction and become a photographer of fashion and glamour models, as well as stars of the music industry for newspapers and magazines.<ref name="blendergallery">{{Cite web |title=Brian Aris &ndash; Blender Gallery |url=https://blendergallery.com/collections/brian-aris |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=Blendergallery.com}}</ref> == Music, Film and fashion == He has photographed [[The Beatles|Beatles]], [[Twiggy]], Blondie, Linda Ronstadt, [[Tina Turner]], Susan George, The Who, Rolling Stones, Ozzy Osbourne, Van Morrisson, Sophia Loren, [[Madonna]], [[Meryl Streep]], Sheena Easton, Wham!, Annie Lennox, [[George Michael]], Cliff Richard, [[David Bowie]], [[Elton John]], Debbie Harry, The Clash, Pink Floyd, Roxy Music, [[Joan Collins]], Kate Bush, The Jam, The Boomtown Rats, [[David Beckham]], [[Victoria Beckham]], Roxy Music, Rod Stewart, Duran Duran, Big Country, Sting and The Police.<ref name="allmusic">{{Cite web |title=Brian Aris &#124; Credits &#124; AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/brian-aris-mn0001815695 |access-date=2017-07-14 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> == Royal family == He photographed Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother at Clarence House, and [[Princess Margaret, Countess na Snowdon|Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]] at Kensington Palace. Aris was commissioned to produce the official portraits marking both Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s 70th birthday and, later, the Golden Wedding Anniversary of her marriage to [[Philip Mountbatten|Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. Other British Royal family members he has photographed include [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor|Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]; [[Sarah Ferguson|Sarah, Duchess of York]]; [[Anne, Gimbiya ta Sarauta|Anne, Princess Royal]]'s son Peter Phillips wedding to Autumn Kelly at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.<ref name="royalcollection">{{Cite web |title=Photographs |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/about/photographs |access-date=2017-07-17 |website=Royalcollection.org.uk |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806103550/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/about/photographs |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] my3z6auf9r9d1adutbokpqvythlioef 0 161614 891273 883389 2026-08-04T10:31:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''All India Judicial Service''' is a proposed judicial service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-24 |title=An all-India judicial service in the works? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/An-all-India-judicial-service-in-the-works/articleshow/54490349.cms |access-date=2016-11-01 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="t">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=End tug of war with All India Judicial Services |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/end-tug-of-war-with-all-india-judicial-services/266048.html |access-date=2016-11-01 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102413/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/end-tug-of-war-with-all-india-judicial-services/266048.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == History == {{Databox}} The proposal for an All India Judicial Service was first suggested in the Chief Justices' Conference in 1961 as a way to remove any scope for judicial or executive intervention in the appointments to the judiciary in the High Courts and the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] in India. The idea had to be shelved after some states and High Courts opposed it.<ref name="t" /> The Constitution was amended in 1976 in midst of the Emergency to provide for an AIJS under Article 312. The entire amendment was struck down by the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] for undermining the independence of judiciary, which it interpreted as violating the Constitution's basic structure. The proposal was again floated by the ruling UPA - II government in 2012 but the draft bill was shelved again after opposition from Chief Justices of the High Courts who labeled this an infringement of their independence. == Promotional Hierarchy == The ''promotional hierarchy'' of "All India Judicial Service" ''Group 'A' gazetted officers'' is mentioned below (bottom to top). * Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India * Justice of Supreme Court of India/Chief Justice of State High Court/Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Chairperson of any Commission/Chairperson of Lokpal/Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of Supreme Court of India/Justice of State High Court/Deputy Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Vice Chairperson of any Commission/Vice Chairperson of Lokpal/Vice Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of State High Court/Member of Any Tribunal/Member of Any Commission/Member of Lokpal/Member of Lokayukta/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Principal District & Session Judge/Principal Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional District and Session Judge/Additional Judicial Commissioner/Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 1st Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate /Additional Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 2nd Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included (re-included) == See also == * National Judicial Appointments Commission * Three Judges Cases * West Bengal Judicial Service == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s080mfrlf61h2gtvwsw3rlifu1w7kau 0 161692 891060 884009 2026-08-03T18:42:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Canta''' wani gari ne a Lima, a yammacin [[Peru]] . Garin yana kan Kogin Chillón kuma shine babban birnin Lardin Canta . Tare da yawan mutane 2,385 (ƙidayar shekara ta 2017), ita ce kuma babban birnin Gundumar Canta. Masu yawon bude ido daga Lima suna ziyarta akai-akai saboda kwanciyar hankali da kyawawan shimfidar wurare. Tsawon garin yana da 2,819 m sama da matakin teku. == Magana == Kalmar canta ta fito ne daga yaren Cauqui da mazauna zamanin d ̄ a ke magana kuma ana iya nuna ma'anarsu tare da waɗannan ma'anoni biyu: * canta = ɗaure don kama vicunas * canta = tudun, raguwa<ref>{{cite book |title=Canta. Potencial turístico |author=Homero Huamán |date=1998}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin yana da nisan kilomita 103 (64 daga Lima, kimanin tafiyar bas na sa'o'i uku, kuma ɗaliban ilimin ƙasa daga Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru sukan ziyarta sau da yawa. Ƙananan garin Obrajillo yana kusa.<gallery> File:Nov_21_&_22_-_046.jpg|Aerial photo of Canta, Peru File:Nov_21_&_22_-_093.jpg|Aerial photo of Canta, Peru </gallery> === Yanayi === Canta tana da yanayin zafi mai zafi, wanda ke da yanayin yanayi na Köppen a matsayin yanayin tsaka-tsaki (''BSk''). <ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 October 2023 |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> Canta tana fuskantar yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa a ko'ina cikin shekara, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin watanni. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 18.0 ° C (64.4 ° F), yayin da matsakaicin matsakaici na shekara- shekara-sheko shine 8.0 ° C (46.4 ° F). Jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 376.4 millimeters (14.82 inci). Canta tana karɓar mafi yawan hazo a Lokacin rigar, wanda yawanci ya kasance daga Janairu zuwa Maris. Watanni daga Mayu zuwa Satumba yawanci suna samun ruwan sama kaɗan.{{Weather box<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Peru/CSV/Canta_81502.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Canta |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>}} == Tarihi == A wani lokaci a cikin karni na 16, Inca Pachacutec ne ya mamaye shi yayin hanyarsa zuwa arewa. Mutanen Espanya sun sami Canta a cikin wani yanki mai wadata. An ba da shi kamar wani fakiti ga don Nicolás de Ribera . A lokacin Yakin Independence daga kambin Mutanen Espanya, mutanen Canta sun ba da goyon baya mai karfi ga hanyar 'yanci. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) [http://www.carabayllo.net/temas/275-culturales/1064-mito-del-nevado-la-viuda Labarin La Viuda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424040926/https://carabayllo.net/temas/275-culturales/1064-mito-del-nevado-la-viuda |date=2023-04-24 }} An adana shi 2023-04-24 a * (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Cantamarca, wurin binciken archaeological[http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/canta.htm Cantamarca, wurin binciken kayan tarihi] p82l8t3finzj45q0ezq2nhshkih5u1s 0 161796 891067 884444 2026-08-03T19:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Casey Pachall''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1990) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Horned Frogs na Jami'ar Kirista ta Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Pachall &#124; Roster &#124; CFL.ca &#124; Official Site of the Canadian Football League |url=https://www.cfl.ca/roster/show/id/7065 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907234704/http://www.cfl.ca/roster/show/id/7065 |archive-date=September 7, 2014 |access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Pachall ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Brownwood a Brownwood, Texas . Ya ɗauki matsayin mai tsaron gida na Brownwood lokacin da Shelby Miller ya kamuwa da cuta. Lokacin da Miller ya dawo, ya yi haka a matsayin mai karɓa mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rose Bowl champ TCU looks to replace Andy Dalton |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/mwest/2011-08-21-mountain-west-preview_n.htm}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya wuce yadudduka 2,808 tare da touchdowns 31 da kuma 11 interceptions. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan an sake shi a matsayin sabon shiga a shekara ta 2009, Pachall ya shafe shekara ta 2010 a matsayin madadin Andy Dalton. Ya bayyana a wasanni takwas kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya wuce tara tare da kammala shida don yadudduka 78 da kuma touchdown. Ya kuma gudu don yadudduka 94 a cikin ƙoƙari 15 tare da touchdowns biyu.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/dallas/ncf/story/_/id/6881938/purple-spotlight-shines-new-tcu-qb-casey-pachall Purple spotlight aimed at Casey Pachall]</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Pachall ya zama mai farawa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Bayan wasanni bakwai, Pachall ya kammala 131 na 188 passes don 1,566 yadudduka da 17 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Pachall profile |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/player/_/id/481287/casey-pachall |access-date=October 23, 2011 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, darajarsa ta kwata-kwata ta 165.2 ta kasance ta tara a cikin dukkan kwata-kata na NCAA FBS. An kama shi a ranar Alhamis, 4 ga Oktoba, 2012, kuma an tuhume shi da DWI. A lokacin, an dakatar da shi har abada; yana wasa ba tare da Pachall ba a wannan Asabar, TCU ya rasa wasan farko na kakar, 37-23, ga Jihar Iowa. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, TCU ta ba da sanarwar cewa Pachall zai janye daga TCU don shiga asibitin farfadowa don maganin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National writer: TCU coach made wrong call with quarterback Casey Pachall |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/college-sports/tcu-horned-frogs/20121004-national-writer-tcu-coach-made-wrong-call-with-quarterback-casey-pachall.ece |access-date=October 5, 2012 |publisher=Dallas News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2012 |title=QB Casey Pachall to leave TCU |url=https://www.espn.com/dallas/ncf/story/_/id/8482903/tcu-horned-frogs-quarterback-casey-pachall-leave-school |access-date=October 9, 2012 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> An kira Pachall dan wasan TCU na farko a shekarar 2013. Ya fara wasan buɗewa da LSU. A ƙarshen aikinsa na Horned Frog ya riƙe matsayi mai ban sha'awa a kowane lokaci. Bayan wasanni 24 ya jagoranci a cikin kashi na kammala (62.9) kuma ya kasance na uku a cikin yadudduka masu wucewa (5,415), kammala (431), da kuma wucewar touchdown (42). <ref name="StarTelegram">{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Stefan |date=May 14, 2014 |title=Former TCU QB Casey Pachall headed to Canada |url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/05/14/5820715/former-tcu-qb-casey-pachall-headed.html |access-date=May 16, 2014 |website= |publisher=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Pachall ya shiga shirin NFL na 2014 amma ba a zaba shi ba. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2014, Pachall ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin kyauta daga Toronto Argonauts na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kanada. <ref name="StarTelegram"/> Ya yi yanke na karshe kuma yana cikin jerin sunayen amma bai ga wani lokacin wasa ba. An lissafa shi a matsayin wanda ba ya aiki a cikin wasanni 10 na farko kuma Toronto ta sake shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Argos Sign QB Kilgore, DB Johnson |url=http://www.argonauts.ca/article/argos-sign-qb-kilgore-db-johnson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907234525/http://www.argonauts.ca/article/argos-sign-qb-kilgore-db-johnson |archive-date=September 7, 2014 |access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> An sanya hannu a cikin jerin sunayen Calgary Stampeders a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stamps add QB to practice roster &#124; Calgary Stampeders |url=http://www.stampeders.com/article/stamps-add-qb-to-practice-roster |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019225006/http://www.stampeders.com/article/stamps-add-qb-to-practice-roster |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/transactions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205005714/http://www.cfl.ca/page/transactions |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=November 20, 2014 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> Pachall ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar ci gaba ta Fall Experimental Football League ta Hudson Valley Fort a matsayin mai farawa a farkon kakar 2015. Ya shiga cikin wasan Spring League Showcase a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2017, a kungiyar Gabas. Ya kammala 4-for-6 passes for 84 yadudduka da kuma 67-yard touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis |date=July 19, 2017 |title=Spring League Showcase Player Stats |url=http://www.flofootball.com/article/59154-spring-league-showcase-player-stats |access-date=August 31, 2017 |website=FloFootball |publisher=FloSports}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://gofrogs.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/pachall_casey00.html TCU Horned Frogs bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411191830/http://gofrogs.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/pachall_casey00.html |date=2013-04-11 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] p4tipyf7sye2h2a28li57oo71wh1a25 0 161952 890976 885299 2026-08-03T15:43:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bojan Jokić''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1986) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Slovenia wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na tsakiya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] . Jokić ya buga wasanni 100 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Slovenia tsakanin 2006 da 2019. Jokić ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a shekarar 2003 tare da ƙungiyar Triglav Kranj, kuma ya koma Gorica a shekarar 2005. Ya riƙa bugawa ƙungiyar wasa akai-akai a tsawon shekaru biyu da ya yi yana wasa, kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar da aka naɗa ta zama zakara a kakar wasa ta 2005-06 . A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2007, Jokić ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a rayuwarsa, bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar Sochaux [[Ligue 1|ta Ligue 1.]] <ref>[http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php/component/content/article/35-interview/8- Bojan Jokic signe quatre ans (Bojan Jokic signs for four years)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225655/http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php/component/content/article/35-interview/8- |date=2016-03-03 }}; Sochaux's official website, 5 July 2007 {{In lang|fr}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 11 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a gida da Le Mans da ci 3-1. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2010, Jokić ya koma Chievo a matsayin aro har zuwa watan Yuni. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, bayan ya bayyana a kai a kai, ya koma ''Gialloblu'' har abada. <ref>[http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php/component/content/article/49-joueur/1766- Bojan Jokic reste au Chievo Vérone (Bojan Jokic remains in Chievo Verona)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126204732/http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php/component/content/article/49-joueur/1766- |date=2016-01-26 }}; Sochaux's official profile, 22 May 2010 {{In lang|fr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2013, Jokić ya koma ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta Villarreal, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar, bayan da alaƙarsa da Chievo ta ƙare. Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 29 ga Satumba, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Real Betis . A ranar 8 ga Janairun 2016, Jokić ya koma ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a matsayin aro don sauran kakar wasa ta 2015-16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reds complete Jokic signing |url=http://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/article/reds-complete-jokic-signing-2890248.aspx |publisher=Nottingham Forest F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 9 ga Janairu, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin FA a zagaye na uku da Queens Park Rangers . A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2017, Jokić ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da rabi tare da ƙungiyar FC Ufa ta gasar Premier ta Rasha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |script-title=ru:Защитник сборной Словении пополнил состав ФК «Уфа» |url=http://www.fcufa.pro/allarticle/lenta/61-klub/3908-zashchitnik-sbornoj-slovenii-popolnil-sostav-fk-ufa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302001004/http://www.fcufa.pro/allarticle/lenta/61-klub/3908-zashchitnik-sbornoj-slovenii-popolnil-sostav-fk-ufa |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=[[FC Ufa]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agustan 2018, ya zura ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasan da ya sa aka ci 1-1 a kan ƙungiyar NK Domžale ta Slovenia a wasan share fage na gasar UEFA Europa League . Yayin da aka kammala wasan farko da ci 0-0, wannan ƙwallon ta ba Ufa damar ci gaba bisa ƙa'idar ƙwallon waje. Ita ce kuma ƙwallon farko da ƙungiyar ta ci a gasar Turai, yayin da suke fara wasa a wannan matakin. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jokić ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Slovenia a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2006, a wasan da suka doke Cyprus da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bojan Jokić – Nogometna zveza Slovenije |url=https://www.nzs.si/reprezentanca/default.asp?id_igralca=33068&id_selekcije=1&all=1&id_menu=8 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=nzs.si |publisher=[[Football Association of Slovenia]]}}</ref> Ya buga wasa akai-akai a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010, inda ya zira ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Qatar da ci 4-1. A ranar 1 ga Yunin 2010, an sanya Jokić cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 da za su fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010. Ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni uku da suka fafata a gasar, yayin da Slovenia ta fice daga gasar a matakin rukuni. