Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3608 892323 611245 2026-08-06T19:03:31Z Baffa ali 47435 892323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[file:Montagem Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Fayil:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 0011 02.jpg|thumb|Rio de Janeiro]] '''Rio de Janeiro''' Ya kasan ce wani birni ne, da ke a jihar Rio de Janeiro, acikin ƙasar [[Brazil]]. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Rio de Janeiro. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a acikin shekara ta 2015, birnin nada jimillar mutane 12,280,702 (miliyan sha biyu da dubu dari biyu da tamanin da dari bakwai da biyu). An gina birnin Rio de Janeiro ne acikin karni na sha shidda bayan haihuwan annabi Isah (AS) wurin Brazil a shekara ta 1763 harzuwa 1960 . <gallery> File:Rio_de_Janeiro-Ipanema_Beach.jpg|Bakin Teku na Ipanema File:Catedral_Presbiteriana_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg|Cathedral Presbyterian a Rio de Janeiro File:Germany_and_Argentina_face_off_in_the_final_of_the_World_Cup_2014_-2014-07-13_(5).jpg|Filin wasa na marcana a 2014 kafin wasan Germany da Argentina a final File:Unique_Moment_with_the_Moon_and_Christ_the_Redeemer_3.jpg|Tsaunin mutum mutumin Jesus File:Viagem_inaugural_do_VLT_carioca_02.jpg|Viagem Carioca File:Sugarloaf_Sunrise_2.jpg|Fitowar rana a birnin Rio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro: travel guide |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613010722/http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> </gallery> </br>{{Commonscat|Rio de Janeiro}} {{stub}} == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Rio de Janeiro}} [[Category:Biranen Brazil]] htpsmpkve0ye0dsq2kknrn2mq0y939s 0 4044 892303 788073 2026-08-06T18:19:27Z Baffa ali 47435 892303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Rila_Monastery_interior_view.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Rila Monastery, alamar asalin ƙasar Bulgaria]] [[File:Euxinograd-palace-benkovski.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Fadar Euxinograd]] [[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Bulgeriya.]] [[File:Cathedral, Sofia (P1070747).jpg|thumb|Kasar bulgeriya]] [[File:Cathedral Sv. Nedelya, Sofia BUL.jpg|thumb]] '''Bulgeriya'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> ko '''Bulgaria''' ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Bulgariya [[Sofiya]] ne. Bulgeriya tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i {{formatnum: 110994}}. Bulgeriya tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:4437360}}, bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2024. Bulgeriya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen biyar: [[Romainiya]] a Arewa, [[Serbiya]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa]] a Yamma, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Turkiyya]] a Kudu.Bulgeriya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1878 (akwai ƙasar Bulgeriya mai mulkin kai daga karni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah zuwa karni na sha ɗaya, da daga karni na sha biyu zuwa karni na sha huɗu). Tana da lambar kasa BG . [[File:Bulgaria-02857 - Presidential Palace (11045724054).jpg|thumb|Shugaban bulgeriya a fada]] Daga shekara ta 2026, shugaban ƙasar Bulgeriya [[Iliana Iotova]] ne. Firaministan ƙasar Bulgeriya [[Rosen Zhelyazkov]] ne daga shekara ta 2025. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Trevistolake.jpg|Lake Trevisto File:Sofia_University_(37536311404).jpg|Sofia File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE.jpg|Stara Planina with Raysko Praskalo waterfall File:Burgas_Juni2012_Hafen_Burgas.jpg|Burgas File:Euxinograd-palace-benkovski.png|Fadar Euxinograd File:Observers_Black_sea_coast.jpg|Tekun Black sea File:Chairliftview.jpg|Varna </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> {{Turai}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgeriya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]]. 5xwzl2hehw0kzgvjuck0w96pgz51erm 892306 892303 2026-08-06T18:31:42Z Baffa ali 47435 892306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Rila_Monastery_interior_view.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Rila Monastery, alamar asalin ƙasar Bulgaria]] [[File:Euxinograd-palace-benkovski.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Fadar Euxinograd]] [[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Bulgeriya.]] [[File:Cathedral, Sofia (P1070747).jpg|thumb|Kasar bulgeriya]] [[File:Cathedral Sv. Nedelya, Sofia BUL.jpg|thumb]] '''Bulgeriya'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> ko '''Bulgaria''' ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Bulgariya [[Sofiya]] ne. Bulgeriya tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i {{formatnum: 110994}}. Bulgeriya tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:4437360}}, bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2024. Bulgeriya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen biyar: [[Romainiya]] a Arewa, [[Serbiya]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa]] a Yamma, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Turkiyya]] a Kudu.Bulgeriya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1878 (akwai ƙasar Bulgeriya mai mulkin kai daga karni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah zuwa karni na sha ɗaya, da daga karni na sha biyu zuwa karni na sha huɗu). Tana da lambar kasa BG . [[File:Bulgaria-02857 - Presidential Palace (11045724054).jpg|thumb|Shugaban bulgeriya a fada]] Daga shekara ta 2026, shugaban ƙasar Bulgeriya [[Iliana Iotova]] ne. Firaministan ƙasar Bulgeriya [[Rosen Zhelyazkov]] ne daga shekara ta 2025. A kwai harshen gomnati Bulgarian . ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Trevistolake.jpg|Lake Trevisto File:Sofia_University_(37536311404).jpg|Sofia File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE.jpg|Stara Planina with Raysko Praskalo waterfall File:Burgas_Juni2012_Hafen_Burgas.jpg|Burgas File:Euxinograd-palace-benkovski.png|Fadar Euxinograd File:Observers_Black_sea_coast.jpg|Tekun Black sea File:Chairliftview.jpg|Varna </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> {{Turai}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgeriya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]]. 5doj53w9keg2exub81473ad5c39ix3c 0 4467 892368 509490 2026-08-06T20:45:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MartinAllenESPN.jpg|thumb|Martin Allen]] '''Martin Allen''' (an haife shi a Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Martin}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] Often referred to by his nickname of "Mad Dog", Allen began his career with [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], signing professional in 1983 and spending six years at [[Loftus Road]] playing in the [[1986 Football League Cup final|1986 League Cup final]] defeat against [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]], before a £670,000 move to [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]. Signed by manager [[Lou Macari]], Allen made his debut on 26 August 1989 in a 3–2 home win against [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]]. He scored the second goal, the other West Ham goals coming from [[David Kelly (association footballer)|David Kelly]] and [[Kevin Keen]].<ref name=whudebut>{{cite web|title=West Ham United v Plymouth Argyle, 26 August 1989|url=http://www.11v11.com/matches/west-ham-united-v-plymouth-argyle-26-august-1989-123690/|publisher=www.11v11.com|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Under manager [[Billy Bonds]] Allen was part of the team which won promotion to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in 1991 and to the [[Premier League]] in 1993.<ref name=whustats>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Wonderful World of West Ham United Statistics|url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=2&ham=6&united=Martin_Allen|publisher=www.westhamstats.info|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Allen was frequently [[Yellow card (sports)|booked]] during his West Ham career and had a reputation for poor discipline.<ref name=red1>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=58}}</ref> He was [[Red card (sports)|sent off]] in a match on 17 January 1990 for a two-footed lunge on [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]'s [[Mark Patterson (footballer born 1968)|Mark Patterson]].<ref name=red>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=49}}</ref> During a game on 30 November 1991 against [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], managed by Allen's manager at Queens Park Rangers, [[Trevor Francis]], Allen was booked after only 20 seconds of being on the pitch for a jump tackle on [[Carlton Palmer]] which saw Palmer carried off with a suspected broken leg. Although not sent-off, West Ham manager Bonds fined Allen a week's wages.<ref name=red2>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=52}}</ref> During his time at Queens Park Rangers Allen had been refused permission, by manager Francis, to attend the birth of his first child as Allen would miss an important match. Allen attended the birth and was disciplined by the club.<ref name=qprtf>{{cite news|title=Top 10 player and manager feuds, starring David Beckham, Roy Keane, Harry Redknapp and more|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/top-10-player-and-manager-feuds-789312|access-date=20 September 2012|newspaper=www.mirror.co.uk}}</ref> Under Bonds and [[Harry Redknapp]] Allen formed a successful partnership with [[Peter Butler (footballer born 1966)|Peter Butler]] with Allen contributing 34 goals from midfield in 234 appearances. However, by 1995 team discipline was poor at West Ham and with Allen playing alongside [[Julian Dicks]], [[John Moncur]] and [[Don Hutchison]] bookings were commonplace.<ref name="red1"/> Allen was again dismissed in a match against Queens Park Rangers on 3 May 1995 after fouling [[Rufus Brevett]].<ref name=red3>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Game played on 03 May 1995|url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=5&ham=3957&united=03_May_1995|publisher=www.westhamstats.info|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> He would play only five more games before being allowed to leave.<ref name=whustats/> jdx2svpcuet8rudnibeujemdmz42iwn 892369 892368 2026-08-06T20:48:37Z Baffa ali 47435 892369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MartinAllenESPN.jpg|thumb|Martin Allen]] '''Martin Allen''' (an haife shi a Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]].shi danwasan ya buga wasa fiye da wasa 100. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Martin}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] Often referred to by his nickname of "Mad Dog", Allen began his career with [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], signing professional in 1983 and spending six years at [[Loftus Road]] playing in the [[1986 Football League Cup final|1986 League Cup final]] defeat against [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]], before a £670,000 move to [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]. Signed by manager [[Lou Macari]], Allen made his debut on 26 August 1989 in a 3–2 home win against [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]]. He scored the second goal, the other West Ham goals coming from [[David Kelly (association footballer)|David Kelly]] and [[Kevin Keen]].<ref name=whudebut>{{cite web|title=West Ham United v Plymouth Argyle, 26 August 1989|url=http://www.11v11.com/matches/west-ham-united-v-plymouth-argyle-26-august-1989-123690/|publisher=www.11v11.com|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Under manager [[Billy Bonds]] Allen was part of the team which won promotion to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in 1991 and to the [[Premier League]] in 1993.<ref name=whustats>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Wonderful World of West Ham United Statistics|url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=2&ham=6&united=Martin_Allen|publisher=www.westhamstats.info|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Allen was frequently [[Yellow card (sports)|booked]] during his West Ham career and had a reputation for poor discipline.<ref name=red1>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=58}}</ref> He was [[Red card (sports)|sent off]] in a match on 17 January 1990 for a two-footed lunge on [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]'s [[Mark Patterson (footballer born 1968)|Mark Patterson]].<ref name=red>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=49}}</ref> During a game on 30 November 1991 against [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], managed by Allen's manager at Queens Park Rangers, [[Trevor Francis]], Allen was booked after only 20 seconds of being on the pitch for a jump tackle on [[Carlton Palmer]] which saw Palmer carried off with a suspected broken leg. Although not sent-off, West Ham manager Bonds fined Allen a week's wages.<ref name=red2>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=52}}</ref> During his time at Queens Park Rangers Allen had been refused permission, by manager Francis, to attend the birth of his first child as Allen would miss an important match. Allen attended the birth and was disciplined by the club.<ref name=qprtf>{{cite news|title=Top 10 player and manager feuds, starring David Beckham, Roy Keane, Harry Redknapp and more|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/top-10-player-and-manager-feuds-789312|access-date=20 September 2012|newspaper=www.mirror.co.uk}}</ref> Under Bonds and [[Harry Redknapp]] Allen formed a successful partnership with [[Peter Butler (footballer born 1966)|Peter Butler]] with Allen contributing 34 goals from midfield in 234 appearances. However, by 1995 team discipline was poor at West Ham and with Allen playing alongside [[Julian Dicks]], [[John Moncur]] and [[Don Hutchison]] bookings were commonplace.<ref name="red1"/> Allen was again dismissed in a match against Queens Park Rangers on 3 May 1995 after fouling [[Rufus Brevett]].<ref name=red3>{{cite book|last=Powles|first=John|title=Seeing Red for The Claret and Blue|year=2012|publisher=SoccerData|location=Hockley, Essex|isbn=978-1-905891-54-2|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Game played on 03 May 1995|url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=5&ham=3957&united=03_May_1995|publisher=www.westhamstats.info|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> He would play only five more games before being allowed to leave.<ref name=whustats/> 66zuyi2xc4lhtkcj7j3hsleqc7zpj9b 0 5524 892131 885515 2026-08-06T13:20:46Z Abdool02 47661 /* */ kàramin gyara 892131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:A visit to the White House.jpg|thumb|white house, Amerika]] [[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|duroyin ɗin white house]] [[File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg|thumb|babban taron da shugaban Amurka da ya gabata ([[George W. Bush]]) ya shirya a shekara ta 2005]] [[Fayil:City Lights of the United States 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:US Capitol Dome High Res Jan 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:American bison in Yellowstone National Park.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb]] '''Amurka''' ko '''Amurika''' ko '''Amirka''' [[Nahiya]] ce. Amurka ta kasu kashi biyu. Akwai Amurka ta Arewa (North America) da kuma Amurka ta Kudu wato (''South Americ''a). kuma amurka tanacikin kasashe masu karfin fada aji a duniya,a fiyeda kowata [[nahiya]] a fadin [[Duniya mai sanyi|duniya]]. [[Fayil:America blank map.png|thumb|amurca]] == Hotuna == [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb|america]] [[Fayil:America noviter delineata.jpg|thumb|Amuruka]] [[Fayil:South america tr.jpg|thumb|amuruka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 southeast.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 northwest.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, c.1590.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:Indian Cultures of North and South America - NM Prague 20.JPG|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Nord America.png|thumb|Nord]] [[Fayil:World maps - America -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] {{Stub}}Tarihin kafuwar United States of America 🇺🇸 🌍 Asalin farko (kafin Turawa) Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Amurka ya kasance cike da ƙabilun asali (Native Americans) waɗanda suka zauna a wurin tsawon dubban shekaru suna nan. Sun kasance da al’adu da tsarin rayuwa daban-daban. 🚢 Zuwa Turawa A shekarar 1492, Christopher Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka (duk da bai isa yankin USA kai tsaye ba). Daga baya Turawa daga ƙasashe kamar England, Spain da Faransa suka fara kafa mazauna a yankin. 🏘️ Mulkin mallaka (Colonies) Zuwa ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta kafa ƙasashe 13 (Thirteen Colonies) a gabashin Amurka. Waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon sarautar Ingila. ⚔️ Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kai A shekarun 1770s, rikici ya tashi tsakanin mazauna yankin da Ingila saboda haraji da rashin ‘yanci. Wannan ya kai ga American Revolutionary War. 📜 Sanarwar ‘Yancin Kai A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, aka fitar da Declaration of Independence. Jagorori kamar Thomas Jefferson sun rubuta takardar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yankunan sun balle daga Ingila. 🏛️ Kafuwar ƙasa Bayan nasara a yaƙi, an kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United States of America. A shekarar 1787, aka rubuta kundin tsarin mulki (Constitution). A 1789, George Washington ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. 🌎 Faɗaɗa ƙasa Daga baya Amurka ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar saye da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe acikin duniya. 📌 Kammalawa Kafuwar Amurka ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Ingila, zuwa yaƙin neman ‘yanci, sannan ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko. Yanzu tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a duniya.[[Fayil:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] == Manazarta == 36 U.S.C. § 302 "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. (2003)Retrieved February (12)(2020) [[Category:Amurka]] njjpnndf569k6rf7h7bcxllu8zihk7d 892132 892131 2026-08-06T13:21:40Z Abdool02 47661 /* */ 892132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:A visit to the White House.jpg|thumb|white house, Amerika]] [[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|duroyin ɗin white house]] [[File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg|thumb|babban taron da shugaban Amurka da ya gabata ([[George W. Bush]]) ya shirya a shekara ta 2005]] [[Fayil:City Lights of the United States 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:US Capitol Dome High Res Jan 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:American bison in Yellowstone National Park.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb]] '''Amurka''' ko '''Amurika''' ko '''Amirka''' [[Nahiya]] ce, Amurka ta kasu kashi biyu. Akwai Amurka ta Arewa (North America) da kuma Amurka ta Kudu wato (''South Americ''a). kuma amurka tanacikin kasashe masu karfin fada aji a duniya,a fiyeda kowata [[nahiya]] a fadin [[Duniya mai sanyi|duniya]]. [[Fayil:America blank map.png|thumb|amurca]] == Hotuna == [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb|america]] [[Fayil:America noviter delineata.jpg|thumb|Amuruka]] [[Fayil:South america tr.jpg|thumb|amuruka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 southeast.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 northwest.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, c.1590.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:Indian Cultures of North and South America - NM Prague 20.JPG|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Nord America.png|thumb|Nord]] [[Fayil:World maps - America -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] {{Stub}}Tarihin kafuwar United States of America 🇺🇸 🌍 Asalin farko (kafin Turawa) Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Amurka ya kasance cike da ƙabilun asali (Native Americans) waɗanda suka zauna a wurin tsawon dubban shekaru suna nan. Sun kasance da al’adu da tsarin rayuwa daban-daban. 🚢 Zuwa Turawa A shekarar 1492, Christopher Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka (duk da bai isa yankin USA kai tsaye ba). Daga baya Turawa daga ƙasashe kamar England, Spain da Faransa suka fara kafa mazauna a yankin. 🏘️ Mulkin mallaka (Colonies) Zuwa ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta kafa ƙasashe 13 (Thirteen Colonies) a gabashin Amurka. Waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon sarautar Ingila. ⚔️ Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kai A shekarun 1770s, rikici ya tashi tsakanin mazauna yankin da Ingila saboda haraji da rashin ‘yanci. Wannan ya kai ga American Revolutionary War. 📜 Sanarwar ‘Yancin Kai A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, aka fitar da Declaration of Independence. Jagorori kamar Thomas Jefferson sun rubuta takardar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yankunan sun balle daga Ingila. 🏛️ Kafuwar ƙasa Bayan nasara a yaƙi, an kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United States of America. A shekarar 1787, aka rubuta kundin tsarin mulki (Constitution). A 1789, George Washington ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. 🌎 Faɗaɗa ƙasa Daga baya Amurka ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar saye da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe acikin duniya. 📌 Kammalawa Kafuwar Amurka ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Ingila, zuwa yaƙin neman ‘yanci, sannan ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko. Yanzu tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a duniya.[[Fayil:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] == Manazarta == 36 U.S.C. § 302 "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. (2003)Retrieved February (12)(2020) [[Category:Amurka]] d8h6nwr0ts8dov62i8zhe8xywetsk1v 892134 892132 2026-08-06T13:28:33Z Abdool02 47661 /* */ 892134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:A visit to the White House.jpg|thumb|white house, Amerika]] [[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|duroyin ɗin white house]] [[File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg|thumb|babban taron da shugaban Amurka da ya gabata ([[George W. Bush]]) ya shirya a shekara ta 2005]] [[Fayil:City Lights of the United States 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:US Capitol Dome High Res Jan 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:American bison in Yellowstone National Park.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb]] '''Amurka''' ko '''Amurika''' ko '''Amirka''' [[Nahiya]] ce, Amurka ta kasu kashi biyu. Akwai Amurka ta Arewa (North America) da kuma Amurka ta Kudu wato (''South Americ''a). kuma amurka tanacikin kasashe masu karfin fada aji a duniya a fiyeda kowata [nahiya] a fadin [[Duniya mai sanyi|duniya]]. [[Fayil:America blank map.png|thumb|amurca]] == Hotuna == [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb|america]] [[Fayil:America noviter delineata.jpg|thumb|Amuruka]] [[Fayil:South america tr.jpg|thumb|amuruka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 southeast.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 northwest.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, c.1590.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:Indian Cultures of North and South America - NM Prague 20.JPG|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Nord America.png|thumb|Nord]] [[Fayil:World maps - America -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] {{Stub}}Tarihin kafuwar United States of America 🇺🇸 🌍 Asalin farko (kafin Turawa) Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Amurka ya kasance cike da ƙabilun asali (Native Americans) waɗanda suka zauna a wurin tsawon dubban shekaru suna nan. Sun kasance da al’adu da tsarin rayuwa daban-daban. 🚢 Zuwa Turawa A shekarar 1492, Christopher Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka (duk da bai isa yankin USA kai tsaye ba). Daga baya Turawa daga ƙasashe kamar England, Spain da Faransa suka fara kafa mazauna a yankin. 🏘️ Mulkin mallaka (Colonies) Zuwa ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta kafa ƙasashe 13 (Thirteen Colonies) a gabashin Amurka. Waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon sarautar Ingila. ⚔️ Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kai A shekarun 1770s, rikici ya tashi tsakanin mazauna yankin da Ingila saboda haraji da rashin ‘yanci. Wannan ya kai ga American Revolutionary War. 📜 Sanarwar ‘Yancin Kai A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, aka fitar da Declaration of Independence. Jagorori kamar Thomas Jefferson sun rubuta takardar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yankunan sun balle daga Ingila. 🏛️ Kafuwar ƙasa Bayan nasara a yaƙi, an kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United States of America. A shekarar 1787, aka rubuta kundin tsarin mulki (Constitution). A 1789, George Washington ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. 🌎 Faɗaɗa ƙasa Daga baya Amurka ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar saye da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe acikin duniya. 📌 Kammalawa Kafuwar Amurka ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Ingila, zuwa yaƙin neman ‘yanci, sannan ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko. Yanzu tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a duniya.[[Fayil:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] == Manazarta == 36 U.S.C. § 302 "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. (2003)Retrieved February (12)(2020) [[Category:Amurka]] 6xk2mpd9bdiettwvz6dqdcttudra0z8 0 6070 892106 704231 2026-08-06T12:15:07Z Baffa ali 47435 892106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:FGM-148 Javelin - ID 061024-A-0497K-004.JPEG|thumb]] '''Rikicin Boko Haram''' ya fara ne a shekarar [[2009]], lokacin da yan jihadi na kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] suka fara kai hare-hare ga gwamnatin [[Nijeriya]]. Rikicin ya kashe fiye da mutane 30000. Kuma Miliyan uku sun rasa muhallinsu a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira: mafi yawansu daga [[Borno]] ne, a birnin [[Maiduguri]] ko garuruwan [[Bama]], [[Dikwa]], [[Gwoza]]. Dubu dari biyu 'yan gudun hijira a [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi]] da [[Nijar]]. Wurin da suke Arewacin Najeriya .{{stub}} ==Manazarta== 8ppfkk2vgsqalweq8m3knoymi2p4uhv 0 6398 892119 507035 2026-08-06T12:36:51Z Baffa ali 47435 892119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:John Obi Mikel 4615.jpg|thumb|Mikel obi]] [[Fayil:John Obi Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Mikel obi]] '''John Obi Mikel''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ashirin da biyu ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1987), shahararren ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] dan ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].Wanda yake buga wasa a kungiyar kwallon kafa na (Stoke City ) a yanzu yaren ibo da hausa . [[Fayil:Mikel John Obi (53557649520) (cropped).jpg|thumb|mikel obi]] ==Tarihin kungiya== John Obi Mikel ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Plateau United daga shekara 2002 zuwa 2004, ma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lyn ([[Norway]]) daga shekara 2004 zuwa 2006, inda ya koma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Chelsea ([[Ingila]]) daga shekara 2006 zuwa 2017, sannan Mikel Obi ya koma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tianjin ([[Sin]]) daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2018 sannan ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar ingila wato Middleboroug inda ya buga ma su wasan shekara 1 ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa na Trabzonspor a shekaran 2019 zuwa 2020 ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa na Stoke City inda a yanzu yake buga wasa. {{Stub}} '''HOTO'''<gallery> File:John Obi Mikel 4615.jpg|John mikel obi a chelsea Fc File:John Obi Mikel 2018.jpg|John mikel obi a Nigeria File:John Obi Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John mikel obi a cikin wasa a kasar sa Nigeria File:John Obi Mikel 4570.jpg File:John Mikel Obi yellow.jpg|John mikel obi yana tada opponent dinshi Yayin da ya fadi File:Mikel john obi.jpg|mikel a training File:John Obi Mikel 4570.jpg|mikel a line up File:Mikel John Obi 2016.jpg|mikel a Yayin kwana File:Pastore, Obi Mikel, Gameiro, Chantome.jpg|mikel Yayin wasa File:MikelSigningAtWestHam.jpg|mikel a westhan File:John Obi Mikel 02 Chelsea vs AS-Roma 10AUG2013 (cropped).jpg|mikel vs roma fc </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Obi Mikel, John}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] kdx4wh8ll8pl2lbr20sfvourz8tm95b 0 6682 892308 525929 2026-08-06T18:37:32Z Baffa ali 47435 892308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari and the Vice President of Nigeria, Mr. Yemi Osinbajo at the delegation level talks, at the Vice President's Office, in Abuja, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Najeriya Yemi Osinbajo yayin da yake jagorantar wani taro kan tattalin arziki]] [[File:Yemi Osinbajo 2017-05-27 (cropped).jpg|thumb|photon Yemi Osibanjo]] [[File:Vice President Yemi Osinbajo and President Buhari.png|thumb|Osinbajo yana gaisuwa korona da shugaba Buhari ]] [[File:Vice_President_Harris_met_with_Yemi_Osinbajo_at_the_White_House_in_2022.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mataimakin shugaban kasa Harris ya gana da Yemi Osinbajo a fadar White House a shekarar 2022.]] [[Fayil:Yemi Osinbajo 2017-05-27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Yemi Osinbajo Addressing peoples.png|thumb]] '''Oluyemi Yemi Osinbajo''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai (1957) miladiyya. lauya ne, fasto, kuma ɗan siyasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda a yanzu shine [[Mataimakin Shugaban Kasan Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban ƙasan Najeriya]] na 14 tun daga shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar APC, a baya yayi aiki a matsayin [[Babban Alkalin Jihar Lagos|babban alkali na Jihar Lagos]] daga a shekara 1999 zuwa 2007, sannan kuma ya riƙe muƙamin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|SAN]]. == rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 1957 a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Kudancin Nijeriya ( a cikin [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Lagos]]). Ƙwararren Lauya ne, Malami, kuma Babban limamin coci. Ya riƙe shugaban hukumar Shari'a ta jihar Lagos, amma yaƙi yadda da ya riƙe shugabancin na ƙasa yayin mulkin Obasanjo daya nemi ya bashi, inda ya bayyana cewar dalilin sa na rashin karɓar aikin shine gwamnatin lokacin bata biyan buƙatun al'ummar ta, hasali ma bata cika alkawuran data ɗauka ma alummanta. Osinbanjo ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] tun daga shekarar 2015.<br>A nanar Litinin sha huɗu ga watan Maris na 2022 ne shugaba Yemi Osibanjo ya bayyana ra'ayinshi na neman takarar shugabancin Nigeria a zaɓen shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/osinbajo-notifies-buhari-of-presidential-ambition</ref> Kuma ya zo na uku a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar APC da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2022.<ref>"APC presidential primaries winner: Bola Tinubu win All Progressives Congress ticket". ''BBC News Pidgin''. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Iliminsa== Osinbanjo yayi karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta korona a grain lagos.Yayi makaran igabobi a yaba a jihar lagos a shekarar 1969 zuwa 1971<ref>"Vice President Yemi Osinbajo"</ref> inda yasamu nasarar lashe wannan kyaututuka kamar haka a shekarar 1971 ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Osinbajo, Yemi}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] sugjrhdeza228k3ppzze4hlfg26flpw 0 7168 892296 858915 2026-08-06T17:52:29Z Kaddi123 38060 892296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}{{Databox}} [[File:Millet 01.jpg|thumb|ana yin waina da gero]] [[File:Masa podrida cookies (Pampanga).jpg|thumb|Sa hoto<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:00000IMG_00000_BURST20221225095656789_COVER.jpg</ref>]] [[Fayil:Cooked masa.jpg|thumb|waina ]] [[Fayil:Cooked masa.jpg|thumb|Masa]] '''Masa''' [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c900485kzkgo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwi7gLqV1vaGAxV9S_EDHdVyBeUQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw0O6-X6dTS1oqursusjeBNf</nowiki></ref> ce wacce aka fi sani da suna '''Waina,''' kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin [[gargajiya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cw4mneknpz2o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjp5Ies1vaGAxXqQEEAHSO5DlMQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw2d7AjKiH_xkc4PzrJqYQik</nowiki></ref>, Musamman a [[Kasar Hausa|Kasar Hausa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/rayuwata/20240405-yadda-al-adar-tashe-ke-neman-gushewa-a-kasar-hausa&ved=2ahUKEwjTxqXC1vaGAxV6YEEAHYytDiAQxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw22riWDkZ-JEV9aoS3p5O6o</nowiki></ref>. Abinci ne wanda aka fi cin shi da safe,kuma ana cin shi a koda yaushe. [[Fayil:Masa (Waina).jpg|thumb|waina]] Yadda ake haɗa ta shine da shinkafar tuwo da kuma "yeast" da kanwa ko hodar cincin dadai sauransu. Akan ci shi ne da miyar taushe. Ana kuma iya cin shi haka nan, musamman idan aka sa masa [[sukari]] ko kuli kuli. Mutanan jihar [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]]<ref>Masha tana daya daga cikin na'uin abinci carbohydrates, Ana cin ta domin Kara karfi ba don inganta jiki.<nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/24/bauchi-to-revive-tourism-sector/&ved=2ahUKEwiYm63b1vaGAxUsQ0EAHTjLDkkQxfQBKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw1o6lDbg_MpqfxuuCeYFKPH</nowiki></ref> sune suka fi kwarewa a kan harkar masa wato waina. <ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/9032246-waina-da-miyar-gyada</ref><ref>http://girking.blogspot.com/2018/09/yanda-ake-hada-waina-ta-zamani.html</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> Sannan masa iri iri ce, akwai masa ta zallar masara, akwai Masa ta dawa akwai kuma masa ta zallar [[Shinkafa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/farashin-shinkafa-tumatir-da-gari-ya-qaru-da-kashi-141-cikin-shekara-guda-nbs/&ved=2ahUKEwiS29_11vaGAxUFYPEDHZL2AOQQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw2FrWAuIZKQ_nVrGYz0CcNZ</nowiki></ref>, akwai kuma wadda ake haɗa shinkafa da [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjnj9GX1_aGAxVlUkEAHRdrBkQQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, akwai kuma masar [[gero]]. Ana cin ta da Suga,garin kuli-kuli ko kuma da miyar taushe yana da daɗi sosai. [[File: Waina (Local Sausage).jpg|thumb|Mace tana tuyar masa]] == Bibiliyo == * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da shida 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masa}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Abincin Hausawa]] i3iwtd0fdiy1tk5konajcjszyryy9mu 0 8339 892127 553640 2026-08-06T12:54:37Z Baffa ali 47435 892127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacques Cartier'''<ref>UK: /ˈkɑːrtieɪ/ ''KAR-tee-ay'', US also /ˌkɑːrtiˈeɪ, kɑːrˈtjeɪ/ ''KAR-tee-AY, kar-TYAY'', French: [ʒak kaʁtje], Quebec French: [- kaʁt͡sje]</ref> (Breton: ''Jakez Karter)'' an haife shi a 31 Disamba1491, a inda yayi wafati a 1 Satumba 1557 atafiye ne. ya kasance mai binciken ruwa na Faransa-Breton na Faransa. Jacques Cartier shi ne Bature na farko da ya kwatanta da taswirar<ref>His maps are lost but referenced in a letter by his nephew Jacques Noël, dated 1587 and printed by Richard Hakluyt with the ''Relation'' of Cartier's third voyage, in ''The Principall Navigations'' [...], London, G. Bishop, 1600.</ref> Gulf of Saint Lawrence da gabar tekun Saint Lawrence. wanda ya kira "Ƙasar Kanadas" bayan sunayen Iroquoian na manyan ƙauyuka biyu da ya gani a Stadacona (Quebec City) da kuma a Hochelaga (Tsibirin Montreal).<ref>  "Exploration – Jacques Cartier". The Historica Dominion Institute. Retrieved 9 November 2009</ref> yagin yaren faransa . == Farkon Rayuwar shi == [[File:Jacques_Cartier.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Jacques Cartier]]An haifi Jacques Cartier a cikin shekarar 1491 a Saint-Malo, a tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na Brittany<ref name=":0">No baptismal certificate has been found, but Cartier stated his age in at least three letters. See Marcel Trudel, ''Histoire de la Nouvelle-France'', Fides, vol. 1, p. 68</ref>. Cartier, wanda ya kasance babban ma'aikacin ruwa mai daraja, ya inganta matsayinsa na zamantakewa a shekarar<ref name=":0" /> 1520 ta hanyar auren Mary Catherine des Granches, memba na babban gidan aristocratic<ref>Alan Axelrod. A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars That Made America. Macmillan, 2011; p. 30</ref>. Ana gane sunansa mai kyau a yaren Saint-Malo ta hanyar bayyanarsa akai-akai a cikin rajistar baftisma a matsayin ubangida ko shaida<ref>Biggar, H.P. (1930) ''A Collection of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval'', Ottawa, Public Archives of Canada. Over 20 baptisms cited</ref> == Tafiyar shi ta farko == A shekarar 1534, shekaru biyu bayan Duchy na Brittany ya kasance tare da Faransa a cikin Dokar Tarayyar, Jean Le Veneur, bishop na Saint-Malo da abbot na Mont Saint-Michel, ya gabatar da Cartier ga Sarki Francis I. Brion. A baya Sarkin ya gayyace (ko da yake ba a ba shi izini ba) mai binciken Florentine Giovanni da Verrazzano don bincika gabar gabashin Amurka ta Arewa a madadin Faransa a shekarar 1524<ref>Gustave Lanctôt observed that Cartier was absent from Saint-Malo's registers at the time and that his first voyage in 1534 arrived at the very place in Newfoundland where Verrazzano's explorations had ended ten years prior; Lanctôt surmised that Cartier had accompanied Verrazzano on that voyage. This was dismissed as conjecture by Marcel Trudel, who noted that Cartier's ''Relations'' are devoid of any reference to such an experience. See Trudel, ''Histoire de la Nouvelle-France'', vol. 1, 1966, p. 58–60</ref>. Le Veneur ya buga tafiye-tafiye zuwa Newfoundland da Brazil a matsayin hujja na ikon cartier akan iya "jagoranci jiragen ruwa zuwa gano sababbin ƙasashe a cikin Sabuwar Duniya"<ref>Baron de La Chapelle, « Jean Le Veneur et le Canada », Nova Francia, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 341–343, quoting a genealogical work made in 1723 for the Le Veneur family. After his final trip, he said he would never search again.</ref>. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1534, [14] Cartier ya tashi a ƙarƙashin wani kwamiti daga sarki, yana fatan gano hanyar yamma zuwa kasuwannin masu arziki na Gabashin Indies<ref>  J. P. B. (25 May 1901). "Jacques Cartier's Voyage Of 1534". Notes and Queries. s9-VII (178): 409–409. doi:10.1093/nq/s9-vii.178.409a. ISSN 1471-6941</ref> Sai da ya kwashe kwanaki ashirin kafin ya haye tekun. Tun daga ranar 10 ga Mayu na waccan shekarar, ya binciko sassan Newfoundland, Mashigin Belle Island da kudancin Tekun Labrador, Gaspé da Tekun Arewa a Tekun Fasha na St. Lawrence, da wasu sassan gabar Tekun Fasha. manyan tsibiran, ciki har da tsibirin Prince Edward, tsibirin Anticosti da tsibirin Magdalen. A lokacin tsayawa daya a Îles aux Oiseaux (tsibirin Tsuntsaye, yanzu Rochers-aux-Oiseaux Tsuntsayen Tsuntsaye, arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Brion a tsibirin Magdalen), ma’aikatansa sun kashe kusan tsuntsaye 1000, yawancinsu manyan auks (wadanda suka bace tun 1852). ). Ganawar Cartier ta biyun farko tare da mutanen asali a Kanada a arewacin Chaleur Bay, mai yiwuwa Mi'kmaq, gajera ce; a inda aka gudanar da wasu cinikayya. Ganawarsa ta uku ta faru ne a gabar tekun Gaspé tare da ƙungiyar St. Lawrence Iroquoians, inda a ranar 24 ga Yuli ya dasa giciye don neman ƙasar Faransa <ref>Seed, Patricia (1995). ''Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World: 1492–1640''. Cambridge University Press. p. 56</ref>. Giciyen mai tsawon mita 10 mai dauke da kalmomin "Allah ya ja zamanin Sarkin Faransa" ya yi ikirarin mallakar yankin da sunan Sarki. Canjin yanayi alama ce ta bayyana cewa Iroquoians sun fahimci ayyukan cartier. A nan ya yi garkuwa da ’ya’yan sarkinsu Donnacona, guda biyu <ref>Some accounts make this captain to be Donnacona himself, the ruler at Stadacona, e.g. the ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, but this does not seem possible from Cartier's firsthand accounts. Other sources show that Donnacona let his sons go willingly, along with some corn. the ''World Book Online Encyclopedia'' <small>This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.</small></ref>. Cartier ya rubuta cewa daga baya sun gaya masa wannan yanki da aka kama (Gaspé) su ne ake kira Honguedo. Daga karshe shugaban ’yan asalin ya amince cewa za a iya karbar ’ya’yan sarkin, bisa sharadin cewa za su dawo da kayayyakin Turai domin su yi ciniki <ref>Trudel, Marcel (1979) [1966]. "Cartier, Jacques". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</ref>. == Tafiyar shi ta biyu (1535–1536) == Jacques Cartier ya yi shirin tafiyar shi ta biyu a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu na shekara mai zuwa tare da jiragen ruwa uku, mutane 110, da kuma mutanensa guda biyu na Iroquoians. Lokacin da ya isa St. Lawrence, ya hau jirgin ruwa a karon farko, ya isa babban birnin Iroquoian Stadacona, inda Cif Donnacona ya yi mulki <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stadacona</ref>. Cartier ya yi iƙirarin mallakar ƙasa kusa da Kogin St. Lawrence a shekarae 1534; amma Faransa ba ta kula da mulkin mallaka ba tsawon shekaru 60. Har sai da Sarki Henry IV ya aika Samuel de Champlain a shekara ta 1608 zuwa New Faransa a matsayin gwamnanta kuma ya gina matsuguni na dindindin da kuma wurin kasuwancin fur da ake kira Quebec<ref>Denham et al., Leonard, McTighe, Shanahan, James, M.C. Bob, Jay, Timothy (2014). ''United States Early Years''. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-02-138478-5</ref>. Cartier ya bar manyan jiragensa a tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da Stadacona, kuma ya yi amfani da ƙaramin jirginsa don ci gaba da zuwa Hochelaga (yanzu Montreal), ya isa ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1535. Hochelaga ya kasance mafi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙaramin ƙauyen Stadacona, da kuma taron mutane sama da dubu ne suka zo bakin kogin don gaishe da Faransawa. An tabbatar da wurin da suka isa wurin a matsayin farkon Sainte-Marie Sault - inda gadar da aka sakawa sunan sa ta tsaya. Tafiyar ba za ta iya ci gaba ba, saboda toshewar kogin da raƙuman ruwa Don haka ya tabbata cewa kogin shine hanyar Arewa maso yamma, kuma raƙuman ruwa sune duk abin da ke hana shi tafiya zuwa kasar Sin, cewa raƙumar ruwa da garin da ya girma kusa da su, ya zama suna da sunan Faransanci na Sin, La. Chine: Lachine Raƙuman ruwa (Rapids) da garin Lachine, Quebec<ref>"Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</ref>. Bayan yayi kwana biyu a cikin mutanen Hochelaga, Cartier ya koma Stadacona a ranar 11 ga Oktoba. Ba a san ainihin lokacin da ya yanke shawarar kasancewa a Stadacona a lokacin hunturu na 1535-1536 ba, wanda ya ja yayi lattin komawa Faransa. Cartier da mutanensa sun shirya ma hunturu ta hanyar ƙarfafa katangarsu, tara itace, gishiri, nama da kifi<ref>"Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</ref>. A shirye-shiryen sa ya koma Faransa a farkon Mayu 1536, Cartier ya yanke shawarar garkuwa/sace Cif Donnacona ya kai shi Faransa,<ref>Hildreth, Richard (1871). ''The History of the United States of America''. Vol. 1. New York, Harper & Brothers. p. 46.</ref> domin shi da kansa ya ba da labarin wata ƙasa da ke gaba da arewa, wanda ake kira "Masarautar Saguenay", ya ce ta kasance. cike da zinariya, yakutu da sauran taska. Bayan tafiya mai wahala a kan St. Lawrence da tsallakawa ta Atlantika na mako uku, Cartier da mutanensa sun isa Saint-Malo a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, 1536, inda suka kammala balaguron watanni 14 na biyu, wanda zai zama mafi riba a gurin Cartier<ref>Biggar, H.P. (1924) ''The Voyages of Jacques Cartier''. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives of Canada. No. 11. p. 204</ref>. == Tafiyar shi ta uku (1541–1542) == A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1540, Francis ya umarci mashigin jirgin Jacques Cartier ya koma Kanada don taimakawa ga aikin mulkin mallaka wanda zai zama “Kyaftin Janar”. ana haka, Janairu 15, 1541, ga Cartier wanda Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval ya maye gurbinsa, ɗan Huguenot kuma abokin sarki, babban laftanar janar na Faransa Kanada. Roberval shine ya jagoranci balaguron, tare da Cartier a matsayin babban mashigin sa. Yayin da Roberval ke jiran bindigogi da kayayyaki, ya ba da izini ga Cartier don tafiya gaba da jiragensa<ref>Jacques Cartier, Short Biography (w/timeline)". Elizabethan Era. 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010</ref>. A Ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1541, Cartier ya bar Saint-Malo a kan tafiya ta uku tare da jiragen ruwa biyar. A wannan lokacin, an manta da duk wani tunanin neman hanyar zuwa Gabas. Manufar ita ce a yanzu a nemo "Masarautar Saguenay" da dukiyarta, da kuma kafa matsuguni na dindindin ta gurin kogin St. Lawrence<ref>"Cartier's Third Voyage to Canada, 1541–1542". American Journeys. 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</ref>. == Tsokaci na bayan rayuwar shi == Cartier ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa a Saint-Malo da kuma gidansa na kusa, inda sau da yawa ya kasance mai amfani a matsayin mai fassara a cikin yaren Portuguese. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1557, a lokacin wata annoba,<ref>Parks Canada – Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site of Canada – Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures – Jacques Cartier, Explorer and Navigator". Pc.gc.ca. July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2010</ref> ko da yake yawancin majiyoyi sun lissafa dalilin mutuwarsa da ba a sani ba. An saka Cartier a cikin Cathedral na Saint-Malo. Ba a yi matsugunan Turai na dindindin a kasar Kanada ba kafin shekarar 1605, lokacin da Pierre Dugua, tare da Samuel Champlain, suka kafa Port Royal a Acadia<ref>Pierre Dugua de Mons". ''www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca''. Retrieved 8 December 2023</ref>. == Abun da ya bari domin Tuna-baya == Cartier shine farkon wanda ya rubuta sunan Canada don zayyana yanki a gabar kogin St-Lawrence. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Huron-Iroquois kanata, ko ƙauye, wanda ba daidai ba ne aka fassara shi a matsayin kalmar asalin ƙasar da aka gano. Cartier yayi amfani da sunan don kwatanta Stadacona, ƙasar da ke kewaye da kogin kanta. Kuma Cartier ya radawa mazaunan (Iroquoians) da ya gani a can da suna Canadiens<ref>McMullen, J.M. (1855) ''The History of Canada: From Its First Discovery to the Present Time''. C. W., J. M'Mullen (no copyright in the United States), p. 7. No ISBN</ref>. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da sunan Canada don zayyana ƙaramin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kan waɗannan gaɓar, kuma ana kiran masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa Canadiens har zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha tara, lokacin da aka fara amfani da sunan ga yankunan masu aminci a kan manyan Tafkuna kuma daga baya ga dukansu. Arewacin Amurka. Ta wannan hanyar Cartier ba shine ainihin mai binciken Turai na Canada kamar yadda ake fahimtar wannan ƙasa a yau, babban tarayya mai shimfiɗa mari usque ad mare (daga teku zuwa teku). Gabas sun ziyarci Norse a baya, da kuma masunta na Basque, Galician da Breton, watakila da 'yan'uwan Corte-Real da John Cabot (ban da ba shakka ga 'yan asalin da suka fara zama a yankin). Gudunmawar Cartier ta musamman ga gano Canada, shine Bature na farko da ya shiga cikin nahiyar, kuma mafi daidai yankin gabas na ciki tare da kogin St. Lawrence. Binciken nasa ya ƙarfafa iƙirarin ƙasar Faransa ga ƙasar da daga baya za a yi wa mulkin mallaka a matsayin Sabuwar Faransa, kuma tafiyarsa ta uku ta haifar da yunƙurin turawa na farko na daidaita Arewacin Amurka tun na Lucas Vázquez de Ayllon a 1526–27. Ana iya gano iyawar ƙwarewar cartier cikin sauƙi. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Cartier ya yi tafiye-tafiye uku na bincike a cikin ruwa mai haɗari kuma har zuwa yanzu ba a san shi ba da rasa jirgin ba, kuma ya shiga ya tashi da wasu tashar jiragen ruwa 50 da ba za a iya gano ta ba, ba tare da mummunar hatsari ba. kuma Cartier ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane na farko da ya yarda da cewa Sabuwar Duniya wata kasa ce daban, daga Turai/Asiya. == Sake gano Mulkin-mallakar Cartier na farko == A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2006, Firayim Ministan Quebec Jean Charest ya ba da sanarwar cewa masu binciken kayan tarihi na Canada sun gano ainihin wurin da Cartier ya rasa mulkin mallaka na farko na Charlesbourg-Royal<ref name=":1">Pottery shard unearths North America's first French settlement". canada.com. 22 August 2006. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref>. An gina yankin ne a mahaɗin Rivière du Cap Rouge tare da kogin St. Lawrence kuma ya dogara ne akan gano ragowar katako na katako da aka kone da aka yi a tsakiyar karni na 16, da kuma guntu na wani farantin kayan ado na Istoriato da aka kera. a Faenza, Italiya, tsakanin 1540 zuwa 1550, wanda zai iya zama na memba na aristocracy na Faransa a cikin mulkin mallaka. Wataƙila wannan shi ne Sieur de Roberval, wanda ya maye gurbin Cartier a matsayin jagoran sasantawa<ref>Long-lost Jacques Cartier settlement rediscovered at Quebec City". canada.com. August 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010.</ref>. Wannan mulkin mallaka shine sanannen ƙauyen Turai na farko a Canada na zamani tun daga c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking Village a arewacin Newfoundland. Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yaba da sake gano shi a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abin da aka samu a Canada tun lokacin sake gano L'Anse aux Meadows<ref name=":1" />. == Jirage == * ''Grande Hermine'' ** An Gina shi: A Faransa 1534; An ba shi, shi a cikin 1535 zuwa Cartier ta Sarkin Faransa; da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 1535-1536 da 1541-1542; kwafi na 1967 da aka gina don Expo 67 a Montreal; An watsar da shi a cikin 2001 daga Kogin Saint-Charles (Birnin Québec) * ''Petite Hermine'' ** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin balaguron 1535-1536 kuma ya yi watsi da shi a cikin 1536 lokacin bazara ta hanyar Cartier a Kogin Saint-Charles saboda yawancin matuƙansa sun mutu a cikin birnin Quebec a lokacin hunturu na ƙarshe. * ''Émérillon'' ** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 1535-1536 da 1541-154 * ''Georges'' ** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiyar 1541-1542. * ''Saint-Brieux'' ** An Gina shi: A faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiyar 1541–1542. == Manazarta; == {{stub}} qof5nhqbgoih1cpqo8cv0x2t5idhle0 0 8660 892299 689113 2026-08-06T18:01:56Z Baffa ali 47435 892299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|200px|Tutar Ruwanda.]] [[Fayil:Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg|thumb|manuniyar ruwanda]] [[Fayil:Rwanda on the globe (Africa centered).svg|thumb|manuniyar ruwanda]] [[Fayil:Wikimedia Rwanda Board members meetup.jpg|thumb|taro a ruwanda]] [[Fayil:Wikimedia Rwanda OSK Community Retreat.jpg|thumb|rwanda wiki medians community]] '''Jamhuriyar Ruwanda''' ko, '''Rwanda''' [lafazi: /ruwanda/] (da [[Kinyarwanda]]: '''Repubulika y'u Rwanda'''; da [[Faransanci]]: '''République du Rwanda'''; da [[Kiswahili]]: '''Jamhuri ya Rwanda'''; da [[Turanci]]: '''Republic of Rwanda''') ƙasa ne, da ke a nahiyar [[Afirka]]. [[Fayil:Rwanda-2022-OSM.png|thumb|Rwanda]] [[Fayil:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 002 - Librairie Caritas - Kigali.jpg|thumb|ginin ruwanda]] Ruwanda tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i 26,338. Ruwanda tana da, yawan jama'a kimanin, 12.6,million [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)] . Ruwanda tana da iyaka da [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango]], [[Tanzaniya]] da [[Uganda]]. Babban birnin Ruwanda, shi ne [[Kigali]]. [[File:Paul Kagame MSC 2017.jpg|thumb|Paul Kagame shugaban kasar na yanzu]] Shugaban ƙasar Ruwanda [[Paul Kagame]] ne daga shekarar 2000. Firaministan ƙasar [[Justin Nsengiyumva]] ne daga shekarar 2025.sannan a kwai tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho+250 . ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|Tutar kasar File:ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Rwanda (ICTR) File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg|Coat of Arms File:Lake_Ihema.jpg|Tafkin Ilhema File:Kigali_International_Airport.jpg|Kigali International Airport File:The_Mihindi_Lake_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg|Tafkin Mihindi File:Rwandan_Wedding_culture.jpg|Yan rawa a bikin Aure File:The_Mihindi_Lake_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg|Tafkin Mihindi File:Kigali_Memorial_Centre.jpg|Kigali Memorial Centre in Gisozi File:The_view_across_Kigali_in_Rwanda_at_night.jpg|Kigali da dare File:Kigali_Memorial_Centre_3.jpg|Wani babban Kabari, Kigali File:Kigali Memorial Centre.jpg|Kigali Memorial Centre File:Ni nziza kigali city.jpg|Ni nziza kigali city File:ICTR in Kigali.jpg|Ginin ICTR a Kigali, Rwanda </gallery> {{Afirka}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruwanda}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]] ih9dl8dh3le3ltjpvzr2lqitlp8kld8 0 8683 892290 684988 2026-08-06T17:39:22Z Kaddi123 38060 892290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:F.jpg Nono.jpg|thumb|Nono da kankara a Cikin shi din ya sashi sanyi]] [[File:Good breastfeeding latch and breast compression.ogv|thumb|Mahaifiya ta na shayar da jariri nono]] [[File:Evaporated Milk and Sweetened Condensed Milk at Wellcome Supermarket Possession Street shop.jpg|thumb|Fakiti da gwangwanayen madara]] [[File:Cappuccino milk froth.jpg|thumb|Madara akofi]] [[File:Mali milk seller.jpg|thumb|yarinya ta dakko nono a gora]] [[File:Stew milks the goat 04.jpg|thumb|ana tatsan nonon akuya]] [[File:Bleu de Gex.jpg|thumb|Hasashshen nono]] [[File:Milk and straw.jpg|thumb|milk and straw]] [[Fayil:Milk container types.jpg|thumb|yanda ake sarrafa madara]] [[Fayil:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|madara]] '''Madara''' ko '''Nono''' dukkanin kalmomin biyu suna nufin abu ɗaya ne. sai dai akan banbanta halittar mama ta Ɗan Adam a kirata da Kalmar ''Nono'' kawai ba'a kiranta da madara. Idan aka ce Nono to ana nufin ruwan dake fita daga nonuwan [[halitta]] walau ta [[Dan Adam|Ɗan Adam]] ko ta [[Dabba]] misali [[mace]] tana fitar da nono a sanda ta [[Haihuwa|haihu]] Dan shayar da jaririnta, haka kuma dabbobi kamar [[saniya]], [[tunkiya]], [[akuya]], suma suna fitar da nono dan shayarwa, sa'annan idan kuma aka ce Madara to anan ana nufin nono ne wanda aka samosa ba daga jikin halitta ba amma dai ansa mesa ne daga wasu nau'ukan bishiyoyi, tsirrai, ko kayan abinci, kamar [[kwa-kwa]], [[waken-suya]], [[gyada|gyaɗa]], dadai sauransu. Madara ko Nono dai wani farin [[ruwa]] ne dake ɗauke da sinadarai masu amfani a jikin dan Adam, madara dai ta kasance ita kaɗai ce ake amfani da ita domin samarwa jarirai abinci na ɗan Adam ko dabba kafin su kuma iya fara cin abinci, nono na dauke da wasu kwayoyin halittu dake fita daga jikin uwa zuwa jikin [[jariri]] dan su kareshi daga cututtukan da zasu iya samun jaririn, wannan yasa uwa ta shayar da jaririnta abu ne mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar jariri.madara tana daya daga cikin manya abinci masu na'uin protein masu Gina jiki sosai,tana karama jiki sinadirin protein domin inganta lafiya jiki da jini,tana daukar tsowon awa shida kafin ta narake a cikin jiki.samardalafiya {{DEFAULTSORT:Madara}} [[Category:Abinsha]] g221hhl5szgvf29uj9w87wjjnqg9tm8 0 9442 892316 781256 2026-08-06T18:50:59Z Baffa ali 47435 892316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Landscape in Etim-Ekpo.jpg|thumb|Wani sashe na Etim-Ekpo]] ''' Etim Ekpo ''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]], da ke kudu maso kudancin [[Nijeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aksgonline.com/about_people_population.html|title=Population of Akwa Ibom State|website=www.aksgonline.com|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401235954/http://www.aksgonline.com/about_people_population.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar ta kasance fadin ta ya kai 105,418 . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Akwa Ibom]] 5qqh6uyba7lmsz9v505ar142pmp6f7m 0 9542 892325 441083 2026-08-06T19:05:01Z Baffa ali 47435 892325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ado''' na daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar tana da fadi kamar haka 184,389a shekara ta (2006). {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] c2ahu9x9w05tv4n7s9bdnw8kshs2wmx 0 9749 892319 843757 2026-08-06T18:56:58Z Baffa ali 47435 892319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bomadi''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Ijaw]] da ke cikin [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name="EkehSociety2007">{{cite book|last1=Ekeh|first1=Peter Palmer|last2=Society|first2=Urhobo Historical|title=History of the Urhobo people of Niger Delta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdeYB1lIPwC&pg=PA285|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=2007-01-10|publisher=Urhobo Historical Society|isbn=978-978-077-288-8|page=285}}</ref> Garin yana gefen [[Kogin Forçados|Kogin Forcados]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map - Bomadi - MAP[N]ALL.COM|url=https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Bomadi_1443222.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.mapnall.com}}</ref> Hedikwatar wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana garin '''Bomadi'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da al’ummomi guda goma sha ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''Ogriagbene, Esanma, Akugbene, Ogbein-ama, Bomadi, Kpakiama, Ekamuta-gbene, Azebiri, Ogodobiri, Okoloba da Kalafuo-gbene, Adobu, Agoloma, Aven, Bolou Apelebiri, Bolou-Angiama, Odorubu da Ogo-Eze'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bomadi Overview |url=https://booknaija.ng/city/delta/bomadi/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=BookNaija.ng}}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006, wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 86,016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> lambar ika sako ita ce kamar haka 333101 . ==Yanayi== A garin Bomadi, lokacin rani kan kasance mai tsananin zafi da gizagizai, yayin da lokacin damina kan kasance mai ɗan dumi. Yanayin zafin garin yawanci yana tsakanin 21 °C (70 °F) zuwa 30 °C (86 °F). {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] mus55rbww8f95jzd0cpqbwquj47pl7j 0 9804 892371 891786 2026-08-06T20:57:50Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:Bosa, bordo di fileto òrulu de filè, randa osìnca, 1890-1910 ca. 02.jpg|thumb|Kayan sawarsu]] '''Orolu''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce, dake a [[Jihar Osun]], kudu maso,yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. Sunada yawan fili kamar haka 80km . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Osun]] {{LGAs and communities of Osun State}} [[Category:Local government areas in Osun State]] {{Osun-geo-stub}} 7fnn12dr2wfbd9oz1v25kyj5ce4atfn 0 10065 892104 441675 2026-08-06T12:12:48Z Baffa ali 47435 892104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibarapa ta Tsakiya''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Oyo|jihar Oyo]] wadda ke a shiyar Kudu maso Yamma a kasar [[Nijeriya]]. Yawan mutanen sunkai kimanin 244.64 mazauna/km. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Oyo]] 08eyq2i6oi4pdxsfoeuk90u2q1xr1nm 0 10222 892360 441708 2026-08-06T20:22:45Z Baffa ali 47435 892360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qurdarik-e Olya''' (Persian: '''"قوردريك عليا"''', da harshen Roman kuma '''Qūrdarīk-e ‘Olyā'''; da kuma Qūrdīk-e Bālā da '''Qūrdīk-e ‘Olyā'''')<ref>Qurdarik-e Olya can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3767498" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".</ref> kauye ne acikin garin Sokmanaba a yankin Safayyeh, dake gabar ruwan Khoy, yammacin [[Azerbaijan]] a kasar [[Iran]]. A kidayar 2006 mutanen garin 622da iyali 132.<ref> "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2011-11-11.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} rvfeeuqpfxgupb4el1qynafr2vba6sz 0 10880 892349 457892 2026-08-06T19:53:48Z Baffa ali 47435 892349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Persepolis F.C.''' (ko kuma '''Sorkh''', ko '''Persepolis''' (IPA-ca|ˈPeɾsepolis)), kulob [[Dinki|ɗin]] [[Kwararrun Jami'ar Stellenbosch|ƙwararrun]] [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Cape Verde|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Wada|wanda]] ke zaune a [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.irna.ir/en/News/83094498 Iran's Red Army to use 200% power]</ref><ref>[http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/latest/news/persepolis-primed-for-iran-pro-league-season ''AFC'', Persepolis primed for Iran Pro League season]</ref> an kirkire shi 1963 . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Iran]] aieavy859kjmk5ro5tyackg7y89g9b7 0 11028 892460 866191 2026-08-07T05:22:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Bakassi wani yanki ne da ke gabar Tekun Guinea. Yana tsakanin bakin kogin Cross River, kusa da birnin Calabar da kuma bakin kogin Rio del Ray a gabas. Kamaru ce ke mulkinta, bayan mika ikon mallakar yankin daga makwabciyar Najeriya sakamakon hukuncin da Kotun Duniya ta yanke.'''<ref>The Land and Maritime Boundary Between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Judgment, ICJ Reports 2002, p.303</ref> '''A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2007, Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta yi watsi da mika yankin, tunda Yarjejeniyar Greentree ta mika yankin ga Kamaru ta saba wa Sashe na 12(1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1999.'''<ref>Terry D. Gill; Harm Dotinga; Shabtai Rosenne; Erik Jaap Molenaar; Alex G. Oude Elferink (2003). Rosenne's the World Court: What it is and how it Works. United Nations Publications. p. 212. <nowiki>ISBN 90-04-13816-1</nowiki>.</ref> '''Duk da haka, an mika yankin ga Kamaru gaba daya a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2008, daidai shekaru biyu bayan an mayar da bangare na farko na yankin.'''<ref>"Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon". BBC News. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</ref><ref>Francis Baye (January 2010). "Implications of the Bakassi conflict resolution for Cameroon". AJCR. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da tattalin arziki == Wannan tsibiri yana tsakanin latitude 4°25′ da 5°10′N da longitude 8°20′ da 9°08′E. Ya ƙunshi wasu tsibirai masu ƙasa, waɗanda galibi aka rufe da mangrove, waɗanda suka mamaye yanki na kusan kilomita 665 (257 sq mi). Yawan mutanen Bakassi yana cikin wani rikici, amma galibi ana sanya su tsakanin mutane 150,000 zuwa 300,000. Bakassi yana cikin ƙarshen gabas na Tekun Guinea, inda ɗumi na Guinea mai kwararar gabas (wanda ake kira Aya Efiat a Efik) ya haɗu da ruwan Benguela mai sanyi da ke kwarara arewa (wanda ake kira Aya Ubenekang a Efik). Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa biyu na teku suna hulɗa, suna ƙirƙirar manyan masu fashewa da kumfa waɗanda ke ci gaba da tafiya zuwa gaɓar teku. Wannan yana tara ruwa mai wadata da kifaye, jatan lande, da nau'ikan halittun ruwa iri-iri, don haka ya sanya yankin ya zama wurin kamun kifi mai albarka, wanda yawancin jama'a ke samun abin rayuwa. Ana kiran yankin da "mai arzikin mai", kodayake a zahiri babu wani wurin adana mai da aka gano a kasuwa. Duk da haka, yankin ya jawo hankalin kamfanonin mai sosai dangane da gano tarin mai mai inganci a Najeriya. Akalla kamfanonin mai guda takwas na ƙasashen duniya sun shiga binciken yankin da kuma ruwan da ke bakin teku. A watan Oktoba na 2012, Kamfanin Man Fetur da Sinadarai na China ya sanar da cewa ya gano sabbin albarkatun mai da iskar gas a yankin Bakassi.<ref>Addax Petroleum Discovers New Oil, Gas Resources in Cameroon Deprecated link archived 28 January 2013 at archive.today, MenaFN.com, 10 October 2012</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Bakassi ta ƙunshi tsibirai da dama masu ƙasa kuma tana cikin Tekun Guinea. Tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi ta Bakassi da kuma yankin Bakassi sun ƙunshi yankin. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na karamar hukumar Bakassi, wacce ke da jimillar girman murabba'in kilomita 665 ko murabba'in mil 257, shine digiri 25 na Celsius ko digiri 77 na Fahrenheit. Matsakaicin saurin a karamar hukumar Bakassi shine kilomita 12/h (7.5 mph), yayin da aka kiyasta matakin danshi na yankin shine kashi 94%.<ref>"Bakassi Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 27 November 2025</ref> == Tarihi == A lokacin yaƙin neman 'yancin Afirka, Sarauniya Victoria ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariya da Sarkin Akwa Akpa da Sarakunan Akwa, waɗanda Turawa suka fi sani da Tsohon Calabar, a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1884. Wannan ya ba Daular Burtaniya damar iko da dukkan yankin da ke kewaye da Calabar, ciki har da Bakassi. Daga baya yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Najeriya, kodayake ba a taɓa ƙayyade iyakar har abada ba. Duk da haka, takardun da 'yan Kamaru suka fitar, daidai da na Birtaniya da Jamusawa, a bayyane yake cewa Bakassi yana ƙarƙashin Yankin Kamaru sakamakon yarjejeniyar Anglo-Jamus ta zamanin mulkin mallaka. Bayan da 'yan Kudancin Kamaru suka kaɗa ƙuri'a a shekarar 1961 don barin Najeriya suka zama wani ɓangare na Kamaru, Bakassi ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Calabar a Najeriya har zuwa hukuncin ICJ na 2002.<ref name=":0">Nowa Omoigui, The Bakassi Story Archived 7 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Omoigui.com</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Yawan Jama'a == Mutanen Bakassi galibi mutanen Oron ne, mutanen [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] da [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] ta Najeriya. Rikicin Yankuna Najeriya da Kamaru sun yi ta takaddama kan mallakar Bakassi tsawon shekaru, wanda hakan ya haifar da tashin hankali mai yawa tsakanin kasashen biyu. A shekarar 1981 kasashen biyu sun shiga cikin yakin Bakassi da wani yanki da ke kewaye da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]], a daya gefen kan iyakar kasashen biyu. An samu karin fadace-fadace masu dauke da makamai a farkon shekarun 1990. A martanin da suka mayar, Kamaru ta kai batun Kotun Duniya (ICJ) a ranar 29 ga Maris 1994.<ref>Bola A. Akinterinwa, "Equatorial Guinea and the Bakassi Dispute", Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Niger Delta Congress, April 2002</ref> Lamarin ya kasance mai sarkakiya, wanda ya bukaci kotun ta sake duba musayar diflomasiyya da ta yi sama da shekaru 100. Najeriya ta dogara ne kacokan kan wasikun Anglo-Jamus tun daga shekarar 1885 da kuma yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin kasashen mulkin mallaka da sarakunan 'yan asalin yankin, musamman Yarjejeniyar Kariya ta 1884. Kamaru ta yi nuni ga yarjejeniyar Anglo-German ta 1913, wadda ta ayyana yankin iko a yankin, da kuma yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarun 1970 tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya. Waɗannan su ne sanarwar Yaoundé II ta 4 ga Afrilu 1971 da sanarwar Maroua ta 1 ga Yuni 1975, waɗanda aka tsara don fayyace iyakokin teku tsakanin ƙasashen biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai. An zana layin ta bakin kogin Cross River da ke yammacin yankin, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa Kamaru ce ke da mallakar Bakassi. Duk da haka, Najeriya ba ta taɓa amincewa da yarjejeniyar ba, yayin da Kamaru ta ɗauki hakan a matsayin wadda ke aiki. Hukuncin ICJ Hukuncin ICJ ya yanke hukunci a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2002, inda ta gano (bisa ga yarjejeniyoyin Anglo-German) cewa ikon mallakar Bakassi ya rataya ne a kan Kamaru. Ta umurci Najeriya da ta mayar da mallakar yankin, amma ba ta buƙaci mazauna su ƙaura ko su canza ƙasarsu ba. Don haka aka bai wa Kamaru yawan jama'ar Najeriya kuma ana buƙatar ta kare haƙƙoƙinsu, kayayyakin more rayuwa da jin daɗinsu.<ref>Mike Chinedu Anekwe, "ICJ ruling on Bakassi: Matters arising", Archived 27 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Nigeria World, 27 December 2002</ref> Hukuncin ya haifar da fargaba a Najeriya. Wannan ya jawo cece-kuce daga jami'an Najeriya da kuma kafofin watsa labaran Najeriya. Cif Richard Akinjide, tsohon babban lauyan Najeriya kuma Ministan Shari'a wanda ya kasance babban memba na tawagar lauyoyin Najeriya, ya bayyana hukuncin a matsayin "kashi 50% na dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma kashi 50% na siyasar kasa da kasa", "nuna son kai da rashin adalci", "bala'i gaba daya", da kuma "zamba gaba daya". Jaridar The Guardian ta Najeriya ta ci gaba da cewa hukuncin "fyade ne da kuma makircin kasa da kasa da ba a zata ba game da mutuncin yankin Najeriya da 'yancin kai" kuma "wani bangare ne na makircin kasashen yamma na haifar da rikici a Afirka". Sakamakon takaddamar ya kasance kin amincewa da Najeriya ta janye sojojinta daga Bakassi da kuma mika 'yancin kai. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta yi watsi da hukuncin a fili ba, amma ta yi kira da a samar da yarjejeniya da za ta samar da "zaman lafiya da girmamawa, tare da muradun jama'armu".<ref>"Bakassi Threatens to Declare Own Republic". This Day Online. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref> Hukuncin kotun ICC ya samu goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce kundin tsarin mulkinta ya ba da damar sanya takunkumi ko ma amfani da karfi don aiwatar da hukuncin kotun. Sakatare Janar Kofi Annan ya shiga tsakani a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kuma ya jagoranci wani taron koli na uku tare da shugabannin kasashen biyu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2002, wanda ya kafa kwamiti don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da hukuncin ICJ cikin lumana. An sake gudanar da wani taron koli a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2004. Wannan ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci, amma tsarin ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda adawar mazauna Bakassi na komawa Kamaru.<ref>Gilbert da Costa, "Bakassi Region Residents Protest Handover of Region to Cameroon", Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, VOA, 8 August 2006</ref>Tutar da 'yan awaren Bakassi suka yi amfani da ita Shugabannin Bakassian sun yi barazanar neman 'yancin kai idan Najeriya ta yi watsi da ikon mallaka. An sanar da wannan ballewar a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2006, a matsayin "Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Bakassi". An ruwaito cewa an yanke shawarar ne a wani taro a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2006 kuma jaridar Vanguard ta Najeriya ta ruwaito shawarar ballewar. Rahotanni sun ce ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ciki har da Kudancin Kamaru a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Al'ummar Kamaru ta Kudu (SCAPO), Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination (BAMOSD), da kuma Movement for the Freedom of the Niger Delta (MEND) sun yanke shawarar. <ref>"Rebels Declare 'Independence' of Bakassi". Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</ref> Ƙungiyar 'yan awaren Biafra, Biafra Nations League (BNL), wacce aka fi sani da Biafra Nations Youth League, karkashin jagorancin Princewill Chimezie Richard (wanda aka fi sani da Prince Obuka) da Ebuta Akor Takon (ba tsohon Mataimakinsa ba, Ebuta Ogar Takon) sun mayar da sansaninsu zuwa yankin, bayan jerin gargaɗi ga gwamnatin Najeriya game da halin da 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka kora daga gidajensu ke ciki da kuma rahoton kisan da sojojin Kamaru suka yi wa ragowar yankin. Wannan ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da ake fafatawa tsakanin sojojin Najeriya da rundunar Bakassi Strike Force, wata ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga da ta mayar da hankali kan kai hari kan sojojin Najeriya da Kamaru. Daga baya sojojin Najeriya sun kama shugabannin BNL a yankin iyakar Ikang-Cameroon a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2016 a cewar jaridar Najeriya nation; rahotanni sun danganta ƙungiyar Biafra da ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga.<ref>"Troops Clash With Militants, Pirates in Niger Delta". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018</ref> BNL dema<ref>"Cameroon: Presidents Obasanjo and Biya Shake Hands on Disputed Bakassi Peninsula", Archived 17 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, AllAfrica.com, 13 June 2006</ref> == Janyewa == == <ref>"Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon". BBC News. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010</ref>Manazarta == [[File:Approximate_map_of_the_Bakassi_Conflict.png |thumb| Approximate map of the Bakassi Conflict]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Cross River]] s22e7o1ink0isi4befwd045bqpwlwxx 0 11052 892097 842997 2026-08-06T11:59:27Z Baffa ali 47435 892097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Oyi Local Government Area in Anambra State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|oyi wani karaman hukumah]] '''Oyi''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|haramar hukuma]] ce dake a jihar [[Anambra]] a shiyar kudu maso gabashin [[Nijeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Wanda fadin ta yakai 204 ,041(1991) . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyi}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] amdn08qj0rkhj2o6i5h612uhonbgglb 0 11206 892318 891402 2026-08-06T18:55:26Z Baffa ali 47435 892318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bogoro Nigeria page banner.jpg|thumb|Bogoro_Nigeria_page_banner]]{{databox}} [[File:Bogoro Nigeria page banner.jpg|thumb|Bogoro_Nigeria_page_banner]] [[File:Bogotá Actual.png|thumb|right|250px|{{PAGENAME}}]] '''Bogotá''' birni ne, da ke a yankin birnin Bogotá D.C, a ƙasar [[Kolombiya]]. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Kolombiya. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2015, Bogotá tana da yawan jama'a 7,181,469. An gina birnin Bogotá a shekara ta 1534.sannan a kalla yawan filayen yakai kimanin kilomita 1578km^2 .a kwai tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho 1. <gallery> File:Avenida_El_dorado_con_calle_32_A_-_Contralor%C3%ADa_de_Bogot%C3%A1.JPG|Contraloria Distrital de Bogotá. File:Nari%C3%B1o_BOGOT%C3%81_-_COLOMBIA.jpg|Casa de Nariño File:Plaza_Che,_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg|National University of Colombia, Bogotá Campus, Central Square File:O%27Leary_en_Bogot%C3%A1.JPG|Daniel Florencio O'Leary File:Bogot%C3%A1_in_1868_(3686435-2).jpg|Birnin Bogotá a shekarar 1868. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} *{{Commonscat|Bogotá}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogotá}} [[Category:Biranen Kolombiya]] h3cjiq97ulxixt9ixvzjjuqkbrkaurl 0 11259 892366 524630 2026-08-06T20:36:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Lens_-_Girondins_de_Bordeaux_(19-09-2020)_73.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Youssouf Sabaly]] '''Youssouf Sabaly''' (an haife shi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku 1993). Agarin [[Le Chesnay]], a ƙasar [[Faransa]]) shi ne ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasar [[Senegal]]. Ya buga wasan ƙwallo ma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Senegal daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha bakwae 2017. [[File:Youssouf_Sabaly.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Youssouf Sabaly]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Sabaly, Youssouf}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] Sabaly made his [[Ligue 1]] debut with [[Thonon Évian F.C.|Evian]] in the opening game of the 2013–14 season against [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard|Sochaux-Montbéliard]], playing the full game, which ended in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/sabaly-youssouf |title=La fiche de Youssouf Sabalay |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionel |access-date=22 November 2013 |language=fr}}</ref> se64eu9mnofml65ky0gvb6f4h7jntpk 0 12065 892116 444186 2026-08-06T12:33:03Z Baffa ali 47435 892116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Four-banded_sandgrouse_(Pterocles_quadricinctus)_male.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Bardo a ƙasar [[Gambiya]].]] [[File:Four-banded sandgrouse (Pterocles quadricinctus) female.jpg|thumb|Burkulli]] '''Burkulli'''<ref>Roger Blench, "Hausa bird names", rogerblench.info.</ref> (''Pterocles quadricinctus'') tsuntsu ne.shi wannan tsinsu dangisa sune pteroclidae . {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Burkulli}} [[Category:Tsuntsu]] d0oxqn5fz5b8fvyl9kopwwo0rgktex9 0 12563 892370 873810 2026-08-06T20:53:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Duba kuma */ 892370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kauyanci''' (Lipkanci ko Kariya ko Vinahe ko Wiihe) harshen Chadic a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Duba kuma== Speakers live in the two main settlements of Kariya Gyada and Tulu. There are also speakers in the nearby villages of Sabon Kariya and Sabon Tulu. The settlement of Dutsen Giwa used to have Vinahə speakers, but it is now Hausa-speaking.<ref name="Blench2012"/> *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Kauyanci}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] 647pcgra1j8nii4n174rlvd1w4yxzja 0 13314 892101 665358 2026-08-06T12:05:15Z Baffa ali 47435 892101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reem Omar Frainah''' ko wadda yawanci aka fi sani da '''Reem Frainah''', ta kasance 'yar asalin kasar Falastin ce, mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam.<ref name="uzwxF">{{Cite web|url=http://aisha.ps/en/news/85|title=Aisha Association for Woman and Child Protection|website=aisha.ps|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2020-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170454/http://aisha.ps/en/news/85|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce kuma Babban Darakta ta Ƙungiyar Aisha don kare Mata da Yara, wata ƙungiyar mata ta Falasdinu mai zaman kanta da ke aiki don cimma daidaituwa tsakanin mata da maza ta hanyar karfafa tattalin arziƙin da taimakon juna ga ƙungiyoyi a [[Zirin Gaza]] tare da mai da hankali kan Zirin Gaza da yankin Arewa .<ref name="uzwxF" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ochaopt.org/whd2019/reem-freineh.html|title=Palestinian Women Facing Odds|last=Frainah|first=Reem|date=|website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}}</ref> Ita ce tsohuwar mai kula da shirye-shirye na kungiyar A'isha ta mata da kariyar yara lokacin da ta fara a zaman wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a shekarar 2009. A shekara ta 2011, ta kammala digirin-digirgir a cikin ilimin likitanci, daga baya ta zama Babban Darakta na AISHA. Mafi yawan ayyukanta sun haɗa da koyarwa, da kuma samar da ayyuka da yawa ga mata da Ƙananan yara dake fama da rikici a Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pikaramagazine.com/2016/08/palestinian-woman-defenseless-before-the-law-and-the-occupation/|title=Palestinian woman: defenseless before the law and the occupation -|date=2016-08-04|website=pikara magazine|language=es-ES}}</ref> Yana da sana'a akan ilimi na mai kare hakkin mata da psychologist . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freinah, Reem}} l8wozmg70cl3tvublfywxp0qivlfvmo 0 13443 892109 636510 2026-08-06T12:20:39Z Zahrah0 14848 892109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:P4K - Sunday (35179804623).jpg|thumb|Jamila Woods]] '''Jamila Woods''' (an haife ta a ranar shida 6 ga watan Oktoba,shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) ta kasance yar asalin mazauniyar [[Chicago]] ce, Mawakiyar Amurka, marubuciyar wãƙa da wake. Woods ta kammala karatun digiri a St. Ignatius College Prep da Jami'ar Brown, inda ta sami BA a Nazarin Afirka da Nazarin Wasan kwaikwayon & Theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://national.suntimes.com/national-entertainment/7/72/2481954/jamila-woods-blk-girl-solider/|title=Jamila Woods releases powerful single, 'blk girl soldier'|date=24 January 2016|work=suntimes.com|accessdate=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706174018/http://national.suntimes.com/national-entertainment/7/72/2481954/jamila-woods-blk-girl-solider/|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/meet-hollis-wong-wear-and-jamila-woods-the-women-of-color-behind-macklemores-white-privilege-ii_us_56a63372e4b076aadcc728b9|title=Meet Hollis Wong-Wear And Jamila Woods, The Women Of Color Behind Macklemore's 'White Privilege II'|date=25 January 2016|publisher=|accessdate=25 April 2017|via=Huff Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://people2015.chicagoreader.com/who/jamila-woods/profile/|title=Jamila Woods|first=Chicago|last=Reader|date=10 December 2015|work=chicagoreader.com|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan jigogi na asalin kakannin baƙar fata, baƙar fata, da baƙon Baki, tare da maimaita mahimmancin ƙauna da ƙaunar City da Birnin Chicago.<ref name="Jamila Woods Writes"/> === Waƙe === [[File:Treefort Music Fest, Jamila Woods 04.jpg|200px|left|thumbnail|Treefort Music Fest, Jamila Woods]] A cikin shekarar 2012, Jamila Woods ta buga ɗakinta na farko, mai taken ''Gaskiya Game da Dolls'' . Za a iya samun aikinta a cikin litattafan tarihin ''Mawallafin Breakbeat: Sabuwar Mawaƙan Amurka a cikin Hip-Hop'' (2015), ''Jarumtaka: Daring Poems for Gutsy Girls'' (2014), and ''The UnCommon Core: Contemporary Poems for Learning and Living'' (2013) ). Abubuwan da ta yi tasiri sun hada da Lucille Clifton, Gwendolyn Brooks, Toni Morrison, da Frida Kahlo.<ref name="Jamila Woods Writes"/> Woods ya kasance ɗayan editocin uku na ''The Breakbeat Poets Volume II'', mai taken ''Black Girl Magic'' . Bugawar 2018 sigar tsohuwar magana ce ta mawaka ta mata bakaken fata, "bincika jigogi na kyakkyawa, baƙar fata, baƙar magana, ma'anar kai, da ƙari." <ref name="Black Girl Magic">{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Eva |title="Black Girl Magic" Editor Jamila Woods and Poet Safia Elhillo on Putting a Spotlight on Black Women |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/black-girl-magic-jamila-woods-safia-elhillo |website=Teen Vogue |publisher=Teen Vogue |accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> === Shirya al'umma === Woods shine Mataimakin Shugaban Kasuwanci na [http://youngchicagoauthors.org Matasa na Chicago (YCA)], kungiya a cikin Chicago da aka sadaukar don haɓaka muryoyin matasa ta hanyar ilmantarwa da jagoranci. Ta hanyar YCA, Woods yana taimakawa wajen tsara Louder Than Bomb, babban taron mawaƙa na samari mafi girma a duniya. Har ila yau, tana gudanar da bitar bita da ƙirƙirar tsarin karatun Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago.<ref name="Jamila Woods Writes">{{cite web |last1=Woods |first1=Jamila |title=Home |url=https://jamilawoodswrites.com/ |website=Jamila Woods Writes |accessdate=14 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224853/https://jamilawoodswrites.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da yake a cikin Providence, Woods ya yi aikin sa kai a cibiyar fasahar ba da riba mai suna New Urban Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newurbanarts.org/2011/05/20/the-2011-art-party/|title=The 2011 Art Party|date=2011-05-20|website=New Urban Arts|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> === Waka === [[File:Treefort Music Fest, Jamila Woods 01 (cropped).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Jamila Woods]] An san ta sosai saboda aikin haɗin gwiwar ta tare da Chance the Rapper a kan waƙar da aka yi wa lakabi da "Lahadi Candy" daga kundin album ''Surf'' da kuma "Albarka" daga ''Littafin canza launi'' . Hakanan ana nuna Woods akan waƙar Macklemore &amp;amp; Ryan Lewis " Furucin Farko na II ".<ref name=wickman>{{cite news|last1=Forrest|first1=Wickman|title=Macklemore’s "White Privilege II" Isn’t a Great Song, But as a Think Piece It’s Not Terrible|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/01/22/macklemore_s_white_privilege_ii_isn_t_a_great_song_but_as_a_lyrical_think.html|accessdate=23 January 2016|agency=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=January 22, 2016}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Woods ya rattaba hannu kan tambarin hip-hop na Chicago mai suna, Closed Sessions/.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jamila Woods Signs Label Deal With Chicago's Closed Sessions, Releases First Single (Exclusive) {{!}} Billboard|url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/6844165/jamila-woods-signs-closed-sessions-new-song|website = Billboard|access-date = 2016-02-22}}</ref> == Wakoki == === Albums na Studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:10em;" scope="col" | Take ! style="width:17em;" scope="col" | Bayanin album |- ! scope="row" | ''Mai Girma'' | * Sanarwa: 7 ga Yuli, 2016 * Label: Rufe Sessions, Jagjaguwar * Tsari: CD, LP, saukar da dijital, gudana |- ! scope="row" | ''Legacy!'' ''Legacy!'' | * Sanarwa: Mayu 10, 2019 * Label: Jagjaguwar * Tsari: CD, LP, saukar da dijital, gudana |} [[File:Jamila_Woods_-_Heavn.png|thumb| Murfin kundi mai ɗaukar nauyi ]] === Heavn === [[File:Treefort Music Fest, Jamila Woods 02.jpg|thumb|Jamila Woods]] Woods ta saki kundin album ''ɗinta na'' farko a ''ɗaukar nauyi'' a shafinta na SoundCloud a Yuli 11, 2016 zuwa acclaim mai mahimmanci. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar tare da Chance the Rapper, Noname, Saba, Lorine Chia, Kweku Collins da Donnie Trumpet . ''Hevn Hevn'' ya kasance mafi kyawun album na 36 na 2016 ta ''Pitchfork'' . ''Ya dauke'' fasali daban-daban na masu samarwa, da suka hada da oddCouple, wani aboki mai rufe Sessions signee wanda ya samar da guda biyar daga cikin waƙoƙin kundin album 12. A cikin 2017, Woods abokan tarayya tare da Jagjaguwar da Closed Sessions don sake sakin kundin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jagjaguwar.com/releases/|title=Jagjaguwar {{!}} JAG312|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611192327/https://jagjaguwar.com/releases/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Legacy === [[File:Treefort Music Fest, Jamila Woods 04.jpg|thumb|Jamila Woods]] Jamila ta fito da albam dinta na biyu ''Legacy!'' ''Legacy!'' ta Jagjaguwar a Mayu 10, 2019 ga rave reviews. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Nitty Scott, Saba, theMIND, Jasminfire, da Nico Segal . ''Legacy!'' ''Legacy!'' ya hada da waƙoƙin ƙugiya "Eartha" wanda ke taimakawa wajen nuna tarihi da layin ƙasar da ya damu da mantawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jagjaguwar.com/releases/|title=Jagjaguwar {{!}} JAG342|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611192327/https://jagjaguwar.com/releases/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Official website (music) * Official website (poetry) e6m5kh5env1g5dzs4zhrvxae14ge0yy 0 13489 892351 549519 2026-08-06T19:55:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sunaye */ 892351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Nanyang1.png|thumb|right|250px|Nanyang.]] [[Fayil:Nanyang1.png|thumb|Nanyang]] '''Nanyang''' (lafazi : /nanyang/) birni ne, da ke a tsakiyar ƙasar [[Sin]]. Nanyang yana da yawan jama'a 2,000,000, bisa ga jimillar 2017. An gina birnin Nanyang kafin karni na biyar kafin haifuwan annabi Issa. Babban filin wasa na Nanyang Sports Center 35,000 shine babban wurin (kwallon kafa) a cikin birnin. == Sunaye == [[File:NanyangWangfuGarden.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Lambun Wangfu, Nanyang]] A cikin sunan "Nanyang" ( simplified Chinese) yana nufin rana &#x2014; gefen kudu na dutse, ko arewacin kogi, a [[Sinanci|kasar Sin]] ana kiransa ''Yang'' . Sunan ya fito ne daga [[Nanyang Commander|Nanyang Commandery]], [[Kwamanda (China)|kwamanda]] da aka kafa a yankin a lokacin [[Zaman Jihohin Yaki|Jihohin Yaki]] . Kafin sunan "Nanyang" ya zama hade da birnin kanta, an kira shi "Wan" Wanda yawan jama'a su kai 366.37. {{Stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Path,_Wolonggang,_China.jpg|Hanyar Wolonggang, Nanyang, Chaina File:%E9%9F%A9%E5%A0%82%E7%AB%99%E7%AB%99%E6%88%BF%EF%BC%882020%EF%BC%89.