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2019, Jokić ya buga wasa na 100 a Slovenia da Latvia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Kek tesno ugnal Stojanovića: Slovenci so se poslovili z zmago nad Latvijo |url=https://www.delo.si/sport/nogomet/v-stozicah-od-prve-minute-tudi-haris-vuckic-slovenija-latvija-v-zivo-249753.html |website=delo.si |language=sl}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Triglav Kranj |2003–04 | rowspan="2" |Slovenian Second League |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- |2004–05 |28 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !56 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !57 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Gorica |2005–06 | rowspan="2" |Slovenian PrvaLiga |31 |1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |35 |1 |- |2006–07 |34 |0 |3 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |41 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !65 !1 !7 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !76 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Sochaux |2007–08 | rowspan="3" |[[Ligue 1]] |17 |0 |2 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Cup]]}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |0 |21 |0 |- |2008–09 |19 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Coupe de la Ligue]]}} |0 |21 |0 |- |2009–10 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !0 !4 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !50 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Chievo |2009–10 | rowspan="4" |Serie A |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2010–11 |15 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |0 |- |2011–12 |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- |2012–13 |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !64 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Villarreal |2013–14 | rowspan="3" |[[La Liga]] |15 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |0 |- |2014–15 |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- |2015–16 |2 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !24 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !33 !0 |- |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |2015–16 |EFL Championship |20 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |0 |- | rowspan="7" |Ufa |2016–17 | rowspan="6" |Russian Premier League |11 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- |2017–18 |26 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |2 |- |2018–19 |20 |0 |0 |0 |6[e] |1 |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in relegation play-offs}} |0 |28 |1 |- |2019–20 |15 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2020–21 |24 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |27 |1 |- |2021–22 |26 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[f] |0 |29 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !122 !3 !5 !0 !6 !1 !4 !0 !137 !4 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !393 !4 !28 !0 !15 !1 !7 !0 !443 !5 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Slovenia ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Jokić ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Bojan Jokić ya zura a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 3 Maris 2010 | Ljudski vrt, Maribor, Slovenia |{{Fb|QAT}} | align="center" | 4–1 | align="center" | 4–1 | Aboki |} == Daraja == '''Gorica''' * Ƙasar Slovenia PrvaLiga : 2005–06 == Duba kuma == * 'Yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Slovenia * Jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bojan Jokić national team profile at NZS (in Slovene) * Bojan Jokić club profile at NZS (in Slovene) * Bojan Jokić at BDFutbol * {{Soccerway|bojan-jokic/12885}} * {{NFT player|13159}} * {{FIFA player|299693}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] ip602jmax3c891skzboruoaltmaxwqz 0 162041 891208 885815 2026-08-04T06:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Střihavka''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Maris 1983) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Czech wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Strihavka ya koma daga Baník Ostrava zuwa Norwich City a watan Yulin 2007 kuma shi ne ɗan wasan Czech na farko da ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa. Norwich ta soke kwangilarsa a ranar 11 ga Janairun 2008. A watan Yunin 2011 ya koma MŠK Žilina . == Aikin kulob == === A Jamhuriyar Czech === Střihavka ya buga wa bangarori da yawa a kasarsa ta haihuwa, ciki har da Bohemians Prague, Sparta Prague, FK Jablonec, Chmel Blšany da Banik Ostrava . Aikinsa bai samu nasara ba a gasar rukuni na farko, kuma ya fara yin tasiri a gasar rukuni na biyu tare da Bohemians Prague. Wannan ya sa ya koma Sparta inda ya buga wasa a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2004-05 tare da su. === Birnin Norwich === A ranar 11 ga Yulin 2007, an tabbatar da cewa Střihavka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara huɗu da Norwich City kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, wanda aka ruwaito cewa ya kai kusan Yuro miliyan 1, a wani taron manema labarai a filin horo na ƙungiyar Colney. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strihavka Signs For City |url=http://world.canaries.co.uk/page/NewsDetails/0,,10355~1071390,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155902/http://world.canaries.co.uk/page/NewsDetails/0,,10355~1071390,00.html |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=11 July 2007 |publisher=www.canaries.premiumtv.co.uk}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Norwich a ranar Asabar 14 ga Yulin 2007, a wasan sada zumunci da suka buga a Exeter City, inda ƙungiyar gida ta yi nasara da ci 2-1. Střihavka ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ragar Norwich City a ranar Laraba 25 ga Yulin 2007, a wasan sada zumunci da suka buga a Netherlands da [[PEC Zwolle|FC Zwolle]], wasan da Canaries ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. Kwallo ta farko da Střihavka ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya ta zo ne a wasan da Norwich ta doke Crystal Palace da ci 1-0 a Carrow Road a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2007, yayin da Dion Dublin ya buga masa kwallo a bugun fenariti. An yi masa katin gargadi saboda ya yi murna sosai, yayin da ya shiga cikin taron jama'a. Střihavka bai iya ƙara wa kungiyar kwallo daya tilo ba, kuma ya kasa daidaitawa da kuma tabbatar da kansa a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. <ref name="canaries">{{Cite web |title=Norwich City {{!}} News {{!}} First News {{!}} First News {{!}} STRIHAVKA LEAVES CITY |url=http://world.canaries.co.uk/page/NewsDetails/0,,10355~1211358,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405092008/http://world.canaries.co.uk/page/NewsDetails/0,,10355~1211358,00.html |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=world.canaries.co.uk}}</ref> An dakatar da kwangilarsa a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2008. <ref name="canaries" /> Bayan ya bar Norwich, Střihavka ya koma ƙungiyar Slavia Prague, wadda ita ce jagorar gasar Czech. Wasansa na farko a gare su shi ne a gasar cin kofin UEFA da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], inda ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strihavka leaves Canaries |url=http://www.pinkun.com/content/ncfc/story.aspx?brand=PINKUNOnline&category=Norwich&tBrand=PinkUnOnline&tCategory=Norwich&itemid=NOED11%20Jan%202008%2007%3A21%3A34%3A937 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116110017/http://www.pinkun.com/content/ncfc/story.aspx?brand=PINKUNOnline&category=Norwich&tBrand=PINKUNOnline&tCategory=Norwich&itemid=NOED11%20Jan%202008%2007%3A21%3A34%3A937 |archive-date=16 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Pink'un}}</ref> === Tatran Prešov === Střihavka ya shiga 1. FC Tatran Prešov a watan Fabrairun 2012 akan lamunin rabin shekara daga MŠK Žilina . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Střihavka yana cikin 'yan wasan Jamhuriyar Czech ' yan kasa da shekaru 16 da suka shiga gasar UEFA Under-16 Championship a Isra'ila a shekarar 2000, inda Portugal ta doke su. Shekaru biyu bayan haka a shekarar 2002, Střihavka ya buga gasar UEFA Under-19 Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Andorra . Ba a zaɓe shi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Czech ba. == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan ya yi ritaya saboda ciwon kwakwalwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2015, Střihavka ya fara koyarwa a tsohuwar ƙungiyar matasa tasa, Bohemians 1905, inda ƙaramin ɗansa shi ma ya buga wasa. Daga nan ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a FK Meteor Prague VIII, kafin ya koma Bohemians don horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18. Bayan ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Slavia Prague, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin koci na ƙungiyar B-team ta ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2019. A watan Yunin 2020 an tabbatar da cewa zai zama babban kocin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 na Slavia a sabuwar kakar wasa. == Daraja == '''Viktoria Plzeň''' * Kofin Czech : 2010 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * David Střihavka at FAČR (archived) (in Czech) * David Střihavka at Soccerbase * [http://www.slavia.cz/hrac.asp?id=1081&menu=1 David Střihavka stats at Slavia Prague official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213123619/http://www.slavia.cz/hrac.asp?id=1081&menu=1 |date=2008-02-13 }} Archived 13 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218132847/http://www.slavia.cz/novinka.asp?id=13914 Interview with David Střihavka – Slavia Prague official website (Czech)] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fmrgc0oqit9y3dku2i331ll460urk3u 0 162067 891078 885888 2026-08-03T20:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlie Trafford''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1992) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne, tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Matasa da kwaleji === An haife shi a [[Calgary]], Alberta, Trafford ya shafe lokaci yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a yankin kafin ya koma Whitecaps Residency . <ref name="RNO1">{{Cite web |last=Steve Bottjer |date=24 November 2013 |title=Red Nation Interview Series: Charlie Trafford |url=http://www.rednationonline.ca/Interviews2012/RNOInterviewSeriesCharlieTrafford.aspx |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=[[Red Nation Online]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji tare da Jami'ar York, kuma ya shafe lokaci tare da ƙungiyar De Graafschap ta ƙasar Holland. <ref name="RNO1" /> A shekarar 2012, ya buga wasa da SC Toronto na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Soccer League |author-link=Canadian Soccer League |title=SC Toronto |url=http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/sctoronto.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606012704/http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/sctoronto.asp |archive-date=6 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> === Finland === [[Fayil:Charlie_Trafford.jpg|left|thumb]] Trafford ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a Finland, inda ya buga wasa da IFK Mariehamn, TPS da KuPS . <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|charlie-trafford/309269|accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> Yayin da yake tare da KuPS, Trafford ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan shekara ta 2014 da kuma kyautar ƙwallon shekara ta 2014. <ref name="RNO2">{{Cite web |last=Steve Bottjer |date=1 December 2014 |title=Trafford aiming to build on breakthrough year |url=http://www.rednationonline.ca/Articles2015/Traffordaimingtobuildonbreakthroughyear.aspx |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=[[Red Nation Online]]}}</ref> === Poland === Trafford ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Ekstraklasa Korona Kielce a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015 kuma ya koma kulob din a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Reprezentant Kanady w Koronie! |url=http://korona-kielce.pl/news,8132-reprezentant-kanady-w-koronie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125022100/http://korona-kielce.pl/news,8132-reprezentant-kanady-w-koronie.html |archive-date=25 November 2015 |access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Molinaro |first=John |date=24 November 2015 |title=Canadian midfielder Trafford joins Polish club |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/charlie-trafford-canada-poland-korona-kielce-finland/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karawarsa da Pogoń Szczecin a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2016. Trafford zai yi wahala ya samu lokacin wasa tare da Korona Kielce, kuma a watan Maris na 2017 zai koma kulob din I Liga Sandecja Nowy Sącz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Charlie Trafford piłkarzem Sandecji |url=http://www.sandecja.com.pl/22,1879,Charlie_Trafford_pilkarzem_Sandecji.htm |website=MKS Sanecja Nowy Sacz |access-date=22 July 2026 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316030158/http://www.sandecja.com.pl/22,1879,Charlie_Trafford_pilkarzem_Sandecji.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Finland === Trafford ya koma Finland kuma ya sanya hannu da RoPS a ranar 14 ga Yuli 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Kanadalainen Charlie Trafford vahvistaa Rovaniemen Palloseuraa |url=https://www.rops.fi/edustusjoukkueen-uutiset/4598-kanadalainen-charlie-trafford-vahvistaa-rovaniemen-palloseuraa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003140/https://www.rops.fi/edustusjoukkueen-uutiset/4598-kanadalainen-charlie-trafford-vahvistaa-rovaniemen-palloseuraa |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a tsakaninsu da FC Lahti a ranar 16 ga Yuli. === Scotland === Bayan wata ɗaya kacal da RoPS, Trafford ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Inverness Caledonian Thistle a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Skinner |first=Andy |date=18 August 2017 |title=Done deal: Caley Jags get Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1311195/caley-jags-get-trafford/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa washegari da Greenock Morton . Trafford zai fara wasa akai-akai a ƙungiyar a cikin watanni biyu na farko, amma zai rasa matsayinsa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a babban yatsansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Charlie Trafford determined to win back Caley Thistle spot after "stupid" thumb injury |url=http://www.highland-news.co.uk/Sport/Football/Charlie-Trafford-determined-to-win-back-Caley-Thistle-spot-after-stupid-thumb-injury-29112017.htm |website=Highland News}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Trafford zai kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru 2.5 na farko a Inverness, yana nuna kyakkyawan tsari lokacin da yake samun wasanni akai-akai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Skinner |date=13 November 2019 |title=Trafford challenged to consolidate Caley Jags midfield place |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1888028/trafford-challenged-to-consolidate-caley-jags-midfield-place/ |website=The Press and Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Skinner |date=9 November 2019 |title=Caley Thistle's Gayfield trip nothing compared to Trafford's experiences playing in freezing Finland |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1885970/finnishing-school-in-lapland-so-gayfield-is-no-problem/ |website=The Press and Journal}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=End of Season 2019/20 Squad Update |url=https://ictfc.com/end-of-season-2019-20-squad-update}}</ref> Sannan ya sanya hannu kan Hamilton Academical . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafford agrees deal with Premiership side Accies after leaving Inverness |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/2296286/trafford-agrees-deal-with-premiership-side-accies-after-leaving-inverness/}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2021 an sanar da cewa zai bar Hamilton a ƙarshen kakar wasa, bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=End of Season Summary |url=https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/end-of-season-summary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519121241/https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/end-of-season-summary/ |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> === Wales === Trafford ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar Wrexham ta National League a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan gwajin da aka yi masa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Ollie |date=25 October 2021 |title=Signed {{!}} Wrexham Sign Midfielder Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/october/signed--wrexham-sign-midfielder-charlie-trafford/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519170616/https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/october/signed--wrexham-sign-midfielder-charlie-trafford/ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=[[Wrexham A.F.C.]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, an sanar da cewa kwangilar Trafford ta ƙare ba tare da ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henrys |first=Colin |date=30 January 2022 |title=Squad Update {{!}} Dawid Szczepaniak extends contract; Charlie Trafford released |url=https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2022/january/new-pasquad-update--dawid-szczepaniak-extends-contract-charlie-trafford-releasedge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519172919/https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2022/january/new-pasquad-update--dawid-szczepaniak-extends-contract-charlie-trafford-releasedge/ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=[[Wrexham A.F.C.]]}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar Sojan Dawaki ta Cavalry === A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Trafford ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob dinsa na asali, Cavalry FC na Kanada, inda ya haɗu da ɗan uwansa Mason . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Cavalry FC Welcomes "New Trafford" To the Roster |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-welcomes-new-trafford-to-the-roster |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Trafford ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da Cavalry har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2025, tare da zaɓin kulob na 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Cavalry FC Re-signs midfielder Charlie Trafford |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-re-signs-charlie-trafford |website=Cavalry FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=22 January 2024 |title=Cavalry Inks Charlie Trafford To Multi-Year Deal |url=https://northerntribune.ca/cavalry-fc-charlie-trafford-sign-2024/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Northern Tribune |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a watan Mayun 2024 a kan Vancouver FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd Saelhof |date=3 May 2024 |title=Cavalry ruthless against Vancouver in collecting first win of CPL campaign |url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/cavalry-ruthless-in-collecting-first-win-of-cpl-campaign |website=Calgary Herald}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, ya sanar da yin ritaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Cavalry FC Midfielder Charlie Trafford Announces Retirement |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-midfielder-charlie-trafford-announces-retirement |website=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An gayyaci Trafford a karon farko zuwa tawagar ƙasar Kanada a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2015 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kyle Bekker, wanda ya janye daga tawagar saboda rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Canada loses 2 to injury ahead of Ghana friendly |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/canada-loses-2-to-injury-ahead-of-ghana-friendly/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana bakwai a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, inda ya fara wasa a tsakiyar fili da [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Canada MNT deliver impressive performance in Ghana draw |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/-canada-mnt-deliver-impressive-performance-in-ghana-draw-p158721 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117051631/http://www.canadasoccer.com/-canada-mnt-deliver-impressive-performance-in-ghana-draw-p158721 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan uwansa Mason Trafford shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Dukansu sun buga wa ƙungiyar IFK Mariehamn da Cavalry FC wasa. <ref name="RNO1" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2023 ya fara harkar noma a birane tare da 'yar uwarsa Sya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neil Davidson |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Cavalry FC midfielder Charlie Trafford looking to make a difference on the food front |url=https://www.thespec.com/sports/soccer/cavalry-fc-midfielder-charlie-trafford-looking-to-make-a-difference-on-the-food-front |website=Calgary Herald}}</ref> Trafford wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Northern Super League Calgary Wild . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Adekugbe, Trafford join ownership group of NSL's Calgary Wild FC |url=https://www.tsn.ca/soccer/sam-adekugbe-charlie-trafford-join-ownership-group-of-nsl-s-calgary-wild-fc-1.2286395 |website=TSN}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|13 February 2025}}<ref name = "SW"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Mariehamn |2013 |Veikkausliiga |7 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |7 |2 |- |TPS |2014 |Veikkausliiga |5 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |9 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KuPS |2014 |Veikkausliiga |21 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |21 |3 |- |2015 |Veikkausliiga |28 |5 |3 |0 |4 |1 |0 |0 |35 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !49 !8 !3 !0 !4 !1 !0 !0 !56 !9 |- | rowspan="3" |Korona Kielce |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2016–17 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Korona Kielce II |2015–16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sezon 2015/16 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/wystepy.php?id=31193&id_sezon=87 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> |III liga, gr. G |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2016–17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zawodnik: Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.laczynaspilka.pl/rozgrywki/zawodnik/40e99945-c41e-4044-87ef-fc08af89b8ee?season=2016%2F2017&leagueId=1bbf167f-ec17-4d1f-91f2-6ef0e4b8fc18&tab=tab-matches |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=laczynaspilka.pl |language=pl}}</ref> |IV liga Holy Cross |8 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !14 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !2 |- |Sandecja Nowy Sącz |2016–17 |I liga |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- |RoPS |2017 |Veikkausliiga |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Inverness Caledonian Thistle |2017–18 |Scottish Championship |26 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |28 |0 |- |2018–19 |Scottish Championship |24 |1 |6 |0 |3 |0 |5 |1 |38 |2 |- |2019–20 |Scottish Championship |20 |0 |3 |1 |3 |0 |4 |1 |30 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !70 !1 !10 !1 !6 !0 !10 !2 !96 !4 |- |Hamilton Academical |2020–21 |Scottish Premiership |17{{Efn|Includes appearance on 1 May 2021, v [[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]] not recorded on Soccerbase or Soccerway:<ref>{{cite web|title=St Mirren 1—2 Accies, 1st May 2021|url=https://www.hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/st-mirren-1-2-accies-1st-may-2021/|website=hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk|last=McConnell|first=Martin|date=1 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504080741/https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/st-mirren-1-2-accies-1st-may-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |18 |1 |- | rowspan="5" |Cavalry FC |2022 | rowspan="4" |Canadian Premier League |23 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |26 |0 |- |2023 |25 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |29 |0 |- |2024 |20 |1 |3 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |27 |1 |- |2025 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68 !1 !6 !0 !0 !0 !10 !1 !84 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !247 !15 !21 !1 !14 !2 !20 !3 !302 !21 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Sandecja Nowy Sącz''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nice I liga 2016/2017 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/0/liga8695.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Charlie Trafford at 90minut.pl (in Polish) * Charlie Trafford at Canada Soccer [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] == Manazarta == f3cvhz1fbvzz6jhc6pqvb1w4551jkry 0 162170 890939 886683 2026-08-03T13:10:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 890939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Benjamin Jack Curran''' (an haife shi 7 Yuni 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Zimbabwe . Ya fara buga wa Zimbabwe wasa a duniya a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 2024. Curran dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hagu wanda shine ɗan na biyu na tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Zimbabue Kevin M. Curran, kuma ɗan'uwan 'yan wasan Ingila Tom da Sam Curran. Ya riga ya wakilci MCC Young Cricketers, Northamptonshire da Nottinghamshire na biyu XI.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Ben Curran |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/910695.html |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Curran ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 a Northamptonshire a kan Derbyshire a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2018. <ref name="T20">{{Cite web |title=North Group (N), Vitality Blast at Derby, Aug 8 2018 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1127538.html |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu tare da Northamptonshire don sauran kakar 2018 a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 2018, kuma ya fara buga wasan farko da Durham a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The third Curran brother - Ben - signs for Northamptonshire |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24380166/the-third-curran-ben-signs-northamptonshire |access-date=16 September 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="FC">{{Cite web |title=Specsavers County Championship Division Two at Chester-le-Street, Aug 29 - Sep 1 2018 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1127718.html |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ya fara List A a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2019, don Northamptonshire a cikin 2019 Royal London One-Day Cup . <ref name="LA">{{Cite web |title=North Group, Royal London One-Day Cup at Northampton, Apr 26 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1167081.html |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> An sake shi bayan kakar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quartet are released by Northamptonshire |url=https://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/other-sport/quartet-are-released-by-northamptonshire-3840699 |access-date=9 December 2024 |publisher=Northampton Chronicle and Echo}}</ref> An zaɓi Curran don buga wa Kudancin Rocks a cikin 20/21 da 21/22 Logan Cup a Zimbabwe, inda ya girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logan Cup first class cricket competition gets underway |url=https://thezimbabwedaily.com/news/523373-logan-cup-first-class-cricket-competition-gets-underway.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209121102/https://thezimbabwedaily.com/news/523373-logan-cup-first-class-cricket-competition-gets-underway.html |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=The Zimbabwe Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Logan Cup starts in secure environment |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/logan-cup-starts-in-secure-environment/ |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=The Herald}}</ref> An kira shi zuwa tawagar Zimbabwe don jerin wasannin One Day International da suka yi da Afghanistan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ben Curran in Zimbabwe squad for Afghanistan series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/cd9xqgvjv8vo |access-date=9 December 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Curran brother receives maiden international call-up – for Zimbabwe |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/zimbabwe-vs-afghanistan-m-2024-25/cricket-news/third-curran-brother-receives-maiden-international-call-up-for-zimbabwe-zim-vs-afg |access-date=9 December 2024 |publisher=Wisden}}</ref> Curran ya fara buga wasan ODI a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, inda ya yi 15 kafin a watsar da wasan saboda ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persistent rain washes out opening ODI after Omarzai takes four |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/afghanistan-in-zimbabwe-2024-25-1457916/zimbabwe-vs-afghanistan-1st-odi-1457923/match-report |access-date=27 December 2024 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> An zaba shi a cikin tawagar Zimbabwe don jerin da suka biyo baya da Afghanistan kuma ya fara bugawa a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2024, inda ya zira kwallaye 68 daga kwallaye 74 a wasansa na farko a cikin tsarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe name squad for historic Test series against Afghanistan |url=https://www.zimcricket.org/news/3529/Zimbabwe-name-squad-for-historic-Test-series-against-Afghanistan |access-date=27 December 2024 |publisher=Zimbabwe Cricket}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Williams praises Curran's 'intent' as Zimbabwe find their scoring touch |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/cricket/story/_/id/43169933/zim-vs-afg-sean-williams-williams-praises-ben-currans-intent-zimbabwe-solid-batting-effort |access-date=27 December 2024 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brother of Tom and Sam Curran, Ben Curran scores fifty on Test debut |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/ben-curran-brother-of-sam-and-tom-curran-scores-fifty-on-test-debut-12262024-1735210232038 |access-date=27 December 2024 |publisher=cricket.com |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226121037/https://www.cricket.com/news/ben-curran-brother-of-sam-and-tom-curran-scores-fifty-on-test-debut-12262024-1735210232038 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Curran ya yi budurwarsa One Day International karni a kan Ireland a Harare Sports Club a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2025, inda ya zira kwallaye 118 ba tare da fitar da kwallaye 130 ba ciki har da iyakoki 14 don taimakawa tawagarsa zuwa nasarar tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe defeat Ireland to win ODI series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/cwydjxq0e1zo |access-date=18 February 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Ben Curran aCricinfo [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] t1kv27czvgg0l5pjg7yq5w895pi3ynz 0 162225 891177 887066 2026-08-04T03:06:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Damon''' "'''D. J.''' '''Harper''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1989) tsohon dan wasan [[Gridiron football|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan [[College football|Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji]] a [[Boise State University|Jami'ar Jihar Boise]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Harper ya kasance dan wasa biyu a makarantar sakandare ta Cypress Creek, yana rubutu a kwallon kafa sau uku kuma yana wasa da filin sau biyu. Ya kasance sau uku na ƙungiyar farko ta farko (Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District), kyaftin din ƙungiyar sau biyu kuma MVP na ƙungiyar sau ɗaya. An ba shi suna Houston Chronicle Player of the Week, Texas High School Athlete of the Week kuma dan wasan karshe na Houston Touchdown Club. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 1,570 da 21 touchdowns a kan 212 dauke da 18 receptions don yaduddusa 160. Ya gama aikinsa na makarantar sakandare tare da jimlar yadudduka 3,900. Bayan makarantar sakandare, ya halarci Jihar Boise a kan tallafin kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper bio: The Official Athletic Website of Boise State University |url=http://www.broncosports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=9900&ATCLID=787623 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927134309/http://www.broncosports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=9900&ATCLID=787623 |archive-date=September 27, 2012 |access-date=September 24, 2010}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Lokacin sabon shiga === A lokacin sabuwar shekara ta Harper a tawagar Boise State, yana da karo na shida mafi kyau ta hanyar sabon shiga, kuma na huɗu mafi kyau ta sabon shiga na gaskiya, tare da yadudduka 376 da biyar, duk da rasa wasanni biyu na yau da kullun. Ya zama dan wasa na farko na Boise State tun daga 1988 don yin sauri fiye da yadudduka 100 a wasan, lokacin da ya sami yadudduka 153 da kuma touchdown a Fresno State. Ya zira kwallaye ga tawagar a wasan da suka yi da East Carolina a Hawaii Bowl . Ya gama shekara tare da 6 touchdowns, 376 rush yadudduka a 87 carries, duk manyan ayyuka. Ya kuma sami liyafa 3 don yadudduka 13. === Lokacin aji na biyu === A lokacin Harper na 2 a Jihar Boise, ya sami karamin kaya a cikin filin da ke cike da mutane wanda ya ƙunshi masu gudu Ian Johnson, Jeremy Avery, da Doug Martin. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a yakin neman zabe na biyu sun hada da wasan da ya yi da Louisiana Tech da kuma yadudduka 67 a kan 7 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/gamelog?playerId=232570&year=2008 |title=D.J. Harper 2008 Game Log - ESPN |access-date=2026-07-25 |archive-date=2020-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126222219/https://www.espn.com/college-football/player/gamelog?playerId=232570&year=2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da 55 dauke da yadudduka 265 da kuma touchdowns 4. === Lokacin ƙarami === Kafin kakar, an lakafta Harper a matsayin dan wasa mafi sauri a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Boise State Broncos tare da lokaci mai ban mamaki 4.34 40 yadudduka. A lokacin ƙaramin Harper a Jihar Boise a shekara ta 2009, ya sami ƙarin ɗaukar kaya fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, galibi saboda tashiwar Ian Johnson zuwa NFL, da Doug Martin yana motsawa zuwa tsaro. A cikin mako na 1 a kan Oregon Ducks, yana da 19 da ke dauke da yadudduka 88 da kuma touchdown, ban da gudu 33-yadi. A cikin mako na 2 a kan Miami (OH) RedHawks, Harper ya yi sauri sau 13 don yadudduka 89 da kuma touchdown, tare da gudu mai tsawo na yadudduka 32. A cikin mako na 3 a Fresno State Bulldogs, Harper ya yi sauri sau 12 don yadudduka 107 da kuma touchdown ta mafi yawan wasan.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/gamelog?playerId=232570&year=2009 D.J. Harper 2009 Game Log - ESPN]{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Koyaya, a lokacin wasan ya sha wahala a lokacin da ya kawo karshen raunin ACL, ya kori jagorancin mai tsere na kakar Boise State. Ya gama shekara tare da tsayi mai tsayi 6.5 yadudduka a kowace gaggawa. Daga baya aka ba shi redshirt na likita, ya bar shi da shekaru 2 na cancanta da ya rage a cikin aikinsa. === Redshirt ƙaramin lokacin === Harper ya zo cikin ƙaramin sa na biyu a kan ginshiƙi mai zurfi, duk da karuwarsa a lokacin da ba a yi wasa ba don sake farfado da raunin gwiwa da ya samu a wasan da ya gabata. A cikin mako na 1 a kan Virginia Tech Hokies, Harper ya yi sauri sau 4 don yadudduka 80 da kuma tseren yadudduka 71 don taɓawa. A cikin mako na 2 a kan Wyoming Cowboys, Harper ya yi sauri sau 11 don yadudduka 59 da kuma touchdown. Ta hanyar wasanni 2, ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 9.3 a kowace gaggawa, tare da 15 rushes don yadudduka 139 da 2 touchdowns. A lokacin wasan na 3 na kakar, a kan ziyartar Jihar Oregon, Harper ya sake sha wahala a lokacin da ya kawo karshen raunin ACL. == Ayyukan sana'a == === 2013 NFL Combine === {{nfl predraft | height ft = 5 | height in = 9 | weight = 211 | dash = 4.46 | ten split = 1.56 | twenty split = 2.55 | shuttle = 4.13 | cone drill = 6.80 | vertical = 33.5 | broad ft = 10 | broad in = 0 | bench = 23 | wonderlic = | arm span = | hand span = | note = All values from [[NFL Combine]] }} === San Francisco 49ers === A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2013, San Francisco 49ers ta sanya hannu kan Harper a matsayin mai ba da kyauta. A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2013, 49ers sun dakatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Taylor |date=August 26, 2013 |title=49ers Waive Five Players |url=http://www.49ers.com/news/article-2/49ers-Waive-Five-Players/6bba0a8f-17e8-463b-b180-0e2d48f99fa5 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |website=49ers.com}}</ref> === Ottawa Redblacks === Harper ya sanya hannu tare da Ottawa Redblacks a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions - 2014 |url=https://www.cfl.ca/transactions-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108051139/http://www.cfl.ca/transactions-2014 |archive-date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2015 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> Redblacks ne suka sake shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/transactions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117211716/http://www.cfl.ca/page/transactions |archive-date=January 17, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2015 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/_/id/16461/dj-harper D.J. Harper stats] a espn.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141209182225/http://ottawaredblacks.com/roster/show/id/7331 Rayuwar Ottawa RedBlacks] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] 7saqbgee7wd8zphxx3x2o49ansu9p51 0 162248 891008 887154 2026-08-03T16:21:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bradley Cochran''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1963) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brad Cochran |url=http://www.nfl.com/player/bradcochran/2511666/profile |access-date=April 1, 2015 |website=nfl.com |publisher=National Football League}}</ref> tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kwalejin Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na Michigan Wolverines daga 1981 zuwa 1985. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, an san Cochran a matsayin dan Amurka. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Toyota Leadership Award ta 1985. Ya sanya hannu don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru tare da Los Angeles Raiders, amma ya ji rauni a bayansa a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko, ya kawo ƙarshen aikin ƙwallon kafa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Cochran a Royal Oak, Michigan, a cikin 1963. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Brother Rice a Birmingham, Michigan . <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=All-Time Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 1, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Cochran ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1981 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi na ciki ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta Bo Schembechler daga 1981 zuwa 1985.<ref name="Roster"/> Cochran ya bar kungiyar Michigan da wuri a cikin aikinsa bayan "ya yi ihu ba tare da kulawa ba" a kocin Schembechler saboda rashin adalci. An gano shi da matsanancin baƙin ciki wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na hormonal wanda daga baya aka kula da shi da magani.<ref name="Crack" /> Ya ɗan sauya zuwa Jami'ar Colorado, amma ya koma gidansa a Royal Oak bayan makonni da yawa a Colorado. A watan Yunin 1983, mataimakin kocin Michigan Lloyd Carr ya tuntubi Cochran kuma ya gayyace shi ya koma Jami'ar Michigan.<ref name=Crack>{{cite news|title='M' Defender Leaves Troubles in Dust; Cochran: a crack back|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=November 7, 1984|page=10|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19841108&id=2iRKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fx4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1558,3291425&hl=en}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo ga kyawawan halaye na Schembechler, Cochran ya fara dukkan wasanni 12 a kusurwar kusurwa mai karfi ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1983 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3, ta buga a cikin Sugar Bowl na 1984, kuma ta gama kakar a matsayi na # 8 a cikin AP Poll na karshe. <ref name="t83">{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=April 1, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Ya koma ga mai rauni a gefe a matsayin ƙarami, ya sake fara dukkan wasanni 12 na tawagar Michigan ta 1984.<ref name="t84">{{Cite web |title=1984 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1984fbt.htm |access-date=April 1, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara 19, Cochran ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar da ya fara dukkan wasanni 12 a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe mai rauni a ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1985 wanda ya tattara rikodin 10-1-1 da kuma matsayi na 2 a zaɓen ƙarshe na Associated Press bayan ya doke Nebraska, 27-23, a Fiesta Bowl.<ref name="t85">{{Cite web |title=1985 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1985fbt.htm |access-date=March 30, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Karewar Wolverines ta 1985 ta bar maki 75 kacal a wasanni 11 na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun - matsakaicin maki 6.8 a kowane wasa.<ref name="t85" /> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1985, an zaɓi Cochran a matsayin mai tsaron baya na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji ta 1985.<ref name="CAA">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=2014 NCAA Football Records: Consensus All-America Selections |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/Awards.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126094941/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/awards.pdf |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) |page=7}}</ref> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta "All-American" a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar All-American, sannan kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta "Associated Press" a shekarar 1985. Cochran ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta "Toyota Leadership Award" a shekarar 1985 saboda "babban aiki a fannonin gudummawar ƙungiya, ilimi da kuma zama ɗan ƙasa."