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin, Nanyang File:Mountain,_Wolonggang,_China.jpg|Tsaunin Wolonggang, Nanyang File:%E5%8D%97%E9%98%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%94%B0%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio_-_manoen_(2).jpg|Nanyang File:Anna_Xiulan_Zeeck_Portrait_2014.jpg|Anna Xiulan Zeeck, yar asalin Henan, Nanyang File:Medical_Sage_Temple_-_10265202943.jpg|Medical Sage Temple, Nanyang File:HNBC_(1).jpg|Henan Buddhist College Nanyang File:Xixia_Dinosaur_Relics_Park.jpg|Wani wurin shakatawa na birnin File:%E5%8D%97%E9%98%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%94%B0%E7%BF%A0%E6%B9%96%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD_-_panoramio_-_manoen.jpg|Wani Kogi a birnin File:Sun_yat_sen_memorial.jpg|Sun yat sen memorial </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nanyang}} [[Category:Biranen Sin]] ka4j795galxhr2w9q5tvsrmzrr43sxp 0 13779 892367 448744 2026-08-06T20:42:43Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sammy Oziti''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, [[1983]] ) - [[Nijeriya|Yar'wasan Najeriya]] ce wacce take fafatawa a gasar daukar nauyi a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta dauki matsayi na 23 a gasar cin kofin duniya a 2006 . Gasar Zakarun Afirka a 2003 da ta biyu a 2007 . Sau shida tana lashe lambobin zakarun Afirka a shekarun 2006 - 2012 . Gwarzon kungiyar kasashen Afirka a 2005 da 2013 . {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1983]] Sammy Oziti started her wrestling career in 1998. Her first ever participation at the [[Africa Games]] was in the year 2003 in [[Abuja]]. At the event, she won a gold medal after defeating her opponent, Bejaoui, Nour El Houda of Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wrestling Database|url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=21D343AA134E11D88C530080AD02DA79&gkl=1|access-date=2020-11-21|website=www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202017/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=21D343AA134E11D88C530080AD02DA79&gkl=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year, she participated in the Olympic Qualification Tournament however ended up in 9th position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wrestling Database|url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=3FBBAB89095A11D88C530080AD02DA79&gkl=1|access-date=2020-11-21|website=www.iat.uni-leipzig.de|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604101636/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=3FBBAB89095A11D88C530080AD02DA79&gkl=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> e1bt93sobdi7a9a6kp6x46lztoe7umt 0 15465 892358 873929 2026-08-06T20:08:28Z Saudarh2 14842 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349436957|Bolanle Austen-Peters]]" 892358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bolanle Austen-Peters''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969), lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai shirya fina-finai, darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa, kuma ɗan kasuwa na al'adu. Ita ce ta kafa kuma darektan fasaha na BAP Productions da kuma cibiyar zane-zane da al'adu ta Terra Kulture a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]].<ref name="girl">{{Cite book|last3=Ibukun Awosika}}</ref> [[CNN]] ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai fara wasan kwaikwayo a [[Najeriya]]", kuma wasu a matsayin "'[[Tyler Perry]]' na Najeriya" saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga fim da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thearthubng.com">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Bolanle Austen-Peters: Nigeria's own 'Tyler Perry' winning with film and stage |url=https://thearthubng.com/bolanle-austen-peters-telling-the-african-theatre-cinematic-story-the-tyler-perry-way/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=The Art Hub}}</ref> An kira Austen-Peters daya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a Afirka ta Forbes Afrique kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=The woman powering Nigeria's theater industry |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2017/10/20/marketplace-africa-the-woman-powering-nigerias-theater-industry-a.cnn |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> Ayyukanta masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da fina-finai 93 Days, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Collision Course da House of Ga'a, da kuma shirye-shiryen mataki kamar Saro the Musical, Fela da Kalakuta Queens, da Moremi the Musical . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Nollywood's 'House of Ga'a' Reaches Netflix's Global Top 10 Chart |url=https://broadcastmediaafrica.com/2024/08/02/nollywoods-house-of-gaa-reaches-netflixs-global-top-10-chart/#:~:text=In%20Nigeria%2C%20the%20Netflix%20original,in%20both%20theatre%20and%20screen. |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Broadcast Media Africa}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ta samar sun sami karbuwa a duniya, tare da nunawa a bukukuwan duniya da kuma matsayi na farko a kan Netflix a duk duniya. Fim dinta Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, wanda ya dogara da rayuwar mai fafutukar Najeriya, ya zama fim din da ya fi samun kudi a Yammacin Afirka. Bugu da kari, wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi House of Ga'a ya shiga Top 10 Global Chart for Non-English Films a cikin makon farko da aka saki, kuma daga baya ya kasance cikin fina-finai na asali 10 a kan Netflix, ya kai No. 7 a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Nollywood's 'House of Ga'a' Reaches Netflix's Global Top 10 Chart |url=https://broadcastmediaafrica.com/2024/08/02/nollywoods-house-of-gaa-reaches-netflixs-global-top-10-chart/#:~:text=In%20Nigeria%2C%20the%20Netflix%20original,in%20both%20theatre%20and%20screen. |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Broadcast Media Africa}}</ref> Bayan fim, ta kafa kuma ta dauki bakuncin bikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na Legas (LITF), wanda aka dauka a matsayin bikin wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma a Yammacin Afirka. Bikin ya kunshi kamfanoni na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Mastercard, ta kafa Kwalejin Terra don Fasaha, wanda ya horar da dalibai sama da 60,000 a cikin horo mai ban sha'awa. Kwalejin tana aiki a jihohin Ogun, Legas, da Kano, Najeriya. Ta taba aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Austen-Peters a shekarar 1969 a [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ita 'yar [[Afe Babalola|Emmanuel Afe Babalola]] ce, [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] da Rtd Major, Mrs Bisi Babalola . <ref name="girl"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Demilade Oresanya |title=Terra Kulture @10: Making Nigerian Arts, Culture and Lifestyle a priority |url=http://www.cp-africa.com/2014/11/06/terra-kulture-10-making-nigerian-art-culture-lifestyle-priority/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917192518/http://www.cp-africa.com/2014/11/06/terra-kulture-10-making-nigerian-art-culture-lifestyle-priority/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=CP Africa}}</ref> Ta sami BA a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] da MA daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London.<ref name="girl" /> A cikin shekarun 1990s ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Afe Babalola da Co Barristers da Solicitors da kuma Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira a [[Switzerland]] . A shekara ta 2003, ta kafa Terra Kulture, cibiyar ilimi da al'adu don yarukan Najeriya, zane-zane, da al'ada. Ya haɗa da gidan cin abinci, gidan zane-zane, gidan siyarwa, kantin sayar da littattafai, makarantar harshe, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakin samar da fina-finai, da Kwalejin don nazarin fasaha. An samo shi a titin Tiamiyu Savage a Legas, Arena shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko mai zaman kansa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Custodian |first=Culture |date=2017-04-03 |title=Nigeria's first privately owned theatre, Terra Kulture Arena is here. |url=https://culturecustodian.com/terra-kulture-arena/ |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014) |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ta kafa kamfaninta na samar da Bolanle Austen-Peters Productions (BAP Productions). BAP Production shine gidan samarwa, wanda aka kafa don canza labarin game da Afirka ta hanyar inganta mata a matsayin misali daga FRK, [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] da Sarauniyar Kalakuta; batutuwan zamantakewa misali The [[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]] and Collision Course (fim na 2021) da 93 Days. Kamfanin ya shiga masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya tare da samar da shi na farko [[Saro, the musical|Saro, na kiɗa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Team* {{!}} Terra Kulture |url=https://www.terrakulture.com/meet-the-team-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006200324/https://terrakulture.com/meet-the-team-2/ |archive-date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya wasan kwaikwayo a Legas kuma a cikin 2016 ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa West End na London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=Saro The Musical in London's West End. August 24 – 29, 2017 |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2017/8/saro-the-musical-in-londons-west-end-august-24-29-2017.html/ |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Linda Ikeji}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon ya ba da labarin samari huɗu waɗanda suka yanke shawarar fara tafiya zuwa Legas inda suke neman cimma burinsu. In 2015, Austen-Peters produced the film ''[[93 Days (fim)|93 Days]] .''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://wakaathemusical.com/yahoo-news-smash-nigerian-musical-set-to-hit-london-stage/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701092553/http://wakaathemusical.com/yahoo-news-smash-nigerian-musical-set-to-hit-london-stage/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> It tells the story of the [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] outbreak in Nigeria and premiered on 13 September 2016 in Lagos. It was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival,<ref name="tiff 93 days">{{Cite web |title=93 Days |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/93-days/ |website=Toronto International Film Festival}}</ref> The Chicago Film Festival,<ref name="93 days Chicago Film Festival">{{Cite web |title=Chicago Film Festival: 93 days |url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/film/93-days/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627072938/http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/film/93-days/ |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> the [[Bikin Fim na Pan African|Pan African Film Festival]] in Los Angeles, the Johannesburg Film Festival, and at the Africa Film Festival in [[Köln|Cologne]]/[[Jamus|Germany]],<ref name="African Cinema Shines in the 24th Annual New York African Diaspora International Film Festival">{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=African Cinema Shines in the 24th Annual New York African Diaspora International Film Festival |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/news/united-states/african-cinema-shines-24th-annual-new-york-african-diaspora-international-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006160144/https://www.filmcontact.com/news/united-states/african-cinema-shines-24th-annual-new-york-african-diaspora-international-film |archive-date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref> and nominated for a Rapid Lion Award.<ref name="RaipdLion Award Nominees">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=RapidLion Award Nominees |url=http://www.bsharpentertainment.co.za/theatre/rapidlion-award-nominees |website=Bsharp Entertainment |access-date=24 February 2026 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101190023/http://www.bsharpentertainment.co.za/theatre/rapidlion-award-nominees |url-status=dead }}</ref> It won the award for Best Lighting Designer at the [[2017 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]], and received thirteen nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |title='93 Days' And '76' Lead The AMVCA 2017 Nominations – 'A Trip To Jamaica' Shows Up Too |url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/93-days-and-76-lead-the-amvca-2017-nominations-a-trip-to-jamaica-shows-up-too/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701094052/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/93-days-and-76-lead-the-amvca-2017-nominations-a-trip-to-jamaica-shows-up-too/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> ''93 days'' was also nominated for the Rapid Lion Award and in 7 categories for the 2017 [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]], which was the highest nominated film in 2017 AMAA.<ref name="Nigeria: '93days'=">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: '93 Days' Gets Highest Nominations in 2017 Amaa List - allAfrica.com |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201705160082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061145/http://allafrica.com/stories/201705160082.html |archive-date=11 July 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin Wakaa, [[Landan]] ke ba da labarin gwaje-gwaje, nasarori da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙungiyar ɗaliban digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2020 |title=BBC on Wakaa The Musical Live in London |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0xrvoBSOu8&list=PL-euS44_duZlxxQWwdZeAqtzxtQLQxmRs |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ita ce wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Najeriya da aka shirya a West End na London, kuma an yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayon da aka sayar a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shaw a London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=16 March 2016 |title=Stage sensation 'Wakaa!' becomes first Nigerian musical to hit London |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/16/africa/wakaa-the-musical-bolanle-austen-peters/index.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin kiɗa [[Fela Kuti]]">Fela da The Kalakuta Queens . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=FELA'S REPUBLIC & THE KALAKUTA QUEENS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOmuYnxPXSU&list=PL-euS44_duZm5NG0mphRcQjgOJbG1o03d |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=BAP Productions}}</ref> Ya ba da labarin rayuwar masanin tarihin [[Afrobeat]] Fela Kuti, da matan da suka kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa. An samar da shi kuma an kirkireshi da goyon bayan dukiyar Fela Kuti. An nuna shi a Najeriya, [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wasan yana daya daga cikin mafi girma da ya fito daga Afirka tare da sama da mutane 120,000 da suka kalli shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Cinemas to screen musical about Fela, Kalakuta Queens |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2021/09/south-african-cinemas-to-screen-musical-about-fela-kalakuta-queens/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=CTV News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2019, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din [[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]] wanda ke nuna rikice-rikicen mutum a cikin dangin Legas masu arziki. An zabi shi don kyaututtuka biyu ciki har da Darakta mafi Kyawun Fasaha, Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards . Ya fito da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood ciki har da [[Gbenga Titiloye]], [[Elvina Ibru]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Sharon Ooja]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]], Denola Grey, [[Monalisa Chinda]], Helen Paul da Alex Ekubo. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kuma ba da umarnin kiɗa 'Man Enough' wanda shine magana ɗaya a cikin muryoyi uku; wani mutum yana kuka don a ji shi, wani mutum yana ihu don a cece shi daga duniyar da ke tunanin shi 'Superman' ne kuma mutumin da ke tsoron yin magana. Labari ne na wani mutum da ke tabbatar da darajarsa da kuma lokacin da ya isa mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aigbokhaevbolo |first=Oris |date=24 November 2019 |title=BAP Productions considers what it is to be Man Enough |url=https://catchoris.medium.com/bap-productions-considers-what-it-is-to-be-man-enough-22c01234297d |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Catchoris}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din Collision Course wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwar wakilin tilasta bin doka da kuma mai son kiɗa a Najeriya. An nuna shi a kan Netflix kuma ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau (Yammacin Afirka) a lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu ciki har da fim mafi kyau, bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya AFRIFF (2021), Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a fim, AFRIF Fim (2021), mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na fim, AMA (2021). Ta fito da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]], [[Ade Laoye]], [[Kenneth Okolie]], [[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]], Gregory Ojefua, Bamike Olawunmi-Adenibuyan, [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] da [[Norbert Young|Nobert Young.]] A cikin 2021, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din Man of God (fim na 2022) wanda ke ba da labarin mutumin da aka kama tsakanin addini, tsammanin da imanin kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man of God (2022) IMDB |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14990030/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=IMDB}}</ref> An samar da fim din ne don Netflix kuma ya zama fim din da aka fi kallo a watan. Tauraruwar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo [[Akah Nnani]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Nelson Enwerem|Yarima Nelson Enwerem]], [[Dorcas Shola-Fapson|Dorcas Shola Fapson]], Atlanta Bridget Johnson, [[Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor)|Patrick Doyle]], [[Jude Chukwuka]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]], [[Shawn Faqua]], [[Mawuli Gavor]] da [[Olumide Oworu]]. A cikin 2022, Austen-Peters ta ba da umarnin fim din ''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (fim)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]'' wanda ke ba da labarin Funmilayo; daga kwanakin da ta fara aiki a matsayin ɗalibar mace ta farko a makarantar Abeokuta Grammar School zuwa aurenta da Isra'ila Ransome-Cuti . Fim din ya lashe kyautar 'Best Overall Feature Film' da kuma 'Best Screenplay'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=AFRIFF Awards: Bolanle Austen-Peters celebrates as she wins Best Feature Film award |url=https://www.gistreel.com/afriff-awards-bolanle-austen-peters-celebrates-as-she-wins-best-feature-film-award/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Gist Reel}}</ref> Fim din ya ƙunshi taurarin fim kamar [[Joke Silva]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], Ibrahim Suleiman, [[Jide Kosoko]], da [[Dele Odule]] . Fim din kuma an san shi da "Duk lokacin da ya fi girma a Afirka ta Yamma". A cikin 2023, Austen-Peters ya ba da umarnin fim din, House of GA'A wanda ke ba da labarin Firayim Minista marar tausayi wanda ke son fansa ya tashi zuwa mulki, ya tsaya a komai don ya zama mafi iko fiye da sarakunan da ya yi hidima. A cikin mako na farko da aka saki shi, fim din ya kai Top 10 Global Chart for Non-English Films == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="2" |Mutumin Allah|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Adedayo 2023">{{Cite web |last=Adedayo |first=Adedamola |date=2023-05-22 |title=AMVCA 2023: How It Happened |url=https://culturecustodian.com/amvca-2023-how-it-happened/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado|{{Nom}} |} == Taimako == Ta kafa Terra Academy For The Arts (TAFTA) tare da haɗin gwiwar MasterCard don horar da matasa 65,000 a cikin shekaru biyar. Terra Academy for the arts tana ba da ilimi na kyauta ga ɗalibanta a cikin sauti, mataki da ƙirar saiti, raye-raye da Rubutun rubutun. Austen-Peters ya yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Najeriya don karfafa masana'antu ta hanyar ayyuka da ayyukan fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Stage sensation "Wakaa!" becomes first Nigerian musical to hit London |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/16/africa/wakaa-the-musical-bolanle-austen-peters/index.html |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=CNN}}</ref> An amince da ita a shekarar 2015 tare da lambar yabo a cikin godiya ga gudummawa ga ci gaban Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Onikan, Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowole |first=Tajudeen |date=1 June 2013 |title=On museum day, Memory + Creativity, patrons celebrated |url=https://www.africanartswithtaj.com/2013/06/on-museum-day-memory-creativity-patrons.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=African Art with Taj}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta yi aiki tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don bikin cika shekaru 50 na Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadside Art: 9 Spectacular Sculptures in Lagos |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ngVx3j1aAZmNJg |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> Fiye da siffofi 9 an ba da umarni kuma an sanya su a kusa da Legas don kawo haske ga tarihin birnin, al'adu da mutane. Wataƙila sanannen siffar ita ce siffar Abolore Sobayo ta [[Afrobeat]] icon [[Fela Kuti]] . Hoton yana gaishe da kowane Lagosian wanda a wani lokaci ko wani, ya yi yaƙi don 'yanci. Hoton bikin ne na Legas kuma ya fahimci gwagwarmayar 'yan ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin sauran masu zane-zane da aka haɗa a cikin aikin sune Ade Odunfa, Hamza Atta, Segun Aiyesan, Umeh Bede, [[Gerald Chukwuma]], Tayo Olayode da Terfa Adingi . Ta kasance tana da hannu a cikin adanawa da ci gaban yarukan Najeriya a duk lokacin da take aiki, kuma ta yi hira da marubucin Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel [[Wole Soyinka]] don New York Times . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Ruth |date=25 September 2021 |title=Wole Soyinka Is Not Going Anywhere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/25/books/wole-soyinka-chronicles-land-happiest-people-earth.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Terra Kulture tana aiki tare da Gidauniyar Mastercard don tallafawa matasa masu kirkirar 65,000 tare da damar aiki. A cikin 2021, Austen-Peters ta haɗu da Google Arts & Culture, [[Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Buɗe Ido Ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na Najeriya]] (NTDC) da cibiyoyin al'adu guda shida don yin bikin birnin Legas da al'ummomin kirkirarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coker |first=Folorunsho |date=28 April 2021 |title=5 ways to explore Lagos creative communities on Google Arts & Culture |url=https://africa.googleblog.com/2021/04/EkoforShow.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Africa}}</ref> Aikin 'Èkó for Show: Bincika Legas' ya nuna matasan ƙarni na ƙwararrun mutane da al'ummomi da suka haɗa da kiɗa, fasaha, daukar hoto, kayan ado, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, adabi da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Èkó for Show: Explore Lagos |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/project/creative-lagos |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> Terra Kulture ya ba da gudummawa tare da hotuna na Street View, hotuna, bidiyo da labarun da suka shafi al'adun Legas. Don ƙaddamar da aikin, Austen-Peters ya kirkiro jerin shirye-shiryen YouTube tare da masu fasahar Afrobeats [[Teni (mawaƙiya)|Teni]], [[Kizz Daniel]] da Reekado Banks, suna bayanin tafiyarsu ta kirkira. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri Adegboyega Austen-Peters, wani zartarwa da kuma memba na kwamitin Najeriya. Suna da ɗa da 'yar, kuma suna zaune a Legas, Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Nollywood]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Rayuwarta == Ta auri Adegboyega Austen-Peters, wani zartarwa kuma memba na kwamitin Najeriya. Suna da ɗa da yarinya kuma suna zaune jihar a Legas, Najeriya. b6750rs96qm0akm41pdr6ilp3hscswe 0 17830 892179 725410 2026-08-06T16:18:31Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rabi'u Ibrahim Daushe''' Jarumin barkwanci ne ɗan Najeriya daga masana'antar fina finan kannywood, ya shahara da sunan Daushe ko Daushe mai dabaibayi, ya shahara sosai a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci a masana'antar fina-finan Hausa. ==Tarihin rayuwa== Rabi'u daushe ɗan asalin jihar kano ne, ƙaramar hukumar [[wudil]], an haifeshi A jihar kano Najeriya. Daushe yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman barkwanci a masana'antar Kannywood, ya samu shedar kammala makarantar firamare da sakandare duk a jihar kano, kafin ya haɗa wani wasan kwaikwayo na kulob ɗin daushe malami ne a wata makarantar islamiyya ta nurul huɗa kuma yana koyar da karatun addinin musulunci, kuma primary wudil na musamman inda shima yake koyar da [[Harshen Hausa|harshen hausa]]. <ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actor/daushe</ref> ===Daushe=== Rabi'u daushe ya kuma samo sunan sa na farko ne a wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar bauchi]], ɗaya daga cikin daraktan nasa ya kira dukkan membobinsa ya tambaye su game da sunan lakanin da kowa ke so kafin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara, Rabi'u Ibrahim ya zabi "Daushe Mai Dabaibayi" a matsayin lakabin wasan kwaikwayo, tun kafin ya haɗe masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. ==Aiki== Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne, baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana sana'ar dinki, sayar da tufafi, da kasuwancin kasa, kusan yana da fiye da nau'ikan kasuwanci 10, Shi ne hadin gwiwa na farko da Amina sannan kuma daga baya yana haɗa Hamdala wanda ya mallaki Marigayi Rabilu Musa Ibro, daushe ɗan fari ne daga cikin danginsa sannan kuma yana da kanne 11 maza da mata, kusan duk nauyinsu ya dauke su. Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe ya kasance gwarzon dan wasan barkwanci. ==Fina-finai== * Aljanar Dan Auta * Alkalin Kauye * Andamali * Dan Auta Amalala * Garbati * Hanyar Kano * Hawaye Na * Ibro Ba Sulhu * Jam Baki * Jamila Mai Wasa Da Kura * Karfen Nasara * Tsohon Lauya * Haka ==Iyali== Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe ya auri kyakkyawar matar sa shekarun baya kuma Allah ya albarkace su da kyawawan yara guda uku, Bashir, Fatima da Ibrahim Rabi'u Ibrahim Daushe. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Bahaushe]] [[Category:Yan fim]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] nphrrwks1oawfzzfgy94jga306gt5hx 892180 892179 2026-08-06T16:18:51Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rabi'u Ibrahim Daushe''' Jarumin barkwanci ne ɗan Najeriya daga masana'antar fina finan kannywood, ya shahara da sunan Daushe ko Daushe mai dabaibayi, ya shahara sosai a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci a masana'antar fina-finan Hausa. ==Tarihin rayuwa== Rabi'u daushe ɗan asalin jihar kano ne, ƙaramar hukumar [[wudil]], an haifeshi A jihar kano Najeriya. Daushe yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman barkwanci a masana'antar Kannywood, ya samu shedar kammala makarantar firamare da sakandare duk a jihar kano, kafin ya haɗa wani wasan kwaikwayo na kulob ɗin daushe malami ne a wata makarantar islamiyya ta nurul huɗa kuma yana koyar da karatun addinin musulunci, kuma primary wudil na musamman inda shima yake koyar da [[Harshen Hausa|harshen hausa]]. <ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actor/daushe</ref> ===Daushe=== Rabi'u daushe ya kuma samo sunan sa na farko ne a wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar bauchi]], ɗaya daga cikin daraktan nasa ya kira dukkan membobinsa ya tambaye su game da sunan lakanin da kowa ke so kafin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara, Rabi'u Ibrahim ya zaɓi "Daushe Mai Dabaibayi" a matsayin lakabin wasan kwaikwayo, tun kafin ya haɗe masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. ==Aiki== Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne, baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana sana'ar dinki, sayar da tufafi, da kasuwancin kasa, kusan yana da fiye da nau'ikan kasuwanci 10, Shi ne hadin gwiwa na farko da Amina sannan kuma daga baya yana haɗa Hamdala wanda ya mallaki Marigayi Rabilu Musa Ibro, daushe ɗan fari ne daga cikin danginsa sannan kuma yana da kanne 11 maza da mata, kusan duk nauyinsu ya dauke su. Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe ya kasance gwarzon dan wasan barkwanci. ==Fina-finai== * Aljanar Dan Auta * Alkalin Kauye * Andamali * Dan Auta Amalala * Garbati * Hanyar Kano * Hawaye Na * Ibro Ba Sulhu * Jam Baki * Jamila Mai Wasa Da Kura * Karfen Nasara * Tsohon Lauya * Haka ==Iyali== Rabi'u Ibrahim daushe ya auri kyakkyawar matar sa shekarun baya kuma Allah ya albarkace su da kyawawan yara guda uku, Bashir, Fatima da Ibrahim Rabi'u Ibrahim Daushe. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Bahaushe]] [[Category:Yan fim]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] cag4fbdbgx1hmwz3qdshb9ifog7zkvr 0 18025 892122 525108 2026-08-06T12:43:27Z Baffa ali 47435 892122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tariq Al-Ali''' ( {{Lang-ar|طارق العلي}} ) (An haife shi ne a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1966), ya kasan ce ɗan [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwaiti]] ne mai barkwanci kuma mai ba da rawa. == Tarihin rayuwa == Al-Ali ya rasa mahaifinsa kafin haihuwarsa. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1983 kuma ya halarci wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, fina-finai da jerin TV. Sannan addini sa shine musilinci mabiyin sunna. Yayi aure, kuma yana da yara hudu. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ikre1tx1ag6eevv972swhhiq7utpm6j 0 18698 892313 449169 2026-08-06T18:48:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kauyuka */ 892313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{Databox}} '''Ambres''' na ɗaya daga cikin majami'u 54 a Cangas del Narcea, wata karamar hukuma ce a cikin lardin da kuma yankin Asturias mai cin gashin kanta, a arewacin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Sunana hukumar Ambres . == Kauyuka == Ambres wuri ne mai yawan jama'a kuma ƙauyukanta sun haɗa da: Ambres, Las Cuadrieḷḷas d'Ambres, Las Defradas d'Ambres da Ridera. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} jnmkmu3pwyrw0wq1pebllp45ql8clud 0 19691 892117 856293 2026-08-06T12:33:49Z Zahrah0 14848 892117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Shehu|Sheikh]] '''Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan''' ({{Lang-ar|خليفة بن زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان}}; An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif 1948 zuwa ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekarata alif 2022; wanda ake kira da '''Sheikh Khalifa''') shi ne shugaban hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, sarkin Abu Dhabi, babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Hadaddiyar da shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur. Sheikh Khalifa shi ne kuma shugaban [[Abu Dhabi (birni)]] Investment Authority, wanda ke kula da kadarorin dala biliyan Dari takwas da saba'in da biyar (875), wanda shi ne adadi mafi yawa da wani shugaban kasa ya gudanar a duniya. Gabaɗaya, an yi imani da gidan Al Nahyan na da dala biliyan Dari da hamsin(150). Sheikh Khalifa ya gaji mahaifinsa, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, a matsayin Sarkin Abu Dhabi a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama Shugaban UAE a washegari. Kamar yadda Crown Prince, ya riga a zahiri shine za'ayi wasu al'amurran da shugabancin tun lokacin da marigayi a shekara ta alif 1990s yayin da mahaifinsa ya ta kiwon lafiya matsaloli.<ref name="UAE">{{Cite news|url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/government-leaders/hh-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan|title=H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|date=|work=United Arab Emirates|access-date=2021-03-30|language=en|archive-date=2024-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112055229/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/government-leaders/hh-sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-al-nahyan|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da bugun jini amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya hau kujerar mai martaba a cikin lamuran jihar, amma ya ci gaba da rike iko na shugaban kasa. Halfan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed dan Zayed Al Nahyan yanzu yana gudanar da harkokin jama'a na jihar da kuma yanke shawara ta yau da kullun ta [[Abu Dhabi (Masarauta)|Masarautar Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2c77348-8659-11e3-aa31-00144feab7de|title=UAE president stable after suffering stroke|publisher=Financial Times|date=26 January 2014}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === [[File:Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan with Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.jpg|thumb|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] An haifi Khalifa a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1948 a Qasr Al-Muwaiji, Al Ain, a cikin [[Abu Dhabi]] (lokacin wani ɓangare ne na sashen Tarayyar), babban ɗan Zayed dan Sultan Al Nahyan, Sarkin Abu Dhabi, da Hassa diyar Mohammed dan Khalifa Al Nahyan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikha Hessa, mother of Sheikh Khalifa, dies |website=The National |location=United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/sheikha-hessa-mother-of-sheikh-khalifa-dies-1.699374 |access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Crown Prince Court">{{cite web |title=The UAE President |url=https://www.cpc.gov.ae/en-us/thepresident/Pages/president.aspx |website=Crown Prince Court |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419040157/https://www.cpc.gov.ae/en-us/thepresident/Pages/president.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kammala karatu ne a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta [[Sandhurst]]. === 1966–1971 === Lokacin da mahaifinsa, Zayed ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi a shekara ta 1966, an nada Khalifa Wakilin Sarki (magajin gari) a Yankin Gabashin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Sashen Kotuna a Al Ain. Zayed ya kasance Wakilin Sarki a Yankin Gabas kafin ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi. Bayan 'yan watanni aka ba mukamin ga Tahnoun bin Mohammed Al Nahyan. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta shekarar 1969, an zabi Khalifa a matsayin Yarima mai jiran gado na Abu Dhabi, washegari kuma aka nada shi Shugaban Sashin Tsaro na Abu Dhabi. A cikin wannan mukamin, ya kula da ginin rundunar tsaron Abu Dhabi, wanda bayan shekara ta 1971 ya zama asalin rundunar sojojin UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/158103051.html |publisher=Entrepreneur |title=Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === 'Yancin kai a shekara ta 1971 === Bayan kafuwar UAE a shekara ta 1971, Khalifa ya hau mukamai da yawa a Abu Dhabi: Firayim Minista, shugaban majalisar zartarwar Abu Dhabi (a karkashin mahaifinsa), Ministan Tsaro, da Ministan Kudi. Bayan sake gina majalisar zartarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an maye gurbin majalisar zartarwar ta Abu Dhabi da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Abu Dhabi, kuma Khalifa ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2 na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (a ranar 23 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1973) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa na Abu Dhabi (a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1974), a karkashin mahaifinsa. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a karkashin Shugaban kasa. Ya kuma zama shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur a karshen shekara ta 1980, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayin a yau, wanda ke ba shi cikakken iko a cikin batutuwan makamashi. Ya kuma kasance shugaban hukumar bincike kan muhalli da cigaban dabbobin daji. == Shugabancin kasar (2004 – present) == [[File:Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates_10_September_2007-5.jpg|left|thumb| Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan tare da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a ranar 10 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2007.]] Ya gaji mukamin na Sarkin Abu Dhabi da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004, ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, wanda ya mutu washegari. Ya kasance mai rikon mukamin shugaban kasa tun lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kamu da rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarsa. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2005, Shugaban ya ba da sanarwar cewa rabin membobin Majalisar Tarayya ta Tarayya (FNC), majalisar da ke ba shugaban kasa shawara, za a zabe ta kai tsaye. Koyaya, rabin mambobin majalisar zasu buƙaci shugabannin masarautar su nada su. An shirya gudanar da zaben a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006. [[File:George_W._Bush_and_Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan.jpg|left|thumb| Khalifa da Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] a Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi, a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008]] A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayyana Khalifa a cikin wani shafin yanar gizo na WikiLeaks wanda jakadan Amurka na wancan lokacin Richard G. Olson ya sanya wa hannu a matsayin "mutum mai nisa kuma mara da'a." A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, babban ginin da mutum ya yi a duniya, wanda aka fi sani da suna Burj Dubai, aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Burj Khalifa]] don girmama shi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Khalifa ya aika da rundunar Sojan Sama ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don tallafawa tsoma bakin sojoji a Libya kan Muammar Gaddafi, tare da sojojin NATO, [[Qatar]], [[Sweden]] da [[Jodan|Jordan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395228897642.htm|title=UAE updates support to UN Resolution 1973|date=25 March 2011|agency=[[WAM (Emirates News Agency)|WAM]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053055/https://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395228897642.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=Libya Live Blog – March&nbsp;24|date=24 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161128/https://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-24| archive-date= 24 March 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Khalifa ya yi alkawarin bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ga gwamnatin [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yayin fuskantar boren neman demokradiyya a shekarar 2011. Daga baya a waccan shekarar Khalifa ya zama sarki na huɗu mafi arziki a duniya, tare da dukiyar da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 15. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ba da izini ga ''Azzam'', jirgi mafi tsayi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ginawa a 590&nbsp;ft (180&nbsp;m) dogon, tare da halin kaka tsakanin $ 400-600 miliyan. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Emirates ta ƙaddamar da shirin inganta "aminci" ga Khalifa da sauran shugabannin Emirati. Shirin ya ci gaba, kuma yana ƙarfafa ba kawai Emirate ba, amma mazauna daga kowace ƙasa don yin rijistar "godiya, girmamawa, da aminci" ga Sarakunan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali bayan an yi masa aiki. {{Clear}} == Investments and foreign aid == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited embassy of UAE in Baku, offered condolences over the demise of President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan 02.jpg|thumb|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] [[Seychelles|Bayanan gwamnatin Seychellois]] sun nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1995 Sheikh Khalifa ya kashe dala miliyan 2 wajen sayen sama da kadada 66 a babban tsibirin na Seychelles na Mahé, inda ake gina fadarsa. Gwamnatin Seychelles ta karbi manyan kayan tallafi daga kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman ma allurar dala miliyan 130 da aka yi amfani da ita wajen ayyukan jin kai da taimakon soji, wanda ke daukar nauyin jiragen ruwa na sintiri don kokarin da ake yi na yakin Seychelles na yaki da satar fasaha. A shekara ta 2008, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kawo wa gwamnatin Seychelles bashin bashi, tare da allurar dala miliyan 30.<ref name=WSJ>{{Cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703720004575476953617163656|title=Sheikh Abode a Sore Point in Seychelles|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|first=Coker|last=Margaret|access-date=16 February 2012|date=9 September 2010}}</ref> Sheikh Khalifa ya biya $ 500,000 don filin da ke da fadin kadada 29.8 a fadarsa a shekara ta 2005, a cewar takardar sayarwar. Da farko wata hukumar tsara Seychelles ta yi watsi da shirin ginin fadar, shawarar da ministocin Shugaba James Michel suka soke. Wata daya bayan fara ginin fadar, kamfanin ba da amfani na kasa ya yi gargadin cewa shirye-shiryen shafin na yin barazana ga samar da ruwan. Joel Morgan, Ministan Muhalli na Seychelles, ya ce gwamnati ba ta tausasa filayen ba saboda tana son ta je wurin Sheikh Khalifa. Morgan ya ce "wasiƙar doka" mai yiwuwa ba a bi ta cikin siyar da ƙasa ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, tsarin najasa da kamfanin Ascon, wanda ya gina gidan sarauta, ya kafa, don masu aikin ginin wurin ya cika, ya aika da kogunan shara a yankin, wadanda ke dauke da mazauna sama da mutum 8000. Hukumomin karamar hukuma da jami'ai daga ofishin Khalifa sun ba da amsa cikin gaggawa game da matsalar, inda suka aika da kwararru da injiniyoyi. Jami'an gwamnati sun yanke hukuncin cewa Ascon ya yi biris da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ka'idojin gini ga ma'aikatansu, kuma suka ci kamfanin tarar $ 81,000. Ascon ya dora alhakin faruwar lamarin a kan "yanayin yanayi mara kyau". Ofishin shugaban kasa na Khalifa ya yi tayin biyan dala miliyan 15 don maye gurbin aikin bututun ruwa ga tsaunin. Kuma wakilan gwamnatin Seychelles da mazauna garin sun ce Ascon ya yi tayin biyan kimanin dala 8,000 ga kowane daga cikin gidaje guda 360 da gurbatarwar ta shafa. A watan Afrilun Shekara ta 2016, Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar ‘Yan Jarida Masu Bincike ta Duniya ta sanya sunan Sheikh Khalifa a cikin Takaddun Panama;<ref name="Power Players">{{cite web|title=Panama Papers: The Power Players|url=https://panamapapers.icij.org/the_power_players/|access-date=3 April 2016|publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]}}</ref> gwargwadon rahoto ya mallaki kyawawan abubuwa a cikin [[Landan|Landan da]] daraja fiye da $ 1.7&nbsp;biliyan ta hanyar kamfanonin kwalliya waɗanda Mossack Fonseca suka kafa kuma suke kula da shi a Tsibirin British Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panama Papers: 12 world leaders linked to offshore dealings – and the full allegations against them|author= Adam Lusher|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/panama-papers-assad-putin-poroshenko-mubarak-al-saud-pm-iceland-sigmundur-davio-gunnlaugsson-a6967411.html |work=The Independent |date=5 April 2016 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Titles, styles, girmamawa da kyaututtuka == {{Infobox royal styles|royal name=President of the United Arab Emirates|image=[[File:Emblem of Abu Dhabi.svg|50px]]|dipstyle=[[His Highness]] <br> [[His Excellency]]|offstyle=Your Highness <br> Your Excellency|altstyle=Ra'is}} * {{Flag|Spain}}</img>{{Flag|Spain}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)_-_Sash_of_Grand_Collar.svg|70x70px]]</img>Knight Grand Cross tare da Collar na Order of Civil Merit (23 Mayu 2008) * {{Flag|United Kingdom}}</img>{{Flag|United Kingdom}} : ** [[File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]</img> Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Girma Dokar Bath (25 Nuwamba 2010). <ref>https://c7.alamy.com/comp/E258HN/the-president-of-the-united-arab-emirates-his-highness-sheikh-khalifa-E258HN.jpg</ref> ** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]</img> Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Kyawun Tsarin na St Michael da St George * {{Flag|Netherlands}}</img>{{Flag|Netherlands}} : ** [[File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|70x70px]]</img> Knight Grand Cross na Umurnin Zakin Netherlands (08 Janairu 2012). <ref>https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/khalifa-welcomes-hm-queen-beatrix-of-netherlands</ref> * {{Flag|South Korea}}</img>{{Flag|South Korea}} : ** [[File:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|70x70px]]</img> Memba na Babban Umurnin Mugunghwa (2012) <ref>https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/korean-leader-hails-uae-achievements</ref> ==Mutuwa== Sheikh Khalifah bin Zayed ya ranan 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=President Sheikh Khalifa dies aged 73 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/05/13/president-sheikh-khalifa-dies-age-73/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> ya rasu yanada shekaru 73 a duniya. == Duba kuma == * Jerin shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin yanzu * Jerin sarakunan daular Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa * Jerin mashahuran masarauta * Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan * Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan * Sheikh Issa bin Zayed al Nahyan == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed at the Wayback Machine (archived 31 January 2018) Biography of U.A.E. President {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Al Nahyan family|House of Al Nahyan]]|25 January|1948}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-inc}} |- {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Saudiyya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n3u33oa0a13wvgrnog1ynovi5z3q61y 0 20403 892372 497315 2026-08-06T21:12:31Z Kurcke 40572 892372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:20160721_OSM-Korup.png |thumb| Taswira na nuna yankin]] [[File:Korup_Rainforest_Conservation_Society_Logo.jpg |thumb|Korup Rainforest Conservation Society Logo ]] '''Filin shaƙatawa na''' '''Korup''' yana cikin lardin Kudu maso Yammacin [[Kamaru]] kuma ya faɗaɗa fiye da 1,260&nbsp;km ² na galibi gandun daji na farko da ba a daidaita shi ba. Shi ne mashahuri ɗaya daga mafi tsufa a [[Afirka]] da kuma arziki na wurare masu zafi gandun daji cikin sharuddan na fure da faunal bambancin.<ref>https://www.africatouroperators.org/cameroon/korup-national-park</ref> Ita ce mafi kyawun filin shakatawa na ƙasar da ke cikin ƙasar Kamaru tare da kayan aiki na yau da kullun da kuma manyan hanyoyin da aka buɗe wa baƙi. Wurin shakatawa shahararren wurin kallon tsuntsaye ne kuma sananne ne ga kuma kallon birrai (gami da nau'ikan halittu irin su rawar soja, da jan launi na Preuss, guenon mai jan kunne da Najeriya chimpanzee ).<ref><nowiki>https://ambazonia.org/en/67-korup-national-park</nowiki></ref> Masu bincike daga fannoni daban-daban suna gudanar da nazarin ilmin halitta a cikin Korup sama da shekaru talatin, suna samar da bayanai masu yawa game da yanayin halittar dazuzzuka.<ref><nowiki>http://psmnr-swr.org/biodiversity/protected-areas/korup-ndongere/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>http://www.alluringworld.com/korup-national-park/</nowiki></ref> == Wuri == Filin shakatawa na Korup yana cikin lardin kudu maso yamma na Kamaru tsakanin ahaus N da 8 ° 42 'zuwa 9 ° 16' E. Yana da 50&nbsp;kilomita daga cikin Bight of Biafra, 20&nbsp;kilomita daga gefen dausayin mangrove na mashigar Rio Del Rey kuma wani yanki yayi iyaka da Najeriya. Ya ƙaru a kan 1,260&nbsp;km ² na galibin gandun dajin da ke kusa da kasa kuma yana dab da dajin Ejagham a arewa da kuma ɓangaren Oban Hills na Kwarin Ketare na Kasa na Najeriya zuwa yamma. Kusa amma ba masu haɗuwa da wurin shaƙatawa ba sune Rumpi Hills da Nta Ali Forest Reserve. == Tarihi == Asalin an ware yankin a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji a shekarar 1937. A cikin 1986, an bayyana Korup a matsayin wurin shaƙatawa na ƙasa ta Dokar Shugaban Kasa No.86-1283 bayan kamfen na shekaru goma wanda Dokta J Stephen Gartlan, Phil Agland da Gidauniyar Duniya suka jagoranta. Fim din Phil Agland wanda ya sami lambar yabo ''Korup: An Rainforest na Afirka'', wanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a watan Nuwamba 1982 kuma daga baya a duk duniya, ya kawo ilimin halittu na Korup ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma ya jagoranci kamfen din wanda shine tabbatar da gudummawar Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta farko of 440,000 ta hanyar ODA zuwa kiyaye dazuzzuka a 1986. A cikin 1987, aikin na Korup, wanda aka ba da tallafi na duniya don aikin kiyayewa da haɓakawa, ya ba da tallafi ga sabon wurin shakatawa da aka kafa. Yankin aikin na Korup ya hada da yankin tallafi da kuma gandun daji na Ejagham, Nta Ali da Rumpi Hills. A cikin 2003, aikin Korup ya ƙare, ya bar Gudanar da Parkasa ta Kasa ba tare da taimakon kuɗi da kayan aiki ba. Wannan ya shafi ikon gudanarwar shakatawa don kare lafiyar namun daji daga farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006 duk da haka, Filin shakatawa na Ƙasa na Korup yana daya daga cikin ɓangarori uku da aka fi mayar da hankali kan "Shirin Gudanar da Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa - Lardin Kudu Maso Yamma" (PSMNR-SWP), hadin gwiwar bangarorin biyu tsakanin Gwamnatin Kamaru da Jamus. Tare da sabunta hankali da tallafi da aka baiwa Korup National Park, masu sintirin hana farauta sun zama na yau da kullun. A matsayinta na abokiyar kawance a PSMNR-SWP, WWF-Kamaru na da rawar ba da shawara kan kiyayewa da ilmin kula da muhalli a yankin Korup, yayin da Hukumar Bunkasa Ci gaban Jamus (DED) ke lura da ayyukan ci gaban karkara.<ref><nowiki>http://www.travelocameroon.com/places-to-visit/korup-national-park/#.XxWo4pNKjOc</nowiki></ref> == Gudanarwa == A tsarin mulki, galibin gandun dajin na Korup suna karkashin ikon Yankin Ndian na Lardin Kudu maso Yamma, Kamaru. Ma'aikatar kula da gandun daji da namun daji ta Kamaru ce ke kula da dajin. Gudanar da wurin shakatawa a halin yanzu yana dauke da Conservator da kimanin masu tsaron wasa 27. Hedikwatar tana cikin garin Mundemba, wanda yake 8&nbsp;kilomita gabas daga ƙofar kawai ta tashar shakatawa a gadar Mana. Filin gadin wasa yana nan a gada. Cibiyar yaɗa labaran yawon shakatawa tana tsakiyar garin Mundemba. An kirkiro da wani tsarin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru biyar ga Korup a 2002, yana mai bayyana cewa babban burin wurin shakatawa shine kiyaye halittu masu yawa da mutuncin duk wani tsari na zahiri da na muhalli na gandun dajin Korup. Wannan za a cimma shi ne ta hanyar tilasta bin doka, inganta ayyukan amfani da kasa mai dorewa da ci gaban karkara a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da kuma tallafawa karamin yawon shakatawa mai tasirin muhalli wanda zai haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar jama'a ga mazauna yankin. == Yanayi == Korup yana da yanayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi tare da yanayi biyu maimakon huɗu: lokacin rani mai bayyana daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu tare da yawan ruwan sama na wata ƙasa da 100&nbsp;mm da kuma wani tsawan lokaci mai tsananin zafi kamar daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 1973 da 1994 ana aunawa kusa da yankin kudu maso gabashin wurin shakatawa ya kai kimanin 5,272&nbsp;mm (zangon 4,027-6,368&nbsp;mm). Ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske yawanci a watan Agusta (wasu shekaru sun wuce 10,000&nbsp;mm). Zazzaɓi ya ɗan bambanta kaɗan a cikin shekara tare da ma'anar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata a lokacin rani kasancewar 31.8&nbsp;° C kuma a lokacin damina 30.2&nbsp;° C. Sassan arewacin wurin shakatawa suna karɓar raƙuman ruwa ƙwarai da gaske (~ 2500-3000&nbsp;mm). == Tsarin ƙasa == [[File:Korup_National_park.jpg|thumb| Waterfall a Korup National Park]] Asa Korup gabaɗaya ba su da hatsi, yashi, sanannu kuma sun sami ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Yanayin yanayinsu na acid da karancin kwayoyin halitta ya sanya basu dace da wuraren noman rani da gonakin noman kuɗi ba, suna bayanin karancin damuwar noma a wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kasance mafi yawanci gandun daji na farko. Hawan gandun dajin ya yi ƙasa (m 50) a ɓangaren kudanci, yana hawa a hankali zuwa arewa tare da ƙara ƙasa mai tsaunuka, har ya kai matsayinsa mafi girma a dutsen. Yuhan (1,079 m) kusa da tsohuwar wurin da ƙauyen Ikondokondo ya kaura yanzu. A arewa, ana nuna yanayin ƙasa da tsaunuka masu juyawa tare da gangare masu laushi. Yawancin (82%) na wurin shakatawa suna cikin tsawa daga 120 zuwa 850 m. Tsananin hanyoyin rafuka sun kwashe yankin Korup zuwa manyan tsarukan ruwa guda uku: a) Kogin Korup da Akpassang, b) Kogin Ndian, da c) Kogin Bake-Munaya. Yawancin ƙananan ƙananan rafuka a cikin KNP suna bushe lokaci-lokaci a lokacin ganiyar lokacin rani. == Kasancewar mutum == A yanzu haka akwai ƙauyuka biyar da ke cikin KNP tare da yawan jama'a a cikin 1999 na kusan mutane 900 (Erat: 447, Esukutan: 202, Ikenge: 179, Bareka-Batanga: 52, da Bera: 26). A shekarar 2000, an sake tsugunar da ƙauyen Ikup na Ikondokondo (Ekundukundu?) A wajen wurin shakatawa a wani ɓangare na shirin dakatarwa a halin yanzu na sake tsugunar da dukkan ƙauyukan. Akwai ƙarin ƙauyuka 23 cikin 3&nbsp;km daga iyakar KNP, yankin da galibi ake kira da ƙungiyar Yankin KNP (PZ). Haɗin ƙauyukan KNP da ƙauyukan PZ sun kai kusan 2,700 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 2 / km ² . Babban ayyukan rayuwa a yankunan karkara shine abinci da noman tsabar kuɗi (dabinon mai, koko), kamun kifi, farauta kuma, zuwa wani lokaci, kasuwanci. == Bambancin halittu == [[File:Preuss's_red_colobus.jpg|thumb| Red prebuss mai launi (Procolobus preussi) a cikin Korup National Park, 2009]] Dazuzzuka na Korup sun kasance tsoffin da wadatattun kayan tarihi, bayan sun tsira daga lokacin bushewar yankin Pleistocene a matsayin ɓangare na Kuros Riba-Mayombe Refugium. Letouzey ya tsara kayan lambu a matsayin gandun dajin Biafran na bakin teku wanda ya mamaye bishiyoyin Caesalpinioideae, dangin Leguminosae . Babu wata hujja ta wata fitina ta tarihin ɗan adam kuma aƙalla ɓangaren kudancin wurin shakatawar na iya zama dajin farko. A fure, Korup yana da wadataccen arziki tare da bishiyoyi sama da 1,100, bishiyar shrub, herb da liana wanda aka bayyana zuwa yau da kuma matakan endemism (30%). Manyan bishiyoyi masu tasowa, wadanda suka kai tsayinsu zuwa 50 m, suna huda mafi yawan ci gaba amma rashin daidaiton labulen da galibi Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Olacaceae, Scytopetalaceae da Verbenaceae bishiyoyi kusan 15 zuwa 25 m. Launin da ke ƙasa yana da kyau sosai tare da lianas da ƙananan bishiyoyi (waɗanda Rubiaceae ke mamaye da su), yayin da keɓaɓɓen layin (musamman Acanthaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Graminae, Marantaceae, Rubiaceae, da Zingiberaceae) galibi ba su da yawa. Tsarin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire a cikin Korup suna da yanayi mai ƙarfi tare da furanni galibi waɗanda ke faruwa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli (tsaka-tsakin Maris zuwa Mayu), sannan lokutan 'ya'yan itace masu girma. Matsayin furanni da 'ya'yan itace ya banbanta sosai tsakanin shekaru don yawancin jinsuna. 'Ya'yan' ya'yan itace suna faruwa a tsakanin lokaci fiye da shekara guda.<gallery> File:Gymnosiphon bekensis Korup National Park Cameroon IMG 1736 2.JPG|[[Gymnosiphon]] bekensis </gallery> === Fauna === Daular Korup ta kasance ɗayan dazuzzuka na Afirka da suka fi dacewa ta fuskar wadatar arziƙi da bambancin rayuwa, musamman ma ga tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da amphibians da [[Malan boɗe ido|butterflies]] . A jinsin jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa kunshi 161 nau'in a 33 iyalansu, wadda Primate al'umma lissafinsu 14 jinsunan (8 diurnal da kuma 6 nocturnal ). == Kayan yawon buɗe ido == Filin shaƙatawa na Korup yana daya daga cikin yankuna masu kariya da ke dazuzzuka a Kamaru. Tafiya na rana ko tafiye-tafiye na rana da yawa za a iya shirya daga garin Mundemba, ta hanyar ziyartar ofishin ba da sanarwar yawon buɗe ido da ke tsakiyar garin. Ana ba da izinin shiga cikin wurin shakatawa ne kawai tare da jagorar gida. Akwai tsayayyun yini, na dare, zango da kuma jagorar / dako. Akwai shafuka uku na sansanin da aka bude wa masu yawon buɗe ido, inda baƙi za su iya shirya zama ko dai a tanti (kawo naka) ko a ɗaya daga cikin masaukin (tare da gadaje na katako na asali - windows na da sauƙin dubawa). Kowane rukunin sansanin yana kusa da rafi wanda yake matsayin tushen ruwan dafa abinci (tafasa ko matatar sha) da kuma wanka mai wartsakewa. [[Shaddar gargajiya|Akwai gidan wanka]] na rami na asali. [[File:Falling_Waters_in_KORUP_National_park.jpg|thumb| Faduwar Ruwa a KORUP National park]] == Matsayin Ƙungiyar Jama'a (ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) == Ƙungiyar kula da yanayin ruwan sama ta Al'ummar Korup (KRCS) tana ba da shawarwarin kiyayewa da kuma ba da gudummawar ƙungiyoyin kula da gandun daji a yankin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yawancin mutane masu son kiyaye-kiyaye gida da kuma wasu membobin girmamawa (daga sassa daban-daban na duniya) waɗanda ke da ƙwarin gwiwa don ba da gudummawar ƙwarewar su don tabbatar da amincin gandun dajin damina ta hanyar binciken matsaloli masu buƙata da kuma kara shigar da mazauna yankin cikin ayyukan kiyayewa a wani yunƙurin na rage rikice-rikice da inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Tunda 2009 KRCS ta kasance mai taimakawa sosai wajen taimaka wa masu bincike masu zuwa tare da jagoranci, neman izinin aikace-aikace, nemo ƙwararrun mataimaka na cikin gida gami da fadada ci gaban ƙauye da shirin amfani da ƙasa, da tabbatar da ɗaukar yawancin mazauna yankin a fannoni daban-daban a ayyukan shaƙatawa da wasa Rawar taka rawa a cikin ilimin muhalli da kuma ba da shawarwari kan kiyayewa da kuma musamman game da juyar da gandun daji masu arzikin makwabta zuwa gonar dabino tare da kungiyar kasa da kasa kamar Pro-wildlife da WWF-CPO . Kwanan nan ayyukan KRCS sun sami ci gaba ta hanyar kyaututtukan Jagora na Kariya na 2012 (CLP); haɗin gwiwa tsakanin CI, FFI, WSC da BirdLife International. == Tashin hankali == Fim din ''Greystoke - Labarin Tarzan, Ubangijin Birrai'' da Christopher Lambert da Andie MacDowell suka fito a cikin gidan shakatawa a shekarar 1984 kafin a kafa ta. [[Charles, Yariman Wales|Charles, Yariman Wales ya]] ƙaddamar da wurin shaƙatawa a 1986, kuma akwai wata alama da ba ta da nisa daga ƙofar kan gadar Mana wanda ke nuna ma'anar inda ya kai yayin gajeriyar ziyarar tasa. Manaji, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mashigar Korup National Park, wasu gungun masu ba da agaji ne suka gina shi a cikin wani aikin Operation Raleigh a cikin 1989. Ofungiyar masu ba da agaji sama da 100 sun kwashe watanni 3 a Kamaru suna gina gada gami da gudanar da bincike kan namun daji a cikin gandun daji da kuma abubuwan da kwale-kwale ke yi a tsaunukan Rumpi. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == [[Category:Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wuraren shaƙatawa]] [[Category:Wuraren bude ido]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d4fqzhwqff6hieeavnzity6czets1jd 4 21908 892421 891781 2026-08-06T21:31:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 892421 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Frnw26|Frnw26]] |[[Special:Contributions/Frnw26|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 5 ga Augusta 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Maryamharha|Maryamharha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maryamharha|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Goodyoda|Goodyoda]] |[[Special:Contributions/Goodyoda|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Aliyu sabiu ngw|Aliyu sabiu ngw]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyu sabiu ngw|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Aloekhadijat|Aloekhadijat]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aloekhadijat|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Dynomite777|Dynomite777]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dynomite777|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Աստղիկ Աջամօղլյան|Աստղիկ Աջամօղլյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Աստղիկ Աջամօղլյան|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga 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|- |16 |[[User:Abbakarab65|Abbakarab65]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abbakarab65|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Mariyatu cakes|Mariyatu cakes]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mariyatu cakes|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Bilkisu Aminu Sani|Bilkisu Aminu Sani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bilkisu Aminu Sani|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Maamiih|Maamiih]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maamiih|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Millionespees|Millionespees]] |[[Special:Contributions/Millionespees|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Agrohorizon|Agrohorizon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Agrohorizon|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Lazeezah|Lazeezah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lazeezah|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Mister bawa|Mister bawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mister bawa|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |24 |[[User:BMC Hall of Creativity 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ali 47435 892124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:N'Zi_bei_Dimbokro.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N'Zi_bei_Dimbokro.jpg|thumb|N'Zi kusa da Dimbokro]] '''Kogin Nzi''' ko '''Kogin N'zi''' kogi ne a ƙasar Ivory Coast. Yankin ruwa ne na [[Kogin Bandama]]. Tsayin kogin yakai 34 m . ==Faɗuwa== A ranar 6 ga Satumbar 2016, gadar jirgin kasa da ke kan wannan kogin kusa da Dimbokro ta fadi.<ref>[http://www.railwaysafrica.com/news/rail-services-suspended-due-to-collapsed-bridge-between-ivory-coast-and-burkina-faso Railways Africa Nzi River bridge ]</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 27cq62f34fjhmcg6ip3qls6ogf939t9 0 23116 892170 462786 2026-08-06T16:14:34Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Hydroseeding_isle_of_grain_kent.jpg|thumb| Irin ban ruwa a cikin yankin Ingika]] '''Kula da zaizayar kasa''' ita ce hanyar hana ko sarrafa iska ko yashewar ruwa a [[Noma|harkar noma]], ci gaban ƙasa, yankunan bakin teku, da gini. Gudanar da zaizayar ƙasa yana amfani da malalar ƙasa kuma yana da mahimman fasahohi don hana gurɓataccen.ruwa, asarar ƙasa, asarar muhalli da asarar dukiyar mutane. == Amfani == Ana amfani da hanyoyin kula da zaizayar ƙasa a cikin yankuna na birane da kauyuka, hakanan a aikin gona ko mahalli na birane. A cikin biranen sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa yawanci ɓangare ne na shirye-shiryen gudanar da ruwa mai kwararar ruwa wanda ƙananan hukumomi ke buƙata. Gudanarwar sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da ƙirƙirar shinge na zahiri, kamar shuke-shuke ko dutse, don sha ɗan ƙarfin iskar ko ruwan da ke haifar da lalatawa. Hakanan sun haɗa da ginawa da kiyaye magudanan ruwa. A wuraren gine-ginen ana aiwatar da su sau da yawa tare da sarrafa abubuwan ƙwanƙwasa irin su kwandunan ƙasa da shinge mara kyau. Yashewar banki tsari ne na halitta: in ba tare da shi ba, [[:Category:Koguna|koguna ba]] za su iya tafiya ba kuma su canza hanya. Koyaya, tsarin sarrafa ƙasa wanda ke canza ruwa da / ko tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na iya aiki don haɓaka ko rage ƙimar ƙaura tashar. A wurare da yawa, ko bankunan ba su da tabbas saboda ayyukan mutane, mutane suna ƙoƙari su tsare kogi a wuri guda. Ana iya yin hakan don sake gyara muhalli ko hana kogi canza hanya zuwa ƙasar da mutane ke amfani da ita. Aya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake yin hakan shine ta hanyar sanya ɓarke ko gabobin ruwan. == Misalai == Misalan hanyoyin magance zaizayar kasa sun hada da masu zuwa: == Ƙirƙirar lissafi == [[File:Placer mining in Alaska - a guide to mitigation and reclamation (IA placermininginal15hern).pdf|thumb|kula da zaizayan kasa]] Tun daga shekarun 1920s da 1930s <ref>Robert E. Horton. 1933</ref> masana kimiyya suke kirkirar samfuran lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin yashewar kasa da kuma haifar da laka a saman kasa, gami da takarda ta farko da [[Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein yayi wanda yayi]] amfani da dokar Baer. <ref>Albert Einstein. 1926</ref> Waɗannan samfuran sun magance yaudara da yashewar takarda. Samfurori na farko sune saukakakken tsari wanda zai iya amfani dasu ta hanyar lissafin hannu. Zuwa shekarun 1970s samfurai sun faɗaɗa zuwa ƙirar kwamfuta mai rikitarwa mai magance gurɓataccen tushe mara tushe tare da dubunnan layukan lambar kwamfuta.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973</ref> Tsari sananan samfuran hadaddun sun sami damar magance nuances a cikin ilmin karamar yanayi rarraba ƙirar ƙasa da kuma bambancin yanayin ƙasa. == Duba kuma == * Gadar kwarawa * Amsar gaggawa na yankin da aka ƙone * Ƙwararren ƙwararre a cikin ɓarna da Kula da Sediment * Gudanar da gabar teku * Kwallon Kura * Sabis na kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa (Amurka) * Noma yashewa * Daidaita Rasa Ƙasa ta Duniya * Tsarin Vetiver == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Zaizayewar ƙasa]] ew3i1eol6k7tral4o24s4usk6awuth5 892171 892170 2026-08-06T16:14:50Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Hydroseeding_isle_of_grain_kent.jpg|thumb| Irin ban ruwa a cikin yankin Ingika]] '''Kula da zaizayar kasa''' ita ce hanyar hana ko sarrafa iska ko yashewar ruwa a [[Noma|harkar noma]], ci gaban ƙasa, yankunan bakin teku, da gini. Gudanar da zaizayar ƙasa yana amfani da malalar ƙasa kuma yana da mahimman fasahohi don hana gurɓataccen.ruwa, asarar ƙasa, asarar muhalli da asarar dukiyar mutane. == Amfani == Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyin kula da zaizayar ƙasa a cikin yankuna na birane da ƙauyuka, hakanan a aikin gona ko mahalli na birane. A cikin biranen sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa yawanci ɓangare ne na shirye-shiryen gudanar da ruwa mai kwararar ruwa wanda ƙananan hukumomi ke buƙata. Gudanarwar sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da ƙirƙirar shinge na zahiri, kamar shuke-shuke ko dutse, don sha ɗan ƙarfin iskar ko ruwan da ke haifar da lalatawa. Hakanan sun haɗa da ginawa da kiyaye magudanan ruwa. A wuraren gine-ginen ana aiwatar da su sau da yawa tare da sarrafa abubuwan ƙwanƙwasa irin su kwandunan ƙasa da shinge mara kyau. Yashewar banki tsari ne na halitta: in ba tare da shi ba, [[:Category:Koguna|koguna ba]] za su iya tafiya ba kuma su canza hanya. Koyaya, tsarin sarrafa ƙasa wanda ke canza ruwa da / ko tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na iya aiki don haɓaka ko rage ƙimar ƙaura tashar. A wurare da yawa, ko bankunan ba su da tabbas saboda ayyukan mutane, mutane suna ƙoƙari su tsare kogi a wuri guda. Ana iya yin hakan don sake gyara muhalli ko hana kogi canza hanya zuwa ƙasar da mutane ke amfani da ita. Aya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake yin hakan shine ta hanyar sanya ɓarke ko gabobin ruwan. == Misalai == Misalan hanyoyin magance zaizayar kasa sun hada da masu zuwa: == Ƙirƙirar lissafi == [[File:Placer mining in Alaska - a guide to mitigation and reclamation (IA placermininginal15hern).pdf|thumb|kula da zaizayan kasa]] Tun daga shekarun 1920s da 1930s <ref>Robert E. Horton. 1933</ref> masana kimiyya suke kirkirar samfuran lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin yashewar kasa da kuma haifar da laka a saman kasa, gami da takarda ta farko da [[Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein yayi wanda yayi]] amfani da dokar Baer. <ref>Albert Einstein. 1926</ref> Waɗannan samfuran sun magance yaudara da yashewar takarda. Samfurori na farko sune saukakakken tsari wanda zai iya amfani dasu ta hanyar lissafin hannu. Zuwa shekarun 1970s samfurai sun faɗaɗa zuwa ƙirar kwamfuta mai rikitarwa mai magance gurɓataccen tushe mara tushe tare da dubunnan layukan lambar kwamfuta.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973</ref> Tsari sananan samfuran hadaddun sun sami damar magance nuances a cikin ilmin karamar yanayi rarraba ƙirar ƙasa da kuma bambancin yanayin ƙasa. == Duba kuma == * Gadar kwarawa * Amsar gaggawa na yankin da aka ƙone * Ƙwararren ƙwararre a cikin ɓarna da Kula da Sediment * Gudanar da gabar teku * Kwallon Kura * Sabis na kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa (Amurka) * Noma yashewa * Daidaita Rasa Ƙasa ta Duniya * Tsarin Vetiver == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Zaizayewar ƙasa]] lfn1vuil1g0kc24yzswnqbjr4bcmj0b 892172 892171 2026-08-06T16:15:17Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Hydroseeding_isle_of_grain_kent.jpg|thumb| Irin ban ruwa a cikin yankin Ingika]] '''Kula da zaizayar kasa''' ita ce hanyar hana ko sarrafa iska ko yashewar ruwa a [[Noma|harkar noma]], ci gaban ƙasa, yankunan bakin teku, da gini. Gudanar da zaizayar ƙasa yana amfani da malalar ƙasa kuma yana da mahimman fasahohi don hana gurɓataccen.ruwa, asarar ƙasa, asarar muhalli da asarar dukiyar mutane. == Amfani == Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyin kula da zaizayar ƙasa a cikin yankuna na birane da ƙauyuka, hakanan a aikin gona ko mahalli na birane. A cikin biranen sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa yawanci ɓangare ne na shirye-shiryen gudanar da ruwa mai kwararar ruwa wanda ƙananan hukumomi ke buƙata. Gudanarwar sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da ƙirƙirar shinge na zahiri, kamar shuke-shuke ko dutse, don sha ɗan ƙarfin iskar ko ruwan da ke haifar da lalatawa. Hakanan sun haɗa da ginawa da kiyaye magudanan ruwa. A wuraren gine-ginen ana aiwatar da su sau da yawa tare da sarrafa abubuwan ƙwanƙwasa irin su kwandunan ƙasa da shinge mara kyau. Yashewar banki tsari ne na halitta: in ba tare da shi ba, [[:Category:Koguna|koguna ba]] za su iya tafiya ba kuma su canza hanya. Koyaya, tsarin sarrafa ƙasa wanda kuma ke canza ruwa da / ko tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na iya aiki don haɓaka ko rage ƙimar ƙaura tashar. A wurare da yawa, ko bankunan ba su da tabbas saboda ayyukan mutane, mutane suna ƙoƙari su tsare kogi a wuri guda. Ana iya yin hakan don sake gyara muhalli ko hana kogi canza hanya zuwa ƙasar da mutane ke amfani da ita. Aya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake yin hakan shine ta hanyar sanya ɓarke ko gabobin ruwan. == Misalai == Misalan hanyoyin magance zaizayar kasa sun hada da masu zuwa: == Ƙirƙirar lissafi == [[File:Placer mining in Alaska - a guide to mitigation and reclamation (IA placermininginal15hern).pdf|thumb|kula da zaizayan kasa]] Tun daga shekarun 1920s da 1930s <ref>Robert E. Horton. 1933</ref> masana kimiyya suke ƙirƙirar samfuran lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin yashewar kasa da kuma haifar da laka a saman kasa, gami da takarda ta farko da [[Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein yayi wanda yayi]] amfani da dokar Baer. <ref>Albert Einstein. 1926</ref> Waɗannan samfuran sun magance yaudara da yashewar takarda. Samfurori na farko sune saukakakken tsari wanda zai iya amfani dasu ta hanyar lissafin hannu. Zuwa shekarun 1970s samfurai sun faɗaɗa zuwa ƙirar kwamfuta mai rikitarwa mai magance gurɓataccen tushe mara tushe tare da dubunnan layukan lambar kwamfuta.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973</ref> Tsari sananan samfuran hadaddun sun sami damar magance nuances a cikin ilmin karamar yanayi rarraba ƙirar ƙasa da kuma bambancin yanayin ƙasa. == Duba kuma == * Gadar kwarawa * Amsar gaggawa na yankin da aka ƙone * Ƙwararren ƙwararre a cikin ɓarna da Kula da Sediment * Gudanar da gabar teku * Kwallon Kura * Sabis na kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa (Amurka) * Noma yashewa * Daidaita Rasa Ƙasa ta Duniya * Tsarin Vetiver == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Zaizayewar ƙasa]] l6v3zqwxlvhi4u4ceot7f0xlmyyqynv 0 23841 892148 818840 2026-08-06T16:00:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kiyayyar Islama a China''' yana nufin jerin jawabai, halaye da sifofi waɗanda ke nuna damuwa, tsoro, ƙiyayya da ƙin [[Musulunci]] da/ko Musulmai a China.<ref>{{citation|last1=Richardson|first1=Robin|title=Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited|date=2012|url=http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102936/http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=2016-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9tJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|title=Religion and politics of Peace and Conflict|last1=Hogan|first1=Linda|last2=Lehrke|first2=Dylan|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9781556350672|pages=205|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011917/https://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_and_the_Politics_of_Peace_and_C.html?id=d9tJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|archive-date=2017-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da nuna halaye munana ga Musulmai a China sun bazu, kuma wasu al'ummomin Musulmai a China suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa ta doka kan ikon yin aiki. Fursunonin Musulmai da ke tsare a sansanonin da sansanin 'yan ci-rani sun fuskanci ayyukan kyamar Musulunci kamar cin naman alade ta ƙarfi. A cikin ƙarni na 21, Musulmai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na China gaba ɗaya ba shi da kyau, kuma abubuwan da ke nuna ƙyamar Islama sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta na China. Halin nuna ktyamar Musulmai a China yana da alaƙa da labaru guda biyu game da rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin China da ɗabi'ar Musulmai da kuma maganganun zamani da suka shafi ta'addanci a China da ƙasashen waje. == Tarihi == Jingyuan Qian da sauransu suna jayayya cewa rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Han da Musulmai kamar tawayen Hui na Arewa maso Yamma wasu' yan kabilar Han sun yi amfani da su don halatta da rura wutar akida da nuna kyama ga Musulmai a China ta zamani.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Qian|first=Jingyuan|date=2019-06-06|title=Historical Ethnic Conflicts and the Rise of Islamophobia in Modern China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3450176|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3450176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Theaker|first=Hannah|date=2019-08-02|title=Wounds that fester: Histories of Chinese Islamophobia|url=https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/08/02/wounds-that-fester-histories-of-chinese-islamophobia/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-05-23|website=University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174640/https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/08/02/wounds-that-fester-histories-of-chinese-islamophobia/}}</ref> Masana da masu bincike sun kuma ba da hujjar cewa kyamar Islama ta Yammacin Turai da " Yaƙi da Ta'addanci " sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da nuna kyamar Musulmai da ayyuka a China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Kelly Anne|date=24 May 2019|title=The history of China's Muslims and what's behind their persecution|url=http://theconversation.com/the-history-of-chinas-muslims-and-whats-behind-their-persecution-117365|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-23|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tazamal|first=Mobashra|title=Chinese Islamophobia was made in the West|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/1/21/chinese-islamophobia-was-made-in-the-west|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brophy|first=David|date=2019-07-09|title=Good and Bad Muslims in Xinjiang|url=https://madeinchinajournal.com/2019/07/09/good-and-bad-muslims-in-xinjiang/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Made in China Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa ana tilasta wa Musulmai cin naman alade a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Xinjiang .<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Regencia|first=Ted|date=4 December 2020|title=Uighurs forced to eat pork as China expands Xinjiang pig farms|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/holduighurs-forced-to-eat-pork-as-hog-farming-in-xinjiang-expands|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204004246/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/holduighurs-forced-to-eat-pork-as-hog-farming-in-xinjiang-expands|archive-date=2020-12-04|access-date=2020-12-04|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> Tun lokacin da [[Xi Jinping]] ya zama Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kamfen na adawa da Musulunci ya kai ga mutanen Hui da al'ummar Utsul a Hainan. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Myers|first=Steven Lee|date=2019-09-22|title=A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924010442/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html|archive-date=2019-09-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Emily|first=Feng|date=September 26, 2019|title='Afraid We Will Become The Next Xinjiang': China's Hui Muslims Face Crackdown|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/763356996/afraid-we-will-become-the-next-xinjiang-chinas-hui-muslims-face-crackdown|url-status=live|access-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008040239/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/763356996/afraid-we-will-become-the-next-xinjiang-chinas-hui-muslims-face-crackdown|archive-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Feng|first=Emily|date=November 21, 2020|title=China Targets Muslim Scholars And Writers With Increasingly Harsh Restrictions|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/21/932169863/china-targets-muslim-scholars-and-writers-with-increasingly-harsh-restrictions|url-status=live|access-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121134353/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/21/932169863/china-targets-muslim-scholars-and-writers-with-increasingly-harsh-restrictions|archive-date=November 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Baptista|first=Eduardo|date=2020-09-28|title=Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3103253/tiny-muslim-community-chinas-far-south-becomes-latest-target|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016015718/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3103253/tiny-muslim-community-chinas-far-south-becomes-latest-target|archive-date=2020-10-16|access-date=2020-10-16|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> === Labarai === An yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya a ƙasar Sin da yin taka tsantsan kan yada batutuwan kabilanci - musamman na Musulmai, don samar da yanayi mai kyau na hadin kai tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai daban -daban na kasar Sin da huldar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gaba da kiyayya ga Musulmai da Musulunci bayan jerin hare - haren ta'addanci da bullar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mu Chunshan|date=2016-09-13|title=Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is Taking Over China's Social Media Scene|work=[[The Diplomat]]|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-taking-over-chinas-social-media-scene/}}</ref> Wasu masu lura da al'amura na cewa ko da yake an dade ana samun munanan ra’ayoyi game da Musulmai a China, karuwar kyamar addinin Islama a duniya, tasirin labaran karya, da kuma matakan da gwamnatin China ke dauka kan tsirarun Musulmansu sun kara tsananta kyamar Islama a ƙasar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=2019-05-14|title=Islamophobia in China|url=https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/islamophobia-china|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115093349/https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/islamophobia-china|archive-date=2021-01-15|access-date=2021-01-13|website=[[ChinaFile]]|language=en}}</ref> A cewar ''jaridar Washington Post'', sassan watsa labarai da ake watsawa a kasar Sin, su ma sun haifar da kyamar Musulmai, wadanda galibi ke nuna Musulmai a matsayin masu haɗari kuma masu saurin kai harin ta'addanci, ko kuma a matsayin masu karbar taimakon da bai dace ba daga gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/12/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-on-the-rise-in-china-we-found-that-the-internet-fuels-and-fights-this/|title=Analysis {{!}} Anti-Muslim sentiment is on the rise in China. We found that the Internet fuels — and fights — this.|last1=Luqiu|first1=Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045026/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/12/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-on-the-rise-in-china-we-found-that-the-internet-fuels-and-fights-this/|archive-date=2019-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref> Dangane da binciken 2018, nazarin rahotannin labarai na China ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto na Musulmai da Islama gaba ɗaya mara kyau ne. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Sinawa da ba Musulmai ba suna da munanan ra'ayoyi game da Musulunci da Musulmai, kuma wasu Musulman China suna ba da rahoton nuna wariya da sanin munanan hotunan kansu a kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Luqiu|first1=Luwei Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|date=2018-03-28|title=Islamophobia in China: news coverage, stereotypes, and Chinese Muslims' perceptions of themselves and Islam|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1457063|journal=Asian Journal of Communication|volume=28|issue=6|pages=598–619|doi=10.1080/01292986.2018.1457063|s2cid=149462511|issn=0129-2986}}</ref> === Yanar Gizo === A cikin 2017, ɗan jarida Gerry Shih ya bayyana maganganun ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Islama a cikin shafukan sada zumunta na yanar gizo saboda rashin adalci da ake yi game da fa'idodin tsirarun musulmai a shigar da kwaleji da keɓewa daga iyakokin girman iyali.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Gerry Shih|date=2017-04-10|title=Islamophobia in China on the rise fuelled by online hate speech|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamophobia-china-rise-online-hate-speech-anti-muslim-islam-nangang-communist-party-government-xinjiang-a7676031.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324170806/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamophobia-china-rise-online-hate-speech-anti-muslim-islam-nangang-communist-party-government-xinjiang-a7676031.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite web|last=Gerry Shih|date=2017-04-10|title=Unfettered online hate speech fuels Islamophobia in China|url=https://apnews.com/e3711d789c8d48589b77f6e269d424fa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019061433/https://apnews.com/e3711d789c8d48589b77f6e269d424fa|archive-date=2019-10-19|access-date=2019-10-19|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> A cikin 2018, labarin ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' makamancin haka ya bayyana kyamar addinin Islama ta yanar gizo a China a matsayin "ta ƙara yaduwa" musamman saboda labarai na fifiko na hukumomi ga marasa rinjaye na Musulmi da labarin hare -haren ta'addanci a Xinjiang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laurie Chen|date=2018-10-25|title=Chinese man jailed for Koran burning as Islamaphobia spreads online|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2170240/chinese-man-jailed-koran-burning-islamaphobia-spreads-online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222122113/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2170240/chinese-man-jailed-koran-burning-islamaphobia-spreads-online|archive-date=2019-12-22|access-date=2019-10-19|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> A 2018 [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] study of 77,642 posts from [[Tencent QQ]] suggested that online Islamophobia was especially concentrated in provinces with higher Muslim populations.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bailey Marsheck|last2=Mark Wang|date=2018-09-25|title=Islamophobia on Chinese Social Media|url=https://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/islamophobia-on-chinese-social-media/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130020211/https://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/islamophobia-on-chinese-social-media/|archive-date=2020-11-30|access-date=2020-12-03|website=China Data Lab|language=en-US|publication-place=[[UCSD]]}}</ref> Nazarin UCSD na 2018 na rubuce-rubuce 77,642 daga Tencent QQ ya ba da shawarar cewa kyamar Islama ta yanar gizo ta fi mayar da hankali a larduna tare da yawan Musulmai. An kuma ba da rahoton wani motsi na kan layi kan yaɗuwar [[Halal|kayayyakin halal a cikin ƙasar.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koetse|first=Manya|date=July 21, 2017|title=The Anti "Halalification" Crusade of Chinese Netizens|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/anti-halalification-crusade-chinese-netizens/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=What's on Weibo|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092312/https://www.whatsonweibo.com/anti-halalification-crusade-chinese-netizens/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=Jan 28, 2019|title=China: The problem of growing anti-muslim sentiment|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcApcACeYV8|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[DW News]]|via=Youtube|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101171509/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcApcACeYV8&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> A cewar Tony Lin na ''Jaridar Columbia Journalism Review'', masu amfani da yawa suna amfani da shahararrun shafuka kamar Weibo da WeChat don yada labaran karya na ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka karɓa daga kafofin watsa labarai na dama na yamma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Tony Lin|date=March 21, 2019|title=After New Zealand massacre, Islamophobia spreads on Chinese social media|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/weibo-new-zealand-massacre.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017035831/https://www.cjr.org/analysis/weibo-new-zealand-massacre.php|archive-date=2019-10-17|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}</ref> Ya rubuta cewa bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi a masallacin Christchurch na shekarar 2019, abubuwan da aka fi so a karkashin shafukan sada zumunta na kasar Sin da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi lamarin sun fito fili sun ƙyamar Musulmai ko kuma sun goyi bayan wanda ya harbe. Wasu labarai sun ba da rahoto game da martani daban -daban na netizen game da harbe -harben masallaci.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koetse|first=Manya|date=March 2019|title=Chinese Netizens' Response to New Zealand Mosque Attacks|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinese-netizens-response-to-new-zealand-mosque-attacks/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511215903/https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinese-netizens-response-to-new-zealand-mosque-attacks/|archive-date=May 11, 2019|access-date=2021-05-21|website=What's on Weibo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alice Su|date=2019-03-16|title=The Christchurch shooter's manifesto praised China's values. That's sparking debate in China|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110233521/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|archive-date=January 2021|access-date=2021-05-21|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=March 18, 2019|title=Is Chinese media using the New Zealand mosque shooting as a political opportunity?