<ref>{{cite news|title=Advertisement|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=November 25, 1985|page=7|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19851125&id=pAdKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ix4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5685,3660743&hl=en}}</ref> A cikin aikinsa a Michigan, Cochran ya fara wasanni 36 a jere daga 1983 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tara 184 tackles, 17 pass breakups da 11 interceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Statistic Archive Query Page |url=http://stats.ath.umich.edu/football/footstart.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112175906/http://stats.ath.umich.edu/football/footstart.php |archive-date=November 12, 2007 |access-date=March 31, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan}}(to retrieve career statistics, enter "cochran" in the box for the player's last name)</ref> Jami'ar Michigan ta Bentley Historical Library ta bayyana gudummawar Cochran ta wannan hanyar: "Jirgin kai da ƙwarewa mafi kyau sun bayyana yawon shakatawa na Brad Cochran tare da Wolverines. Da yake da saurin gudu da saurin gaske, ya tabbatar da cewa yana da tsayi sosai, bai taɓa rasa farawa ba a cikin shekaru uku na ƙarshe na aikinsa mai ban mamaki. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan Football All-American: Brad Cochran |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fballam/aacochrn.htm |access-date=April 1, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta baya == Los Angeles Raiders ne suka zaba Cochran a zagaye na uku (na 80th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1986 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1986/draft.htm |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oakland Raiders Draft History |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/rai/draft.htm |access-date=April 1, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Cochran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Los Angeles Raiders a watan Yulin 1986, amma ya ji rauni a bayansa a lokacin wasan farko na huɗu, an yi masa tiyata don cire faifai kuma ya yi haɗin kashin baya guda biyu, don haka ya kawo karshen aikin kwallon kafa. Daga baya ya shiga cikin takaddamar kwangila tare da Raiders game da ikirarin kungiyar cewa ya kasa bayar da rahoto ga kakar NFL ta 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=Missing Raider Shows Up in an Unusual Place|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 26, 1987|author=Mark Heisler|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-26-sp-2636-story.html}}</ref> Cochran daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kocin kwallon kafa wanda ke da alhakin makarantar sakandare a alma mater dinsa, Brother Rice High School .<ref>{{cite news|title=Fracassa has seen his share of star football players|newspaper=The Oakland Press|date=September 29, 2011|url=http://www.miprepzone.com/oakland/results.asp?ID=5508|access-date=July 25, 2026|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111640/http://www.miprepzone.com/oakland/results.asp?ID=5508|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Michigan Wolverines kwallon kafa All-Americans == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] eu7ov32rquprtjnpeisime7hvk4peem 0 162458 891206 888888 2026-08-04T05:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 891206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David A. Sleet''' masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda aka san shi da yin amfani da [[Behavioral sciences|kimiyyar halayyar]] don [[Injury prevention|Rigakafin rauni]] ba da gangan ba da kuma taimakawa wajen kafa rigakafin raunin a matsayin damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Ya wallafa daruruwan labaran da surori na littattafai kuma ya kasance co-editor na Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention .; Raunin da Rigakafin Rikicin: Ka'idodin Kimiyya na Halin; Derryberry's Educating for Health; da kuma Rahoton Duniya da ya lashe kyautar duniya kan Rigakafin Raunin Hanyar Hanya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=World Health Organization |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, Dokta Sleet ya yi ritaya daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) a Atlanta, Jojiya inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a Sashen Rigakafin Raunin Daidaitawa a Cibiyar Kula da Raunin Kasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Makarantar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Emory Rollins . Kafin ya shiga CDC, Dokta Sleet ya koyar kuma ya gudanar da bincike a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego, ya ba da umarnin Sashin Binciken Hadarin Hanya a Jami'an Yammacin Ostiraliya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka da VTT (Hanyar Tsaro) ta Finland. Dokta Sleet ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar sake dubawa ta tsari wanda ya haifar da shawarar Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Tsaro ta Al'umma <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Community Guide |url=http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210015004/http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=Community Preventive Services Task Force}}</ref> don rage iyakar barasa na jini (BAC) zuwa kashi 0.08 ga direbobi a Amurka. Wannan shawarar ta taimaka wajen sanar da Majalisa ta Amurka wacce ta ba da umarnin jihohin karɓar iyakar BAC mai tsauri na 0.08 bisa dari ta watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 ko haɗarin rasa wani ɓangare na kudaden babbar hanyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-24 |title=Lowering Legal Blood Alcohol Limits Saves Lives |url=https://beta.thecommunityguide.org/content/lowering-legal-blood-alcohol-limits-saves-lives |access-date=2016-08-31 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mercer SL |last2=Sleet DA |last3=Elder RA |last4=Cole KH |last5=RA Shults |last6=Nichols JL. |date=2010 |title=Translating evidence into policy: lessons learned from the case of lowering the legal blood alcohol limit for drivers. |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=412–420 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.005 |pmid=20470967}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 duk jihohi 50 sun zartar da dokoki 0.08 cikin dari ga direbobi, suna mai da shi sabon ma'auni na kasa.<ref name=":2" /> == Kyaututtuka == Dokta Sleet ya sami kyaututtuka masu yawa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ciki har da: * Kyautar James J. Howard Highway Safety Trailblazer Award na Gwamnoni (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety |date=September 2, 2016 |title=Road safety legend honored |url=http://www.roadsafetyngos.org/events/dr-sleet-honored/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety}}</ref> * Kyautar Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Elizabeth Fries (2015) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CDC Injury Prevention Champion David Sleet Receives 2015 Elizabeth Fries Health Education Award |url=http://www.cdcfoundation.org/pr/2015/cdc-injury-prevention-champion-david-sleet-receives-2015-elizabeth-fries-health-education-aw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905160928/http://www.cdcfoundation.org/pr/2015/cdc-injury-prevention-champion-david-sleet-receives-2015-elizabeth-fries-health-education-aw |archive-date=2016-09-05 |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=CDC Foundation}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (APHA) Kyautar Mayhew Derryberry don gudummawa ga ka'idar (1999) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000-03-01 |title=News and notes |url= |journal=Injury Prevention |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1136/ip.6.1.5 |issn=1475-5785 |pmc=1730574}}</ref> * Kyautar Sakataren Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka don Ayyuka masu Kyau (2001) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shults |first=Ruth |date=November 2001 |title=Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving |url=http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(01)00381-6/references |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=66–88 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00381-6 |pmid=11691562 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> * Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Kyautar Shugaban kasa (2006) <ref>{{Cite web |last=David A. Sleet |last2=T. Bella Dinh-Zarr |last3=Ann M. Dellinger |date=2007 |title=AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety |url=https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/SleetDinhZarrDellinger.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915112110/https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/SleetDinhZarrDellinger.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-15 |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety |publisher=AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety}}</ref> * APHA Kyakkyawan Ayyuka a Rigakafin Raunin (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Center Director Andrea Gielen Honors Dr. David Sleet with 2010 Distinguished Fellow Award on Behalf of the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-injury-research-and-policy/_includes/whats_new_archive.html |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy |publisher=Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy}}</ref> * Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) Kyautar Kyauta ta Kyauta (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Final Program: Society for Public Health Education, 61st Annual Meeting |url=http://www.sophe.org/Sophe/PDF/2010_AM/FINALProgram2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915105439/http://www.sophe.org/Sophe/PDF/2010_AM/FINALProgram2010.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-15 |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=SOPHE.org |publisher=Society for Public Health Education}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=Winter 2011 |title=Injury Center Connection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/injurycenterconnection-winter2011-a.pdf |access-date=2016-08-31 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) Kyautar Kwarewa ta Kwarewa a Kimiyya ta Halin (2014) <ref name=":1" /> * Royal Order of Sahametrei Medal don hidima ga Sarki da mutanen Cambodia (2014) <ref name=":0" /> * Fellow na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka (wanda aka gabatar a shekara ta 1999) == Ayyukan jama'a == Ya yi aiki a kan allon edita masu zuwa: * Jaridar Lifestyle Medicine ta Amurka * Iyali da Lafiyar Al'umma * Halin Lafiya & Binciken Manufofin * Jaridar Ci Gaban Lafiya ta Ostiraliya * Ayyukan Inganta Lafiya * Rigakafin Raunin * Jaridar Nazarin Ilimi ta Duniya * Jaridar Kasa da Kasa ta Kula da Raunin Raunin da Inganta Tsaro * Jaridar Nazarin Kasuwanci * Jaridar ilimin halayyar yara * Jaridar Binciken Tsaro * Jaridar Halin Jama'a da Mutum * Jaridar Kula da Wasanni da Kwarewar Jiki * Gidauniyar Binciken Sufuri: Halin Hanyar Hanyar Halin Halin Halitta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 02x2ttm29wymzdqdyis13b8a0ikzw93 0 162690 891279 890660 2026-08-04T10:40:20Z Mahuta 11340 891279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016 harzuwa 2017 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0" /> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . == Ayyukan kulob din == Doumbia ya fara buga wasan farko na Anderlecht a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2016 a wasan farko na Jupiler Pro League 2016 zuwa 2017 a kan Royal Excel Mouscron . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Royal Excel Mouscron vs. Anderlecht - 30 July 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203018/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/07/30/belgium/pro-league/rrc-peruwelz/royal-sporting-club-anderlecht/2239200/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Belgium ta 2017 ya fara bugawa Zulte Waregem, a kan kungiyar iyayensa, Anderlecht . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] h3g9hbgbb2o8lxv3bm7aukascytl138 0 162694 891277 890694 2026-08-04T10:38:46Z Mahuta 11340 891277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ц._Димитрия_Солунского.Ворота.с.Осипово.jpg|right|thumb]] '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010.<ref>Село Осипово на карте</ref><ref>Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-07-21.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.<ref>Расстояние от Осипова до Коврова</ref> == Manazarta == amw2gsujhep1i70kl5f15jkbw3rk46n 891278 891277 2026-08-04T10:39:08Z Mahuta 11340 891278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Osipovo''' (Russian) wani ƙauye ne ([[Ƙauye|Sello]]) a cikin ƙauyen Klyazminskoye, Gundumar Kovrovsky, Vladimir Oblast, Rasha . Yawan jama'a ya kai 176 a shekarar 2010.<ref>Село Осипово на карте</ref><ref>Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-07-21.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Osipovo tana da nisan kilomita 13 a gabashin Kovrov (cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar) ta hanyar hanya. Kanabyevo ita ce karkara mafi kusa.<ref>Расстояние от Осипова до Коврова</ref> == Manazarta == 5jgfvyokcmirk86gqdr4pkbbo9dqoc9 0 162722 891028 890846 2026-08-03T17:15:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 891028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]] TalentoCubano. Net shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan yanar gizo da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6hha5lujqgl4wzapp1wzgc07b1qyfrh 891029 891028 2026-08-03T17:15:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 891029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]] '''TalentoCubano. Net''' shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan yanar gizo da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6vv3m6qla05ue3syxwyehfri1s8d5lj 891030 891029 2026-08-03T17:16:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 891030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]] '''TalentoCubano. Net''' shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan [[yanar gizo]] da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == hn14rcygigdo6697nt3y1mdlrtlj685 891032 891030 2026-08-03T17:16:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 891032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Original_TalentoCubano.Net_website.png|thumb|Hoton allo na TalentoCubano.Katalogin mai zane-zane na Net, Fabrairu 2014 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref>]] '''TalentoCubano. Net''' shafin yanar gizon al'adun Cuban ne wanda Adrian Monzon ya kirkira don yin rubuce-rubuce da inganta mawaƙa na Cuban.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a Bankin Mediamatic a Amsterdam a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba. [3] [4]A cikin shekara ta 2014, an haɗa shi a cikin binciken Associated Press game da shirin da USAID ke tallafawa wanda ya shafi yanayin kiɗa na Cuba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-11 |title=5 things to know about USAID's Cuban hip-hop plan |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-ee9756deb9be416089cd37b894e5b929 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mediamatic ya bayyana TalentoCubano.Net a matsayin bayanan [[yanar gizo]] da aka nufa don inganta mawaƙa na karkashin kasa na Cuban a duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Buena Vista Hidden Club |url=http://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Mediamatic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/13973/buena-vista-hidden-club "Buena Vista Hidden Club"]. ''Mediamatic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ƙaddamarwa, ƙungiyar masu samarwa da masu zane-zane sun yi tafiya zuwa kowace lardin Cuba, suna rubuta mawaƙa daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Wani shafin yanar gizon da aka adana a watan Fabrairun 2014 ya nuna kundin masu fasaha 283.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo |url=http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php |archive-date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141128192251/http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php "Talento Cubano - El mapa de todos los músicos cubanos del mundo"]. ''talentocubano.net''. Archived from [http://talentocubano.net/www/catalogo.php the original] on 2014-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Havana Times a shekarar 2012, Adolfo Cabrera ya ce manufar ta samo asali ne daga Adrian Monzon. Ya haɗa aikin tare da kide-kide da ayyukan gabatarwa da suka shafi masu fasaha, gami da Los Aldeanos, Anónimo Consejo, da Etian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2012-04-18 |title=La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Havana Times |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinson2012">Robinson, Circles (2012-04-18). [https://havanatimesenespanol.org/entrevistas/la-alternatividad-en-cuba-abrir-un-hueco-en-la-burbuja/ "La Alternatividad en Cuba: abrir un hueco en la burbuja"]. ''Havana Times'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2026, jami'in TalentoCubano.Gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" da kuma atlas na fasahar Cuban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TalentoCubano.net - Mapa del talento cubano en la tierra |url=https://talentocubano.net/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=talentocubano.net}}</ref> == Rahoton Associated Press na 2014 da martani == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa Monzon ya yi aiki tare da Creative Associates a kan wani aikin da rahotannin Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya suka fi tsayi sun gano a matsayin TalentoCubano.org. Wani mai bayyana AP daban ya gano cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin Talentocubano.net, ya bayyana shi kamar yadda ke haɗa kusan matasa 200, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila suna fatan zai iya ƙarfafa motsi na zamantakewa.[1][2][3] Har ila yau, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kwangila sun ba da gudummawa ga bikin zane-zane da kiɗa wanda dangin Pablo Milanes suka shirya don haka TalentoCubano.Masu zane-zane na yanar gizo na iya bayyana. Suylén Milanés ta gaya wa AP cewa jami'ai sun gargadi ta kafin taron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene |url=https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/music-general-news-7c275c134f1b4a0ca3428929fcece82d "USAID op undermines Cuba's hip-hop protest scene"]. ''AP News''. 2014-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A mayar da martani ga labarin AP, Monzon ya gaya wa ''Miami Herald'' cewa TalentoCubano.net nasa shiri ne kuma ya musanta shiga cikin aikin USAID da aka nufa don hambarar da gwamnatin Cuban. Ya bayyana aikin a matsayin taswira da bude cibiyar sadarwa da aka nufa don taimakawa mawaƙa na Cuban su haɗa kuma su rarraba ayyukansu. A cikin 2018, VICE en Español ya sake duba gardamar, ya bayyana shafin yanar gizon kamar yadda Monzon ya kirkira a cikin 2010, kuma ya ba da rahoton musanta zargin da ya shafi shirin USAID.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Sebastián López |date=2018-09-27 |title=¿El rap cubano estuvo infiltrado por el gobierno de EEUU? |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-rap-cubano-estuvo-infiltrado-por-el-gobierno-de-eeuu/ |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=VICE |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sh53tuai7zcvfyas52o0fys1c2163vl 0 162723 890940 2026-08-03T13:15:23Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 890940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' dcnxhgz5r0h6y67s76bejl9903dh5xx 890941 890940 2026-08-03T13:16:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. ny20dxwcycav1msrjb2z4x2l9qkoxux 890942 890941 2026-08-03T13:16:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse . [1] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. [2] bmz7525xkt0qhiwahomg9dibgy13oe3 890943 890942 2026-08-03T13:17:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse . [1] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. btgif5rrcjlw0zbpr2x35pniqivkiex 890944 890943 2026-08-03T13:18:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse . [1] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. A ranar 22 ga Janairun 2024, Vermant ya koma Westerlo a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Bayan komawarsa Club Brugge a kakar wasa ta 2024-25, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, baya ga buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium. ik0s3s2xd7bspssf1fsp7cc2bn3cmim 890945 890944 2026-08-03T13:19:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse. A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. A ranar 22 ga Janairun 2024, Vermant ya koma Westerlo a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Bayan komawarsa Club Brugge a kakar wasa ta 2024-25, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, baya ga buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium. 9noq1icbe5iyx8adpo2k853jfi0hu5v 890947 890945 2026-08-03T13:20:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/vermants-double-hands-belgian-cup-success-club-brugge-2025-05-04/</ref> == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse. A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. A ranar 22 ga Janairun 2024, Vermant ya koma Westerlo a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Bayan komawarsa Club Brugge a kakar wasa ta 2024-25, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, baya ga buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium. == Manazarta == 7xj1oihuwfe66omcxz4512kuth3rawe 0 162724 890948 2026-08-03T13:27:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 890948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yamirou Ouorou''' Yamirou Ouorou (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2006) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Benin wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga AC Horsens. 4j9ovtzxjgtirv35t7qmevm1g7krroh 890949 890948 2026-08-03T13:29:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yamirou Ouorou''' Yamirou Ouorou (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2006) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Benin wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga AC Horsens. == Aikin kulob == Ouorou ya fito ne daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Amurka ta USS Kraké da ke Sèmè-Kpodji, Benin, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na 'yan wasan Benin 'yan kasa da shekara 17 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a bugu na farko na gasar Trophées des Académies de Ligue 1 Uber Eats. Ya kuma jawo hankalin mutane tun yana ƙarami a duniya, inda ya lashe kyautar mafi yawan taimako da kuma mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2018. tc0zx2ulorycihb3res6byzx0glien7 890951 890949 2026-08-03T13:29:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 890951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yamirou Ouorou''' Yamirou Ouorou (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2006) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Benin wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga AC Horsens.<ref>https://229foot.com/3-choses-a-savoir-sur-yamirou-ouorou-le-nouveau-crack-dhorsens/</ref> == Aikin kulob == Ouorou ya fito ne daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Amurka ta USS Kraké da ke Sèmè-Kpodji, Benin, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na 'yan wasan Benin 'yan kasa da shekara 17 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a bugu na farko na gasar Trophées des Académies de Ligue 1 Uber Eats. Ya kuma jawo hankalin mutane tun yana ƙarami a duniya, inda ya lashe kyautar mafi yawan taimako da kuma mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2018. == Manazarta == aogmcld212slnrjvgifqnr6zx67z738 0 162725 890964 2026-08-03T14:49:37Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350274704|Hawaij]]" 890964 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hawaij''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''hawayej''' ko '''hawayij''', wani nau'i ne na cakuɗa kayan yaji na ƙasar [[Yemen]] da aka fi amfani da su don miya da kofi na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawrid Reader |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Hwaaj}}</ref> My phone is the same shi I want to see you in the morning and I will be there in a Ana amfani da cakuɗa na asali don miya a cikin stews, kayan abinci na curry, shinkafa da kayan lambu, har ma a matsayin mashaya. An yi shi ne daga cumin, baƙar fata, turmeric da [[cardamom]]. Ƙarin sassan na iya haɗawa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, caraway, Nutmeg, saffron, Coriander, [[fenugreek]] da [[Albasa|busassun albasa]]. An yi sigar Adeni da kumin, baƙar fata, cardamom da coriander. An yi cakuda kofi daga [[Anise|aniseeds]], tsaba na fennel, [[Citta|ginger]] da cardamom. Kodayake ana amfani dashi da farko wajen yin kofi, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan zaki, kek da kayan nama da aka dafa a hankali. Aden, ana yin cakuda tare da ginger, cardamom, cloves, da cinnamon don baƙar kofi, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don shayi ya cire ginger. A [[Isra'ila]], Yahudawa na Yemen suna amfani da hawaij sosai kuma amfani da shi ya bazu ko'ina cikin Abincin Isra'ila a sakamakon haka. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ganye da kayan yaji * Saurin saurin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192629/http://www.adeenasussman.com/PDFs/GOURMET_12_08.pdf Shirye-shiryen Hawayij] a cikin Mujallar Gourmet Disamba 2007, pg. 188 * [http://www.answers.com/topic/hawayij Wani girke-girke] daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] (a kan Answers.com) r1z6clurwwp4w7z69jzv5k4yrdezc7j 890965 890964 2026-08-03T14:50:26Z Alubaki 30448 890965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawaij''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''hawayej''' ko '''hawayij''', wani nau'i ne na cakuɗa kayan yaji na ƙasar [[Yemen]] da aka fi amfani da su don miya da kofi na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawrid Reader |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Hwaaj}}</ref> Ana amfani da cakuɗa na asali don miya a cikin stews, kayan abinci na curry, shinkafa da kayan lambu, har ma a matsayin mashaya. An yi shi ne daga cumin, baƙar fata, turmeric da [[cardamom]]. Ƙarin sassan na iya haɗawa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, caraway, Nutmeg, saffron, Coriander, [[fenugreek]] da [[Albasa|busassun albasa]]. An yi sigar Adeni da kumin, baƙar fata, cardamom da coriander. An yi cakuda kofi daga [[Anise|aniseeds]], tsaba na fennel, [[Citta|ginger]] da cardamom. Kodayake ana amfani dashi da farko wajen yin kofi, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan zaki, kek da kayan nama da aka dafa a hankali. Aden, ana yin cakuda tare da ginger, cardamom, cloves, da cinnamon don baƙar kofi, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don shayi ya cire ginger. A [[Isra'ila]], Yahudawa na Yemen suna amfani da hawaij sosai kuma amfani da shi ya bazu ko'ina cikin Abincin Isra'ila a sakamakon haka. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ganye da kayan yaji * Saurin saurin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192629/http://www.adeenasussman.com/PDFs/GOURMET_12_08.pdf Shirye-shiryen Hawayij] a cikin Mujallar Gourmet Disamba 2007, pg. 188 * [http://www.answers.com/topic/hawayij Wani girke-girke] daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] (a kan Answers.com) g0c2n179re33jfouuzlkf4035oeptni 890966 890965 2026-08-03T14:51:38Z Alubaki 30448 890966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawaij''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''hawayej''' ko '''hawayij''', wani nau'i ne na cakuɗa kayan yaji na ƙasar [[Yemen]] da aka fi amfani da su don miya da kofi na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawrid Reader |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Hwaaj}}</ref> Ana amfani da cakuɗa na asali don miya a cikin stews, kayan abinci na curry, shinkafa da kayan lambu, har ma a matsayin mashaya. An yi shi ne daga cumin, baƙar fata, turmeric da [[cardamom]]. Ƙarin sassan na iya haɗawa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, caraway, Nutmeg, saffron, Coriander, [[fenugreek]] da [[Albasa|busassun albasa]]. An yi sigar Adeni da kumin, baƙar fata, cardamom da coriander. An yi cakuda kofi daga [[Anise|aniseeds]], tsaba na fennel, [[Citta|ginger]] da cardamom. Kodayake ana amfani dashi da farko wajen yin kofi, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan zaki, kek da kayan nama da aka dafa a hankali. Aden, ana yin cakuda tare da ginger, cardamom, cloves, da cinnamon don baƙar kofi, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don shayi ya cire ginger. A [[Isra'ila]], Yahudawa na Yemen suna amfani da hawaij sosai kuma amfani da shi ya bazu ko'ina cikin Abincin Isra'ila a sakamakon haka.<ref name=roden>Roden, Claudia, ''The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York'', Knopf (1996), p. 234</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ganye da kayan yaji * Saurin saurin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192629/http://www.adeenasussman.com/PDFs/GOURMET_12_08.pdf Shirye-shiryen Hawayij] a cikin Mujallar Gourmet Disamba 2007, pg. 188 * [http://www.answers.com/topic/hawayij Wani girke-girke] daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] (a kan Answers.com) tvpzo3154t7lbpafll8dlvrhx4vvkuj 890968 890966 2026-08-03T14:53:55Z Alubaki 30448 890968 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawaij''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''hawayej''' ko '''hawayij''', wani nau'i ne na cakuɗa kayan yaji na ƙasar [[Yemen]] da aka fi amfani da su don miya da kofi na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawrid Reader |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Hwaaj}}</ref> Ana amfani da cakuɗa na asali don miya a cikin stews, kayan abinci na curry, shinkafa da kayan lambu, har ma a matsayin mashaya. An yi shi ne daga cumin, baƙar fata, turmeric da [[cardamom]]. Ƙarin sassan na iya haɗawa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, caraway, Nutmeg, saffron, Coriander, [[fenugreek]] da [[Albasa|busassun albasa]]. <ref name=gur>Gur, Jana, ''The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey'' Schocken (2008), pg. 295</ref>An yi sigar Adeni da kumin, baƙar fata, cardamom da coriander. An yi cakuda kofi daga [[Anise|aniseeds]], tsaba na fennel, [[Citta|ginger]] da cardamom. Kodayake ana amfani dashi da farko wajen yin kofi, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan zaki, kek da kayan nama da aka dafa a hankali. Aden, ana yin cakuda tare da ginger, cardamom, cloves, da cinnamon don baƙar kofi, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don shayi ya cire ginger. A [[Isra'ila]], Yahudawa na Yemen suna amfani da hawaij sosai kuma amfani da shi ya bazu ko'ina cikin Abincin Isra'ila a sakamakon haka.<ref name=roden>Roden, Claudia, ''The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York'', Knopf (1996), p. 234</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ganye da kayan yaji * Saurin saurin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192629/http://www.adeenasussman.com/PDFs/GOURMET_12_08.pdf Shirye-shiryen Hawayij] a cikin Mujallar Gourmet Disamba 2007, pg. 188 * [http://www.answers.com/topic/hawayij Wani girke-girke] daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] (a kan Answers.com) aestpvrr3n8fh72r3pkz50t10lv5i4o 890969 890968 2026-08-03T14:54:15Z Alubaki 30448 890969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hawaij''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''hawayej''' ko '''hawayij''', wani nau'i ne na cakuɗa kayan yaji na ƙasar [[Yemen]] da aka fi amfani da su don miya da kofi na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawrid Reader |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Hwaaj}}</ref> Ana amfani da cakuɗa na asali don miya a cikin stews, kayan abinci na curry, shinkafa da kayan lambu, har ma a matsayin mashaya. An yi shi ne daga cumin, baƙar fata, turmeric da [[cardamom]]. Ƙarin sassan na iya haɗawa da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, caraway, Nutmeg, saffron, Coriander, [[fenugreek]] da [[Albasa|busassun albasa]]. <ref name=gur>Gur, Jana, ''The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey'' Schocken (2008), pg. 295</ref>An yi sigar Adeni da kumin, baƙar fata, cardamom da coriander. An yi cakuda kofi daga [[Anise|aniseeds]], tsaba na fennel, [[Citta|ginger]] da cardamom. Kodayake ana amfani dashi da farko wajen yin kofi, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan zaki, kek da kayan nama da aka dafa a hankali. Aden, ana yin cakuda tare da ginger, cardamom, cloves, da cinnamon don baƙar kofi, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don shayi ya cire ginger. A [[Isra'ila]], Yahudawa na Yemen suna amfani da hawaij sosai kuma amfani da shi ya bazu ko'ina cikin Abincin Isra'ila a sakamakon haka.<ref name=roden>Roden, Claudia, ''The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York'', Knopf (1996), p. 234</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ganye da kayan yaji * Saurin saurin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192629/http://www.adeenasussman.com/PDFs/GOURMET_12_08.pdf Shirye-shiryen Hawayij] a cikin Mujallar Gourmet Disamba 2007, pg. 188 * [http://www.answers.com/topic/hawayij Wani girke-girke] daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] (a kan Answers.com) t869cr2c9sz683itntisg65qtblffaj 0 162726 891003 2026-08-03T16:16:30Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306756805|Louis Agassiz Fuertes]]" 891003 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Fayil:Cardinalis_cardinalis_(small_illustration).jpg|Cardinal, from ''Citizen Bird'' (1897) Fayil:Tyrannus_tyrannusABP06CA.jpg|Eastern kingbird, from ''The Second Book of Birds'' (1901) Fayil:Sphyrapicus_thyroideusECP01CB.jpg|Williamson's sapsucker, from ''Birds of the Rockies'' (1902) Fayil:Gelada_baboon_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Gelada baboon|Gelada baboon from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Parus_rufescensDU1N028CA.JPG|Chestnut-backed chickadee, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Stercorarius_pomarinusDUCA.jpg|Pomarine jaeger, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Dendroica_dominicaEMP13CB.jpg|Yellow-throated warbler, from ''Warblers of North America'' (1907) Fayil:Bubo_virginianusDO1908P01CA.JPG|Great horned owl, from ''United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook'' (1908) Fayil:Accipiter_gentilisAAP045CA.jpg|Goshawk, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Nightjar_in_flight_-_AAP065A.jpg|Nightjars, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Dryocopus_pileatusAAP063CA.jpg|Pileated woodpecker, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Magnolia_Warbler_NGM-v31-p313-A.jpg|Magnolia warbler, from ''The Warblers of North America'' (''National Geographic'', 1917) Fayil:Plegadis_chihiGBP08CA.jpg|White-faced ibis, from ''Game Birds of California'' (1918) Fayil:Ceratogymna_brevisEYP24A.jpg|Silvery-cheeked hornbill, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Eupodotis_melanogasterEYP18A.jpg|Black-bellied bustard, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Haliaeetus_vociferEYP14A.jpg|African fish eagle, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Fuertes_Flamingo_Mural.JPG|Flamingo mural at the American Museum of Natural History Fayil:Secretary_bird_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Secretary bird|Secretary bird, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) </gallery>'''Louis Agassiz Fortes''' (Fabrairu 7, 1874 - Agusta 22, 1927) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Amurka, mai zane-zane kuma mai zane wanda ya kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da na yau da kullun don fasahar ilimin tsuntsayen da kuma zane-zane na halitta kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane masu zane-zanen tsuntsaye na Amurka, na biyu kawai ga wanda ya riga shi John James Audubon. == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Hirundo_rusticaABP01CA.jpg|left|thumb|Barn swallow daga ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', 1901]] === Rayuwa ta farko === Fuertes an haife shi ne a Ithaca, New York, kuma ɗa ne ga masanin falaki na Puerto Rican kuma injiniyan farar hula Estevan Fuertes da Mary Stone Perry Fuertes. Mahaifinsa shi ne Farfesa wanda ya kafa Makarantar Injiniya ta Jama'a a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], kuma ya yi shekaru da yawa yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. Estevan ya sanya wa ɗansa suna bayan ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka ɗan asalin ƙasar Switzerland Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, wanda ya mutu a shekarar da ta gabata. Mahaifiyar Fuertes, an haife ta a Troy, New York, ta zuriyar Holland ne. Matashi Louis ya zama mai sha'awar tsuntsaye tun yana ƙarami, yana kashe tsuntsaye da slingshot kuma yana bincika su a hankali. Lokacin yana yaro, John James Audubon's ''The Birds of America'' ya rinjaye shi. Yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya yi zanen sa na farko na wani tsuntsu mai rai, ɗan jajayen giciye na namiji . Ya koyi kiyaye bayanan kamanni, halaye da muryoyin tsuntsaye a hankali. A shekara ta 1890, ya aika da samfurin da ya tattara zuwa Smithsonian kuma ya sami yabo mai ban sha'awa da kuma maganganu masu haske game da ƙarancinsa da daidaito kuma a shekara ta 1891, yana da shekaru 17, Louis ya zama ƙaramin memba da aka taɓa kiransa a matsayin Mataimakin memba na Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka. Abokan aikin mahaifinsa a Cornell sun karfafa shi gwiwa ciki har da Burt G. Wilder da Liberty H. Bailey . A watan Yunin 1892, ya bi iyayensa zuwa Turai kuma ya zana tsuntsaye da dabbobi a Jardin des Plantes a Paris. A watan Satumba, ya shiga Cibiyar Keller, makarantar da ke Zurich, inda ya zauna na shekara guda.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> === Jami'ar Cornell === Da ya dawo Amurka, ya shiga Cornell a shekara ta 1893, ya zaɓi ya yi karatun [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]]. Babban ɗan'uwansa James, duk da haka ya raba a cikin wani abin tunawa cewa Louis ba shi da sha'awar lissafi da lissafi kuma sau da yawa zai yi barci lokacin da James ya yi ƙoƙarin horar da shi. A lokacin wani lacca na kwaleji, Louis ya hau daga taga na aji kuma ya zauna gaba ɗaya a cikin itace don bincika kiran tsuntsu mai ban mamaki da bai taɓa ji ba. Sha'awarsa ga waka ta kai shi ga shiga kungiyar Glee ta Jami'ar Cornell . A shekara ta 1894, Glee Club ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda wani memba na kulob din ya ba da shawarar cewa Louis ya sadu da kawunsa Elliott Coues, wanda shi ma yana da sha'awar tsuntsaye. Wannan taron ya kasance canji, yayin da Coues ya gane kwarewar Fuertes kuma ya yada kalmar game da aikinsa na musamman. A shekara ta 1895 Coues ya nuna ayyukan Fuertes hamsin a Majalisa ta Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka a Washington, taron da Louis bai iya halarta ba. Ya sami na farko daga cikin kwamitocinsa da yawa don kwatanta tsuntsaye yayin da yake karatun digiri. A Cornell, an zabe shi zuwa Sphinx Head Society, tsohuwar babbar ƙungiyar girmamawa a Jami'ar. Ya kuma kasance memba na Alpha Delta Phi wanda ya shiga bayan ya kasance abokai na dindindin tare da sanannen masanin lambu da masanin halitta Theodore Luqueer Mead, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban mahaifinsa kuma memba na ƙungiyar. A shekara ta 1896, Coues ya gayyaci Fuertes don halartar taron Ornithological da aka gudanar a Cambridge a Ingila. === Ayyuka da rayuwar mutum === [[Fayil:Louis_A._Fuertes_and_baboon.jpg|right|thumb|Fuertes da baboon, Abyssinian Expedition (1927) ]] Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Cornell a 1897 ya zama ɗan koyo ga mai zane Abbott H. Thayer . A shekara ta 1898, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko, tare da Thayer da ɗansa Gerald, zuwa Florida.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> A shekara ta 1899, Fuertes ya bi E. H. Harriman a kan sanannen bincikensa na bakin tekun [[Alaska]], Harriman Alaska Expedition . Daga baya Fuertes ya yi tafiya a yawancin Amurka da kasashe da yawa don neman tsuntsaye, ciki har da Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, da Habasha. Fuertes ya haɗu tare da Frank Chapman, mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka, akan ayyuka da yawa ciki har da bincike na filin, dioramas na baya a gidan kayan gargajiya, da zane-zane na littafi. Yayin da yake kan balaguron tattarawa tare da Chapman a Mexico, Fuertes ya gano nau'in iriole. Chapman ya kira shi ''Icterus fuertesi'', wanda ake kira Fuertes's oriole bayan abokinsa. A shekara ta 1904 Fuertes ya auri Margaret F. Sumner kuma suna da ɗa, Louis Sumner, da 'yar, Mary.