|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-19/why-did-it-take-48-hours-for-china-to-remove-nz-shooting-video/10911612}}</ref> Binciken 2019 wanda yayi nazari sama da rubuce-rubuce sama da 10,000 akan Weibo da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci da Musulmai ya nuna cewa ƙiyayya da Musulmai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akan batun. Masu amfani da Musulmin kasar Sin masu aiki a shafin sun ba da rahoton cewa suna mayar da martani kan sakonnin da ke ƙyamar Musulmai a kokarin wasu su fahimci rayuwarsu da imaninsu. Ban da haka, masu amfani da Musulmin kan layi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa sakamakon hirar Han da taɓarɓarewar gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luqiu|first1=Luwei Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|date=2019-12-09|title=Anti-muslim sentiment on social media in China and Chinese Muslims' reactions to hatred and misunderstanding|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2019.1699841|journal=Chinese Journal of Communication|volume=13|issue=3|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/17544750.2019.1699841|s2cid=213492511|issn=1754-4750}}</ref> ==Ƙarin Karatu== *{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2019/09/26/chinas-repression-of-islam-is-spreading-beyond-xinjiang|title=China's repression of Islam is spreading beyond Xinjiang|date=2019-09-26|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=2019-11-10|issn=0013-0613}} == Duba Kuma == * [[Tarihin Musulunci a Sin]] * [[Tarihin Xinjiang]] * [[Xinjiang conflict]] * [[Shadian incident]] * [[Xinjiang re-education camps]] * [[Uyghur Genocide]] * [[Musulunci a Sin (1911–present)]] * [[List of Islamophobic incidents#China|List of Islamophobic incidents in China]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Musulmai]] [[Category:Tarihin Sin]] [[Category:Sin]] [[Category:Addini]] [[Category:Opposition to Islam in China]] [[Category:Islamophobia]] [[Category:Persecution of Muslims]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2rwx52wypm0obf1l3nr7g37oux05xss 0 23846 892123 718404 2026-08-06T12:47:04Z Baffa ali 47435 892123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hui Liangyu''' ( Chinese Xiao'erjing : {{Lang|zh-Arab|ﺧُﻮِ ﻟِﯿْﺎ ﻳُﻮْْ}} ; an haife shi a watan Oktoba 1944) ya kasance Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China mai kula da aikin gona.<ref name=":0">Wei Cheng (魏成) (2006-02-18). <bdi>简历：国务院副总理回良玉</bdi>. ''Sohu.com'' (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-01-29.</ref> shi dansiya sane . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hui a Yushu, Lardin Jilin. Shi ɗan ƙabilar Hui ne marasa rinjaye. Tun daga shekarar 1969, ya yi aiki a yawancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da muƙaman gwamnati, inda ya zama cikakken memba a cikin Politburo na Babban Kwamitin CPC a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2002. Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar CPC a Jiangsu daga 2000 zuwa 2002. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista daga 2003 zuwa 2013.<ref name=":0" /> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=30 Hui Liangyu biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826002505/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=30 |date=2006-08-26 }} (China Vitae) * [http://english.people.com.cn/data/people/huiliangyu.shtml Hui Liangyu] (People's Daily) [[Category:Musulmai]] n6wni8ecokqivxdt6xp38vlm3svzbzu 0 24024 892302 626969 2026-08-06T18:17:28Z Baffa ali 47435 892302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Appeal Isimirie''' ta kasan ce wata 'yar [[Najeriya|wasan]] wasan Taekwondo' yar Najeriya ce da ke fafatawa a manyan rukunin mata. Ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar <ref>TaekwondoData". TaekwondoData. Retrieved 23 May 2021</ref>Taekwondo ta Afirka ta 2003 a –59&nbsp;kilogiram na. Sana'ar sa shine teekwondo athlete. == Aikin wasanni == A gasar cin kofin Taekwondo na Afirka na 2003 da aka gudanar a [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . Appeal Isimirie ya yi gasa kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a cikin 59&nbsp;kg taron.<ref>TaekwondoData". ''TaekwondoData''. Retrieved 23 May 2021</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] t254tjwmijq34vgiyll0wtub86rjx8y 0 25070 892314 406246 2026-08-06T18:49:02Z Baffa ali 47435 892314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lawrence Adegbeingbe''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1957) tsohon ɗan tseren [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya '''fafata a Gasar''' Olympics ta bazara ta 1984 . <ref name="sref">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/lawrence-adegbeingbe-1.html|access-date=14 May 2012|title=Kwafin ajiya|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050049/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/lawrence-adegbeingbe-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] b9xvqmzvmcyg9j4trtl1426z6p73uwn 0 27560 892211 785958 2026-08-06T16:38:58Z Birgediya 44139 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345795655|Odera Olivia Orji]]" 892211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Odera Olivia Orji''' // ⓘ Jarumar Najeriya ce, daraktan fina-finai kuma furodusa. == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Odera Olivia Orji ya fara ne bayan ta fito a fim ɗin " [[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last flight to Abuja]] " na shekarar 2012. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar "Peace" a cikin shirin talabijin na MNET Africa ''mai suna Jemeji'' . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''Obsession'', ''The Father'', ''Blue'', ''Fifty'', ''Kayanmata'', ''Bedroom Points'', da ''Just a Fling'' . <ref>{{cite news |title=Odera Olivia Orji |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10708750/bio |accessdate=18 August 2021 |work=imdb.com |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta kuma ta lashe kyautar [[Best of Nollywood Awards]] don Best Kiss a wani fim tare da [[Mawuli Gavor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mawuli Gavor, Olivia Orji win Best Kiss category - BON Awards 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mawuli-gavor-olivia-orji-win-best-kiss-category-bon-awards-2018/0ef59yy |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Wasu fannonin aiki == Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story Consultancy da Productions. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Wahayin Shekara (MACE) | ''Kanta''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|title=REVELATION OF THE YEAR (FEMALE)|date=3 June 2018|work=bonawards.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040751/https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Mafi Kyawun Kiss a Fim | ''Kanta''|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/|title=FULL LIST: 'We Don't Live Here Anymore' bags 11 BON Awards nominations|date= 18 November 2018|work=thecable.ng|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-amaa-releases-nominations-list-for-2019/|title=JUST IN: AMAA Releases Nominations List For 2019|date= 19 September 2019|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja | Darakta na Farko (Tarihin Kaza) | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/|title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees|date= 24 October 2019|work=crossriverwatch.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na City People | Jarumar da ta fi kowacce kwarjini a shekarar (Turanci) | Kai|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winner-emerge-2019-city-people-movie-awards/|title=WINNER EMERGE @ 2019 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date= 14 October 2019|work=citypeopleonline.com|accessdate=19 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Career == Odera Olivia Orji ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne bayan ta fito a fim din 2012 "Last flight to Abuja". Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kirkire-kirkire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|10708750|Odera Olivia Orji}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q1brqi0okams0vjtpxhacimymb9t401 892212 892211 2026-08-06T16:39:42Z Birgediya 44139 892212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Odera Olivia Orji''' // ⓘ Jarumar Najeriya ce, daraktan fina-finai kuma furodusa. == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Odera Olivia Orji ya fara ne bayan ta fito a fim ɗin " [[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last flight to Abuja]] " na shekarar 2012. Aikinta ya kuma fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar "Peace" a cikin shirin talabijin na MNET Africa ''mai suna Jemeji'' . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''Obsession'', ''The Father'', ''Blue'', ''Fifty'', ''Kayanmata'', ''Bedroom Points'', da ''Just a Fling'' . <ref>{{cite news |title=Odera Olivia Orji |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10708750/bio |accessdate=18 August 2021 |work=imdb.com |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta kuma ta lashe kyautar [[Best of Nollywood Awards]] don Best Kiss a wani fim tare da [[Mawuli Gavor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mawuli Gavor, Olivia Orji win Best Kiss category - BON Awards 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mawuli-gavor-olivia-orji-win-best-kiss-category-bon-awards-2018/0ef59yy |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Wasu fannonin aiki == Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story Consultancy da Productions. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Wahayin Shekara (MACE) | ''Kanta''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|title=REVELATION OF THE YEAR (FEMALE)|date=3 June 2018|work=bonawards.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040751/https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Mafi Kyawun Kiss a Fim | ''Kanta''|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/|title=FULL LIST: 'We Don't Live Here Anymore' bags 11 BON Awards nominations|date= 18 November 2018|work=thecable.ng|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-amaa-releases-nominations-list-for-2019/|title=JUST IN: AMAA Releases Nominations List For 2019|date= 19 September 2019|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja | Darakta na Farko (Tarihin Kaza) | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/|title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees|date= 24 October 2019|work=crossriverwatch.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na City People | Jarumar da ta fi kowacce kwarjini a shekarar (Turanci) | Kai|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winner-emerge-2019-city-people-movie-awards/|title=WINNER EMERGE @ 2019 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date= 14 October 2019|work=citypeopleonline.com|accessdate=19 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Career == Odera Olivia Orji ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne bayan ta fito a fim din 2012 "Last flight to Abuja". Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kirkire-kirkire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|10708750|Odera Olivia Orji}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8euklw6irsdgr3l6tqkvrgzta7l8vtk 892213 892212 2026-08-06T16:40:12Z Birgediya 44139 892213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Odera Olivia Orji''' // ⓘ Jarumar Najeriya ce, daraktan fina-finai kuma furodusa. == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Odera Olivia Orji ya fara ne bayan ta fito a fim ɗin " [[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last flight to Abuja]] " na shekarar 2012. Aikinta ya kuma fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar "Peace" a cikin shirin talabijin na MNET Africa ''mai suna Jemeji'' . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''Obsession'', ''The Father'', ''Blue'', ''Fifty'', ''Kayanmata'', ''Bedroom Points'', da ''Just a Fling'' . <ref>{{cite news |title=Odera Olivia Orji |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10708750/bio |accessdate=18 August 2021 |work=imdb.com |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta kuma ta lashe kyautar [[Best of Nollywood Awards]] don Best Kiss a wani fim tare da [[Mawuli Gavor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mawuli Gavor, Olivia Orji win Best Kiss category - BON Awards 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mawuli-gavor-olivia-orji-win-best-kiss-category-bon-awards-2018/0ef59yy |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Wasu fannonin aiki == Olivia yana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story Consultancy da Productions. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Wahayin Shekara (MACE) | ''Kanta''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|title=REVELATION OF THE YEAR (FEMALE)|date=3 June 2018|work=bonawards.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040751/https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Mafi Kyawun Kiss a Fim | ''Kanta''|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/|title=FULL LIST: 'We Don't Live Here Anymore' bags 11 BON Awards nominations|date= 18 November 2018|work=thecable.ng|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-amaa-releases-nominations-list-for-2019/|title=JUST IN: AMAA Releases Nominations List For 2019|date= 19 September 2019|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja | Darakta na Farko (Tarihin Kaza) | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/|title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees|date= 24 October 2019|work=crossriverwatch.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na City People | Jarumar da ta fi kowacce kwarjini a shekarar (Turanci) | Kai|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winner-emerge-2019-city-people-movie-awards/|title=WINNER EMERGE @ 2019 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date= 14 October 2019|work=citypeopleonline.com|accessdate=19 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Career == Odera Olivia Orji ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne bayan ta fito a fim din 2012 "Last flight to Abuja". Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kirkire-kirkire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|10708750|Odera Olivia Orji}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rpkzr8hg8lmva0jxbrhepn5vdeoh8bb 892214 892213 2026-08-06T16:40:38Z Birgediya 44139 892214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Odera Olivia Orji''' // ⓘ Jarumar Najeriya ce, daraktan fina-finai kuma furodusa. == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Odera Olivia Orji ya fara ne bayan ta fito a fim ɗin " [[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last flight to Abuja]] " na shekarar 2012. Aikinta ya kuma fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar "Peace" a cikin shirin talabijin na MNET Africa ''mai suna Jemeji'' . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai da kuma dama, ciki har da ''Obsession'', ''The Father'', ''Blue'', ''Fifty'', ''Kayanmata'', ''Bedroom Points'', da ''Just a Fling'' . <ref>{{cite news |title=Odera Olivia Orji |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10708750/bio |accessdate=18 August 2021 |work=imdb.com |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta kuma ta lashe kyautar [[Best of Nollywood Awards]] don Best Kiss a wani fim tare da [[Mawuli Gavor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mawuli Gavor, Olivia Orji win Best Kiss category - BON Awards 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mawuli-gavor-olivia-orji-win-best-kiss-category-bon-awards-2018/0ef59yy |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Wasu fannonin aiki == Olivia yana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story Consultancy da Productions. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Wahayin Shekara (MACE) | ''Kanta''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|title=REVELATION OF THE YEAR (FEMALE)|date=3 June 2018|work=bonawards.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040751/https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Mafi Kyawun Kiss a Fim | ''Kanta''|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/|title=FULL LIST: 'We Don't Live Here Anymore' bags 11 BON Awards nominations|date= 18 November 2018|work=thecable.ng|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-amaa-releases-nominations-list-for-2019/|title=JUST IN: AMAA Releases Nominations List For 2019|date= 19 September 2019|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja | Darakta na Farko (Tarihin Kaza) | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/|title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees|date= 24 October 2019|work=crossriverwatch.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na City People | Jarumar da ta fi kowacce kwarjini a shekarar (Turanci) | Kai|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winner-emerge-2019-city-people-movie-awards/|title=WINNER EMERGE @ 2019 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date= 14 October 2019|work=citypeopleonline.com|accessdate=19 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Career == Odera Olivia Orji ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne bayan ta fito a fim din 2012 "Last flight to Abuja". Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kirkire-kirkire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|10708750|Odera Olivia Orji}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4xduo7pfi0tatpitaur1jfrws0cbvo0 0 29808 892142 878100 2026-08-06T15:04:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:MasterClassMuratova_OdFest.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Master Class Muratova Fest]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title (Original) !Title (English) !Director !Writer !Actress !Notes |- |1961 |''У Крутого Яра'' |''By the Steep Ravine'' |Yes |Yes | |With Aleksandr Muratov |- |1964 |''Наш честный хлеб'' |''Our Honest Bread'' |Yes | |as Agapa |With Aleksandr Muratov |- |1967 |''Короткие встречи'' |''Brief Encounters'' |Yes |Yes |as Valentina Ivanovna | |- |1971 |''Долгие проводы'' |''The Long Farewell'' |Yes | | | |- |1972 |''Россия'' |''Russia'' | | | |Documentary; with Theodore Holcomb |- |1978 |''Познавая белый свет'' |''Getting to Know the Big, Wide World'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1983 |''Среди серых камней'' |''Among Grey Stones'' |Yes | | |Renounced by Muratova after major political censorship (credited to "Ivan Sidorov" ) |- |1987 |''Перемена участи'' |''Change of Fate'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1989 |''Астенический синдром'' |''The Asthenic Syndrome'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1992 |''Чувствительный милиционер'' |''The Sentimental Policeman'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1994 |''Увлеченья'' |''Passions'' |Yes | | | |- |1997 |''Три истории'' |''Three Stories'' |Yes | | | |- |1999 |''Письмо в Америку'' |''Letter to America'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2001 |''Второстепенные люди'' |''Minor People'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2002 |''Чеховские мотивы'' |''Chekhov's Motifs'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2004 |''Настройщик'' |''The Tuner'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2005 |''Справка'' |''Certification'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2006 |''Кукла'' |''Dummy'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2007 |''Два в одном'' |''Two in One'' |Yes | | | |- |2009 |''Мелодия для шарманки'' |''Melody for a Street-organ'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2012 |''Вечное возвращение'' |''Eternal Return'' |Yes |Yes | | |} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Kira Muratova</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;"> Mutane Artist na Ukraine</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] : ''Kira Gueórguievna Muratova'' |- class="infobox-image" colspan="2" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Kira Muratova a 2006</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Kira Gueórguievna Korotkova</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1934-11-05</span> )</span> 5 Nuwamba 1934<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Soroca]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Masarautar Romania]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (Yanzu [[Moldova]] )</div> |- class="bday" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ya mutu | class="infobox-data" | 6 Yuni 2018 <span style="display:none">(2018-06-06)</span> (shekaru&nbsp;83)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline"> [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | [[Film director|Daraktan fim]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Screenwriter|Marubucin allo]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Actress|Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 1961-2018 |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Kira Georgievna Muratova''' ( {{Lang-ru|Кира Георгиевна Муратова}} ; 'yar Roma ce; Ukraine ; née '''Korotkova''', 5 Nuwamba 1934 - 6 Yuni 2018 <ref>[https://meduza.io/news/2018/06/06/umerla-rezhisser-kira-muratova Умерла Кира Муратова]</ref> <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kira-muratova-dead-renowned-ukrainian-director-was-83-1117898 Kira Muratova, Renowned Ukrainian Director, Dies at 83]</ref> ) ɗan [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] ne - [[Ukraniya|Ukrainian]] <ref>[[William Taubman#Personal life|Taubman, Jane A]]. “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/130736 The Cinema of Kira Muratova].” The Russian Review, vol. 52, no. 3, 1993, pp. 367–381.</ref> <ref>Roberts, Graham. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gigjwq-7v9EC The Meaning of Death: Kira Muratova's Cinema of the Absurd]. // B. Beumers (Ed.). Russia on Reels: The Russian Idea in Post-Soviet Cinema. London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|I.B.Tauris]]. 220 p.: pp. 144–160.</ref> [[Darakta|daraktan fim ɗin]] da ya ci lambar yabo, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zuriyar Romanian/Yahudanci, sananne ga salon shugabanci nata da ba a saba gani ba. Fina-finan Muratova sun yi ta yin katsalandan a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], duk da haka Muratova ya sami nasarar fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin fina-finan Rasha na zamani kuma ya sami damar gina aikin fim mai nasara daga 1960s gaba. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/muratova-kira-1934 Muratova, Kira 1934-2018 (Kira Georgievna Korotkova)]. encyclopedia.com. 2018</ref> Muratova, tare da Nikita Mikhalkov, Vadim Abdrashitov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Aleksei Jamus, da Aleksei Balabanov ana ganin su ne manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda suka fuskanci rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet duk da haka sun sami nasarar ci gaba da aikinsu na fim daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. <ref name="muratova_recent.russian.cinema" /> An kwatanta ayyukanta a matsayin mai yiyuwa 'daya daga cikin fitattun fitattun fina-finai na fina-finai na duniya.' Muratova ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha a Odessa, inda ya kirkiro mafi yawan fina-finanta a Odesa Film Studios . == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da aiki === An haifi Kira Korotkova a cikin shekara ta 1934 a Soroca, Romania ( [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] a yau) ga mahaifin Rasha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2005/05/weird-and-wild/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211180532/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2005/05/weird-and-wild/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mahaifiyar [[Romainiya|Romania]] (an asalin Bayahude Bessarabian ). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210801024606/https://www.filmmuseum.at/en/film_program/scope?schienen_id=1571190632956 Kira Muratova. The More Things Change ...]. filmmuseum.at/en/. 2019</ref> <ref>[http://www.ilegalisti.ro/ilegalist/5158 Illegal Communist Movement in Prewar Romania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710152148/http://www.ilegalisti.ro/ilegalist/5158 |date=2020-07-10 }}: Natalia Reznic Korotkova (1906–1981).</ref> <ref>[http://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/viata-si-moartea-unui-comunist-basarabean-iuri-korotkov-tatal-kirei-muratova/ Viața și moartea unui comunist basarabean Iuri Korotkov, tatăl Kirei Muratova]</ref> Iyayenta duka ƴan gurguzu ne kuma membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci . Mahaifinta, Yuri Korotkov, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist a yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Romania sun kama su kuma suka harbe bayan tambayoyi. Bayan yakin, Kira ta zauna a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] tare da mahaifiyarta, likitan mata, wanda ya bi aikin gwamnati a cikin Socialist Romania . [[Fayil:KiraMuratova OdFest.jpg|thumb|Kira Muratova]] A 1959, Kira ta kammala karatun ta daga Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography a [[Moscow]], qware a cikin shiryarwa. Bayan kammala karatun Korotkova ya sami matsayi na darekta tare da Odessa Film Studio a Odessa, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black kusa da 'yar asalinta Bessarabia . Ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin ƙwararrunta na farko a cikin 1961 kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakin studio har sai da rikici ya sa ta koma [[Saint-Petersburg|Leningrad]] a 1978. A can ta yi fim daya tare da Lenfilm Studio, amma daga baya ya koma Odessa. Fina-finan Muratova sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai ga jami'an Soviet saboda yaren fim ɗinta na wauta wanda bai bi ka'idodin gurguzanci ba. Masanin fina-finai Isa Willinger ya kwatanta tsarin fim na Muratova da Soviet Avant-garde, musamman ga Eisenstein na abubuwan jan hankali. Sau da yawa an dakatar da Muratova daga yin aiki a matsayin darekta na tsawon shekaru a kowane lokaci. Kira ta auri 'yar'uwarta darektan studiyo na Odessa wato Oleksandr Muratov a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ta hada fina-finai da yawa tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Marianna, amma nan da nan suka sake aure kuma Muratov ya koma Kiev inda ya fara aiki tare da Dovzhenko Film Studios . Kira Muratova ta kiyaye sunan tsohon mijinta duk da aurenta da mai zane na Leningrad kuma mai tsarawa Evgeny Golubenko. === Bayan zamanin Soviet === A cikin 1990s, lokaci mai mahimmanci yazo wa Muratova a lokacin da ta daukar sabon fim bayan kowane shekaru biyu ko uku, sau da yawa tana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan jirgin. Aikinta ''The Asthenic Syndrome'' (1989) an kwatanta shi a matsayin 'babban aikin banza' kuma shine kawai fim ɗin da aka dakatar (saboda tsiraici na maza da mata) a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet perestroika . Sauran fina-finan nata da aka fitar a wannan lokacin sun hada da misali, ''The Sentimental Policeman'' (1992), ''Passions'' (1994), ''Three Stories'' (1997) da kuma gajeren ''wasiƙa (1999) zuwa Amurka.'' 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu Muratova take fito dasu acikin shirye-shirye su ne Renata Litvinova da Natalya Buzko . Muratova ta fina-finan yawanci productions na Ukraine ko co-productions tsakanin Ukraine da kuma Rasha, ko da yaushe a cikin [[Rashanci|Rasha harshen]], ko da yake Muratova iya magana da Ukrainian kuma bai ƙin Ukrainianization na [[Sinimar kasar Ukraine|Ukrainian cinema.]] <ref>Більше читайте тут: https://tsn.ua/glamur/rezhiser-kira-muratova-ya-na-boci-cogo-narodu-ya-z-maydanom-341183.html</ref> Muratova ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin juya halin Ukrainian na 2014 masu zuwa. <ref>Більше читайте тут: https://tsn.ua/glamur/rezhiser-kira-muratova-ya-na-boci-cogo-narodu-ya-z-maydanom-341183.html</ref> An gabatar da fina-finan Muratova a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Berlin (1990, 1997), Cannes, Moscow, Rome, Venice da dai sauransu. Kusa da Aleksandr Sokurov, An dauki Muratova a matsayin darektan fina-finai na harshen Rashanci na zamani. Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a matsayin postmodern, yin amfani da eclecticism, parody, gyare-gyare na dakatarwa, rugujewar labari da ƙwaƙƙwaran gani da sauti, da 'ɗaucin ɓacin rai da ke nuna tashin hankali, rashin ƙauna, al'umma mara kyau. A cikin fim dinta, ''Labari Uku'', ta bincika 'mugunta an ɓoye a cikin wani kyakkyawan harsashi marar laifi, kuma gawawwakin sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado.' Ta kasance mai sha'awar [[Sergei Parajanov]] kuma ta mayar da hankali kan 'ornamentalism' an kwatanta shi da nasa kuma ya kasance mai adawa da gaskiya, tare da 'maimaitawa yana ba da siffar kowane yiwuwar', tare da fim ɗin ta na ƙarshe, ''Maɗaukaki Gida mai'' kyau game da cinema kanta ba ta ƙare ba. kamar a ce 'spool of cinema ta ci gaba da zare da ƙwanƙwasa, zare da ƙwanƙwasa'. <ref name=":2" /> === Nadi da kyaututtuka === Sai kawai a lokacin gasar ''Perestroyka'' ne Muratova ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a da kuma lambar yabo ta farko. A cikin 1988, bikin fina-finai na mata na duniya Créteil (Faransa) ya nuna na farko game da ayyukanta. Fim ''ɗinta Daga cikin Grey Stones'' an nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1988 Cannes Film Festival . A cikin shekara ta 1990, Fim ɗinta na ''Asthenic Syndrome'' ya lashe kyautar Silver Bear Jury Grand Prix a Berlinale . A cikin 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leopard of Honor don rayuwarta oeuvre a Locarno International Film Festival (Switzerland) kuma a cikin 2000, an ba ta kyautar Andrzej Wajda Freedom Award. A cikin 1997, an shigar da fim ''ɗinta Labaru Uku'' a cikin Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 47 . Fim ɗinta na shekara ta2002 ''Chekhov's Motifs'' an shigar dashi cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 24th na Moscow An nuna fim ''ɗinta The Tuner'' a bikin Fim na Venice a 2004. Fina-finan nata sun sami lambar yabo ta "Nika" ta Rasha a 1991, 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009 da 2013. A cikin 2005, an nuna wani bita a Cibiyar Lincoln a Birnin New York. A cikin 2013, an nuna cikakken kallon fina-finanta a bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam . <ref name=":0" /> * Order of Prince Yaroslav mai hikima * Order of Friendly * Mutane Artist na Ukraine * 1993 Shevchenko National Prize An yi watsi da ayyukanta a bisa kuskure a cikin darussan Nazarin Fim ko kuma a cikin tattaunawa kan 'manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci' a cewar mai sukar fina-finai na kwanan nan, Bianca Garner. [[File:KiraMuratova_OdFest.jpg|thumb| Muratova a shekara ta 2010 yana gudanar da karatunsa na sirri a Odessa International Film Festival .]] == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title (Original) !Title (English) !Director !Writer !Actress !Notes |- |1961 |''У Крутого Яра'' |''By the Steep Ravine'' |Yes |Yes | |With Aleksandr Muratov |- |1964 |''Наш честный хлеб'' |''Our Honest Bread'' |Yes | |as Agapa |With Aleksandr Muratov |- |1967 |''Короткие встречи'' |''Brief Encounters'' |Yes |Yes |as Valentina Ivanovna | |- |1971 |''Долгие проводы'' |''The Long Farewell'' |Yes | | | |- |1972 |''Россия'' |''Russia'' | | | |Documentary; with Theodore Holcomb |- |1978 |''Познавая белый свет'' |''Getting to Know the Big, Wide World'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1983 |''Среди серых камней'' |''Among Grey Stones'' |Yes | | |Renounced by Muratova after major political censorship (credited to "Ivan Sidorov" ) |- |1987 |''Перемена участи'' |''Change of Fate'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1989 |''Астенический синдром'' |''The Asthenic Syndrome'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1992 |''Чувствительный милиционер'' |''The Sentimental Policeman'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |1994 |''Увлеченья'' |''Passions'' |Yes | | | |- |1997 |''Три истории'' |''Three Stories'' |Yes | | | |- |1999 |''Письмо в Америку'' |''Letter to America'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2001 |''Второстепенные люди'' |''Minor People'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2002 |''Чеховские мотивы'' |''Chekhov's Motifs'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2004 |''Настройщик'' |''The Tuner'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2005 |''Справка'' |''Certification'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2006 |''Кукла'' |''Dummy'' |Yes | | |Short |- |2007 |''Два в одном'' |''Two in One'' |Yes | | | |- |2009 |''Мелодия для шарманки'' |''Melody for a Street-organ'' |Yes |Yes | | |- |2012 |''Вечное возвращение'' |''Eternal Return'' |Yes |Yes | | |} == Littattafai == A kan wani yunƙuri na majiɓincin fasaha Yuri Komelkov, Atlant UMC ya buga wani kundi a kan aikin Kira Muratova. A cikin wannan kundin, marubucin hotuna, Konstantin Donin, ya tsare kansa a cikin firam ɗin fim ɗin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na allo na fim ɗin ''Biyu-in-one'' . <ref>[[#Literature]].</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2005, IB Tauris ya buga wani bincike kan rayuwa da aikin Muratova a cikin jerin Sahabbai na KINOfiles Filmmakers. == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen daraktoci mata * Fim din mata * Sinima na Rasha * [[Sinimar kasar Ukraine|Cinema na Ukraine]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Adabi == * Donin [Донин, К. A.]. Кадр за кадром: Кира Муратова. Хроника одного фильма. К.: ООО «Атлант-ЮЭми», 2007. 119 с. . {{In lang|ru}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Kira Muratova}}</img> * Kira Muratova * [http://kira-muratova.narod.ru Kira Muratova fan site (Rasha) - fina-finai, biography, labarai, tambayoyi, articles, photo gallery] * [http://www.isawillinger.de/Interview.htm Hira da Muratova] * [http://www.kinonika.com/index.html 2006 Nika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418031256/http://www.kinonika.com/index.html |date=2007-04-18 }} {{In lang|ru}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162848/http://www.uwtoday.com.ua/article.asp?LID=1&NID=1031&CG=2&SCG=98 Takaitacciyar Biyu cikin Daya] {{In lang|uk}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606120500/http://tabloid.com.ua/news/2007/3/29/1441.htm Hotunan Muratova] * [https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/kira-muratova-and-the-communist-love-triangle Kira Muratova da Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Kwaminisanci] * [http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/muratova/ Kira Muratova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626085806/http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/muratova/ |date=2022-06-26 }} {{1993 Shevchenko National Prize}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutuwar 2018]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1934]] [[Category:Mutane daga Soroca]] [[Category:Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa]] [[Category:Darektocin fim na kasar Russi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hmn48eiqk1lw752om6ikgdu6pwa19mk 0 29976 892474 788464 2026-08-07T05:40:02Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Femundsmarka,_Norway_-_Telt.jpg |thumb|Femundsmarka, Norway]] [[File:Kinder_upfall.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Kinder Downfall, Derbyshire, Ingila. Kinder Scout shine wurin da aka keta doka a cikin shekara ta 1932.]] [[File:Statue_of_Liberty,_NY_(cropped).jpg |thumb|Mutum-Mutumin Yanci, NY-(New York)]] '''<nowiki/>'Yancin yawo''', ko " '''<nowiki/>' yancin kowane mutum''' ", haƙƙin jama'a ne, don samun damar wasu filaye na jama'a ko na masu zaman kansu, [[Teku|tabkuna]], da kuma rafuka don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. Dama wani lokaci ana kiransa '''haƙƙin damar jama'a zuwa jeji''' ko " '''haƙƙin yawo''' ". A cikin Scotland, [[Finland]], [[Ayislan|Iceland]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Istoniya|Estonia]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]], [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Kazech|Czech Republic]] da [[Switzerland]], ƴancin yawo na ɗaukar nauyin haƙƙin jama'a gaba ɗaya wanda a wasu lokuta doka ke tsara su. Samun damar dadadden abu ne a sassan [[Turai|Arewacin Turai]] kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mai wadataccen asali wanda ba a sanya shi cikin doka ba har zuwa zamani. Koyaya, haƙƙin galibi baya haɗawa da duk wani amfani na [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arziƙi]], kamar farauta ko sare-sare, ko ayyukan ɓarna, kamar yin gobara da tuka motocin da ke kan hanya. A cikin Ingila da Wales haƙƙin samun damar jama'a ya shafi wasu nau'ikan galibi ƙasar da ba a noma ta ba. [[Fayil:Grant Wood - American Gothic.jpeg|thumb]] == Turai == === Nasashen Nordic === Abubuwan tarihi na dā suna ba da shaidar ƴanci yawo a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa, suna nuna cewa irin wannan ƴanci ya kasance al'ada ta gama gari. A yau, haƙƙin yawo ya wanzu ta wataƙila mafi kyawun tsaransa a Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden. Anan an sami dama ta hanyar aiki a cikin daruruwan shekaru kuma ba a san lokacin da ya canza daga kawai 'al'adar gama gari' ta zama 'yancin da aka sani ba. [[File:Telt.jpg|left|thumb| Zango a wani daji a Femundsmarka National Park, Norway]] A yau waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tallafawa damar yin nishaɗin waje a yawancin ƙasashen Nordic, suna ba da damar yin tafiya a ƙetaren ko zango a ƙasar wani (misali a Sweden na dare ɗaya ko biyu), yin kwalekwale a kan ruwan wani, da tsinkar furannin daji, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace . Koyaya, tare da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akwai nauyi; ma'ana, wajibi ba cutarwa, ta da hankali, zubar da shara ba, ko lalata dabbobi ko albarkatun gona. Hakkokin samun dama galibi don tafiya a kafa. Hakkokin kifi, farauta ko ɗaukar kowane samfuri galibi ana tilasta shi ta wasu al'adu ko dokoki. Ginin wuta galibi an hana shi (kodayake a Sweden da Norway ana barin wuta tare da kiyaye kariya ta dace). Yin amo yana da karfin gwiwa. A wasu ƙasashe, an tanadar sanya tanti a cikin [[Gandun Daji|daji]] na dare ɗaya, amma ba amfani da ayari ba . Samun damar bai kai ga gina ko bunƙasar ƙasa ba (kamar [[Gida|gidaje]], lambuna ) kuma ba lallai ba ne ya haɗa da cinikin ƙasar da kasuwanci. Misali, masu aikin diban 'ya'yan itacen berry na iya halatta sai da izinin mai gida. Akwai wasu manyan bambance-bambance a cikin dokokin ƙasashe daban-daban. A [[Denmark]], akwai ƴancin yawo a cikin ƙasar mallakar keɓaɓɓu. Duk dunes da rairayin bakin teku da duk gandun daji mallakar jama'a suna buɗe don yawo. Wuraren da ba a horar da su ba, wuraren da ba a katange su a bude suke don yawo ba tare da la'akari da matsayin mallakar su ba. Keɓaɓɓen mallaki yana da damar ta hanyoyi da waƙoƙi kawai. ==== Kasar Finland ==== ''{{Lang|fi|jokamiehenoikeus}}'' yawo da haƙƙoƙin da suka danganci ''"jokamiehenoikeus'' ''"'' cikin ''{{Lang|sv|allemansrätten}}'' Finnish da ''" allemansrätten'' ''"'' a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden (lit." hakkin kowane mutum "), kwatankwacin sauran ƙasashen Nordic. Kowane mutum na iya tafiya, ya hau kan kanshi, ya hau doki ko ya hau kansa ba tare da yardar kaina ba a cikin karkara inda wannan ba zai cutar da mahalli ko maigidan ba, sai dai a lambuna ko kusa da gidajen mutane (yadi) Filin gona da gonaki, waɗanda ƙila za a cutar da su, ƙila ba za a ƙetare su ba sai a lokacin hunturu. Zai yiwu kuma a kafa hanyoyin shakatawa ta waje a ƙasa mai zaman kanta, bisa yarjejeniya kan haƙƙin amfani ko ta hanyar aikace-aikacen hukuma bisa ga Dokar Nishaɗin Waje, misali. Mutum na iya tsayawa ko kafa sansani na ɗan lokaci a ƙauye, tazara mai nisa daga gidaje, ɗauki samfuran ma'adinai, 'ya'yan itace na daji, namomin kaza da furanni (muddin ba su da kariya daga jinsunan). Mutum na iya kamun kifi da sanda da layi (kawai ruwa ne kawai), jere, tafiya ko amfani da kwale-kwale a kan hanyoyin ruwa (tare da wasu takurai), da iyo ko wanka a cikin ruwan da ke cikin teku da teku. Mutum na iya tafiya, yawo da kifin kankara a kan daskararren tabkuna, koguna da teku. Kuɗi daga sayar da tsince 'ya'yan itace ko namomin kaza ba shi da haraji. Beaukar girkin girgije na iya zama an taƙaita shi na ɗan lokaci ga mazauna yankin a cikin sassan Lapland . A lardin [[Åland]] mai cin gashin kansa an yi ta takaddama kan shigar da sansani a cikin haƙƙin yawo, amma tun daga 2013 wannan ba batun bane. Mutum ba zai damu wasu ko lalata dukiya, damun tsuntsaye masu kiwo (ko sheƙarsu ko samari), ko damun mai ba da horo ko dabbobin farauta. Mutum ba zai iya sare ko lalata itacen da ke raye ba, ko tara itace, gansakuka ko lasisin akan dukiyar wasu mutane, kuma ba zai iya kunna wuta ba tare da izinin maigidan ba (sai dai a cikin gaggawa). Abin karɓa ne, kodayake, don amfani da abin ƙona barasa, murhun katako ko irin wannan na'urar da ba ta da 7 zafi da ke taɓa ƙasa. Mutum ba zai iya dagula sirrin gidajen mutane ba ta hanyar yin sansani kusa da su ko yin surutu da yawa, ko yawan shara, ko tuka motocin a kan hanya ba tare da izinin mai gida ba, ko kifi (ban da angling) ko farauta ba tare da izinin da ya dace ba. Idan hawan dawakai ya haifar da ƙananan matsala ko damuwa, dole ne a yi yarjejeniya don amfani da hanya ta dogon lokaci tare da mai ƙasa. Hakanan za'a iya ɗaukar doki don yin iyo a jikin ruwa ba tare da izinin mai yankin ba (ban da rairayin bakin teku na jama'a). Hakki tabbatacce hakki ne a game da cewa gwamnati ce kawai aka yarda ta takaita shi kamar yadda yake a yanayin tsauraran yanayi . Koyaya, ainihin ma'anar ya kasance galibi ba a tantance shi ba kuma ya dogara da ''ƙa'idar nulla poena sine lege'' (abin da ba doka ba ba za a hukunta shi ba). ==== Norway ==== Kowa a ƙasar Norway yana da ƴancin samun, da wucewa ta ƙasar da ba ta noma ba a ƙauyuka. The dama ne da wani tsohon consuetudinary dokar da ake kira ''allemannsrett'' (lit. da everyman ta dama), cewa aka codified a shekarar 1957 tare da aiwatar da waje hutu dokar. Ya dogara ne da girmamawa ga ƙauyuka, kuma ana tsammanin duk baƙi za su nuna kulawa ga manoma da masu mallakar ƙasa, sauran masu amfani da muhalli. A kasar Norway sharuddan ''utmark'' da ''innmark'' raba yankuna inda hakkin yawo yake da inganci ( ''utmark'', a zahiri wani abu kamar "ƙasa a waje da iyakoki" "" (Filin Fita) ") da kuma inda ba shi da inganci ko ƙuntatawa ( ''innmark'' ," ƙasar a ciki [kan iyakoki] "/" [A cikin filin] ""). Doka ta fayyace ''alamar alamar'' sosai, kuma duk wuraren da wannan ma'anar ba ta bayyana su a matsayin masu ''amfani da su ba'', galibi suna magana ne kan wuraren da ba za a zauna da su ba. Asa mai nome kawai za a ƙetare shi lokacin daskarewa da rufe dusar ƙanƙara. Akwai wasu ka'idoji na yau da kullun waɗanda dole ne a bi yayin yin zango a ƙasar Norway: * An yarda mutane su yi zango a ƙalla mita 150 daga gidan da ke kusa ko kuma gida. * Campfires Ba a yarda a cikin gandun daji yankunan tsakanin 15 Afrilu zuwa 15 Satumba, sai dai shi ''a fili ba zai iya kai wa ga wata wuta.'' * An ba masu yawon bude ido damar zama a wuri ɗaya don kwana ɗaya kawai. Bayan wannan, ya zama dole musamman don neman izini daga maigidan. Wannan dokar ta keɓe duwatsu da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. A shekarun baya dama ya shiga matsi musamman a kusa da Oslo Fjord da kuma cikin sanannun yankuna na Kudancin Norway. Waɗannan yankuna shahararrun shafuka ne don gidajen hutu kuma yawancin masu mallakar yankin bakin teku suna son hana jama'a damar mallakar kadarorinsu. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, an hana ginawa da raba dukiya a yanki mai mita 100 mafi kusa da teku, amma ƙananan hukumomi a yankuna da yawa sun yi amfani da libeancinsu don ba da izini daga wannan dokar. Koyaya, koda an ba mai ƙasa izinin yin gini kusa da gabar, ƙila ba zai hana mutane yin tafiya a gefen gabar ba. Ba a ba da izinin shinge da sauran shingayen don hana jama'a damar shiga ba (amma duk da haka wasu lokuta ana kafa su, wanda ke haifar da tara mai yawa). An yarda da jirgin ruwa, kayak, kwale-kwale da tafiya cikin koguna, tabkuna, da kuma teku. Ana ba da izinin ba da izinin jirgi a cikin ruwan gishiri kawai. . Hakkokin farauta na mai ƙasa ne, don haka ba a haɗa farauta a cikin haƙƙin samun dama ba. A cikin yankuna masu ruwa irin su koguna da tafkuna, haƙƙin kamun kifi na mai mallakar ƙasa. Ba za a iya gudanar da kamun kifin a cikin ruwa ba sai da izinin maigidan da kuma waɗanda ke da lasisin kamun kifi. Dokoki daban-daban sun shafi yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16. Yaran da ba su kai shekara 16 ba suna da 'yancin yin kamun kifi ba tare da lasisi ba, haƙƙin da aka tsara a 1992. An gwada wannan haƙƙin kuma an tabbatar da shi a cikin hukuncin da Kotun Supremeoli ta ƙasar Norway ta yanke a shekara ta 2004.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2017}} A cikin yankunan ruwan gishiri akwai damar samun kifin wasanni ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa ko daga bakin gabar teku. Duk masunta na karkashin doka ne, tare da sauran abubuwa, kare bambancin halittu, kuma wannan dokar ta tanadi dokoki game da amfani da kaya, yanayi, jaka ko girman iyawa da sauransu. ==== Sweden ==== A [[Sweden]] {{Lang|sv|allemansrätten}} (lit. <nowiki>'' hakkin kowane mutum '') shine '</nowiki>yanci wanda Tsarin Mulkin Sweden ya bashi. Tun 1994 kayan aikin Gwamnati suka ce ba tare da haƙƙin mallakan dukiya ba "kowa zai sami damar mallakar yanayi daidai da £''allemansrätten'' ". <ref name="regeringsformen2kap">[http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_PageExtended____6074.aspx Regeringsformen. 2 kap, Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter §&nbsp;18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714213405/http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_PageExtended____6074.aspx |date=2007-07-14 }}, Regeringen {{In lang|sv}} "Alla skall ha tillgång till naturen enligt allemansrätten oberoende av vad som föreskrivits ovan."</ref> Abin da wannan ke nufi ba a kara bayyanarsa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ba, kuma ba shi da yawa a wasu dokokin. A aikace, ''an bayyana allemansrätten'' a matsayin ayyuka waɗanda ba laifi ba ne, ba zai sa mutum ya biya diyya ba, kuma wata hukuma ba za ta iya hana shi ba. Kamar yadda yake a cikin wasu ƙasashe na Arewacin Turai, Swedishancin Yaren mutanen Sweden na yawo ya zo tare da girmamawa daidai wa daida da aka ɗora wa alhakin kula da ƙauye; mahimmin shine "kar a dame shi, kar a halakar". Yawancin mutanen Sweden suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wani nau'i na gado ko haƙƙin ɗan adam. ''Allemansrätten'' ya ba mutum haƙƙin shiga, tafiya, kewaya, hawa, hawa, da kuma yin sansani a kowace ƙasa-ban da lambunan lambuna masu zaman kansu, kusancin gidan zama da filayen da ake nomawa. Ana amfani da ƙuntatawa don ajiyar yanayi da sauran wuraren kariya. Hakanan yana ba da haƙƙin karɓar furannin daji, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace (muddin ba su da kariya ta doka), amma ba farauta ta kowace hanya ba. An ba da izinin yin iyo a kowane tafki da ɗora jirgin ruwa a kan kowane ruwa sai dai a bayyane an hana shi. An ba da izinin ziyartar rairayin bakin teku da tafiya ta gabar teku, tare da bayar da shi ba wani yanki na lambu ba ko kuma kusancin wurin zama (wanda doka ta bayyana a matsayin ''hemfridszon'' ). Girman ''hemfridszon ya'' dogara da yanayi amma yana iya zama girman mita 70 daga gidan zama na yau da kullun. Don kare kariya ga ruwa da haƙƙin tafiya tare da rairayin bakin teku, tun 1975 ba'a yarda a gina sabon gida kusa (gaba ɗaya mita 100) daga rairayin bakin teku da / ko bakin teku ba. Kamun kifi ya kasance mai zaman kansa ne sosai - baya ga kan manyan tafkuna biyar da bakin Tekun Baltic, da Sauti, da Kattegat da kuma Skagerrak . An ba shi izinin tuki mota a kan keɓaɓɓen hanya sai dai in an fito da bayyane sabanin haka. Kananan gobara an yarda da su gabaɗaya, amma a wasu lokutan ƙananan hukumomi sun hana su saboda haɗarin gobara. An ba da izinin sanya alfarwa a kan duk ƙasar da ba a [[shuka]] ba kwana ɗaya ko biyu. An sami wani rikici game da amfani da kasuwanci na haƙƙin karɓar Berry, lokacin da kamfanoni bisa doka suka ba mutane kwangilar karɓar 'ya'yan itace a cikin dazuzzuka. Ginin wuta galibi an yarda dashi banda fuskoki mara dutse inda zai haifar da fatattaka. Ƙananan hukumomi na iya fitar da takunkumin wuta a lokacin bushewa. Yin amfani da haƙƙoƙin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumomin Gudanarwa na Gundumar -waɗanda a misali, za su iya tilasta cire shinge idan hakan ya toshe hanyoyin shiga yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga ''allemansrätt'' . ==== Iceland ==== Kamar sauran ƙasashen Nordic dokar Icelandic ta ƙunshi nau'ikan 'yanci na yawo, haƙƙin samun damar ƙasar da ba a noma ba, zango a can, tsince' ya'yan itace, kuma a wasu watanni ma a kunna wuta. "Ya halatta a tsallaka keɓaɓɓun abubuwa ba tare da neman izini na musamman ba, amma masu mallakar filaye na iya iyakance hanyoyi da alamomi ko wasu alamomi. Landasar mallakar ƙasa kamar wuraren kiyayewa da yankunan gandun daji a buɗe suke ga kowa tare da 'yan kaɗan. Wadannan ware hada da - amma ba su iyakance zuwa - damar a lokacin da kiwon waddan yanayi ko a lokacin m girma lokaci ". Ya kamata masu yawon bude ido, "su guji daukar gajerun hanyoyi a wuraren masu shinge, wuraren kiwo da filaye masu zaman kansu", kuma su bi dokoki a wuraren kiyayewa. Hakanan ya kamata a bi hanyoyin ƙafa, idan sun wanzu, don taimakawa kare yanayin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, "masu mallakar ƙasa ba za su iya hana wucewar masu tafiya a gefen koguna, tabkuna da teku, ko kan hanyoyi da hanyoyi ba '. <ref name="The Environment Agency of Iceland">The Environment Agency of Iceland</ref> Ana iya ƙuntata keke akan wasu hanyoyi. Dole ne dawakan dawakai su ci gaba da bin hanyoyin inda suke kuma a wasu wurare suna nuna "la'akari da ƙasar". Kamun kifi na buƙatar lasisi amma tattara "'ya'yan itace, namomin kaza, tsiren ruwan teku da sauran tsire-tsire don amfanin kai tsaye" an ba da izinin a "filayen jama'a da wuraren kiwo mai hawa". <ref name="The Environment Agency of Iceland">The Environment Agency of Iceland</ref> === Estonia === A Estonia, an ba shi izinin isa ga shimfidar wurare na al'ada da na al'ada a ƙafa, ta keke, kankara, jirgin ruwa, ko a kan dawakai. Ana iya samun damar mallakar dukiyar mutane a kowane lokaci. Idan kadarorin masu zaman kansu sun kasance masu shinge ko sanya su akan wuce gona da iri, ana buƙatar izinin mai shi don ci gaba. Ana kuma buƙatar mai mallakar keɓaɓɓen ya sanya alamun da ke nuna mallakar ƙasar, da lambobin tuntuɓar, don guje wa batutuwan doka. Masu mallakar ƙasa ba za su iya toshe hanyar zuwa ƙasa, hanyoyi ko kuma ruwayen da suke na jama'a ko waɗanda aka keɓe don amfanin jama'a ba, gami da kankara da hanyoyin mota. Dukkanin ruwan da ke cikin jama'a ko kuma aka keɓe don amfanin jama'a suna da hanyoyin gabar teku waɗanda suka kai 4 m. Hanyar gabar teku tare da ruwa mai kewayawa na iya fadada zuwa tazarar 10 m na layin ruwa. Maigidan ba zai iya rufe wannan hanyar ba koda kuwa an sanya alamomi masu zaman kansu ko kuma sanya musu alama ba tare da keta doka ba. Yankunan kiwo da sauran wuraren da aka keɓe tare da hanyoyin gabar teku dole ne su kasance tsaka-tsalle. Ba a amfani da tafkunan da ba shi da wata hanya da ta keɓe gaba ɗaya a ƙasar mai ƙasa guda ɗaya da kuma tabkunan da ba su kai kadada biyar da ke filayen mallakar mai mallakar ƙasa fiye da ɗaya ba. Ana buƙatar izini daga mai ƙasa don samun damar shiga irin waɗannan ruwan. Hakanan jikin ruwa baya karewa azaman hanyoyin samun ruwan sha ko wanda kifin ke amfani dashi ko kuma ke cikin wani amfani na musamman yana da hanyar zuwa gaɓar teku. Dukkan hakkoki da nauyi game da hulɗar ɗan adam da ɗabi'a ana kiranta haƙƙin kowane mutum. Hakkin kowane mutum bai shafi shirya abubuwan wasanni ba ko wasu al'amuran jama'a a cikin bude kasa ba. Don tsara waɗannan, dole ne a nemi izinin masu ƙasa ko wasu masu mallakar ƙasa, kuma idan ya cancanta, na ƙaramar hukuma. An halatta mai zuwa a yanayi: * samun dama ga yankuna da kafa, a kan keke, a skis, jirgin ruwa ko na doki a duk wuraren da ba a hana su bisa dokan doka ba; * kasancewa a kowane yanki inda aka ba da izinin shiga; * tattara 'ya'yan itacen daji, namomin kaza, furanni, shuke-shuke masu magani, ƙanƙara da sauran kayan ƙirar ƙasa ba ƙarƙashin yanayin kariya ba; * Ruwan kamun kifi na jama'a waɗanda aka sanya su don jama'a ta amfani da layin hannu mai sauƙi. An haramta masu zuwa: * samun damar kusancin farfajiyar mutum, gonakin gona, apiaries, shukar da aka shuka, gonar hatsi da sauran wuraren shuka inda mai shi ya jawo lalacewa; * kunna wuta da yada zango ba tare da izini daga mai filin ba ko mai shi; * farauta da kamun kifi ba tare da lasisi mai dacewa ba, sai dai layin hannu mai sauƙi; * cutar da bishiyoyi da daji; * hargitsa zaman lafiyar mazaunan yankin; * lalata lamuran gida da gidajen dabbobi da tsuntsayen daji, tarawa ko cire ƙwai, ko kuma cutar da su; * lalata abubuwa masu kariya na yanayi da nau'ikan kariya; * amfani da motocin hawa inda aka hana; * gurɓatar yanayi. === Belarus === Mataki na 13 na Sashe na 1 na Tsarin Mulki na Belarus ya ba da tabbacin cewa duk gandun daji da gonar mallakar jama'a. Kashi arba'in na yankin ƙasar yana da dazuzzuka, kuma kusan adadin da aka keɓe ga aikin gona. Dangane da Dokar Daji (Mataki na 13) === Austria === Haƙƙin yawo a cikin Austriya, musamman a cikin dazuzzuka da yankunan duwatsu, ana kiransa '''Wegefreiheit''' . Tun daga 1975 haƙƙin yawo a cikin dazuzzuka ya tabbata da dokar Tarayya. Musamman, ana ba da izinin tafiya, gudu, yawo, da hutawa ta atomatik ga jama'a a yawancin yankuna daji. Koyaya, hawa doki, hawa keke, da kuma zango ba haka bane, kuma ana iya aiwatar dashi kawai tare da izinin mai ƙasa. Babban yanki na yankin gandun daji a Austriya mallakar hukumomin gwamnati ne kamar Hukumar Gandun daji ta {{Interlanguage link|Austrian State Forestry Commission|de|Österreichische Bundesforste}}, amma har yanzu ana amfani da takunkumi iri ɗaya. A wasu yanayi ana iya rufe gandun daji ga jama'a saboda dalilan muhalli. Halin da ake ciki a yankunan tsaunuka ba shi da bayyananne, kuma ya bambanta daga jihar zuwa jiha. Wasu jihohi, irin su Carinthia, Styria, da Salzburg sun ba da tabbacin haƙƙin yawo a yankunan tsaunuka (galibi ana bayyana su sama da layin itace), don duk ayyukan nishaɗi. A wasu jihohin, kamar su Tyrol, Lower Austria, da Burgenland, babu bayyanannen haƙƙin yawo kuma masu mallakar ƙasa suna da haƙƙin hana izinin. A aikace, duk da haka, ba a cika aiwatar da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, tunda yawon buɗe ido tsaunuka muhimmin masana'antu ne a Ostiriya. === Jamhuriyar Czech === [[File:Roblín,_turistická_trasa.jpg|thumb| Tsarin Tsarin Hiking na Alamar Czech don saurin tafiya yana cikin Turai ta Tsakiya da sauran wurare]] Dokar kiyayewa ta Yanayi da Karkara, ta ba da izinin doka ta yawo a cikin kasa ("veřejná přístupnost krajiny", samun damar jama'a na karkara ko jeji - ban da jakunkunan da mutum na halitta ya mallaka). Wasu nau'ikan filaye an keɓance daga damar jama'a ta tilas: zama da filayen gini, farfajiyoyi, lambuna, gonaki, gonakin inabi, lambunan hop, filayen da aka tsara don kiwon dabbobi. Ba a ware filaye da filayen noma a lokutan da ciyayi ko ƙasa za su lalace, ba a ware filayen makiyaya yayin kiwo. A cikin abubuwan kiyayewa na ƙasa, abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da kuma a cikin yankuna na farko na yankunan da ke da kariya, sararin samaniya na iya ƙuntata damar jama'a (bisa ƙa'idodi kawai ga hanyoyi ko kuma kawai hanyoyin da aka yi alama). Ayyuka na musamman na iya ware wasu yankuna (misali yankunan soja, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da sauransu. ). Dangane da dokar gandun daji, ana iya samun gandun daji a bainar jama'a ("obecné užívání lesa", yawan amfani da dazuzzuka - gami da masu zaman kansu) kuma 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin doka na shiga dazuzzuka. Hakkin tattara dryan busassun sandunan da ke kwance a ƙasa da 'ya'yan itacen berry don wata manufa ta mutum kuma an ba shi tabbaci. Koyaya, ba da izinin hawa keke, hawa, shinge, hawan kankara da doki a kan hanyoyin daji kawai. An hana hawa abin hawa na jama'a (manyan hanyoyin da ke bi ta cikin daji ba a dauke su a matsayin sassan dajin - saboda ba a dauke su a matsayin "kasar daji" a cikin ragistar kasa). Mai shi na iyakance amfani da gandun daji na yau da kullun a cikin gandun daji na soja, yankuna masu kariya, gandun daji na gandun daji, gonaki na gandun daji, wuraren shakatawa na dawa, kayan abinci da dai sauransu. Dokar Hanya ta bayyana ''obecné užívání pozemních komunikací'' (amfani da hanyoyi na yau da kullun - ana iya cire wasu hanyoyi), Dokar Ruwa ta bayyana "obecné užívání povrchových vod" (amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa). === Switzerland === 'Yancin yawo an tabbatar da shi a [[Switzerland]] ta Dokar Civilasa ta Switzerland . Koyaya, wasu yankuna suna da cikakkun ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi game da haƙƙin isa ga in ba haka ba ba mutane masu izini ba. Dokar ƙasar ta Switzerland ta tanadi cewa gandun daji da makiyaya suna da sauƙi don kowa, idan dai ba a yi amfani da shi da yawa ba. Sai dai a cikin lamura na musamman kamar kariyar ƙananan gandun daji ko biotopes ba a ba shi izinin shinge a yankunan daji. Wannan kuma ya shafi kadarori masu zaman kansu. Wasu ayyukan da suka danganci amfani da yawa da kuma yiwuwar haifar da lalacewa, kamar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin dazuzzuka, ko samun dama tare da motoci, na iya dogaro da izini na musamman. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don ƙasar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba (misali shimfidar ruwa, dutse, dusar ƙanƙara da kankara), ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar da ba ta mallaki ba (watau kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon yankin kuma ba za a iya yin iƙirarin mallakarsa ba) mallakar sirri. Hakanan yankin na iya zaɓar don taƙaita freedomancin yawo don kare yanayi (misali tara naman kaza, 'ya'yan itace, itace, da dai sauransu a cikin dazuzzuka). === Jamus === A cikin Jamus iyakance haƙƙin yawo, wanda ake kira ''Betretungsrecht'', ana tabbatar da dokokin ƙasa da yawa. Dokar Kare Lafiyar Yanayi ta Tarayya, Dokar Gandun Dajin Tarayya da Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Tarayya sun ba wa kowa damar bude shimfidar wuri, filayen da ba a noma su ba, dazuzzuka da sassan ruwa, gami da hawan keke da hawan doki a kan hanyoyi da hanyoyi. Za'a iya ƙara haɓaka haƙƙin ta hanyar dokar ƙasa. ==== Bavaria ==== Kundin tsarin mulkin Bavaria ya tabbatar wa kowa "jin dadin kyawawan dabi'u da nishadi a waje, musamman damar isa gandun daji da ciyawar tsaunuka, da amfani da magudanan ruwa da tafkuna da kuma ware 'ya'yan itatuwa". Dama ana yi masa laƙabi da ''Schwammerlparagraph'' (sashin naman kaza). Har ila yau labarin ya wajabta "kowane mutum ya bi da yanayi da shimfidar wuri da hankali". "Jiha da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] za su kasance suna da haƙƙi da haƙƙin kiyaye damar zuwa tsaunuka, tabkuna, koguna da sauran kyawawan wurare masu kyau da kuma samar da damar kyauta ta hanyar taƙaita haƙƙin mallaka da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyoyin yawo da wuraren shakatawa". === Ƙasar Ingila === A cikin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], a wajen Scotland, an taƙaita damar yin amfani da filayen da ba a bayyana ba sosai da kuma ba a bayyana su ba kafin kafa dokar ƙauye da haƙƙin Way 2000 . Samun damar zuwa ƙasa a Ingila da Wales har yanzu yana da iyakance fiye da yawancin Yammacin Turai, da wasu ƙasashen Turai, yayin da samun dama ke da iyaka a Arewacin Ireland. An riga an kare dukiya a Ingila da Wales galibi don adana maigidan mai farauta ko haƙƙin kamun kifi. Ramungiyar Ramblers, wacce ke aiki don haɓaka haƙƙin masu tafiya a Unitedasar Burtaniya, ita ce tushen motsa wannan doka. ==== Ingila da Wales ==== A cikin Ingila da Wales, bayan mahawara ta rashin jituwa game da cancanta, haƙƙoƙi da fa'idodin masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu da hutu na jama'a, a cikin 2000 Gwamnati ta tsara doka don gabatar da iyakance ''haƙƙin yawo'', ba tare da biyan diyya ga masu ƙasa ba. An aiwatar da dokar karkara da haƙƙin hanya ta 2000 (CROW) a hankali daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa gaba don ba wa jama'a haƙƙin yin tafiya a wasu yankuna na yankin Ingilishi da yankin Welsh: musamman a ƙasan, moorland, heathland da kuma yankin bakin teku. Ba a keɓe dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka, ban da gandun dajin mallakar jama'a, waɗanda ke da irin wannan haƙƙin samun dama ta hanyar sadaukar da kai da Hukumar Kula da Daji ta yi . Landasasshen ƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna an keɓance su musamman daga damar samun dama. Ana iya samun damar ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗayan rukunin da aka bayyana a sama. Mutanen da ke amfani da damar samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na girmama haƙƙin sauran mutane na kula da ƙasar, da kuma kiyaye yanayi. Sabbin 'yancin an gabatar da yanki ta yanki ta hanyar Ingila da Wales, tare da kammalawa a 2005. An samar da taswira da ke nuna yankuna masu yuwuwa. Wannan ya kara wa halattacciyar doka ta amfani da takun sawun [[Rights of way in England and Wales|jama'a da hanyoyin]] gadoji, wasu filaye gama gari da samun damar zuwa gabar teku . Masu mallakar ƙasa na iya hana samun damar zuwa wasu yankuna (ko ɗora kuɗaɗe don isa). Angling moriyar nasarar lobbied ga wariya na gudãna a Ingila da kuma Wales daga hankaka, da barin sauran kogin masu amfani kamar swimmers da canoeists tare da samun damar takaitawa kasa da 2% na navigable ruwa. Cungiyar Canoe ta Biritaniya tana gudanar da Kamfen Gangamin Samun Kogin, don nuna irin matakan ƙuntatawa da jama'a ke fuskanta wajen samun damar zuwa hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ruwa a Ingila da Wales. Mafi yawan Dartmoor National Park an sanya shi a matsayin 'Landasar Samun', duk da cewa ya kasance mallakar masu zaman kansa ne, tun daga Dokar Dartmoor Commons ta 1985, ba tare da taƙaita inda masu tafiya za su yi yawo ba. <ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact1985/pdf/ukla_19850037_en.pdf Dartmoor Commons Act 1985] on the OPSI website</ref> Saboda Dokar 1985, Dartmoor bai cika shafar Yankin karkara da haƙƙin Way Way 2000 ba, wanda ya kafa irin wannan haƙƙin a wasu yankunan karkarar ƙasar, amma a 2006, wannan Dokar ta buɗe yawancin ragowar filayen da aka rage wa masu tafiya. Dokar Samun Ruwa ta Yankin Ruwa da Ruwa ta 2009 sun fadada haƙƙin samun damar zuwa ƙasa kusa da gabar Ingila. ==== Scotland ==== A cikin Scotland dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 cikakke cikakke a cikin dokar Scots tsohuwar al'adar 'yancin samun damar mallakar ƙasa a cikin Scotland. Dokar ta tanadi haƙƙin kasancewa a ƙasa don nishaɗi, ilimantarwa da wasu wasu dalilai da haƙƙin ƙetare ƙasa. Hakkokin suna wanzuwa ne kawai idan ana aiki da su yadda ya kamata, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Shiga doorasashen waje na Scottish . Hakkokin samun dama sun shafi duk wasu ayyukan da ba matuka mota ba, gami da yin tafiya, keke, hawa doki da kuma zango na daji. Hakanan suna ba da damar isa ga ruwa mai nisa don jirgin ruwa, kwale-kwale, jirgin ruwa da iyo. Hakkokin da aka tabbatar a cikin dokokin Scottish sun fi taƙaitattun haƙƙoƙin samun damar da aka kirkira a Ingila da Wales ta theasar da Rightsancin Hanyar Way 2000 (CRoW). ==== Arewacin Ireland ==== An bayyana haƙƙoƙin samun dama a Arewacin Ireland a matsayin "mafi ƙazantar da dokar samun damar shiga a Turai. Yawancin hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu don isa &#x2026; tsaunuka, tsaunuka, bakin teku, koguna da abubuwan tunawa na ƙasa sun ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu. A kusan a kowane yanayi, mai tafiya ba shi da ikon kasancewa a wurin. ” Samun dama ga Karkara (Arewacin Ireland) Umarni na 1983 ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙi, amma galibi ana yin samin dama a kan dokar ta Ingilishi / Welsh ta 1949 mai ƙuntatawa. Rashin al'adar samun dama, tasirin siyasa na masu mallakar filaye da matsalolin shugabanci an ɗora alhakin rashin 'yanci na yawo. === Jamhuriyar Ireland === Kiyaye Ireland Bude kungiya ce ta yakin neman zabe da nufin inganta hanyoyin shigowa karkara. Journalan jaridar Fintan O'Toole ya kira dokar Irish "wataƙila mafi munin ra'ayi da ma'anar masu tafiya a Turai". An bayyana haƙƙoƙin samun dama a cikin Ireland a matsayin "mafi ƙaƙƙarfar doka da dokar samun damar shiga a Turai. Yawancin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don zuwa tsaunukanmu, tuddai, bakin teku, koguna da abubuwan tunawa na ƙasa sun ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu. A kusan dukkanin lamura, mai tafiya ba shi da damar kasancewa a wurin. ” Wuraren shakatawa na kasar sun bayyana ta "Open Ireland Open" a matsayin "wurare ne kawai a cikin Ireland inda freedomancin yawo suke ciki", amma kawai suna rufe 0.9% na ƙasar. Comamirle na Tuaithe ya kafa Éamon Ó Cuív, Ministan Al'umma, Karkara da Harkokin Gaeltacht a 2004 don sasantawa tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, hukumomin jihohi da masu amfani da wasanni na karkara. == Amirka ta Arewa == === Amurka === Hakkokin mallaka a cikin Amurka sun haɗa da haƙƙin keɓe wasu. Amma a karkashin wasu yanayi, dogon lokacin da amfani da wata hanya a fadin zaman kansa dukiya iya bin doka kafa prescriptive easement ga jama'a. Game da mallakar mallakar gwamnatin tarayya, sashin mallakar kundin tsarin mulki ya ba Majalisar [[Tarayyar Amurka]] ikon tsara kayan tarayya "ba tare da iyakancewa ba". A cikin Amurka hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da birane, kananan hukumomi, jihohi, da gwamnatin tarayya duk suna kula da filaye wadanda ake kira da filayen jama'a ko yankin jama'a. Yawancin filayen jama'a a cikin Amurka ana riƙe su ne don amintar da jama'ar Amurka ta hannun gwamnatin tarayya kuma sun haɗa da kusan kadada miliyan 640, kusan 28% na jimlar ƙasar da ke da kadada biliyan 2.27. <ref>Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling], ''New York Times'', August 24, 2012.</ref> <ref name="VincentArguetaHanson">Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, & Laura A. Hanson, [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf |date=2015-01-24 }}, Congress Research Service (March 3, 2017).</ref> Kowane mutum, gami da waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, na iya yin izini da sake yin doka a waɗannan ƙasashe bisa doka. Wannan galibi ana kiransa da samfurin Arewacin Amurka na kiyaye ƙasa. Ga wasu takamaiman manufofin jihar: * [[California|Dokar]] Gaɓar California ta California ta ba da irin wannan haƙƙin don rairayin bakin teku, kuma Gidauniyar Surfrider ta yi nasarar kai ƙara ga masu mallakar kadarorin da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da dokokin ƙeta doka don ƙuntata hanyoyin jama'a zuwa ga yankunan rairayin bakin teku. * Tsarin mulkin jihar [[Florida|Florida ya]] kafa amincewar jama'a game da "yankuna masu ikon mallaka", gami da rairayin bakin teku masu "kasan ma'ana layukan ruwa ne babba - ga dukkan mutane," mutunta 'yanci yawo a wurin, ba tare da la'akari da wata gabar teku da ke makwabtaka da ita ba. Dokokin cikin gida galibi suna iyakance wannan ƴancin sosai don yawo a ƙafa, kuma suna hana tuka motocin hawa ko jiragen ruwa. * Dokar bakin teku ta Oregon wani yanki ne na babbar doka a cikin jihar Oregon ta Amurka, wanda aka zartar ta zaman 1967 na majalisar Oregon. Ya kafa mallakar mallakar jama'a ta gaɓar tekun Oregon daga ruwa har zuwa ƙafa goma sha shida a tsaye sama da ƙananan alamar igiyar ruwa. * A [[Pennsylvania]], Dokar Amfani da Nishaɗi ta Land da Ruwa ta 1966 (RULWA) ta taƙaita wa masu mallakar ƙasa alhakin rauni na kansu da ɓarnar dukiya idan suka ba da filayensu ga jama'a don shakatawa. Dokar ta ƙarfafa masu mallakar ƙasa su buɗe ƙasar da ba ta ci gaba ba don amfanin wasanni. * [[Vermont|Tsarin mulkin Vermont ya]] ba wa jama'a 'yancin farauta, kifi da tarko a cikin keɓaɓɓun sarari. Maigidan da ba ya son ba da izinin wannan damar yana da damar doka ta sanya alamun da ke ƙuntata wannan haƙƙin. * [[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]] yana ba da damar isa ga kowane kayan waje sai dai idan an sanya su. Posting yana buƙatar yin alama a sarari tare da alamun cikawa ko fenti. Dole ne alamu su nuna cewa an hana shiga, an hana izinin ba tare da izinin maigidan ko wakilin mai mallakar ba, ko kuma cewa an hana shiga don wata manufa. === Kanada === Mafi yawan [[Kanada]] ƙasar Masarauta ce da larduna ke mallaka. Wasu ana yin hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar su gandun daji ko hakar ma'adanai, amma a kan yawancin su akwai damar kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin yawo, hawan keke, kwale-kwale, wasan ƙetare ƙasa, hawa doki, da farauta mai lasisi da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya taƙaitawa ko iyakance saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kariya ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi). <ref>[https://www.ontario.ca/rural-and-north/crown-land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731063333/https://www.ontario.ca/rural-and-north/crown-land|date=2015-07-31}}; [https://novascotia.ca › DNR › Crown Land]</ref> A cikin sashen Kanada mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada . An kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasar Gwamnatin Tarayya tana gudanar dasu. Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na lardi da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka halicce su kamar haka. Orasashen asali na Kanada na iya samun takamaiman haƙƙoƙi a kan Croasar Masarautar da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da aka sanya wa hannu a lokacin da Kanada ta kasance masarautar Birtaniyya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu Croasar Masarautar. == Ostiraliya == Kodayake a baya mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] kawai suna da iyakance damar zuwa ƙasar, a cewar ''Sydney Morning Herald'' . <ref>Peter Hancock, "How did we lose Britain's freedoms?" ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', July 8, 2013 (http://www.smh.com.au/comment/how-did-we-lose-britains-freedoms-20130704-2pdus.html)</ref> Koyaya, yawancin yankin Ostiraliya shine wnasar Masarauta, wanda jihohin Australiya ke gudanarwa, kuma yayin da yawancin wannan ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, da filaye mallakar mutanen Aboriginal (misali APY ƙasashe ), ana ba da izinin dama don dalilai na nishaɗi zuwa “alasar da ba a raba” landasar Masarauta ba; kodayake ana buƙatar motocin hawa su bi hanyoyi. == New Zealand == Akwai hanyoyin shiga jama'a da yawa a cikin New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, amma "galibi ana rarrabashi kuma yana da wahalar ganowa". "Sarkar Sarauniya" ra'ayi ne a cikin dokar mallakar mallakar New Zealand. Yankin fili ne na jama'a, yawanci mita 20 (ko sarkar ɗaya a ma'aunin awo) mai faɗi tare da rafuka, tabkuna da layin bakin teku. An tsara shi don hana ɓarkewar ƙasa ko kuma gefen ƙetaren da ba zai yiwu ga duk masu son siye shi ba. Theididdigar ba su cika ba kuma ainihin matsayinsu na zamani na iya zama mai rikitarwa don ƙayyadewa. Wadannan rarar suna nan ta hanyoyi daban-daban (gami da ajiyar hanya, rarar esplanade, esplanade tube, gefe gefe da kuma wasu nau'ikan tanadi daban daban) amma ba yawa ba kuma kamar yadda ake zato. A shekara ta 2007 gwamnatin [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand ta]] sake duba haƙƙin damar jama'a don nishaɗin waje. Koyaya, ba kamar Kingdomasar Burtaniya ba, "Binciken na New Zealand ya ba da shawarar kada a ƙaru da haƙƙin jama'a don samun damar keɓaɓɓun abubuwa". <ref>Campion, R., & Stephenson, J. (2010). "The ‘right to roam’: Lessons for New Zealand from Sweden’s allemansrätt". ''Australasian Journal of Environmental Management'', 17(1), 18–26. doi:10.1080/14486563.2010.9725245 </ref> == Sukar == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan haɓaka motsi da wadata ya sa yankunan da ba su da nisa a baya sun fi sauƙi kuma duk da cewa mawuyacin lahani ko lalacewa ba sabon abu ba ne, wasu nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari suna ta da damuwa, kuma wasu masu amfani da nishaɗi suna lalata tarkacensu. Helena Jonsson, Shugabar kungiyar Manoma ta Sweden, ta yi jayayya a cikin 2011 cewa hanyar da aka yi amfani da ƙasa ta canza kuma dokar ba ta daɗe kuma tana bukatar a sake duba ta, ta yadda za a “hana sha’awar kasuwanci yin amfani da dokar kamar uzuri don cin riba yayin da suke kan kadarorin wasu mutane ". == Duba kuma == 5 # Henry Campbell Black, "Right-of-way", ''Black's Law Dictionary'' (West Publishing Co., 1910), p. 1040. # '''^''' ''New Oxford American Dictionary'' # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' # '''^''' The constitution guarantees the "life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen" (Article 40.3) # '''^''' Lissadell owners' case, reported Jan 2010; and a group opposed to the current laws. # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' Inner London Ramblers # '''^''' # '''^''' City of London Public Access MapArchived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' Rights of way in ScotlandScottish Natural Heritage # '''^''' [1] archive copy of SNH document # '''^''' [2] Scotways: The Scottish Rights of Way & Access Society. # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' # '''^''' # '''^''' A Guide to Public Rights of Way and Access to the Countryside: [3]. # '''^''' # '''^''' Right to roam in Norway: [4]. # '''^''' [5]; › DNR › Crown Land # '''^''' [6] # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' == Bayanan kula ==   # # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' Regeringsformen. 2 kap, Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter § 18, Regeringen (in Swedish) "Alla skall ha tillgång till naturen enligt allemansrätten oberoende av vad som föreskrivits ovan." # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' ^'''''c''''' # '''^''' Ebbesson, Jonas (2003):''Miljörätt''.<nowiki>ISBN 91-7678-526-2</nowiki> # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' ^'''''c''''' The Environment Agency of Iceland # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' ^'''''c''''' ^'''''d''''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 on the OPSI website # '''^''' # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' ^{[''permanent dead link'']} # '''^''' Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss, Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling, ''New York Times'', August 24, 2012. # '''^''' Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, & Laura A. Hanson # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/society/people/norwegians/access/ Bayanin ofishin jakadancin Norway akan daman samun dama] * [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2003/2003en02.htm Gyara Tsarin ƙasa (Scotland) yayi bayanin bayanin bayani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814214140/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2003/2003en02.htm |date=2006-08-14 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100929/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/review/023.pdf Samun dama a Turai] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813102505/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/cl/bill/factsheet/index.htm Ingila da Wales Hakkin Yankin Rightsasar Hannun Jadawalin bayanan gaskiya] * [http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ EPA ta Sweden.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918210111/http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ |date=2019-09-18 }} [http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ Hakkin Samun Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918210111/http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ |date=2019-09-18 }} [http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ Bayanai cikin Turanci da sauran yarukan.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918210111/http://www.swedishepa.se/Enjoying-nature/The-Right-of-Public-Access/ |date=2019-09-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204155101/http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=104523&lan=en&clan=en Hakkin Kowa a Finland (Bookan littafin a Turanci, Jamusanci, da Faransanci)] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kkzy93iszhunob4zurzwa45nuku8q60 0 30027 892173 722389 2026-08-06T16:15:48Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] frr18uoajv969y7pkaiqumjryg9zgh8 892174 892173 2026-08-06T16:16:10Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance ɓangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3x0tnnd9w5cvdb5jzf0xebwsk1ll5r8 892175 892174 2026-08-06T16:16:34Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance ɓangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ll8hpktmw6iz4yzu64wo78yudllxpj7 892176 892175 2026-08-06T16:17:05Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance ɓangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kuma kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bs3jb32yxxhi3wnwkw7r0v71hp22grx 892177 892176 2026-08-06T16:17:24Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance ɓangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kuma kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho to amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9owei2eqs9mrvjjp6ji9ooup6h6cvts 892178 892177 2026-08-06T16:17:52Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Ƙungiyar '''kare haƙƙin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance ɓangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta [[Connecticut]] don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kuma kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki [[Jodan|Jordan]] ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho to amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buƙatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pwftt1ydytlpa61tnpzlk0x53972jd5 0 30119 892281 472649 2026-08-06T17:21:27Z Audullo 43513 892281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh IWOC.png|thumbnail]] [[Fayil:Entre el mar y el cielo.JPG|thumb]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Vietnam]]''' suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin ''Vietnam'', haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu. A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa [[Datti da sharar gida|shara]] . <ref>[http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/vietnam/sumary.htm State of the Environment 2001]{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na [[Bankin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2007, <ref>Waibel, Michael. 2008. "Implications and Challenges of Climate Change for Vietnam," ''Pacific News'', 29, pp. 26-27, </ref> [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Sin a ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a ƙasa) . Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da wadannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira. Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, kasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi. == Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli == Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar. A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya bangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya bangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli. Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese. Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa. == 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi == Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam. == 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka. == Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam == A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani: * Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). * Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. * Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, <ref>World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011</ref> ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci <ref name="auto">World Bank - Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project - Report No: 59385 - VN (28.04.2011)</ref> tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh City]] da [[Hanoi]] . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. <ref>Netherlands Development Organization - Study of Rural Water Supply Service Delivery Models in (2011)</ref> Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. <ref>WHO, department of measurement and health information, 2009 February</ref> Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, [[Kashin jini|dysentery]], da [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. <ref name="who.int" /> * Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. * Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10. * Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta". <ref name=":1" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yanke daji a Vietnam * Tasirin muhalli na yaki * Operation Ranch Hand * 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} </img> {{Clear}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pmo6en27vgcdyq5hwm6utnx4x9fg5q1 892282 892281 2026-08-06T17:21:55Z Audullo 43513 892282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh IWOC.png|thumbnail]] [[Fayil:Entre el mar y el cielo.JPG|thumb]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Vietnam]]''' suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin ''Vietnam'', haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu. A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa [[Datti da sharar gida|shara]] . <ref>[http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/vietnam/sumary.htm State of the Environment 2001]{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na [[Bankin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2007, <ref>Waibel, Michael. 2008. "Implications and Challenges of Climate Change for Vietnam," ''Pacific News'', 29, pp. 26-27, </ref> [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Sin a ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a ƙasa) . Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da waɗannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira. Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, kasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi. == Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli == Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar. A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya bangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya bangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli. Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese. Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa. == 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi == Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam. == 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka. == Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam == A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani: * Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). * Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. * Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, <ref>World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011</ref> ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci <ref name="auto">World Bank - Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project - Report No: 59385 - VN (28.04.2011)</ref> tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh City]] da [[Hanoi]] . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. <ref>Netherlands Development Organization - Study of Rural Water Supply Service Delivery Models in (2011)</ref> Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. <ref>WHO, department of measurement and health information, 2009 February</ref> Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, [[Kashin jini|dysentery]], da [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. <ref name="who.int" /> * Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. * Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10. * Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta". <ref name=":1" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yanke daji a Vietnam * Tasirin muhalli na yaki * Operation Ranch Hand * 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} </img> {{Clear}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 95fc42i980w8r1p7f9o7o5mo3j6ktln 892283 892282 2026-08-06T17:22:19Z Audullo 43513 892283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh IWOC.png|thumbnail]] [[Fayil:Entre el mar y el cielo.JPG|thumb]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Vietnam]]''' suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin ''Vietnam'', haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu. A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa [[Datti da sharar gida|shara]] . <ref>[http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/vietnam/sumary.htm State of the Environment 2001]{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na [[Bankin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2007, <ref>Waibel, Michael. 2008. "Implications and Challenges of Climate Change for Vietnam," ''Pacific News'', 29, pp. 26-27, </ref> [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Sin a ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a ƙasa) . Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da waɗannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira. Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, ƙasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk waɗanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi. == Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli == Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar. A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya bangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya bangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli. Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese. Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa. == 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi == Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam. == 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka. == Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam == A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani: * Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). * Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. * Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, <ref>World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011</ref> ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci <ref name="auto">World Bank - Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project - Report No: 59385 - VN (28.04.2011)</ref> tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh City]] da [[Hanoi]] . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. <ref>Netherlands Development Organization - Study of Rural Water Supply Service Delivery Models in (2011)</ref> Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. <ref>WHO, department of measurement and health information, 2009 February</ref> Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, [[Kashin jini|dysentery]], da [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. <ref name="who.int" /> * Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. * Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10. * Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta". <ref name=":1" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yanke daji a Vietnam * Tasirin muhalli na yaki * Operation Ranch Hand * 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} </img> {{Clear}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 563ht6bwxz8qw5njnws7jbqlmncfbmz 892284 892283 2026-08-06T17:22:57Z Audullo 43513 892284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh IWOC.png|thumbnail]] [[Fayil:Entre el mar y el cielo.JPG|thumb]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Vietnam]]''' suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin ''Vietnam'', haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu. A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa [[Datti da sharar gida|shara]] . <ref>[http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/vietnam/sumary.htm State of the Environment 2001]{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na [[Bankin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2007, <ref>Waibel, Michael. 2008. "Implications and Challenges of Climate Change for Vietnam," ''Pacific News'', 29, pp. 26-27, </ref> [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Sin a ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a ƙasa) . Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da waɗannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira. Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, ƙasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk waɗanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi. == Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli == Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar. A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya ɓangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya ɓangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli. Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese. Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa. == 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi == Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam. == 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka. == Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam == A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani: * Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). * Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. * Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, <ref>World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011</ref> ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci <ref name="auto">World Bank - Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project - Report No: 59385 - VN (28.04.2011)</ref> tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh City]] da [[Hanoi]] . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. <ref>Netherlands Development Organization - Study of Rural Water Supply Service Delivery Models in (2011)</ref> Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. <ref>WHO, department of measurement and health information, 2009 February</ref> Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, [[Kashin jini|dysentery]], da [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. <ref name="who.int" /> * Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. * Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10. * Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta". <ref name=":1" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yanke daji a Vietnam * Tasirin muhalli na yaki * Operation Ranch Hand * 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} </img> {{Clear}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dqy0canjycc1uhjnsk13qekfcctxw8s 892285 892284 2026-08-06T17:23:44Z Audullo 43513 892285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh IWOC.png|thumbnail]] [[Fayil:Entre el mar y el cielo.JPG|thumb]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Vietnam]]''' suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin ''Vietnam'', haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu. A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa [[Datti da sharar gida|shara]] . <ref>[http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/vietnam/sumary.htm State of the Environment 2001]{{Dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na [[Bankin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2007, <ref>Waibel, Michael. 2008. "Implications and Challenges of Climate Change for Vietnam," ''Pacific News'', 29, pp. 26-27, </ref> [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Sin a ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a ƙasa) . Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da waɗannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira. Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, ƙasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk waɗanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi. == Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli == Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar. A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya ɓangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya ɓangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli. Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese. Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa. == 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi == Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam. == 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == A cikin Afrilu shekarata 2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ƙa'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka. == Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam == A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani: * Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). * Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. * Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, <ref>World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011</ref> ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci <ref name="auto">World Bank - Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Project - Report No: 59385 - VN (28.04.2011)</ref> tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh City]] da [[Hanoi]] . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. <ref>Netherlands Development Organization - Study of Rural Water Supply Service Delivery Models in (2011)</ref> Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. <ref>WHO, department of measurement and health information, 2009 February</ref> Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, [[Kashin jini|dysentery]], da [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. <ref name="who.int" /> * Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. * Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10. * Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta". <ref name=":1" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Yanke daji a Vietnam * Tasirin muhalli na yaki * Operation Ranch Hand * 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} </img> {{Clear}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p4clrmo7s2vkc7nfi2xhfdziod5m51w 0 30328 892461 506519 2026-08-07T05:23:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zagreb_Tumor_Clinic_-_panorama_01.jpg |thumb|Asibitin Zahreb Tumor]] [[File:Clinic_7787,_Dili,_2023_(01).jpg |thumb| Asibiti]] '''Dokokin samun Shiga da ƙafa asibiti Clinic''' ( '''FACE''' ko Dokar '''Samun damar''', Pub. L. Lamba 103-259, 108 ƙididdiga. 694) (Mayu 26, 1994, 18 USC § 248 ) wata doka ce ta Amurka wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a watan Mayu shekarata 1994, wacce ta haramta abubuwa uku masu zuwa: (1) amfani da karfin jiki, barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don cutar da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙari na raunata, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da kowane mutumin da ke samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (wannan ɓangaren doka yawanci yana nufin asibitocin zubar da ciki), (2) amfani da karfin jiki, Kuma barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don raunata da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin raunata, Sannna tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da duk wani mutumin da ke aiwatar da ko ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hakkinsu na Farko na 'yancin addini a wurin bautar addini, (3) lalata ko lalata da gangan. na wurin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko wurin ibada. == Fage == Tsakanin shekarun 1978 zuwa 1993, yawan laifuffukan tashin hankali da ake aikatawa a kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa da asibitocin zubar da ciki na karuwa akai-akai. Sannan Dangane da kididdigar da National Abortion Federation (NAF), kungiyar masu ba da zubar da ciki ta tattara, tun shekarata 1977 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]], an sami akalla kisan kai 9, yunƙurin kisan kai 17, barazanar mutuwa 406, al'amura 179 na hari ko baturi., da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane 5 akan masu zubar da ciki. Bugu da kari, tun a shekarar 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, laifukan kadarori da aka aikata kan masu samar da zubar da ciki sun hada da harin bama-bamai 41, kone-kone 175, yunkurin tayar da bama-bamai ko konewa 96, barazanar bam 692, aukuwar kutsawa cikin shekarata 1993, al’amuran barna 1400, da kuma hare-hare 100 da suka hada da harin bam. butyric acid ("bama-bamai masu wari"). A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1992, dubban “jaruman addu’a” da masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan rayuwa sun hadu a mashigar asibitocin Buffalo a zubar da ciki na tsawon wata daya da aka tsara na tsinkewa da toshewa, suna kokarin hana mata kawo karshen ciki. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na zanga-zangar da ta hada da Operation Rescue, an kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 400. Wata kungiya mai yaki da zubar da ciki da aka fi sani da Sojojin Allah ta taka rawar gani musamman wajen aikata wadannan munanan laifuka. Wannan kungiyar ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tayar da bama-bamai tare da kona asibitoci sama da dari kafin shekarata 1994. Sun kuma mamaye asibitoci sama da dari uku tare da lalata sama da dari hudu A cikin 1993, jami’ai sun gano littafin ''Sojojin Allah'', jagorar dabara don kone kone-kone, hare-haren sinadarai, mamayewa da tashin bamabamai, aka binne a bayan gidan Sojoji. gidan dan gwagwarmayar Allah Shelley Shannon . Kuma Ba da jimawa ba aka samu Shelley Shannon da laifin yunkurin kisan Dokta George Tiller a wannan shekarar. Baya ga aikata ta'addanci, an san wasu masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki da bin ma'aikatan lafiya tare da yin amfani da hotunansu a allunan "Ana son Kisa". Wannan tashin hankalin da ke faruwa ya kai kololuwar a cikin Maris a shekarata 1993 lokacin da Dr. David Gunn, likita wanda aikin likitancinsa ya haɗa da hanyoyin zubar da ciki, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe shi kuma ya kashe shi a wajen asibitin mata na Pensacola da ke Pensacola, [[Florida]] . <ref name="Dr.Gunn" /> Wannan karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ya zama nauyi sosai ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, kuma a cewar wasu, aikin 'yan sanda na cikin gida ya kasance mai sauki. <ref>Doctor’s Slaying Seems to Prompt Action on Abortion Clinic Access Bill (1993, May 2). Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 757.</ref> Wasu 'yan majalisar dattawa da wakilai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya tana yin katsalandan ga 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mata na samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (musamman [[Zubar da ciki|zubar]] da ciki), wanda aka ba da tabbacin tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin ''Roe v.'' ''Wade'' a shekarar 1973. === Tarihin majalisa === An zartar da dokar ne ta hanyar mayar da martani kai tsaye ga karuwar dabarun tashin hankali da masu fafutukar zubar da ciki suka yi amfani da su wanda ya kai ga "Spring of Life" a Buffalo Abortion Clinics, a cikin Afrilu shekarata 1992 da kuma kisan Dr. Gunn a cikin Maris shekarar 1993. An fara gabatar da Dokar FACE a cikin Janairu shekarata 1993 kuma Babban Wakilin Chuck Schumer (D--NY) ya dauki nauyinsa, tare da Wakilin Constance Morella (R--MD) a matsayin babban mai ba da tallafi. An gabatar da sigar lissafin a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris shekarar 1993, wannan wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) ya dauki nauyinsa. <ref name=":0" /> Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa duka sun amince da kudirin a watan Nuwamba shekarata 1993. <ref name=":1" /> Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, kuma majalisar dattijai ta zartar da shi 69-30, tare da fitattun 'yan Republican 17 sun kada kuri'a don kudirin. Wani kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisar dattijai ya hada kudirin biyu jim kadan, sannan kuma shugaban kasa Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar da ta fara aiki a watan Mayun shekarata 1994. <ref name=":0" /> == Tanadi == === Ma'anoni === Yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun hukuma na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic suna ƙarƙashin fassarori daban-daban. Don haka ne Sashen Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da ma'anoni na yau da kullun ga waɗannan sharuɗɗan: # ''Facility'' &#x2014; Kalmar “kayan aiki” ta haɗa da asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, kuma ya haɗa da gini ko tsarin da wurin yake. # ''Tsangwama tare da'' &#x2014; Kalmar "shisshigi da" yana nufin tauye 'yancin motsin mutum. # ''Tsoro'' &#x2014; Kalmar "tsoratarwa" tana nufin sanya mutum cikin fargabar cutarwar jiki gare shi- ko kanta ko ga wani. # ''Toshewar jiki'' &#x2014; Kalmar " toshewar jiki " na nufin ba da izinin shiga ko fita daga wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa ko zuwa ko daga wurin ibadar addini, ko yin hanyar zuwa ko daga irin wannan wurin ko wurin ibadar addini mai wuyar gaske ba tare da dalili ba. ko mai haɗari. # ''Sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa'' &#x2014; Kalmar "sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa" yana nufin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka bayar a asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin aiki, kuma ya haɗa da aikin likita, tiyata, shawarwari ko shawarwari da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa na mutum, ciki har da ayyuka da suka shafi. ciki ko ƙarewar ciki. === An haramta === ''§ 248.'' ''<nowiki/>'Yancin samun damar shiga asibitin:'' ''(a) Ayyukan da aka haramta.'' ''Duk wanda -- (1) ta hanyar karfi ko barazanar karfi ko ta hanyar toshe jiki, da gangan ya ji rauni, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki ko yunkurin cutar da wani mutum, ko tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da wani mutum saboda wannan mutumin yana ko ya kasance, ko don tsoratarwa. Kuma irin wannan mutum ko wani mutum ko kowane nau'in mutane daga, samun ko ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa'' <ref name=":32">Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 248 (1994)</ref> Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa musamman da asibitocin kula da lafiyar haihuwa amma kuma ana iya amfani da su a wuraren ibada: <ref name=":32">Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 248 (1994)</ref> * Katange hanyar mutum zuwa ƙofar wurin aiki * Rage motoci daga shiga da/ko fita wurin aiki * Tsayar da mutane a jiki yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tafiya zuwa ƙofar shiga ko ta wurin ajiye motoci * Yin wahala ko haɗari shiga da/ko fita daga wurin aiki * Ketare iyaka kan kadarorin kayan aiki * Aikata duk wani aikin tashin hankali akan ma'aikacin asibiti, mai rakiya ko mara lafiya * Barna * Barazanar tashin hankali * Yin magana da ma'aikacin asibiti ko mai kula da lafiyar haihuwa * Konewa ko barazanar konewa * Bama -bamai ko barazanar bam * Tsoro === Ba a haramta ba === Ba a haramta waɗannan halaye masu zuwa ba saboda suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin yancin faɗar albarkacin baki: <ref name=":32">Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 248 (1994)</ref> * Zanga- [[Zanga-zanga|zangar]] a wajen asibitoci * Rarraba adabi * Dauke alamomi * Ihu (idan dai ba a yi barazanar ba) * Waƙar yabo * Nasiha === Hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafi === Hukunce-hukuncen masu laifi na keta FACE sun bambanta dangane da girman laifin da wanda ake tuhuma a baya na laifin cin zarafi iri ɗaya. <ref name=":32">Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 248 (1994)</ref> Ana iya yanke wa mai laifin farko hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 100,000. Don cin zarafi na biyu, ana iya daure mai laifin har na tsawon shekaru uku a ci tararsa a kalla $250,000. Duk da haka, babban laifin da ba na tashin hankali ba yana da hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 10,000 na laifin farko, da kuma daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 25,000 na laifukan da suka biyo baya. Idan laifin ya jawo wa mutum rauni, hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 ne, ba tare da la’akari da laifin farko ko a’a ba, kuma duk laifin da ya kai ga kisa yana da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai. <ref name=":32" /> Waɗannan su ne matsakaicin jimloli; ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen suna halatta bisa ga shawarar alkali. <ref name=":32" /> == Tasiri == Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Ciki ta Kasa (NAF) ta tattara, al'amuran da suka fi muni na tashe-tashen hankula (kamar kisan kai, yunƙurin kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da konewa) sun ragu sosai tun daga shekarata 1994, shekarar da Dokar 'Yancin Samun Shiga Clinical ta kasance. zartarwa. Gwamnatin Clinton ta gurfanar da mutane 17 da ake tuhuma bisa laifin keta dokar FACE a 1997 kadai kuma ta gurfanar da kusan mutane 10 da ake tuhuma a duk shekara tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar. <ref name="daphne" /> Gwamnatin [[George W. Bush]], duk da haka, tana tuhumar mutane kusan biyu ne kawai a kowace shekara saboda keta dokar FACE. A cewar Cathleen Mahoney, Mataimakiyar Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Zubar da Zubar da Zubar da Ciki ta Kasa kuma tsohon lauya na Ma’aikatar Shari’a, “Yawancin ayyukan [tashin hankali] ya ragu sosai bayan an aiwatar da FACE kuma an fara aiwatar da shi”. === Binciken shari'a === A cikin shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar Rayuwa ta Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar Dokar FACE a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Gabashin Virginia a cikin shari'ar da ake kira ''American Life League, Inc. v.'' ''Reno'' . Ƙungiyar Life League ta Amirka ta yi muhawarar cewa Dokar ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, domin dokar ba ta hana yin addu’a ko wani ibada ba, sai dai toshewa, barazana, da Kuma tashin hankali. Masu shigar da karar sun kuma bayar da hujja guda uku inda suka ce dokar ta FACE ta keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Na farko shi ne dokar ta haramta cutar da mata da masu bayarwa, wanda zai iya haɗa da cutar da hankali. Domin 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu na iya haifar da illa ga tunani, masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa dokar ta FACE ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sai dai kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, inda ta ce illar da kawai aka haramta ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula, da barazanar tashin hankali, da kuma toshe asibitoci. Hujja ta biyu ta masu shigar da kara ita ce, dokar ba ta da tushe balle makama, wanda kotun kuma ta yi watsi da shi saboda akwai misalai da dama na ayyukan kundin tsarin mulkin da ke da irin yare. Kuma A karshe dai masu shigar da kara sun ce dokar ta shafi masu zanga-zangar hana zubar da ciki ne musamman kuma ba ta tsaka-tsaki, inda kotun ta ce za a yi amfani da dokar kan duk wanda ya karya ta, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Don haka, kotu ta amince da dokar FACE. Bayan an zartar da dokar 'Yancin Samun shiga Clinic, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da wasu dokoki. Dokar [[Massachusetts]] ita ce Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, wadda aka ƙalubalanci a Kotun Tarayya kuma a ƙarshe ta rushe a ''McCullen v.'' ''Coakley'' . Duk da haka, an tsara shawarar da ƙwaƙƙwaran don kada a yi watsi da dokar FACE da sauran dokokin matakin jiha. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Kariyar doka ta samun damar zubar da ciki * Tsarin lokaci na dokokin haƙƙin haifuwa == Manazartaa == {{Reflist|33em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/facestat.php Cikakkun rubutu na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205454/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/facestat.php |date=2015-06-10 }} * [https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/face.php Shafin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809025551/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/face.php |date=2015-08-09 }} * [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/the-case-for-an-anti-abor_b_222559.html Rijistar Rikicin Ciwon Ciki] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i39ckut4ur3gmavtdaxsek4r8m9yx5b 0 31211 892470 509525 2026-08-07T05:37:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Grandpa_And_Grandchild_(148457889).jpeg|alt=|thumb|300x300px| Kaka da jikoki]] [[File:US_Debt_Trend.svg|thumb| Yawancin Bashi na Ƙasar Amurka ana ɗaukarsa misali ne na rashin daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, saboda al'ummomin da ke gaba za su ɗauki nauyin biyansa. Bashin Ƙasar Amurka ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Dangane da jimlar GDP, nauyin bashi ya tsananta a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.]] '''Daidaito''' tsakanin tsararraki a cikin yanayin tattalin arziƙi, tunani, da zamantakewa, shine ra'ayin adalci ko adalci tsakanin tsararraki. Ana iya amfani da wannan ra'ayi ga adalci a cikin sauye-sauye tsakanin yara, matasa, manya, da kuma manya. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da shi akan adalci tsakanin al'ummomi a halin yanzu da na gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Big Read: Generation wars|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15456374.The_Big_Read__Generation_wars/|publisher=Herald Scotland|date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>(n.d.) [http://www.globalepe.org/values_ie.html EPE Values: Intergenerational Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703044608/http://globalepe.org/values_ie.html |date=2010-07-03 }} Earth and Peace Education Associates International website.</ref><ref>(2005) [http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/pie/Japanese/seminar/A6-workshop0503/index.html "Economics of Intergenerational Equity in Transition Economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002211721/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/pie/Japanese/seminar/A6-workshop0503/index.html |date=2011-10-02 }} 10–11 March 2005.</ref> Tattaunawa game da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki na faruwa a fagage da yawa. Sau da yawa ana tattauna shi a cikin tattalin arzikin jama'a, musamman game da tattalin arziƙin miƙa mulki, manufofin zamantakewa, da tsara kasafin kuɗi na gwamnati .<ref>Thompson, J. (2003) [http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/rp/2002-03/03RP07.htm Research Paper no. 7 2002-03 Intergenerational Equity: Issues of Principle in the Allocation of Social Resources Between this Generation and the Next] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605041903/http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/rp/2002-03/03RP07.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}. Social Policy Group for the Parliament of Australia.</ref> Mutane da yawa suna ba da misalin karuwar basussukan ƙasar Amurka a matsayin misali na rashin daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, domin al'ummomin da ke gaba za su ɗauki sakamakon. Hakanan ana bincika daidaito tsakanin tsararraki a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,<ref>[http://sapiens.revues.org/index165.html Gosseries, A. (2008) "Theories of intergenerational justice: a synopsis". ''S.A.P.I.EN.S.'' '''1''' (1)]</ref> gami da ci gaba mai dorewa, da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] . Cigaba da raguwar albarkatun kasa da ya faru a cikin karnin da ya gabata zai iya zama babban nauyi ga al'ummomi masu zuwa. Hakanan ana tattaunawa akan daidaito tsakanin tsararraki game da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]], musamman akan rashin daidaito a cikin yanayin rayuwar da mutane na shekaru daban-daban da tsararraki suka samu. Har ila yau, al'amurran da suka shafi daidaito tsakanin tsararraki suna tasowa a cikin fagagen kula da tsofaffi da adalci na zamantakewa.<ref>Thompson, J. (2003) [http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/rp/2002-03/03RP07.htm Research Paper no. 7 2002-03 Intergenerational Equity: Issues of Principle in the Allocation of Social Resources Between this Generation and the Next] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605041903/http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/rp/2002-03/03RP07.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}. Social Policy Group for the Parliament of Australia.</ref> == Amfani da tattalin arzikin jama'a == === Tarihi === Tun lokacin bayar da bashi na farko da aka rubuta a Sumaria a cikin shekarar, 1796 BC, ɗayan hukunce-hukuncen rashin biyan lamuni shine bautar bashi . A wasu lokuta, wannan biyan bashin kuɗi tare da aiki ya haɗa da ƴaƴan mai bin bashi, da gaske yana la'antar dangin masu bin bashin zuwa bautar har abada. Kusan shekara dubu ɗaya bayan rubuta kwangilar bashi, manufar gafarar bashi ya bayyana a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]], wanda ake kira Jubilee ( Littafin Firistoci 25), kuma a cikin dokar Hellenanci lokacin da Solon ya gabatar da Seisachtheia . Duk waɗannan misalan tarihi na gafarar basussuka sun haɗa da ƴantar da yara daga bautar da bashin iyayensu ya jawo. Duk da yake bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba a duk ƙasashe a yau, [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana da manufar da ake kira, "Ƙarni na uku na azabtarwa" <ref>[[Kaechon internment camp]]</ref> wanda Shin Dong-hyuk ya rubuta kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin misali na azabtar da yara saboda kuskuren iyaye.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}} Geoffrey Kanada sun yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi (suna kiranta "satawar tsararraki" ) zuwa babban karuwar bashin gwamnati da Baby Boomers ke barin ƴaƴansu. === Gudanar da zuba jari === A cikin mahallin gudanar da zuba jarurruka na hukumomi, daidaito tsakanin al'umma shine ƙa'idar cewa ƙadarorin da aka ba wa ma'aikata ba za su wuce adadin kuɗin da aka samu ba bayan hauhawar farashin kaya na dawowar fili, ta yadda za a kashe ribar saka hannun jari daidai da na yanzu da na gaba na dukiyar da aka baiwa. Masanin tattalin arziki James Tobin ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarar, 1974, wanda ya rubuta cewa "Masu kula da cibiyoyin da aka ba da kyauta sune masu kula da makomar gaba a kan iƙirarin halin yanzu. Aikinsu na gudanar da kyauta shi ne kiyaye daidaito tsakanin al’ummomi.” <ref>Tobin, James (1974) "[http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v64y1974i2p427-32.html What is Permanent Endowment Income?]"</ref> [[Fayil:Face detail, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. Grandfather and grandson of Japanese ancestry at . . . - NARA - 537994 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Intergenerational equity]] A cikin mahallin tattalin arziƙi ''daidaito tsakanin tsararraki'' yana nufin dangantakar da wani dangi ke da shi da albarkatu. Misali shi ne farar hula da ke zaune a dazuzzuka a Papua New Guinea, wadanda suka dade suna zama a wani yanki na dajin wanda hakan ya zama ƙasar su. Manyan jama’a suna sayar da itatuwan dabino don samun kuɗi. Idan ba za su iya samar da ci gaba mai dorewa kan sarrafa albarkatunsu ba, al’ummarsu na gaba ko na gaba za su yi asarar wannan albarkatun. === Bashin ƙasa na Amurka === Ɗayan muhawara game da bashin ƙasa yana da alaƙa da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki. Idan tsararraki ɗaya ke karɓar fa'idar shirye-shiryen gwamnati ko aikin yi wanda ke ba da damar kashe kuɗi da kuma tara bashi, har yaya babban bashin da ya haifar ke haifar da haɗari da tsada ga tsararraki masu zuwa? Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ya kamata a yi la'akari: * Ga kowane dala na bashi da jama'a ke riƙe, akwai wajibcin gwamnati (gabaɗayan asusun baitul mali) wanda aka ƙidaya a matsayin ƙadara ta masu saka hannun jari. Al’ummai masu zuwa suna amfana gwargwadon yadda za a ba su waɗannan ƙadarorin, wanda a ma’anarsa dole ne ya dace da matakin bashin da aka bi. * Har zuwa shekarar, 2010, kusan kashi 72% na kadarorin kuɗi suna riƙe da mafi yawan 5% na yawan jama'a. Wannan yana gabatar da tambaya ta raba dukiya da samun kudin shiga, saboda kawai kaso daga cikin mutane a tsararraki masu zuwa za su sami babba ko riba daga hannun jarin da suka shafi bashin da aka ci a yau. * Matsakaicin bashin Amurka ga masu zuba jari na waje (kimanin rabin "bashin da jama'a ke riƙe" a shekarar, 2012), magada na Amurka ba su karɓi babba da riba kai tsaye ba. <ref name="nytimes.com" /> * Matsakaicin yawan bashi yana nuna ƙarin biyan riba, wanda ke haifar da tsada ga masu biyan haraji na gaba (misali, ƙarin haraji, ƙaramin fa'idodin gwamnati, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ko ƙara haɗarin rikicin kasafin kuɗi). <ref>Huntley, Jonathan (July 27, 2010). [http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=11659 "Federal debt and the risk of a fiscal crisis"]. Congressional Budget Office: Macroeconomic Analysis Division. Retrieved February 2, 2011.</ref> * Matuƙar an saka hannun jarin kuɗaɗen rance a yau don haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci da ma'aikatansa, kamar ta ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu amfani, tsararraki masu zuwa na iya amfana. * Ga kowane dala na bashi na gwamnati, akwai takalifi ga takamaiman masu karɓar shirin, gabaɗaya amintattun tsare-tsare marasa kasuwa kamar waɗanda ke cikin Asusun Amintaccen Tsaro na Tsaro. gyare-gyaren da ke rage gibin nan gaba a cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen na iya yin amfani da farashi ga tsararraki masu zuwa, ta hanyar ƙarin haraji ko ƙananan kashe kuɗin shirin. Masanin tattalin arziki Paul Krugman ya rubuta a cikin watan Maris shekara ta, 2013 cewa ta hanyar yin watsi da saka hannun jari na jama'a da kuma ƙasa samar da ayyukan yi, muna cutar da al'ummomi masu zuwa fiye da wucewar bashi kawai: "Manufar kasafin kudi, hakika, batu ne na ɗabi'a, kuma ya kamata mu ji kunya. abin da muke yi don makomar tattalin arziki na gaba. Amma zunubinmu ya ƙunshi saka hannun jari kaɗan, ba rance mai yawa ba.” Matasan ma'aikata na fuskantar rashin aikin yi da yawa kuma bincike ya nuna cewa kudaden shigar su na iya raguwa a duk tsawon rayuwarsu a sakamakon haka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}} malamai, wanda zai iya shafar ingancin ilimi da gasa na matasan Amurkawa. Ƴar siyasar Ostireliya Christine Milne ta yi irin wannan kalamai a cikin jagorar har zuwa shekarar, 2014 na soke dokar soke farashin Carbon, inda ta bayyana jam'iyyar Liberal National Party (wanda aka zaɓa a majalisa a shekara ta, 2013 da kuma ministocinta, a matsayin barayi na tsaka-tsaki; Bayanin nata ya dogara ne akan yunkurin jam'iyyar na dawo da manufofin harajin carbon da ake ci gaba da yi da kuma tasirin da hakan zai yi kan daidaito tsakanin zuriyarsu na gaba. === US Social Security === Tsarin Tsaron Jama'a na Amurka ya ba da babbar fa'ida ga waɗanda suka isa ritaya kusa da fara aiwatar da tsarin. Tsarin ba shi da kuɗi, ma'ana tsofaffi waɗanda suka yi ritaya daidai bayan aiwatar da tsarin ba su biyan haraji a cikin tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa, amma sun sami fa'ida. Farfesa Michael Doran ya ƙiyasta cewa ƙungiyoyin da aka haifa a baya zuwa shekara ta, 1938 za su sami ƙarin fa'ida fiye da yadda suke biyan haraji, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne ga ƙungiyoyin da aka haifa bayan. Har ila yau, cewa rashin warwarewar Tsaron Jama'a na dogon lokaci zai iya haifar da ƙarin canja wuri tsakanin tsararraki. <ref name=":2">Michael Doran (2008). “Intergenerational Equity in Fiscal Policy Reform”. Tax Law Review. 61: 241-293</ref> Koyaya, Broad ya yarda cewa an gabatar da wasu fa'idodi a cikin al'ummar Amurka ta hanyar tsarin jindaɗi, kamar magunguna da binciken likitancin kuɗi na gwamnati, waɗanda ke amfana da ƙungiyoyin tsofaffi na yanzu da na gaba. <ref name=":2" /> == Amfanin muhalli == [[File:Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_(34168280266).jpg|thumb| [[Canjin yanayi|Dumamar yanayi]] misali ne na rashin daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, duba adalcin yanayi]] Ana kiran daidaito tsakanin tsararraki sau da yawa a cikin mahallin mahalli, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙanana za su fuskanci rashin daidaituwar sakamakon lalacewar muhalli. Misali, an kiyasta cewa yaran da aka haifa a cikin shekara ta, 2020 (misali " Generation Alpha ") za su fuskanci 2-7 kamar yadda da yawa matsananci yanayi aukuwa a tsawon rayuwarsu, musamman zafi tãguwar ruwa, idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da aka haifa a 1960, ƙarƙashin halin yanzu yanayi manufofin alƙawura. Ana iya ɗaukar ra'ayoyi guda biyu kan abin da ya kamata a yi don haɓaka daidaiton muhalli tsakanin tsararraki: hangen nesa " rauni mai dorewa " da hangen nesa "dorewa mai ƙarfi". Daga mahangar “rauni”, za a samu daidaito tsakanin tsararraki idan hasarar muhallin da al’ummomin da ke gaba za su fuskanta ta hanyar samun ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ta fuskar “ƙarfi”, babu wani ci gaban tattalin arziki da zai iya tabbatar da barin tsararraki masu zuwa da gurbacewar yanayi. A cewar Farfesa Sharon Beder, ra'ayin <nowiki>''</nowiki>rauni<nowiki>''</nowiki> yana raguwa ne saboda rashin sanin makomar gaba, saboda ba mu san wadanne albarkatu masu kima da fasaha ba za su iya maye gurbinsu da fasaha. <ref name=":0">Sharon Beder, 'Costing the Earth: Equity, Sustainable Development and Environmental Economics', New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law, 4, 2000, pp. 227-243.</ref> Har ila yau, ba mu san iyakar lalacewar muhalli ba. Bugu da ari, ba za a iya guje wa ƙarin cutarwa ga yawancin nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi ba. <ref name=":0" /> Sauran malamai sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Beder. Farfesa Wilfred Beckerman ya nace cewa "dorewa mai ƙarfi" "abin kyama ne", musamman idan ya kawar da wasu damuwa na ɗabi'a game da waɗanda ke raye a yau. <ref name=":1">Beckerman, Wilfred. "'Sustainable Development': Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3, no. 3, (1994): 191–209. {{Doi|10.3197/096327194776679700}}.</ref> Beckerman ya nace cewa mafi kyawun zaɓi ga al'umma shine ba da fifikon jin daɗin al'ummomin yanzu sama da tsararraki masu zuwa. Ya ba da shawarar sanya ƙimar rangwame akan sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa yayin lissafin daidaiton tsararraki. <ref name=":1" /> Beckerman yana suka sosai da Brian Barry <ref>Brian Barry, 'Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice', in Dobson (1999) (Ed) Fairness and Futurity.</ref> da Nicholas Vrousalis . <ref>Nicholas Vrousalis, 'Intergenerational Justice: A Primer', Institutions for Future Generations, A. Gosseries & I. Gonzalez (eds.), Oxford University Press 2016, pp. 49–64.</ref> === Shari'ar da ta danganci yanayi === [[File:20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg |thumb| Global warming—the progression from cooler historical temperatures (blue) to recent warmer temperatures (red)—is being experienced disproportionately by younger generations.<ref name=GW_generations/> With continued fossil fuel emissions, that trend that will continue.<ref name="GW_generations">{{cite web |title=Warming Across Generations |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/warming-across-generations |publisher=Climate Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613055205/https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/warming-across-generations |archive-date=13 June 2024 |date=22 March 2023 |url-status=live}} *Data source for [[Global surface temperature|global average surface temperature]]: {{cite web |title=Global temperature / Global mean temperature |url=https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html |publisher=Met Office (Meteorological Office, UK ) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117053030/https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html |archive-date=17 January 2024 |date=2024 |url-status=live}} (scroll down to Berkeley Earth under Global Mean Temperature) *[[Warming stripes]] concept by [[Ed Hawkins (climatologist)|climatologist Ed Hawkins]]</ref>]] A watan Satumban shekara ta, 2015, gungun matasa masu fafutukar kare muhalli sun shigar da ƙara a gaban gwamnatin [[tarayyar Amurka]] saboda rashin isasshen kariya daga sauyin yanayi: Juliana v. Amurka . Bayanin nasu ya jaddada rashin daidaituwar farashi na lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi: “Masu ƙarar matasa suna wakiltar mafi karancin shekaru masu rai, masu cin gajiyar amanar jama'a. Masu shigar da kara na matasa suna da sha'awa mai mahimmanci, kai tsaye, da kuma nan take wajen kare yanayi, sauran muhimman albarkatun kasa, ingancin rayuwarsu, muradun dukiyoyinsu, da 'yancinsu. Har ila yau, suna da sha'awar tabbatar da cewa tsarin yanayi ya tsaya tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba su na rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiyoyinsu, ƴancin da ya dogara da makomar rayuwa mai rai." <ref>Juliana v. United States, First Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief United States District Court, District of Oregon - Eugene Division, filed 9/10/15</ref> A watan Nuwambar shekarar, 2016, an ba da damar a ci gaba da shari’ar bayan da mai shari’a Ann Aiken ta Amurka ta ki amincewa da bukatar gwamnatin tarayya na yin watsi da ƙarar. A ra'ayinta da tsari, ta ce, "Ina yin 'hukunce-hukunce na,' ba ni da wata shakka cewa 'yancin tsarin yanayin da zai iya ci gaba da rayuwar ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma mai 'yanci da tsari." <ref>Juliana v. United States, Opinion and Order In the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Eugene Division, issued 11/10/16</ref> Tun daga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2017, an dage shari'ar tare da tsayawa. Da'irar Tara ta saurari bahasi na baka kan zaman a watan Nuwamba na shekarar, 2017 kuma ana sa ran yanke hukunci  a watan Fabrairu na shekarar, 2018. == Matsayin amfani da rayuwa == Tattaunawa game da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki a cikin ma'auni na bambance-bambancen rayuwa tsakanin mutane masu shekaru daban-daban ko na zamani daban-daban. Rice, Temple, da McDonald sun bambanta ra'ayoyi biyu game da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki a cikin yanayin rayuwa.  na farko - hangen nesa "bangare-giciye" - yana mai da hankali kan yadda yanayin rayuwa a wani lokaci na lokaci ya bambanta tsakanin mutane masu shekaru daban-daban. Batun da ya dace shine matakin wanda, a wani lokaci na musamman, mutane masu shekaru daban-daban suna jin daɗin daidaitattun matsayin rayuwa. Hankali na biyu – mahanga ta “tangiya” – tana mai da hankali ne kan yadda yanayin rayuwa a tsawon rayuwa ya bambanta tsakanin mutanen tsararraki daban-daban. Don daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, batun da ya dace ya zama matakin da mutanen tsararraki daban-daban ke jin daɗin daidaitattun ma'aunin rayuwa a tsawon rayuwarsu. Alamomi uku na daidaito tsakanin tsararraki a cikin tafiyar tattalin arziki, kamar samun kudin shiga, d'Albis, Badji, El Mekkaoui, da Navaux ne suka gabatar da su.  Alamar su ta farko ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa kuma yana kwatanta yanayin dangi na ƙungiyar shekaru (masu ritaya) game da halin da ake ciki na wani rukuni na shekaru (matasa). Alamar su ta biyu ta samo asali ne daga mahanga ta ƙungiya kuma tana kwatanta ma'auni na rayuwar al'ummomi masu zuwa a lokaci ɗaya. D'Albis, Badji, El Mekkaoui, da Navaux ta uku nuna alama ne hade na biyu da baya sharudda da kuma duka ne tsakanin shekaru nuna alama da intergenerational nuni. A Ostiraliya, an sami daidaito a cikin yanayin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar amfani, tsakanin mutane tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 75. Akwai babban rashin daidaito, duk da haka, tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, tare da tsofaffin al'ummomi suna fuskantar ƙarancin matsayin rayuwa a zahiri a cikin takamaiman shekaru fiye da na matasa. Hanya ɗaya don misalta waɗannan rashin daidaito ita ce duba tsawon lokacin da al'ummomi daban-daban suka ɗauka don cimma matakin amfani da $30,000 a kowace shekara (dalar Australiya a shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010). A wani matsanancin hali, mutanen da aka haifa a cikin 1935 sun sami wannan matakin amfani lokacin da suke kusan shekaru 50, a matsakaici. A wani masanancin, Millennials da aka haifa a cikin shekarar, 1995 sun sami wannan matakin amfani lokacin da suke kusan shekaru 10. [[Fayil:Suffragists from the Political Equality League in Milwaukee.jpg|thumb|Intergenerational equity]] La'akari da irin wannan ya sa wasu masana ke cewa tsarin rayuwa ya kasance yana karuwa fiye da tsararraki a yawancin ƙasashe, yayin da ci gaba da fasaha ke ci gaba. Lokacin yin la'akari da wannan, ƙananan tsararraki na iya samun gata na asali akan tsofaffin al'ummomi, wanda zai iya haifar da sake rarraba dukiya ga tsofaffi. == Amfanin kula da tsofaffi == Wasu malaman suna ganin lalacewar al'ada ta al'adar yara manya masu kula da tsofaffin iyaye a matsayin batu na daidaito tsakanin tsararraki. Tsofaffi dole ne su kula da iyayensu, da kuma nasu 'ya'yan, yayin da samari dole ne su kula da ƴaƴansu kawai. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu raunin tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa. Farfesa Sang-Hyop Lee ya bayyana wannan al’amari a [[Koriya ta Kudu]], inda ya bayyana cewa tsofaffi a halin yanzu sun fi kowacce kasa talauci a duniya. Ya lura cewa abin yana da ban takaici musamman domin tsofaffi yawanci suna saka hannun jari sosai a ilimin ƴaƴansu, kuma yanzu suna jin an ci amana su. Sauran malaman suna bayyana ra'ayi daban-daban a kan waɗanne tsararraki ne ke fama da rashin lafiyar kulawa ta tsofaffi. Farfesa Steven Wisensale ya kwatanta nauyin da ke kan manya masu shekaru masu aiki a halin yanzu a cikin tattalin arzikin da suka ci gaba, wadanda dole ne su kula da tsofaffi da iyaye na tsawon lokaci. Wannan matsalar dai tana kara ta’azzara ne sakamakon yadda mata ke kara shiga cikin ma’aikata, da kuma raguwar yawan haihuwa, da kuma barin nauyin kula da iyaye, da ƴan uwa, da kakanni, da kakanni, kan kananan yara. <ref>Steven K. Wisensale PhD (2005) Aging Societies and Intergenerational Equity Issues, Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 17:3-4, 79-103, {{Doi|10.1300/J086v17n03_05}}</ref> == Amfani da adalci na zamantakewa == Tattaunawa game da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki kuma suna dacewa da fagagen adalci na zamantakewa, inda batutuwa irin su kiwon lafiya <ref>Williams, A. (1997) "Intergenerational equity: An exploration of the 'fair innings' argument." ''Health Economics. 6''(2):117-32.</ref> daidai suke da mahimmanci ga yancin matasa da muryar matasa suna matsa lamba da gaggawa.  Akwai sha'awa mai ƙarfi a cikin al'ummar doka game da aiwatar da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki a cikin doka. <ref>O'Brein, M. (n.d.) ''Not, 'Is it Irreparable?' But, 'Is it Unnecessary?' Thoughts on a Practical Limit for Intergenerational Equity Suits.'' Eugene, OR: Constitutional Law Foundation.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin shawarwari == Generation Squeeze ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Kanada wacce ke ba da shawarar daidaito tsakanin tsararraki. == Manazarta == == Ci gaba da karatu == * Bishop, R (1978) "Nau'o'i masu haɗari da rashin tabbas: Tattalin Arziki na Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafa", ''Jaridar Amirka na Tattalin Arziki, 60'' p10-18. * Brown-Weiss, E (1989) ''A cikin Adalci ga Zamani Masu Gaba: Doka ta Duniya, Patrimony na gama gari da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki.'' Dobbs Ferry, NY: Masu Bugawa na Wuta, Inc., na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tokyo. * Daly, H. (1977) ''Tsayayyen Tattalin Arziki na Jiha: Tattalin Arzikin Ma'auni na Biophysiscal da Ci gaban ɗabi'a.'' San Francisco: WH Freeman da Co. * Frischmann, B. (2005) [http://ssrn.com/abstract=721025 "Wasu Tunani a kan Shortsightedness da Intergenerational Equity"], ''Jami'ar Loyola Chicago Law Journal, 36'' . * Goldberg, M (1989) ''Akan Ma'auni na Tsari: Sauye-sauye da Kwanciyar Hankali A Tsarin Zamantakewa, Tattalin Arziki, da Muhalli.'' New York: Praeger. * Howarth, R. & Norgaard, RB (1990) "Hakkin albarkatun kasa da kasa, inganci, da ingantaccen zamantakewa", ''tattalin arzikin ƙasa, 66'' (1) p1-11. * Laslett, P. & Fishkin, J. (1992) ''Adalci Tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Zamani da Zamani.'' New Haven, CT: Jami'ar Yale Press. * Portney, P. & Weyant, JP (1999) ''Rangwame da Daidaici Tsakanin Zamani.'' Washington, DC: Albarkatun Jarida na gaba. * McLean, D. "Intergenerational Equity" a cikin White, J. (Ed) (1999) ''Canjin Yanayi na Jama'a: Haɗin Makamashi, Muhalli, Tattalin Arziki, da daidaito.'' Plenum Press. * Sikora, RI & Barry, B. (1978) ''Wajibai ga Zamani masu zuwa.'' Philadelphia, PA: Jami'ar Temple Press. * Tabellini, G. (1991) "Siyasa na Redistribution Intergenerational", ''Jaridar Tattalin Arziki na Siyasa, 99'' (2) p335-358. * Thompson, Dennis F. (2011) "Wakilin Zaman Gaba: Gabatarwar Siyasa da Amincewar Dimokuradiyya," a cikin ''Dimokuradiyya, Daidaito, da Adalci'', eds. Matt Matravers da Lukas Meyer, shafi.&nbsp;17-37. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59292-5|978-0-415-59292-5]] * Vrousalis, N. (2016). "Adalci na Duniya: A Firamare". a cikin Gosseries and Gonzalez (2016) (eds). Cibiyoyi don Zamani Masu Gaba. Jami'ar Oxford Press, 49-64 * Wiess-Brown, Margaret. "Babi na 12. Daidaita tsakanin al'umma: tsarin shari'a don canjin muhalli na duniya" a cikin Wiess-Brown, M. (1992) ''Canjin muhalli da dokar kasa da kasa: Sabbin kalubale da girma'' . Labaran Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * Willettes, D. (2010). Tsuntsaye: Yadda masu haɓaka jarirai suka ɗauki makomar 'ya'yansu da kuma dalilin da ya sa za su mayar da ita. London: Littattafan Atlantika. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-intergenerational/ Adalci Tsakanin Zamani (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ltmhjs856ti536rt88qtnyjir8lq9am 0 31636 892167 571117 2026-08-06T16:13:35Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sulyman Durosylorun Kawu''', Alkali ne dan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake rike da muƙamin babban alkalin [[Kwara (jiha)|jihar Kwara]] tun daga shekara ta 2014. Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ne ya naɗa Sulyman bisa shawarar hukumar kula da harkokin shari’a ta jihar Kwara.<ref>Kwaran, Independent. "Gov. Ahmed Swears in Justice Kawu as New Chief Judge of Kwara State | fresh news and views". Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Adebayo, Ismail; Ilorin (14 April 2020). "Lockdown: Kwara chief judge mandates magistrate courts to determine breaches". ''Daily Trust''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> A yayin bikin rantsar da alkalai a shekara ta 2017, Kawu ya gargadi jami’an shari’a cewa, gurbatattun alkalan da ke karbar cin hanci don yanke hukunci na son zuciya, za su shiga wuta.<ref>"Corrupt judges will go to hell – Kwara CJ". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Kwara gets 35 new magistrates, one area court judge". ''Tribune Online''. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> Bayan farfadowa daga [[Koronavirus 2019|annobar COVID-19]] a shekara ta 2020, Kawu ya yi afuwa ga fursunoni guda 46 da ke jiran shari’a a babban gidan yari na Oke-Kura da kuma gidajen yarin Mandala da ke [[Ilorin]].<ref>"Adebayo, Abdulrazaq (6 May 2020). "COVID-19: Kwara CJ grants 46 prison inmates amnesty". ''Daily Post Nigeria''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>Kwara Chief Judge frees 16 prisoners in Ilorin".</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Alkalan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kwara]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 41ejhbzd3lctdpfed0bvj13byabgz4p 892168 892167 2026-08-06T16:13:51Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sulyman Durosylorun Kawu''', Alkali ne dan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake rike da muƙamin babban alkalin [[Kwara (jiha)|jihar Kwara]] tun daga shekara ta 2014. Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ne ya naɗa Sulyman bisa shawarar hukumar kula da harkokin shari’a ta jihar Kwara.<ref>Kwaran, Independent. "Gov. Ahmed Swears in Justice Kawu as New Chief Judge of Kwara State | fresh news and views". Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Adebayo, Ismail; Ilorin (14 April 2020). "Lockdown: Kwara chief judge mandates magistrate courts to determine breaches". ''Daily Trust''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> A yayin bikin rantsar da alkalai a shekara ta 2017, Kawu ya gargadi jami’an shari’a cewa, gurbatattun alkalan da ke karɓar cin hanci don yanke hukunci na son zuciya, za su shiga wuta.<ref>"Corrupt judges will go to hell – Kwara CJ". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Kwara gets 35 new magistrates, one area court judge". ''Tribune Online''. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> Bayan farfadowa daga [[Koronavirus 2019|annobar COVID-19]] a shekara ta 2020, Kawu ya yi afuwa ga fursunoni guda 46 da ke jiran shari’a a babban gidan yari na Oke-Kura da kuma gidajen yarin Mandala da ke [[Ilorin]].<ref>"Adebayo, Abdulrazaq (6 May 2020). "COVID-19: Kwara CJ grants 46 prison inmates amnesty". ''Daily Post Nigeria''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>Kwara Chief Judge frees 16 prisoners in Ilorin".</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Alkalan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kwara]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j6wbhol0mkad250y0s7kqjuxkoxxkfj 892169 892168 2026-08-06T16:14:04Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sulyman Durosylorun Kawu''', Alkali ne dan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake rike da muƙamin babban alkalin [[Kwara (jiha)|jihar Kwara]] tun daga shekara ta 2014. Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ne ya naɗa Sulyman bisa shawarar hukumar kula da harkokin shari’a ta jihar Kwara.<ref>Kwaran, Independent. "Gov. Ahmed Swears in Justice Kawu as New Chief Judge of Kwara State | fresh news and views". Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Adebayo, Ismail; Ilorin (14 April 2020). "Lockdown: Kwara chief judge mandates magistrate courts to determine breaches". ''Daily Trust''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> A yayin bikin rantsar da alkalai a shekara ta 2017, Kawu ya gargadi jami’an shari’a cewa, gurbatattun alkalan da ke karɓar cin hanci don yanke hukunci na son zuciya, za su shiga wuta.<ref>"Corrupt judges will go to hell – Kwara CJ". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>"Kwara gets 35 new magistrates, one area court judge". ''Tribune Online''. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> Bayan farfadowa daga [[Koronavirus 2019|annobar COVID-19]] a shekara ta 2020, Kawu ya kuma yi afuwa ga fursunoni guda 46 da ke jiran shari’a a babban gidan yari na Oke-Kura da kuma gidajen yarin Mandala da ke [[Ilorin]].<ref>"Adebayo, Abdulrazaq (6 May 2020). "COVID-19: Kwara CJ grants 46 prison inmates amnesty". ''Daily Post Nigeria''. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref><ref>Kwara Chief Judge frees 16 prisoners in Ilorin".</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Alkalan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kwara]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gh1ppgcsxvu1e1m2ybqgg7pdvuxrg5n 0 31920 892250 448727 2026-08-06T17:05:54Z Audullo 43513 892250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan [[ƙasar Kamaru]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Sacachispas.<ref name="SAC22">{{Cite news|date=20 August 2019|title=El Lila desde adentro: Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene|work=Sacachispas|url=https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821061149/https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == A-Bissene ya fara aikinsa a Kamaru a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, yana jan hankalin wasu ƙasashe duk da cewa rauni ya dakatar da duk wani motsin sa. Ya koma Argentina tare da Huracán a cikin 2017, yana bin sawun ɗan uwansa. <ref name="SAC2" /> A-Bissene, ta hanyar gwajin Tigre, ya koma Sacachispas a cikin 2018. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a kan Defensores de Belgrano, yana fitowa daga benci a Primera B Metropolitana don maye gurbin Lucas Fernández a cikin asarar 2-1. An maye gurbin A-Bissene a kan karin sau goma a fadin 2017-18 da 2018-19, kafin farkon fara zuwa 24 Maris 2019 tare da Talleres ; ko da yake an kore shi bayan mintuna hamsin da shida<ref name="AFA1">{{Cite news|title=boletin jugadores 30-2017|work=AFA|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/upload/boletines/boletin%20jugadores%2030-2017.pdf|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> A-Bissene ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar 28 ga Satumba, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Flandria. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan’uwan A-Bissene, Arouna Dang Bissene, shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Yayinda yake tare da Sacachispas, A-Bissene ya zauna tare da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru Stephane Nwatsock. == Kididdigar sana'a == I zuwa 2 ga watan Janairu,.202. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Sacachispas | 2017-18 | rowspan="3" | Primera B Metropolitana | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018-19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 26 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 0 ! 0 ! 26 ! 2 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|moustapha-ngae-bissene/535798}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5hagj3fjt180ifxvec7xb11l9ol6n5i 892251 892250 2026-08-06T17:06:07Z Audullo 43513 892251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan [[ƙasar Kamaru]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Sacachispas.<ref name="SAC22">{{Cite news|date=20 August 2019|title=El Lila desde adentro: Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene|work=Sacachispas|url=https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821061149/https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == A-Bissene ya kuma fara aikinsa a Kamaru a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, yana jan hankalin wasu ƙasashe duk da cewa rauni ya dakatar da duk wani motsin sa. Ya koma Argentina tare da Huracán a cikin 2017, yana bin sawun ɗan uwansa. <ref name="SAC2" /> A-Bissene, ta hanyar gwajin Tigre, ya koma Sacachispas a cikin 2018. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a kan Defensores de Belgrano, yana fitowa daga benci a Primera B Metropolitana don maye gurbin Lucas Fernández a cikin asarar 2-1. An maye gurbin A-Bissene a kan karin sau goma a fadin 2017-18 da 2018-19, kafin farkon fara zuwa 24 Maris 2019 tare da Talleres ; ko da yake an kore shi bayan mintuna hamsin da shida<ref name="AFA1">{{Cite news|title=boletin jugadores 30-2017|work=AFA|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/upload/boletines/boletin%20jugadores%2030-2017.pdf|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> A-Bissene ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar 28 ga Satumba, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Flandria. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan’uwan A-Bissene, Arouna Dang Bissene, shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Yayinda yake tare da Sacachispas, A-Bissene ya zauna tare da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru Stephane Nwatsock. == Kididdigar sana'a == I zuwa 2 ga watan Janairu,.202. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Sacachispas | 2017-18 | rowspan="3" | Primera B Metropolitana | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018-19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 26 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 0 ! 0 ! 26 ! 2 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|moustapha-ngae-bissene/535798}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ab82z7bw368d2q4kq758hozk2xyn1ku 892252 892251 2026-08-06T17:07:06Z Audullo 43513 892252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan [[ƙasar Kamaru]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Sacachispas.<ref name="SAC22">{{Cite news|date=20 August 2019|title=El Lila desde adentro: Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene|work=Sacachispas|url=https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821061149/https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == A-Bissene ya kuma fara aikinsa a Kamaru a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, yana jan hankalin wasu ƙasashe duk da cewa rauni ya dakatar da duk wani motsin sa. Ya koma Argentina tare da Huracán a cikin shekarar 2017, yana bin sawun ɗan uwansa. <ref name="SAC2" /> A-Bissene, ta hanyar gwajin Tigre, ya koma Sacachispas a cikin shekarar 2018. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a kan Defensores de Belgrano, yana fitowa daga benci a Primera B Metropolitana don maye gurbin Lucas Fernández a cikin asarar 2-1. An maye gurbin A-Bissene a kan ƙarin sau goma a fadin 2017-18 da 2018-19, kafin farkon fara zuwa 24 Maris ɗin shekarar 2019 tare da Talleres ; ko da yake an kore shi bayan mintuna hamsin da shida<ref name="AFA1">{{Cite news|title=boletin jugadores 30-2017|work=AFA|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/upload/boletines/boletin%20jugadores%2030-2017.pdf|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> A-Bissene ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar 28 ga Satumba, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Flandria. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan’uwan A-Bissene, Arouna Dang Bissene, shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Yayinda yake tare da Sacachispas, A-Bissene ya zauna tare da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru Stephane Nwatsock. == Kididdigar sana'a == I zuwa 2 ga watan Janairu,.202. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Sacachispas | 2017-18 | rowspan="3" | Primera B Metropolitana | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018-19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 26 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 0 ! 0 ! 26 ! 2 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|moustapha-ngae-bissene/535798}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gbizqs0sdo7f5jih70ie54b3njo0ec2 892253 892252 2026-08-06T17:07:38Z Audullo 43513 892253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan [[ƙasar Kamaru]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Sacachispas.<ref name="SAC22">{{Cite news|date=20 August 2019|title=El Lila desde adentro: Moustapha Ngae A-Bissene|work=Sacachispas|url=https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821061149/https://sacachispasfc.com.ar/novedades/el-lila-desde-adentro-moustapha-ngae-a-bissene/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == A-Bissene ya kuma fara aikinsa a Kamaru a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, yana jan hankalin wasu ƙasashe duk da cewa rauni ya dakatar da duk wani motsin sa. Ya koma Argentina tare da Huracán a cikin shekarar 2017, yana bin sawun ɗan uwansa. <ref name="SAC2" /> A-Bissene, ta hanyar gwajin Tigre, ya koma Sacachispas a cikin shekarar 2018. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a kan Defensores de Belgrano, yana fitowa daga benci a Primera B Metropolitana don maye gurbin Lucas Fernández a cikin asarar 2-1. An maye gurbin A-Bissene a kan ƙarin sau goma a fadin 2017-18 da 2018-19, kafin farkon fara zuwa 24 Maris ɗin shekarar 2019 tare da Talleres ; ko da yake an kore shi bayan mintuna hamsin da shida<ref name="AFA1">{{Cite news|title=boletin jugadores 30-2017|work=AFA|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/upload/boletines/boletin%20jugadores%2030-2017.pdf|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> A-Bissene ya kuma zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar 28 ga Satumba, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Flandria. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan’uwan A-Bissene, Arouna Dang Bissene, shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Yayinda yake tare da Sacachispas, A-Bissene ya zauna tare da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru Stephane Nwatsock. == Ƙididdigar sana'a == I zuwa 2 ga watan Janairu,.202. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Sacachispas | 2017-18 | rowspan="3" | Primera B Metropolitana | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2018-19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 26 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 0 ! 0 ! 26 ! 2 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|moustapha-ngae-bissene/535798}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 33yk5k6lluuhlcdo6dg6qbqthduyy0e 0 33223 892309 891477 2026-08-06T18:39:12Z Baffa ali 47435 892309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lamba''' rukuni ne na kabilanci da yare na mutane da ke zaune a gundumomin Kéran da Doufelgou (Préfecture) na Yankin Kara a Arewacin Togo da kuma a cikin sassan Atakora da Donga na Bénin, Yammacin Afirka. Babban birnin gundumar Kéran shine Kanté kuma babban birnin gundumar Doufelgou shine Niamtougou. Muda yaku na da dama masu yawan jama'a kamar haka,Benin da Tofo . A kwai yankuna masu tarin jama'a kamar su benin da togo . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Kabilu a Benin]] [[category:Kabilu a Togo]] mh23am4aubb1rbc1nalpkaiswx8a7m7 0 34884 892149 580557 2026-08-06T16:06:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q17386197}} [[Fayil:KOBINA TAHIR HAMMOND.jpg|thumb|Kobina Tahir Hammond]] '''Kobina Tahir Hammond''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 16, shekarar 1960)<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> lauya ne<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> kuma ɗan siyasar Ghana na Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Adansi-Asokwa na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Assembly of the 4th Republic of Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elections.myjoyonline.com/mps_details.php?mp=126|title=Hon. Kobina Tahir Hammond|access-date=July 16, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724224950/http://elections.myjoyonline.com/mps_details.php?mp=126|archive-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|access-date=2020-07-08|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223042351/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi memba na New Patriotic Party ne. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hammond a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1960.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Ya fito ne daga Asokwa, wani gari a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5269|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammond, Kobina Tahir|website=ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528142113/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5269|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Ghana (UG).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ya yi digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa a jami'a.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ya samu digirin a shekarar 1986.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Shi ma samfurin Grey's Inn ne, Makarantar Shari'a ta Holborn, London, UK.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3"/> Daga nan ne ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1991.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/38|title=Members of Parliament: Kobina Tahir Hammond|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064444/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/38|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kuma yi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya karanta kimiyyar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kobina Tahir Hammond|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=2386|access-date=2020-07-08|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Aiki == Hammond abokin tarayya ne a Chancery Chambers a London.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-24|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammond, Kobina Tahir|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=2573|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424185403/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=2573|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammond, Kobina Tahir|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5269|access-date=2020-07-08|website=ghanamps.com|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528142113/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5269|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Hammond memba na New Patriotic Party ne.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=KT Hammond: Parliament has not constitutionally rejected 2022 Budget|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/kt-hammond-parliament-has-not-constitutionally-rejected-2022-budget.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zama dan majalisa daga watan Janairun 2001 bayan ya zama wanda ya yi nasara a babban zabe a watan Disamba na 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2024-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223042351/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun a wancan lokaci ya yi wa’adi biyar a jere a kan karagar mulki. Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Adansi-Asokwa.<ref name="ghanamps.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title='2022 Budget will be approved; action to start in 45 minutes' - K. T. Hammond - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/2022-budget-will-be-approved-action-to-start-in-45-minutes-k-t-hammond/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Fighting in Ghana’s Parliament unprecedented, pathetic – K.T Hammond|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/12/fighting-in-ghanas-parliament-unprecedented-pathetic-k-t-hammond/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai na wannan mazaba a majalisar dokoki ta uku da ta hudu da ta biyar da ta shida da ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.<ref name=":3"/> An sake zabe shi a babban zaben 2020 don wakiltar majalisar wakilai ta 8 na Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta hudu. Kobina ya kasance memba a kwamitin kudi, kuma kwamitin ma'adinai da makamashi a majalisar dokoki ta 7 ta jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.<ref name="Parliament of Ghana"/> == Zabe == A shekara ta 2000, Hammond ya lashe babban zabe a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar Adansi-Asokwa na yankin Ashanti na Ghana.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana. Parliamentary Result Election 2000|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana|year=2007|pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Adansi Asokwa Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/236/index.php|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112553/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/236/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 31 na majalisar dokoki daga cikin kujeru 33 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/index.php|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116133229/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 99 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200.<ref name=":10" /> An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,306 daga cikin 19,407 da aka kada.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 54.4% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> An zabe shi a kan Theresa Mensah ta National Democratic Congress, Nana Yaw Frimpong na babban taron jama'a, Kwame Amoh na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Peter Kofi Essilfie na National Reformed Party da kuma Prince Lawrence na United Ghana Movement.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 7,230, 1,001, 241, 92 da 61 daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 38.2%, 5.3%, 1.3%, 0.5% and 0.3% bi da bi na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> An zabi Hammond a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Adansi-Asokwa na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karo na biyu a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223042351/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Adansi Asokwa Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/236/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104113444/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/236/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|location=Accra|pages=117}}</ref> Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe shi da kuri'u 15,176 daga cikin 24, 112 jimillar kuri'u masu inganci da aka kada daidai da kashi 62.9% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> An zabe shi a kan Seidu S. Adams na Peoples’ National Convention da kuma Reverend Evans Amankwa na National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Waɗannan sun sami kashi 0.7% da 36.3% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> A shekarar 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Adansi Asokwa Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/236/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104113447/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/236/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=57}}</ref> Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Ashanti Region|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807211816/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,659 daga cikin 24,524 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 55.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> An zabe shi a kan Alhaji Abdul-Lateef Madjoub na National Democratic Congress, Amoako Anaafi na Democratic Freedom Party da Owusu-Boamah Francis na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Wadannan sun samu kashi 37.59%, 5.43% da 1.28% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hammond musulmi ne.<ref name=":3"/> Shi na bangaren Ahmadiya ne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammond, Kobina Tahir|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=153|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506160926/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=153|archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Yayi aure.<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] b5s8mv672260sbbd1zujnv6vga8tmti 0 34998 892107 738393 2026-08-06T12:17:01Z Baffa ali 47435 892107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Kurbus.PNG|thumb|Kurbu]] '''Kurbu''' kauye ne a yankin Issyk-Kul na kasar [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]. Yana kuma daga cikin gundumar Ak-suu.<ref name=class>{{cite web|url=http://stat.kg/media/files/21f93e4d-9418-433e-aed9-ecb28d70ef5a.doc|title=Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic|language=ky|date=May 2021|publisher=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic|pages=9–10}}</ref> Yawan mutane a yankin ya kai 1,060 a ƙidayar shekarar shekarar [[2021]].<ref name=pop21>{{cite Kyrgyzstan population 2021}}</ref> altitude dinsu yakai 1,645m . == Manazarta. == 0r2vmp4s0xa1mt74qd0oyzfyqyg7teq 0 35120 892359 725602 2026-08-06T20:10:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q35563142}} '''Kwabena Owusu Aduomi,'''(An haife shi 17 Satumba 1960) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan Majalisar Ghana. Mamba ne a jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party (NPP) kuma mataimakin ministan tituna da manyan tituna a Ghana.<ref name="gog">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|title=Deputy Ministers|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="graph2">{{cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-releases-names-of-deputy-ministers-designate.html|title=Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and 4 more ministerial nominees|publisher=Graphic Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="yen">{{cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|title=List of Akufo-Addo's 50 deputy ministers and four news ministers|publisher=Yen Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143328/https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="citi">{{cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state|publisher=Cifi FM Online|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143347/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ghaweb">{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Akufo-Addo-picks-deputy-ministers-511811|title=Akufo-Addo picks deputy ministers|publisher=Ghana Web|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Aduomi a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1960 a Ejisu-Besease, yankin Ashanti na Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5321|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Owusu-Aduomi, Kwabena|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-01-31}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Aduomi ya bayyana a matsayin Kirista kuma memba na Majami'ar Majalisun Allah. Yayi aure da ’ya’ya shida.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin injiniyan jama'a a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a shekarar 1985.<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Aduomi ya zama injiniyan kula da manyan tituna a Temale a cikin 1987-1994, sannan ya zama manajan ayyuka a hukumomin manyan tituna a yankin yamma a 1994-2002. Ya zama darektan yanki na manyan tituna a yankin Ashanti a cikin 2002-2008. Sannan ya zama dan majalisa ta 6 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.<ref name="parl1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=112|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-01-31}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar siyasa == An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Ejisu a yankin Ashanti ta Ghana a shekarar 2009. An zabe shi ya shiga kwamitin reshen dokoki da kwamitin raya kananan hukumomi da karkara.<ref name="parl1" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ilgwc4k05cj84p35qkwkwwql4h1u830 0 37972 892150 709568 2026-08-06T16:06:33Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|sanetar Ben-Collins Ndu]] [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|hoton sanata ben]] '''Ben-Collins Ndu''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1961) an zabe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu ta Yamma ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Maris na 2001 yana neman [[Peoples Democratic Party|tsayawa takarar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2022/05/11/enugu-west-2023-i-will-not-be-a-back-benchersenator-ndu-assures-constituents/</ref> Ndu dan asalin karamar hukumar [[Ezeagu]] ta jihar Enugu. Ya kasance dan takara a zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilun 1999 na dan majalisar dattawan Enugu ta Yamma, inda ya fafata da Reverend Hyde Onuaguluchi na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP), amma aka ayyana Onuaguluchi a matsayin zababben gwamnan. Ndu ya shigar da kara gaban kotun zabe bisa cewa an tafka magudi kuma an tafka kura-kurai wajen gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin [[Awgu]] da [[Aninri]] . Bayan an daɗe ana fafatawa shari’a, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Koli ta soke zaɓen Onuaguluchi kuma ta ba da umarnin sake yin sabon zaɓe.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/10/enugu-2023-pdp-ad-hoc-delegates-congress-credible-ndu-faults-ekweremadus-claims/</ref> Ndu ya cigaba da zama zababbe a kujerar Sanatan [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta Yamma. An nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|hukumar zabe]] mai zaman kanta. Kafin zaben Afrilu 2003, Ndu ya yi takun-saka da Gwamnan Jihar Enugu Chimaroke Nnamani. Jam'iyyar PDP ta zabi [[Ike Ekweremadu]], shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnan a matsayin dan takarar su na Enugu ta yamma kuma ya ci zabe. <ref name="dchamp924" /> A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2013, an sanar da cewa an nada Ben-Collins Ndu Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 4th National Assembly}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] pot0ljn6whrvgwstu2cg5txil4zbyy8 892151 892150 2026-08-06T16:07:53Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|sanetar Ben-Collins Ndu]] [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|hoton sanata ben]] '''Ben-Collins Ndu''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1961) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu ta Yamma ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Maris na 2001 yana neman [[Peoples Democratic Party|tsayawa takarar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2022/05/11/enugu-west-2023-i-will-not-be-a-back-benchersenator-ndu-assures-constituents/</ref> Ndu dan asalin karamar hukumar [[Ezeagu]] ta jihar Enugu. Ya kasance dan takara a zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilun 1999 na dan majalisar dattawan Enugu ta Yamma, inda ya fafata da Reverend Hyde Onuaguluchi na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP), amma aka ayyana Onuaguluchi a matsayin zababben gwamnan. Ndu ya shigar da kara gaban kotun zabe bisa cewa an tafka magudi kuma an tafka kura-kurai wajen gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin [[Awgu]] da [[Aninri]] . Bayan an daɗe ana fafatawa shari’a, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Koli ta soke zaɓen Onuaguluchi kuma ta ba da umarnin sake yin sabon zaɓe.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/10/enugu-2023-pdp-ad-hoc-delegates-congress-credible-ndu-faults-ekweremadus-claims/</ref> Ndu ya cigaba da zama zababbe a kujerar Sanatan [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta Yamma. An nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|hukumar zabe]] mai zaman kanta. Kafin zaben Afrilu 2003, Ndu ya yi takun-saka da Gwamnan Jihar Enugu Chimaroke Nnamani. Jam'iyyar PDP ta zabi [[Ike Ekweremadu]], shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnan a matsayin dan takarar su na Enugu ta yamma kuma ya ci zabe. <ref name="dchamp924" /> A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2013, an sanar da cewa an nada Ben-Collins Ndu Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 4th National Assembly}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] 8j18pzkn1z6qj7vw3p5j4ofly94r9q0 892152 892151 2026-08-06T16:08:14Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|sanetar Ben-Collins Ndu]] [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|hoton sanata ben]] '''Ben-Collins Ndu''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1961) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu ta Yamma ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Maris na 2001 yana neman [[Peoples Democratic Party|tsayawa takarar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2022/05/11/enugu-west-2023-i-will-not-be-a-back-benchersenator-ndu-assures-constituents/</ref> Ndu dan asalin karamar hukumar [[Ezeagu]] ta jihar Enugu. Ya kasance dan takara a zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilun 1999 na dan majalisar dattawan Enugu ta Yamma, inda ya fafata da Reverend Hyde Onuaguluchi na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP), amma aka ayyana Onuaguluchi a matsayin zababben gwamnan. Ndu ya shigar da kara gaban kotun zabe bisa cewa an tafka magudi kuma an tafka kura-kurai wajen gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin [[Awgu]] da [[Aninri]] . Bayan an daɗe ana fafatawa shari’a, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Koli ta soke zaɓen Onuaguluchi kuma ta ba da umarnin sake yin sabon zaɓe.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/10/enugu-2023-pdp-ad-hoc-delegates-congress-credible-ndu-faults-ekweremadus-claims/</ref> Ndu ya cigaba da zama zababbe a kujerar Sanatan [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta Yamma. An nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|hukumar zabe]] mai zaman kanta. Kafin zaben Afrilu 2003, Ndu ya yi takun-saka da Gwamnan Jihar Enugu Chimaroke Nnamani. Jam'iyyar PDP ta zabi [[Ike Ekweremadu]], shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnan a matsayin dan takarar su na Enugu ta yamma kuma ya ci zabe. <ref name="dchamp924" /> A ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarar 2013, an sanar da cewa an nada Ben-Collins Ndu Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 4th National Assembly}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] tq2m6fvccvqh54pj9gcv6kdu4d1m9kg 892153 892152 2026-08-06T16:08:24Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|sanetar Ben-Collins Ndu]] [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|hoton sanata ben]] '''Ben-Collins Ndu''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1961) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu ta Yamma ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Maris na 2001 yana neman [[Peoples Democratic Party|tsayawa takarar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2022/05/11/enugu-west-2023-i-will-not-be-a-back-benchersenator-ndu-assures-constituents/</ref> Ndu dan asalin karamar hukumar [[Ezeagu]] ta jihar Enugu. Ya kasance dan takara a zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilun 1999 na dan majalisar dattawan Enugu ta Yamma, inda ya fafata da Reverend Hyde Onuaguluchi na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP), amma aka ayyana Onuaguluchi a matsayin zababben gwamnan. Ndu ya shigar da kara gaban kotun zabe bisa cewa an tafka magudi kuma an tafka kura-kurai wajen gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin [[Awgu]] da [[Aninri]] . Bayan an daɗe ana fafatawa shari’a, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Koli ta soke zaɓen Onuaguluchi kuma ta ba da umarnin sake yin sabon zaɓe.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/10/enugu-2023-pdp-ad-hoc-delegates-congress-credible-ndu-faults-ekweremadus-claims/</ref> Ndu ya cigaba da zama zababbe a kujerar Sanatan [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta Yamma. An nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|hukumar zabe]] mai zaman kanta. Kafin zaben Afrilu 2003, Ndu ya yi takun-saka da Gwamnan Jihar Enugu Chimaroke Nnamani. Jam'iyyar PDP ta zaɓi [[Ike Ekweremadu]], shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnan a matsayin dan takarar su na Enugu ta yamma kuma ya ci zabe. <ref name="dchamp924" /> A ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarar 2013, an sanar da cewa an nada Ben-Collins Ndu Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 4th National Assembly}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] cnti1rdwvs5dz8o7cs8eq5g6nltktws 892154 892153 2026-08-06T16:08:37Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|sanetar Ben-Collins Ndu]] [[Fayil:Senator Ben-Collins Ndu 2013-10-20 00-13.jpg|thumb|hoton sanata ben]] '''Ben-Collins Ndu''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1961) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu ta Yamma ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], [[Najeriya]] a watan Maris na 2001 yana neman [[Peoples Democratic Party|tsayawa takarar jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2022/05/11/enugu-west-2023-i-will-not-be-a-back-benchersenator-ndu-assures-constituents/</ref> Ndu dan asalin karamar hukumar [[Ezeagu]] ta jihar Enugu. Ya kasance dan takara a zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilun 1999 na dan majalisar dattawan Enugu ta Yamma, inda ya fafata da Reverend Hyde Onuaguluchi na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP), amma aka ayyana Onuaguluchi a matsayin zababben gwamnan. Ndu ya shigar da kara gaban kotun zabe bisa cewa an tafka magudi kuma an tafka kura-kurai wajen gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin [[Awgu]] da [[Aninri]] . Bayan an daɗe ana fafatawa shari’a, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Koli ta soke zaɓen Onuaguluchi kuma ta ba da umarnin sake yin sabon zaɓe.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/10/enugu-2023-pdp-ad-hoc-delegates-congress-credible-ndu-faults-ekweremadus-claims/</ref> Ndu ya cigaba da zama zababbe a kujerar Sanatan [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ta Yamma. An kuma naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|hukumar zabe]] mai zaman kanta. Kafin zaben Afrilu 2003, Ndu ya yi takun-saka da Gwamnan Jihar Enugu Chimaroke Nnamani. Jam'iyyar PDP ta zaɓi [[Ike Ekweremadu]], shugaban ma'aikatan gwamnan a matsayin dan takarar su na Enugu ta yamma kuma ya ci zabe. <ref name="dchamp924" /> A ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarar 2013, an sanar da cewa an nada Ben-Collins Ndu Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 4th National Assembly}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] laju0ogor43fy2m7cyp62678mjmkhyu 0 39187 892287 724773 2026-08-06T17:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Spiżarnia na ziarno.jpg|thumb|Koutammakou]] {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site|image=Togo Taberma house 02.jpg|image_upright=1.2|caption=|official_name=Koutammakou, the Land of the [[Batammariba]]|location=[[Kara Region]], [[Togo]]|criteria={{UNESCO WHS type|(vi), (v)}}(vi), (v)|ID=1140|coordinates={{coord|10|4|N|1|8|E|type:landmark_region:TG|display=title, inline|format=dms}}|year=2004|area={{convert|50,000|ha|acre|abbr=on}}|locmapin=Togo|map_caption=}} '''Koutammakou, Ƙasar Batammariba,wuri''' ne na al'adu da aka tsara a cikin shekarar 2004 a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta [[UNESCO]],a arewacin [[Togo]] . <ref>Dominique Sewane, ''′Ceux qui malaxent la peau fine de la terre′. Les Batammariba. Anthropologie de l'habiter'', 40th Session of Unesco Heritage – Istanbul: THE ETHIC VALUES OF KOUTAMMAKOU, ''Courrier des Afriques''</ref> Wurin yana da gidajen hasumiya na laka na gargajiya waɗanda suka kasance mafi kyawun salon rayuwa. An kuma san gidajen laka na gargajiya a matsayin alamar ƙasa ta Togo. Yawancin gidajen laka suna da benaye biyu wasu kuma suna da rufin lebur. A cikin shekarata 2008, don kammala rubutun wurin zuwa abubuwan tarihi na duniya, Ma'aikatar Al'adun Gado ta Duniya (ICH) na UNESCO, wanda Rieks Smeets ke jagoranta, ya kafa "Kiyaye Al'adun Batsa na Batsariba", daga Yarjejeniyar shekarar 2003. Manufar ita ce inganta ɗorewa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye na Intergenerational da adana ƙwarewa da ilimi a cikin dukkanin mahimman abubuwan al'adun su, kamar su. : ƙera abubuwa na yau da kullun da na biki, waraka na gargajiya da tsire-tsire masu amfani, ginin takyentas, raye-raye, kiɗa, [[kiba]], al'adun baka, haɓaka yawon shakatawa na mutunta al'adun gida, taswirar wurare masu tsarki, tara bayanai kan abubuwan al'adun da ba a taɓa gani ba da ƙirƙirar damar yin amfani da su. shi, rikodin, fina-finai da hotunn, Gabaɗaya, koyar da ditammari, yaren Batammariba a makarantun firamare da ilimin matasa a cikin abubuwan al'adun da ba a taɓa gani ba (raba littattafan karatu). Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Ma'aikatar Ilimin Firamare ta Togo ne suka tsara wannan shirin, wanda minista Angèle Dola Akofa Aguigah,ya jagoranta. Dominique Sewane, wanda aikinsa na tushe da bincike da wallafe-wallafen game da rayuwar bikin Batammaribas, suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nadi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}} Daga ranar 19 zuwa 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2018, UNESCO ta shirya wani aikin gaggawa don tantance barnar da aka yi zargin ruwan sama na watan Agustan shekara ta 2018 a Koutammakou a kan wurin zama da kuma kan gadon da ba a taɓa gani ba. Kwararru uku na duniya ne suka shirya rahoton: Ishanlosen Odiaua, Dominique Sewane da Franck Ogou. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=UNESCO}}</ref> == Tarihi == == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Philippe et Marie Huet, Koutammakou : hotuna en pays somba, Nord Bénin, Hesse, Saint-Claude-de-Diray, 2012, 155 p. (  ) * Albert-Marie Maurice, Atakora : Otiau, Otammari, Osari, peuples du Nord-Bénin (1950), Académie des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Paris, 1986, 481 p. (  ) * Paul Mercier, Al'ada, canji, tarihi. Les “Somba” du Dahomey septentrional, Anthropos, Paris, 1968, 538 p. (Rubutun rubutu na gaba) * Suzanne Preston-Blier, The Anatomy of Architecture - Ontology da kwatanci a cikin maganganun gine-ginen Batammaliba, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, 314 p. (  ) * Dominique Sewane Rapport final en vue de l'inscription du Koutammakou, biya des Batammariba au Togo sur la liste des sites classés du Patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, décembre 2002, 102 pages * Dominique Sewane Rapport de coordination du Program de sauvegarde du Patrimoine culturel immatériel des Batammariba du Koutammakou – Première Phase (Nuwamba 2008- Nuwamba 2009) * Dominique Sewane, La nuit des grands mort : l'initiée et l'épouse chez les Tamberma du Togo (préface de Jean Malaurie), Economica, Paris, 2002, 272 p. + pl. (  ) (rubutu remanié d'une thèse) * Dominique Sewane, Le souffle du mort : la tragédie de la mort chez les Batãmmariba du Togo, Bénin, Plon, « Tarin Terre humaine », 2007, 849 p. + pl., 2020, tarin Terre Humaine, Plon (  (prix Robert Cornevin) * Dominique Sewane, Les Batãmmariba, le peuple voyant : carnets d'une ethnologue, editions de La Martinière, Paris, 192 p. (  ) * Dominique Sewane" Rites et pensée des Batammariba » pour les écoles primaires du Togo, Ministère des Enseignements Primaire Secondaire et de l'Alphabétisation duTogo, Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel de l'UNESCO, editions Haho, Lomé (Togo), Éditions Haho, Togo, 2009 (a cikin Shirin de sauvegarde Patrimoine dumma des Batammariba – Unesco-Japan) * Dominique Sewane, Bantéé N'Koué, Bakoukalébé Kpakou, Koutammakou - Lieux sacrés, Préface de Jean Malaurie, editions Hesse, 2018, (  ) * Jean Pierre Vallat (dir. ), Le Togo : lieux de mémoire et sites de lamiri, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2013, 204 p. + pl. (  ) == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140 Cibiyar UNESCO Koutammakou] * https://www.canal-u.tv/video/fmsh/l_aventure_terre_humaine.30929 * http://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/dominique-sewane/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123103112/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/dominique-sewane/ |date=2022-11-23 }} [[Category:Koutammakou]] 25ot0czoq6c5d7t6m27ar4nssxdegsq 0 39351 892317 413228 2026-08-06T18:54:02Z Baffa ali 47435 892317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allunhari''' birni ne, da ke a gabashin [[Gambiya|Gambia]]. Tana cikin Gundumar Gabas ta Fulladu a cikin Yankin Kogin Sama. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, tana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 5,573. <ref>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-88 World Gazetteer] {{Dead link|date=July 2021}}, Retrieved on August 20, 2008</ref> ta dai wannan kasar a inda take a tana babban yakin ruwa .{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Alluhari]] dblsh7bgqcfmluklbmsdv6z1xn38g29 0 41173 892458 870462 2026-08-07T05:20:16Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{databox}} [[Fayil:Satellite image of Japan in May 2003.jpg|thumb|Japan]]  Mutanen farko da suka fara zama a tsibirai na kasar [[Japan|Jafan]] a zamanin baya a tsakanin shekarun alif, 30,000 BC. Zamanin Jōmon, wacce lokacin Yayoi ke biye da ita a kanadanaday BC lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin kirkire-kirkire daga Asiya. A wannan lokacin, an rubuta rubutacciyar hujja ta farko game da [[Japan]] a cikin ''littafin Han na'' kasar Sin a karni na farko AD. A kusan karni na 3 kafin haihuwar [[Annabi Isah A.s ]], mutanen Yayoi daga nahiyar sun yi hijira zuwa tsibiran kasar [[Japan]] kuma sun bullo da fasahar sarrafa karfe da noma.<ref>Shinya Shōda (2007). "A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy". ''Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology''. '''1'''. Archived from the original A alif, 1 August 2019. Retrieved 16 February2020.</ref> Saboda suna da wayewar akan noma, yawan mutanen Yankin sun karu cikin sauri har suka kai ga mamaye mutanen Jōmon, dan asalin tsibiran Jafan wadanda mafarauta ne.<ref>"'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery". ''NHK World''. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</ref> A tsakanin karni na huɗu zuwa tara, yawancin masarautu da kabilu na Japan a hankali sun hada kai a ƙarƙashin wata cibiyar gwamnati, wanda Sarkin [[Japan]] ke mulki. Daular masarautar da aka kafa a wannan lokaci ta ci gaba har zuwa yau, ana tuna ta a kusan kowanne lokacin biki. A cikin shekarar 794, an kafa sabon babban birni a Heian-kyō ([[Kyoto]] a yau), wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin Heian, wacce ta wanzu har ya zuwa 1185. Ana ɗaukar wannan Lokacin na Heian a matsayin shekaru na musamman a tarihin al'adun [[Jafananci]] na gargajiya. Rayuwar addinin mutanen [[Japan|Jafan]] tun daga wannan lokaci zuwa yanzu sun kasance a cakuɗe da al'adun [[Shinto]] na asali da mabiya addinin Buddhanci. A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, iko na gidajen sarautu sun ragu, sun fara komawa a hankali daga farko zuwa gwamnatin farar hula musamman Fujiwara sannan zuwa ga sojojin samurai. Kabilar Minamoto karkashin Minamoto no Yoritomo sun yi nasara daga Yaƙin Genpei na 1180–85, inda suka fatattaki 'yan uwan adawansu na soja, Taira. Bayan ya kwace mulki, Yoritomo ya kafa babban birninsa a Kamakura kuma ya sanyawa kansa lakabin ''shogun''. A cikin shekarun 1274 da 1281, Kamakurate ya jajircewa hare-haren Mongoliya har guda biyu, amma a cikin 1333 wani abokin hamayya ya kifar da shi, wanda ya haifar da lokacin Muromachi. A wannan lokacin, shuwagabannin yaƙi na yankin da ake kira ''daimō'' sun bunkasa cikin iko a kan karagar ''shogun''. A ƙarshe, Japan ta afka ya zuwa lokacin yakin basasa. A cikin ƙarshen karni na 16, an sake hade kawunan mutanen [[Japan]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shahararre ''daimō'' Oda Nobunaga da magajinsa, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Bayan mutuwar Toyotomi a shekara ta 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu ya hau mulki kuma sarki ya nada shi ''shōgun''. Tokugawa shogunate, wanda ke mulki daga Edo ( [[Tokyo]] na yau), ya jagoranci zama na wadata da lumana wanda akafi sani da zamanin Edo (1600-1868). Tokugawa shogunate ya sanya tsauraran matakai ga al'ummar Japan kuma ya yanke kusan duk wata hulɗa da duniyar waje. [[Portugal]] da Japan sun yi hulɗa a shekarar 1543, lokacin da mutanen Portugal suka zama Turawa na farko da suka fara isa Japan ta hanyar sauka a kudancin tsibirin. Sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Japan, duk da irin wannan ƙayyadaddun hulɗodin nasu sun gabatar da bindigogi ga ymaakianJapan . Balaguron Perry na a kasar [[Amurka]] a 1853–54 ya ƙara kawo ƙarshen keɓancewar kasar Japan; wannan ya taimaka wajen rushewar mulkin shogun da kuma dawo da mulki ga sarki a lokacin yakin Boshin a 1868. Sabon shugabancin kasa na lokacin Meiji ya sauya ƙasashen tsibiran da aka keɓe zuwa wata daula wacce ta bi tsarin mulkin Yammacin Turai kuma ta zama babban kasa .Duk da cewa dimokuradiyya ta haɓaka sannan kuma al'adun farar hula na zamani sun sami cigaba a lokacin Taishō (1912-26), sojojin Japan masu ƙarfi suna da ƙarfin iko na cin gashin kansu kuma sun mulke shugabannin farar hula na [[Japan]] a tsakanin shekarun 1920s da 1930s. Sojojin Japan sun kai hari a Manchuria a shekara ta 1931, kuma daga 1937 rikici ya rikide zuwa wani dogon yaki da kasar [[Sin]]. Harin da Japan ta kai a Pearl Harbor a 1941 ya janyo [[Yakin Pacific|yaki da Amurka]] da abokanta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka mamaye sojojin Japan, amma sojojin sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare duk da hare-haren jiragen sama waɗanda suka yi mummunar barna ga cibiyoyin jama'a. Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya sanar da mika wuyar kasar [[Japan]] a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1945, bayan harin nukiliyar Hiroshima da Nagasaki da kuma harin Soviet Manchuria. Ƙungiyoyin majibintan sun mamaye ƙasar [[Japan]] har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka kafa sabon tsarin mulki a 1947 wanda ya mayar da [[Japan]] zuwa tsarin mulki na kundi. Bayan 1955, [[Japan]] ta fuskanci ci gaɓar tattalin arziki sosai a ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma ta zama cibiyar tattalin arzikinduniya. Tun daga shekaru goma da suka gabata na shekarun 1990, haɓakar tattalin arzikin [[Japan]] ya ragu. ==Kafin shigar Tarihi da kuma tsohuwar kasar jafan== ===Lokacin Paleolithic=== Mafarauta sun isa Japan a lokacin Paleolithic , tare da mafi daɗaɗɗen shaidar da ke kusan shekaru 38-40,000 da suka gabata.<ref>Nakazawa, Yuichi (1 December 2017). "On the Pleistocene Population History in the Japanese Archipelago". Current Anthropology. 58 (S17): S539–S552. doi:10.1086/694447. hdl:2115/72078. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 149000410</ref>Shaida kaɗan na kasancewarsu ya rage, saboda ƙasa mai acidic ta Japan takan ƙasƙantar da ragowar kashi. Koyaya, gano na musamman ga gatari-ƙasa a Japan wanda aka yi kwanan watan sama da shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata na iya zama shaida ta Homo sapiens na farko a Japan.<ref>Ono, Akira (2014). "Modern hominids in the Japanese Islands and the early use of obsidian", pp. 157–159 in Sanz, Nuria (ed.). Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia Archived 17 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Paris: UNESCO</ref>Wataƙila ’yan adam na farko sunken isa Japan ta teku a kan jiragen ruwa.<ref> Takashi, Tsutsumi (2012). "MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago". Quaternary International. 248: 70–78. Bibcode:2012QuInt.248...70T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.030</ref>An yi kwanan wata shaidar zama ɗan adam zuwa shekaru 32,000 da suka gabata a cikin Kogon Yamashita na Okinawa.<ref>Hudson, Mark (2009). "Japanese Beginnings", p. 15 In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). A Companion to Japanese History. Malden MA: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405193399.</ref>kuma har zuwa shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata akan Kogon Shiraho Saonetabaru na Tsibirin Ishigaki<ref>Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, Mai; Yoneda, Minoru (2010). "Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating". Anthropological Science. 118 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1537/ase.091214.</ref>An sami shaidar da ke nuna cewa mazauna Paleolithic na Japan sun yi mu'amala da megafauna da aka yanka a yanzu, gami da giwa Palaeoloxodon naumanni, da ƙaton barewa Sinomegaceros yabei.<ref>Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). "Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan". Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. Bibcode:2018QuInt.471..385K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012. ISSN 1040-6182</ref> ===Zamanin Jōmon=== Zamanin Jōmon na Japan prehistoric ya kai kusan 13,000 BC<ref>Totman 2005</ref>har zuwa 1000 BC<ref>Habu, Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press. pp. 3, 258. ISBN 978-0-521-77670-7.</ref>Kasar Japan ta kasance al'adun 'mafarauta-masu-kasuwa' wadanda suka kai wani babban matsayi na rashin zaman lafiya da hadadden al'adu.<ref>Walker 2015</ref>Sunan Jōmon, ma'ana "mai alamar igiya", masani ɗan ƙasar Amurka Edward S. Morse ne ya fara amfani da shi, wanda ya gano tukwanen tukwane a cikin 1877.<ref>Kidder, J. Edward (1993). "The Earliest Societies in Japan", in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </ref>Salon tukunyar tukwane na matakin farko na al'adun Jōmon an ƙawata shi ta hanyar ban sha'awa igiyoyi a cikin saman yumbu mai jika.<ref>Holcombe 2017</ref>An yarda da tukwane na Jomon gabaɗaya don kasancewa cikin mafi tsufa a Gabashin Asiya da duniya.<ref>Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. (2015). "Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls". Antiquity. 80 (308): 362–371. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093686. S2CID 17316841.</ref> ===Zamanin Yayoi=== Zuwan mutanen Yayoi daga babban yankin Asiya ya kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci ga tsibiran Jafan. Nasarorin ƙarni na juyin juya halin Neolithic  sun mamaye tsibiran a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na ƙarni, musamman tare da haɓakar noman shinkafa.<ref>Kumar, Ann (2009) Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Routledge. ISBN 978-0-710-31313-3 p. 1</ref>da karfe. Har zuwa kwanan nan, ana tsammanin farkon wannan sauye-sauyen al'adu da fasaha ya fara kusan 400 BC.<ref> Bruce Loyd Batten,To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine University of Hawaii Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0-824-82447-1 p. 60.</ref>Shaidun rediyo-carbon yanzu sun nuna cewa sabon yanayin ya fara shekaru 500 da suka gabata, tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 800 BC.<ref>Bruce Loyd Batten,To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine University of Hawaii Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0-824-82447-1 p. 60.</ref><ref>Crawford, Gary W. "Japan and Korea:Japan", in Neil Asher Silberman, Alexander A. Bauer (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press USA, Vol.1 2012 ISBN 978-0-199-73578-5 pp. 153–157 p. 155.</ref>An ba shi makamai tagulla da ƙarfe da kayan aikin da aka shigo da su da farko daga China da yankin Koriya, Yayoi ya fito daga arewacin Kyūshū, a hankali ya maye gurbin Jōmon.<ref>Imamura, Keiji (1996). Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 165–178. ISBN 978-0-824-81852-4.</ref>Har ila yau, sun gabatar da aikin saƙa da siliki<ref>Kaner, Simon (2011) 'The Archeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago,' in Timothy Insoll (ed.),The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-199-23244-4 pp. 457–468, p. 462.</ref>sababbin hanyoyin aikin itace<ref>Schirokauer, Conrad; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. ISBN 978-0-495-91322-1.</ref>Faɗawar Yayoi da alama ya haifar da haɗuwa tare da ɗan asalin Jōmon, wanda ya haifar da ƙaramar haɓakar kwayoyin halitta.<ref>udson, Mark (1999) Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-824-82156-2 pp. 79–81. The Jōmon component is estimated at somewhere under 25%.</ref>Waɗannan fasahohin Yayoi sun samo asali ne daga yankin Asiya. Akwai mahawara a tsakanin malamai kan ko wane mataki za a iya danganta yaduwarsu da hijira ko kuma yaduwan al’adu. Ka'idar ƙaura tana goyan bayan nazarin kwayoyin halitta da na harshe.<ref>Schirokauer, Conrad; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. ISBN 978-0-495-91322-1.</ref>Masanin tarihi Hanihara Kazurō ya ba da shawarar cewa kwararar bakin haure daga nahiyar daga 350 zuwa 3,000 kowace shekara.<ref>Maher, Kohn C. (1996). "North Kyushu Creole: A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese", in Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 40</ref>Yawan jama'ar Japan ya fara karuwa da sauri, watakila tare da haɓaka sau 10 akan Jomon. Ƙididdigar yawan karuwar yawan jama'a a ƙarshen zamanin Yayoi ya bambanta daga miliyan 1 zuwa 4.Ragowar kwarangwal daga ƙarshen lokacin Jōmon yana nuna tabarbarewar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki da ba su da kyau, yayin da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Yayoi na zamani suna da manyan sifofi da ke nuna wuraren ajiyar hatsi. Wannan canjin ya kasance tare da haɓakawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun  al'umma da yaƙin kabilanci, waɗanda ke nuna wuraren kaburbura da katangar sojoji.<ref>Farris 1995, p. 25</ref>Ragowar kwarangwal daga ƙarshen lokacin Jōmon yana nuna tabarbarewar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki da ba su da kyau, yayin da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Yayoi na zamani suna da manyan sifofi da ke nuna wuraren ajiyar hatsi. Wannan canjin ya kasance tare da haɓakawa a cikin al'umma da yaƙin kabilanci, waɗanda ke nuna wuraren kaburbura da katangar sojoji.<ref>Schirokauer, Conrad; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. ISBN 978-0-495-91322-1.</ref> A zamanin Yayoi, a hankali kabilun Yayoi sun hade zuwa masarautu da dama. Rubuce-rubucen farko da aka ambata Japan babu shakka, Littafin Han, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 111 AD, ya bayyana cewa masarautu ɗari sun ƙunshi Japan, wanda ake kira Wa. Wani littafin tarihi na kasar Sin daga baya, wato littafin Wei, ya bayyana cewa a shekara ta 240 AD, daular Yamatai mai karfin gaske, wadda ke karkashin mata na sarautar Himiko, ta samu daukaka a kan sauran, ko da yake masana tarihi na zamani na ci gaba da yin muhawara game da wurin da take da kuma sauran bangarorin. bayaninsa a cikin Littafin Wei.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 14–15</ref> ===Zaman Kofun (c. 250–538)=== A lokacin Kofun na gaba, Japan a hankali ta haɗe ƙarƙashin ƙasa ɗaya. Alamar haɓakar ƙarfin sabbin shugabannin Japan ita ce tudun jana'izar da suka gina tun daga shekara ta 250 AD.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 15–16.</ref> Yawa an on su na da girma, kamar Daisenryō Kofun, tudun tudu mai siffar rami mai tsayin mita 486 wanda ya ɗauki manyan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata shekaru goma sha biyar ana kammalawa. An yarda da cewa an gina kabarin ne don Sarki Nintoku.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 15–16</ref> Yawancin kofun an kewaye su kuma suna cika su da sassaka-fasakan yumbu na haniwa, galibi masu siffar mayaka da dawakai.<ref> Henshall 2012, pp. 15–16.</ref> Cibiyar haɗin kan ƙasar ita ce Yamato a yankin Kinai  na tsakiyar Japan.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 15–16.</ref>.Sara Kuban. kasar Yamato zuriyar sarakuna ne na gado wadanda har yanzu suke mulki a matsayin daula mafi dadewa a duniya. Mahukuntan Yamato sun fadada ikonsu a duk fadin kasar Japan ta hanyar mamayar sojoji, amma hanyar da suka fi son fadadawa ita ce ta shawo kan shugabannin yankin su karbi ikonsu domin musanya musu mukamai a gwamnati.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 16, 22.</ref> Yawancin manyan dangi na cikin gida waɗanda suka shiga jihar Yamato sun zama sanannun da uji.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 16, 22</ref> Yankin yankin kotun Yamato a lokacin Kofun Waɗannan shugabannin sun nemi kuma sun sami karɓuwa ta diflomasiyya a hukumance daga China, kuma asusun China ya rubuta irin waɗannan shugabanni biyar da suka biyo baya kamar  sarakuna biyar na Wa. Masu sana'a da masana daga China da Masarautun Koriya Uku  sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da fasahohin nahiyar da ƙwarewar gudanarwa ga Japan a wannan lokacin.</ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 16, 22</ref>. Masaa tarihi sun yarda cewa an yi babban gwagwarmaya tsakanin Tarayyar Yamato da Izumo Federation ƙarni kafin rubuta bayanai<ref>Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Press, Cambridge University; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Yamamura, Kozo; Duus, Peter (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.</ref> ==Jafan na gargajiya== ===Zamanin Asuka (538-710)=== Zaman Asuka  ya fara tun daga shekara ta 538 AD tare da gabatar da addinin Buddha daga masarautar Baekje ta Koriya<ref>Carter, William R. (1983). "Asuka period". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.). Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 107. ISBN 9780870116216</ref>Tun daga wannan lokacin, addinin Buddha ya kasance tare da addinin Shinto na ƙasar Japan, a cikin abin da a yau ake kira Shinbutsu-shūgo.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 16, 18</ref>Wannan lokacin ya zana sunansa daga babban birnin Masarautar, Asuka, a yankin Kinai.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 16, 18</ref> Buddhist Soga  sun karɓi gwamnati a cikin 580s kuma suna sarrafa Japan daga bayan fage na kusan shekaru sittin.Kabilar Buddhist Soga  sun karɓi gwamnati a cikin 580s kuma suna sarrafa Japan daga bayan fage na kusan shekaru sitti<ref>Totman 2005, pp.54–55</ref>Prince Shotoku, mai fafutukar bin addinin Buddah kuma na Soga, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Soga ne, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki da shugaban kasar Japan daga 594 zuwa 622. Shōtoku ya rubuta kundin tsarin mulki mai lamba goma sha bakwai, ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ta Confucian. jami'ai da ƴan ƙasa, kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da aikin farar hula mai fa'ida mai suna Cap and Rank System.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 18–19</ref>A cikin shekara ta 607, Shōtoku ya yi wa China zagi a hankali ta wurin buɗe wasiƙarsa da kalmar, "Mai mulkin ƙasar fitowar rana yana magana da mai mulkin ƙasar faɗuwar rana" kamar yadda aka gani a cikin haruffan kanji na Japan (Nippon) <ref>Weston 2002, p. 127.</ref>A shekara ta 670, bambancin wannan furci, Nihon, ya kafa kansa a matsayin sunan al'umma, wanda ya dawwama har yau.<ref>Rhee, Song Nai; Aikens, C. Melvin.; Chʻoe, Sŏng-nak.; No, Hyŏk-chin. (2007). "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600". Asian Perspectives. 46 (2): 404–459. doi:10.1353/asi.2007.0016. hdl:10125/17273. JSTOR 42928724. S2CID 56131755.</ref>Yarima Shotoku ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin ɗan tarihi na zamanin Asuka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban mai tallafawa addinin Buddha na farko a Japan. A cikin 645, an hambarar da dangin Soga a juyin mulkin da Prince Naka no Ōe da Fujiwara no Kamatari, wanda ya kafa dangin Fujiwara.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 55–57</ref>Gwamnatinsu ta ƙirƙiro da aiwatar da gyare-gyaren Taika mai nisa. An fara gyare-gyaren ne da sake fasalin ƙasa, bisa ra'ayoyin Confucius da falsafa daga China. Ta mayar da ƙasar Japan ƙasa baki ɗaya, don rarraba daidai  tsakanin masu noma, kuma ta ba da umarnin a haɗa gidan rajista a matsayin tushen sabon tsarin haraji.<ref>Sansom 1958, p. 57</ref>Ainihin manufar gyare-gyaren ita ce, samar da babban tsarin tsakiya, da kuma kara karfin ikon kotun daular, wanda kuma ya dogara ne kan tsarin gwamnatin kasar Sin. An aike da wakilai da dalibai zuwa kasar Sin domin su koyi rubuce-rubucen Sinanci, siyasa, fasaha, da addini. Bayan gyare-gyaren, Yaƙin Jinshin na 672, rikici mai zubar da jini tsakanin Yarima Ōama da ɗan'uwansa Prince Ōtomo, masu hamayya da karagar mulki biyu, ya zama babban abin da ya haifar da ƙarin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da lambar Taiho, wanda ya haɓaka dokokin da ake da su tare da kafa tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya da ƙananan hukumominta.<ref>Sansom 1958, p. 68</ref>Totman 2005, pp. 55–57</ref> Waɗannan gyare-gyaren doka sun haifar da ritsuryō jihar, tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya irin na kasar Sin wanda ya kasance a wurin har tsawon rabin karni</ref>Totman 2005, pp. 55–57</ref> Fasahar zamanin Asuka ta ƙunshi jigogin fasahar addinin Buddha.<ref>Akiyama, Terukazu (1977). Japanese Painting. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780847801329.</ref>Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan shine haikalin Buddha na Hōryū-ji, wanda Yarima Shotoku ya ba da umarni kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 607 AD. Yanzu shi ne tsarin katako mafi tsufa a duniya.<ref>Kshetry, Gopal (2008). Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective. Kathmandu: Rabin Gurung. p. 29</ref> ===Zaman Nara (710-794)=== A shekara ta 710, gwamnati ta gina babban babban babban birni a Heijō-kyō (Nara na zamani) wanda aka kera akan Chang'an, babban birnin daular Tang ta kasar Sin. A cikin wannan lokacin, littattafai biyu na farko da aka yi a Japan sun bayyana: Kojiki da Nihon Shoki,<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 24.</ref> waɗanda ke ɗauke da tarihin tarihin farkon Japan da tatsuniyar halittarta, waɗanda ke bayyana layin daular a matsayin zuriyar gumaka.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 56.</ref>An haɗa Man'yōshū a ƙarshen rabin karni na takwas, wanda ake ɗauka mafi kyawun tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci.<ref>Keene 1999, pp. 85, 89</ref>An haɗa Man'yōshū a ƙarshen rabin karni na takwas, wanda ake ɗauka mafi kyawun tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 74–75</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin, Japan ta sha fama da bala'o'i iri-iri, da suka haɗa da gobarar daji, fari, yunwa, da barkewar cututtuka, kamar cutar sankarau a 735-737 ta kashe sama da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar ƙasar.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 26.</ref>Sarkin sarakuna Shōmu (r. 724–749) ya ji tsoron rashin tsoronsa ya haifar da matsala don haka ya ƙara haɓaka addinin Buddha na gwamnati, gami da gina haikalin Tōdai-ji a cikin 752<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 26</ref>. Babban malamin addinin Buddah na Gyōki ya tara kudaden gina wannan haikalin, kuma da zarar an kammala shi dan kasar Sin Ganjin ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin nadawa.<ref>Deal, William E and Ruppert, Brian Douglas (2015). A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell. pp. 63-64. ISBN 9781118608319</ref>Duk da haka Japan ta shiga wani lokaci na raguwar yawan jama'a wanda ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa lokacin Heian mai zuwa.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 59.</ref>Haka kuma an yi wani gagarumin yunƙuri na hambarar da gidan Imperial a lokacin tsakiyar Nara. A cikin shekarun 760s, monk Dōkyō ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa daularsa tare da taimakon Empress Shotoku, amma bayan mutuwarta a cikin 770 ya rasa dukkan ikonsa kuma aka kore shi. Kabilar Fujiwara ta ƙara ƙarfafa ikonta. ===Zamanin Heian (794-1185)=== Zamanin Heian (平安時代, Heian Jidai) shine yanki na ƙarshe na tarihin Jafananci na gargajiya, yana gudana daga 794 zuwa 1185. Ya biyo bayan lokacin Nara, wanda ya fara lokacin da sarki na 50, Emperor Kammu, ya ƙaura babban birnin Japan zuwa Heian-kō ( zamani Kyoto). Heian (平安) yana nufin "zaman lafiya" a cikin Jafananci. Karamin samfurin babban birnin Heian-kyōBayan Yaƙin Shekara Uku a ƙarni na 11 A cikin 784, babban birnin ya koma Nagaoka-kyō a takaice, sannan kuma a cikin 794 zuwa Heian-kyō (Kyoto na zamani), wanda ya kasance babban birni har zuwa 1868.<ref>Sansom 1958, p. 99</ref>Ba da daɗewa ba ikon siyasa a cikin kotun ya wuce zuwa ga dangin Fujiwara, dangin manyan kotuna waɗanda suka ƙara kusantar dangin daular ta hanyar auratayya.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 29–30</ref>Tsakanin shekara ta 812 zuwa 814 AZ, cutar sankarau ta kashe kusan rabin al'ummar Japan.<ref>Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780826328717 cikin 858, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa</ref> ya da kansa ya ayyana sesshō ("regent") ga sarki mara shekaru. Ɗansa Fujiwara no Mototsune ya ƙirƙiri ofishin kampaku, wanda zai iya yin mulki a wurin babban sarki mai sarauta. Fujiwara no Michinaga, ɗan siyasa na musamman wanda ya zama kampaku a cikin 996, yayi mulki a lokacin girman ikon dangin Fujiwara<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 91–93</ref>kuma ya aurar da 'ya'yansa mata huɗu ga sarakuna, na yanzu da na gaba.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 29–30.</ref>Kabilar Fujiwara sun ci gaba da mulki har zuwa shekara ta 1086, lokacin da Sarki Shirakawa ya ba da sarauta ga ɗansa Sarki Horikawa amma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da ikon siyasa, yana kafa tsarin mulkin kama-karya,<ref>Keene 1999, p. 306.</ref>ta inda sarki mai mulki zai yi aiki a matsayin babban mutum yayin da wani magabaci mai ritaya ke rike da mulki a bayan fage<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 91–93.</ref> A cikin lokacin Heian, ikon kotun daular ya ƙi. Kotun ta shagaltu da kai da gwagwarmayar neman mulki da kuma neman fasaha na manyan kotuna ta yadda ta yi watsi da gudanar da mulki a wajen babban birnin kasar<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 29–30</ref>Ƙasar ƙasar da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na jihar ritsuryō ya lalace yayin da iyalai masu daraja daban-daban da umarni na addini suka yi nasarar samun matsayin keɓantawa daga haraji ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 91–93</ref>A ƙarni na sha ɗaya, mafi yawan filaye a Japan masu mallakar shoen ne ke sarrafa A lokacin farkon Heian, kotun daular ta yi nasarar ƙarfafa ikonta a kan mutanen Emishi na arewacin Honshu.[59] Ōtomo no Otomaro  shi ne mutum na farko da kotu ta ba wa lakabin seii tai-shōgun ("Great Barbarian Subduing General").[60] A cikin shekara ta 802, seii tai-shōgun Sakanoue no Tamuramaro  ta yi sarautar mutanen Emishi, waɗanda Aterui ke jagoranta.[59] A shekara ta 1051, membobin dangin Abe, waɗanda suka mamaye manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnatin yankin, sun fito fili suna nuna adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya. Kotun ta bukaci dangin Minamoto su shiga cikin dangin Abe, wanda suka ci nasara a yakin shekaru tara na tsohon.[61] Don haka kotun ta sake tabbatar da ikonta na dan lokaci a arewacin Japan. Bayan wani yakin basasa - Yaƙin Shekara Uku na Baya – Fujiwara no Kiyohira  ya ɗauki cikakken iko; Iyalinsa, Fujiwara ta Arewa, sun mallaki arewacin Honshu na ƙarni na gaba daga babban birninsu na Hiraizumi.[62] da gwamnatin tsakiya. Don haka an hana kotun daular da kudaden haraji don biyan sojojinta na kasa. Dangane da martani, masu shoen  sun kafa nasu rundunan jaruman samurai.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 25, 26</ref>Iyalai guda biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka fito daga rassan dangin sarki,<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 31</ref>  Taira da Minamoto, sun sami manyan sojoji da yawa a wajen babban birnin. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta fara amfani da wadannan mayaka guda biyu wajen murkushe tawaye da fashin teku.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 25, 26</ref>Yawan jama'ar Japan ya daidaita a lokacin marigayi Heian bayan daruruwan shekaru na raguwa.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 87</ref>A lokacin farkon Heian, kotun daular ta yi nasarar ƙarfafa ikonta a kan mutanen Emishi na arewacin Honshu.<ref>McCullough, William H. (1999). "The Heian Court, 794–1070," in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31</ref>Ōtomo no Otomaro  shi ne mutum na farko da kotu ta ba wa lakabin seii tai-shōgun ("Great Barbarian Subduing General").[l<ref>Meyer 2009, p. 62.</ref>A cikin shekara ta 802, seii tai-shōgun Meyer 2009, p. 62. no Tamuramaro  ta yi sarautar mutanen Emishi, waɗanda Aterui ke jagoranta.<ref>McCullough, William H. (1999). "The Heian Court, 794–1070," in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31</ref>A shekara ta 1051, membobin dangin Abe, waɗanda suka mamaye manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnatin yankin, sun fito fili suna nuna adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya. Kotun ta bukaci dangin Minamoto su shiga cikin dangin Abe, wanda suka ci nasara a yakin shekaru tara na tsohon.<ref>Sansom 1958, pp. 249–250</ref>Don haka kotun ta sake tabbatar da ikonta na dan lokaci a arewacin Japan. Bayan wani yakin basasa - Yaƙin Shekara Uku na Baya – Fujiwara no Kiyohira  ya ɗauki cikakken iko; Iyalinsa, Fujiwara ta Arewa, sun mallaki arewacin Honshu na ƙarni na gaba daga babban birninsu na Hiraizumi.<ref>Takeuchi, Rizo (1999). "The Rise of the Warriors", in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 675-677</ref>A cikin shekara ta 1156,  takaddama kan gadon sarauta ya barke kuma masu da'awar hamayya biyu (Sarki Go-Shirakawa da Emperor Sutoku) sun yi hayar dangin Taira da Minamoto a cikin bege na samun gadon sarautar da karfin soja. A lokacin wannan yakin, dangin Taira karkashin jagorancin Taira no Kiyomori  sun ci dangin Minamoto. Kiyomori ya yi amfani da nasararsa wajen tara wa kansa mulki a Kyoto har ma ya dora jikansa Antoku a matsayin sarki. Sakamakon wannan yakin ya haifar da fafatawa tsakanin dangin Minamoto da Taira. Sakamakon haka, jayayya da gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin dangin biyu ya haifar da tawayen Heiji a shekara ta 1160. A cikin 1180, Taira no Kiyomori ya fuskanci kalubalantar tawaye karkashin jagorancin Minamoto no Yoritomo, dan kabilar Minamoto wanda Kiyomori ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Kamakura.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 31–32</ref>Ko da yake Taira no Kiyomori ya mutu a cikin 1181, yakin Genpei da ya biyo baya tsakanin dangin Taira da Minamoto ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu. An rufe nasarar dangin Minamoto a shekara ta 1185, lokacin da rundunar da kanin Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune, ya ba da umarni, ta sami gagarumar nasara a Yaƙin Dan-no-ura. Ta haka Yoritomo da masu rike da shi suka zama sarakunan Japan.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 33–34</ref> ==Al'adar heian== A lokacin Heian, kotun daular ta kasance cibiyar fasaha mai girma da al'adu.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 28</ref> Ayyukan adabinsa sun haɗa da tarin waƙoƙin Kokinshū da Tosa Diary, dukansu suna da alaƙa da mawaƙin Ki no Tsrayuki, da tarin tarin nau'ikan Littafin Pillow na Sei Shonagon,<ref>Totman 2005, p. 123</ref>da Tale na Genji na Murasaki Shikibu, galibi ana ɗaukarsa gwarzayen Jafananci. adabi.<ref>Keene 1999, pp. 477–478</ref> Haɓaka rubutattun kalmomin kana wani ɓangare ne na yanayin raguwar tasirin Sinawa a lokacin Heian. Ayyukan Jafananci na hukuma zuwa daular Tang na kasar Sin, wanda ya fara a cikin shekara ta 630,<ref>Meyer 2009, p. 44</ref>ya ƙare a ƙarni na tara, kodayake ayyukan sufaye da malamai na yau da kullun sun ci gaba, sa'an nan kuma haɓaka fasahar fasaha da waƙoƙin Jafanawa na asali ya haɓaka.<ref>Meyer 2009, p. 44</ref> <ref>Henshall 2012, p. 30</ref>Babbar nasarar gine-gine, baya ga Heian-kyō kanta, ita ce haikalin Byōdo-in da aka gina a cikin 1053 a Uji.</ref> ==Feudal Japan== ===Zamanin Kamakura (1185–1333)=== Bayan ƙarfafa iko, Minamoto no Yoritomo ya zaɓi yin hukunci tare da Kotun Imperial a Kyoto. Ko da yake Yoritomo ya kafa nasa gwamnatinsa a Kamakura a yankin Kantō wanda ke gabashin Japan, kotun Imperial a Kyoto ta ba da izininta bisa doka a lokuta da yawa. A cikin 1192, sarki ya ayyana Yoritomo seii tai-shōgun (征夷大将軍;  Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General), wanda aka gaje shi da shōgun.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 34–35</ref>Ana kiran gwamnatin Yoritomo bakufu (幕府 ("gwamnatin tanti")), tana nufin tantin da sojojinsa suka yada zango. Kalmar Ingilishi shogunate yana nufin bakufu.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 34–35</ref>Japan ta kasance a karkashin mulkin soja har zuwa 1868.<ref>Weston 2002, p. 139.</ref> Kotun Imperial ta ba da halaccin yin harbin, amma harbin shi ne  masu mulkin ƙasar. Kotun ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka na hukuma da na addini, kuma ƴan ƙwaƙƙwaran sun yi maraba da halartar ƴan ajin manyan sarakuna. Tsofaffin cibiyoyi sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rauni, kuma Kyoto ya kasance babban birnin hukuma. An bambanta wannan tsarin da "mulkin jarumi mai sauƙi" na lokacin Muromachi na baya.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 34–35</ref>Ba da daɗewa ba Yoritomo ya kunna Yoshitsune, wanda Fujiwara no Hidehira, jikan Kiyohira kuma de facto saraucin arewacin Honshu ke ɗauke da shi. A cikin 1189, bayan mutuwar Hidehira, magajinsa Yasuhira ya yi ƙoƙarin neman yardar Yoritomo ta hanyar kai hari gidan Yoshitsune. Ko da yake an kashe Yoshitsune, Yoritomo ya ci gaba da mamaye yankunan kabilar Fujiwara ta Arewa.<ref>Weston 2002, pp. 135–136</ref>A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Yoshitsune zai zama babban mutumi, wanda aka kwatanta shi a cikin ayyukan adabi marasa adadi a matsayin gwarzo mai ban tausayi.<ref>Keene 1999, pp. 892–893, 897</ref> Bayan mutuwar Yoritomo a 1199, ofishin shogun ya raunana. Bayan fage, matar Yoritomo Hōjō Masako ta zama ainihin ikon bayan gwamnati. A cikin 1203, an nada mahaifinta, Hōjō Tokimasa, sarauta ga shogun, ɗan Yoritomo Minamoto no Sanetomo. Daga yanzu, shoguns na Minamoto sun zama ƴan tsana na masu mulkin Hojo, waɗanda suke da iko na gaske.<ref>Weston 2002, pp. 137–138</ref> Mulkin da Yoritomo ya kafa, kuma wanda magajinsa suka ajiye shi, an raba shi da tsarin mulkin kama-karya, sabanin tsarin mulkin farko na ritsuryō. Yoritomo ya zaɓi gwamnonin larduna, waɗanda aka sani ƙarƙashin taken shugo ko jitō,<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 35–36</ref>daga cikin makusantan sa, gokenin. Kamakura shogunate ya ba wa ’yan baranda damar kula da sojojinsu da kuma gudanar da doka da oda a lardunansu bisa ga ka’idojinsu<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 28, 29</ref>A cikin 1221, Sarkin Go-Toba  mai ritaya ya haifar da abin da aka fi sani da Yaƙin Jōkyū, tawaye ga ‘yan bindigar, a ƙoƙarin maido da ikon siyasa a kotu. Tawayen ya ci tura kuma ya kai ga fitar da Go-Toba zuwa tsibirin Oki, tare da wasu sarakuna biyu, Sarkin Tsuchimikado  da Sarki Juntoku mai ritaya, waɗanda aka yi gudun hijira zuwa Lardin Tosa  da tsibirin Sado  bi da bi.<ref>Keene 1999, pp. 672, 831</ref>Shogunate ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikonsa na siyasa dangane da tsarin mulkin Kyoto.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 96</ref> An tattara sojojin samurai na daukacin al'ummar a cikin 1274 da 1281 don fuskantar cikakken mamayewa guda biyu wanda Kublai Khan na Daular Mongol ya kaddamar.<ref>Sansom 1958, pp. 441–442</ref>Duk da cewa makiya sanye da manyan makami sun fi yawa, Jafanawa sun yi yaƙi da Mongols don tsayawa tsayin daka a Kyushu a lokuta biyu har sai da guguwa mai suna kamikaze ta lalata jirgin ruwan Mongol ɗin. Duk da nasarar da Kamakura shogunate ya samu, jami'an tsaron sun yi kasa a gwiwa wajen kashe kudadensu ta yadda suka kasa biya diyya ga barayin da suka taka a wannan nasara. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako na dindindin ga alakar Shogunate da ajin samurai</ref>. Rashin gamsuwa tsakanin samurai ya tabbatar da yanke hukunci wajen kawo karshen Shogunate Kamakura. A cikin 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a cikin bege na maido da cikakken iko a kotun daular. Shogunate ya aika da Janar Ashikaga Takauji don kwantar da tarzoma, amma Takauji da mutanensa suka hada kai da Sarkin Go-Daigo suka yi juyin mulkin kamakura.Duk da haka, Japan ta shiga lokacin wadata da karuwar yawan jama'a tun daga shekara ta 1250.<ref>Farris 2009, pp. 141–142, 149</ref>A yankunan karkara, yawan amfani da kayan aikin ƙarfe da taki, ingantattun dabarun ban ruwa, da noman noma sau biyu na ƙara yawan aiki da ƙauyukan karkara.<ref>Farris 2009, pp. 144–145.</ref>Ƙananan yunwa da annoba sun ba da damar birane su haɓaka da kasuwanci.<ref>Farris 2009, pp. 141–142, 149</ref>Addinin Buddah, wanda ya kasance addinin manyan mutane, fitattun sufaye ne suka kawo wa talakawa, kamar Hōnen (1133–1212), wanda ya kafa addinin Buddah na ƙasa mai tsafta a Japan, da Nichiren (1222–1282), wanda ya kafa  Buddha na Nichiren. . addinin Buddah na Zen ya yadu a tsakanin ajin samurai.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 32, 33</ref> ===Zamanin Muromachi (1333–1568)=== Takauji da sauran samurai da yawa ba da jimawa ba sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da Maido da Kenmu na Emperor Go-Daigo, wani babban yunƙuri na ɗaukar iko a kotun daular. Takauji yayi tawaye bayan Go-Daigo ya ki nada shi shōgun. A cikin 1338, Takauji ya kama Kyoto ya nada wani abokin hamayyar dangin sarki kan karaga, Emperor Komyo, wanda ya nada shi shogun.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 41.</ref>Go-Daigo ya mayar da martani ta hanyar tserewa zuwa birnin Yoshino na kudancin kasar, inda ya kafa gwamnati mai hamayya. Wannan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na rikici tsakanin Kotunan Arewa da Kotun Kudanci.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 43–44</ref> Takauji ya kafa shogunansa a gundumar Muromachi da ke Kyoto. Sai dai ‘yan bindigar sun fuskanci tagwayen kalubale na fada da Kotun Kudanci da kuma ci gaba da rike madafun ikon da ke karkashinta.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 43–44</ref>Kamar Kamakura shogunate, Muromachi shogunate ya nada abokansa don yin mulki a larduna, amma waɗannan mutanen sun ƙara sa kansu a matsayin sarakunan fada-da ake kira daimyos - na yankunansu kuma sau da yawa sun ƙi yin biyayya ga shogun.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 37</ref>Ashikaga shogun wanda ya fi samun nasara wajen hada kasar shine jikan Takauji Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1368 kuma ya kasance mai tasiri har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1408. Yoshimitsu ya fadada ikon shogunate kuma a cikin 1392, ya kulla yarjejeniya don kawo Kotunan Arewa da Kudu tare da kawo karshen yakin basasa. Daga nan kuma, shogunate ya sa sarki da fadarsa ke karkashin kulawa sosai.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 43–44</ref> Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ne ya gina Kinkaku-ji a shekara ta 1397. A cikin karni na karshe na Ashikaga shogunate kasar ta koma wani, mafi tashin hankali lokacin yakin basasa. Wannan ya fara ne a cikin 1467 lokacin da Onin War  ya barke kan wanda zai gaje shogun mai mulki. Daimyos kowannensu ya ɗauki bangare suka kona Kyoto a ƙasa yayin da suke fafatawa da ɗan takarar da suka fi so. A lokacin da aka zaunar da gadon sarautar a cikin 1477, shogun ya rasa dukkan iko a kan daimō, wanda yanzu ya mallaki ɗaruruwan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Japan.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 170–171</ref>A cikin wannan lokacin Jahohin Warring, daimyos  sun yi faɗa a tsakanin su don mallakar ƙasar.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 46</ref>Wasu daga cikin manyan daimyos na zamanin sune Uesugi Kenshin da Takeda Shingen.<ref>Turnbull, Stephen and Hook, Richard (2005). Samurai Commanders. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 53–54</ref>Alama ɗaya mai ɗorewa ta wannan zamanin ita ce  ninja, ƙwararrun ƴan leƙen asiri da masu kisan gilla da daimyos ya ɗauka. An san wasu tabbatattun bayanai na tarihi game da salon sirri na ninja, wanda ya zama batun tatsuniyoyi da yawa<ref>Hane, Mikiso and Perez, Louis G. (2015). Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey (2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 161-162. ISBN 9780813349657</ref>Baya ga daimyōs, ƙauye masu tawaye da “mayaƙan sufaye” waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haikalin Buddha suma sun ɗaga nasu sojojin.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 39, 41</ref> ==Kasuwancin Nanban== A cikin wannan rikici da ke ci gaba da faruwa, wani jirgin ruwa ya tashi daga kan hanya kuma ya sauka a cikin 1543 a tsibirin Tanegashima na Japan, kusa da Kyushu. 'Yan kasuwa uku na Portuguese da ke cikin jirgin su ne Turawa na farko da suka taka kafa a Japan.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 45.</ref>Nan ba da dadewa ba 'yan kasuwa na Turai za su gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga Japan, mafi mahimmanci musket.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 46–47</ref>A shekara ta 1556, daimōs suna amfani da musket kusan 300,000 a cikin sojojinsu.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 166</ref>Har ila yau, Turawa sun kawo kiristanci, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya sami mabiya a Japan wanda ya kai masu bi 350,000. A cikin 1549 ɗan mishan na Jesuit Francis Xavier  ya sauka a Kyushu. Japan (Iapam) da Koriya, a cikin taswirar Portuguese na 1568 na mai zane-zane João Vaz Dourado Ƙaddamar da musayar ciniki da al'adu kai tsaye tsakanin Japan da Yamma, taswirar farko da aka yi da Japan a yamma an wakilta shi a cikin 1568 ta wurin mai daukar hoto na Portugal Fernão Vaz Dourado.<ref>Dourado, Fernão. "Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado". Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo</ref>An ƙyale Portuguese ɗin su yi kasuwanci da ƙirƙirar yankuna inda za su iya canza sababbin masu bi zuwa addinin Kirista. Matsayin yakin basasa a Japan ya amfana sosai da Portuguese, da kuma wasu maza masu fafatawa waɗanda suka nemi jawo hankalin baƙar fata na Portugal da kasuwancinsu zuwa yankunansu. Da farko, Fotigal sun zauna a ƙasar Matsura Takanobu, Firando (Hirado),<ref>Costa, João (1993). Portugal and the Japan: The Namban Century. Portuguese State Mint. ISBN 9789722705677.</ref>da kuma a lardin Bungo, ƙasar Ōtomo Sōrin, amma a cikin 1562 sun ƙaura zuwa Yokoseura lokacin da Daimyô a can, Omura Sumitada, ya miƙa wa zama ubangiji na farko da ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci, yana ɗaukar sunan Dom Bartolomeu. A shekara ta 1564, ya fuskanci tawaye da limaman addinin Buddah suka tayar kuma aka hallaka Yokoseura. A cikin 1561 dakaru karkashin Ōtomo Sōrin suka kai hari a gidan kaso a Moji tare da ƙawance tare da Portuguese, waɗanda suka ba da jiragen ruwa guda uku, tare da ma'aikatan kusan mutane 900 da maharba sama da 50. Ana tsammanin wannan shi ne harin bam na farko da jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje suka yi a Japan.<ref>Turnbull, Stephen (2006). Samurai: The World of the Warrior. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. ISBN 1841769517</ref>Yaƙin ruwa na farko da aka yi rikodin tsakanin Turawa da Jafanawa ya faru ne a cikin 1565. A cikin Yaƙin Fukuda Bay, daimyō Matsura Takanobu sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa biyu na Portuguese a tashar Hirado <ref>Hesselink, Reinier (7 December 2015). The Dream of Christian Nagasaki. McFarland. ISBN 9780786499618</ref>Haɗin kai ya sa ƴan kasuwan Portugal ɗin nemo madaidaicin tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ya kai su Nagasaki. Yan kasuwan Black Ship na Portugal waɗanda suka fito daga Goa da Macau sau ɗaya a shekara A cikin 1571, Dom Bartolomeu, wanda kuma aka sani da Ōmura Sumitada, ya ba da tabbacin ƙasa kaɗan a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi na "Nagasáqui" ga Jesuits, waɗanda suka raba shi zuwa yankuna shida. Za su iya yin amfani da ƙasar su karɓi Kiristocin da aka kai bauta daga wasu yankuna, da kuma ’yan kasuwan Portugal. Yesuits sun gina ɗakin sujada da makaranta a ƙarƙashin sunan [[São Paulo]], kamar waɗanda ke Goa da Malacca. A shekara ta 1579, Nagasáqui yana da gidaje ɗari huɗu, kuma wasu Portuguese sun yi aure. Saboda tsoron cewa Nagasaki na iya fadawa hannun abokin hamayyarsa Takanobu, Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu) ya yanke shawarar ba da garantin birnin kai tsaye ga mabiya Jesuit a 1580.<ref>Silva, Samuel. "História Portugal-Japão (o comércio entre Macau e o Japão)".</ref> Bayan ’yan shekaru, masu Jesuit sun fahimci cewa idan sun fahimci yaren za su sami ƙarin tuba zuwa addinin Katolika. Jesuits irin su João Rodrigues sun rubuta ƙamus na Japan. Don haka Portuguese ta zama harshen yamma na farko da ya sami irin wannan ƙamus lokacin da akaHesselink, Reinier. <ref>"João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth Century Japan. The Hakluyt Society, 3rd series, vol. 7".</ref> buga shi a Nagasaki a cikin 1603. ===Al'adar Muromachi=== Duk da yakin, wadatar tattalin arzikin Japan na dangi, wanda ya fara a zamanin Kamakura, ya ci gaba sosai har zuwa lokacin Muromachi. A shekara ta 1450 yawan mutanen Japan ya kai miliyan goma, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan shida a karshen karni na sha uku.<ref>Farris 2009, pp. 141–142, 149</ref>Kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, gami da ciniki mai yawa da Sin da Koriya.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 152</ref>Saboda daimyos  da sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin Japan suna keɓance nasu tsabar kudi, Japan ta fara rikiɗa daga tushen ciniki zuwa tattalin arzikin tushen kuɗi.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 40.</ref>A lokacin, wasu fitattun nau'ikan zane-zane na Japan sun haɓaka, gami da zanen wankin tawada, shirin furen kebana, bikin shayi, aikin lambu na Japan, bonsai, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Noh.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 43–45</ref>Ko da yake Ashikaga shogun na takwas, Yoshimasa, shugaba ne na siyasa da soja mara inganci, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka waɗannan ci gaban al'adu<ref>Bolitho, Harold (2007). "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan. By Keene Donald. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. x, 208 pp. $29.95 (cloth)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 63 (3): 799–800. doi:10.1017/S0021911804001950</ref>Ya sa aka gina sanannen Kinkaku-ji ko "Haikali na Gidan Zinare" a Kyoto a cikin 1397.<ref> Holcombe 2017, p. 162</ref> ===Zamanin Azuchi–Momoyama (1568-1600)=== A cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 16, a hankali Japan ta sake haɗewa ƙarƙashin manyan haƙƙin yaƙi guda biyu: Oda Nobunaga da Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Wannan lokacin yana ɗaukar sunansa daga hedkwatar Nobunaga, Azuchi Castle, da hedkwatar Hideyoshi, Momoyama Castle.<ref>Perkins, Dorothy (1991). Encyclopedia of Japan : Japanese history and culture, from abacus to zori pp. 19, 20</ref> a 1582, yana nuna yankin da Oda Nobunaga da Toyotomi Hideyoshi suka mamaye cikin launin toka. Nobunaga shine daimyo na ƙaramin lardin Owari. Ya fashe a wurin ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 1560, lokacin da, a lokacin Yaƙin Okehazama, sojojinsa sun yi galaba a kan wata runduna da yawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 46</ref>Nobunaga ya shahara saboda dabarun jagoranci da rashin tausayinsa. Ya ƙarfafa Kiristanci ya jawo ƙiyayya ga abokan gabansa na Buddha kuma ya ƙulla dangantaka mai ƙarfi da masu cinikin makamai na Turai. Ya sanya wa sojojinsa kayan kawanya, ya horar da su da sabbin dabaru<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 48–49</ref>Ya inganta mazaje masu hazaka ba tare da la’akari da matsayinsu na zamantakewa ba, ciki har da bawansa Toyotomi Hideyoshi, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshinsa<ref>Weston 2002, pp. 141–143.</ref> Zaman Azuchi–Momoyama ya fara ne a shekara ta 1568, lokacin da Nobunaga ya kwace Kyoto kuma ta haka ya kawo karshen shogunate na Ashikaga.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 46</ref>Yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ga burinsa na sake haduwa da dukkan Japan, a cikin 1582, daya daga cikin jami'ansa, Akechi Mitsuhide, ya kashe shi a wani hari da aka kai masa ba zato ba tsammani. Hideyoshi ya rama Nobunaga ta hanyar murkushe tawayen Akechi kuma ya zama magajin Nobunaga.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 47–48</ref>Hideyoshi ya kammala haɗewar Japan ta hanyar cinye Shikoku, Kyushu, da ƙasashen dangin Hōjō a gabashin Japan.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 192</ref>Ya ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye ga al'ummar Jafanawa, gami da kwace takuba daga makiyaya, sabbin hani kan daimyōs, tsananta wa Kiristoci, cikakken binciken ƙasa, da sabuwar doka da ta hana ƙauye da samurai yadda ya kamata su canza salon zamantakewa<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 51–52</ref>Binciken ƙasa na Hideyoshi ya ayyana duk waɗanda ke noman ƙasar a matsayin "masu haɗa kai", wani aiki da ya ba da 'yanci ga yawancin bayin Japan yadda ya kamata.<ref>Farris 2009, p. 193</ref>Yayin da ikon Hideyoshi ya fadada, ya yi mafarkin cin kasar Sin kuma ya kaddamar da hare-hare guda biyu na Koriya tun daga shekara ta 1592. Hideyoshi ya kasa cin nasara kan sojojin China da [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a yankin Koriya kuma yakin ya kare bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1598.<ref>Walker 2015, pp. 116–117</ref>A cikin begen kafa sabuwar daular, Hideyoshi ya nemi amintattun mukarrabansa da su yi alƙawarin yin biyayya ga jariri ɗansa Toyotomi Hideyori. Duk da haka, kusan nan da nan bayan mutuwar Hideyoshi, yaƙi ya ɓarke ​​tsakanin abokan Hideyori da waɗanda ke biyayya ga Tokugawa Ieyasu, daimyo  kuma tsohon abokin Hideyoshi.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 50</ref>Tokugawa Ieyasu ya sami gagarumar nasara a Yaƙin Sekigahara a cikin 1600, wanda ya haifar da mulkin shekaru 268 na ƙabilar Tokugawa ba tare da katsewa ba<ref>Hane 1991, p. 133</ref> ==Farkon Lokacjn Zamani a jafan== ===Zamanin Edo (1600–1868)=== Zaman Edo ya kasance da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali<ref>Perez 1998, p. 72</ref> ƙarƙaƙaƙaƙƙashin ikon Tokugawa Shogunate, wanda ke mulki daga gabashin Edo (Tokyo na zamani) A cikin 1603, Emperor Go-Yōzei ya ayyana Tokugawa Ieyasu shōgun, kuma Ieyasu ya yi murabus bayan shekaru biyu don ango ɗansa a matsayin shōgun na biyu na abin da ya zama dogon daular.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 54–55</ref>Duk da haka, ya ɗauki lokaci don Tokugawas su ƙarfafa mulkinsu. A cikin 1609, shōgun  ya ba da daimyō na Satsuma Domain izni don mamaye Masarautar Ryukyu saboda zagin da ake yi wa ‘yan harbi; Nasarar Satsuma ta fara ne shekaru 266 na biyayyar Ryukyu ga Satsuma da China.<ref>Turnbull, Stephen (2006). Samurai: The World of the Warrior. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. ISBN 1841769517.</ref><ref>Kerr 1958, pp. 162–167</ref>Ieyasu ya jagoranci Siege na Osaka wanda ya ƙare tare da lalata dangin Toyotami a 1615.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 220.</ref>Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shogunate ɗin ya ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gidajen Soja, waɗanda suka sanya tsauraran matakai akan daimyos,<ref>McClain 2002, pp. 26–27.</ref>da madaidaicin tsarin halarta, wanda ke buƙatar kowane daimō  ya ciyar kowace shekara a Edo.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 57–58</ref>Duk da haka, daimyos  sun ci gaba da riƙe babban matakin yancin kai a yankunansu<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 62–63.</ref>Gwamnatin tsakiya ta shogunate a Edo, wacce da sauri ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a duniya,<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 53–54.</ref>ta ɗauki shawara daga ƙungiyar manyan mashawarta da aka fi sani da rōjū  kuma ta ɗauki samurai a matsayin ƴan ofishi.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 229</ref>Gwamnati ce ta ba Sarkin Kyoto kuɗi da yawa amma ba a ba shi ikon siyasa ba<ref>Perez 1998, p. 60.</ref>Tokugawa Shogunate ya yi tsayin daka don murkushe tarzomar zamantakewa. Hukunce-hukunce masu tsauri, gami da gicciye, fille kai, da kisa ta tafasa, an zartar da su har ma da ƙananan laifuffuka, kodayake galibi ana ba masu laifin manyan jama'a zaɓi na seppuku ("ciwon kai"), tsohon nau'in kashe kansa wanda ya zama al'ada<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 57–58.</ref>Addinin Kiristanci, wanda ake ganin zai iya zama barazana, a hankali an murƙushe shi har zuwa ƙarshe, bayan Tawayen Shimabara karkashin jagorancin Kirista na 1638, an haramta addinin gaba ɗaya.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 60</ref>Don hana ƙarin ra'ayoyin ƙasashen waje [[shuka]] rashin amincewa, Tokugawa shogun na uku, Iemitsu, ya aiwatar da sakoku ("ƙasa mai rufaffiyar") ta ware sakoku ("ƙasa mai rufewa") wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ba a ba wa Jafan damar yin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje, dawowa daga ketare, ko gina jiragen ruwa masu tafiya teku ba.<ref>Chaiklin, Martha (2013). "Sakoku (1633–1854)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 356–357. ISBN 9781598847413</ref>Turawa kaɗai da aka yarda a ƙasar Japan su ne Dutch, waɗanda aka ba su wurin ciniki guda ɗaya a tsibirin Dejima a Nagasaki  daga 1634 zuwa 1854.<ref>Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide". www.japanvisitor.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018</ref>Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide" China da Koriya su ne kawai wasu ƙasashe Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide". www.japanvisitor.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018da aka ba da izinin ciniki, kuma an hana yawancin littattafan ƙasashen waje shigo da su. A ƙarni na farko na mulkin Tokugawa, yawan jama'ar Japan ya ninka zuwa miliyan talatin, galibi saboda haɓakar noma; yawan jama'a ya tsaya tsayin daka har tsawon lokacin<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 61.</ref>Gina tituna da shogunate ɗin, da kawar da kuɗin tituna da gada, da daidaita kuɗin tsabar kudi ya inganta haɓaka kasuwanci wanda har ila yau ya amfanar da 'yan kasuwa da masu sana'a na biranen<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 238–240.</ref>Yawan jama'ar gari ya karu<ref>Jansen 2000, pp. 116–117</ref>amma kusan kashi casa'in na al'ummar kasar sun ci gaba da zama a yankunan karkara.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 67.</ref>Duk mazaunan birane da na karkara za su amfana daga ɗaya daga cikin fitattun sauye-sauyen zamantakewa na zamanin Edo: haɓaka karatu da ƙididdiga. Adadin makarantu masu zaman kansu ya faɗaɗa sosai, musamman waɗanda ke da alaƙa da temples da wuraren ibada, kuma sun haɓaka ilimin karatu zuwa kashi talatin. Wannan yana iya kasancewa mafi girma a duniya a lokacin<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 64.</ref> kuma ya kori masana'antar wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci mai bunƙasa, wadda ta ƙaru don samar da ɗaruruwan lakabi a kowace shekara.<ref>Jansen 2000, pp. 163–164.</ref>A fannin ƙididdigewa - wanda aka ƙididdige ta hanyar ƙididdigewa da auna ikon mutane na ba da rahoton daidai gwargwado maimakon cikar shekaru (hanyar tara shekaru), kuma wacce matakin ke nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa daga baya - Matsayin Japan ya yi daidai da wancan. na kasashen arewa-maso-yammacin Turai, haka kuma, ma'aunin Japan ya kusan kusan kashi 100 cikin dari a cikin karni na sha tara. Waɗannan manyan matakan karatun karatu da ƙididdigewa sun kasance wani ɓangare na tushen zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin don haɓakar haɓakar Japan mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙarni na gaba.<ref>Baten, Jörg; International Economic History Association (2016). A history of the global economy : from 1500 to the present. Cambridge. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-107-10470-9. OCLC 914156941</ref> ===Al'adu da falsafa=== Zaman Edo lokaci ne na bunƙasa al'adu, yayin da 'yan kasuwa ke girma cikin wadata kuma suka fara kashe kuɗin da suke samu a kan al'adu da zamantakewa.<ref>Pradyumna, Karan (2010). Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 60. ISBN 9780813127637</ref><ref>Hirschmeier, Johannes and Yui, Tsunehiko (1975). The Development of Japanese Business, 1600-1973. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 32</ref>Membobin ajin 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke kula da al'adu da nishaɗi an ce suna rayuwa ne na son zuciya, wanda ya zo ana kiransa ukiyo ("duniya mai iyo").<ref>Hane 1991, p. 200</ref>Wannan salon rayuwa ta zaburar da shahararrun litattafai da fasaha na ukiyo-e, waɗanda na ƙarshensu galibi bugu ne na katako<ref>Hane 1991, pp. 201–202</ref>waɗanda suka ci gaba zuwa ƙwarewa da amfani da launuka masu yawa.<ref>Deal, William E (2006). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. New York: Facts on File. p. 296. ISBN 9780195331264</ref> Siffofin wasan kwaikwayo kamar kabuki da bunraku wasan wasan kwaikwayo sun shahara sosai.<ref>Hane 1991, pp. 171–172</ref>Waɗannan sabbin nau'ikan nishaɗin sun kasance (a lokacin) tare da gajerun waƙoƙi (kouta) da kiɗan da aka kunna akan shamisen, sabon shigo da Japan a cikin 1600.<ref>Dalby, Liza (2010). Little Songs of the Geisha. New York: Tuttle. pp. 14–15</ref>Haiku, wanda gabaɗaya aka yarda da babban ubangidansa shine Matsuo Basho (1644–1694), shi ma ya tashi a matsayin babban nau'in waƙa.<ref>Hane 1991, pp. 213–214</ref>Geisha, sabuwar sana'a ta masu nishadantarwa, ita ma ta zama sananne. Suna ba da tattaunawa, rera waƙa, da rawa ga abokan ciniki, ko da yake ba za su kwana da su ba.</ref>Tokugawas ya ɗauki nauyin ɗaukar nauyin Neo-Confucianism, wanda ya sa gwamnati ta raba al'umma zuwa aji huɗu dangane da sana'o'i huɗu.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 57–59</ref>Ajin samurai sun yi iƙirarin bin akidar bushido, a zahiri "hanyar jarumi".<ref>Collcutt, Martin C. (1983). "Bushidō". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.). Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 222. ISBN 9780870116216</ref> ===Ragewa da faɗuwar shogunate=== A ƙarshen karni na sha takwas zuwa farkon ƙarni na sha tara, shogunate ya nuna alamun rauni<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 68–69</ref>Babban ci gaban noma wanda ya nuna farkon lokacin Edo ya ƙare,<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 237, 252–253.</ref> kuma gwamnati ta shawo kan bala'in yunwar Tenpo.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 68–69</ref>Rikicin manoma ya karu kuma kudaden shiga na gwamnati ya ragu<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 280–281</ref>Shogunate ya yanke albashin samurai da ke fama da matsalar kuɗi, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aikin gefe don yin rayuwa.<ref>McClain 2002, pp. 123–124, 128</ref>samurai da ba su ji daɗi ba nan da nan za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin injiniya faɗuwar Tokugawa Shogunate<ref>Sims 2001, pp. 8–9</ref> A lokaci guda, mutane sun zana wahayi daga sabbin tunani da fagagen nazari. Littattafan Dutch da aka shigo da su cikin Japan sun tada sha'awar koyon Yamma, wanda ake kira rangaku ko "Learning Dutch"<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 79–80</ref>Likitan Sugita Genpaku, alal misali, ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga magungunan Yammacin Turai don taimakawa juyin juya hali a cikin ra'ayoyin Jafananci na jikin ɗan adam.<ref>Walker 2015, pp. 149–151.</ref>Fannin ilimi na kokugaku ko ''ilimin ƙasa''', wanda masana kamar Motoori Norinaga da Hirata Atsutane suka haɓaka, sun haɓaka abin da ya riya cewa dabi'un Jafananci ne. Misali, ta soki tsarin Neo-Confucianism irin na kasar Sin wanda masu harbin suka yi kira da kuma jaddada ikon Ubangiji na sarki, wanda addinin Shinto ya koyar ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Japan da ta gabata, wadda ake kira "zamanin alloli".<ref>Hane 1991, pp. 168–169</ref>Zuwan cikin 1853 na rundunar jiragen ruwa na Amurka wanda Commodore Matiyu C. Perry  ya ba da umarni ya jefa Japan cikin tashin hankali. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi niyyar kawo ƙarshen manufofin keɓancewa na Japan. Shogunate ba shi da wani kariya daga jiragen ruwan Perry kuma dole ne ya amince da buƙatunsa na a ba da izinin jiragen ruwa na Amurka su mallaki kayayyaki da kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa na Japan<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 68–69.</ref>Mahukuntan yammacin sun sanya abin da aka fi sani da "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su dace ba" a kan Japan wanda ya tanadi cewa dole ne Japan ta ƙyale 'yan ƙasar waɗannan ƙasashe su ziyarci ko zama a cikin ƙasar Japan kuma kada ta sanya haraji kan shigo da su ko kuma a gwada su a kotunan Japan<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 84–85.</ref> Gazawar Shogunate na adawa da ikon yammacin Turai ya fusata da yawa Jafananci, musamman na yankin kudancin Choshū da Satsuma<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 70</ref>Yawancin samurai da yawa a wurin, wahayi daga koyarwar kishin ƙasa na makarantar kokugaku, sun ɗauki taken sonnō jōi ("girmama sarki, kori ƴan barbariyya")<ref>Hane 1991, pp. 214–215</ref>Yankunan biyu sun ci gaba da kulla kawance. A watan Agustan 1866, jim kadan bayan zama shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da mulki yayin da tashe tashen hankula ke ci gaba da faruwa.<ref>Gordon, Andrew (2009). A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9780195339222.</ref>Yankunan Choshū da Satsuma a cikin 1868 sun shawo kan matashin Emperor Meiji da masu ba shi shawara su ba da kira ta sake rubutawa don kawo ƙarshen harbin Tokugawa. Dakarun Choshū da Satsuma sun yi tattaki zuwa Edo ba da jimawa ba kuma yakin Boshin da ya biyo baya ya kai ga fadowar ‘yan ta’adda.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 71, 236</ref> ==Jafan ta Zanani== ===Zamanin Meiji (1868–1912)=== An maido da sarki zuwa mafi girman iko, <ref>Henshall 2012, p. 75</ref> kuma a cikin 1869, dangin sarki sun ƙaura zuwa Edo, wanda aka sake masa suna Tokyo ("babban birnin gabas").<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 78</ref>Duk da haka, mafiya karfi a cikin gwamnati su ne tsohon samurai daga Choshū da Satsuma maimakon sarki, wanda ya kasance goma sha biyar a 1868.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 78.</ref>Waɗannan mutanen, waɗanda aka fi sani da Meiji oligarchs, sun lura da canje-canjen da Japan za ta fuskanta a wannan lokacin.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 75</ref>Shugabannin gwamnatin Meiji  sun bukaci Japan ta zama kasa-kasa ta zamani wacce za ta iya tsayawa daidai da ikon mulkin mallaka na Yamma<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 75–76, 217</ref>Daga cikin su akwai Okubo Toshimichi da Saigō Takamori daga Satsuma, da Kido Takayoshi, Ito Hirobumi, da Yamagata Aritomo daga Chōshū.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 75</ref> ===Canje-canjen siyasa da zamantakewa=== Gwamnatin Meiji ta soke tsarin ajin Edo[<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 79, 89</ref>ta kuma maye gurbin yankunan feudal na daimyos da  larduna<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 78</ref>Ya kafa cikakken tsarin haraji kuma ya ɗage haramcin Kiristanci.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 79, 89.</ref>Manyan abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa a gaba sun hada da bullo da hanyoyin jiragen kasa, layin telegraph, da tsarin ilimi na duniya.<ref>Beasley, WG (1962). "Japan". In Hinsley, FH (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 472</ref>Gwamnatin Meiji ta haɓaka yaɗuwar Westernization<ref>Totman 2005, p.</ref> 310 kuma ta ɗauki ɗaruruwan  masu ba da shawara daga ƙasashen Yamma  masu ƙwarewa a fannonin ilimi, [[hakar ma'adinai]], banki, doka, harkokin soji, da sufuri don sake fasalin cibiyoyin Japan.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 84–85</ref>Jafananci sun ɗauki kalandar Gregorian, tufafin yamma, da salon gyara gashi na yamma<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 81</ref>Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara na Yamma shine mashahurin marubuci Fukuzawa Yukichi.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 83</ref>A matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurinta na Yammaci, gwamnatin Meiji da himma ta ɗauki nauyin shigo da kimiyyar Yamma, sama da duk kimiyyar likitanci. A cikin 1893, Kitasato Shibasaburō ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka, wanda nan ba da jimawa ba za ta zama sananne a duniya,<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 359–360</ref>kuma a cikin 1913, Hideyo Noguchi ya tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin syphilis da paresis.<ref>Lauerman, Lynn (2002). Science & Technology Almanac. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 421.</ref>Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da salon adabin Yammacin Turai zuwa Japan ya haifar da bunƙasa a cikin sabbin ayyukan almara. Marubutan halayen wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Futabatei Shimei da Mori Ōgai,<ref>Totman 2005, p. 363</ref>koda yake mafi shaharar marubutan zamanin Meiji shine Natsume Sōseki,<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 103</ref>wanda ya rubuta litattafai na satirical, tarihin rayuwa, da kuma na hankali<ref>Weston 2002, pp. 254–255</ref>haɗe da sababbin salo da na zamani.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 365</ref>Ichiyō Higuchi, babbar marubuciya mace, ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga tsarin adabin farko na zamanin Edo.<ref>Mason, RHP and Caiger, JG (1997). A History of Japan. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle. p. 315. ISBN 9780804820974</ref> Cibiyoyin gwamnati sun ci gaba cikin sauri don mayar da martani ga  Yanci da 'Yancin Jama'a, yaƙin neman zaɓe na jama'a a siyasa. Jagororin wannan yunkuri sun hada da Itagaki Taisuke da Ōkuma Shigenobu.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 89.</ref>Itō Hirobumi, Firayim Minista na farko na Japan, ya mayar da martani ta hanyar rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Meiji, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1889. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya kafa zaɓaɓɓen majalisa, Majalisar Wakilai, amma an taƙaita ikonsa. Kashi biyu ne kawai na al'ummar kasar suka cancanci kada kuri'a, kuma dokar da aka gabatar a majalisar na bukatar goyon bayan majalisar dattawa da ba ta zaba ba, 'House of Peers'. Dukan majalisar ministocin Japan da sojojin Japan suna da alhakin kai tsaye ba ga zaɓaɓɓen majalisa ba amma ga sarki <ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 91, 92</ref>A halin yanzu, gwamnatin Japan kuma ta haɓaka wani nau'i na kishin ƙasa na Japan wanda a ƙarƙashinsa Shinto ya zama addinin gwamnati kuma aka ayyana sarki a matsayin allah mai rai.<ref>Bix, Hebert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 27, 30. ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8.</ref>Makarantu a duk fadin kasar sun kafa kishin kasa da biyayya ga sarki<ref>Beasley, WG (1962). "Japan". In Hinsley, FH (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 472</ref> ===Zamanin Showa (1926-1989)=== ===Tashin mulkin mallaka na sojoji=== A cikin Disamba 1871, wani jirgin ruwa na Ryukyuan ya nutse a Taiwan kuma an kashe ma'aikatan jirgin. A cikin 1874, ta yin amfani da abin da ya faru a matsayin hujja, Japan ta ƙaddamar da balaguron soji zuwa Taiwan don tabbatar da iƙirarinsu ga tsibiran Ryukyu. Wannan balaguron ya nuna matakin farko na sojojin Japan na yin watsi da umarnin gwamnatin farar hula, yayin da balaguron ya tashi bayan an umarce shi da a dage shi.<ref>Kerr 1958, pp. 356–360</ref>Yamagata Aritomo, wanda aka haife shi a samurai a cikin yankin Choshū, ya kasance mabuɗin ƙarfi bayan haɓakawa da haɓaka sojojin Japan na Imperial, musamman shigar da aikin soja na ƙasa,ref>Perez 1998, p. 98</ref>An yi amfani da sabuwar rundunar a cikin 1877 don murkushe Tawayen Satsuma na samurai marasa gamsuwa a kudancin Japan karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Meiji Saigo Takamori.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 80.</ref> Sojojin Japan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada Japan a kasashen waje. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa dole ne Japan ta mallaki nata yankunan don yin gogayya da turawan yammacin turai. Bayan ƙarfafa ikonta a kan Hokkaido (ta hanyar Hukumar Raya Hokkaidō) da kuma mamaye Masarautar Ryukyu ("Ryūkyū Halaye"), daga baya ta mai da hankalinta ga China da Koriya.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 328–331</ref>A cikin 1894, sojojin Japan da na China sun yi arangama a Koriya, inda dukkansu suka jibge don murkushe Tawayen Donghak. A lokacin yakin farko na Sino-Japan, sojojin Japan masu kwazo da jagoranci sun yi galaba a kan sojojin Qing China masu yawa da ingantattun kayan aiki.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 118–119</ref>Ta haka aka mika tsibirin Taiwan ga Japan a cikin 1895,<ref>Perez 1998, p. 120.</ref>kuma gwamnatin Japan ta sami isasshiyar kimar duniya don ba wa Ministan Harkokin Wajen Mutsu Munemitsu damar sake tattaunawa kan "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba".<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 115, 121</ref>A cikin 1902 Japan ta rattaba hannu kan muhimmiyar ƙawancen soja tare da Burtaniya.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 122</ref>Japan ta yi karo da Rasha, wacce ke fadada karfinta a Asiya. Yaƙin Kogin Yalu shi ne karo na farko cikin shekaru da yawa da wani ikon Asiya ya kayar da ikon yammacin duniya.<ref>Connaughton 1988, p. 86</ref>Yaƙin Russo-Japan na 1904–05 ya ƙare da ban mamaki Yaƙin Tsushima, wanda wata nasara ce ga sabon sojojin ruwan Japan. Don haka Japan ta yi iƙirarin wa Koriya a matsayin kariyar a cikin 1905, sannan cikakkiyar shigar a cikin 1910.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 96–97</ref>Kashin da Rasha ta yi a yakin ya haifar da sauyi a tsarin duniya tare da bullowar kasar Japan a matsayin mai karfin yanki kawai, a maimakon haka, ita ce babbar kasar Asiya.<ref>Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2005, p. 83</ref> ===Zamantakewar tattalin arziki da tashe tashen hankula=== A lokacin Meiji, Japan ta sami saurin canji zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 101–102</ref>Gwamnatin Japan da ’yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da fasaha da ilimin Yammacin Turai don ƙirƙirar masana'antu masu iya samar da kayayyaki iri-iri.[195] A ƙarshen lokacin, yawancin kayayyakin da Japan ke fitarwa ana kera su ne.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 101–102</ref>Wasu sabbin kasuwancin da masana'antu da suka fi samun nasara a Japan sun ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar mallakar dangi da ake kira zaibatsu, kamar Mitsubishi da Sumitomo<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 102–103</ref>Babban ci gaban masana'antu ya haifar da haɓakar birane cikin sauri. Yawan mutanen da ke aikin noma ya ragu daga kashi 75 cikin 1872 zuwa kashi 50 a shekarar 1920.<ref>Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780520045576</ref>A cikin 1927 layin Tokyo Metro Ginza  ya buɗe kuma shine layin dogo mafi tsufa a Asiya.Japan ta ji daɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi a wannan lokacin kuma yawancin mutane sun rayu tsawon rai da lafiya. Yawan jama'a ya tashi daga miliyan 34 a 1872 zuwa miliyan 52 a 1915.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 312, 335</ref>Rashin kyawun yanayin aiki a masana'antu ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankalin ma'aikata,<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 342–344.</ref>da yawa ma'aikata da haziƙai sun zo sun rungumi ra'ayin gurguzu<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 353–354</ref>Gwamnatin Meiji ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya na murkushe 'yan adawa. Masu ra'ayin gurguzu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi yunkurin kashe sarki a cikin Babban Ha'inci na 1910, bayan haka an kafa rundunar 'yan sandan sirri ta Tokkō don kawar da masu tayar da hankali na hagu.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 134.</ref>Gwamnati kuma ta gabatar da dokokin zamantakewa a cikin 1911 ta kafa mafi girman lokutan aiki da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 345</ref> ===Zaman Taisho (1912-1926)=== A cikin ɗan gajeren mulkin Emperor Taishō, Japan ta haɓaka cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi na dimokiradiyya kuma sun girma cikin ikon duniya. Rikicin siyasar Taishō ya buɗe wannan lokacin tare da zanga-zanga da tarzoma da jam'iyyun siyasar Japan suka shirya, waɗanda suka yi nasarar tilasta Katsura Tarō ya yi murabus a matsayin firayim minista.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 108–109</ref>Wannan da tarzomar shinkafa ta 1918  sun ƙara ƙarfin jam'iyyun siyasar Japan akan mulkin oligarchy.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 135–136.</ref>Jam'iyyun Seiyūkai da Minseitō  sun zo sun mamaye siyasa a ƙarshen zamanin da ake kira "Demokraɗiyya Taishō".<ref>Meyer 2009, pp. 179, 193.</ref>An faɗaɗa ikon mallakar ikon mallakar majalisar wakilai a hankali tun daga 1890, <ref>Large 2007, p. 160</ref>kuma a cikin 1925 an ƙaddamar da zaɓen maza na duniya lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Suffrage ta Duniya. Koyaya, a cikin wannan shekarar ita ma ta zartar da dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai nisa, tana ba da hukunci mai tsauri ga masu adawa da siyasa.<ref>Perez 1998, p. 138.</ref> Shigar da Japan ta yi a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a gefen Ƙawancen ya haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba kuma ya sami sabbin mamaya na Japan a Kudancin Pacific da aka kwace daga Jamus<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 384, 428</ref>Bayan yakin, Japan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Versailles kuma ta more kyakkyawar dangantakar kasa da kasa ta hanyar kasancewa memba a cikin League of Nations da kuma shiga cikin taron kwance damara na duniya.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 111</ref>Babban girgizar kasa na Kanto a cikin Satumba 1923 ya yi sanadin mutuwar sama da 100,000, kuma tare da sakamakon gobarar ta lalata gidajen fiye da miliyan uku.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 110</ref>Bayan girgizar kasa, kisan kiyashin na Kantō ya faru, inda sojojin Japan, 'yan sanda, da gungun 'yan banga suka kashe dubunnan mutanen Koriya bayan da aka samu jita-jita cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi wa rijiyoyi guba. Daga baya aka bayyana jita-jita a matsayin karya ta wasu majiyoyin Japan da yawa.<ref> Kenji, Hasegawa (2020). "The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923". Monumenta Nipponica. 75 (1): 91–122. doi:10.1353/mni.2020.0002. ISSN 1880-1390. S2CID 241681897.</ref>Haɓakar fitattun litattafai, wanda ya fara a lokacin Meiji, ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin Taishō yayin da yawan karatu ya tashi kuma farashin littattafai ya ragu.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 411–412</ref>Fitattun mawallafin adabin zamanin sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren labari Ryūnosuke Akutagawa<ref>Totman 2005, p. 416</ref>da mawallafin marubuci Haruo Satō. Jun'ichirọ Tanizaki, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "wataƙila mawallafin adabi na zamaninsa" na ɗan tarihi Conrad Totman, ya samar da ayyuka da yawa a zamanin Taishō wanda littattafan Turai suka rinjayi, ko da yake littafinsa na 1929 Some Prefer Nettles yana nuna matuƙar godiya ga kyawawan halaye. al'adun Japanawa na gargajiya.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 413–414</ref>A ƙarshen zamanin Taishō, Tarō Hirai, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa Edogawa Ranpo, ya fara rubuta shahararrun labaran asiri da laifuka.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 416</ref> ===Zamanin Showa (1926-1989)=== Shekaru sittin da uku na Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito daga 1926 zuwa 1989 shine mafi tsawo a tarihin Jafananci.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 465.</ref>Shekaru ashirin na farko sun kasance da haɓakar matsanancin kishin ƙasa da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗa. Bayan shan kaye a yakin duniya na biyu, kasashen waje sun mamaye kasar Japan a karon farko a tarihinta, sannan kuma ta sake fitowa a matsayin babbar karfin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref>Large 2007, p. 1.</ref> ===Lamarin Manchurian da Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu=== Ƙungiyoyin hagu sun kasance suna fuskantar murkushe tashin hankali a ƙarshen zamanin Taishō,<ref>Sims 2001, p. 139</ref>da kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin dama, waɗanda suka yi wahayi daga farkisanci da kishin ƙasar Jafananci, cikin sauri sun girma cikin shahara.</ref> Matsakaicin haƙƙin ya zama mai tasiri a cikin gwamnatin Japan da al'umma, musamman a cikin rundunar Kwantung, sojojin Japan da ke zaune a China tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Manchuria ta Kudu mallakar Jafan<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 139–140</ref>A lokacin waki'ar Manchurian na 1931, jami'an soji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kai harin bam a wani karamin yanki na tashar jirgin kasa ta Manchuria ta Kudu, kuma, suna danganta harin ga Sinawa, suka mamaye Manchuria. Sojojin Kwantung sun ci Manchuria suka kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana ta Manchukuo can ba tare da izini daga gwamnatin Japan ba. Sukar da ƙasashen duniya suka yi wa Japan biyo bayan mamayar ya sa Japan ta fice daga League of Nations<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 114–115</ref> Firayim Minista Tsuyoshi Inukai na Jam'iyyar Seiyūkai ya yi ƙoƙarin hana sojojin Kwantung kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kashe shi a cikin 1932. Saboda karuwar adawa a cikin sojojin Japan da kuma matsananciyar hakki ga 'yan siyasa na jam'iyya, wadanda suke ganin a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa da son kai, Inukai shi ne dan siyasar jam'iyya na karshe da ya mulki kasar Japan a zamanin yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 114–115.</ref>A cikin Fabrairun 1936, matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Sojojin Japan na Imperial sun yi yunkurin juyin mulki. Sun kashe ‘yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra’ayi da dama kafin a murkushe juyin mulkin<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 115–116</ref>Bayan haka sojojin Japan sun ƙarfafa ikonsu akan tsarin siyasa kuma an soke yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa lokacin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Dokokin Mulki a 1940.<ref>McClain 2002, p. 454</ref>Hangen faɗaɗawar Japan ya ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa. Yawancin jiga-jigan siyasar Japan sun yi burin ganin Japan ta mallaki sabon yanki don hakar albarkatu da kuma daidaita yawan jama'a.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 119–120.</ref>Wadannan buri sun kai ga barkewar yakin Sino-Japan na biyu a shekara ta 1937. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a babban birnin kasar Sin, sojojin Japan sun yi kisan kiyashi a Nanjing. Sojojin Japan sun gaza cin galaba a kan gwamnatin China karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek kuma yakin ya fada cikin tsaka mai wuya har zuwa 1945.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 122–123</ref>Manufar yaƙin da Japan ta bayyana shi ne kafa babban yankin haɗin gwiwa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, babbar ƙungiyar ƙasashen Asiya a ƙarƙashin mamayar Jafan<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 123–124</ref>Matsayin Hirohito a cikin yake-yaken kasashen waje na Japan ya kasance batun cece-kuce, inda masana tarihi daban-daban ke bayyana shi a matsayin ko dai mutum ne mara iko ko kuma mai ba da taimako da goyon bayan yakin soja na Japan<ref>Weston 2002, pp. 201–203</ref> Amurka ta yi adawa da mamayar da Japan ta yi wa kasar Sin tare da mayar da martani da tsauraran takunkumin tattalin arziki da nufin hana kasar Japan albarkatun da za ta ci gaba da yakinta a kasar Sin.<ref>Walker 2015, p. 248</ref>Kasar Japan ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kulla kawance da Jamus da Italiya a cikin 1940, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar 'Tripartite Pact', wanda ya dagula dangantakarta da Amurka. A cikin Yuli 1941, Amurka, Ingila, da Netherlands sun daskarar da duk kadarorin Japan lokacin da Japan ta kammala mamayewa da Indochina na Faransa ta hanyar mamaye rabin kudancin ƙasar, wanda ke ƙara tashin hankali a cikin Pacific.<ref>Totman 2005, pp. 442–443</ref> ===Yakin Duniya na 2=== A ƙarshen 1941, gwamnatin Japan, karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista da Janar Hideki Tojo, sun yanke shawarar karya takunkumin da Amurka ke jagoranta ta hanyar amfani da makamai.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 124–126</ref>A ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jafananci ta kai harin ba-zata a kan jiragen ruwan Amurka a Pearl Harbor, [[Hawaii]]. Wannan ya kawo Amurka cikin yakin duniya na biyu a bangaren kawance. Daga nan sai Japan ta yi nasarar mamaye yankunan Asiya na Amurka, Ingila, da Netherlands, gami da Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, da Indies Gabas ta Holland.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 129–130</ref>A farkon yakin, Japan ta ci nasara bayan nasara. Ruwan ruwa ya fara juya wa Japan baya bayan yakin Midway a watan Yuni 1942 da kuma yakin Guadalcanal da ya biyo baya, inda sojojin kawance suka kwace tsibiran Solomon daga ikon Japan.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 132–133</ref>A wannan lokacin sojojin Japan ne ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki kamar cin zarafin fursunonin yaki, kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa fararen hula, da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba da na halitta<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 131–132, 135</ref>Sojojin Japan sun sami suna don tsattsauran ra'ayi, galibi suna amfani da tuhumar banzai  da kuma yaƙi kusan mutum na ƙarshe a kan babban kuskure.<ref>Frank, Richard (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-14-100146-3</ref> A cikin 1944 sojojin ruwan Japan na Imperial sun fara tura tawagar matukan jirgin kamikaze wadanda suka yi karo da jiragensu cikin jiragen abokan gaba.<ref>Henshall 2012, p. 134 </ref>Rayuwa a Japan ta ƙara zama mai wahala ga farar hula saboda tsauraran rabe-raben abinci, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, da kuma murkushe masu adawa.<ref>Perez 1998, pp. 147–148</ref>A cikin 1944 Sojojin Amurka sun kwace tsibirin Saipani, wanda ya baiwa Amurka damar fara kai hare-haren bama-bamai a yankin Jafan.<ref>Morton & Olenike 2004, p. 188</ref>Wadannan sun lalata fiye da rabin adadin manyan biranen Japan.<ref>Totman 2005, p. 448</ref>Yakin Okinawa, wanda aka yi tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni 1945, shi ne aikin sojan ruwa mafi girma na yakin kuma ya yi sanadin mutuwar sojoji 115,000 da fararen hula 150,000 na Okinawan, wanda ke nuni da cewa harin da aka shirya kaiwa kasar Japan zai fi jini fiye da kima.<ref>Feifer, George (1992). Tennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb. New York: Ticknor & Fields. pp. 558, 578, 597, 600. ISBN 9780395599242</ref>Babban jirgin ruwan Yamato ya nutse a kan hanyarsa don taimakawa a yakin Okinawa.<ref>Coox, Alvin (1988). "The Pacific War", in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 6 ga Agustan 1945, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin atomic a kan Hiroshima, wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 70,000. Wannan shi ne harin nukiliya na farko a tarihi. A ranar 9 ga Agusta Tarayyar Soviet ta ayyana yaki a Japan tare da mamaye Manchukuo da wasu yankuna, kuma Nagasaki ya kai hari da bam na atomic na biyu, wanda ya kashe kusan mutane 40,000.<ref>Henshall 2012, pp. 136–137</ref>A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta ne aka sanar da mika wuyan Japan ga Kawayenta kuma Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya watsa a gidan rediyon kasa washegari.<ref> Nester, William R. (1996). Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 177. ISBN 9780230378759 </ref> ===Ma'aikata na Japan=== Japan ta sami canji mai ban mamaki na siyasa da zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin ikon kawance a cikin 1945-1952. Janar Douglas MacArthur, Babban Kwamandan Allied Powers, ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran Japan kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauye, da yawa sun yi wahayi daga Sabon Yarjejeniyar na 1930s.[243] Ma'amalar ta nemi raba madafun iko a Japan ta hanyar wargaza zaibatsu, da ba da ikon mallakar filayen noma daga masu gidaje zuwa manoman haya,[244] da haɓaka haɗin kai.[245] Sauran manyan manufofin su ne kawar da mulkin soja da kuma dimokuradiyyar gwamnati da al'ummar Japan. An kwance wa sojojin Japan makamai,[246]                      an   an aka  aka sami ‘yancin kai,[247] An soke Dokar Kiyaye Zaman Lafiya da ‘Yan Sanda na Musamman ,[248] da kuma  Kotun Kolin Sojoji ta Duniya ta Gabas mai Nisa ta yi shari'ar masu aikata laifukan yaƙi.[249] Majalisar ministocin ta zama alhaki ba ga Sarkin sarakuna ba amma ga zaɓaɓɓun Abincin Ƙasa.[250] An ba da izinin Sarkin sarakuna ya ci gaba da zama a kan karagar mulki, amma an umarce shi da ya yi watsi da iƙirarinsa na allahntaka, wanda ya kasance ginshiƙi na tsarin Shinto na jihar.[251] Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Japan ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1947 kuma ya ba da tabbacin yancin jama'a, 'yancin ƙwadago, da ƴan takarar mata,[252] kuma ta hanyar sashe na 9, Japan ta yi watsi da haƙƙinta na yin yaƙi da wata ƙasa.[253] == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] a3rnq2ef7vmcgihwm03hz5yxdnhjvd4 0 41276 892108 890900 2026-08-06T12:19:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Culture Centre of the Russian Armed Forces in MSK.jpg|thumb|Makarantar sojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:NBC Protection Troops of the Russian Armed Forces in Serbia 03.jpg|thumb|sojojin Rasha]] [[Fayil:Middle emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg|thumb|Sojojin Rasha]] '''Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha''' ( {{Lang-ru|Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции}}, {{Transl|ru|Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii}} ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sojojin Rasha''', sojojin [[Rasha]] ne.<ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN daga 978 zuwa 1 zuwa 85743 zuwa 988 harzuwa 5.