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> Fuertes ya ba da lacca a kai a kai game da ilimin tsuntsaye a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] tun daga 1923. Fuertes ya kasance mai iya yin koyi da waƙoƙin tsuntsaye <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1913 |title=Impressions of the voices of tropical birds |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdlore151913nati/birdlore151913nati#page/n412/mode/1up |journal=Bird-Lore |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=341–344}}</ref> har ma ya yi rikodin gwaji don rikodin Victor a cikin 1913. A cikin 1926-27 ya shiga cikin Gidan Tarihi na [[Itofiya|Abyssinian]] wanda Wilfred Hudson Osgood ya jagoranta. Ya samar da wasu daga cikin kyawawan tsuntsaye da ruwa masu shayarwa sakamakon wannan tafiya. === Mutuwa === Bayan dawowarsa daga Habasha, Fuertes ya ziyarci Frank Chapman a Tannersville, New York. Lokacin da ya dawo daga taron, jirgin kasa ya buge motarsa a wani tashar jirgin kasa kusa da Unadilla, New York, kuma an kashe shi. Wani kaya na hay ya ɓoye jirgin da ke zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes [Obituary] |journal=The Ibis |volume=12th series, 3 (4) |pages=741–742}}</ref> Matarsa ta ji rauni sosai amma ta tsira. Ta hanyar ƙaddara, zane-zanen da ya ɗauka duk sun tsira ba tare da lalacewa ba. Wannan tarin na musamman da ba a saba gani ba daga baya C. Suydam Cutting ya sayi shi daga Mrs. Fuertes . <ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnsgard, Paul A. |author-link=Paul Johnsgard |year=2008 |title=Louis A. Fuertes and the Zoological Art of the 1926–1927 Abyssinan Expedition of The Field Museum of Natural History |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=biosciornithology}}</ref> An binne Fuertes a Kabari na Lake View a Ithaca, New York . == Abubuwan tunawa da gado == [[Fayil:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(17541216363).jpg|right|thumb|Parrot na Fuertes, mai suna bayan Louis Agassiz Fuertes]] Ana tunawa da Fuertes ta hanyar nau'o'i biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin jinsunan da abokin aikinsa Frank Chapman ya kira ''Icterus fuertesi'', kodayake yanzu an dauke shi nau'in nau'in oryole. Sauran, parrot na Fuertes, ko ''Hapalopsittaca fuertesi'', an sake gano shi a cikin 2002 bayan shekaru 91 da ake zaton ya ƙare. A cikin 1927, Boy Scouts na Amurka ya sanya Fuertes ya zama ''Scout na girmamawa'', sabon nau'in Scout da aka kirkiro a wannan shekarar. An ba da wannan bambanci ga "'yan Amurkawa waɗanda nasarorin da suka samu a cikin ayyukan waje, bincike da kuma kasada masu dacewa suna da irin wannan hali na musamman don ɗaukar tunanin yara maza...". Sauran goma sha takwas da aka ba da wannan bambanci sune: Roy Chapman Andrews ; Robert Bartlett ; Frederick Russell Burnham ; Richard E. Byrd ; George Kruck Cherrie ; James L. Clark; Merian C. Cooper ; Lincoln Ellsworth ; George Bird Grinnell ; Charles A. Lindbergh ; Donald Baxter MacMillan ; Clifford H. Paparoma; George Palmer Putnam ; Kermit Roosevelt ; Carl Rungius; Stewart Edward White ; Orville Wright . Baya ga jagoranci George Miksch Sutton, Fuertes ya rinjayi yawancin masu fasahar namun daji da suka hada da Roger Tory Peterson, Jörg Kühn, Courtenay Brandreth, da Conrad Roland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetzel |first=Fred |date=2016 |title=Fred Wetzel Artist Biography |url=http://fredwetzelstudios.weebly.com/artist-biography.html |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Artist Biography Fred Wetzel Studios}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ornithological ta Wilson ta kafa lambar yabo ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes a cikin 1947. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Jerome A. |year=1988 |title=The Wilson Ornithological Society in the Last Third of Its First Century: 1956–1988 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v100n04/p0632-p0649.pdf |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=632–649}}</ref> Fuertes kuma ya zana hotuna masu yawa na dabbobi masu shayarwa don ''The National Geographic Magazine'' a 1916 da 1918, kuma ya zaburar da Society don hayar wani mai zane na kansu, Walter A. Weber . Yawancin zane-zanen Fuertes har yanzu suna da mashahuri kuma suna cikin buƙata sosai a yau. Musamman, zane-zanen mai na 1924, Wild Turkey, an sayar da shi don $ 86,250 a gwanjo na Janairu 2012 a New York kuma sauran ayyukansa sun ba da umarni har ma da farashi mafi girma ga masu tarawa masu zaman kansu a duniya. Ƙaunar Fuertes ga dabbobi da shimfidar wurare ta zo ne a cikin zane-zanensa; akwai sanannen rayuwa da farin ciki a cikin aikinsa wanda ya haifar da darajar dogon lokaci. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == [[Fayil:Ardea_melanocephala_Fuertes.jpg|left|thumb|Black-headed Heron, watercolor (1927) ]] Ayyukan farko na Fuertes sun haɗa da manyan allunan ado guda 25 na FF Brewster na New Haven, Connecticut . Bayan haka, an yi wasu zane-zane a Otal ɗin Flamingo, na Miami, Florida, da kuma wasu zane-zane na Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Gida ta New York. Daga baya an yi ta nemansa sosai, yana kwatanta littattafai, faranti na mujallu da mujallu. <ref name="osgood">{{Cite journal |last=Osgood, Wilfred H. |year=1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes |journal=Science |volume=66 |issue=1716 |pages=469–472 |bibcode=1927Sci....66..469O |doi=10.1126/science.66.1716.469 |pmid=17843732}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da hotunan tsuntsaye da kuma sabbin samfuran da aka tattara, ayyukan Fuertes ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wasu daga cikin mafi daidaito da kuma na halitta na zane-zanen tsuntsaye. Yana da ikon kama tsuntsun a aikace kuma ya sake yin zane-zane daga hoton tunani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells, David T. |year=1909 |title=Drawing wild birds in their native haunts |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_54/outLIV05/outLIV05f.pdf |journal=The Outing Magazine |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=568–569}}</ref> <ref name="compare">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman, Frank M. |year=1937 |title=Fuertes and Audubon: A Comparison of the Work and Personalities of Two of the World's Greatest Bird Artists |url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory39newy#page/205/mode/1up |journal=Natural History |volume=39 |pages=205–212}}</ref> Baya ga zane-zane, ya rubuta wasu kasidu masu tsayi, ciki har da ɗaya akan shalkwari a cikin National Geographic da ɗayan kuma akan karnuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuertes, LA |year=1920 |title=Falcony, the sport of Kings |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022546653#page/n3/mode/2up |journal=The National Geographic Magazine |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=429–626}}</ref> Fuertes ne ya tsara murfin mujallar ''Auk'' da ƙungiyar masana tsuntsaye ta Amurka ta buga. <ref name="auk1913">{{Cite journal |last=Anon |year=1913 |title=Notes and news |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v030n01/p0157-p0165.pdf |journal=Auk |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4071947 |jstor=4071947}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin littattafan da ya zana sun haɗa da: * ''A-Birding a kan Bronco'', ta [[Florence Merriam Bailey|Florence A. Merriam]], 1896 (bincike) * Citizen Bird by Mabel Osgood Wright da Elliott Coues . Kamfanin Macmillan, 1896 (an sake bugawa a 1923) * Song Birds da Water Fowl, na [[H E Parkhurst]], 1897 (an bincika) * Bird Craft, na M. Osgood Wright, 1897 (1900 sake bugawa) * ''Woodpeckers'', na F H Eckstorm, 1901 (an bincika) * ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', na Olive Thorne Miller (sunan Mrs. Harriet Mann Miller), 1901 (an bincika) * Tsuntsaye na Rockies, na [[Leander S. Keyser]] 1902 (bincike) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Western North America, na Frank Chapman, 1902 (1904 sake bugawa) * Tsuntsaye na Upland, na [[Edwyn Sandys]] da [[T S van Dyke]], 1902 (an bincika) * Maɓallin tsuntsayen Arewacin Amurka ta Elliott Coues, 1903 (an bincika) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, na Frank M. Chapman, 1904 (an bincika) * ''Tsuntsaye na New York'' na Elon Howard Eaton, 1910 (an bincika) * ''Dabbobi na daji na Arewacin Amurka'' ta Edward W. Nelson, 1918 (an bincika) * Littafin Burgess Bird don Yara, na Thornton W. Burgess, 1919 Littafin Burgesse Bird don Yara[[iarchive:cu31924090252812|Littafin Tsuntsu na Burgess don Yara]] * ''Tsuntsaye na Massachusetts da Sauran jihohin New England'' na Edward Howe Forbush, 1925 (bugawa ta 1927) * ''Mai zane-zane da mai zane-zane a Habasha'' ta Wilfred Hudson Osgood . Gidan lambu: Doubleday, Doran da Co., 1936 * ''Rayuwar Tsuntsu ta Texas'' ta Harry Church Oberholser . Jami'ar Texas Press, 1974 === Hotunan Hotuna === {{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Sauran tushe == * [Hasiya] Louis Agassiz Fuertes: rayuwarsa ta takaice da kuma wasikunsa. Jami'ar Oxford Press. * Norelli, Martina R. ''Hoton namun daji na Amurka'' (Fuertes, Audubon, Heade, Wilson, Thayer, Catesby) Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8230-0217-9|<bdi>0-8230-0217-9</bdi>]]{{ISBN|0-8230-0217-9}}&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == * [https://cidc.library.cornell.edu/Fuertes2000/fuertes.asp Tarin bayanai na hoto] [https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Birds/ na kan layi na Jami'ar Cornell] * [[iarchive:cu31924022555027|Binciken wasu zane-zanen tsuntsaye, tarin Cornell]] * [[iarchive:albumofabyssinia00fuer|Tsuntsaye na Abyssinian da Mammals: Fentin daga rayuwa ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1930) sigar leƙa]] * * * Works by Louis Agassiz Fuertes * Works by or about Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2951#/titles Ayyukan Louis Agassiz Fuertes] a Laburaren Tarihi na Halitta * Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/AwUBV6nTdY1vIw Tarihin] Rayuwa a Google Arts &amp;amp; Al'adu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2w8ygv8adys4jlj3v57yp5h02fb5uo 891031 891003 2026-08-03T17:16:35Z Baffa ali 47435 891031 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Fayil:Cardinalis_cardinalis_(small_illustration).jpg|Cardinal, from ''Citizen Bird'' (1897) Fayil:Tyrannus_tyrannusABP06CA.jpg|Eastern kingbird, from ''The Second Book of Birds'' (1901) Fayil:Sphyrapicus_thyroideusECP01CB.jpg|Williamson's sapsucker, from ''Birds of the Rockies'' (1902) Fayil:Gelada_baboon_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Gelada baboon|Gelada baboon from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Parus_rufescensDU1N028CA.JPG|Chestnut-backed chickadee, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Stercorarius_pomarinusDUCA.jpg|Pomarine jaeger, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Dendroica_dominicaEMP13CB.jpg|Yellow-throated warbler, from ''Warblers of North America'' (1907) Fayil:Bubo_virginianusDO1908P01CA.JPG|Great horned owl, from ''United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook'' (1908) Fayil:Accipiter_gentilisAAP045CA.jpg|Goshawk, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Nightjar_in_flight_-_AAP065A.jpg|Nightjars, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Dryocopus_pileatusAAP063CA.jpg|Pileated woodpecker, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Magnolia_Warbler_NGM-v31-p313-A.jpg|Magnolia warbler, from ''The Warblers of North America'' (''National Geographic'', 1917) Fayil:Plegadis_chihiGBP08CA.jpg|White-faced ibis, from ''Game Birds of California'' (1918) Fayil:Ceratogymna_brevisEYP24A.jpg|Silvery-cheeked hornbill, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Eupodotis_melanogasterEYP18A.jpg|Black-bellied bustard, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Haliaeetus_vociferEYP14A.jpg|African fish eagle, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Fuertes_Flamingo_Mural.JPG|Flamingo mural at the American Museum of Natural History Fayil:Secretary_bird_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Secretary bird|Secretary bird, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) </gallery>'''Louis Agassiz Fortes''' ( Acikin makon fabareru 7, 1874 harzuwa makon agusta 22, 1927) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Amurka, mai zane-zane kuma mai zane wanda ya kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da na yau da khullun don fasahar ilimin tsuntsayen da kuma zane-zane na halitta kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane masu zane-zanen tsuntsaye na Amurka, na biyu kawai ga wanda ya riga shi John James Audubon. == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Hirundo_rusticaABP01CA.jpg|left|thumb|Barn swallow daga ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', 1901]] === Rayuwa ta farko === Fuertes an haife shi ne a Ithaca, New York, kuma ɗa ne ga masanin falaki na Puerto Rican kuma injiniyan farar hula Estevan Fuertes da Mary Stone Perry Fuertes. Mahaifinsa shi ne Farfesa wanda ya kafa Makarantar Injiniya ta Jama'a a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], kuma ya yi shekaru da yawa yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. Estevan ya sanya wa ɗansa suna bayan ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka ɗan asalin ƙasar Switzerland Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, wanda ya mutu a shekarar da ta gabata. Mahaifiyar Fuertes, an haife ta a Troy, New York, ta zuriyar Holland ne. Matashi Louis ya zama mai sha'awar tsuntsaye tun yana ƙarami, yana kashe tsuntsaye da slingshot kuma yana bincika su a hankali. Lokacin yana yaro, John James Audubon's ''The Birds of America'' ya rinjaye shi. Yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya yi zanen sa na farko na wani tsuntsu mai rai, ɗan jajayen giciye na namiji . Ya koyi kiyaye bayanan kamanni, halaye da muryoyin tsuntsaye a hankali. A shekara ta 1890, ya aika da samfurin da ya tattara zuwa Smithsonian kuma ya sami yabo mai ban sha'awa da kuma maganganu masu haske game da ƙarancinsa da daidaito kuma a shekara ta 1891, yana da shekaru 17, Louis ya zama ƙaramin memba da aka taɓa kiransa a matsayin Mataimakin memba na Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka. Abokan aikin mahaifinsa a Cornell sun karfafa shi gwiwa ciki har da Burt G. Wilder da Liberty H. Bailey . A watan Yunin 1892, ya bi iyayensa zuwa Turai kuma ya zana tsuntsaye da dabbobi a Jardin des Plantes a Paris. A watan Satumba, ya shiga Cibiyar Keller, makarantar da ke Zurich, inda ya zauna na shekara guda.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> === Jami'ar Cornell === Da ya dawo Amurka, ya shiga Cornell a shekara ta 1893, ya zaɓi ya yi karatun akan gine-gine. Babban ɗan'uwansa James, duk da haka ya raba a cikin wani abin tunawa cewa Louis ba shi da sha'awar lissafi da lissafi kuma sau da yawa zai yi barci lokacin da James ya yi ƙoƙarin horar da shi. A lokacin wani lacca na kwaleji, Louis ya hau daga taga na aji kuma ya zauna gaba ɗaya a cikin itace don bincika kiran tsuntsu mai ban mamaki da bai taɓa ji ba. Sha'awarsa ga waka ta kai shi ga shiga kungiyar Glee ta Jami'ar Cornell . A shekara ta 1894, Glee Club ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda wani memba na kulob din ya ba da shawarar cewa Louis ya sadu da kawunsa Elliott Coues, wanda shi ma yana da sha'awar tsuntsaye. Wannan taron ya kasance canji, yayin da Coues ya gane kwarewar Fuertes kuma ya yada kalmar game da aikinsa na musamman. A shekara ta 1895 Coues ya nuna ayyukan Fuertes hamsin a Majalisa ta Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka a Washington, taron da Louis bai iya halarta ba. Ya sami na farko daga cikin kwamitocinsa da yawa don kwatanta tsuntsaye yayin da yake karatun digiri. A Cornell, an zabe shi zuwa Sphinx Head Society, tsohuwar babbar ƙungiyar girmamawa a Jami'ar. Ya kuma kasance memba na Alpha Delta Phi wanda ya shiga bayan ya kasance abokai na dindindin tare da sanannen masanin lambu da masanin halitta Theodore Luqueer Mead, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban mahaifinsa kuma memba na ƙungiyar. A shekara ta 1896, Coues ya gayyaci Fuertes don halartar taron Ornithological da aka gudanar a Cambridge a Ingila. === Ayyuka da rayuwar mutum === [[Fayil:Louis_A._Fuertes_and_baboon.jpg|right|thumb|Fuertes da baboon, Abyssinian Expedition (1927) ]] Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Cornell a 1897 ya zama ɗan koyo ga mai zane Abbott H. Thayer . A shekara ta 1898, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko, tare da Thayer da ɗansa Gerald, zuwa Florida.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> A shekara ta 1899, Fuertes ya bi E. H. Harriman a kan sanannen bincikensa na bakin tekun [[Alaska]], Harriman Alaska Expedition . Daga baya Fuertes ya yi tafiya a yawancin Amurka da kasashe da yawa don neman tsuntsaye, ciki har da Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, da Habasha. Fuertes ya haɗu tare da Frank Chapman, mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka, akan ayyuka da yawa ciki har da bincike na filin, dioramas na baya a gidan kayan gargajiya, da zane-zane na littafi. Yayin da yake kan balaguron tattarawa tare da Chapman a Mexico, Fuertes ya gano nau'in iriole. Chapman ya kira shi ''Icterus fuertesi'', wanda ake kira Fuertes's oriole bayan abokinsa. A shekara ta 1904 Fuertes ya auri Margaret F. Sumner kuma suna da ɗa, Louis Sumner, da 'yar, Mary.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> Fuertes ya ba da lacca a kai a kai game da ilimin tsuntsaye a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] tun daga 1923. Fuertes ya kasance mai iya yin koyi da waƙoƙin tsuntsaye <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1913 |title=Impressions of the voices of tropical birds |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdlore151913nati/birdlore151913nati#page/n412/mode/1up |journal=Bird-Lore |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=341–344}}</ref> har ma ya yi rikodin gwaji don rikodin Victor a cikin 1913. A cikin shekara ta 1926 harzuwa 1927 ya shiga cikin Gidan Tarihi na [[Itofiya|Abyssinian]] wanda Wilfred Hudson Osgood ya jagoranta. Ya samar da wasu daga cikin kyawawan tsuntsaye da ruwa masu shayarwa sakamakon wannan tafiya. === Mutuwa === Bayan dawowarsa daga Habasha, Fuertes ya ziyarci Frank Chapman a Tannersville, New York. Lokacin da ya dawo daga taron, jirgin kasa ya buge motarsa a wani tashar jirgin kasa kusa da Unadilla, New York, kuma an kashe shi. Wani kaya na hay ya ɓoye jirgin da ke zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes [Obituary] |journal=The Ibis |volume=12th series, 3 (4) |pages=741–742}}</ref> Matarsa ta ji rauni sosai amma ta tsira. Ta hanyar ƙaddara, zane-zanen da ya ɗauka duk sun tsira ba tare da lalacewa ba. Wannan tarin na musamman da ba a saba gani ba daga baya C. Suydam Cutting ya sayi shi daga Mrs. Fuertes . <ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnsgard, Paul A. |author-link=Paul Johnsgard |year=2008 |title=Louis A. Fuertes and the Zoological Art of the 1926–1927 Abyssinan Expedition of The Field Museum of Natural History |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=biosciornithology}}</ref> An binne Fuertes a Kabari na Lake View a Ithaca, New York . == Abubuwan tunawa da gado == [[Fayil:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(17541216363).jpg|right|thumb|Parrot na Fuertes, mai suna bayan Louis Agassiz Fuertes]] Ana tunawa da Fuertes ta hanyar nau'o'i biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin jinsunan da abokin aikinsa Frank Chapman ya kira ''Icterus fuertesi'', kodayake yanzu an dauke shi nau'in nau'in oryole. Sauran, parrot na Fuertes, ko ''Hapalopsittaca fuertesi'', an sake gano shi a cikin shekara 2002 bayan shekaru 91 da ake zaton ya ƙare.Hakakuma Baya g a jagoranci George Miksch Sutton, Fuertes ya rinjayi yawancin masu fasahar namun daji da suka hada da Roger Tory Peterson, Jörg Kühn, Courtenay Brandreth, da Conrad Roland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetzel |first=Fred |date=2016 |title=Fred Wetzel Artist Biography |url=http://fredwetzelstudios.weebly.com/artist-biography.html |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Artist Biography Fred Wetzel Studios}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ornithological ta Wilson ta kafa lambar yabo ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes a cikin 1947. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Jerome A. |year=1988 |title=The Wilson Ornithological Society in the Last Third of Its First Century: 1956–1988 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v100n04/p0632-p0649.pdf |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=632–649}}</ref> Fuertes kuma ya zana hotuna masu yawa na dabbobi masu shayarwa don ''The National Geographic Magazine'' a 1916 da 1918, kuma ya zaburar da Society don hayar wani mai zane na kansu, Walter A. Weber . Yawancin zane-zanen Fuertes har yanzu suna da mashahuri kuma suna cikin buƙata sosai a yau. Musamman, zane-zanen mai na 1924, Wild Turkey, an sayar da shi a fashin don $ 86,250 a gwanjo na Janairu 2012 a New York kuma sauran ayyukansa sun ba da umarni har ma da farashi mafi girma ga masu tarawa masu zaman kansu a duniya. Ƙaunar Fuertes ga dabbobi da shimfidar wurare ta zo ne a cikin zane-zanensa; akwai sanannen rayuwa da farin ciki a cikin aikinsa wanda ya haifar da darajar dogon lokaci. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == [[Fayil:Ardea_melanocephala_Fuertes.jpg|left|thumb|Black-headed Heron, watercolor (1927) ]] Ayyukan farko na Fuertes sun haɗa da manyan allunan ado guda 25 na FF Brewster na New Haven, Connecticut . Bayan haka, an yi wasu zane-zane a Otal ɗin Flamingo, na Miami, Florida, da kuma wasu zane-zane na Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Gida ta New York. Daga baya an yi ta nemansa sosai, yana kwatanta littattafai, faranti na mujallu da mujallu. <ref name="osgood">{{Cite journal |last=Osgood, Wilfred H. |year=1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes |journal=Science |volume=66 |issue=1716 |pages=469–472 |bibcode=1927Sci....66..469O |doi=10.1126/science.66.1716.469 |pmid=17843732}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da hotunan tsuntsaye da kuma sabbin samfuran da aka tattara, ayyukan Fuertes ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wasu daga cikin mafi daidaito da kuma na halitta na zane-zanen tsuntsaye. Yana da ikon kama tsuntsun a aikace kuma ya sake yin zane-zane daga hoton tunani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells, David T. |year=1909 |title=Drawing wild birds in their native haunts |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_54/outLIV05/outLIV05f.pdf |journal=The Outing Magazine |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=568–569}}</ref> <ref name="compare">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman, Frank M. |year=1937 |title=Fuertes and Audubon: A Comparison of the Work and Personalities of Two of the World's Greatest Bird Artists |url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory39newy#page/205/mode/1up |journal=Natural History |volume=39 |pages=205–212}}</ref> Baya ga zane-zane, ya rubuta wasu kasidu masu tsayi, ciki har da ɗaya akan shalkwari a cikin National Geographic da ɗayan kuma akan karnuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuertes, LA |year=1920 |title=Falcony, the sport of Kings |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022546653#page/n3/mode/2up |journal=The National Geographic Magazine |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=429–626}}</ref> Fuertes ne ya tsara murfin mujallar ''Auk'' da ƙungiyar masana tsuntsaye ta Amurka ta buga. <ref name="auk1913">{{Cite journal |last=Anon |year=1913 |title=Notes and news |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v030n01/p0157-p0165.pdf |journal=Auk |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4071947 |jstor=4071947}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin littattafan da ya zana sun haɗa da: * ''A-Birding a kan Bronco'', ta [[Florence Merriam Bailey|Florence A. Merriam]], 1896 (bincike) * Citizen Bird by Mabel Osgood Wright da Elliott Coues . Kamfanin Macmillan, 1896 (an sake bugawa a 1923) * Song Birds da Water Fowl, na [[H E Parkhurst]], 1897 (an bincika) * Bird Craft, na M. Osgood Wright, 1897 (1900 sake bugawa) * ''Woodpeckers'', na F H Eckstorm, 1901 (an bincika) * ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', na Olive Thorne Miller (sunan Mrs. Harriet Mann Miller), 1901 (an bincika) * Tsuntsaye na Rockies, na [[Leander S. Keyser]] 1902 (bincike) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Western North America, na Frank Chapman, 1902 (1904 sake bugawa) * Tsuntsaye na Upland, na [[Edwyn Sandys]] da [[T S van Dyke]], 1902 (an bincika) * Maɓallin tsuntsayen Arewacin Amurka ta Elliott Coues, 1903 (an bincika) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, na Frank M. Chapman, 1904 (an bincika) * ''Tsuntsaye na New York'' na Elon Howard Eaton, 1910 (an bincika) * ''Dabbobi na daji na Arewacin Amurka'' ta Edward W. Nelson, 1918 (an bincika) * Littafin Burgess Bird don Yara, na Thornton W. Burgess, 1919 Littafin Burgesse Bird don Yara[[iarchive:cu31924090252812|Littafin Tsuntsu na Burgess don Yara]] * ''Tsuntsaye na Massachusetts da Sauran jihohin New England'' na Edward Howe Forbush, 1925 (bugawa ta 1927) * ''Mai zane-zane da mai zane-zane a Habasha'' ta Wilfred Hudson Osgood . Gidan lambu: Doubleday, Doran da Co., 1936 * ''Rayuwar Tsuntsu ta Texas'' ta Harry Church Oberholser . Jami'ar Texas Press, 1974 === Hotunan Hotuna === {{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Sauran tushe == * [Hasiya] Louis Agassiz Fuertes: rayuwarsa ta takaice da kuma wasikunsa. Jami'ar Oxford Press. * Norelli, Martina R. ''Hoton namun daji na Amurka'' (Fuertes, Audubon, Heade, Wilson, Thayer, Catesby) Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8230-0217-9|<bdi>0-8230-0217-9</bdi>]]{{ISBN|0-8230-0217-9}}&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == * [https://cidc.library.cornell.edu/Fuertes2000/fuertes.asp Tarin bayanai na hoto] [https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Birds/ na kan layi na Jami'ar Cornell] * [[iarchive:cu31924022555027|Binciken wasu zane-zanen tsuntsaye, tarin Cornell]] * [[iarchive:albumofabyssinia00fuer|Tsuntsaye na Abyssinian da Mammals: Fentin daga rayuwa ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1930) sigar leƙa]] * * * Works by Louis Agassiz Fuertes * Works by or about Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2951#/titles Ayyukan Louis Agassiz Fuertes] a Laburaren Tarihi na Halitta * Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/AwUBV6nTdY1vIw Tarihin] Rayuwa a Google Arts &amp;amp; Al'adu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] thsmdwhhexqd9oibrvn61rze2eas2sj 0 162727 891063 2026-08-03T19:33:11Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333049605|Mangalorean Catholic cuisine]]" 891063 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''My phone is the same shi I want to see you in the morning and I will be there in a few minutes to get the attached to the current location kuma an gina my phone is the same shi I want to see you in the morning and I will be there in a few minutes to get the attached to the current location kuma my address is the same Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork) wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na ''''Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), curry da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza. == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. 6rhpil997iec0xwr0hrxpilz0teg6d4 891064 891063 2026-08-03T19:34:18Z Alubaki 30448 891064 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork) wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na ''''Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), curry da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza. == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. 7pm8qt0l5qnbin86cyrduvq7e55f7ah 891065 891064 2026-08-03T19:34:43Z Alubaki 30448 891065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork) wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na ''''Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), curry da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza. == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. b6glq7khbptsoeius09ogfamexl3dn4 891066 891065 2026-08-03T19:35:49Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba */ 891066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork) wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na ''''Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), curry da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza.<ref> {{Citation | last = Nayak | first = Amrita | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | title = Typically home | publication-date = 2007-08-11 | publication-place = Mangalore | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | archive-date = 2012-11-03 | access-date = 2017-08-16 | date = 2007-08-11 | df = ymd }} [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/typically-home/article2251889.ece Alt URL] </ref> == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. 2ont76ehkstfizfchrrxlnmct4bw7su 891068 891066 2026-08-03T19:38:10Z Alubaki 30448 /* Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba */ 891068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork)<ref name="DAJ"> {{Citation | last = D'Souza | first = Stephan | url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 | title = What's in a Name? | publication-date = 2008-01-08 | publisher = [[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd]] | publication-place = Mangalore | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 | archive-date = 2012-02-08 | access-date = 2017-08-16 | df = ymd }} </ref> wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na ''''Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), curry da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza.<ref> {{Citation | last = Nayak | first = Amrita | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | title = Typically home | publication-date = 2007-08-11 | publication-place = Mangalore | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | archive-date = 2012-11-03 | access-date = 2017-08-16 | date = 2007-08-11 | df = ymd }} [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/typically-home/article2251889.ece Alt URL] </ref> == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. 6gulzaqmmpd1rin9f9hq7ndwuv0e6q2 891175 891068 2026-08-04T03:01:38Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba */ gyaran tsarin rubutu 891175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Pan-fried-fish.jpg|thumb|Kifi da aka dafa a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] [[Fayil:Fish_roe_curry.jpg|thumb|Roe kifi curry a cikin salon Katolika na Mangalorean]] '''Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean''' shine abincin al'ummar Katolika na Mangelorean wanda shine muhimmin bangare na al'adun Katolika na Mangilorean. Katolika na Mangalore Krista ne na Katolika daga Mangalore da sauran yankin tarihi na Kudancin Canara a kudancin [[Karnataka]] na yanzu, Indiya. Yawancin Katolika na Mangalorean suna da asali tare da Katolika na Goan, yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Goa na Portuguese zuwa Masarautar Keladi, tsakanin 1560 da 1763, bayan Kiristanci. Gudun ya ci gaba a lokacin Inquisition na Portuguese, Mahratta Invasion na Goa da Bombay da sauransu. Bayan ƙaurawarsu, sun karɓi wasu fannoni na al'adun Mangalorean na gida, amma kuma sun riƙe wasu abubuwa na hanyar rayuwarsu ta Konkani. == Abincin da ba na kayan lambu ba == [[Fayil:Mangalorean_Catholic_Sanna_Dukra_mass.jpg|thumb|Sanna-Dukra Maas]] Curry din su yana amfani da kwakwa da ganye masu yawa yayin da ake amfani da ginger, tafarnuwa da chilli. Abincin Katolika na Mangalorean yana da tasirin Portuguese kamar yadda za'a iya gani a ''Laitao'', sanannen Pork Bafat ya yi aiki a matsayin Pièce de résistance a abincin dare na bikin aure, da Pork Sorpotel . An kira masu dafa abinci kamar Davidam ko Alicebai don taimakawa tare da sake dafa abinci. Katolika na Mangalorean sun haɗu da jinin alade da sauran sassan a mafi yawan abincin alade kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga ''Pork Bafat'', ''Cabidela'' da Pork Kaliz Unkiti (zuciya da hanji). ''''Sanna''-''Dukra Maas'''' (Sanna - idli fluffed tare da toddy ko yisti; Dukra Maas - Pork)<ref name="DAJ"> {{Citation | last = D'Souza | first = Stephan | url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 | title = What's in a Name? | publication-date = 2008-01-08 | publisher = [[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd]] | publication-place = Mangalore | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 | archive-date = 2012-02-08 | access-date = 2017-08-16 | df = ymd }} </ref> wani abu ne mai kirkirar da aka yi daga gurasar yisti da ake kira sanna . &nbsp;&nbsp;''Chicken Indaz'' ma sananne ne. Al'adun gargajiya na 'Ros'' kadi'' (Ros Curry), kori da aka yi da ros (madara ta kwakwa) tare da kaza, kifi ko ragon ya shahara sosai kuma ana ba da shi a lokacin bikin Ros (mai shafawa) wanda aka gudanar 1 ko 2 kwanaki kafin bikin auren Katolika na Mangalorean. Kifin su na curry musamman kifin su na Roe Curry, an san shi da dandano a duk faɗin Indiya yayin da kifin da aka dafa a cikin salon su sananne ne. [[Idiyappam|Sheveo]] da Pathal Bakri (wani bambancin ''Kori Rotti'') busassun shinkafa ne da aka tsoma a cikin tasa na kaza.<ref> {{Citation | last = Nayak | first = Amrita | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | title = Typically home | publication-date = 2007-08-11 | publication-place = Mangalore | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm | archive-date = 2012-11-03 | access-date = 2017-08-16 | date = 2007-08-11 | df = ymd }} [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/typically-home/article2251889.ece Alt URL] </ref> == Abincin kayan lambu == [[Fayil:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg|thumb|Kuswar]] Al'ada ce ga Kiristoci na Katolika su guji nama, a lokacin Lent, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadayar lenten. "Balthazaar chutney" sanannen kayan yaji ne. Abincin ya samo asali ne lokacin da Balthazaar, wani dan majalisa na Katolika na Mangalorean, Tippu Sultan ya kama shi a shekara ta 1784 a lokacin Captivity of Mangaloreans Catholics a Seringapatam . Da yake ba zai iya cin abinci na sansanin ba, sai ya ba da gudummawa don yin Chutney ga Katolika na Mangalorean da aka kama. Gurɓataccen, wani nau'in sambhar tare da ''galmbi'' (kifi da aka bushe) ko ''Kambolas'' (kayan tuna) sananne ne. ''fode'' na gargajiya sanannen pickle ne. ''Thail piao'', wanda ke nufin a zahiri kayan lambu da aka zubar da man fetur da albasa kuma aka bar su tafasa a kan itace na wuta ya shahara sosai. ''Karamb'' (saladi na kumburi) da ''foka'' (yatsan uwargijiyar da aka haɗa da cashewnuts). ''appa'' da panpole (wani nau'in crepe) sanannun kayan lambu ne da aka yi da shinkafa, ruwa da gishiri. ''wannan bakri'' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka yi da shinkafa mai laushi da aka gauraya da kwakwa mai laushi kuma an gasa shi a kan Tabba a kan ganyen ayaba. ''mitais'', mandas, ''ushae'', ''pitae'' da ''''mani'''' sanannun abinci ne masu dadi. [[Fayil:Kuswar_in_Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|Kuswar]] ''Kuswar'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita sau da yawa don ambaton saiti na kayan [[Kirsimeti]] na musamman waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na abincin al'ummar Katolika ta Mangalorean Akwai girke-girke na gargajiya daban-daban 22 waɗanda suka samar da wannan dandano na musamman na bikin Kirsimeti a Mangalore. Neuries ne puffs cike da plums, kwayoyi, da soya theel (sesame) da sukari. ''Kidyo'' ko ''Kulkuls'' kayan kwalliya ne da aka tsoma a cikin sukari, pathekas suna da ɗanɗano na ayaba mai launin kore, da laddelus da ''gulios'' masu tsagewa. Macaroons shine abin da Manglore ya shahara kuma kukis mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana shine abin da aka fi so. Amma cake ne mai wadata wanda ke ɗaukar mafi kyawun ɓangaren mako don yin. Ana yanka 'ya'yan itace, plums, currents, raisins da kyau kuma a tsoma su cikin rum. An yayyafa gari kuma an ɗora shi a hankali a rana. Kwayoyin sun fashe kuma an yanka su kuma duk dangin sun taru don yin kek. Ana ba da ayyuka, ɗaya don yin ƙwai, yayin da wani ya yi amfani da man shanu da sukari, ana yin amfani da tukwane, kuma ana buƙatar makamai masu ƙarfi don yin cakuda na ƙarshe da motsawa. Patrode ko pathrade, abincin ganyen colocasia da aka cika da shinkafa, dal, jaggery, kwakwa, da kayan yaji suma sananne ne. Tsarin Katolika na Mangalorean na wannan abincin tururi ɗan bambanci ne akan girke-girke na Tuluva. Fiye da ɗanɗano, ana soya shi a cikin ''Miit mirsang'' (gishiri da chilli), sanannen ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi don ɗanɗano abincin Katolika na Mangalorean. == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Mangalorean Katolika Cuisine by RoseMary Albuquerque Pai daga jaridar The Summer Sands Online''Jaridar Summer Sands Online'' * [http://mynation.net/cook/tag/mangalorean-dishes/ Abincin Mangalorean] ta MyNation Sauƙin Shirye-shiryen da Abincin * [https://oneplateplease.com/recipes/] www.oneplateplease.com na Jason Castelino, mai cin abinci na Mangalorean a kan neman gano tarihin da ɓoyayyun lu'u-lu'u na Mangaloresan Cuisine * [https://spicesandaromas.com/mangalorean] ta hanyar Rovena's Spices & Aromas, Mangalorean & Traditional food * [https://hungrymangy.com] by Hungry Mangy - Tarin girke-girke na gida wanda mambobin kungiyar Hungry mangy suka gabatar. ehy225zpa9frg2idj49qmpn7gekdznl 2 162728 891072 2026-08-03T19:56:52Z Baffa ali 47435 Sabon shafi: Sunana baffa ali an haifeni ashekara ta dubu biyu da biyu(2002) a hukumar garin shanono na fara makaranta furamare shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010) sannan na gama a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma shashida (2016) na cigaba da sakandare dubu biyu da goma shabakwai (2017) sannan na kammala a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu (2022). 891072 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana baffa ali an haifeni ashekara ta dubu biyu da biyu(2002) a hukumar garin shanono na fara makaranta furamare shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010) sannan na gama a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma shashida (2016) na cigaba da sakandare dubu biyu da goma shabakwai (2017) sannan na kammala a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu (2022). 0ag0mr5q6368b9m8pco84jpwhrk2jjl 891075 891072 2026-08-03T20:12:05Z Baffa ali 47435 891075 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Baffa Ali an haifeni a shekara ta (2002) a karamar hukumar Shanono, na fara makaranta furamare a shekara ta 2010) sannan na gama a shekara ta (2016) na cigaba da sakandare dubu biyu da goma shabakwai (2017) sannan na kammala a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu (2022). gwl39jxtpp0lxui2hsvkqqacn8k33tl 3 162729 891085 2026-08-03T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ArioKarev! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ArioKarev|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 07ew1682fc00igxiafdj8mt7tzj93ew 3 162730 891086 2026-08-03T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Knowka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Knowka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) k9njfggaxuqp9jrqemscootpoj23c0u 3 162731 891087 2026-08-03T21:24:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891087 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Csar62! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Csar62|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kpsd0bytj95ty9hpqsike31f0q8ohds 3 162732 891089 2026-08-03T21:24:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891089 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SVcode! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SVcode|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0jws64qc7ae7fdnlk6jo2u6leho5tla 3 162733 891090 2026-08-03T21:24:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891090 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Haphsart hbb! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Haphsart hbb|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dosfctgc98wgrn0zqji4njfmuik47dn 3 162734 891091 2026-08-03T21:24:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891091 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mintcookie810! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mintcookie810|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9y1mmno1a634j23at8k8rt84ozhe099 3 162735 891092 2026-08-03T21:24:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891092 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vilya Shoni! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vilya Shoni|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) b0uxxzn75gt6r4w2f5b15ar26gvlhg6 3 162736 891093 2026-08-03T21:24:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891093 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MadamadamadaM! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MadamadamadaM|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) s488re1bv5ihu28krnwsx2t88m9y2of 3 162737 891094 2026-08-03T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891094 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tomidreams! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tomidreams|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) lamuqlrjuqaj9vybmn6kcx7njtjg7xy 3 162738 891095 2026-08-03T21:25:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891095 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, جبريل جابر أمير النيجر! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/جبريل جابر أمير النيجر|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dalkrb4u5jo3ka19wamhzqhqhfgvxbs 3 162739 891096 2026-08-03T21:25:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891096 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mario-dental! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mario-dental|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7ubl4urtf7kj5o392bab7yacrntilod 3 162740 891097 2026-08-03T21:25:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891097 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jkasutoro! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jkasutoro|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) fw0b7a3yht5a8o9u772ojfrkix5ci6h 3 162741 891098 2026-08-03T21:25:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891098 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anrubmar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anrubmar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 6d3hwjbxymofquk2ouhr9c70agmqihj 3 162742 891099 2026-08-03T21:25:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891099 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MiAnKu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MiAnKu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8bxvoqebfq2i4hq0vu7c0jhi3f0u7kg 3 162743 891100 2026-08-03T21:26:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891100 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Juventino Castillo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Juventino Castillo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) rztygt00wtzi5d68wf43paqghdc58lm 3 162744 891101 2026-08-03T21:26:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891101 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MrNinja! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MrNinja|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8geht844ad2sjczzb73nut7numhobnz 3 162745 891102 2026-08-03T21:26:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 891102 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Viemenzes Mapping OFC! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Viemenzes Mapping OFC|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ko5gdezxmlr22iyjv6fo24rgxit2jym 0 162747 891263 2026-08-04T09:12:38Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337103279|Maimouna Traoré]]" 891263 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Maimouna Traoré''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Mali|Malian]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Mali . Ta fafata a Mali a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2018, inda ta buga wasanni biyu. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Mali squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}{{Mali squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}{{Mali squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] d80rba7gtfy70cv7swse1m1nbe1dhag 891276 891263 2026-08-04T10:35:15Z Mahuta 11340 891276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maimouna Traoré''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Mali|Malian]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Mali . Ta fafata a Mali a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2018, inda ta buga wasanni biyu. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Mali squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}{{Mali squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}{{Mali squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] lrx3ktazyuqmfn4lnvbnezzbmwwug89 0 162748 891264 2026-08-04T09:14:01Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357974539|Jeannette Yango]]" 891264 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jeannette Grace Ngock Ya''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Kamaru wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Kamaru . == Ayyukan kulob din == A watan Yulin 2024, an sanar da Ngock a matsayin memba na jerin sunayen DC Power na USL Super League . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moodley |first=P. |title=DC Power Football Club Announce Roster Ahead of Inaugural 2024/25 Season |url=https://www.dcpowerfootballclub.com/news/2024/07/09/dc-power-football-club-announce-roster-ahead-of-inaugural-2024-25-season/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=DCPowerFootballClub.com |publisher=[[DC Power FC|DC Power]]}}</ref> Ta shafe shekaru biyu tare da Power FC kafin kulob din ya ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilar ta a 2026, ta sake ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-05 |title=DC Power Football Club Announce End-Of-Season Roster Updates |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/dc-power-football-club-announce-end-of-season-roster-updates/n-6371292 |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=OurSports Central |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wasanni 19 ga DC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Power Football Club Player Stats |url=https://www.gainbridgesuperleague.com/dc-power-football-club-player-stats/ |access-date=June 5, 2026 |publisher=[[USL Super League]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''1. FFC Turbine Potsdam''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Bundesliga: 2012-13 * DFB-Pokal wanda ya zo na biyu: 2012-13 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|jeannette-yango/253475}} {{Navboxes|title=Cameroon squads|bg=#007A5E|fg=#FCD116|bordercolor=#CE1126|list1={{Cameroon squad 2010 African Women's Championship}} {{Cameroon women's football squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} {{Cameroon squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Cameroon squad 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Cameroon squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Cameroon squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Cameroon squad 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Cameroon squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 4ceazxh303jlzasg7zu1faepkkusrnl 891280 891264 2026-08-04T10:42:06Z Mahuta 11340 891280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jeannette Grace Ngock Ya''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Kamaru wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Kamaru . == Ayyukan kulob din == A watan Yulin 2024, an sanar da Ngock a matsayin memba na jerin sunayen DC Power na USL Super League . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moodley |first=P. |title=DC Power Football Club Announce Roster Ahead of Inaugural 2024/25 Season |url=https://www.dcpowerfootballclub.com/news/2024/07/09/dc-power-football-club-announce-roster-ahead-of-inaugural-2024-25-season/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=DCPowerFootballClub.com |publisher=[[DC Power FC|DC Power]]}}</ref> Ta shafe shekaru biyu tare da Power FC kafin kulob din ya ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilar ta a 2026, ta sake ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-05 |title=DC Power Football Club Announce End-Of-Season Roster Updates |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/dc-power-football-club-announce-end-of-season-roster-updates/n-6371292 |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=OurSports Central |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wasanni 19 ga DC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Power Football Club Player Stats |url=https://www.gainbridgesuperleague.com/dc-power-football-club-player-stats/ |access-date=June 5, 2026 |publisher=[[USL Super League]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''1. FFC Turbine Potsdam''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Bundesliga: 2012-13 * DFB-Pokal wanda ya zo na biyu: 2012-13 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|jeannette-yango/253475}} {{Navboxes|title=Cameroon squads|bg=#007A5E|fg=#FCD116|bordercolor=#CE1126|list1={{Cameroon squad 2010 African Women's Championship}} {{Cameroon women's football squad 2012 Summer Olympics}} {{Cameroon squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Cameroon squad 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Cameroon squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Cameroon squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Cameroon squad 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Cameroon squad 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 7lq2vhnxop289l03uwdmornba74dlys 0 162749 891265 2026-08-04T09:15:45Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351540799|Samira Suleman]]" 891265 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Samira Suleman''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1991) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ghana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a Iceland ga Víkingur Ólafsvík . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Iceland === Suleman ya zo Víkingur Ólafsvík a shekarar 2015 kuma ya buga wasanni 10 a lokacin kakar 2015. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar 2-0 a kan Habasha a wasan cancantar gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=Black Queens beat Ethiopia to take lead in AWC qualifying – Black Queens |url=http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202037/http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=ghanafa.org}}</ref> Ta kasance a cikin tawagar Ghana don Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Ghana names final squad for African Women's Championship, Police Ladies dominate - GHANAsoccernet.com |url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-names-final-squad-african-womens-championship-police-ladies-dominate/ |website=social_image}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar Ghana 1-0 a kan Ivory Coast a wasan kusa da na karshe na Wasannin Afirka na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Black Queens in All Africa Games football final |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123143335/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |website=xinhuanet.com}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 ta zira kwallaye a kan Tunisia wanda ya taimaka wa Black Queens ta cancanci gasar zakarun Afirka ta 2016 a Kamaru . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Ghana 4 – 0 Tunisia: Suleman's Brace Qualifies Queens To 2016 African Women Championship |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110092540/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> == Nominations == Ƙungiyar Marubutan Wasanni ta Ghana ce ta zaba ta a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Ghana |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/696452/portia-boakye-beats-samira-suleman-to-swag-female-footballer.html/ |website=modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2015 |title=Samira Suleman Powers Black Queens To AAG Finals |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123131255/http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |21 Maris 2015 | rowspan="2" |[[Accra]]_Sports_Stadium" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Accra Sports Stadium">Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, [[Ghana]] |{{Fbw|ZIM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |cancantar wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |2. |1 ga Agusta 2015 |{{Fbw|CMR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–2 |Gasar Cin Kofin Wasannin Olympics ta Mata ta CAF ta 2015 |- |3. |15 ga Satumba 2015 |[[Stade Kintélé 3|Filin wasa na Kintélé 3]], Brazzaville, [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Kongo]] |{{Fbw|CIV}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |4. |6 ga Afrilu 2016 |Filin wasa na Oued Ellil, Oued Ellal, [[Tunisiya]] |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2016 |- |5. | rowspan="2" |12 Afrilu 2016 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, Ghana | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 |- |6. | align="center" |4–0 |- |} == Matsayin Jakadanci == A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2018, an nada Suleman a matsayin jakada ta World Vision International don taimakawa wajen kawar da auren yara na farko a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewa]] da sauran Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duah |first=George |date=14 March 2018 |title=Samira Suleman earns role as ambassador with World Vision |url=https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070710/https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Navboxes|title=Ghana squads|bg=#CA1118|fg=#FBE816|bordercolor=black|list1={{Ghana squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Ghana squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Ghana squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 5hr2iui1bxy70bemr3zmazs1cvlsf67 891274 891265 2026-08-04T10:34:02Z Mahuta 11340 891274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Samira Suleman''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1991) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ghana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a Iceland ga Víkingur Ólafsvík . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Iceland === Suleman ya zo Víkingur Ólafsvík a shekarar 2015 kuma ya buga wasanni 10 a lokacin kakar 2015. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar 2-0 a kan Habasha a wasan cancantar gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=Black Queens beat Ethiopia to take lead in AWC qualifying – Black Queens |url=http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202037/http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=ghanafa.org}}</ref> Ta kasance a cikin tawagar Ghana don Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Ghana names final squad for African Women's Championship, Police Ladies dominate - GHANAsoccernet.com |url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-names-final-squad-african-womens-championship-police-ladies-dominate/ |website=social_image}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar Ghana 1-0 a kan Ivory Coast a wasan kusa da na karshe na Wasannin Afirka na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Black Queens in All Africa Games football final |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123143335/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |website=xinhuanet.com}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 ta zira kwallaye a kan Tunisia wanda ya taimaka wa Black Queens ta cancanci gasar zakarun Afirka ta 2016 a Kamaru . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Ghana 4 – 0 Tunisia: Suleman's Brace Qualifies Queens To 2016 African Women Championship |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110092540/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> == Nominations == Ƙungiyar Marubutan Wasanni ta Ghana ce ta zaba ta a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Ghana |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/696452/portia-boakye-beats-samira-suleman-to-swag-female-footballer.html/ |website=modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2015 |title=Samira Suleman Powers Black Queens To AAG Finals |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123131255/http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |21 Maris 2015 | rowspan="2" |[[Accra]]_Sports_Stadium" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Accra Sports Stadium">Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, [[Ghana]] |{{Fbw|ZIM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |cancantar wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |2. |1 ga Agusta 2015 |{{Fbw|CMR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–2 |Gasar Cin Kofin Wasannin Olympics ta Mata ta CAF ta 2015 |- |3. |15 ga Satumba 2015 |[[Stade Kintélé 3|Filin wasa na Kintélé 3]], Brazzaville, [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Kongo]] |{{Fbw|CIV}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |4. |6 ga Afrilu 2016 |Filin wasa na Oued Ellil, Oued Ellal, [[Tunisiya]] |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2016 |- |5. | rowspan="2" |12 Afrilu 2016 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, Ghana | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 |- |6. | align="center" |4–0 |- |} == Matsayin Jakadanci == A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2018, an nada Suleman a matsayin jakada ta World Vision International don taimakawa wajen kawar da auren yara na farko a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewa]] da sauran Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duah |first=George |date=14 March 2018 |title=Samira Suleman earns role as ambassador with World Vision |url=https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070710/https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Navboxes|title=Ghana squads|bg=#CA1118|fg=#FBE816|bordercolor=black|list1={{Ghana squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Ghana squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Ghana squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] kk2eamrck5suqgztqbddem4jtljre75 891275 891274 2026-08-04T10:34:34Z Mahuta 11340 891275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samira Suleman''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1991) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ghana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a Iceland ga Víkingur Ólafsvík . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Iceland === Suleman ya zo Víkingur Ólafsvík a shekarar 2015 kuma ya buga wasanni 10 a lokacin kakar 2015. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar 2-0 a kan Habasha a wasan cancantar gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=Black Queens beat Ethiopia to take lead in AWC qualifying – Black Queens |url=http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202037/http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201405/9580.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=ghanafa.org}}</ref> Ta kasance a cikin tawagar Ghana don Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Ghana names final squad for African Women's Championship, Police Ladies dominate - GHANAsoccernet.com |url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-names-final-squad-african-womens-championship-police-ladies-dominate/ |website=social_image}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar Ghana 1-0 a kan Ivory Coast a wasan kusa da na karshe na Wasannin Afirka na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Black Queens in All Africa Games football final |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123143335/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/16/c_134630711.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |website=xinhuanet.com}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 ta zira kwallaye a kan Tunisia wanda ya taimaka wa Black Queens ta cancanci gasar zakarun Afirka ta 2016 a Kamaru . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Ghana 4 – 0 Tunisia: Suleman's Brace Qualifies Queens To 2016 African Women Championship |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110092540/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/sports/soccer/201604/276035.php/ |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> == Nominations == Ƙungiyar Marubutan Wasanni ta Ghana ce ta zaba ta a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Ghana |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/696452/portia-boakye-beats-samira-suleman-to-swag-female-footballer.html/ |website=modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2015 |title=Samira Suleman Powers Black Queens To AAG Finals |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123131255/http://infoboxdaily.com/samira-suleman-powers-black-queens-to-aag-finals/ |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |21 Maris 2015 | rowspan="2" |[[Accra]]_Sports_Stadium" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Accra Sports Stadium">Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, [[Ghana]] |{{Fbw|ZIM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |cancantar wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |2. |1 ga Agusta 2015 |{{Fbw|CMR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–2 |Gasar Cin Kofin Wasannin Olympics ta Mata ta CAF ta 2015 |- |3. |15 ga Satumba 2015 |[[Stade Kintélé 3|Filin wasa na Kintélé 3]], Brazzaville, [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Kongo]] |{{Fbw|CIV}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Wasannin Afirka na 2015 |- |4. |6 ga Afrilu 2016 |Filin wasa na Oued Ellil, Oued Ellal, [[Tunisiya]] |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2016 |- |5. | rowspan="2" |12 Afrilu 2016 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Accra, Accra, Ghana | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 |- |6. | align="center" |4–0 |- |} == Matsayin Jakadanci == A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2018, an nada Suleman a matsayin jakada ta World Vision International don taimakawa wajen kawar da auren yara na farko a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewa]] da sauran Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duah |first=George |date=14 March 2018 |title=Samira Suleman earns role as ambassador with World Vision |url=https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070710/https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-03-14-samira-suleman-earns-role-as-ambassador-with-world-vision |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Navboxes|title=Ghana squads|bg=#CA1118|fg=#FBE816|bordercolor=black|list1={{Ghana squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Ghana squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Ghana squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] o21moymzbafb904htdadhepw4j70kn1 0 162750 891266 2026-08-04T09:17:26Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337105132|Grace Zulu]]" 891266 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Grace Zulu''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1995) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Zambiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata yan kasa shekara 17 ta kasar Zambiya|Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Zambia]] . Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2016 |title=Zambia set up women's friendly |url=http://www.cosafa.com/zambia-set-up-womens-friendly/ |access-date=24 April 2017 |publisher=Council of Southern Africa Football Associations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Zambia senior women's national football team departs for Malawi |url=http://www.zambianinformer.com/2016/12/28/zambia-senior-womens-national-football-team-departs-for-malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425025831/http://www.zambianinformer.com/2016/12/28/zambia-senior-womens-national-football-team-departs-for-malawi/ |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017 |publisher=Zambian Informer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Women Football Championship 2014 -Shepolopolo select Women Championship team |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/print.php?id=128869&type=2 |access-date=24 April 2017 |publisher=Namibian}}</ref> A matakin kulob din ta buga wa [[Bauleni Sports Academy|Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bauleni]] a Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=Bwale names squad for African Women Championship |url=http://www.fazfootball.com/news/article/141005/Bwale_names_squad_for_African_Women_Championship |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026000212/http://www.fazfootball.com/news/article/141005/Bwale_names_squad_for_African_Women_Championship |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |website=fazfootball.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Navboxes|title=Zambia squads|bg=#198A00|fg=white|bordercolor=#EF7D00|list1={{Zambia squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Zambia squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] m25gzu0o6f6f0uy785ihemoxse0n83r