</ref> Dangane da ma'aikata masu aiki, su ne sojoji na biyar mafi girma a duniya, tare da akalla ma'aikata miliyan biyu. Bangaren su ya kunshi sojojin kasa da na ruwa da na sararin samaniya da kuma wasu makamai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Dakarun roka masu amfani da dabarun yaki da sojojin sama da na musamman na ayyuka. A cikin shekarar 2021, Rasha tana da kashe-kashen soja na biyar a duniya, inda ta ware kasafin kusan US$65.9 billion ga sojoji. Sojojin Rasha suna kula da mafi girman tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya, kuma sun mallaki jirgin ruwa na biyu mafi girma na makamai masu linzami na ballistic; su ma ɗaya ne daga cikin sojojin ƙasa uku kaɗai (tare da na Amurka da China ) waɗanda ke kai hare-haren bama-bamai. Tare da wasu keɓancewa, dokar Rasha ta ba da izinin aikin soja na shekara ɗaya ga duk 'yan ƙasa maza masu shekarun daga 18 harzuwa 27, kodayake ba a tura sojoji da aka yi wa aiki a wajen Rasha. <ref name="cia">Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ The World Fact Book: Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |date=Daga 2021-01-09 }}</ref> Duk da karfin da kasar Rasha ta dauka na karfin soji, kamar yadda aka rubuta a kimantawa daban-daban, an lura da kasawa a fagen fama da kasar ta fuskar dabara da ma'auni na aiki. A cewar rahotanni da yawa, cin hanci da rashawa da ya barke a cikin Rundunar Sojin Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai kan ikon Rasha na aiwatar da aiki mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata. Tsakanin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine]], gazawar kayan aiki mai tsanani sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin sojojin Rasha, yayin da sassan sabis daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙari don daidaitawa da aiki tare. Ci gaba da gazawa ne ya sa yunƙurin yaƙin Rasha ya fuskanci koma baya mai yawa tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa; Sojojin Rasha sun sami asarar ci gaba a yankunan da aka mamaye/mallake, da barna mai yawa da almubazzaranci da kayan aikinsu, da kuma yawan asarar rayuka.<ref>Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</ref> Masu bincike daga Kamfanin RAND sun lura cewa Rasha na ci gaba da kokawa da ƙwarewar soja. Jami'in Tsaro na Rasha, rundunar sojojin Rasha ta samar da wani bangare na hidimar tsaron kasar da ke karkashin tsaron gida na tarayya, kariya ta kasar nan, kariya ta kasar nan Sabis, Sabis na Leken Asiri na Waje, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa. Acikin mabiyan a kwai Soviet Armed forces. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7emps7u89rb949s5xijkd68rp90oovv 0 41456 892144 705790 2026-08-06T15:32:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An yi ''' kisan kiyashi''' a [[Konduga]], [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], [[Najeriya]] a ranar goma Sha daya 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar (2014).<ref name=T>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/konduga-attack-death-toll-rises-to-62-as-military-bombards-possible-boko-haram-hideouts/171400/|title=Konduga Attack: Death Toll Rises to 62, as Military Bombards Possible Boko Haram Hideouts, Articles - THISDAY LIVE|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303071838/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/konduga-attack-death-toll-rises-to-62-as-military-bombards-possible-boko-haram-hideouts/171400|archive-date=2014-03-03}}</ref> Kisan gillar da mayaƙan [[Boko Haram]] suka yi wa mazauna ƙauyukan Kiristoci ne.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cook|first=David|editor2-first=Michael|editor2-last=Nwankpa|editor1-first=Abdulbasit|editor1-last=Kassim|title=BBC Hausa Service Interview with Muhammad Yusuf|date=2018-07-01|work=The Boko Haram Reader|pages=71–76|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190908300.003.0010|isbn=978-0-19-090830-0}}</ref> Aƙalla mutane 62 ne suka mutu.<ref name=T/> == Kisa == Kisan kiyashin ya faru ne ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014 a Konduga, [[jihar Borno]], arewa maso gabashin kasar [[Najeriya]].<ref name="U">{{cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Statement on recent murders and abductions in Borno State, Nigeria |url=http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/pe_02142014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302120132/http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/pe_02142014.html |archive-date=March 2, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2014 |publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Nigeria}}</ref> Ƙauyen da harin ya faru yawancin mazaunan sa mabiya addinin kirista ne. Maharan da dama, kuma sanye da kayan sojoji ne, suka kai farmaki a ƙauyen. An harbe wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe; wasu kuma an tsaga makogwaronsu. Ya zuwa 15 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2014, an kashe mutane 121. Rahotanni sun ce mayakan sun yi furta kalmar ''[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]'' ne a lokacin da suke kai hari ƙauyen, wadda kuma kalma ce da mabiya addinin Islama ke amfani da ita. Daga nan ne mayaƙan suka ci gaba da lalata gidaje da wuraren kasuwanci a garin.<ref name="morningstarnews.org">{{cite web|url=http://morningstarnews.org/2014/02/boko-haram-islamists-massacre-christian-villagers-in-borno-state-nigeria/|title=Boko Haram Islamists Massacre Christian Villagers in Borno State, Nigeria}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka biyo baya == A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014, [[Boko Haram]] ta [[Hari a Izghe|kai hari]] irin wannan a [[Izghe]], Borno. Sama da mutane 121 aka kashe a harin. Dubban mutanen ƙauyen ne suka tsere daga garin zuwa [[Iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya|iyakar ƙasar da]] [[Kamaru]] domin gujewa tashin hankalin. Waɗanda suka tsira da ransu sun ce ƴan bindigar sun yi harbi kan mai uwa da wabi a kan hanyarsu, ba gaira ba dalili, tare da ƙona coci-coci, gami da wawashe kayan abinci baki ɗaya.<ref name="morningstarnews.org"/> Daga nan ne ƴan ta'adan mayakan [[Boko Haram]] suka kai farmaki kan sojojin [[Najeriya]] inda suka kashe sojoji 9 sannan suka tilastawa sojojin ja da baya daga yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Homepage|url=http://www.bbc.com/|website=www.bbc.com|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> Daga nan ne sojojin su ka yunƙuro da ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta sama da ta ƙasa kan ƴan Boko Haram, lamarin da ya tilasta wa ƴan ta'addan ɓoyewa a cikin dazuzzukan yankin. A ranar 6 ga watan Mayun, shekarar 2014, kusan mutane 200 ne suka mutu a lokacin da ƴan tada ƙaya baya sanye da kakin soji suka kai [[Kisan gilla a Gamboru Ngala, 2014|hari a Gamboru]], wani gari a jihar [[Borno]] da ke kan iyakar [[Najeriya]] da [[Kamaru]]. Maharan sun kutsa cikin garin ne a lokacin da wasu daga cikin mazauna garin ke tsaka da barci, sun ƙona gidaje tare da harbin mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga harin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Over 200 killed in Boko Haram Led Attack in Nigerian Town|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/over-200-killed-in-boko-haram-led-attack-in-nigerian-town/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526220846/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/over-200-killed-in-boko-haram-led-attack-in-nigerian-town/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Boko Haram == Ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] ƙungiya ce ta ƴan ta'adda mai jihadi a Najeriya wacce ke neman kafa tsarin [[shari'a]] a ƙasar baki ɗaya. [[Muhammad Yusuf|Mohammed Yousuf]] ne ya kafa ƙungiyar, kungiyar ta saba jefa bama-bamai a gine-ginen [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnati]] da majami'u a hare-haren ta na ƴann bindiga. Kungiyar ta fi kai hare-hare a tsohon yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|daular Bornu]], yanzu jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta kaddamar da harin ta'addanci na farko [[Tawayen Boko Haram, 2009|a shekarar 2009]], kuma tun daga nan take ta fama da rikici mai tsanani da gwamnatin Najeriya, da sojoji da kuma mazauna garin. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi kisan kiyashi a ƙauyuka kafin kisan kiyashin Konduga. Rikicin ya zama ruwan dare inda a ranar 14 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2013 [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban]] [[Goodluck Jonathan|Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan]] ya kafa dokar ta ɓaci a arewacin kasar Najeriya tare da haɗa sojoji domin fatattakar mayaƙan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/14/world/africa/nigeria-violence/|title=Nigerian president declares emergency in 3 states during 'rebellion' - CNN.com|author=Greg Botelho, CNN|date=14 May 2013|work=CNN}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Boko Haram sun haɗa da harbe-harbe a shekarar 2013, kisan kiyashi a watan Janairun shekarar 2014, fadace-fadacen shekarar 2014 da shekarar 2015, da kuma harin ƙuna baƙin wake [[Harin bam na Konduga, 2018|a shekarar 2018]] [[Harin bom a Konduga, 2019|da 2019]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Boko Haram]] neqlj3s50f1j16wpuy4hjzxsfk3n9ge 0 42280 892112 509344 2026-08-06T12:23:58Z Baffa ali 47435 892112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Club Athlétique Marocain (logo).png|thumb|tambarin kwallon Morocco]] '''Labid Khalifa''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955)<ref>Cazal, Jean-Michel (2 February 2005). "1987 matches" . Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 October 2014.</ref> [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Moroko|na ƙasar Morocco]] wanda ya buga wa Maroko wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 1986. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012542/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/mexico1986/teams/team=43872/index.html 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico]</ref> Ya kuma buga wa KAC Kenitra wasa.<ref>1986 [[FIFA]] World cup [[Mexico]] </ref><ref>Courtney, Barrie (14 July 2003). "Morocco – Details of World Cup matches" . Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 October 2014.</ref> yaren sa shine larabci. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713001020/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=52642/index.html Bayanan martaba na FIFA] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1955]] 4pu9bdjlns8voq56kfam3d1stei6ns5 0 42405 892118 450198 2026-08-06T12:34:49Z Baffa ali 47435 892118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amri''' ƙabilar Larabci ce ta [[Sudan]] . Mambobin wannan kungiya suna jin larabci na ƙasar Sudan. Adadin mutanen da ke cikin wannan rukuni ya kai akalla kusan 50,000. {{Stub}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10301&rog3=SU Amri] Joshua Project [[Category:Ƙabilun Afrika]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] szmc58nz7u1r987ply8vqfshywdfjel 0 43018 892334 791873 2026-08-06T19:36:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Al Ahly */ 892334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, 2018-19, 2019-20 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: 2018, 2021 * CAF Champions League: 2019-20, 2020-21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == 1751hrh9841yfoaerbyseecfygnozfg 892335 892334 2026-08-06T19:39:12Z Baffa ali 47435 892335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: 2018, 2021 * CAF Champions League: 2019-20, 2020-21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == 9mbl7kxg82fsf7751oiuwncaxn0h30y 892337 892335 2026-08-06T19:40:23Z Baffa ali 47435 892337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2018, zuwa 2021 * CAF Champions League: 2019-20, 2020-21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == gbtxqxylo0iekya99zf0cnfb25xlc8e 892339 892337 2026-08-06T19:41:26Z Baffa ali 47435 892339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2018, zuwa 2021 * CAF Champions League: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20, 2020-21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == 9siyc106kebxdknu8n20x6olt26r5an 892340 892339 2026-08-06T19:42:13Z Baffa ali 47435 892340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2018, zuwa 2021 * CAF Champions League: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20, shekara ta 2020 zuwa ranar 21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == 7dyq4c1wd3higle2sh7b67ekhkgfjak 892341 892340 2026-08-06T19:43:05Z Baffa ali 47435 892341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20 * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2018, zuwa 2021 * CAF Champions League: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20, shekara ta 2020 zuwa ranar 21 * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021 * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba) == Manazarta == 3d9la0lq4ef93ixz954cnadhqn8jmo7 892342 892341 2026-08-06T19:44:05Z Baffa ali 47435 892342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Ali Lotfi, playing for Al Ahly in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.jpg|thumb|Ali Lotfi]] '''Ali Lotfi Ibrahim Mostafa Swidan''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar [[Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Al Ahly a gasar firimiya ta kasar Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2018-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015335/http://www.enppiclub.org/index.php/ar/2014-10-20-20-38-50/2014-12-15-13-08-15/player/1/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce71/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ==Kofuna== ===Al Ahly=== * Gasar Premier ta Masar: shekara ta 2017 zuwa ranar 18, shekara ta 2018 ..ranar 19,a shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20. * Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20. * Gasar cin Kofin Masar: shekara ta 2018, zuwa 2021. * CAF Champions League: shekara ta 2019 zuwa ranar 20, shekara ta 2020 .zuwa ranar 21. * FIFA Club World Cup: Matsayi na Uku 2020, Matsayi na Uku 2021. * CAF Super Cup: 2021 (Mayu), 2021 (Disamba). == Manazarta == fad0ec8ok0c523zi87nke77i2vwszo1 0 43538 892435 888736 2026-08-07T01:37:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana''' {{Efn|{{IPA|es|laˈmiɲ‿ɟʝaˈmal nasˈraɣwj‿eˈβana|small=no}}; {{IPA|ca|ləˈmin jəˈmal nəzˈrawi əˈβanə|small=no}}}} (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2007) ƙwararren [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] na ƙungiyar La Liga [[FC Barcelona|ta Barcelona]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Sipaniya . Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a duniya, kuma an san shi da iya buga ƙwallo da kuma yin wasa . {{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=":42">{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Oliver|last2=James|first2=Stuart|date=2 May 2025|title=Is Lamine Yamal already the best footballer in Europe? And if not, who is?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6326382/2025/05/02/lamine-yamal-best-footballer-who-is/|access-date=17 May 2025|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529214737/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6326382/2025/05/02/lamine-yamal-best-footballer-who-is/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Palmer: Yamal is world's best, I love watching him |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/45165709/cole-palmer-lamine-yamal-world-best-love-watching-him |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715155101/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/45165709/cole-palmer-lamine-yamal-world-best-love-watching-him |archive-date=July 15, 2026 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{cite web|last=Ukpai|first=Kingsley|date=15 May 2025|title=Pedri, Raphinha and Flick crown Lamine Yamal best player in the world|url=https://tribuna.com/en/news/2025-05-15-pedri-raphinha-and-flick-crown-lamine-yamal-best-player-in-the-world/|access-date=17 May 2025|website=Tribuna|archive-date=18 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718055005/https://tribuna.com/en/news/2025-05-15-pedri-raphinha-and-flick-crown-lamine-yamal-best-player-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{cite web|last=Flynn|first=Henry|title=Lamine Yamal Might Be The World's Best—Good Job He's Not Too Fussed|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/henryflynn/2025/05/16/lamine-yamal-might-be-the-worlds-best-good-job-hes-not-too-bothered/|date=16 May 2025|access-date=18 May 2025|website=Forbes|archive-date=17 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517102538/https://www.forbes.com/sites/henryflynn/2025/05/16/lamine-yamal-might-be-the-worlds-best-good-job-hes-not-too-bothered/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Yamal {{Efn|Publications such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', and ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' refer to him simply as "Yamal". Kyle Bonn of ''[[The Sporting News]]'' has written that it is improper to call him "Yamal", as it is not his surname.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pathak |first=Manasi |title=Beauty and grace: Spain prodigy Lamine Yamal’s game lives up to his name |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/7/15/lamine-yamal-name-history-barcelona-spain-fifa-world-cup-final-2026-what-to-know |date=15 July 2026 |access-date=17 July 2026 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=17 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717041744/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/7/15/lamine-yamal-name-history-barcelona-spain-fifa-world-cup-final-2026-what-to-know |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=2026-07-18 |title=Lionel Messi once held baby Lamine Yamal in his arms. Now they will battle for the World Cup title. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2026/07/18/world-cup-lionel-messi-lamine-yamal/ |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720024731/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2026/07/18/world-cup-lionel-messi-lamine-yamal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Corrigan |first=Dermot |date=14 July 2026 |title=The story behind Lamine Yamal’s full name – and who he is named after |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7442585/2026/07/14/lamine-yamal-spain-world-cup-name-france/ |access-date=17 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bonn |first=Kyle |date=16 June 2026 |title=Why does Lamine Yamal have full name on jersey during World Cup games? |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/why-lamine-yamal-full-name-jersey-world-cup-spain/292061e266f2407fe840360d |access-date=17 July 2026 |website=The Sporting News |archive-date=17 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717082428/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/why-lamine-yamal-full-name-jersey-world-cup-spain/292061e266f2407fe840360d |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=lower-greek}} memba ne na makarantar matasa ta Barcelona, [[La Masia]], kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar farko a kakar wasa ta 2023–24 . Yana da shekaru 17, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarami da aka zaɓa don lashe kyautar [[Ballon d'Or]], kuma a cikin 2024 da 2025 ya lashe Kopa Trophy, wanda aka bai wa mafi kyawun ɗan wasa matashi a duniya. A ƙarƙashin kocin [[Hansi Flick]], Yamal ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasa mai mahimmanci a Barcelona, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe kofuna uku na cikin gida a kakar wasa ta 2024-25 : La Liga, Copa del Rey da Supercopa de Spain . Tana da shekaru 18, Yamal ta kare a matsayi na biyu a [[Ballon d'Or na 2025|gasar Ballon d'Or ta 2025]] . Barcelona ta ci gaba da lashe gasar La Liga a kakar wasa ta 2025-26, inda aka nada Yamal a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan La Liga na kakar wasa ta bana Yamal ya wakilci Spain a ƙasashen duniya a matakai daban-daban na matasa, kuma ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa wasa a shekarar 2023, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya wakilci ƙasar yana da shekaru 16. A shekarar 2024, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya ci kwallo a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA, inda ya lashe kyautar matashin ɗan wasa yayin da Spain ta lashe kofinta na huɗu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batlle |first=Nick |date=19 April 2026 |title=Barcelona must do more to maximize the potential of Lamine Yamal |url=https://www.barcablaugranes.com/cant-del-blog-barcelona-opinion/118031/barcelona-must-do-more-to-maximize-the-potential-of-lamine-yamal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420030846/https://www.barcablaugranes.com/cant-del-blog-barcelona-opinion/118031/barcelona-must-do-more-to-maximize-the-potential-of-lamine-yamal |archive-date=20 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=Barca Blaugranes}}</ref> A wasan farko da Yamal ya buga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] a [[2026 FIFA World Cup|shekarar 2026]], ya lashe kofin duniya na farko. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana a ranar 13 ga Yuli watan juli shekarar 2007, a Esplugues de Llobregat a cikin yankin Barcelona a [[Katalunya|Catalonia]] . <ref name="Corbella">{{Cite web |last=Corbella |first=Enrique |date=5 September 2022 |title=Lamine Yamal, el niño de 15 años que ya entrena con el Barcelona: descubre al "mini Messi" de La Masía |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2022/09/05/6315a6aa268e3ead0d8b4588.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906214946/https://www.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2022/09/05/6315a6aa268e3ead0d8b4588.html |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}</ref> Mahaifin Yamal, Mounir Nasraoui, ya fito ne daga wani ƙauye tsakanin [[Larache]] da Ksar el-Kebir, Morocco <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allam |first=Abd al-Rahim |date=2026-07-16 |title=لامين يامال: ملهم "روكافوندا" الذي طوّع كرة القدم بين الشارع والأكاديمية |url=https://thevoice.ma/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%91%D8%B9/ |access-date=2026-07-18 |website=Sawt al-Maghrib |language=ar}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa, Sheila Ebana, ta fito ne daga Bata, Equatorial Guinea. Yana da wani suna da aka ba shi don girmama abokansa biyu na iyali, Lamine da Yamal, waɗanda suka taimaki iyayensa da kuɗi jim kaɗan kafin a haifi Yamal. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumford |first=Robin |date=2024-09-23 |title=The reason why Lamine Yamal wears both names on back of his shirt |url=https://www.givemesport.com/why-lamine-yamal-wears-both-names-on-back-of-his-shirt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614171414/https://www.givemesport.com/why-lamine-yamal-wears-both-names-on-back-of-his-shirt/ |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en}}</ref> Tun yana jariri, an nuna shi a wani hoton agaji na UNICEF a shekarar 2007 tare da kulob dinsa na gaba [[FC Barcelona|na Barcelona]], inda wani matashi mai shekaru 20 [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] ya yi masa wanka. Hotunan sun yaɗu a yanar gizo shekaru goma sha tara bayan haka yayin da 'yan wasan ke shirin fuskantar juna a matsayin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙasashensu a wasan ƙarshe na cin kofin duniya na FIFA na 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-11 |title=Lionel Messi Once Bathed Baby Lamine Yamal. Now, They Could Face Off In the World Cup |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/news/lionel-messi-lamine-yamal-baby-bathed-throwback-rcna353523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715070710/https://www.today.com/popculture/news/lionel-messi-lamine-yamal-baby-bathed-throwback-rcna353523 |archive-date=15 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Lamine Yamal: Photos of Lionel Messi bathing Spain wonderkid as a baby resurface |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7206gj5w28o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003152507/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7206gj5w28o |archive-date=3 October 2025 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani muhimmin mutum a cikin tarbiyyar Yamal shine kakarsa ta uba, Fatima, wacce ta yi ƙaura daga [[Tanja|Tangier]], Morocco, zuwa Spain a shekarar 1990. Tana fuskantar matsanancin matsin tattalin arziki, ta yi aiki don samar da iyali a Rocafonda, wata unguwa a birnin Mataró a [[Katalunya|Catalonia]] . Lokacin da iyayen Yamal suka rabu a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Fatima ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen renon sa, kula da harkokin yau da kullum da kuma tabbatar da cewa zai iya halartar zaman horo. Yamal ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kulob ɗin La Torreta da ke Granollers yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Bikin burinsa ya haɗa da alamar hannu da ke nuna lamba 304, lambobi uku na ƙarshe na lambar akwatin gidan waya ta Rocafonda 08304. Bayan nasarar da ya samu, an yaba wa yadda ya shahara da wannan lambar yabo da kuma kawo alfahari da girmamawa ga al'ummar Rocafonda masu aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeley |first=Graham |date=25 May 2025 |title=Lamine Yamal: Barcelona football star inspires youth in hometown Rocafonda |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/5/25/lamine-yamal-barcelona-football-star-inspires-youth-in-hometown-rocafonda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210101002/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/5/25/lamine-yamal-barcelona-football-star-inspires-youth-in-hometown-rocafonda |archive-date=2026-02-10 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Yana ɗan shekara shida, Yamal ya samu damar zuwa [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] domin yin atisaye, kuma an gayyace shi zuwa horo a [[La Masia]] . Ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar a shekarar 2014 kuma ya koma Barcelona don zama da kuma yin atisaye a makarantar. <ref name="espn">{{Cite web |last=Marsden |first=Sam |last2=Llorens |first2=Moises |date=10 September 2023 |title=The story of 16-year-old Lamine Yamal, destined to be Barcelona's next superstar |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/38354902/the-story-16-year-old-lamine-yamal-barca-next-superstar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615143216/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/38354902/the-story-16-year-old-lamine-yamal-barca-next-superstar |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Picó |first=Diego |last2=Gillingham |first2=Geoff |date=28 December 2019 |title=Lamine Yamal shows shades of Messi |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2019/12/28/5e072c5722601dbe358b45a6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909141431/https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2019/12/28/5e072c5722601dbe358b45a6.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Marca}}</ref> Tun lokacin da Yamal ya girma, shahararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa su ne [[Ronaldinho]], Messi da [[Neymar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal names three Barcelona legends as his footballing idols |url=https://www.90min.com/lamine-yamal-names-three-barcelona-legends-footballing-idols |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217175302/https://www.90min.com/lamine-yamal-names-three-barcelona-legends-footballing-idols |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Aikin ƙuruciya === Yayin da Yamal ya ci gaba a cikin jerin makarantun matasa na [[La Masia]] na Barcelona, ba da daɗewa ba aka ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu sa ransa. <ref name=":1" /> Da farko an ƙara shi cikin ƙungiyar Juvenil A - wacce ta riga ta wuce shekarunsa - don kakar wasa ta 2022-23, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Ferran |date=31 August 2022 |title=Julián Araujo, un 'tapado' para el lateral derecho |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20220831/1001859973/julian-araujo-tapado-lateral-derecho.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909141437/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20220831/1001859973/julian-araujo-tapado-lateral-derecho.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]] |language=es}}</ref> [[Xavi]] ya zaɓi Yamal don yin atisaye tare da ƙungiyar farko tare da sauran 'yan wasa matasa a farkon Satumba 2022. {{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=Corbella /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=FC Barcelona: Wird Lamine Yamal (15) der nächste Lionel Messi? |url=https://sportbild.bild.de/fussball/la-liga/primera-division/fc-barcelona-wird-lamine-yamal-15-der-naechste-lionel-messi-81228506.sport.html |url-status=live |website=[[Sport Bild]]|date=5 September 2022|access-date=6 September 2022|language=de|archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909141433/https://sportbild.bild.de/fussball/la-liga/primera-division/fc-barcelona-wird-lamine-yamal-15-der-naechste-lionel-messi-81228506.sport.html }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Fernández|title=La Masía alumbra a su 'nuevo Ansu' |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-masia-alumbra-a-su-nuevo-ansu-n/|website=[[Diario AS]]|date=4 September 2022|access-date=6 September 2022|language=es|archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905220002/https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-masia-alumbra-a-su-nuevo-ansu-n/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2022 |title=Promessa de 15 anos encanta Xavi e treina com elenco do Barcelona |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/futebol-internacional/noticia/2022/09/05/promessa-de-15-anos-encanta-xavi-e-treina-com-elenco-do-barcelona.ghtml|website=[[TV Globo|Globo Esporte]]|access-date=6 September 2022 |language=pt|archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905140033/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/futebol-internacional/noticia/2022/09/05/promessa-de-15-anos-encanta-xavi-e-treina-com-elenco-do-barcelona.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2023, inda ya maye gurbin [[Gavi (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Gavi]] a minti na 83 na nasarar da suka samu a kan Real Betis da ci 4-0 a [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]], inda ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Youngest players in the history of La Liga |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/youngest-players-in-history-la-liga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215235918/https://www.90min.com/posts/youngest-players-in-history-la-liga |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=www.90min.com}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 15, watanni 9, da kwana 16, shi ne ɗan wasa mafi ƙaranci da ya bayyana a ƙungiyar farko ta Barcelona tun bayan Armando Sagi mai shekaru 15 a shekarar 1922. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanderson |first=Tom |title=15-Year-Old FC Barcelona Prodigy Lamine Yamal Smashes Youngest Appearance Maker Record |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomsanderson/2023/04/29/15-year-old-prodigy-lamine-yamal-smashes-fc-barcelona-youngest-appearance-maker-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510022802/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomsanderson/2023/04/29/15-year-old-prodigy-lamine-yamal-smashes-fc-barcelona-youngest-appearance-maker-record/ |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2023, Yamal ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Barcelona da ta lashe gasar La Liga ta 2022–23 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Montenegro |first=Carlos |date=15 May 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal enters the history of LaLiga after the Barça title |url=https://www.fcbarcelonanoticias.com/en/players/lamine-yamal-enters-the-history-of-laliga-after-the-barca-title_292382_102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822070119/https://www.fcbarcelonanoticias.com/en/players/lamine-yamal-enters-the-history-of-laliga-after-the-barca-title_292382_102.html |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=FC Barcelona Noticias}}</ref> === 2023–24: Nasarar farko a ƙungiyar === Duk da cewa Yamal ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Barcelona a duk kakar wasa ta 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Barça Atlètic Squad - FC Barcelona Official Channel |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225194746/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players |archive-date=2024-02-25 |access-date=2024-07-15}}</ref> ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2023 a lokacin da suka doke Cádiz da ci 2-0 a Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys . <ref name="youngstart">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal, youngest FC Barcelona starter ever |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3644506/lamine-yamal-youngest-fc-barcelona-starter-ever |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822070123/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3644506/lamine-yamal-youngest-fc-barcelona-starter-ever |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[FC Barcelona]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schlachter |first=Thomas |date=21 August 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal becomes youngest La Liga starter in 21st century in Barcelona's 2-0 win against Cádiz |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/21/sport/lamine-yamal-youngest-starter-barcelona-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190438/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/21/sport/lamine-yamal-youngest-starter-barcelona-spt-intl/index.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya fara bugawa Barcelona wasa a tarihi, <ref name="youngstart" /> kuma an yi masa tafi da shi tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ballús |first=Pol |date=22 August 2023 |title=Yamal shines again for Barcelona as Xavi turns to 'fearless' 16-year-old in attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4792442/2023/08/21/barcelona-lamine-yamal-ansu-fati-xavi-cadiz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618224610/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4792442/2023/08/21/barcelona-lamine-yamal-ansu-fati-xavi-cadiz/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> A wasansa na gaba da ya fara, an nada shi gwarzon wasa bayan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Villarreal da ci 4-3 a ranar 28 ga Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Villarreal 3–4 FC Barcelona: Rollercoaster ride to victory |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3655925/villarreal-3-4-fc-barcelona-rollercoaster-ride-to-victory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073111/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3655925/villarreal-3-4-fc-barcelona-rollercoaster-ride-to-victory |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=FC Barcelona}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=Watch: 16-year-old Lamine Yamal's highlights after incredible Barcelona performance |url=https://www.football-espana.net/2023/08/27/watch-16-year-old-lamine-yamals-highlights-after-incredible-barcelona-performance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831184215/https://www.football-espana.net/2023/08/27/watch-16-year-old-lamine-yamals-highlights-after-incredible-barcelona-performance |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Football España}}</ref> An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan farko na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 na watan Agusta sakamakon rawar da ya taka. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, Yamal ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke [[Royal Antwerp]] da ci 5-0, inda ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarami a tarihi da ya buga gasar. <ref name="youngcl">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=Youngest Champions League players: Moukoko, Yamal, Babayaro, Cherki, Halilović, Tielemans |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d042a009474-d3a14de143a9-1000--youngest-champions-league-players-moukoko-yamal-babayaro-che/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928115651/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d042a009474-d3a14de143a9-1000--youngest-champions-league-players-moukoko-yamal-babayaro-che/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> <ref name="youngcl" /> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da Barcelona har zuwa 2026, tare da sharadin siyan €1 biliyan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal extends contract to 2026 |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3714997/lamine-yamal-extends-contract-to-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004153504/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3714997/lamine-yamal-extends-contract-to-2026 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babban kulob a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Granada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamine Yamal |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players/3673478/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317125534/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players/3673478/ |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=FC Barcelona Atlètic}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal, youngest player to feature in a Clásico |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3754181/lamine-yamal-youngest-player-to-feature-in-a-clasico/featured |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029182445/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3754181/lamine-yamal-youngest-player-to-feature-in-a-clasico/featured |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=FC Barcelona}}</ref> A farkon watan Disamba, an bai wa Yamal kyautar Golden Boy The Youngest ta farko, wadda aka bai wa ƙaramin ɗan wasa da aka zaɓa don kyautar Golden Boy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal and Aitana Bonmatí receive Golden Boy 2023 awards |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/3808039/lamine-yamal-and-aitana-bonmati-receive-golden-boy-2023-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002151/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/3808039/lamine-yamal-and-aitana-bonmati-receive-golden-boy-2023-awards |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=8 December 2023 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2023 |title='I will like to win it': Yamal makes promise after receiving prestigious award |url=https://tribuna.com/en/news/fcbarcelona-2023-12-05-i-will-like-to-win-it-yamal-makes-promise-after-receiving-prestigious-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208154209/https://tribuna.com/en/news/fcbarcelona-2023-12-05-i-will-like-to-win-it-yamal-makes-promise-after-receiving-prestigious-award/ |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Tribuna}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Janairun 2024, Yamal ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Osasuna da ci 2-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na Supercopa de España, inda ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya zura kwallo a gasar Supercopa, yana da shekaru 16 da kwana 182. <ref name="goalsensation">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Watch: Lamine Yamal making more history! 16-year-old Barcelona sensation breaks Supercopa goalscoring record after late strike against Osasuna |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/watch-lamine-yamal-history-16-year-old-barcelona-sensation-supercopa-goalscoring-record-osasuna/bltd41eed3f97af8ab6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111223729/https://www.goal.com/en/lists/watch-lamine-yamal-history-16-year-old-barcelona-sensation-supercopa-goalscoring-record-osasuna/bltd41eed3f97af8ab6 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa del Rey da Athletic Bilbao a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 4-2 bayan karin lokaci, inda ya zama matashin dan wasa da ya zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Gill |date=25 January 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal apologises to Barcelona fans after Copa del Rey defeat to Athletic |url=https://www.barcablaugranes.com/2024/1/25/24050130/lamine-yamal-apologises-to-barcelona-fans-after-copa-del-rey-defeat-to-athletic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125120608/https://www.barcablaugranes.com/2024/1/25/24050130/lamine-yamal-apologises-to-barcelona-fans-after-copa-del-rey-defeat-to-athletic |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Barca Blaugranes}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, Yamal ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Granada, kuma aka nada shi gwarzon wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2024 |title=FC Barcelona 3-3 Granada: Held at home in six-goal thriller |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3892232/fc-barcelona-3-3-granada-held-at-home-in-six-goal-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229055747/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3892232/fc-barcelona-3-3-granada-held-at-home-in-six-goal-thriller |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=FC Barcelona}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Barcelona ta kare a matsayi na biyu a gasar La Liga kuma [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG) ta fitar da ita daga gasar zakarun Turai a wasan kusa da na karshe. Yamal ya taimaka wa PSG a wasan zagaye na biyu, inda Barcelona ta sha kashi da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Sevilla 1-2 FC Barcelona: Winning end to the season |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4028501/sevilla-1-2-fc-barcelona-winning-end-to-the-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229134431/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4028501/sevilla-1-2-fc-barcelona-winning-end-to-the-season |archive-date=29 December 2025 |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=Barcelona 1-4 Paris St-Germain (Agg: 4-6): Kylian Mbappe scores twice as PSG reach last four |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68819301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224314/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68819301 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === 2024–25: Gasar cin kofin gida ta uku === A wasan farko na kakar La Liga ta 2024–25 a ranar 18 ga Agusta, Yamal ya taimaka wa Barcelona ta doke [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valencia vs Barcelona |url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/valencia-barcelona/rgbsDgb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917183032/https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/valencia-barcelona/rgbsDgb |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |website=[[Sofascore]]}}</ref> A wasan da ya biyo baya da Athletic Bilbao a ranar 24 ga Agusta, Yamal ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wani nasara da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona vs Athletic Club |url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/athletic-club-barcelona/rgbsAgb#id:12437652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917183032/https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/athletic-club-barcelona/rgbsAgb#id:12437652 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |website=[[Sofascore]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Satumba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin da Monaco ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a wasan gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zama na biyu mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci kwallo a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal makes history again |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4122787/lamine-yamal-makes-history-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921025836/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4122787/lamine-yamal-makes-history-again |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[FC Barcelona]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Marissa |date=19 September 2024 |title=Monaco 2-1 Barcelona: George Ilenikhena scores as 10-man Barca beaten in Champions League |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c04ppddv50et |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920004524/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c04ppddv50et |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin zura ƙwallo a tarihin El Clásico lokacin da ya ci kwallo ɗaya a wasan da suka doke [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 4-0 a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabeu]] da ke Madrid. A lokacin wasan, Yamal da abokan wasansa Fati da [[Raphinha]] sun fuskanci cin zarafin launin fata daga wasu magoya bayan Real Madrid. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal youngest Clásico goalscorer |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4156854/lamine-yamal-youngest-clasico-goalscorer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207183022/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4156854/lamine-yamal-youngest-clasico-goalscorer |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=[[FC Barcelona]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title='No place for these criminals in our society!' - Vinicius Junior sends support to Lamine Yamal, Raphinha & Ansu Fati after seeing Barcelona trio targeted with racist insults in El Clasico win at Real Madrid |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/no-place-criminals-society-vinicius-junior-sends-support-lamine-yamal-raphinha-ansu-fati-barcelona-trio-targeted-racist-insults-el-clasico-real-madrid/blt051e17049c4c2523#cs5523e9e83afd302b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103203326/https://www.goal.com/en/lists/no-place-criminals-society-vinicius-junior-sends-support-lamine-yamal-raphinha-ansu-fati-barcelona-trio-targeted-racist-insults-el-clasico-real-madrid/blt051e17049c4c2523#cs5523e9e83afd302b |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=[[goal.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Valencia da ci 5-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa del Rey a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Yamal ya kasa zura kwallo sama da wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamine Yamal Silences Critics with Stunning Goal After Month-Long Drought |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles-video/lamine-yamal-silences-critics-with-stunning-goal-after-month-long-drought-2025-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421112528/https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles-video/lamine-yamal-silences-critics-with-stunning-goal-after-month-long-drought-2025-03-12 |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=BeIn Sports}}</ref> Rashin cin kwallaye a gasar La Liga ya fara ne daga 26 ga Oktoba 2024 zuwa 18 ga Maris 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamine Yamal sends message to critics after ending La Liga Goal Drought |url=https://www.thesportsfire.com/lamine-yamal-sends-message-to-critics-after-ending-la-liga-goal-drought/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Sports Fire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='He still scores few goals' - Barcelona wonderkid Lamine Yamal accused of 'dropping a bit' after goal drought as Italy legend Francesco Totti has his say on teenager's big problem |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/barcelona-wonderkid-lamine-yamal-accused-la-liga-francesco-totti-teenager-form/blt6b745bc78ac6d499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720100432/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/barcelona-wonderkid-lamine-yamal-accused-la-liga-francesco-totti-teenager-form/blt6b745bc78ac6d499 |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Goal}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ya buga wasa na 100 a Barcelona a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Inter Milan, inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 a zagayen farko . Manajan Inter Milan Simone Inzaghi ya bayyana Yamal a matsayin "abin mamaki da ake samu duk bayan shekaru 50". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Inzaghi: Phenoms like Yamal 'born every 50 years' |url=https://africa.espn.com/football/story/_/id/44939974/inter-inzaghi-barcelona-yamal-born-every-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501000322/https://africa.espn.com/football/story/_/id/44939974/inter-inzaghi-barcelona-yamal-born-every-50-years |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Yamal ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe Kopa Trophy sau biyu, kuma ya zo na biyu wajen zaɓen [[Ballon d'Or]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAM |date=2025-09-22 |title=Ballon d'Or 2025: Winners, reactions, and best moments from the gala {{!}} Marca |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/2025/09/22/68d167ff7aeb1c2f75b9e9e8-live.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922201951/https://www.marca.com/en/football/2025/09/22/68d167ff7aeb1c2f75b9e9e8-live.html |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=Marca.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === 2025–26: Lambar gado 10 === [[Fayil:LamineYamal_-_FCB_-_Partido_Athletic_Club_vs_FC_Barcelona.jpg|thumb| Yamal yana murnar cin kwallo a ragar [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a wasan da suka yi da Athletic Bilbao a shekarar 2026]] A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2025, Yamal ya amince da kwantiraginsa na farko na dogon lokaci da Barcelona, inda ya daure shi da kulob din har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2031 kuma za a sanya hannu a kansa a ranar cikarsa shekara goma sha takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Lamine Yamal extends contract with FC Barcelona to 2031 |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4274403/lamine-yamal-extends-contract-with-fc-barcelona-to-2031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228110629/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4274403/lamine-yamal-extends-contract-with-fc-barcelona-to-2031 |archive-date=28 December 2025 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website= |publisher=FC Barcelona |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung |first=Patrick |date=2025-05-28 |title=17-year-old superstar Lamine Yamal signs contract extension with Barcelona until 2031 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/28/sport/lamine-yamal-contract-extension-barcelona-2031-spt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107194904/https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/28/sport/lamine-yamal-contract-extension-barcelona-2031-spt |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website= |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Jaridar Athletic'' ta ruwaito cewa kwangilar Yamal za ta iya kaiwa darajar dala miliyan 45.3 a kowace shekara, gami da albashi, kari da kuma kuɗin kwangila, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da Barcelona ke biyan albashi mafi tsoka. A ranar 16 ga Yuli, a taron sanya hannu kan kwangilar, an bai wa Yamal rigar Barcelona mai lamba 10, wadda aka bar ta bayan [[Ansu Fati]] ya ba Monaco aro. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta La Liga da Mallorca, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Barcelona yayin da yake sanye da riga mai lamba 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |title=Barcelona player ratings vs Mallorca: Raphinha, Ferran Torres and Lamine Yamal give Catalan giants comfortable win over nine-man Mallorca as Marcus Rashford makes La Liga debut {{!}} Goal.com English Qatar |url=https://www.goal.com/en-qa/lists/barcelona-player-ratings-vs-mallorca-raphinha-ferran-torres-lamine-yamal-marcus-rashford-la-liga-debut/blt0c3584db573f5335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913090736/https://www.goal.com/en-qa/lists/barcelona-player-ratings-vs-mallorca-raphinha-ferran-torres-lamine-yamal-marcus-rashford-la-liga-debut/blt0c3584db573f5335 |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-QA}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2026, Yamal ya zura kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke Villarreal da ci 4-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=USA |first=AS |date=2026-02-28 |title=Barcelona vs Villarreal summary: score, stats, goals & highlights {{!}} LaLiga 2025/26 |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/barcelona-vs-villarreal-live-online-score-stats-goals-updates-laliga-202526-f202602-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713215252/https://en.as.com/soccer/barcelona-vs-villarreal-live-online-score-stats-goals-updates-laliga-202526-f202602-n/ |archive-date=13 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=AS USA |language=en-us}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, ya ji rauni a cinyarsa yayin da yake shan bugun fenariti a wasan da suka doke [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]] da ci 1-0, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har tsawon kakar wasa ta 2025-26 . Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 24 da kuma taimakawa a ci 17 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, ciki har da kwallaye 16 da kuma taimakawa a ci 11 a gasar La Liga, inda ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2026 |title=Lamine Yamal's 2025-26 record for FC Barcelona |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/lamine-yamals-2025-26-record-193800490.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702221926/https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/lamine-yamals-2025-26-record-193800490.html |archive-date=2 July 2026 |access-date=2 July 2026 |publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Catalonia === Yamal ya wakilci matasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Catalonia tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya zama kyaftin tun yana ɗan shekara 11. Ya kasance kyaftin a tsawon lokacinsa yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 12, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 14 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal, de les Seleccions Catalanes base a trencar rècords amb La Roja |url=https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/lamine-yamal-de-les-seleccions-catalanes-base-a-trencar-records-amb-la-roja/12/09/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002155/https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/lamine-yamal-de-les-seleccions-catalanes-base-a-trencar-records-amb-la-roja/12/09/2023 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=FCF |language=ca}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Empat suficient per a la Selecció Catalana sub 16 |url=https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/empat-suficient-per-a-la-seleccio-catalana-sub-16/20/11/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002109/https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/empat-suficient-per-a-la-seleccio-catalana-sub-16/20/11/2022 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=FCF |language=ca}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2022, Yamal ya zura kwallo mai ban sha'awa a wasan da suka yi da Castile da León, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruano |first=Raúl |date=2024-07-10 |title=El golazo de Lamine Yamal en los anexos del Zorrilla con 15 años |url=https://www.diariodevalladolid.es/deportes/240710/230620/golazo-lamine-yamal-anexos-zorrilla-15-anos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002132/https://www.diariodevalladolid.es/deportes/240710/230620/golazo-lamine-yamal-anexos-zorrilla-15-anos.html |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Diario de Valladolid |language=es}}</ref> kuma daga baya a wannan watan ya ci bugun fenariti, ya taimaka wa Catalonia ta ci kwallo ta biyu, sannan ya sami jan kati a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Aragon wanda ya kai Catalonia ga "Fase d'Or" na gasar cin kofin yankin Spain ta 2022-23. <ref name=":0" /> Ba a kira Yamal cikin tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar Fase d'Or a shekarar 2023 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Convocatòria d'entrenament sub 16 masculina: 10.01.23 |url=https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/convocatoria-d-entrenament-sub-16-masculina-10-01-23/04/01/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002204/https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/convocatoria-d-entrenament-sub-16-masculina-10-01-23/04/01/2023 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=FCF |language=ca}}</ref> === Sipaniya === [[Fayil:Lamine_Yamal_in_2025.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Yamal yana bugawa Spain wasa a shekarar 2025]] Yamal matashi ne a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Spain, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Didac |date=4 September 2022 |title=¿Quién es Lamine Yamal? La perla de 15 años que ya entrena con Xavi |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/lamine-yamal-cadete-barcelona-xavi-13636159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905220937/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/lamine-yamal-cadete-barcelona-xavi-13636159 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]] |language=es}}</ref> bayan ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Spain 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Rojita U15 : Lamine Yamal s'éclate face à la Suisse (vidéo) |url=https://lionsdelatlas.ma/rojita-u15-lamine-yamal-seclate-face-a-la-suisse-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909141432/https://lionsdelatlas.ma/rojita-u15-lamine-yamal-seclate-face-a-la-suisse-video/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Lions de l'Atlas |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Spain a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2023, inda Yamal ya zira kwallaye huɗu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Álvarez |first=Ángel |date=30 May 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal se despide del Europeo sub-17 con otro golazo antológico: es un elegido |url=https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/culemania/culemaniacos/20230530/lamine-yamal-despide-europeo-sub-17-antologico-elegido/767673315_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824222830/https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/culemania/culemaniacos/20230530/lamine-yamal-despide-europeo-sub-17-antologico-elegido/767673315_0.html |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Crónica Global |language=es}}</ref> Spain ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe inda Faransa ta fitar da ita bayan shan kashi da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=España cae con honores (1–3) ante Francia en las semifinales del Europeo |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/cronica-espana-francia-semifinales-euro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824222829/https://rfef.es/es/noticias/cronica-espana-francia-semifinales-euro |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Royal Spanish Football Federation |language=es}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 50, Yamal ya sami kiran farko na manyan 'yan wasa na duniya a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023 ta hannun koci Luis de la Fuente don wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024 da Georgia da Cyprus, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Oficial {{!}} Lista de convocados para los partidos contra Georgia y Chipre |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-lista-de-convocados-para-los-partidos-contra-georgia-y-chipre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901155535/https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-lista-de-convocados-para-los-partidos-contra-georgia-y-chipre |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=16-year-old Barcelona talent subject to "suffocating pressure" during international selection decision |url=https://www.football-espana.net/2023/09/01/16-year-old-barcelona-talent-subject-to-suffocating-pressure-during-international-selection-decision |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104949/https://www.football-espana.net/2023/09/01/16-year-old-barcelona-talent-subject-to-suffocating-pressure-during-international-selection-decision |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Football España}}</ref> kuma ya fara buga wasa a babban kulob dinsa a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2023, inda ya zura kwallo a minti na 74 na nasarar da suka samu da ci 7-1. Yana da shekaru 16 da kwana 57, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙaranci kuma mai zura ƙwallo a Spain, inda ya karya tarihin da [[Gavi (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Gavi]] ya riƙe wanda ya fara buga wasa yana da shekaru 17 da kwana 62 kuma ya zura ƙwallo yana da shekaru 17 da kwana 304. Baya ga wannan, Yamal ta zama mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasan da ya zura ƙwallo a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro, inda ta zarce ɗan wasan Wales [[Gareth Bale]] wanda ya ci ƙwallo yana da shekaru 17, kwana 83. <ref name="ESPN 2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal becomes youngest Spain player and scorer in rout of Georgia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/sep/08/lamine-yamal-becomes-spains-youngest-ever-player-and-scorer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122032629/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/sep/08/lamine-yamal-becomes-spains-youngest-ever-player-and-scorer |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=The Guardian |publisher=P. A. Media}}</ref> An kira Yamal cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Spain a watan Oktoban 2023 domin sauran wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] da Norway . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Lamine Yamal: Iliopsoas muscle injury in left leg |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3731723/lamine-yamal-iliopsoas-muscle-injury-in-left-leg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017095117/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3731723/lamine-yamal-iliopsoas-muscle-injury-in-left-leg |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsden |first=Sam |last2=Llorens |first2=Moises |date=10 October 2023 |title=Barça injuries mount as Yamal out of Spain team |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/38621372/barcelona-injury-crisis-worsens-yamal-spain-squad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002213/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2f70fb173b9000da126c79afe2098f02.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Spain ta lashe wasanni biyu domin samun gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2024. ==== Zakaran gasar Euro 2024 ==== A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, an zaɓi Yamal a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 da za su fafata a gasar. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Turai da Croatia, inda ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya buga wasa a gasar, yana da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 338, inda ya karya tarihin da Kacper Kozłowski na Poland ya kafa a baya. A lokacin wasan da suka yi da Croatia, ya kuma zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya taimaka wa wani ɗan wasa, inda ya kafa ƙwallon Dani Carvajal a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Richard |date=15 June 2024 |title=Spain player ratings vs Croatia: Lamine Yamal is unbelievable! Record-breaking teenager stars as La Roja make easy work of Luka Modric & Co in strong start to Euro 2024 |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/spain-player-ratings-croatia-lamine-yamal-alvaro-morata/blt4cadab491a033fd2#cs283e6bb2a786e738 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002136/https://www.goal.com/en/lists/spain-player-ratings-croatia-lamine-yamal-alvaro-morata/blt4cadab491a033fd2#cs283e6bb2a786e738 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Goal}}</ref> A wasan zagaye na 16 da Georgia, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya buga wasa a matakin knockout, inda ya karya tarihin [[Jude Bellingham]], baya ga bayar da wani taimako a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=Spain 4-1 Georgia: Resilient La Roja fight back to reach quarter-finals |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b422f0a13e9-95e80bebdabb-1000--spain-4-1-georgia-resilient-la-roja-fight-back-to-reach-la/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630212420/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b422f0a13e9-95e80bebdabb-1000--spain-4-1-georgia-resilient-la-roja-fight-back-to-reach-la/ |archive-date=30 June 2024 |access-date=30 June 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Yamal ya sake bayar da taimako mai mahimmanci a kan Jamus a wasan da suka yi da Jamus a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da ci 2-1, kuma ya daidaita tarihin Spain na bayar da taimako sau uku a gasar cin kofin Turai (bayan [[Cesc Fabregas|Cesc Fàbregas]] a 2008, David Silva a 2012 da [[Dani Olmo]] a 2020 ). Ya zura kwallon farko da Spain ta ci a wasan kusa da na karshe da Faransa da ci 2-1 a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga wajen filin wasa, wanda ya lashe kwallon da ta ba ta damar zura kwallo a gasar. Ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin zura ƙwallo a tarihin gasar Euro kwana huɗu kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 17, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yomtov |first=Jesse |date=9 July 2024 |title=Spain's Lamine Yamal nets sizzling goal, becomes youngest goal scorer in UEFA Euro history |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2024/07/09/lamine-yamal-goal-spain-euro-2024/74342111007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715071348/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2024/07/09/lamine-yamal-goal-spain-euro-2024/74342111007/ |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=USA Today}}</ref> kuma ya fi ɗan shekara ɗaya girmi wanda ya taɓa riƙe tarihin a baya , Johan Vonlanthen . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Spain's Lamine Yamal, 16, 'genius' in Euro record evening |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/40527430/spain-lamine-yamal-16-youngest-euro-scorer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715181647/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/40527430/spain-lamine-yamal-16-youngest-euro-scorer |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen gasar Euro 2024, an naɗa Yamal a matsayin matashin ɗan wasan da ya fi yin fice a gasar . <ref name="Euro24 YoungPlayer">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal named Euro 2024 Young Player of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5e91b6e6-b9784b9e13fb-1000--lamine-yamal-named-euro-2024-young-player-of-the-tournament/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715145905/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5e91b6e6-b9784b9e13fb-1000--lamine-yamal-named-euro-2024-young-player-of-the-tournament/ |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=UEFA}}</ref> Nasarar da Spain ta samu a kan Ingila da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar Euro 2024 ya sanya shi ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar Euro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal sets new record as youngest player to feature at a UEFA European Championship |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0255-0d9f33ac425a-2e8c3765087b-1000--lamine-yamal-sets-new-record-as-youngest-player-to-feature-a/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616091736/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0255-0d9f33ac425a-2e8c3765087b-1000--lamine-yamal-sets-new-record-as-youngest-player-to-feature-a/ |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=UEFA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Spain vs England UEFA Euro 2024 Final |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036211--spain-vs-england/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002752/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036211--spain-vs-england/ |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa abokin wasansa na gefe [[Nico Williams]] don cin kwallo ta farko da Spain ta ci a wasan ƙarshe, daga baya ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasa da suka zura kwallaye a babban wasan ƙarshe na gasar, sannan ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya fi taimakawa a ci kwallo a gasar Euro ɗaya da taimakawa a ci huɗu. <ref name="Euro24 stats">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Spain 2-1 England: Late Oyarzabal winner earns La Roja record fourth Euro crown |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5c2b7b67-d5faab9be20b-1000--spain-2-1-england-late-oyarzabal-winner-earns-la-roja-reco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715014101/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5c2b7b67-d5faab9be20b-1000--spain-2-1-england-late-oyarzabal-winner-earns-la-roja-reco/ |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=UEFA}}</ref> A gasar UEFA Nations League ta 2024–25, Yamal ya zura kwallaye biyu - ciki har da bugun fenariti na farko da ya ci a aikinsa na ƙwararru - a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Faransa da ci 5-4. <ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=The Canadian Press·2 min |date=2025-06-05 |title=Yamal outshines Ballon d'Or contenders as Spain beats France 5-4 in Nations League semifinal |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/yamal-outshines-ballon-d-contenders-211000553.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Portugal ta sha kashi a hannun Spain a wasan ƙarshe da ci 5-3 a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogden |first=Mark |date=8 June 2025 |title=Portugal's Nations League win overshadows Ronaldo vs. Yamal |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/45475292/portugal-spain-uefa-nations-league-cristiano-ronaldo-lamine-yamal-2026-world-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715130327/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/45475292/portugal-spain-uefa-nations-league-cristiano-ronaldo-lamine-yamal-2026-world-cup |archive-date=15 July 2026 |access-date=15 July 2026 |publisher=www.espn.co.uk}}</ref> ==== Zakaran Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026 ==== [[Fayil:Lamine_Yamal_France_v_Spain_7.24.26-187.jpg|thumb| Yamal tare da Spain suna fafatawa da Faransa a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2026]] A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2026, an sanya Yamal cikin jerin 'yan wasa 26 da za su fafata a [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] Ya isa Amurka ne yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa ta biceps femoris a lokacin kakar wasa ta Barcelona. Kocin Spain Luis de la Fuente ya yanke shawarar cewa Yamal bai shirya fara wasan farko da Cape Verde ba, maimakon haka ya sanya shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu na wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2026 |title=¿Por qué Lamine Yamal no jugó de titular contra Cabo Verde? |url=https://www.fifa.com/es/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/lamine-yamal-no-juega-contra-cabo-verde-cuando-debutar-copa-mundial-fifa-2026 |website=[[fifa.com]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, Yamal ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya yayin da Spain ta doke Saudi Arabia da ci 4-0 a matakin rukuni, inda ya zama dan wasa na biyu mai shekaru 18 ko kasa da haka da ya zura kwallon farko a wasan cin kofin duniya tun bayan [[Pele|Pelé]] a shekarar 1958. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2026 |title=Lamine Yamal equals Pelé's 68-year-old World Cup record |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/insight/lamine-yamal-equals-pel%C3%A9-s-68-year-old-world-cup-record/gm-GM129637C1 |access-date=21 June 2026 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |date=21 June 2026 |title=Yamal nets 'dream' 1st World Cup goal as Spain answer critics |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49135958/spain-saudi-arabia-2026-world-cup-lamine-yamal-mikel-oyarzabal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713094316/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49135958/spain-saudi-arabia-2026-world-cup-lamine-yamal-mikel-oyarzabal |archive-date=13 July 2026 |access-date=22 June 2026 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasa a wasan da Spain ta doke Austria da ci 3-0 a zagaye na 32. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2026 |title=Dominant Spain advance past Austria |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/spain-austria-match-report-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705195010/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/spain-austria-match-report-highlights |archive-date=5 July 2026 |access-date=3 July 2026 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2026 |title=FIFA World Cup 2026 stats: Ronaldo's first ever and all-time record 25; Yamal's perfect 100 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49252849/fifa-world-cup-2026-stats-cristiano-ronaldo-first-ever-all-record-25-lamine-yamal-perfect-100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705014115/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49252849/fifa-world-cup-2026-stats-cristiano-ronaldo-first-ever-all-record-25-lamine-yamal-perfect-100 |archive-date=5 July 2026 |access-date=3 July 2026 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Daga baya Spain ta doke Argentina a wasan karshe da ci 1-0, inda Yamal ta zama 'yar wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA tana da shekaru 19 da kwana shida. {{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-19 |title=Lamine Yamal 'completes football' at 19 as Argentina betray Messi |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c0m7zx38v43 |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="RobSmyth">{{Cite news |last=Smyth |first=Rob |date=2026-07-19 |title=Spain beat Argentina 1-0 after extra time to win the 2026 World Cup – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2026/jul/19/spain-v-argentina-world-cup-2026-final-live-updates |access-date=2026-07-19 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Becherano |first1=Lizzy |title=Messi on viral Yamal baby photo: 'Incredible' we're playing in World Cup final |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49387821/lionel-messi-viral-lamine-yamal-baby-photo-incredible-playing-world-cup-final |publisher=ESPN |access-date=July 17, 2026 |archive-date=20 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720034446/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49387821/lionel-messi-viral-lamine-yamal-baby-photo-incredible-playing-world-cup-final |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na uku mafi ƙarami da ya bayyana ko ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya bayan Pelé da Giuseppe Bergomi . Ya kammala mafi yawan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a lokacin gasar, inda ya zura kwallaye 35. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=The Spanish champions in stats |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/spain-champions-stats-statistics |access-date=27 July 2026 |publisher=www.fifa.com}}</ref> == Bayanin ɗan wasa == Yamal, wanda yake da ƙafar hagu, an san shi da iyawarsa ta yin ƙwallo, yin ƙwallo a kan ƙafa, da kuma ƙirƙirar damarmaki, yana iya buga wasa ko dai a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya, ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na kai hari]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]], musamman a gefen dama. <ref name="Corbella" /> A matsayinsa na [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefen dama]], ya fi son amfani da ƙafarsa ta hagu a mafi yawan lokutan wasan; yana kuma da ikon buga ƙwallon da ta wuce ƙafar da ke kaiwa ga sandar nesa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamine Yamal position and style of play |url=https://www.coachesvoice.com/cv/barcelona-extraordinary-talent-lamine-yamal-style-of-play/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002747/https://www.coachesvoice.com/cv/barcelona-extraordinary-talent-lamine-yamal-style-of-play/ |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=The Coaches' Voice}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Matt |date=15 June 2024 |title=Spain's Lamine Yamal becomes youngest ever Euros player – DW – 06/15/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/spains-lamine-yamal-becomes-youngest-euros-player/a-69374470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724080633/https://www.dw.com/en/spains-lamine-yamal-becomes-youngest-euros-player/a-69374470 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=dw.com}}</ref> Ikonsa na yin crosses daidai da wajen ƙafarsa (wanda aka sani da ''trivela'' ) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin alamun kasuwancinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peyret |first=Dídac |date=4 December 2024 |title=La 'trivela' de Lamine asombra al mundo y ya es marca registrada |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/trivela-lamine-asombra-mundo-marca-112311163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207091451/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/trivela-lamine-asombra-mundo-marca-112311163 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=sport.es |language=es}}</ref> Yamal ya taka rawar gani a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024, inda ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan kusa da na karshe da Faransa, sannan ya taimaka wa Croatia, Georgia, Jamus, da Ingila kwallaye hudu. <ref name="Euro24 stats"/> A wannan gasa, Yamal ya nuna ƙwarewarsa wajen ƙirƙirar damarmaki ta hanyar sanya crosses zuwa ga sandar nesa, da kuma iyawarsa ta ɗaukar ƙwallo da kuma lanƙwasa daga nesa. <ref name="Euro24 YoungPlayer"/> Da fasaharsa, an kwatanta Yamal da tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Barcelona [[Messi|Lionel Messi]], kamar sauran kayayyakin [[La Masia]] da suka gabace shi. <ref name="Corbella" /> Yamal ya kuma yi kwatantawa da tsohon ɗan wasan Barcelona [[Neymar]] saboda salon wasansu iri ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi yawan bugun ƙwallo, ƙwarewa da kuma ƙirƙirar damarmaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Lamine Yamal Compares to Lionel Messi, Neymar After 100 Barcelona Games? |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/how-lamine-yamal-compares-to-lionel-messi-neymar-100-barcelona-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723224711/https://www.si.com/soccer/how-lamine-yamal-compares-to-lionel-messi-neymar-100-barcelona-games |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> Yamal ya kuma bayyana cewa Neymar babban tasiri ne ga yadda yake taka leda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabbs |first=Ryan |date=21 September 2023 |title=Who is Lamine Yamal? Everything you need to know about the Barcelona wonderkid |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/who-is-lamine-yamal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-barcelona-wonderkid-barca-uncover-the-next-lionel-messi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715162632/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/who-is-lamine-yamal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-barcelona-wonderkid-barca-uncover-the-next-lionel-messi |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |publisher=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> Majiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Lamine Yamal: The greatest teenage footballer the world has ever seen {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/lamine-yamal-greatest-teenage-footballer-world-ever-seen/bltd659e03a46dcf8ed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330200315/https://www.goal.com/en/lists/lamine-yamal-greatest-teenage-footballer-world-ever-seen/bltd659e03a46dcf8ed |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.goal.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Who are the 39 best men's U21 players in the world? |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/insider/story/_/id/44135155/yamal-wirtz-bellingham-lead-espn-39-best-male-players-age-21-under |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406195929/https://www.espn.com/soccer/insider/story/_/id/44135155/yamal-wirtz-bellingham-lead-espn-39-best-male-players-age-21-under |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Lamine Yamal, the best young player in the world |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/mediterranean/20241029/10060829/lamine-yamal-best-young-player-world-kopa-ballon-or-chatelet-paris-barcelona-spain-soccer-player.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106123533/https://www.lavanguardia.com/mediterranean/20241029/10060829/lamine-yamal-best-young-player-world-kopa-ballon-or-chatelet-paris-barcelona-spain-soccer-player.html |archive-date=6 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=en}}</ref> Kafafen watsa labarai da yawa sun yaba masa a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da aka taɓa yi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Why Lamine Yamal is already better than Messi in some ways, but still has room to improve |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45057444/why-lamine-yamal-already-better-messi-some-ways |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515142356/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45057444/why-lamine-yamal-already-better-messi-some-ways |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Lamine Yamal: The greatest teenage footballer the world has ever seen {{!}} Goal.com UK |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/lamine-yamal-greatest-teenage-footballer-world-ever-seen/bltd659e03a46dcf8ed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519213303/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/lamine-yamal-greatest-teenage-footballer-world-ever-seen/bltd659e03a46dcf8ed |archive-date=19 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yamal [[Musulmi]] ne kuma yana azumin Ramadan, [[Azumi A Lokacin Ramadan|yana azumi tun daga fitowar alfijir har zuwa faɗuwar rana]], har ma da lokacin atisaye da kuma ranakun wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Emmanuel Mendez·2 min |date=2026-04-01 |title=Lamine Yamal's Ethnicity, Religion & Nationality |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/lamine-yamals-ethnicity-religion-nationality-144419672.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715095720/https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/lamine-yamals-ethnicity-religion-nationality-144419672.html |archive-date=15 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=The Diet Lamine Yamal Will Follow During Ramadan |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/la-liga/articles/the-diet-lamine-yamal-will-follow-during-ramadan-2026-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714185459/https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/la-liga/articles/the-diet-lamine-yamal-will-follow-during-ramadan-2026-02-19 |archive-date=14 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> Yana iya yaren Catalan, Sifaniyanci, da Turanci sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-08 |title=La respuesta de Lamine Yamal cuando le preguntan qué idioma habla en el vestuario: "Somos la selección..." |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/enblau/es/television/respuesta-lamine-yamal-cuando-preguntan-idioma-habla-en-vestuario-seleccion-espanola_1651958_102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715103332/https://www.elnacional.cat/enblau/es/television/respuesta-lamine-yamal-cuando-preguntan-idioma-habla-en-vestuario-seleccion-espanola_1651958_102.html |archive-date=15 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=En Blau |language=es}}</ref> Yamal ta yi dangantaka ta ɗan lokaci da [[Nicki nicole|Nicki Nicole]], mawaƙiyar Argentina, duk da cewa sun rabu a watan Oktoban 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Who Is Lamine Yamal's Girlfriend? All About Grammy-Nominated Singer Nicki Nicole |url=https://people.com/who-is-nicki-nicole-lamine-yamal-11797013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915205343/https://people.com/who-is-nicki-nicole-lamine-yamal-11797013 |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=People}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2025 |title=Barcelona's Lamine Yamal announces Nicki Nicole breakup – Get Spanish Football News |url=https://getfootballnewsspain.com/barcelonas-lamine-yamal-announces-nicki-nicole-breakup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212065802/https://getfootballnewsspain.com/barcelonas-lamine-yamal-announces-nicki-nicole-breakup/ |archive-date=12 December 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=getfootballnewsspain.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026]], an ruwaito cewa yana da dangantaka da Inés García. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-21 |title=How Lamine Yamal and his girlfriend Inés García celebrated Spain’s World Cup victory |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260721907999/how-lamine-yamal-his-girlfriend-ines-garcia-celebrated-spains-world-cup-victory/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722040005/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260721907999/how-lamine-yamal-his-girlfriend-ines-garcia-celebrated-spains-world-cup-victory/ |archive-date=22 July 2026 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=HOLA! USA |language=en-us}}</ref> === Iyali === An haifi Yamal ga Sheila Ebana, mai hidimar abinci daga Bata, Equatorial Guinea, da kuma Mounir Nasraoui, mai zane-zanen gini daga [[Larache]], Morocco. <ref name="espn" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Billebault |first=Alexis |date=10 April 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal, le surdoué du foot que tout le Maroc attend - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1555586/societe/lamine-yamal-le-surdoue-du-foot-que-tout-le-maroc-attend/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604110717/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1555586/societe/lamine-yamal-le-surdoue-du-foot-que-tout-le-maroc-attend/ |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr}}</ref> Iyayensa sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara uku, duk da cewa dukansu sun kasance tare har zuwa lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. <ref name="ausarticle">{{Cite web |last=Ducker |first=James |date=10 July 2024 |title=Meeting Messi as a baby, stunners for his country at 16. Welcome to the world of Lamine Yamal |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/euro-2024-semi-finals-spain-france-england-netherlands-20240710-p5jsdy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709213633/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/euro-2024-semi-finals-spain-france-england-netherlands-20240710-p5jsdy.html |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Iyalin sun zauna a Mataró, amma a lokacin da iyayensa suka rabu, mahaifiyar Yamal ta ƙaura zuwa Granollers. Ya yi ta juyawa tsakanin biranen biyu don yin lokaci tare da iyayensa. <ref name="ausarticle" /> Yana da ƙanensa da ƙanensa da ƙanwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=2024-07-14 |title=Who Is Lamine Yamal's Mother? Meet Sheila Ebana, the Woman Behind the Spain Star's Viral Pic With Lionel Messi |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-who-is-lamine-yamal-mother-meet-sheila-ebana-the-woman-behind-the-spain-star-viral-pic-with-lionel-messi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614171414/https://www.essentiallysports.com/soccer-football-news-who-is-lamine-yamal-mother-meet-sheila-ebana-the-woman-behind-the-spain-star-viral-pic-with-lionel-messi/ |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=EssentiallySports |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shigjeqi |first=Egzona |date=2024-10-29 |title=Lamine Yamal's younger brother stole all the attention at the Ballon d'Or ceremony - Telegraph |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/Lamine-Yamal%27s-younger-brother-stole-all-the-attention-at-the-Ballon-d%27Or-ceremony/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512010831/https://telegrafi.com/en/Lamine-Yamal%27s-younger-brother-stole-all-the-attention-at-the-Ballon-d%27Or-ceremony/ |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2024, an daba wa mahaifin Yamal wuka a wurin ajiye motoci a Mataró; <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=El padre de Lamine Yamal apuñalado en un parking de Mataró |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/sucesos/20240814/9871540/padre-lamine-yamal-apunalado-parking-mataro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817050950/https://www.lavanguardia.com/sucesos/20240814/9871540/padre-lamine-yamal-apunalado-parking-mataro.html |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref> raunin da ya samu ba su da yawa, kuma an sallame shi daga asibiti bayan kwana uku. 'Yan sanda sun kama mutane hudu da ke da hannu a harin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Lamine Yamal's father stabbed, four people arrested for alleged attempted murder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5701622/2024/08/15/lamine-yamal-father-attack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824091015/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5701622/2024/08/15/lamine-yamal-father-attack/ |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Barcelona star Lamine Yamal's father discharged from hospital after brutal stabbing attack {{!}} Goal.com US |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/barcelona-star-lamine-yamal-s-father-discharged-from-hospital-after-brutal-stabbing-attack/blt1b65e541a13bda15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816183951/https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/barcelona-star-lamine-yamal-s-father-discharged-from-hospital-after-brutal-stabbing-attack/blt1b65e541a13bda15 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=[[Goal (website)|www.goal.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka === Yamal ya yi Allah wadai da wakokin nuna kyama ga Musulmai da kuma [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baki]] da magoya bayan Spain suka yi wa 'yan wasan Masar a lokacin wasan sada zumunta da Spain ta buga da Masar a Barcelona a ranar 31 ga Maris 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeley |first=Graham |title=Yamal slams anti-Muslim fan chants as Spain’s World Cup final hopes tainted |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/4/2/yamal-slams-anti-muslim-fan-chants-as-spains-world-cup-final-hopes-tainted |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712101459/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/4/2/yamal-slams-anti-muslim-fan-chants-as-spains-world-cup-final-hopes-tainted |archive-date=12 July 2026 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa, ya ce wakokin "sun yi ne ga ƙungiyar abokan hamayya kuma ba wani abu ne na sirri a kaina ba, amma a matsayina na Musulmi, har yanzu rashin girmamawa ne da kuma wani abu da ba za a iya jurewa ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Police investigate Islamophobic chants during Spain’s match with Egypt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/4/1/spains-fa-condemns-islamophobic-chants-during-game-with-egypt |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin faretin lashe gasar La Liga ta Barcelona a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2026, Yamal ya nuna goyon baya ga [[Falasdinawa]] ta hanyar daga tutar Falasdinu . Masoya, masu fafutukar kare Falasdinawa, da 'yan siyasa kamar Firayim Ministan Spain [[Pedro Sánchez]] sun yaba da wannan mataki, yayin da kuma ministan tsaron Isra'ila Israel Katz ya soki lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Minister Criticises Lamine Yamal Over Palestinian Flag at Barcelona Title Parade |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/slug-lite/israeli-minister-criticizes-yamal-for-waving-palestinian-flag?year=2026 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[dailypioneer.com]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-15 |title=FC Barcelona says 'no comment' on Israel's accusation against Yamal |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/05/15/fc-barcelona-tells-euronews-no-comment-after-israel-accuses-yamal-of-fuelling-hatred |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517124056/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/05/15/fc-barcelona-tells-euronews-no-comment-after-israel-accuses-yamal-of-fuelling-hatred |archive-date=17 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[Euronews]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2026, an nada Yamal a matsayin Jakadan UNICEF na Agaji, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan 'yancin yara na yin wasa da kuma tallafawa yara da ke rayuwa a cikin gaggawa ta jin kai, kamar rikice-rikice ko bala'o'i na halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=UNICEF names Lamine Yamal as a Goodwill Ambassador |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-names-lamine-yamal-goodwill-ambassador |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260611172311/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-names-lamine-yamal-goodwill-ambassador |archive-date=11 June 2026 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=UNICEF |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Europe]] ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Barcelona B |2022–23 |Primera Federación |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2023 Primera Federación play-offs|Primeira Federación play-offs]]}} |0 |3 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |2022–23 |[[La Liga]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2023–24 |La Liga |37 |5 |1 |1 |10{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |1 |50 |7 |- |2024–25 |La Liga |35 |9 |5 |2 |13[b] |5 |2[c] |2 |55 |18 |- |2025–26 |La Liga |28 |16 |5 |2 |10[b] |6 |2[c] |0 |45 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !101 !30 !11 !5 !33 !11 !6 !3 !151 !49 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !102 !30 !11 !5 !33 !11 !8 !3 !154 !49 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Sipaniya | 2023 | 4 | 2 |- | 2024 | 13 | 1 |- | 2025 | 6 | 3 |- | 2026 | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 33 ! 7 |} {{Updated|match played 21 June 2026.}} :''Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Yamal goal.''<ref name="EUFoot"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Lamine Yamal ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 |8 September 2023 |Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena, Tbilisi, Georgia | align="center" |1 |{{Fb|GEO}} | align="center" |7–1 | align="center" |7–1 |UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying |- | align="center" |2 |16 November 2023 |Alphamega Stadium, Limassol, Cyprus | align="center" |3 |{{Fb|CYP}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying |- | align="center" |3 |9 July 2024 |Allianz Arena, [[München|Munich]], Germany | align="center" |13 |{{Fb|FRA}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |2–1 |UEFA Euro 2024 |- | align="center" |4 |23 March 2025 |Mestalla, [[Valencia]], Spain | align="center" |19 |{{Fb|NED}} | align="center" |3–2 | align="center" |3–3 (a.e.t.)<br /><br />(5–4 p) |2024–25 UEFA Nations League A |- | align="center" |5 | rowspan="2" |5 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |MHPArena, [[Stuttgart]], Germany | rowspan="2" align="center" |20 | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|FRA}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–4 | rowspan="2" |2025 UEFA Nations League Finals |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |5–1 |- | align="center" |7 |21 June 2026 |Mercedes-Benz Stadium, [[Atlanta]], United States | align="center" |27 |{{Fb|KSA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |4–0 |[[2026 FIFA World Cup]] |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta <references /> 3l5zp5z0hfykqweueehm1dk8azxhr9t 0 44460 892243 327809 2026-08-06T17:03:22Z Audullo 43513 892243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi''' (25 ga watan Afrilun 1964 - 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban majalisar dokokin Afrika tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2015. == Sana'a == An haifi Amadi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun 1964 ga iyayensu daga [[Imo|jihar Imo]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150206082544/http://bethelamadi.com/about.html</ref> Ya tafi [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a tare da girmamawa. An kira shi mashaya a cikin shekarar 1986. A farkon shekarun 1990 Amadi yayi aiki a harkar mai a Najeriya tare da wasu ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164306/http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2015 ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150218052844/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Bureau.aspx</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130500/http://www.ghanaianreactoronline.com/news_details.php?newsid=6778</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015 aka zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi Roger Nkodo Dang.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235757/http://crtv.cm/fr/latest-news/politique-7/pan-african-parliament-gets-new-president-14720.htm</ref> Amadi ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2019.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190215090206/https://spiked.co.zw/former-pap-president-bethel-nnaemeka-amadi-dies/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 9ype086an5z3c34p6je33swphx0jcbt 892244 892243 2026-08-06T17:03:40Z Audullo 43513 892244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi''' (25 ga watan Afrilun 1964 - 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban majalisar dokokin Afrika tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2015. == Sana'a == An kuma haifi Amadi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1964 ga iyayensu daga [[Imo|jihar Imo]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150206082544/http://bethelamadi.com/about.html</ref> Ya tafi [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a tare da girmamawa. An kira shi mashaya a cikin shekarar 1986. A farkon shekarun 1990 Amadi yayi aiki a harkar mai a Najeriya tare da wasu ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164306/http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2015 ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150218052844/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Bureau.aspx</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130500/http://www.ghanaianreactoronline.com/news_details.php?newsid=6778</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015 aka zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi Roger Nkodo Dang.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235757/http://crtv.cm/fr/latest-news/politique-7/pan-african-parliament-gets-new-president-14720.htm</ref> Amadi ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2019.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190215090206/https://spiked.co.zw/former-pap-president-bethel-nnaemeka-amadi-dies/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 4og6cznkh8t0l5h90a1be9e5zom5nwu 892245 892244 2026-08-06T17:03:55Z Audullo 43513 892245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi''' (25 ga watan Afrilun 1964 - 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban majalisar dokokin Afrika tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2015. == Sana'a == An kuma haifi Amadi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1964 ga iyayensu daga [[Imo|jihar Imo]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150206082544/http://bethelamadi.com/about.html</ref> Ya tafi [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a tare da girmamawa. An kira shi mashaya a cikin shekarar 1986. A farkon shekarun 1990 Amadi yayi aiki a harkar mai a Najeriya tare da wasu ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164306/http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/bethel-nnaemeka-amadi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2015 ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150218052844/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Bureau.aspx</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130500/http://www.ghanaianreactoronline.com/news_details.php?newsid=6778</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015 aka zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi Roger Nkodo Dang.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235757/http://crtv.cm/fr/latest-news/politique-7/pan-african-parliament-gets-new-president-14720.htm</ref> Amadi ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2019.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190215090206/https://spiked.co.zw/former-pap-president-bethel-nnaemeka-amadi-dies/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 63k43gslw9hfqze8myfo7keaqrr10kl 0 44892 892391 544097 2026-08-06T21:26:10Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 7529.jpg|thumb|hoton christian stuani]] [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 3068.jpg|thumb|Hkton chrisain a filin wasa]] [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 7561.jpg|thumb|Cristhian Stuani]] '''Cristhian Stuani''' Haifaffen kasar Uruguay ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasa na gaba a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta girona a kasar Sifaniya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Born in [[Tala, Uruguay|Tala]], [[Canelones Department|Canelones]], Stuani started his professional career with [[Danubio F.C.|Danubio]]. In 2005, he went on loan to [[C.A. Bella Vista|Bella Vista]] in the [[Uruguayan Segunda División]], performing well enough to be recalled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.es/deportes/futbol/2018/02/24/5a905c76468aebfc0c8b465a.html|title=Stuani, la luz goleadora del Girona: "Messi y Suárez son dinamita pura"|trans-title=Stuani, Girona's scoring light: "Messi and Suárez are sheer dynamite"|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|last=Corpas|first=Andrés|language=es|date=24 February 2018|access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> 3lxatncuv78cblk9hwjv1iubfvp016k 0 46860 892164 887368 2026-08-06T16:12:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Kofo Akinkugbe''' ƴar kasuwar fasaha ce ta Najeriya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na SecureID, "Jagorancin Afirka na ƙera katunan wayo da sauran takaddun shaida".<ref>[[London Stock Exchange Group]], [https://www.lseg.com/sites/default/files/content/CTIA/2019/LSEG_Companies_To_Inspire_Africa_07022019_0.pdf Companies to Inspire Africa 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120134325/https://www.lseg.com/sites/default/files/content/CTIA/2019/LSEG_Companies_To_Inspire_Africa_07022019_0.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }}, p.56. Accessed 20 May 2020.</ref> == Ilimi da farkon aiki == Kofo Akinkugbe ya yi karatun lissafi a [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]]. Bayan ta yi hidima a Nigerian Youth Service Corps, ta yi aiki a harkar banki na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, inda ta fara da International Merchant Bank, wani reshen Najeriya na Babban Bankin Ƙasa na Chicago, sannan ta yi aiki da Bankin Chartered.<ref name="Atisu">Etsey Atisu, [https://face2faceafrica.com/article/african-countries-will-no-longer-spend-billions-to-import-sim-atm-cards-thanks-to-this-nigerian-innovator African countries will no longer spend billions to import SIM, ATM cards, thanks to this Nigerian innovator], ''Face 2 Face Africa'', 7 June 2019. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref> Daga nan ta ɗauki Chevening Scholarship don yin karatun MBA a Makarantar Kasuwancin Strathclyde.<ref name="foundateur">[http://www.afripresse.com/2019/06/09/mme-%EF%BB%BFkofo-akinkugbe-fondateur-et-ceo-de-secureid-leader-de-la-carte-a-puce-en-afrique-sub-saharienne/ Mme Kofo Akinkugbe, fondateur et CEO de SecureID, leader de la carte à puce en Afrique sub-saharienne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410185007/http://www.afripresse.com/2019/06/09/mme-%EF%BB%BFkofo-akinkugbe-fondateur-et-ceo-de-secureid-leader-de-la-carte-a-puce-en-afrique-sub-saharienne/ |date=2023-04-10 }}, ''Afrique Presse'', 9 June 2019. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref> == Kamfanoni == Kofo Akinkugbe ta kafa Interface Technologies Limited, mai kula da tsaro da kamfanin biometrics, a cikin shekarar 1998, SecureID Limited a shekara ta 2005 da SecureCard Manufacturing a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="foundateur"/> Rukunin kamfanoninta sun mallaki tashar samar da katin SIM na farko a Najeriya, wanda ke aiki tun Disamban 2016.<ref name="Atisu"/> An tabbatar da Visa, [[Verve International|Verve]] da Mastercard, kamfanin yana fitar da katunan SIM zuwa wasu ƙasashen Afirka 21.<ref>Joseph Omotayo, [https://www.legit.ng/1256931-kofo-akinkugbe-nigerian-woman-owns-west-africas-smart-card-plant-exports-21-countries.html Kofo Akinkugbe: Nigerian woman who owns West Africa's first smart card plant, exports to 21 countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416085830/https://www.legit.ng/1256931-kofo-akinkugbe-nigerian-woman-owns-west-africas-smart-card-plant-exports-21-countries.html |date=2023-04-16 }}, legit.ng, 30 August 2019. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref> == Ganewa == A cikin shekarar 2012 Kofo Akinkugbe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka don Kyautar Kasuwancin Mature Business.<ref name="Kamdem">Gaelle Kamdem, [https://www.afrikmag.com/nigeria-kofo-akinkugbe-est-proprietaire-premiere-entreprise-de-fabrication-de-carte-sim-en-afrique-de-louest/ Nigeria : Kofo Akinkugbe, propriétaire de la première entreprise de fabrication de carte SIM en Afrique de l’Ouest], ''AfrikMag'', 1 September 2019. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref> A cikin watan Mayun 2017 muƙaddashin shugaban ƙasa [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ya naɗa ta a hukumar ba da shawara kan manufofin masana'antu da gasa ta Najeriya. <ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/232611-osinbajo-gives-dangote-peterside-34-others-new-appointments-full-list.html Osinbajo gives Dangote, Peterside, 34 others new appointments — FULL LIST], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 30 May 2017. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/05/31/osinbajo-inaugurates-industrial-policy-and-competitiveness-advisory-council/ Osinbajo Inaugurates Industrial Policy and Competitiveness Advisory Council], ''[[This Day]]'', 31 May 2017. Accessed 16 May 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2018/9/23/kofo-akinkugbe-100-lionesses-profile-meet-nigerias-trailblazing-innovator-in-smart-card-manufacturing Zaƙin Afirka: Kofo Akinkygbe] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] obzh0yzm0na4rx4dl7eilbow688xm3r 0 47108 892190 552155 2026-08-06T16:24:13Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arkomanci''' wata nau'in sana’a ce ta sayar da kayan amfanin gona wanda aka cire shi daga jikin zangarniyarsa. Mai yin wannan sana’a shi ake kira arkomi.<ref>https://wikihausa.com.ng/hausawa-da-aladunsu/ </ref> Ana kuma gudanar da wannan sana’a ta hanyar karɓar kayan amfanin gona gyararru daga hannun mai shi a sayar da shi ta hanyar awo. Duk mutumin da ke son saye ko sayar da kayan amfanin gona gyararre, yakan je wajen arkomi ya aunar ko ya auna gwargwadon buƙata, kamawa tun daga rabin mudu har zuwa iya ƙarfi. Dukkan abin awon da ya zuba a ƙasa a lokacin da ake awo, to ya zama rabon arkomi. Idan kasuwa ta ci, ta tashi, sai arkomi ya share kan shimfiɗarsa ya yi gaba da wannan ragowar. Haka nan kuma a duk cikin mudu goma da arkomi ya sayar, to kuɗin mudu ɗaya ladarsa ce. Arkomi kan sayar da buhu-buhu na kayan amfani da kuma dami-dami, amma wannan ba kasafai ake kai musu ba, sai tsalli-tsalli. An fi kai buhu-buhu, da dami-dami zuwa ga dillallan kayan amfanin gona.<ref>https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/leadership-hausa-9Y3G/20221111/281874417398260 </ref> Kayayyakin da ake buƙata don gudanar da sana’ar arkomanci sun haɗa da: Mudu, masaki, sanho, shimfiɗa wacce a da can baya, suna amfani da tabarma buji-kura (babbar tabarma) yanzu kuma sukan shimfiɗa leda ko tamfal, da kuma basilla. ==Kayayyakin da suke siyarwa== Dukkan nau’in kayana amfanin gona da ka iya kasancewa gero , dawa, maiwa, alkama, wake, shinkafa, gyaɗa, gurjiya, acca, ibiro, da sauransu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 3pamgb1vpm2q5rgzjhwtty0at0s7jl9 892191 892190 2026-08-06T16:24:35Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arkomanci''' wata nau'in sana’a ce ta sayar da kayan amfanin gona wanda aka cire shi daga jikin zangarniyarsa. Mai yin wannan sana’a shi ake kira arkomi.<ref>https://wikihausa.com.ng/hausawa-da-aladunsu/ </ref> Ana kuma gudanar da wannan sana’a ta hanyar karɓar kayan amfanin gona gyararru daga hannun mai shi a sayar da shi ta hanyar awo. Duk mutumin da ke son saye ko sayar da kayan amfanin gona gyararre, yakan je wajen arkomi ya aunar ko ya auna gwargwadon buƙata, kamawa tun daga rabin mudu har zuwa iya ƙarfi. Dukkan abin awon da ya zuba a ƙasa a lokacin da ake awo, to ya zama rabon arkomi. Idan kasuwa ta ci, ta tashi, sai arkomi ya share kan shimfiɗarsa ya yi gaba da wannan ragowar. Haka nan kuma a duk cikin mudu goma da arkomi ya sayar, to kuɗin mudu ɗaya ladarsa ce. Arkomi kan sayar da buhu-buhu na kayan amfani da kuma dami-dami, to amma wannan ba kasafai ake kai musu ba, sai tsalli-tsalli. An fi kai buhu-buhu, da dami-dami zuwa ga dillallan kayan amfanin gona.<ref>https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/leadership-hausa-9Y3G/20221111/281874417398260 </ref> Kayayyakin da ake buƙata don gudanar da sana’ar arkomanci sun haɗa da: Mudu, masaki, sanho, shimfiɗa wacce a da can baya, suna amfani da tabarma buji-kura (babbar tabarma) yanzu kuma sukan shimfiɗa leda ko tamfal, da kuma basilla. ==Kayayyakin da suke siyarwa== Dukkan nau’in kayana amfanin gona da ka iya kasancewa gero , dawa, maiwa, alkama, wake, shinkafa, gyaɗa, gurjiya, acca, ibiro, da sauransu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 6y49ovsealefasp7ooh4m782zia7h1h 0 48053 892520 494624 2026-08-07T07:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kanumhu Shopping Center.jpg|thumb|yankin mabduku]] '''Mabvuku''' yanki ne da ke gabas da [[Harare]] babban birnin ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]]. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2005, shirin atasayen, Operation Murambatsvina ya lalata gidaje marasa galihu a Mabvuku da sauran yankunan Harare kamar [[Budiriro]] da [[Mbare]] da kuma [[Chitungwiza]] na kusa.<ref name="Slum">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=New slum threat in Harare |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/09/20/new-slum-threat-harare/ |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=The Zimbabwe Independent |date=20 September 2013 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160635/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/09/20/new-slum-threat-harare/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 2010, adadin mutanen da ke zaune a matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba sun sake ƙaruwa.<ref name="Squatted">{{cite news |last1=Matabvu |first1=Debra |last2=Agere |first2=Harmony |title=Squatters: Housing shortages or lawlessness? |url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/squatters-housing-shortages-or-lawlessness |access-date=7 March 2021 |work=The Sunday Mail |date=11 January 2015}}</ref> Wani sabon mazauni a Mabvuku ana kiransa Bob.<ref name="Slum" /> A cikin 2021, shirin Tsabtace birni ya kawo tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai araha ga mazauy Mabvuku. Hakan ya biyo bayan rahotannin da aka samu a shekarar da ta gabata cewa masu samar da ruwa na kai ruwa zuwa yankin ne kawai idan mata sun amince su yi lalata da su. Mazauna da yawa sun yi shekaru 30 ba tare da ruwan famfo ba. === Tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki === Garuruwan Mabvuku-Tafara sun fuskanci tabarbarewar tattalin arziki wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga ayyukan da majalisar birnin Harare ke da shi na samar da ayyukan yi ga waɗannan garuruwan da ke kusa. Mazauna garin sun sha wahala ta hanyar ruwan sha da katsewar wutar lantarki, wanda aka yarda da cewa shine mafi muni a duk faɗin birnin na [[Harare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801180764.html|title=Zimbabwe: Chickens Coming Home to Roost|publisher=Allafrica.com|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801310733.html|title=Zimbabwe: Power, Water Cuts Ruining Women in Business - Mutasa|publisher=Allafrica.com|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref> An samu rahoton ɓullar cutar kwalara, wadda ake zargi da katsewar ruwan da aka yi a fadin yankin Mabvuku-Tafara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7190047.stm |title=Africa &#124; Harare in water shortage crisis |publisher=BBC News |date=15 January 2008 |accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref> == Yanayi == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box}} </div> == Fitattun mutane daga garin == * Wilfred Mugeyi * [[William Mugeyi]] == Duba kuma == * Epworth ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a7o3qovgqeb8hxknw7ljbh48s6nnuf9 0 48735 892478 675976 2026-08-07T05:42:19Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dokokin '''Slovakia ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a''' [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] kuma ƙungiyoyin kasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Turai ke kula da su .<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref> == Tushen doka == Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Slovakia ya zayyana hakkoki da yancin da doka ta tanadar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin rayuwa, keɓantawa, tsari, [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]], dukiya, addini, yancin motsi, yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ‘yancin yin jarida, koke, ƙungiya, da jefa ƙuri’a, da ’yanci daga azabtarwa, azaba mai [[zafi]], da bauta. Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a iya kare haƙƙin ta hanyar nuna wariya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Slovakia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2017 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovakia_2017.pdf?lang=en |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Constitute Project}}</ref> == Ƴancin siyasa == Ofishin mai kare hakkin jama'a da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Slovak ne ke da alhakin kare hakki a Slovakia. Hukumar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai ta gano cewa zabe a Slovakia yana da 'yanci da adalci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Slovakia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar ta tanadi bayyana matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, sannan ana bayyana kwangilolin gwamnati ga jama'a. Cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati ke yi wani laifi ne a karkashin dokar Slovak, kuma an gano wasu kebabbun al'amura na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Slovakia: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/slovakia/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Slovakia ta aiwatar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. ‘Yan sanda sun gudanar da samame na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma an tuhumi jami’an jihar da dama da laifukan almundahana da laifuka tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021. Mata da kungiyoyin LGBT ba su da wakilci a siyasa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108091515/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indexididdigar Demokraɗiyya ta ƙididdige Slovakia a matsayin "Demokraɗiyya mara kyau" a 2021 da maki 7.03 cikin 10, wanda ya sanya ta 45 a cikin ƙasashe 167. Freedom House ya kima Slovakia a matsayin "Yanci" a 2022 tare da maki 90 cikin 100. == Fataucin mutane == Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kebe rigakafin fataucin bil adama na Slovakia a matsayin "Tier 2", ma'ana "ba ta cika cikakkiyar ma'auni na kawar da fataucin ba amma tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan". Sashi na 179 na kundin laifuffuka ya aikata laifin fataucin mutane, tare da hukuncin dauri daga shekaru hudu zuwa goma. A cikin 2021, Slovakia ta ƙaddamar da bincike 15 game da fataucin jima'i, huɗu don aikin tilastawa, uku don barace-barace. Gwamnatin Slovakia kuma tana ba da tallafi ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tallafawa wadanda fataucin bil adama ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Slovakia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin jama'a == === Tsarin tsari === tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hana rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba a yin su a Slovakia. Ana mutunta dokokin da suka shafi hukumci na rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, kodayake ana samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan sanda na lokaci-lokaci. An ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma damar yin shari’a ta gaskiya, da shari’a mai zaman kanta, da zaton ba su da laifi, da kuma lauyan lauya. Amincewa da hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta yi rauni a Slovakia saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aiki. A cewar [[Tarayyar Turai]], kawai 28% na 'yan ƙasar Slovak sun amince da sashin shari'a kamar na 2021. === Magana === ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida suna da tabbacin a karkashin dokar Slovakia. Ana ɗaukar dokokin cin mutunci a matsayin laifuffuka masu laifi kuma an yi amfani da su don taƙaita rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma murkushe sukar 'yan siyasa da sauran fitattun mutane. Kalaman ƙiyayya da musun Holocaust laifuffuka ne. Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ján Kuciak a shekara ta 2018 a matsayin mayar da martani ga bincikensa kan cin hanci da rashawa ya nuna babban hari kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a Slovakia. == Wariya == === LGBT === Wariya kan yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi haramun ne, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan doka akai-akai. Wakilan siyasa na mutanen LGBT a Slovakia yana da iyaka. 'Yan siyasa ba kasafai ake gane su a matsayin LGBT ba kuma maganganun jama'a na tozarta al'ummar LGBT abu ne gama gari. Gwamnati na buƙatar mutanen da ke neman amincewar jinsi ta doka da a lalata su . === Kabilanci da kabilanci === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan kabila, kasa, kabila, da kowane matsayi. An fi hukunta laifukan ƙiyayya a Slovakia. Ana aiwatar da dokokin hana wariya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, musamman [[Mutanen Romani|mutanen Romawa]] suna fuskantar wariya, tsangwama, da zaluncin 'yan sanda . Mutanen Romani galibi ana keɓance su daga wasu ƙungiyoyi a Slovakia, kuma ba a cika bincikar laifuffukan da ake yi wa Romani ba. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta amince da rawar da ta taka a tilastawa dubunnan matan Romani haifuwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/WEBPOL1048702022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Amnesty International Report 2021/22 |date=2022 |publisher=Amnesty International |pages=326–328 |access-date=2022-05-21}}</ref> === Addini === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa babu wani addini a kasar Slovakia kuma an tabbatar da daidaito a kan addini. Amincewa da gwamnati na kungiyoyin addini yana ba da gata na musamman kamar hidima a gidajen yari, yin bukukuwan aure, da karɓar tallafi. Don a ba da izini, ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su gabatar da sa hannun mabiya 50,000. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su halarci koyarwar addini a makaranta, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Abubuwan da ke ba da shawarar nuna wariya ko ƙiyayya ga ƙungiyar addini haramun ne kuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Duk da haka, kyamar kyamar baki da kyamar Islama sun zama ruwan dare a Slovakia, kuma duka biyun sun zama ruwan dare a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Slovak Republic |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> === Mata === Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan jima'i. An bai wa mata cikakken ‘yancin siyasa a Slovakia, kuma a shekarar 2019 kasar ta zabi mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kasa. Mata ba su da yawa a majalisa, wanda ke da kusan kashi 21% na majalisar a shekarar 2020. Rikicin cikin gida a Slovakia ya zama ruwan dare, kuma isar da sako ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa ya yi kadan. Slovakia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar [[Istanbul]] kan cin zarafin mata amma ba ta amince da shi ba har zuwa 2021.  == Nassoshi == [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Slofakiya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nhgtj4idaafkhp1ce4be97pcsdk4qio 0 50781 892146 264377 2026-08-06T15:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kishinchand Chellaram''' ɗan kasuwa ɗan Indiya ne wanda ke gudanar da hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci ta duniya, K. Chellaram & Sons. An kafa kamfanin a cikin 1915, wani yanki ne na dangin ciniki na sindwork a Indiya.<ref name="brill">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191934612|title=Cosmopolitan connections : the Sindhi diaspora, 1860-2000|last=Falzon, Mark-Anthony.|date=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=1429408367|location=Leiden|pages=136–138, 222|oclc=191934612}}</ref> == Rayuwa da kasuwanci == An haifi Chelleram a [[Chennai|Madras]] ga dangin Gianchand Chellaram, dan kasuwan Sindhi. Shi da ’yan’uwa uku sun yi makarantar firamare a [[Hyderabad]] kuma suna horon shiga sana’ar iyali. Yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Chellaram ya fara aiki a cikin kasuwancin iyali kuma an horar da shi a fannoni da yawa na kasuwanci.<ref name="claude">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56416068|title=The global world of Indian merchants, 1750-1947 : traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama|last=Markovits, Claude.|year=141|isbn=0511018606|location=Cambridge [England]|pages=141|oclc=56416068}}</ref> A cikin 1915, ya kafa kansa tare da kafa K. Chellaram da Sons a Madras, kamfanin siliki na siliki da wasu 'yan kasuwa. Bayan ƴan shekaru an buɗe reshe a Yokohama. Fadada yamma ya kai ga kafa ofis a Legas a 1923. Kamfanin na Legas ya yi ciniki da masaku daga Indiya da Japan a cikin 1920 da 1930s yana fafatawa da kamfanonin Turai. Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, kamfanin ya kafa ofishin gida a Saliyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Africa|first=Forbes|date=2012-03-01|title=From Refugees To Tycoons|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/focus/2012/03/01/from-refugees-to-tycoons/|language=en-US}}</ref> Chellarams sun kasance Hindu daga lardin Sindh a Indiya kafin rabuwa, lokacin da aka raba ƙungiyar zuwa Indiya da Pakistan, Chellaram ya sayar da mafi yawan kadarorinsa a Sindh kuma ya kara sha'awar Najeriya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} Chellaram ya yi rijistar kasuwanci a Najeriya a hukumance a shekarar 1947 kuma a cikin shekarun 1950, ya kafa rukunin shaguna. Chellaram ya mallaki gida a yankin babban brow na [[Ikoyi]] a Legas a mulkin mallaka sannan ya yi ritaya zuwa Pedhi a Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chellaramcharities.org/Kishinchand.html|title=Chellaram Charities|website=chellaramcharities.org|access-date=2019-04-13|archive-date=2019-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415065246/http://chellaramcharities.org/Kishinchand.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kafin mutuwarsa, ya kafa amincewar ilimi a Indiya wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Kwalejin Kishinchand Chellaram . == Nassoshi == [[Category:Kasuwanci]] linf2ctxrxob17511jkacwn2kvo3tvr 0 50787 892181 630334 2026-08-06T16:19:44Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata kungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar kasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilu 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] i3l73njcxk7n1o59ugojz9wwtawxmvq 892182 892181 2026-08-06T16:20:08Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilu 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 6mfo78losrr6ta8baif3lc5j9x7lvda 892183 892182 2026-08-06T16:20:27Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilu 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 79y1svsakhjhgryn8w2qtle7gek43ug 892184 892183 2026-08-06T16:20:49Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] este6eoy852l48g6978yfkmug8n5tyo 892185 892184 2026-08-06T16:21:04Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 8v97hxxety7cjzx68p7kal7nshewty1 892186 892185 2026-08-06T16:21:32Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban ƙasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya ƙirƙiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 0n5hqa81n4mysj54uwr8vb7m6hm1tcc 892187 892186 2026-08-06T16:21:46Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban ƙasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya ƙirƙiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 1uv59t1u8ycirphgqeo0svlznyc1pyn 892188 892187 2026-08-06T16:22:14Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban ƙasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya ƙirƙiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a faɗin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 6s2dqw1owewk3gpjif5orb16k6fsayb 892189 892188 2026-08-06T16:22:37Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of Cameron County, Pennsylvania.gif|thumb|tutar kamaru]] Kundin tsarin mulkin '''[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.''' Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Amurka]] ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da kuma kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154621/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135942.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Cameroon]</ref> == Batutuwa. == Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|‘Freedom from Torture’]] ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar ƙasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a shekarar 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin <nowiki>'as 'widespread and systematic.'''</nowiki> <ref>Medical Foundation for Care of Victims of Torture (2002), "'Every Morning Just Like Coffee'" Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine . full report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine[http://www.torturecare.org.uk/publications/reports/284 '"] {{Webarchive}} {{Webarchive}}</ref> A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, [[Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa|Freedom from Torture]] ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka. [[Amnesty International|Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/cameroon-catalogue-human-rights-abuses-20090129 ''Cameroon: A catalogue of human rights abuses'', Amnesty International]</ref> A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan ''Cameroun Express'', ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison. <ref name="JD" /> An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban ƙasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya ƙirƙiro takardar ya gudu. <ref>[[Reporters without Borders]], 20 April 2010, [http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html Health of three journalists deteriorating in Kondengui prison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230938/http://en.rsf.org/cameroon-health-of-three-journalists-20-04-2010,37093.html|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka." <ref>Federation of African Journalists report Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya". <ref>Gloppen, Siri; Rakner, Lise (2020). "LGBT rights in Africa" . Research Handbook on Gender, Sexuality and the Law . p. 196. <nowiki>ISBN 9781788111157</nowiki> .</ref> A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar ''[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]'' ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a faɗin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. <ref>"Cameroon: Separatist Abuses in Anglophone Regions" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 27 June 2022.</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html ''CAMEROUN Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition'', Le Monde, AFP]</ref> == Tarihi. == Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun a shekarar 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".<ref>"Country ratings and status, 1973-2014" (XLS). Freedom in the World . Freedom House . January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Kameru|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ahmadou&nbsp;Ahidjo&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmadou Ahidjo |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Paul Biya]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |- align="center" | align="left" |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Paul Biya |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1972 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1976 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 | style="background:#9f9;" |1994 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Duba kuma. == * 'Yancin addini a Kamaru. * Fataucin mutane a Kamaru. * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru. * Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] iacanc7jq1csqtz4dkgl6f1dqupvu1h 0 51055 892125 410854 2026-08-06T12:51:52Z Baffa ali 47435 892125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ogo-Eze''' yanki ne a karamar hukumar Bomadi, gundumar Tarakiri dake a cikin jihar Delta.<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> akwai secondary school .{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== ejx7bruw8r8l1cxooufqoftovo5ivnv 0 52454 892269 274011 2026-08-06T17:15:06Z Audullo 43513 892269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Equal Rights Washington|map=Map of USA WA.svg|motto=|type=[[501(c)(3)]]|revenue=|headquarters=[[Seattle, Washington]]}} [[Category:Pages using infobox organization with unknown parameters|missionEqual Rights Washington]] '''Daidaiton Haƙƙin Washington''' (RW) ita ce babbar ƙungiyar LGBT a duk faɗin [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]], ƙungiyar wayar da gwagwalad kan jama'a. Manufar ERW ita ce tabbatarwa da haɓaka mutunci, gwagwalad aminci, da daidaito ga duk [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]], 'yan luwaɗi, bisexuals, da ƴan asalin Washington. Daidaiton Haƙƙin [[https://www.nwpb.org/2019/10/08/lgbtq-employees-are-already-protected-in-washington-state-no-matter-what-scotus-rules/Washington]] ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi uku: Daidaita Haƙƙin Washington, ƙungiyar 501 (c) (4) wacce ke mai da hankali kan shawarwarin siyasa, ERW Education + Engagement, ƙungiyar 501 (c) (3) wacce ke mai da hankali kan ilimin jama'a game da LGBTQ al'amura a Washington, da ERW Political Action, kwamitin aikin siyasa mai rijista wanda ya wanzu don ba da tallafi ga 'yan takara masu ra'ayin dai-daito na zaɓaɓɓu a jihar Washington. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin suna gwagwalad ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitocin gudanarwa masu zaman kansu, daidai da bin dokokin jiha da tarayya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}} == Tarihi == Yawancin wadanda suka kafa ERW da shugabannin sun shiga duniyar siyasa a lokacin yakin Hands Off Washington tsakanin shekarar 1993 da shekara ta 1997. An kuma kafa ERW ne a cikin shekarar 2004 don taimakawa wajen zartar da dokar hana wariya ta LGBT ta Jihar Washington, wanda shekaru 28 aka gabatar da shi a majalisar dokokin jihar, amma ba ta zartar ba. A cikin shekara ta 2006, ERW ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da zartar da wannan doka, Bill 2661 na Washington House . ERW kuma ta kasance babban dang wasa a cikin gwagwarmayar ganin Kotun Koli ta Jihar Washington ta ba da yancin aure ga ma'auratan. A shekara ta 2006, Kotun ta yanke shawarar ba za ta ba da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba. A cikin shekara ta 2007, ERW ta goyi bayan nasarar nasarar dokar abokan hulɗar cikin gida ta Jihar Washington, wacce ta ba da dama daga cikin haƙƙoƙin aure ga ma'auratan. A cikin shekara ta 2008 an ƙara ƙarin fa'idojin aure sama da 100 a cikin ainihin dokar haɗin gwiwa ta gida, kuma a cikin shekarar 2009 sauran haƙƙoƙin da aka bai wa ma'auratan maza da mata an ba wa abokan auren jinsi ɗaya ta hanyar dokar haɗin gwiwa ta cikin gida ta jihar. Wannan godiya ce ta musamman ga aikin Haƙƙin Daidaito Washington da abokan haɗin gwiwarta a duk faɗin jihar. A cikin fadada haƙƙin haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida, Daidaiton Haƙƙin Washington ya bayyana a sarari cewa manufarta ita ce ta ci gaba da tallata, ilimantar da kai da kuma ba da shawara ga imaninta cewa babu wani cikakken cikakken daidaiton aure da ya wadatar ga iyalai a Washington da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. ma'auratan jima'i. More than just a marriage equality organization, Equal uRights Washington actively lobbies on behalf of LGBT homeless people, LGBT youth, on issues specifically affecting Washington's broad transgender community, and on health concerns impacting the LGBT community in Washington.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2010}} == Ayyuka == ERW ba ta da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci. Gwagwalad ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara, ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da masu sa kai suna kula da lokutan ofis na ɗan lokaci kowane mako don tallafawa manufa da manufofin hukumar. Daidaiton Haƙƙin gwagwalad Washington yana aiki daga ofishi a unguwar Capitol Hill na [[Seattle]] . Kungiyar memba ce ta Tarayyar Daidaito . == Duba kuma ==   * Hakkokin LGBT a Washington (jihar) * Auren jinsi daya a Washington (jihar) * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin LGBT * Washington House Bill 2661 * Iyalan Washington Suna Tsaye Tare * Washington United don Aure == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.equalrightswashington.org/}} {{EqFed}}{{LGBT in Washington State}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|47|36|50.4|N|122|19|29.9|W}} qeffetz0uob5y502brfm9lzjh73j3nn 0 52506 892357 496231 2026-08-06T20:02:04Z Baffa ali 47435 892357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bookshelf of Enid Blyton works.jpg|thumb|Marubucine]] '''Enid Mary Blyton''' (11 ga Agusta 1897 - 28 Nuwamba 1968) marubuciya ce yar Ingila wanda littattafanta suka kasance mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya tun shekarun 1930, ta sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 600.<ref>https://www.enidblyton.net/</ref> Har yanzu littattafanta sun shahara sosai kuma an fassara su zuwa harsuna casa'in. Tun daga watan Yuni 2019, Blyton ta riƙe matsayi na 4 na marubutan da akafi fassara ayyukansu.Ta yi rubutu akan batutuwa da dama, gami da ilimi, tarihin halitta, fantasy, asiri, da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki. An fi tunawa da ita a yau don [[:en:Noddy_(character)|Noddy]], Famous Five, Secret Seven, Five Find-Outers, da Malory Towers, duk da cewa ta rubuta wasu da yawa, ciki har da St. Clare's, The Naughtiest Girl, da jerin Bishiyar Faraway.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enid-Blyton</ref><ref>https://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/</ref> tayi karatu makarantar Hollywood high school . {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1968]] qoc5qe3149ijyqufume0foc6ic48xkh 0 53441 892441 578512 2026-08-07T02:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dion Lee, February 2013.jpg|thumb|Lee Tuck]] '''Lee Andrew Tuck''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1988) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga kungiyar Kedah Darul Aman ta Malaysia da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Malaysia. Tun da ya bar gasar Ingila ba a cikin shekarar 2010, Tuck ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙwararru a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana wasa a manyan wasannin motsa jiki na [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]] da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. Ya samu takardar zama dan kasar Malaysia ta hanyar ba da izinin zama dan kasa. <ref>[https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/exclusive-lee-tuck-from-halifax-to-terengganu-the-englishman-who-/1v5626k3r2ver1eucc7e9jrrr7 Lee Tuck – From Halifax to Terengganu, the Englishman who outlasted Tony Cottee] goal.com</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Ingila === Tuck ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob ɗin Halifax Town a cikin shekarar 2008. Ya kuma yi sihiri tare da Bradford (Park Avenue) da Guiseley. === Thailand da Bangladesh === Tuck ya isa [[Tailan|Thailand]] a cikin shekarar 2010 bayan ya bar Farsley Celtic, bayan sihiri kuma tare da ɗaukar goron gayyatar abokinsa don yin wasa da Nakhon Pathom FC. Bayan kwantiraginsa da Nakhon Pathom ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga wa Oktoba shekarar 2010, Tuck ya rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da kulob din Customs United na Thai a cikin shekarar 2011. <ref>[http://www.thai-fussball.com/en/News-Lee-Tuck-aims-promotion-to-the-Thai-Premier-League-with-Customs-United-item-150.html Lee Tuck aims promotion to the Thai Premier League with Customs United] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929003414/http://www.thai-fussball.com/en/News-Lee-Tuck-aims-promotion-to-the-Thai-Premier-League-with-Customs-United-item-150.html |date=2020-09-29 }}; thai-fussball.com, 17 March 2011</ref> Tuck ya buga wasa a Bangkok FC tsakanin shekarar 2011 zuwa shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya zura kwallaye 51 a wasanni 77 a gasar, kuma sun yi rashin nasara a gasar, inda ya kare a matsayi na hudu a kakar wasan karshe da Tuck a kungiyar. <ref>[https://tplenglish.wordpress.com/2015/11/11/interview-lee-tuck-nahkon-ratchasima-striker Interview: Lee Tuck Nakhon Ratchasima Striker]; TPL English, 11 November 2015</ref> <ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/huddersfield-man-lee-tucks-target-5134464 Huddersfield man Lee Tuck's on target in Far East football mission playing for Bangkok FC]; The Huddersfield Examiner, 18 July 2013</ref> Tuck ya koma Air Force Central daga Bangkok FC a cikin shekarar 2014 kuma an ba shi rancen zuwa Nakhon Ratchasima. Daga baya ya koma Nakhon Ratchasima kan yarjejeniyar dindindin a shekarar 2015. Bayan ya shafe shekaru shida a kwallon kafa ta Thai, ya koma kungiyar Abahani Limited Dhaka [[Bangladesh|na Bangladesh]], inda ya lashe gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta shekarar 2016. <ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/lee-tuck-hopes-return-one-day-1341928 Lee Tuck hopes to return one day]; thedailystar.net, 8 January 2017</ref> <ref>[http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/lee-tuck--peeps-his-cv-in-east-bengal-club- LEE TUCK peeps his CV in East Bengal Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924224759/http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/lee-tuck--peeps-his-cv-in-east-bengal-club- |date=2017-09-24 }}; eastbengaltherealpower.com, 30 May 2016</ref> <ref>[https://en.vavel.com/football/257979.html Lee Tuck: The Star In Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924184315/https://en.vavel.com/football/257979.html |date=2017-09-24 }}; Vavel, 20 August 2013</ref> === Negeri Sembilan === A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017, Tuck ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Negeri Sembilan FC na Premier League na Malaysia . A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017, Tuck ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 akan Sabah FC a matsayin farkon farawa. <ref>[https://www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/livescore/index_game1?game_no=463 Negeri Sembilan vs Sabah Match report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813190146/https://www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/livescore/index_game1?game_no=463 |date=2017-08-13 }}; Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Bolasepak, 20 January 2017</ref> Burinsa na farko a gasar ya fito ne daga ci 2–1 gida da MISC-MIFA a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017. <ref>[https://www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/livescore/index_game1?game_no=504 Negeri Sembilan vs MISC-MIFA Match report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094616/https://www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/livescore/index_game1?game_no=504 |date=2019-01-02 }}; Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Bolasepak, 28 February 2017</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, Tuck ya ci hat-trick a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin FA na Malaysia na Shekarar 2017 da Penang FC wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba. <ref>[http://www.flashscore.in/match/KxkhbSkq/#match-summary Neg 4–1 Pen]; FlashScore.in, Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref> <ref>[http://www.newagebd.net/article/6480/abahani-midfielder-lee-tuck-joins-malaysian-club Abahani midfielder Lee Tuck joins Malaysian club]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; New Age Sport, 7 January 2017</ref> <ref>[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/four-new-imports-can-make-an-impact-in-premier-league-says-negri-mb#O5UjkHlVxHrU0RYr.97 Four new imports can make an impact in Premier League, says Negri MB]; Malay Mail Online, 4 January 2017</ref> <ref>[http://english.astroawani.com/sports-news/n-sembilan-can-mount-serious-challenge-premier-league-title-coach-129201 N.Sembilan can mount a serious challenge for Premier League title – Coach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223212920/http://english.astroawani.com/sports-news/n-sembilan-can-mount-serious-challenge-premier-league-title-coach-129201 |date=2019-12-23 }}; Astro Awani, 16 January 2017</ref> Saboda halayensa na jagoranci, an nada shi mataimakin kyaftin na Negeri Sembilan. <ref>[http://www.sinarharian.com.my/sukan/semangat-juang-jentera-jang-hampakan-tok-gajah-1.711022 Semangat juang jentera Jang hampakan Tok Gajah]; Sinar Harian, 31 July 2017</ref> === Terengganu === A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2017, Tuck ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Terengganu FC bayan da kulob din ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar 1 ta Malaysia. <ref>[https://www.bharian.com.my/sukan/bola/2017/11/351600/terengganu-ikat-andrew-tuck Terengganu ikat Andrew Tuck]; BH Online, 16 November 2017</ref> Ya zura kwallaye 23 a raga a duk tsawon rayuwarsa a kungiyar. === Sri Pahang === A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, Tuck ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sri Pahang FC. ==== Komawar lamuni zuwa Terengganu ==== A watan Mayu shekarar 2021, Tuck ya dawo Terengganu FC akan yarjejeniyar lamuni na watanni shida har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021. Ya buga wasanni uku ne kawai a gasar, inda ya zura kwallo daya kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar, kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin shekarar Nuwamba shekarar 2022, Tuck ya sami kiransa na farko zuwa tawagar Malaysian don sansanin horon su gabanin gasar cin kofin AFF na shekarar 2022. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2022, ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Cambodia kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasa daya. Kwallon farko da Lee ya ci a wasansa na farko ba ta ishe shi ba domin ya zura kwallo ta uku a ragar Maldives a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2022. A ƙarshe an ƙara tally lokacin da ya zira kwallaye na gaba da Sulemanu Islands. == Manufar kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | 9 Disamba 2022 | Bukit Jalil National Stadium, [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] |</img> Kambodiya | align="center" | '''2-0''' | align="center" | 4–0 | rowspan="3" | Sada zumunci |- | 2. | 14 Disamba 2022 | Kuala Lumpur Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |</img> Maldives | align="center" | '''3-0''' | align="center" | 3–0 |- | 3. | 14 ga Yuni 2023 | Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium, Terengganu, Malaysia |</img> Tsibirin Solomon | align="center" | '''4-1''' | align="center" | 4–1 |- |} == Kididdigar sana'a == {{Updated|11 August 2022}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/lee-tuck/34445/ |title=Lee Tuck |website= Soccerway |accessdate=10 May 2019 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Malaysia FA Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Malaysia Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Nakhon Ratchasima |2015 |29 |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |29 |5 |- |Negeri Sembilan |2017 |20 |5 |5 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |– |29 |9 |- | rowspan="5" |Terengganu |2018 |20 |6 |2 |1 |10 |7 | colspan="2" |– |32 |14 |- |2019 |17 |3 |3 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |– |23 |4 |- |2020 |11 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |11 |6 |- |2021 (loan) |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |3 |1 |- !Total !51 !16 !5 !2 !13 !7 !0 !0 !69 !25 |- | rowspan="3" |Sri Pahang |2021 |11 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |11 |2 |- |2022 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |- !Total !11 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !11 !2 |- | rowspan="2" |Kedah |2023 |13 |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |13 |4 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !13 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !13 !4 |- ! colspan="2" |Career Total !124 !32 !10 !5 !17 !8 !0 !0 !151 !45 |- |} {{Notelist}} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|matches played 14 June 2023.}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=82578}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="2" | Malaysia | 2022 | 8 | 2 |- | 2023 | 1 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 9 ! 3 |} == Girmamawa == '''Abahani Limited Dhaka''' * Premier League ta Bangladesh : 2015–16 * Kofin Tarayyar Bangladesh : 2016 '''Terengganu''' * Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup : 2019 '''Mutum''' * Takalma ta Zinare ta 1 ta Thailand: 2012 * Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup wanda ya zira kwallaye : 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|34445|Lee Tuck}} * [http://www.goal.com/en/people/england/104085/lee-tuck Lee Tuck] at Goal.com {{Kedah Darul Aman F.C. squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] 8o28i01zoyu7vjcv2urlj78wdmc9lue 0 53817 892347 550741 2026-08-06T19:51:21Z Baffa ali 47435 892347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Judo at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games 7.jpg|thumb|Mammadali Mehdiyev acikin filin wasa ]] [[Fayil:Azerbaijani, Russian, Mongolian presidents watch mixed team competitions at Judo world championships 5.jpg|thumb|Mammadali Mehdiyev tare da shugaban kasar suna gaisawa]] '''Mammadali MehdiyevMehdiyev,''' (an haife shi ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu, shekara 1993) ɗan Azerbaijan judoka ne wanda ya fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2015 da Gasar Olympics na bazara na 2016 . Ya lashe lambar zinare a gasarsan a shekarata 2022 Judo Grand Slam Tel Aviv da aka gudanar a Tel Aviv, Isra'ila. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] qchgcelt8adaj5nmrtho236q07iajqs 0 53977 892480 420728 2026-08-07T05:43:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (1).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mosaddek Hossain Saikat]] {{Hatnote|For another Bangladeshi cricketer, see [[Mosaddek Hossain (cricketer, born 1983)]]}}{{Infobox cricketer|name=Mosaddek Hossain|image=Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (2) (cropped).jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Mosaddek in 2018|fullname=Mosaddek Hossain Saikat|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|12|10|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Mymensingh]], Bangladesh|nickname=Saikat|heightm=1.74|batting=Right-handed|bowling=Right-arm [[off break]]|role=[[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|Middle-order batsman]]|country=Bangladesh|international=true|internationalspan=2016–present|testcap=86|testdebutagainst=Sri Lanka|testdebutdate=15 March|testdebutyear=2017|lasttestagainst=Sri Lanka|lasttestdate=23 May|lasttestyear=2022|odicap=119|odidebutagainst=Afghanistan|odidebutdate=28 September|odidebutyear=2016|lastodiagainst=Zimbabwe|lastodidate=5 August|lastodiyear=2022|odishirt=32|T20Icap=53|T20Idebutagainst=Zimbabwe|T20Idebutdate=20 January|T20Idebutyear=2016|lastT20Iagainst=Pakistan|lastT20Idate=6 November|lastT20Iyear=2022|T20Ishirt=32|club1=[[Dhaka Division cricket team|Dhaka Division]]|year1=2013/14|club2=[[Abahani Limited Cricket Team|Abahani Limited]]|year2=2013/14–present|club3=[[Barisal Division cricket team|Barisal Division]]|year3=2014/15–present|club4=[[Dhaka Dynamites]]|year4=2015/17|club5=[[Chittagong Vikings]]|year5=2019–present|columns=4|column1=[[Test cricket|Test]]|column2=[[One Day International|ODI]]|column3=[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]|column4=[[First-class cricket|FC]]|matches1=4|matches2=43|matches3=25|matches4=43|runs1=173|runs2=634|runs3=340|runs4=3256|bat avg1=28.83|bat avg2=25.36|bat avg3=22.66|bat avg4=54.26|100s/50s1=0/1|100s/50s2=0/3|100s/50s3=0/0|100s/50s4=11/13|top score1=75|top score2=52[[not out|*]]|top score3=48[[not out|*]]|top score4=282|deliveries1=162|deliveries2=1130|deliveries3=259|deliveries4=2747|wickets1=0|wickets2=17|wickets3=16|wickets4=29|bowl avg1=–|bowl avg2=57.00|bowl avg3=17.87|bowl avg4=53.48|fivefor1=0|fivefor2=0|fivefor3=1|fivefor4=0|tenfor1=0|tenfor2=–|tenfor3=–|tenfor4=0|best bowling1=–|best bowling2=3/13|best bowling3=5/20|best bowling4=4/33|catches/stumpings1=2/–|catches/stumpings2=18/–|catches/stumpings3=12/–|catches/stumpings4=30/–|source=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mosaddek-hossain-550133 ESPNCricinfo|date=6 November 2022}} '''Mosaddek Hossain Saikat''' (Bengali; an haife shi a ranar goma 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Bangladesh]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Bangladesh da kuma Barisal Division a cikin ƙwallon cikin gida. Ya fara buga wa Bangladesh wasa a duniya a watan Janairu, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2016. Ya rike mafi girman yajin aiki a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022. == Ayyukan 'yan kasa da shekara goma sha tara 19 == Mosaddek dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hannun dama kuma mai jefa kwallo. Ya buga wa Bangladesh wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kasa da shekaru goma sha tara 19: a Ostiraliya a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012 da kuma Abu Dhabi a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa da shekarar sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya jagoranci Bangladesh ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a jerin wasanni biyu na wasanni hudu da Sri Lanka ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye ɗari da bakwai 107 a wasan farko da saba'in da huɗu 74 a wasan na biyu. Daga nan sai ya sake zama kyaftin din tawagar a cikin jerin wasanni biyar na iyakantaccen wasanni nan da nan bayan haka, inda ya zira kwallaye sama da ɗari biyu 200, ciki har da casa'in da takwas 98 a wasan na uku wanda Bangladesh ta lashe ta hanyar wicket daya. A Ingila daga baya a wannan shekarar, a cikin "kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo", ya zira kwallaye ɗari da goma 110 * daga kwallaye ɗari da goma sha uku 113 sannan ya dauki ukku 3 don talatin da takwas 38 daga goma 10 a cikin nasarar talatin da takwas 38 a kan Ingila ƙasa da shekaru goma sha tara Under-19.<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2014, p. 789-90.</ref> == Babban aiki == A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17, Mosaddek ya yi ƙarni a wasan sa na biyu na List A lokacin da ya zira kwallaye ɗari 100 ga Abahani Limited a kan Firayim Doleshwar Sporting Club a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya buga wasa daya na farko a [[Dhaka]] Division a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14 kuma an zaba shi don buga wa Yankin Gabas a ƙarshen kakar, lokacin da ya dauki ukku 3 ga sittin da biyar 65 da huɗu 4 ga talatin da uku 33 a kan Yankin Kudu. Bayan kakar shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14, Cricinfo ya kira shi daya daga cikin matasa 'yan wasan Bangladesh mafi kyau, yana mai lura da cewa a matsayin mai buga kwallo ya burge "tare da aikin ƙafafunsa game da juyawa da sauƙi game da saurin". Mosaddek ya buga wa Barisal Division wasa a gasar Cricket ta kasa ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2014-15. A kan Rangpur Division a Savar ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da hamsin 250 daga kwallaye ɗari huɗu da arba'in da takwas 448, ya kara ɗari huɗu da ashirin da ukku 423 don wicket na biyar tare da Al-Amin. A wasansa na gaba bayan 'yan kwanaki a filin wasan cricket makwabta, Mosaddek ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da tamanin da biyu 282 daga kwallaye ɗari ukku da tara 309. An zana wasannin biyu. A wasan na biyu na wasan karshe na kakar, ya zira kwallaye ɗari da sha tara 119 a yankin Kudancin a gasar Cricket ta Bangladesh, inda ya wuce dubu ɗaya 1000 a kakar da kuma aikinsa. Mosaddek ya fara shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2015-16 tare da ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 (ciki har da shida shida) da arba'in 40 don Barisal Division, mafi girma a kowane innings, da kuma zira kwallaye a karni na farko na duniya shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015-16. A wasan da ya biyo baya, ya zira kwallaye 200 ba tare da fita ba (tare da shida bakwai) da kuma 61, kuma ya ci kwallaye a kowane innings. An zana wasannin biyu. 200 da bai fita ba ya sanya shi dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya zira kwallaye uku na farko. Mosaddek ya zagaya [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] tare da Bangladesh A a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na Bangladesh A a wasanni biyu na farko, da Zimbabwe A, tare da gudu 194 a 64.66. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya sunan Mossadek a cikin tawagar Chittagong Vikings, biyo bayan da aka tsara don gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2018-19. Ya jagoranci Abahani Limited zuwa nasara a gasar Firimiya ta Dhaka ta 2018-19. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaba shi don buga wa Sylhet Thunder wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2019-20. Mosaddek ya buga wa Gazi Group Chattogram a gasar cin kofin T20 na Bangabandhu. == Ayyukan kasa da Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. == Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) ga Bangladesh a kan [[Afghanistan]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko ga Bangladesh da ya dauki wicket tare da isar da shi na farko a cikin ODI. Ya zira kwallaye 45 da ba a ci nasara ba bayan ya zo a lamba bakwai kuma ya buga da wutsiya. Wannan ya kara yawan lambobinsa na 2-31 daga 10 overs, da kuma kamawa. Koyaya, wannan bai hana Bangladesh rasa wasan da wickets biyu ba.<ref name="ODI" /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] ik8ayqwcw3lajk0vzpgqkhcnp788bww 892566 892480 2026-08-07T09:38:25Z Mahuta 11340 892566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (1).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mosaddek Hossain Saikat]] {{Hatnote|For another Bangladeshi cricketer, see [[Mosaddek Hossain (cricketer, born 1983)]]}}{{Infobox cricketer|name=Mosaddek Hossain|image=Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (2) (cropped).jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Mosaddek in 2018|fullname=Mosaddek Hossain Saikat|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|12|10|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Mymensingh]], Bangladesh|nickname=Saikat|heightm=1.74|batting=Right-handed|bowling=Right-arm [[off break]]|role=[[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|Middle-order batsman]]|country=Bangladesh|international=true|internationalspan=2016–present|testcap=86|testdebutagainst=Sri Lanka|testdebutdate=15 March|testdebutyear=2017|lasttestagainst=Sri Lanka|lasttestdate=23 May|lasttestyear=2022|odicap=119|odidebutagainst=Afghanistan|odidebutdate=28 September|odidebutyear=2016|lastodiagainst=Zimbabwe|lastodidate=5 August|lastodiyear=2022|odishirt=32|T20Icap=53|T20Idebutagainst=Zimbabwe|T20Idebutdate=20 January|T20Idebutyear=2016|lastT20Iagainst=Pakistan|lastT20Idate=6 November|lastT20Iyear=2022|T20Ishirt=32|club1=[[Dhaka Division cricket team|Dhaka Division]]|year1=2013/14|club2=[[Abahani Limited Cricket Team|Abahani Limited]]|year2=2013/14–present|club3=[[Barisal Division cricket team|Barisal Division]]|year3=2014/15–present|club4=[[Dhaka Dynamites]]|year4=2015/17|club5=[[Chittagong Vikings]]|year5=2019–present|columns=4|column1=[[Test cricket|Test]]|column2=[[One Day International|ODI]]|column3=[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]|column4=[[First-class cricket|FC]]|matches1=4|matches2=43|matches3=25|matches4=43|runs1=173|runs2=634|runs3=340|runs4=3256|bat avg1=28.83|bat avg2=25.36|bat avg3=22.66|bat avg4=54.26|100s/50s1=0/1|100s/50s2=0/3|100s/50s3=0/0|100s/50s4=11/13|top score1=75|top score2=52[[not out|*]]|top score3=48[[not out|*]]|top score4=282|deliveries1=162|deliveries2=1130|deliveries3=259|deliveries4=2747|wickets1=0|wickets2=17|wickets3=16|wickets4=29|bowl avg1=–|bowl avg2=57.00|bowl avg3=17.87|bowl avg4=53.48|fivefor1=0|fivefor2=0|fivefor3=1|fivefor4=0|tenfor1=0|tenfor2=–|tenfor3=–|tenfor4=0|best bowling1=–|best bowling2=3/13|best bowling3=5/20|best bowling4=4/33|catches/stumpings1=2/–|catches/stumpings2=18/–|catches/stumpings3=12/–|catches/stumpings4=30/–|source=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mosaddek-hossain-550133 ESPNCricinfo|date=6 November 2022}} '''Mosaddek Hossain Saikat''' (Bengali; an haife shi a ranar goma 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Bangladesh]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Bangladesh da kuma Barisal Division a cikin ƙwallon cikin gida. Ya fara buga wa Bangladesh wasa a duniya a watan Janairu, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2016. Ya rike mafi girman yajin aiki a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022. == Ayyukan 'yan kasa da shekara goma sha tara 19 == Mosaddek dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hannun dama kuma mai jefa kwallo. Ya buga wa Bangladesh wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kasa da shekaru goma sha tara 19: a Ostiraliya a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012 da kuma Abu Dhabi a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa da shekarar sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya jagoranci Bangladesh ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a jerin wasanni biyu na wasanni hudu da Sri Lanka ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye ɗari da bakwai 107 a wasan farko da saba'in da huɗu 74 a wasan na biyu. Daga nan sai ya sake zama kyaftin din tawagar a cikin jerin wasanni biyar na iyakantaccen wasanni nan da nan bayan haka, inda ya zira kwallaye sama da ɗari biyu 200, ciki har da casa'in da takwas 98 a wasan na uku wanda Bangladesh ta lashe ta hanyar wicket daya. A Ingila daga baya a wannan shekarar, a cikin "kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo", ya zira kwallaye ɗari da goma 110 * daga kwallaye ɗari da goma sha uku 113 sannan ya dauki ukku 3 don talatin da takwas 38 daga goma 10 a cikin nasarar talatin da takwas 38 a kan Ingila ƙasa da shekaru goma sha tara Under-19.<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2014, p. 789-90.</ref> == Babban aiki == A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17, Mosaddek ya yi ƙarni a wasan sa na biyu na List A lokacin da ya zira kwallaye ɗari 100 ga Abahani Limited a kan Firayim Doleshwar Sporting Club a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya buga wasa daya na farko a [[Dhaka]] Division a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14 kuma an zaba shi don buga wa Yankin Gabas a ƙarshen kakar, lokacin da ya dauki ukku 3 ga sittin da biyar 65 da huɗu 4 ga talatin da uku 33 a kan Yankin Kudu. Bayan kakar shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14, Cricinfo ya kira shi daya daga cikin matasa 'yan wasan Bangladesh mafi kyau, yana mai lura da cewa a matsayin mai buga kwallo ya burge "tare da aikin ƙafafunsa game da juyawa da sauƙi game da saurin". Mosaddek ya buga wa Barisal Division wasa a gasar Cricket ta kasa ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2014-15. A kan Rangpur Division a Savar ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da hamsin 250 daga kwallaye ɗari huɗu da arba'in da takwas 448, ya kara ɗari huɗu da ashirin da ukku 423 don wicket na biyar tare da Al-Amin. A wasansa na gaba bayan 'yan kwanaki a filin wasan cricket makwabta, Mosaddek ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da tamanin da biyu 282 daga kwallaye ɗari ukku da tara 309. An zana wasannin biyu. A wasan na biyu na wasan karshe na kakar, ya zira kwallaye ɗari da sha tara 119 a yankin Kudancin a gasar Cricket ta Bangladesh, inda ya wuce dubu ɗaya 1000 a kakar da kuma aikinsa. Mosaddek ya fara shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2015-16 tare da ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 (ciki har da shida shida) da arba'in 40 don Barisal Division, mafi girma a kowane innings, da kuma zira kwallaye a karni na farko na duniya shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015-16. A wasan da ya biyo baya, ya zira kwallaye 200 ba tare da fita ba (tare da shida bakwai) da kuma 61, kuma ya ci kwallaye a kowane innings. An zana wasannin biyu. 200 da bai fita ba ya sanya shi dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya zira kwallaye uku na farko. Mosaddek ya zagaya [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] tare da Bangladesh A a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na Bangladesh A a wasanni biyu na farko, da Zimbabwe A, tare da gudu 194 a 64.66. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya sunan Mossadek a cikin tawagar Chittagong Vikings, biyo bayan da aka tsara don gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2018-19. Ya jagoranci Abahani Limited zuwa nasara a gasar Firimiya ta Dhaka ta 2018-19. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaba shi don buga wa Sylhet Thunder wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2019-20. Mosaddek ya buga wa Gazi Group Chattogram a gasar cin kofin T20 na Bangabandhu. == Ayyukan kasa da Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. == Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) ga Bangladesh a kan [[Afghanistan]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko ga Bangladesh da ya dauki wicket tare da isar da shi na farko a cikin ODI. Ya zira kwallaye 45 da ba a ci nasara ba bayan ya zo a lamba bakwai kuma ya buga da wutsiya. Wannan ya kara yawan lambobinsa na 2-31 daga 10 overs, da kuma kamawa. Koyaya, wannan bai hana Bangladesh rasa wasan da wickets biyu ba.<ref name="ODI" /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] q2y9jj2krf592bx3ywtfuf92ypf3gbd 892567 892566 2026-08-07T09:39:47Z Mahuta 11340 892567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (1).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mosaddek Hossain Saikat]] '''Mosaddek Hossain Saikat''' (Bengali; an haife shi a ranar goma 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Bangladesh]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Bangladesh da kuma Barisal Division a cikin ƙwallon cikin gida. Ya fara buga wa Bangladesh wasa a duniya a watan Janairu, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2016. Ya rike mafi girman yajin aiki a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022. == Ayyukan 'yan kasa da shekara goma sha tara 19 == Mosaddek dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hannun dama kuma mai jefa kwallo. Ya buga wa Bangladesh wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kasa da shekaru goma sha tara 19: a Ostiraliya a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012 da kuma Abu Dhabi a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa da shekarar sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya jagoranci Bangladesh ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a jerin wasanni biyu na wasanni hudu da Sri Lanka ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye ɗari da bakwai 107 a wasan farko da saba'in da huɗu 74 a wasan na biyu. Daga nan sai ya sake zama kyaftin din tawagar a cikin jerin wasanni biyar na iyakantaccen wasanni nan da nan bayan haka, inda ya zira kwallaye sama da ɗari biyu 200, ciki har da casa'in da takwas 98 a wasan na uku wanda Bangladesh ta lashe ta hanyar wicket daya. A Ingila daga baya a wannan shekarar, a cikin "kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo", ya zira kwallaye ɗari da goma 110 * daga kwallaye ɗari da goma sha uku 113 sannan ya dauki ukku 3 don talatin da takwas 38 daga goma 10 a cikin nasarar talatin da takwas 38 a kan Ingila ƙasa da shekaru goma sha tara Under-19.<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2014, p. 789-90.</ref> == Babban aiki == A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17, Mosaddek ya yi ƙarni a wasan sa na biyu na List A lokacin da ya zira kwallaye ɗari 100 ga Abahani Limited a kan Firayim Doleshwar Sporting Club a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya buga wasa daya na farko a [[Dhaka]] Division a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14 kuma an zaba shi don buga wa Yankin Gabas a ƙarshen kakar, lokacin da ya dauki ukku 3 ga sittin da biyar 65 da huɗu 4 ga talatin da uku 33 a kan Yankin Kudu. Bayan kakar shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14, Cricinfo ya kira shi daya daga cikin matasa 'yan wasan Bangladesh mafi kyau, yana mai lura da cewa a matsayin mai buga kwallo ya burge "tare da aikin ƙafafunsa game da juyawa da sauƙi game da saurin". Mosaddek ya buga wa Barisal Division wasa a gasar Cricket ta kasa ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2014-15. A kan Rangpur Division a Savar ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da hamsin 250 daga kwallaye ɗari huɗu da arba'in da takwas 448, ya kara ɗari huɗu da ashirin da ukku 423 don wicket na biyar tare da Al-Amin. A wasansa na gaba bayan 'yan kwanaki a filin wasan cricket makwabta, Mosaddek ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da tamanin da biyu 282 daga kwallaye ɗari ukku da tara 309. An zana wasannin biyu. A wasan na biyu na wasan karshe na kakar, ya zira kwallaye ɗari da sha tara 119 a yankin Kudancin a gasar Cricket ta Bangladesh, inda ya wuce dubu ɗaya 1000 a kakar da kuma aikinsa. Mosaddek ya fara shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2015-16 tare da ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 (ciki har da shida shida) da arba'in 40 don Barisal Division, mafi girma a kowane innings, da kuma zira kwallaye a karni na farko na duniya shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015-16. A wasan da ya biyo baya, ya zira kwallaye 200 ba tare da fita ba (tare da shida bakwai) da kuma 61, kuma ya ci kwallaye a kowane innings. An zana wasannin biyu. 200 da bai fita ba ya sanya shi dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya zira kwallaye uku na farko. Mosaddek ya zagaya [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] tare da Bangladesh A a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na Bangladesh A a wasanni biyu na farko, da Zimbabwe A, tare da gudu 194 a 64.66. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya sunan Mossadek a cikin tawagar Chittagong Vikings, biyo bayan da aka tsara don gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2018-19. Ya jagoranci Abahani Limited zuwa nasara a gasar Firimiya ta Dhaka ta 2018-19. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaba shi don buga wa Sylhet Thunder wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2019-20. Mosaddek ya buga wa Gazi Group Chattogram a gasar cin kofin T20 na Bangabandhu. == Ayyukan kasa da Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. == Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) ga Bangladesh a kan [[Afghanistan]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko ga Bangladesh da ya dauki wicket tare da isar da shi na farko a cikin ODI. Ya zira kwallaye 45 da ba a ci nasara ba bayan ya zo a lamba bakwai kuma ya buga da wutsiya. Wannan ya kara yawan lambobinsa na 2-31 daga 10 overs, da kuma kamawa. Koyaya, wannan bai hana Bangladesh rasa wasan da wickets biyu ba.<ref name="ODI" /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] qvyt9nmahghvos0i1adlee92i360x8q 892568 892567 2026-08-07T09:40:14Z Mahuta 11340 892568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mosaddek Hossain Saikat (1).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mosaddek Hossain Saikat]] '''Mosaddek Hossain Saikat''' (Bengali; an haife shi a ranar goma 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Bangladesh]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Bangladesh da kuma Barisal Division a cikin ƙwallon cikin gida. Ya fara buga wa Bangladesh wasa a duniya a watan Janairu, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2016. Ya rike mafi girman yajin aiki a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022. == Ayyukan 'yan kasa da shekara goma sha tara 19 == Mosaddek dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na hannun dama kuma mai jefa kwallo. Ya buga wa Bangladesh wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kasa da shekaru goma sha tara 19: a Ostiraliya a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012 da kuma Abu Dhabi a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa da shekarar sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya jagoranci Bangladesh ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a jerin wasanni biyu na wasanni hudu da Sri Lanka ƙasa da ƴan shekaru goma sha tara Under-19 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye ɗari da bakwai 107 a wasan farko da saba'in da huɗu 74 a wasan na biyu. Daga nan sai ya sake zama kyaftin din tawagar a cikin jerin wasanni biyar na iyakantaccen wasanni nan da nan bayan haka, inda ya zira kwallaye sama da ɗari biyu 200, ciki har da casa'in da takwas 98 a wasan na uku wanda Bangladesh ta lashe ta hanyar wicket daya. A Ingila daga baya a wannan shekarar, a cikin "kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo", ya zira kwallaye ɗari da goma 110 * daga kwallaye ɗari da goma sha uku 113 sannan ya dauki ukku 3 don talatin da takwas 38 daga goma 10 a cikin nasarar talatin da takwas 38 a kan Ingila ƙasa da shekaru goma sha tara Under-19.<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2014, p. 789-90.</ref> == Babban aiki == A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17, Mosaddek ya yi ƙarni a wasan sa na biyu na List A lokacin da ya zira kwallaye ɗari 100 ga Abahani Limited a kan Firayim Doleshwar Sporting Club a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14. Ya buga wasa daya na farko a [[Dhaka]] Division a shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha uku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14 kuma an zaba shi don buga wa Yankin Gabas a ƙarshen kakar, lokacin da ya dauki ukku 3 ga sittin da biyar 65 da huɗu 4 ga talatin da uku 33 a kan Yankin Kudu. Bayan kakar shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2013-14, Cricinfo ya kira shi daya daga cikin matasa 'yan wasan Bangladesh mafi kyau, yana mai lura da cewa a matsayin mai buga kwallo ya burge "tare da aikin ƙafafunsa game da juyawa da sauƙi game da saurin". Mosaddek ya buga wa Barisal Division wasa a gasar Cricket ta kasa ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2014-15. A kan Rangpur Division a Savar ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da hamsin 250 daga kwallaye ɗari huɗu da arba'in da takwas 448, ya kara ɗari huɗu da ashirin da ukku 423 don wicket na biyar tare da Al-Amin. A wasansa na gaba bayan 'yan kwanaki a filin wasan cricket makwabta, Mosaddek ya zira kwallaye ɗari biyu da tamanin da biyu 282 daga kwallaye ɗari ukku da tara 309. An zana wasannin biyu. A wasan na biyu na wasan karshe na kakar, ya zira kwallaye ɗari da sha tara 119 a yankin Kudancin a gasar Cricket ta Bangladesh, inda ya wuce dubu ɗaya 1000 a kakar da kuma aikinsa. Mosaddek ya fara shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar zuwa dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2015-16 tare da ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 (ciki har da shida shida) da arba'in 40 don Barisal Division, mafi girma a kowane innings, da kuma zira kwallaye a karni na farko na duniya shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015-16. A wasan da ya biyo baya, ya zira kwallaye 200 ba tare da fita ba (tare da shida bakwai) da kuma 61, kuma ya ci kwallaye a kowane innings. An zana wasannin biyu. 200 da bai fita ba ya sanya shi dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya zira kwallaye uku na farko. Mosaddek ya zagaya [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] tare da Bangladesh A a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye na Bangladesh A a wasanni biyu na farko, da Zimbabwe A, tare da gudu 194 a 64.66. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya sunan Mossadek a cikin tawagar Chittagong Vikings, biyo bayan da aka tsara don gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2018-19. Ya jagoranci Abahani Limited zuwa nasara a gasar Firimiya ta Dhaka ta 2018-19. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaba shi don buga wa Sylhet Thunder wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh ta 2019-20. Mosaddek ya buga wa Gazi Group Chattogram a gasar cin kofin T20 na Bangabandhu. == Ayyukan kasa da Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. == Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na Twenty20 International (T20I) a kan Bangladesh a kan Zimbabwe a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2016. Mosaddek ya fara buga wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) ga Bangladesh a kan [[Afghanistan]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko ga Bangladesh da ya dauki wicket tare da isar da shi na farko a cikin ODI. Ya zira kwallaye 45 da ba a ci nasara ba bayan ya zo a lamba bakwai kuma ya buga da wutsiya. Wannan ya kara yawan lambobinsa na 2-31 daga 10 overs, da kuma kamawa. Koyaya, wannan bai hana Bangladesh rasa wasan da wickets biyu ba.<ref name="ODI" /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] == Manazarta == rsrla1414nsuu3fjanhep8b7h6707nt 0 53980 892465 517957 2026-08-07T05:35:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:K.L. Rahul (1).jpg|thumb|KL Rahul]] [[Fayil:KL Rahul at Femina Miss India 2018 Grand Finale (cropped).jpg|thumb|KL Rahul]] [[Fayil:LOKESH RAHUL (15573141953).jpg|thumb|KL Rahul]] '''Kananur Lokesh Rahul''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Wicketkeeper-Batsman na hannun dama na [[Karnataka]] a matakin cikin gida kuma shi ne kyaftin,na Lucknow Super Giants a cikin Premier League na Indiya . Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar Cricket ta Indiya.<ref>https://www.wionews.com/sports/kl-rahuls-removal-as-vice-captain-doesnt-indicate-anything-says-rohit-sharma-ahead-of-ind-aus-3rd-test-566848#:~:text=Story%20highlights&text=After%20the%20second%20Test%20between,for%20the%20final%20two%20Tests.</ref> Gabaɗaya yana taka leda a matsayin mai buɗewa a cikin Test da ''T20'' game formats kuma yana taka leda cikin tsari na tsakiya a cikin ''ODIs''. Rahul mai tsaron gida ne na yau da kullun a cikin gajerun tsarin wasan a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma a matakin cikin gida. Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin fitattun mambobi a cikin jagorancin tattaunawar, game da ka'idar yawan yajin aiki da aka wuce gona da iri a cikin T20s. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2014 a kan Australia a wasan gwaji na ranar Boxing a Melbourne . Shekaru biyu bayan gwajin farko, Rahul ya fara wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2016 a kan Zimbabwe. Daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa, ya fara T20I. Rahul shine dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallaye na ODI a karon farko. Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi sauri don zira kwallaye a duniya a duk faɗin tsarin uku, ya ɗauki innings 20 kawai don cimma wannan aikin. == Farkon rayuwar mutum == An haifi Rahul a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992 ga K. N. Lokesh da Rajeshwari a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] . Mahaifinsa Lokesh wanda ya fito ne daga Kananur, Magadi taluk, farfesa ne kuma tsohon darakta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Karnataka (NITK) a Mangalore . Mahaifiyarsa, Rajeshwari, farfesa ce a Jami'ar Mangalore . Lokesh, wanda ya kasance mai sha'awar dan wasan crick Sunil Gavaskar, yana so ya ba da sunan ɗansa bayan Gavaskar's, amma ya yi kuskuren sunan Rohan Gavaskar ga Rahul. Rahul ya girma a Mangalore, ya kammala makarantar sakandare a NITK English Medium School da kuma jami'a a Kwalejin St. Aloysius . Ya fara horar da wasan [[kurket]] yana da shekaru 10, kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, ya fara buga wasanni ga Bangalore United Cricket Club da kulob dinsa a Mangalore. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya koma [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] don yin karatu a Jami'ar Jain kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wasan kurket. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2023, Rahul ya auri abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci, 'yar wasan Indiya Athiya Shetty, 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Suniel Shetty]], bayan ya yi soyayya sama da shekaru uku. == Ayyukan cikin gida == Rahul ya fara buga wasan kurket na farko a Karnataka a kakar 2010-11. A wannan kakar, ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC ta kasa da shekaru 19, inda ya zira kwallaye 143 a gasar. Ya fara bugawa [[Indian Premier League|gasar Firimiya ta Indiya]] a shekarar 2013, a Royal Challengers Bangalore . A lokacin kakar 2013-14 na cikin gida ya zira kwallaye 1,033 na farko, na biyu mafi girma a wannan kakar. Da yake wasa a yankin Kudancin a wasan karshe na Duleep Trophy na 2014-15 da Central Zone, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 185 daga kwallaye 233 a wasan farko da 130 daga 152 a wasan na biyu. An kira shi dan wasan wasan kuma an zaba shi zuwa tawagar gwajin Indiya don yawon shakatawa na Australia ya biyo baya. Komawa gida bayan jerin gwaje-gwaje, Rahul ya zama karamin mutum uku na farko na Karnataka, inda ya zira kwallaye 337 a kan Uttar Pradesh. Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 188 a wasan karshe na Ranji Trophy na 2014-15 da [[Tamil Nadu]] kuma ya gama kakar wasa tare da matsakaicin 93.11 a cikin wasanni tara da ya buga. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:K.L._Rahul.jpg|right|thumb|222x222px|K.L. Rahul a cikin horon motsa jiki (2019)]] === Gwajin Farko (2014-16) === Rahul ya fara gwajinsa na farko a gwajin Ranar Boxing na 2014 a filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne . Ya maye gurbin Rohit Sharma kuma MS Dhoni ya gabatar da shi da gwajin gwajinsa. Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 3 da 1 kawai a karon farko. A gwajin da ya biyo baya a Sydney inda ya bude innings a karo na farko, kuma ya yi ƙarni na farko na duniya, inda ya zira kwallaye 110. An ambaci sunansa a [[Zazzabin Dengue|cikin]] tawagar mutum 15 don yawon shakatawa na Indiya na Bangladesh a watan Yunin 2015 amma ya janye saboda zazzabin cutar Dengue. Ya koma gefe don gwajin farko na yawon shakatawa na Sri Lanka bayan an kori Murali Vijay saboda rauni, ya zira kwallaye na biyu na gwajin kuma ya lashe kyautar Man of the Match. A lokacin wasan, ya ci gaba da wicket bayan Wriddhiman Saha ya ji rauni. A watan Yulin 2016, an ambaci Rahul a cikin tawagar yawon shakatawa na Indiya na West Indies . A cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na biyu, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 158, mafi girman maki a lokacin a wasan kurket. A watan Satumbar 2016, an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don jerin gida da New Zealand . Bayan gwajin farko, Gautam Gambhir ya maye gurbinsa saboda rauni. [[Fayil:UMESH YADAV & LOKESH (15573138703).jpg|thumb|KL Rahul]] An zaɓi Rahul a cikin tawagar da Ingila a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na 2016-17 amma ya ji rauni yayin horo a cikin raga. An cire shi daga gwajin na uku, amma ya dawo cikin tawagar a gwajin na huɗu amma ya kasa yin tasiri. A gwajin na biyar kuma na karshe na jerin, Rahul ya ci gaba da yin gwajin gwajinsa na huɗu, inda ya zira kwallaye 199 mafi kyau. === ODI da T20I na farko (2016) === Rahul an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don yawon shakatawa a Zimbabwe a shekarar 2016. Ya fara wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) a kan Zimbabwe a Harare Sports Club . Rahul ya zira kwallaye 100 * (115) a karon farko, don haka ya zama dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallan karni a karon farko na ODI. An yanke masa hukuncin mutumin da ke cikin jerin. Ya fara Twenty20 International (T20I) daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa. Rahul ya fito a kan duck na zinariya a karon farko na T20I yayin da Indiya ta rasa T20I na farko a kan Zimbabwe. Rahul an ambaci shi a cikin tawagar T20I don yawon shakatawa na West Indies a cikin 2016, inda ya yi karni na farko na T20I, inda ya zira kwallaye 110 da ba a ci ba a kwallaye 51 kawai kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya zira kwallan T20I yayin da yake bugawa a lamba huɗu. Koyaya, Indiya ta rasa wasan da gudu ɗaya kawai. === Ci gaba da matsayi === === Rikici da dakatarwar === A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2019, Hardik Pandya da K. L. Rahul sun dakatar da su ta Hukumar Kula da Cricket a Indiya (BCCI) biyo bayan maganganun da suka yi a kan shirin tattaunawa na Indiya ''Koffee tare da Karan'' a farkon watan. Dukansu an tura su gida kafin jerin ODI da Australia da kuma shirye-shiryen yawon shakatawa na Indiya zuwa New Zealand. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2019, bayan da aka ɗaga dakatarwar Pandya da Rahul, BCCI ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rahul zai sake shiga tawagar don wasannin Indiya A. === Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 2019 === [[Fayil:KL Rahul and Athiya Shetty pose for paps after their wedding.jpg|thumb|KL Rahul]] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar Indiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2019. Ya taka leda a lamba 4 a wasanni biyu na farko amma ya dawo don buɗe innings tare da Rohit Sharma yayin da aka fitar da Shikhar Dhawan daga sauran gasar saboda rauni. Gabaɗaya, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 361 tare da hamsin biyu da ɗari a gasar kuma ya gama a matsayin mai zira kwallayen Indiya na uku mafi girma a gasar bayan Rohit Sharma da Virat Kohli. === Daidaitawa a cikin iyakantaccen tsari da raguwa a cikin tsari a cikin gwaje-gwaje === ==Manazarta== [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ntvi9ghkogne91pxxlmcsk0barlg3u3 0 54069 892558 817224 2026-08-07T09:21:16Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345742463|Pascal Amanfo]]" 892558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da rudani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j4tpm6p9zx8aj8nwoad9aodd0irsodl 892559 892558 2026-08-07T09:22:12Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana kuma magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da rudani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] afosrbw2w8kpyoukufbx2nyc3npanse 892560 892559 2026-08-07T09:22:34Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana kuma magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da ruɗani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g46r3ohdzr5y60ajha29b7gkbd0s67u 892561 892560 2026-08-07T09:22:55Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana kuma magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da ruɗani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya kuma bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tbj8n3r8tn5pdbhp0xvt27n3lqv1zpd 892562 892561 2026-08-07T09:23:21Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana kuma magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da ruɗani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya kuma yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya kuma bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4wxv4khfurir513tcg7ofk0kv5txbf7 0 54085 892536 889432 2026-08-07T09:10:52Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157415|Frank Rajah Arase]]" 892536 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8j60pet6otknr0rtpvadj187gs25gig 892538 892536 2026-08-07T09:11:41Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase 'yar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lxiwdgm40jhscp2jly3y04j8kmx0oev 892540 892538 2026-08-07T09:12:06Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase ƴar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eb4c35idfxqcibtpxb6r2x8fca7dn6w 892541 892540 2026-08-07T09:12:18Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase ƴar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim dinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h0b9hzkjnrpyy93rf0v5e8rvzr3t2ov 892542 892541 2026-08-07T09:12:33Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase ƴar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim d'ɗinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ij8g0k9sgjt9g5fq982ahurx6n21o27 892544 892542 2026-08-07T09:12:47Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase ƴar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya kuma girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim d'ɗinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jwdd5ec5nrn2gqoeidp90z9wvnnasvw 892545 892544 2026-08-07T09:13:20Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''' shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud |url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase ƴar asalin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ce, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=9 April 2014 |title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: 'I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies' |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Information Nigeria |publisher=Information NG}}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin ''[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Director|Darakta Mafi Kyawu]]'' a 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=ghananation.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Arase a garin Benin, Edo, Najeriya . Ya kuma girma a Legas inda ya fara aikin fim ɗinsa.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Arase ya shiga cikin kasuwancin nunawa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya; ya kasance mai rawa ga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kuma darektan Paul Obazele, wanda ya shirya shi a masana'antar fina-finai. Da farko ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa a fina-finai kamar Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ƙaunarsa don kasancewa a bayan fage ya ja shi ga jagorantar fina-finai nasa. Bayan ya jagoranci wasu fina-finai a Najeriya, ya amince ya jagoranci fim don kamfanin samar da fina-fakkaatu na Ghana, Venus Films, bayan ya ƙi ƙoƙarin da Kamfanin ya yi a baya. Ya ba da umarnin fim din mai taken Official Prostitute in Ghana kuma ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Najeriya bayan haka.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOnuorah,_Vivian2014">Onuorah, Vivian (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html ""How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase"]. ''City People''. City People Magazine. Archived from [http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Early life == Ya girma a Legas inda kuma ya fara harkar fim. <ref name="City People2">{{Cite web |last=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |website=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> .<ref name="City People">{{cite web |author=Onuorah, Vivian |date=8 April 2014 |title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase |url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html |archivedate=19 August 2014 |accessdate=21 September 2014 |work=City People |publisher=City People Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] flzfjz23jvtkq8ukji0r10ms6pukqht 0 54124 892223 891377 2026-08-06T16:47:04Z Birgediya 44139 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367536729|Eric Aghimien]]" 892223 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim dinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara bakwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 2dl5xdt3seyopoi2f5lrqw7gmma1nfz 892224 892223 2026-08-06T16:47:47Z Birgediya 44139 892224 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara bakwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] soi70xt0wxsfwvofi06t4403tjj2qmt 892225 892224 2026-08-06T16:48:10Z Birgediya 44139 892225 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 4qs2by1wzkdq4voaz4jpduveq27limv 892226 892225 2026-08-06T16:48:24Z Birgediya 44139 892226 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] loul21ixi8n0qqr61302nehrbquj3po 892227 892226 2026-08-06T16:48:38Z Birgediya 44139 892227 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] pz3it2apm4tucvkhqnma663pguu73im 892228 892227 2026-08-06T16:48:58Z Birgediya 44139 892228 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya kuma koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] mahinaw3ettv0g31cgnusm9sfgwtuqn 892229 892228 2026-08-06T16:49:19Z Birgediya 44139 892229 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya kuma koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kuɗaɗe don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin shekarar 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] i8ifozzk3q22vvvtqwhkcfiou1nua1k 892230 892229 2026-08-06T16:49:31Z Birgediya 44139 892230 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya kuma koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kuɗaɗe don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin shekarar 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaɓa don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] sius16k5ymz4jghwyyq4nfct0hwh766 892231 892230 2026-08-06T16:49:49Z Birgediya 44139 892231 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya kuma koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kuɗaɗe don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kuma kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin shekarar 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaɓa don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] fqr6nkjsnjutvekt1km7s848mq16k8y 892232 892231 2026-08-06T16:50:16Z Birgediya 44139 892232 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Eric Enomamien Aghimien darektan Najeriya ne, furodusa, marubuci da kuma edita. [1][2] Fim ɗinsa na farko, A Mile from Home ya lashe kyaututtuka a duka shekarar 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara baƙwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda kuma ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya kuma sami difloma na ƙasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya kuma koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kuɗaɗe don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kuma kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin shekarar 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaɓa don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|A Mile from Home]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar Slow Country ]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya kuma fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu   .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai banda ninkaya da ƙwallon ƙafa. == Early life == Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da; waƙa, ƙera abubuwa da zane. == Early life == Tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinseye |first1=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 26lp1l1s13fwx5o0wa7970xgbydmcgh 0 54143 892192 885976 2026-08-06T16:28:31Z Birgediya 44139 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 892192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana daya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamba 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim dinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dt21srqzo2lsla395m7va8ddpinyb8b 892193 892192 2026-08-06T16:29:34Z Birgediya 44139 892193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamba 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim dinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k5pzfmh3r7jk6n62a4nbzzjsxnf3c1y 892194 892193 2026-08-06T16:29:48Z Birgediya 44139 892194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim dinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] canl8bov4itezriog3pz1xs2kdqmmcz 892195 892194 2026-08-06T16:29:59Z Birgediya 44139 892195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim dinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nmglqo1zjse4bkkviun5jc6dcxpg0fp 892196 892195 2026-08-06T16:30:16Z Birgediya 44139 892196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An kuma fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim dinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5ml9vl21bk64maqqo4biv9ui9t43ojo 892197 892196 2026-08-06T16:30:33Z Birgediya 44139 892197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An kuma fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim ɗinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An zabi shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rphv1y4xiay4dmazbf8raa337qqs9no 892198 892197 2026-08-06T16:30:48Z Birgediya 44139 892198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An kuma fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim ɗinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An kuma zaɓe shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p4w9le4p3pn81nssan7cdczyk9ygoac 892199 892198 2026-08-06T16:31:13Z Birgediya 44139 892199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An kuma fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim ɗinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An kuma zaɓe shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa a shekarar 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na shekarar 2020 . A cikin 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 05w8kivqpncu62xilvvl9vx03fiymw6 892200 892199 2026-08-06T16:31:29Z Birgediya 44139 892200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) shi ne darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Nollywood da suka fi samun nasara, tare da fina-finai goma sha biyu daga cikin fina-fukkukan da suka fi girma a Najeriya har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2025. A shekara ta 2024 an sanya shi a matsayin darektan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatun sakandare kuma daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a cikin fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kamfanin talla. An kuma fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Dognapped, a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Koyaya, ya sami shahara ga fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, gami da Sugar Rush da [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]]'s Fate of Alakada . Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da minti 10,860 na jerin shirye-shiryen M-Net Unbroken da ''Riona'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Ayyukansa a matsayin darektan sun haɗa da Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money, Castle and Castle Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da fim ɗinsa na farko na tsoro, Ile Owo (House of Money) (2022). Har ila yau, shi ne darektan fim na huɗu mafi girma a Najeriya, tare da kudaden shiga na ofishin jakadancin da suka wuce miliyan 767. An kuma zaɓe shi don Kyautar Future Awards Africa a shekarar 2019 don Fim kuma an jera shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na shekarar 2020 . A cikin shekarar 2023, an san shi da jagorantar Wani abu kamar Gold, [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da Far From Home . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Dognapped (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Dukan Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Kudi]]'' (2020) * Sugar Rush (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai warkarwa]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Ƙauna ce Yellow'' (2020) * ''Fuskar Fuskar'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a Rarraba ba'' (2019-2020) * Dwindle (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya]]'' (2023) * Áfáméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Daga Gida'']] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya da yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ginin jariri'' (2025) == Early life and education == An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''Oga Bolaji''|{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Kyaututtuka na gaba a Afirka |Kyautar Yin Fim | |An zabi shi | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] | rowspan="2" |Daraktan Shekara |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''Gudun sukari''|{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |''Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Sauti mafi kyau | rowspan="3" |''Obara' M''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Tsibirin Owo''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |''Lokacin da muke yin aure''|{{Nom}} | |- |2024 |[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Afamefuna]]|{{Nom}} | |- |2025 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka |Mai farawa ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Kayode Kasum wins AMVCA Trailblazer Award |url=https://punchng.com/kayode-kasum-wins-amvca-trailblazer-award/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name}}{{Kayode Kasum}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o7f6osrwwr2rgolf0w2yef667msbke4 0 55045 892111 725467 2026-08-06T12:22:23Z Zahrah0 14848 892111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jamila Muhammad Kogi''' jaruma ce kuma mawakiya a masana'antar fina finan Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] tana daya da cikin mawaka mata Dake haskawa a masana antar a yanzun, mawakiya ce Mai Nasibi tana wake Yan siyasa, Yan kwallon kafa da sarakunan, har da wasu manya a kanniwud.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/labarai/700-jamila-kogi-yadda-mu-ka-tsallake-rijiya-da-baya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130123/https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/labarai/700-jamila-kogi-yadda-mu-ka-tsallake-rijiya-da-baya |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Takaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Jamila muhammad wacce aka fi sani da suna Jamila kogi. Ana mata lakabi da Kogi ne, saboda ita haifaffiyar jihar kogi tayi karatun firamare da sakandiri a jihar neja. Tayi karatun koyon aikin malamta a FCE ZARIA ta Karanci Islamic studies and social studies, tana da burin cigaba da karatu. Tazo jihar kaduna ne domin karatu se Allah yasa ta fada harkan indostiri na kannywood,daga Nan ta nemi zabin Allah Sai ya zaba mata Waka, daga jaruma ta koma mawakiya.<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WVurOYo2dnE</ref> == Yare == Jamila yaren ibiran koto ne akwai ibiran okene to ita ibiran koto ne, tana Jin yaruka biyar tana jun yaren nufanci, tanajin yaren ibiran na babanta tana Kuma<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://naijablog.ng/2020/09/19/download-egbura-music-title-eyioyige-by-jameela-kogi-video-audio/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130124/https://naijablog.ng/2020/09/19/download-egbura-music-title-eyioyige-by-jameela-kogi-video-audio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jin yaren maman ta kakanda , tanajin Hausa tanajin turanci da wasu da dama. == Waka == Ta fara Waka ne saboda tana son fim, da tabi hanyar fim aka kawai mata ka,idojin da baza ta iya bi ba ta koma Waka. Inda ta Sami DJ barde, ya gwada muryar ta sukai Waka tare. Daga Nan a hankali ta fara har ta gwanance ta shahara. Waƙoƙin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/mawaka/284-cewar-jamila-kogi-ba-sai-an-yi-iskanci-da-ke-za-ki-yi-suna-ba |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130124/https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/mawaka/284-cewar-jamila-kogi-ba-sai-an-yi-iskanci-da-ke-za-ki-yi-suna-ba |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sarki Ali nuh * Ahmad Musa * Nijeriya * Aure ko karatu == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mawaka]] 2dwp0fawcr81bq73fp2ip0m631vr5by 0 55564 892114 368466 2026-08-06T12:25:51Z Baffa ali 47435 892114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Ashmor''' Qaramin qauyene a babbar jihar Illuinois dake qasar amurka tana da sunan hukuma mai suna ashmore . 6607e00hgzds9l4lh4rt2291m6ttnzb 0 55579 892320 344280 2026-08-06T18:59:01Z Baffa ali 47435 892320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{stub}} '''Barrington Hills''' qaramin qauyene a babbar jihar Illuinois dake qasar amurka hukumar tana da suna kamar haka Barrington hills. 1suoat3q6wkl09qloqnudes5p76ddt5 0 56411 892312 433182 2026-08-06T18:46:06Z Baffa ali 47435 892312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iyana-Iba''' wuri ne a [[Jerin kananan hukumomin jihar Legas bisa yawan jama'a|karamar hukumar]] [[Ojo]], [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana daya daga cikin karamar hukuma da ke Lagos . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 3qr0w5w1wx69a5hd7tm0x1w4tem5wv1 0 56597 892348 363700 2026-08-06T19:52:23Z Baffa ali 47435 892348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esuk Anwang''' ƙauyen [[Mutanen Oron|Effiat]] ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Mbo (Nijeriya)|Mbo]] a [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]] a [[Najeriya]]. A kwai sashen gudanar wa.{{stub}} m74hebn4auek96lik6imss486mob48a 0 56936 892343 403796 2026-08-06T19:44:56Z Baffa ali 47435 892343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} Gari ne da yake a Yankin Rohtas dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar [[indiya]]. Akidayar shekarar ta 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 18,890.<ref>https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/bihar/rohtas/koath</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} i3y4wlso0uhilp9u52wgof1v4pkdgvy 892344 892343 2026-08-06T19:46:37Z Baffa ali 47435 892344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} Gari ne da yake a Yankin Rohtas dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar [[indiya]]. Akidayar shekarar ta 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 18,890.<ref>https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/bihar/rohtas/koath</ref> a kwai lambar aika sako kamar haka 802216 . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4i4z90gghrvg6ulmajhu6y02h8tz8nv 0 56999 892115 342216 2026-08-06T12:28:01Z Baffa ali 47435 892115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} Gari ne da yake a Yankin Patna dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar indiya. Akidayar shekarar 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 40,068. Lambar aika sako ita ce 801108 . o2ghwzp5gwwbblanhuj7r1wwvypcp4i 0 58161 892102 341278 2026-08-06T12:06:59Z Baffa ali 47435 892102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} Gari ne da yake a kalkashin yankin jahar Balochistan dake a kasar Pakistan. An kirkiri yankin a shekara ta 1991 . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4g77q8ubnhfovjurkob7mw8ou5rmeji 0 58764 892362 739810 2026-08-06T20:24:16Z Baffa ali 47435 892362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vissende mannen in de rivier Lufira Katanga TMnr 60031838.jpg|thumb|Kogon lufira]] [[Fayil:ISS007-E-5136 - View of Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Yanda jamhutiyar take da ga sana ta Kongo]] '''Kogin Lufira''' wani rafi ne na kogin Lualaba a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Lufira ya tashi a [[Ciki|cikin]] tudun Shaba kudu da Likasi.An datse kogin a cikin 1926 a Mwadingusha kusa da Likasi don samar da tafkin Tshangalele,tafki na janareta mai samar da wutar lantarki da ke samar da wutar lantarki don narkewar tagulla.Yana bi ta arewa ta tsaunukan Bia kusan 500 km (310 mi),shiga cikin Lualaba a tafkin Kisale .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} 8bjmsqahjsqj1c3rnmefdkctpi953v2 892363 892362 2026-08-06T20:24:45Z Baffa ali 47435 892363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vissende mannen in de rivier Lufira Katanga TMnr 60031838.jpg|thumb|Kogon lufira]] [[Fayil:ISS007-E-5136 - View of Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Yanda jamhutiyar take da ga sana ta Kongo]] '''Kogin Lufira''' wani rafi ne na kogin Lualaba a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Lufira ya tashi a [[Ciki|cikin]] tudun Shaba kudu da Likasi.An datse kogin a cikin 1926 a Mwadingusha kusa da Likasi don samar da tafkin Tshangalele,tafki na janareta mai samar da wutar lantarki da ke samar da wutar lantarki don narkewar tagulla.Yana bi ta arewa ta tsaunukan Bia kusan 500 km (310 mi),shiga cikin Lualaba a tafkin Kisale .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} fql5v6vvxeddn4w6ysip59bdopnwuaz 892364 892363 2026-08-06T20:25:15Z Baffa ali 47435 892364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vissende mannen in de rivier Lufira Katanga TMnr 60031838.jpg|thumb|Kogon lufira]] [[Fayil:ISS007-E-5136 - View of Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Yanda jamhutiyar take da ga sana ta Kongo]] '''Kogin Lufira''' wani rafi ne na kogin Lualaba a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Lufira ya tashi a [[Ciki|cikin]] tudun Shaba kudu da Likasi.An datse kogin a cikin 1926 a Mwadingusha kusa da Likasi don samar da tafkin Tshangalele,tafki na janareta mai samar da wutar lantarki da ke samar da wutar lantarki don narkewar tagulla.Yana bi ta arewa ta tsaunukan Bia kusan 500 km (310 mi),shiga cikin Lualaba a tafkin Kisale .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cugumqlr7pj6vcdgludg09aw4vuic6s 892365 892364 2026-08-06T20:25:40Z Baffa ali 47435 892365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{stub}}[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vissende mannen in de rivier Lufira Katanga TMnr 60031838.jpg|thumb|Kogon lufira]] [[Fayil:ISS007-E-5136 - View of Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Yanda jamhutiyar take da ga sana ta Kongo]] '''Kogin Lufira''' wani rafi ne na kogin Lualaba a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Lufira ya tashi a [[Ciki|cikin]] tudun Shaba kudu da Likasi.An datse kogin a cikin 1926 a Mwadingusha kusa da Likasi don samar da tafkin Tshangalele,tafki na janareta mai samar da wutar lantarki da ke samar da wutar lantarki don narkewar tagulla.Yana bi ta arewa ta tsaunukan Bia kusan 500 km (310 mi),shiga cikin Lualaba a tafkin Kisale .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} av489oqrbr3cca3xwik0fvqvm7uatwu 0 58901 892120 415368 2026-08-06T12:39:40Z Baffa ali 47435 892120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saumatafanga''' tsibiri ne na rukunin tsibirin Fakaofo na Tokelau.sabuwar kasar zelandiya. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == qqtmldzuuao2l8y53x1lexohwx0nm5x 0 60755 892113 483062 2026-08-06T12:25:34Z Zahrah0 14848 892113 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Joseph Butler;''' (An haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar alif 1692 zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1752) bishop na Anglican ne, masanin tauhidi, mai neman gafara, kuma [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]], an haife shi a Wantage acikin lardin Berkshire na Ingilishi (yanzu a Oxfordshire). An san shi da sukar Deism, son kai na Thomas Hobbes, da ƙa'idar [[John Locke]] na ainihin mutum. Yawancin masana falsafa da masu tunani na addini, Butler ya rinjaye su, sun haɗada David Hume, Thomas Reid, [[Adam Smith]],<ref>White (2006), §8.</ref> Henry Sidgwick,<ref>J. B. Schneewind, ''Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy''. </ref> John Henry Newman,<ref>John Henry Cardinal Newman, ''Apologia Pro Vita Sua''. </ref> da CD Broad,<ref>C. D. Broad, ''Five Types of Ethical Theory''. </ref> kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ilimin halin Ingilishi na farko."<ref>James C. Livingston, ''Modern Christian Thought''. </ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, idan ba'ayi la'akari da rawar da ya taka ba wajen bunƙasa maganganun tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 18, yana tasiri Dean of Gloucester da masanin tattalin arziki Josiah Tucker.<ref>Peter Xavier Price, 'LIBERTY, POVERTY AND CHARITY IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JOSIAH TUCKER AND JOSEPH BUTLER', ''Modern Intellectual History'' (2017), 1–30. doi:10.1017/S1479244317000518. </ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[File:Butler_(EarlOfLanesborough)_Arms.svg|thumb| Arms na Joseph Butler, Bishop na Durham: ''Argent, kofuna uku da aka rufe a cikin lanƙwasa tsakanin bendlets biyu engrailed sable''<ref>As seen on his monument in Durham Cathedral (same arms as Butler, Earl of Lanesborough (Burke, Bernard, The General Armory of England, 1884, p. 153))</ref>]] === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Butler a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1692. Ɗan wani ɗan littafiPresbyterian lilin draper, Butler an ƙaddara don hidimar wannan cocin, kuma tareda babban Bishop Thomas Secker na gaba, ya shiga makarantar rashin amincewa da Samuel Jones a Gloucester (daga baya Tewkesbury) don manufar. A nan ya fara rubuta wasiƙun asiri tare da masanin tauhidin Anglican kuma masanin falsafa Samuel Clarke. Acikin 1714, ya yanke shawarar shiga Cocin Ingila kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, yana samun digiri na farko na Arts a 1718 kuma ya sanya masa suna Doctor of Civil Law a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1733. === Aikin coci === William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, ya naɗa Butler a matsayin diacon a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1718 ta William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, acikin fadarsa na Bishop, Salisbury, dakin ibadarsa da firist a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1718 ta Talbot a Cocin St James, Piccadilly. Bayan ya rike wasu manyan mukamai daban-daban, ya zama shugaban masu arziki na Stanhope, County Durham. A 1736 Butler ya zama shugaban limamin matar George II Caroline, bisa shawarar Lancelot Blackburne. An naɗa shi Bishop na Bristol a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1738 kuma ya keɓe bishop a ranar 3 Disamba 1738 a ɗakin sujada na Lambeth Palace. Ragowar Bishop na Bristol, Butler an naɗa shi Dean na St Paul a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1740, yana rike ofis har zuwa fassararsa zuwa Durham. An ce yaƙi yarda da tayin zama Archbishop na Canterbury a 1747, amma yayi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Kusa da Sarki a 1746-1752. An fassara shi zuwa Durham ta hanyar tabbatar da zaɓensa a watan Oktoba 1750; Daga nan sai aka naɗa shi ta hanyar wakili a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1750. An binne shi acikin Cathedral na Bristol. === Mutuwa da gado === Butler ya mutu a 1752 a Rosewell House, Kingsmead Square a Bath, Somerset. Masu sha'awar sa sun yaba masa a matsayin mutumin kirki kuma mai himma da sanin yakamata. Koda yake baya sha'awar wallafe-wallafe, yana da ɗanɗano a cikin fasahar fasaha, musamman gine-gine. Ana tunawa da Yusufu acikin Cocin Ingila, tareda tunawa da ranar 16 ga Yuni. Yana da tarin nasa na rubuce-rubucen (misali Lectionary 189). == Falsafa == [[File:Memorial_to_Bishop_Joseph_Butler,_Durham_Cathedral.jpg|thumb| Tunawa da Bishop Joseph Butler, Durham Cathedral]] === Kai hari kan deism === A lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Butler ya fi saninsa da ''Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed'' (1736), wanda a cewar masanin tarihi Will Durant "ya kasance har tsawon karni daya babban jigon hujjar Kirista game da rashin bangaskiya."<ref>Will and Ariel Durant, ''The Age of Voltaire''. </ref> Turawan Ingilishi irin su John Toland da Matthew Tindal sunyi jayayya cewa yanayi yana ba da tabbataccen shaida na haziƙi mai zane da fasaha, amma sunƙi kiristanci na al'ada saboda girman abin al'ajabi da zalunci da sabani da aka rubuta acikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Butler's ''Analogy'' yana ɗaya daga cikin yawancin amsoshin tsawon littafin ga masu lalata, kuma an daɗe ana jin shine mafi inganci. Butler yayi gardama cewa yanayin kanta cike take da asirai da zalunci don haka suna da lahani iri ɗaya da ake zargin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Da yake gardama akan dalilan empiriricism cewa duk ilimin yanayi da halayen ɗan adam abu ne mai yuwuwa kawai, Butler ya yi kira ga jerin alamu ("analogies") waɗanda ake iya lura da su acikin yanayi da al'amuran ɗan adam, waɗanda a ra'ayinsa yasa babban koyarwar Kiristanci mai yiwuwa. Butler ya ce "saboda yanayi rikici ne na ka-cici-ka-cici, baza mu iya tsammanin wahayi ya zama mafi bayyane ba"<ref>Livingston, ''Modern Christian Thought'', p. 51.</ref> A yau, Butler's ''Analogy'' shine "yanzu mafi yawan abubuwan tarihi,"<ref>Stephen L. Darwall, "Introduction" to Joseph Butler, ''Five Sermons''. </ref> tare da kawai sashin da ake karantawa shine sashin wanda ke karantawa. yayi magana da sukar sa na ka'idar John Locke na ainihin mutum. === Da'a da ilimin halin kirki === [[Fayil:James Joseph Butler 2.jpg|thumb|Joseph Butler]] Wani masanin Butler, Stephen Darwall, ya rubuta: "Wataƙila babu wani adadi da ya fi Butler tasiri a falsafar ɗabi'a ta Biritaniya ta ƙarni na sha tara."<ref>Darwall, "Introduction<" p. 3.</ref> Babban makasudin Butler a cikin ''Wa'azin'' shine Thomas Hobbes da ra'ayin girman kai game da yanayin ɗan adam da ya kare acikin ''Leviathan'' (1651). Hobbes ɗan jari-hujja ne wanda yayi imani cewa kimiyya tana bayyana duniyar da a cikinta aka ƙaddara dukan abubuwan da suka faru kuma acikinta ne duk zaɓin ɗan adam ke gudana ba tare da kauracewa daga duk abin da sha'awar ke da ƙarfi acikin mutum a wani lokaci. Hobbes ya ga ’yan Adam a matsayin masu tashin hankali, masu son kai, da masu son mulki. Irin wannan ra'ayi ba shi da wani wuri don sadaukarwa na gaske, alheri ko ra'ayi na ɗabi'a kamar yadda aka yi tunani a al'ada.<ref>Darwall, "Introduction," p. 1.</ref> Acikin ''Wa'azin'', Butler yayi jayayya cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam ba shi da son kai kuma ya fi rikitarwa fiye da da'awar Hobbes. Ya ci gaba da cewa tunanin ɗan adam tsari ne mai tsari na ɗimbin sha'awa da ƙa'idodi daban-daban, waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da son kai. Ƙasar ƙasa, don yin magana, tana ɗaukar nau'ikan ƙayyadaddun motsin rai, ci da sha'awa, kamar yunwa, fushi, tsoro da tausayi. Su, acikin tsararrun tunani, ana sarrafa su da ƙa'idodi guda biyu mafi girma: son kai (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki na dogon lokaci) da kyautatawa (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki gabaɗaya). Yawancin sha'awa na gaba ɗaya suna ƙarƙashin iko mafi girma acikin tunanin ɗan adam: lamiri na ɗabi'a. Lamiri, Butler ya yi iƙirari, ji ne na gaskiya da kuskure, haske na ciki da saka idanu, wanda aka karɓa daga wurin Allah.<ref>Butler, ''Five Sermons'', p. 37.</ref> Lamiri yana gaya wa mutum don haɓɓaka farin ciki na gaba ɗaya da farin ciki na mutum. Kwarewa ta sanar da cewa burin biyun sun yi daidai da rayuwa ta yanzu. Don dalilai da yawa, Butler ya yi jayayya, mutane marasa da'a da son kai waɗanda ba su damu da komai don amfanin jama'a ba yawanci ba sa farin ciki sosai. [[Fayil:Joseph Butler, Bp of Bristol.jpg|thumb|Joseph Butler]] Akwai, duk da haka, lokuta da ba kasafai ba inda miyagu ke neman lokaci don ci gaba. Cikakken jituwa na nagarta da son kai, Butler ya yi iƙirari, Allah mai adalci ne kaɗai ya tabbatar da shi, wanda a lahira yake ba da lada kuma yana azabtar da mutane kamar yadda suka cancanta.<ref>Butler, ''Five Sermons'', p. 45.</ref> === Sukar Locke === A cikin Shafi na 1 na ''Analogy'', Butler yana ba da sanannen sukar ka'idar [[John Locke]] mai tasiri na "zamanin sirri", bayanin abinda ya sa wani ya zama "mutum ɗaya" daga lokaci guda zuwa gaba, duk da canje-canje na jiki da na tunani. gogayya a tsawon wancan lokacin. Locke yayi iƙirarin cewa ainihin mutum ba daga samun jiki ɗaya ko rai ɗaya ba ne amma daga samun sani da ƙwaƙwalwa iri ɗaya. A cewar Locke, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce "manne" wanda ke haɗa matakai daban-daban na rayuwarmu tare kuma ya zama kamancen mutum. Wannan sashe na ''Analogy'' shine kawai ɓangaren karantawa a yau. [[Fayil:James Joseph Butler.jpg|thumb|Joseph Butler]] Daidai daidai, Locke yayi iƙirarin, Mutum A mutum ɗaya ne da Mutum B kawai a yanayin da A da B ke raba aƙalla wasu abubuwan tunawa iri ɗaya. Butler yace hanyar da za'a iya bambanta tunanin "hakikanin" da na ƙarya shine mutanen da suka sami abubuwan da ake tunawa da gaske. Don haka, Butler yayi iƙirari, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana ƙaddamar da ainihin mutum don hakaba zai iya zama ta ba.<ref>Joseph Butler, ''The Analogy of Religion''. </ref> == Girmamawa == An girmama Butler akan kalandar liturgical na Cocin Episcopal (Amurka) a ranar 16 ga Yuni. == Salo da lakabi == * 1692-1718: Joseph Butler Esq. * 1718-1733: ''Reverend'' Joseph Butler * 1733-1738: ''Dokta'' Joseph Butler * 1738-1752: Dokta Joseph Butler ''na Dama'' == Labarai == * [[iarchive:worksofjosephbut00butluoft|''Haruffa da yawa zuwa ga Reverend Dr. Clarke'']], 1716, 1719, 1725 - an sake buga su a Juzu'i na 1 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler * [https://archive.org/stream/fifteensermonspr00butluoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''An yi wa'azi goma sha biyar a Rolls Chapel''], 1726, 1729, 1736, 1749, 1759, 1765, 1769, 1774, 1792 * [[gutenberg:53346|''Misalin Addini, Halitta da Bayyanawa, ga Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Halitta'']], 1736, [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53346] 1740, 1750, 1754, 1764, 1765, 1771, 1775, 1785, 1788, 17931, 1793, 1793 * ''Wa'azin da aka yi wa'azi a gaban Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Yaɗa Bishara a Sassan Waje'', 1739 * ''Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban Mai Girma Mai Girma Ubangiji-Majojin'', 1740 * ''Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban House of Lords'', 1741, 1747 * ''Wa’azin da aka yi a coci-coci na Christ-Church'', London, 1745 * ''Wa'azi, yayi wa'azi a gaban Grace Charles Duke na Richmond, Lenox, da Aubigny, shugaba'', 1748, 1751 * [[iarchive:butlerssixsermo00butlgoog|''Wa'azi shida da aka yi wa'azi a lokutan jama'a'']], 1749 * ''Kataloji na ɗakunan karatu [...]'', 1753 * [[iarchive:worksofjosephbut02butluoft|''Wani cajin da aka bayar ga limaman coci a ziyarar farko ta diocese na Durham'']], 1751, 1786 - an sake buga shi a Juzu'i na 2 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler == Duba kuma == * Altruism * Falsafar Kirista * Deism == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == *  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: <nowiki><span class="mw-reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ODNB-1">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</span></nowiki>Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource. <br /> * William Lucas Collins, [[iarchive:collinsonbutler00colluoft|''Butler'']], Philosophical Classics for English Readers, Blackwood, 1881 * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Butler, Joseph|short=1}} * David E. White, "[http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm Joseph Butler]," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser & B. Dowden (eds.), 2006 * Aaron Garrett [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/butler-moral/ ''Joseph Butler's Moral Philosophy''], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012 == Kara karantawa == * Austin Duncan-Jones ''Butler's Moral Falsafa'', Penguin 1952 * Bernard Ramm, "Joseph Butler," ''Iri-iri na Neman gafarar Kirista: Gabatarwa ga Falsafar Addinin Kirista'', Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962, shafi.&nbsp;107-124 * James Rurak, " ''Analogy'' na Butler: Har yanzu Mahimman Bayani na Dalili da Wahayi," ''Anglican Theological Review'' 62 (Oktoba), 1980, shafi.&nbsp;365-381 * Colin Brown, ''Mu'ujiza da Hankali Mai Mahimmanci'', Paternoster, Exeter UK/William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1984 * William Lane Craig ''Hujjar Tarihi don Tashin Yesu Matattu A Lokacin Rigimar Deist'', Nassi da Nazari a cikin Addini, Vol. 23. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York & Queenston, Ontario, 1985 * Penelhum, Terence, ''Butler'', New York: Routledge, 1985 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Works by or about Joseph Butler at Wikisource * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com Contains Correspondence with Clarke, three episodes from Analogy of Religion, and five of the Fifteen Sermons, all lightly edited for easier reading] *   * Works by Joseph Butler at Project Gutenberg * Works by Joseph Butler at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) * Works by or about Joseph Butler at Internet Archive {{S-start}} {{S-rel|en}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Haihuwa 1692]] [[Category:Mutuwa 1752]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2dh25oigrxx3ohrmit91fic45yqxng4 0 61265 892110 369238 2026-08-06T12:22:18Z Baffa ali 47435 892110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Save_Basin_OSM.svg|right|thumb|330x330px| Kogin Save River tare da Mutirikwe (tsakiyar ƙasa)]] '''Kogin Mutirikwe''' (tsohon '''kogin Mtilikwe''') kogi ne a kudu maso gabashin [[Zimbabwe]]. Yankin Kogin Runde ne kuma manyan magudanan ruwa sun hada da [[Pokoteke River|kogin Pokoteke]]. An lalata kogin a tafkin Mutirikwe, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin wani yanki mai mahimmanci, kuma a Bangala Dam kusa da [[Renco Mine|Renco]]. Akwai tafkuna kamar mutirikwe .{{stub}} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} capr564gj0zwpdrkjdra43fq78yz4qn 0 63837 892100 470216 2026-08-06T12:01:32Z Baffa ali 47435 892100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ye Shuhua''' (Chinese ;An haife shi a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da bakwai 1927) masanin ilmin taurari ne na kasar Sin kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Kula da Astronomical ta Shanghai,wanda ya shahara wajen cimma daya daga cikin ma'auni mafi daidaito a duniya na lokacin duniya a cikin 1960s,da kuma kafa tsarin interferometry mai tsayi mai tsayi (VLBI) da tauraron dan adam Laser.SLR dabaru a kasar Sin.sannan Yana da ilimi a kan Taurari .{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i1yopsf399qa4se28ox6ubn8ww4w0x6 0 63872 892121 621328 2026-08-06T12:40:55Z Baffa ali 47435 892121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Anne Sackville (Spencer), countess of Dorset.jpg|thumb|Anne Spencer]] Yayin da yake a makarantar sakandare ta Virginia Anne ta sadu da abokin karatunta Charles Edward Spencer,wanda ta yi aure a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu,1901,a gidan Dixie a Bramwell.A cikin 1903,Spencers sun koma Lynchburg na dindindin kuma suka gina gida a 1313 Pierce Street inda suka haifi yara uku tare,'ya'ya mata biyu,Bethel da Alroy,da ɗa,Chauncey Spencer. Chauncey ya ci gaba da gadon mahaifiyarsa na gwagwarmaya,yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin soja a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Ayyukan Chauncey da jajircewarsa sun kai ga kafa Tuskegee Airmen kuma ya zama sanannen memba a cikin kungiyar a lokacin da aka hana Amurkawa Afirka aikin soja a matsayin matukan jirgi. Yaren ta shine turanci .{{Stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Negro_Poets_and_Their_Poems-0179.jpg|Anne Spencer File:AnneSpencerGarden.jpg|Lambun Anne Spencer </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1975]] baydytzvo296lf09pma8o1f48zy65y4 0 64135 892321 454081 2026-08-06T19:00:31Z Baffa ali 47435 892321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban belt asteroid 21082 Araimasaru, wanda Tsutomu Hioki da Shuji Hayakawa suka gano a Okutama a cikin 1991,an ba shi suna don girmamawarsa.An buga ambaton suna akan 6 Janairu 2003({{Small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 47301}}). Sana'ar sa ita ce ilimin taurari.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] s3fa3bxlp5cxa4sg6ufs88ggv5qu2or 0 64337 892103 670805 2026-08-06T12:09:23Z Baffa ali 47435 892103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Vincent Keane''' (an haife shi ranar 11 ga watan Janairu shekara 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiya don ƙungiyar Premier League Everton. {{Stub}} == Tarihi == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1993]] == International career == An haife shi a Ingila ga mahaifin Irish,Keane ya cancanci buga wa Ingila ko Jamhuriyar Ireland wasa. Ya wakilci Ireland a matakin 'yan kasa da shekara 19 da 19, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael(ml) Keane |url=http://www.soccerscene.ie/ss_gen/player.php?id=284&level=ss17 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=SoccerScene.ie}}</ref> amma ya nuna sha'awarsa na buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa le shekara 19 ta Ingila kuma yana fatan a haɗa shi acikin tawagar don wasan sada zumunci da Jamhuriyar Czech a watan Fabrairun 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Adam |date=12 January 2012 |title=Keanes' England hopes |url=http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2012/Jan/will-keane-and-michael-keane-have-international-ambitions.aspx |access-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref>Ya fara bugawa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Slovenia a lokacin da ɗan'uwansa ɗan tagwaye Will ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2012 |title=England 5–0 Slovenia |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/mens-u19s/News/Match%20Centre/2012/englandvslovenia |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> An sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar kocin Noel Blake na gasar zakarun Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19,kuma ya taimaka wa Ingila ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nicholas |date=20 June 2012 |title=Final selection |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/mens-u19s/News/2012/u19s-squad-announced-for-euro-finals-150612 |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2012 |title=Keane gets Evans' backing |url=http://www.thefa.com/england/archived/mens-u19s/news/2012/michael-keane-johnny-evans-250912 |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, Keane ya fara bugawa tawagar Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 21, inda ya maye gurbin Andre Wisdom a minti na 77 na nasarar 4-0 da yayi da Austria a Filin wasa na Falmer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=England coast to victory |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/mens-under-21s/News/2013/england-u21s-austria-report |access-date=25 March 2013 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2013,Keane ya bude kwallaye a nasarar da 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 suka yi a kan Finland 3-0, inda ya sanya James Ward-Prowse kyauta bayan minti 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beattie |first=Julian |date=14 November 2013 |title=England beat Finland to pull clear in Group 1 |url=https://www.uefa.com/under21/news/0257-0ded014f37d5-0d7a0c42f8be-1000/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |website=UEFA}}</ref> Keane ya sake maimaita wannan wasan na biyu a jere kwanaki biyar bayan haka,yana kan hanyar zuwa kusurwar Tom Ince a minti na 13. Kungiyar U21 ta Ingila ta ci gaba da doke kungiyar San Marino U21 9-0,nasarar rikodin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2013 |title=Michael Keane scores in record England U21s victory |url=http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2013/Nov/michael-keane-scores-in-record-win-for-england-under-21s-san-marino.aspx |access-date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016, an kira shi cikin cikakken tawagar Ingila, a matsayin maye gurbin Glen Johnson da ya ji rauni, ta hanyar kocin wucin gadi Gareth Southgate don wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da Malta a ranar 8 ga Oktoba da Slovenia kwana uku bayan haka. Keane ya fara bugawa a ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017,inda ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan sada zumunci da aka yi wa Jamus. Ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 tare da kai daga [[Ross Barkley]] acikin nasara 5-1 zuwa Montenegro a gasar cin kofin UEFA Euro 2020. 4gum6smn7g5nvma4dxbu7f4fxy5ifnc 0 65637 892502 836186 2026-08-07T06:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lynne A. Opperman''' wata mai bincike ce 'yar [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afrika ta Kudu]]-[[Amurka]]. Kafin farkon shekarar ilimi ta 2021–22, Opperman an naɗa ta shugabar riƙo na Kwalejin Dentistry na Jami’ar [[Texas]] A&amp;amp;M. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Opperman kuma ta girma a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand don samun digiri na farko na Kimiyya da Ph.D. kafin ta koma [[Amurka]] don karatun digirinta na gaba da digiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lynne Opperman |url=https://dentistry.tamu.edu/bms/facultystaffstudents/faculty/opperman.html |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105192423/https://dentistry.tamu.edu/bms/facultystaffstudents/faculty/opperman.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan abokantaka nata (fellowships), Opperman ta shiga jami'ar Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar [[Virginia]] a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin bincike. Daga ƙarshe ta bar zuwa Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M a shekarar 1996.<ref name="Fuentes">{{cite web|last1= Fuentes|first1=Jennifer|title=REGENTS PROFESSOR DESIGNATION FOR OPPERMAN |url=https://dentistryinsider.tamhsc.edu/regents-professor-designation-for-opperman/ |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> A lokacin da ta fara aiki a Texas A&M, Opperman ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Craniofacial [[Biology]] Group da Ƙungiyar Binciken Haƙori ta Duniya da kuma a kan allunan editoci daban-daban. A cikin shekarar 2011, yayin da take aiki a matsayin darektan ci gaban fasaha kuma farfesa a ilimin [[kimiyyar halittu]], an naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar zaɓaɓɓu na Ƙungiyar American Association of Anatomist.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Robert|title=Dallasite to lead anatomists |url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/the-dallas-morning-news/20110121/286551629246004 |access-date=October 4, 2021 |publisher=Dallas Morning News |date=January 21, 2011}}</ref> Sakamakon bincikenta, Opperman ta sami lambar yabo ta Farfesa Regents ta Jami'ar [[Texas]] A&M System Board of Regents a cikin shekarar 2015.<ref name="Fuentes"/> Bayan haka, an naɗa ta shugabar sashen riko na kimiyyar halittu ta Texas A&M<ref>{{cite web |title=FACES IN NEW PLACES |url=https://dentistryinsider.tamhsc.edu/faces-in-new-places/ |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |date=November 11, 2016}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku a matsayin wakiliyar majalisa ta Ƙungiyar Cigaban Kimiyya ta [[Amurka]] (AAAS).<ref>{{cite web |title=ADVANCING SCIENCE, ENCOURAGING DENTAL RESEARCH |url=https://dentistryinsider.tamhsc.edu/advancing-science-encouraging-dental-research/ |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, Opperman ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin Texas A&M uku waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Fellows na AAAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Texas A&M Faculty Members Selected as AAAS Fellows |url=https://today.tamu.edu/2019/11/26/two-texas-am-faculty-members-selected-as-aaas-fellows/ |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |date=November 26, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kafin farkon shekarar ilimi ta 2021 – 22, Opperman an naɗa ta shugabar riko na Kwalejin Dentistry na Jami’ar [[Texas]] A&amp;amp;M.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of Interim Dean, College of Dentistry |url=https://provost.tamu.edu/Menu/News/Appointment-of-Interim-Dean,-College-of-Dentistry |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=October 4, 2021 |date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150550/https://provost.tamu.edu/Menu/News/Appointment-of-Interim-Dean,-College-of-Dentistry |url-status=dead |archivedate=October 4, 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150550/https://provost.tamu.edu/Menu/News/Appointment-of-Interim-Dean,-College-of-Dentistry }}</ref> A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Opperman ta haɗu da haɓaka shirin karatun don ba da damar ɗaliban ilimi na fannin haƙori na shekara huɗu don gudanar da [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brock|first1=LaDawn|title=Fourth-Year Dental Students Administer COVID-19 Vaccines|url=https://today.tamu.edu/2021/09/15/fourth-year-dental-students-administer-covid-19-vaccines/|publisher=Texas A&M University|access-date=October 4, 2021|date=September 15, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 0vzqhy06ggzecm6pohahpw9yq28t1w5 0 66492 892346 545980 2026-08-06T19:50:44Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 892346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hartington, Derbyshire.jpg|thumb|garin Hartington, Derbyshire]] [[Fayil:Hartington Derbyshire - geograph.org.uk - 5349788.jpg|thumb|Hartington, Derbyshire]] [[Fayil:Hartington, Nebraska Broadway from Court 2.JPG|thumb|Hartington]] '''Hartington''' ƙauye ne a tsakiyar yankin White Peak na gundumar Derbyshire Peak, [[Ingila]], yana kwance akan Kogin Dove wanda shine iyakar Staffordshire. Dangane da ƙididdigar 2001, Ikklesiya na Hartington Town Quarter, wanda kuma ya haɗa da Pilsbury, yana da yawan jama'a 345 ya ragu zuwa 332 a ƙidayar 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124273&c=Hartington&d=16&e=62&g=6413678&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1458921128958&enc=1 |access-date=From the year 2024 off to mouth 01 day 06 |archive-date=From the year 2016 off to mouth 10 day 21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021232309/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124273&c=Hartington&d=16&e=62&g=6413678&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1458921128958&enc=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san ƙauyen da a da wajen yin cuku-cuku da hakar dutsen ƙarfe, farar ƙasa da gubar, ƙauyen yanzu ya shahara da masu yawon buɗe ido. == Manazarta == <references />{{Stub}} qpyy229qedifbrdugoi6ymfmiz8ke52 0 66970 892447 543926 2026-08-07T03:50:24Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Mahmoud_Hesabi.png|Mahmoud_Hesabi.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 30 July 2026. 892447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mahmoud Hessabi Automobile.jpg|thumb|Motar Mahmoud Hessabi]] [[Fayil:Mahmoud Hessabi museum 5.jpg|thumb|Gidan tarihin Mahmoud Hessabi]] '''Mahmoud Hessabi''' (ko Hessaby, Persian: محمود حسابی, Fabrairu a ranar 23, 1903 - Satumba 3, 1992) ya kasance masanin kimiyyar nukiliyar Iran ne kuma sanata. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} noq7b85foscx5udhqn70hgezca1gsur 892569 892447 2026-08-07T09:41:20Z Mahuta 11340 892569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mahmoud Hessabi Automobile.jpg|thumb|Motar Mahmoud Hessabi]] [[Fayil:Mahmoud Hessabi museum 5.jpg|thumb|Gidan tarihin Mahmoud Hessabi]] '''Mahmoud Hessabi''' (ko Hessaby, Persian: محمود حسابی, Fabrairu a ranar 23, 1903 - Satumba 3, 1992) ya kasance masanin kimiyyar nukiliyar Iran ne kuma sanata. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0lufjref538or2qx6lkc4pel2si7ii7 0 66978 892445 816259 2026-08-07T03:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev''' [ b ] {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɛ|ʒ|n|ɛ|f}};<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Brezhnev}}</ref> {{langx|ru|Леонид Ильич Брежнев}} {{IPA|ru|lʲɪɐˈnʲit ɨˈlʲjidʑ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf||a= Ru-Leonid Ilich Brezhnev.ogg}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brezhnev "Brezhnev"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> <br/>{{langx|uk|Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв|Leonid Illich Brezhniev}} {{IPA|uk|leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id iˈl⁽ʲ⁾ːidʒ ˈbrɛʒnʲeu̯|}}.}} (19 Disamba 1906{{Spaced en dash}} 10 Nuwamba 1982) ɗan siyasa ne na Soviet wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1964 har zuwa [[Mutuwa da jana'izar jihar Leonid Brezhnev|rasuwarsa]] a 1982. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Soviet (shugaban ƙasa) daga 1960 zuwa 1964 sannan daga baya daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Wa'adinsa na Babban Sakatare kuma shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na biyu bayan na [[Joseph Stalin]] a tsawon lokacin. An haifi Leonid Brezhnev a cikin dangin ma'aikata a Kamenskoye a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Tarayyar Soviet, Brezhnev ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis mai mulki a 1923 kafin ya zama memba na hukuma a 1929. Lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a matsayin kwamishina kuma ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi don zama babban janar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ɗaukaka Brezhnev zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya na jam'iyyar a 1952 kuma ya zama cikakken memba na Politburo a 1957. A 1964, ya shiga cikin cire Nikita Khrushchev a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPSU . Lokacin da aka hambarar da Khrushchev, Brezhnev ya kafa ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tare da Firayim Minista [[Alexei Kosygin]] da Sakataren CC Nikolai Podgorny waɗanda suka fara jagorantar ƙasar a madadin Khrushchev. {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}} {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya yi nasarar haɗa iko don zama babban mutum a cikin shugabancin Soviet. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|McCauley|1997}} "In October 1964, Brezhnev became First Secretary (renamed General Secretary in 1966) of the Party with Aleksei Kosygin taking over as USSR Prime Minister, and Nikolai Podgorny becoming Soviet President. Just as after Stalin's death there was a collective leadership but Brezhnev wanted to become boss. His opportunity came in 1968 when the Prague Spring developed to such an extent that it appeared that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia might lose power. In August 1968 the Soviet Union and several of its allies intervened and began the process of 'normalisation'. Brezhnev, as Party leader, took prime position during the conflict because Czechoslovakia was a socialist country and therefore under the supervision of the Soviet Communist Party. Kosygin who had launched some useful reforms, was pushed aside as economic orthodoxy became the order of the day. He lacked the political guts to fight for primacy. By 1969, one can regard Brezhnev as top dog."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Reynolds|2000}} "...For several years after Khrushchev's demise [in 1964], power within the [Soviet] collective leadership remained both dispersed and balanced: Nikolai Podgorny, the hard-line head of state, dominated relations with Third World countries; Prime Minister Kosygin handled the economy and urged détente with the West; Brezhnev, the party secretary, looked after Eastern Europe, harping on the threat from Germany and the United States. Gradually, in the late 1960s, Brezhnev maneuvered his way into preeminence. Partly, like Stalin and Khrushchev before him, he used his control of the party apparatus to promote allies and topple enemies. But he also raised his profile by moving into the foreign-policy arena, stealing some of Kosygin's ideas while retaining his own reputation as a hard-liner on security. It was Brezhnev who put the new 'peace program' to the twenty-fourth party congress in April 1971. During the summer, Gromyko indicated that in future Nixon should write to Brezhnev, and not Kosygin, about foreign policy."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rigby|1989}} "The record suggest that at least up to the late 1960s the power and authority of the new General Secretary were hardly adequate to ensure coherent and expeditious top-level decision-making. From about 1969 [Brezhnev's] primacy gradually became more evident and soon a 'cult' emerged embodying formulas that marked him out as clearly superordinated over the other party and state leaders. Gradually he succeeded in insinuating old cronies into high level posts and the first of them appeared in the top executive bodies. In 1977 Brezhnev was able to add to the General Secretaryship the post of President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a post whose importance had been builty up in the preceding years. In his last years in office the 'cult' intensified and several more of his old associates were added to the top executive."</ref> A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mulkin Brezhnev ya inganta matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a duniya yayin da yake daidaita matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a gida. Yayin da Khrushchev ke aiwatar da manufofi akai-akai ba tare da tuntuɓar ofishin siyasa ba, Brezhnev ya yi taka tsantsan wajen rage rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ta hanyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar amincewa, ta haka ne ya dawo da kamannin shugabancin gama gari . Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun nutsuwa tsakanin manyan ƙasashe biyu [[Cold War|na Yaƙin Cacar Baki]], ya cimma daidaito tsakanin makaman nukiliya da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ya ƙarfafa ikon Moscow akan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, yawan makamai da ƙasar ta tara da kuma tsoma bakin soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brezhnev ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Soviet a ƙasashen waje, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, masu lura da jama'a da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta zarce Amurka ta zama babbar ƙarfin soja a duniya. Akasin haka, shugabancin Brezhnev ya kuma shaida ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin danniya da takunkumi a duk faɗin Tarayyar Soviet idan aka kwatanta da shekarun sassaucin ra'ayi na Khrushchev Thaw . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zubok|2009}} "Both Stalinists and anti-Stalinists approved of Khrushchev's removal in October 1964. People who supported the Thaw and de-Stalinization believed that Khrushchev was a spent force and any future leadership would be better than his. Soon, however, they realized how wrong they were. The new guard in the Kremlin quickly terminated de-Stalinization from above. The majority of party leaders and ideologists did not like what they saw in the educated strata of society; growing individualism, creeping Westernism, popularity of American music and mass culture, growing pacifism, and pluralistic attitudes. Where the party ideologists failed, the KGB began to step in: a special division of Soviet secret police had the task of 'guiding' Soviet cultural and intellectual elites and 'shielding' them from 'harmful influences'...[¶]The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 substantiated the fears of the Soviet anti-Stalinist intelligentsia that the post-Khrushchev leadership might take the country in a neo-Stalinist direction. The crushing of the Prague Spring and its 'socialism with a human face' dashed the hopes of many educated Soviet patriots that the existing system could be reformed...[¶] Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leadership abandoned reformist projects. It was content to live with the fossilized ideology and sought to repress cultural dissent and force its participants into exile and immigration."</ref> A ƙarshe, ƙiyayyar Brezhnev ga gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ta haifar da zamanin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ake kira Zamanin Tsayawa . Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa da ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar, wannan lokacin ya kasance da raguwar wadatar kayan masarufi da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki. Bayan shekarar 1975, lafiyar Brezhnev ta tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ya ƙara janye kansa daga mulkin ƙasar duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko. Daga ƙarshe ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 kuma Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. Da ya hau mulki a shekarar 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Brezhnev saboda rashin inganci da rashin sassauci kafin ya fara kamfen na ' yantar da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da sukar manufofin gwamnatinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mulkin Brezhnev ya sami babban yabo a cikin kuri'un jama'a da aka gudanar a Rasha bayan Soviet. == Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin == === 1906–1939: Asali === An haifi Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a Kamenskoye (yanzu Kamianske, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] ) a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha ga ma'aikacin ƙarfe Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) da matarsa, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975). {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Mahaifinsa yana zaune a Brezhnevo, Gundumar Kursk, kafin ya koma Kamenskoye. Iyayen mahaifiyar Brezhnev sun fito ne daga Yenakieve . <ref name="Whistle">{{Cite journal |last=Brezhnev |first=Leonid |date=1981 |title=Воспоминания. Жизнь по заводскому гудку |trans-title=Memories: Life by the Factory Whistle |url=https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/83903/0/leonid-brezhnev-zhizn-po-zavodskomu-gudku.html |journal=[[Kommunist]] |language=ru |pages=13–14 |issn=0131-1212 |access-date=2026-03-30 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120113603/https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/83903/0/leonid-brezhnev-zhizn-po-zavodskomu-gudku.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da ƙabilar Brezhnev a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Ukraine a wasu takardu, ciki har da fasfo ɗinsa, da kuma Rashanci a wasu. {{Sfn|Bacon|2002}} 'Yar'uwar Brezhnev ta rubuta cewa a shekarar 1913, Brezhnev ya shiga makarantar coci . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an shigar da shi makarantar nahawu. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya bar Kamenskoe zuwa Kursk saboda yunwar 1921-1923 kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a wani masana'antar mai da girki . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A shekarar 1923, Brezhnev ya shiga Komsomol, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bolshevik. Marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Paul J. Murphy ya yi imanin cewa ya yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na aiki. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A wannan shekarar, Brezhnev ya yi rajista a wata kwaleji kuma bayan shekaru huɗu ya sami digiri a fannin kula da ƙasa . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Ya fara aiki shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, da farko a matsayin mai horo a Byelorussian SSR, kuma bayan ya sami takardar shaidar, a Gundumar Kursk sannan daga baya a Ural Oblast . {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} A lokacin aikinsa a can, Brezhnev ya nemi zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1929, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin ɗan takara kafin ya zama cikakken memba na Jam'iyyar shekaru biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} Brezhnev ya kai matsayin shugaban rajistar filaye na [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] a 1930, amma ya bar shi bayan rabin shekara guda ya koma [[Moscow]] don yin rajista a Cibiyar Injinan Noma. Masanin tarihi Susanne Schattenberg ta yi hasashen cewa ya yi hakan ne don guje wa wuce gona da iri na tattara bayanai da Tarayyar Soviet ke yi a wancan lokacin. {{Sfn|Schattenberg|2021}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] ===manazarta=== lvt8ohdsvssvqt43vzt6v60ezn2zkel 0 67404 892138 711308 2026-08-06T14:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Juju.jpg|thumb|Hoton wani yana nuna ala adar juju]] [[Fayil:Juju 1.jpg|thumb|makadan juju]] '''Jùjú''' wani salon shahararren kiɗa ne na [[Yoruba music|Yoruba]] mashahurin kiɗan, Yoruba, wanda aka samo daga gargajiya na Yoruba. Sunan juju daga kalmar [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] "juju" ko "jiju" ma'ana " jefawa" ko "wani abu da ake jefawa". Waƙar [[juju]] ba ta samo sunanta daga juju ba, wanda shine nau'in sihiri da amfani da abubuwa masu sihiri, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]] da sauran ƙasashen [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1900 a cikin kungiyoyin birane a duk faɗin ƙasashe, kuma an yi imanin cewa Ababababaa Babatunde King ne ya kirkireshi, wanda aka fi sani da Tunde King. Rubuce-rubucen jùjú na farko sun kasance daga Sarki da Ojoge Daniel a cikin shekarun 1920, lokacin da Sarki ya fara shi. Jagora da mafi yawan kayan aiki na jùjú shine ''Iya Ilu'', drum mai magana.<ref>https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00falo/page/173</ref> Wasu mawaƙa na juju sun kasance masu tafiya, ciki har da majagaba na farko Ojoge Daniel, Irewole Denge da "makaho minstrel" [[Kokoro (mawaki)|Kokoro]] . '''Afro-juju''' salo ne na shahararren kidan Najeriya, hade da wakokin jujú da Afrobeat. Shahararriyar mai magana da yawunta shi ne Shina Peters, wadda ta shahara sosai har jaridu suka kira lamarin "Shinamania". Kololuwar shaharar Afro-juju ta zo ne a farkon shekarun 1990. == Tarihi == Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], an fara haɗa kayan lantarki, da kuma mawaƙa na farko kamar Earnest Olatunde Thomas (Tunde Nightingale), Fatai Rolling Dollar, I. K. Dairo, [[Dele Ojo]], Ayinde Bakare, Adeolu Akinsanya, [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/king-sunny-ade-juju-legend-launches-radio-station-photos/h111tme |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-19 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100912/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/king-sunny-ade-juju-legend-launches-radio-station-photos/h111tme |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Ebenezer Obey sun sanya nau'in ya fi shahara a Najeriya, yana haɗa sabbin tasiri kamar funk, reggae da Afrobeat da ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan kamar yo-ni-pop. Wasu sabbin masu zane-zane na juju sun hada da Oludare Olateju wanda aka fi sani da Ludare, ɗan Sabada juju mai kirkirar kiɗa; Sarkin sarakuna Wale Olateju da Bola Abimbola . Kodayake kiɗa na juju, kamar Apala, [[Waka music|Wakaka]] Sakara, fuji da waka an kirkiresu ne daga [[Musulmi]] [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], kiɗa kanta ta kasance mai zaman kanta. [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]] shine na farko da ya hada da guitar na ƙarfe, wanda a baya aka yi amfani da shi kawai a cikin kiɗa na Hawaiian da kiɗa na ƙasar Amurka. == Wurin wasan kwaikwayon == Mawakan da suka fito daga yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ne ke yin wakar Jùjú, inda Yarabawa suka fi yawa. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon, masu sauraro suna yawan shawa mawakan jujú da kuɗin takarda; wannan al'ada ana kiranta da "fesa".<ref>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/576211</ref> Shina Peters an ba shi kyautar ne a shekarar 1990, amma masu sukar waka sun burge shi.<ref>Graham, pgs. 592–593 Graham describes the origins of Peters' Afro-juju, the importance of Afro-Juju Series 1, the term Shinamania and the critical and commercial performance of Shinamania</ref> Mai binciken kiɗa Christpher Alan Waterman ce ɗayan cibiyoyin wasan kwaikwayon jùjú suna cikin Ibadan.<ref>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo3774389.html</ref> Yawancin mawaƙa na jùjú suna cikin yankin sojojin kasuwa. Akwai mahallin da yawa inda ake yin kiɗa na jùjú. An yi kiɗa a otal-otal, kulob din dare, da jami'a. Otal din suna ba da dakunan kiɗa da dakunan rawa. Yawancin ayyukan suna faruwa bayan karfe tara na yamma, kuma otal-otal sune cibiyar tsarin tattalin arzikin [[Ibadan]]. Wani mahallin da ake kunna kiɗa na jùjú shine a bukukuwan da ake kira àríyá . [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]] ya yi a àríyá tare da kyawawan halayensa.<ref>https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2016/09/19/king-sunny-ade-70-popular-music-ad-ariya-socio-aesthetics-bode-omojola/</ref> Wadannan bukukuwan sune jam'iyyun da ke murna da sunan jariri, bukukuwan aure, ranar haihuwar, jana'iza, karɓar lakabi, bukukuwannin da ƙaddamar da sabbin dukiya ko kamfanonin kasuwanci. Waƙoƙin rayuwa suna da mahimmanci ga aikin da ya dace na àríyá. == Dubi kuma == * [[:en:Music_of_Nigeria|Waƙoƙin Najeriya]] * [[:en:List_of_juju_musicians|Jerin mawaƙa na juju]] * [[:en:Afrobeat|Afrobeat]] * [[:en:Femi_Kuti|Femi Kuti]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.furious.com/perfect/kingsunnyade.html Tattaunawar Sarki Sunny Ade] da Jason Gross daga shafin Perfect Sound Forever (Yuni 1998) * [http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/09/sparkling-prince-of-juju-music-called-ludare/ "Sparkling Prince of Juju Music Da ake kira Ludare"], ''[[This Day|Yau]]'', Oktoba 2016 pu8c5fj5m5o1vt80bpflv7wp4gaq5a7 0 69619 892430 374828 2026-08-07T00:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''LBMM''''', fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta na Najeriya na 2020. Adetayo ya ba da umarnin daga labarin [[Stanlee Ohikhuare]] da kuma rubutun Ayo Arigbabu. Tauraron fim din [[Bimbo Akintola]], Patrick Doyle, Bola Edwards da Kalu Ikeagwu a cikin manyan matsayi. Fim din kuma shine fim din fim farko na Najeriya. Fim din ya sami jinkiri da yawa tun daga shekara ta 2017, amma daga baya ya sami nunawa ta musamman a Genesis Cinemas a Lekki, Legas a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2020. fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020 kuma an buɗe shi ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-31|title=Nigeria's First Feature-Length Animated Movie Set For December 11 Premiere Date!|url=https://thenet.ng/nigerias-first-feature-length-animated-movie-set-for-december-11-premiere-date/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=Lady Buckit & The Motley Mopsters Trailer|url=https://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00130316.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172706/https://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00130316.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ƴan wasan== * [[Bimbo Akintola]] * Patrick Doyle * Bola Edwards * Kalu Ikeagwu * Simi Hassan * Francis Sule * Casey Edema * Awazi Angbalaga == Bayani game da shi == Makircin kewaye da wata yarinya mai daraja mai suna Bukky wacce ke son taimaka wa mahaifinta da ƙwazo don warware lissafi da ma'ana cikin sauƙi shiga cikin jijiyoyin mahaifiyarta.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Obioha|first=Vanessa|date=2020-12-11|title=Nigeria: Ladybuckit and the Motley Mopsters Is Off to a Good Start|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202012110104.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Samarwa == farko ya kamata a fara samar da fim din a shekarar 2017 amma an dakatar da shi a lokuta da yawa saboda matsalolin kudi da rashin hadin kai daga ƙungiyar samarwa ta farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Kazeem|first=Yomi|title=How Nigeria's first feature length animated movie was made|url=https://qz.com/africa/1940063/nigerias-first-animated-feature-film-set-for-release/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Quartz Africa|language=en}}</ref> A aikin fim mai taken ''SADE'' wanda aka fara yi masa ba'a don zama fim din Najeriya na farko an dakatar da shi a shekarar 2018 saboda rikice-rikicen kudi. Fim din ya fara daukar hoto a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 a karkashin gidan samar da kansa na Blessing Hot Ticket Productions . 'yan wasa 30 da ma'aikatan jirgin sun shiga don harbi fim din. Jessica Edwards mai shekaru 11, David Edwards mai shekaru 13 da jerin masu jagoranci takwas da masu goyon baya guda shida waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin waɗanda aka saurara da jefawa an haɗa su a matsayin masu zane-zane / 'yan wasan kwaikwayo don ba da murya. Ko<ref name=":2" /> fim ɗin ya sami ƙarin jinkiri da raguwa saboda annobar COVID-19 a Najeriya da kuma sakamakon kulle-kulle a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. An harbe sassan fim din galibi a Legas a cikin yanke wutar lantarki na yau da kullun. harbe fim din a matsayin 3D animation tare 4K ƙuduri na 4K, a 24 frames a kowace dakika don kowane tasirin fim. kiyasta kasafin kudin fim din a kusa da miliyan 400.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Nigeria's first feature-length animated film cost $1m|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/50939/nigerias-first-feature-length-animated-film-aims-to-entertain-educate-young-and-old/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Africa Report.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Sauti == Odii, Patrick Edwards, Marilyn Mayaki, Ufuoma Iliaro, Casey Edema, Caleb Audu, DJ Klem da Ava Momoh ne suka hada tarin waƙoƙi 14 da waƙoƙoƙi. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="7" |2021 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka |Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="7" |''Lady Buckit da Motley Mopsters''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Annecy |Daga Gasar Zaɓin hukuma | | |- |FARK |Zaɓin hukuma | | |- |Bikin Maoriland |Zaɓin hukuma | | |- |Animatiba |Zaɓin hukuma | | |- |Afirka |Zaɓin hukuma |Ya ci nasara | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood |Zaɓin hukuma | | |} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} drits88m0jua94lgy6rpufg7ovwrmyg 0 70636 892129 609538 2026-08-06T13:05:45Z Abubakar s Julde 47663 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harshen da ke cikin haɗari''' ko kuma yaren da ke cikin haɗari shine harshen da ke cikin haɗarin ɓacewa yayin da masu magana da shi suka mutu ko kuma suka koma magana da wasu harsuna.<ref name=":0">https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/endangered-languages#:~:text=An%20endangered%20language%20is%20one,document%20and%20revitalize%20endangered%20languages.</ref> A turance kuma ana kiran haka da '''Endangered Language.''' Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari sun kasance wani ɓangare na aikin bayar da shawarwari na LSA don haƙƙin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]. A ƙasa akwai labarai masu alaƙa da takaddun bayanai, adanawa, da kuma fahimtar harsunan da ke cikin haɗari da al'adunsu da al'ummominsu. Don abubuwan da ke faruwa na yau da kullum, muna ƙarfafa ku ku ziyarci Shafin Manufofin Jama'a, kuma don sabuntawa da sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan game da harsunan [[Amurkawa|Amirkawa]], muna ƙarfafa ku da ku [[Ziyarar Benin na 1897|ziyarc]]<nowiki/>i Shafin Taskokinmu na Dokokin Farfado da Harshen Amirka a cikin Majalisar Dokokin [[Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na gida ne da yaruka sama da 2,000, wadanda suka kunshi kusan kashi 30 na harsunan duniya. Yawancin mutane a nahiyar suna magana aƙalla harsunan [[Afirka]] biyu da kyau. Yayin da wasu harsuna ke da aƙalla masu magana da miliyan ɗaya, wasu ana magana da ƙananan lambobi. Yawancin harsuna ana watsa su da baki kuma ba za a iya samun su a cikin tsarin ilimi ba, wanda zai zama mahimmanci don haɓakawa da rayuwa. Babban mai ba da gudummawa ga wannan keɓance yana da alaƙa da dabarun mulkin mallaka na kawai gabatar da ƙananan harsuna a cikin tsarin ilimi da gina tattalin arziƙin da manyan masu ilimi ke tafiyar da su tare da ilimin Yammacin Turai da ƙwarewa a cikin harsunan Turai. Gudanar da mulkin mallaka na miƙa mulki zuwa ƴancin kai a yawancin harsunan [[Afirka]] sun sami ci gaba da ruhi da ayyukan mulkin mallaka. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har ma a lokacin mulkin mallaka tare da Ingilishi, Faransanci da Fotigal suna mamaye koyarwa da koyo. [[File:Human Language Families.png|thumb|Harsunan Duniya]] Yanzu ana kara nuna damuwa cewa yawancin harsunan Afirka na cikin hadari, amma wannan ba matsala ce kawai ta Afirka ba. A [[duniya]] baki daya, kusan rabin duk harsunan da ake magana suna cikin haɗari, kuma da yawa suna kan hanyar bacewa.<ref>https://www.goethe.de/prj/zei/en/art/22902448.html</ref> == Dalilin Kula da Harsuna == An na koyi rubutu da kyau, harshena ba zai taba bace ba. Mutumin Machiguenga a wurin taron bitar marubuci a [[Peru]] Daga cikin fiye da harsuna 7,105 a duniya, rabi na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin ɓacewa a cikin shekaru da dama masu zuwa. A wasu yankuna, yaƙe-yaƙe ko cututtuka sun lalata al'ummar da ke yare har dukan ƙungiyar ke [[mutuwa]]. Wasu harsuna suna [[mutuwa]] saboda iyaye suna koya wa 'ya'yansu Turanci ko Faransanci ko Mutanen Espanya don dalilai na tattalin arziki. Ko mene ne sanadin, waɗannan harsuna ne da ke cikin haɗari, kamar yadda baƙarƙarar karkanda ke cikin haɗari. Amma harshe ba ya ganuwa, ya fi karkanda. Shin duniya ba za ta kasance mafi sauƙi ba idan akwai ƙananan harsuna? Me zai hana idan waɗannan sun mutu? SIL ta damu saboda asalinsu da al'adun [[mutane]] suna da alaƙa da harshensu. Wasu shekaru da suka wuce, Dr. Kenneth L. Pike, shugaban SIL na farko, ya tambayi wani masanin harshe dan kasar [[Denmark]] dalilin da ya sa duk Danmark bai bar Danish ba kuma ya canza zuwa [[Turanci|Turanci.]] Amsa ta farko ita ce, "Yana da kyau ka tambayi abokinka cewa!" Pike ya matsa masa, yana cewa, "Ba na son cin mutuncin ku, amma na kashe rayuwata wajen taimaka wa tsirarun harsunan duniya. Mutane suna so su san ko yana da daraja." Mutumin ya amsa da cewa, "To, Pike, idan ka rasa harshen yaren ka. Haɗarin harsunan ya kamata ya zama yanki mai matuƙar damuwa. Lokacin da harshe ya mutu, ba za a iya farfado da shi ba. Sakamakon haka, muna da ƙarancin shaida don fahimtar yanayin harshen ɗan adam kansa - tsarinsa, tsarinsa da ayyukansa - da ayyukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke sarrafa ta don sauƙaƙe koyo. Bugu da ƙari, bacewar kowane harshe yana haifar da asarar dindindin na keɓaɓɓen bayanin da aka saka a cikin harshen a baya. Wannan shi ne saboda harsuna, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin hanyoyin [[sadarwa]], su ma masu dauke da ilimi, falsafa, dabi'u da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma da aka yada zuwa tsararraki. [[File:Elements of the culture mindmap.png|thumb|Al'adun Harsuna]] Kowane harshe taga ne cikin kebantattun maganganu da fassarorin abubuwan ɗan adam. Don haka, ilimin kowane harshe ɗaya na iya zama mabuɗin amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci, gami da yadda za a rage [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. Amma me muke nufi da barazanar harshe? An ce harshe yana cikin haɗari sa’ad da masu magana da shi suka daina amfani da shi ko kuma kawai suna amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, kamar bukukuwa, ko kuma cikin iyali da aka kafa. Masu magana da harshen ƙila ba sa isar da shi ga tsararraki masu zuwa kuma yara a cikin al'umma ba su da ɗan mu'amala da shi. A tsawon [[lokaci]], wannan rashin canza harshe ga yara yana haifar da raguwar sababbin masu magana a tsari. Harsuna masu rinjaye suna mamaye ta hanyar haɗiye waɗanda suka raunana.<ref>https://www.goethe.de/prj/zei/en/art/22902448.html</ref> == Hanyoyin kare Harshen dake cikin Haɗari == Akwai kusan harsuna 7,000 da aka sani masu rai, a cewar taron tattalin arzikin duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan harsunan Afirka ne. Duk da haka, yawancin duniya suna magana da ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20, kuma kashi biyu cikin biyar na harsunan duniya an saita su su mutu. Kowane harshe yana da wadata na musamman. A turance, "bar cat daga cikin jaka" wata magana ce da ke nufin fadin wani abu da ya kamata ya zama sirri. Fassarar kalma-da-kalma zuwa kowane harshe baya sadarwa kwata-kwata. Hakanan, Mutanen Espanya "dar gato por libre" a zahiri yana nufin, "ba da cat don [[zomo]]." Amma a matsayin karin magana, yana nufin yaudarar wani game da ingancin wani abu. Kowane harshe yana da ƙamus na musamman, ƙamus da maganganun ra'ayin [[duniya]]. A ƙarshe, ɗayan ɗawainiya na ilimin harshe na zamani shine neman taƙaitaccen bayani game da yadda harsuna ke aiki. A cikin 1970s an yi tunanin ba zai yiwu ba cewa harshe ya saba sanya abu a farkon jumla, kamar yadda yake cikin "Boy kare bit," ma'ana "Kare ya ciji yaron." Amma wani masanin harshe na SIL ya sami irin wannan tsari a cikin harshe mai hatsari. Gabaɗaya game da harshe mabuɗin ne ga yadda hankalin ɗan adam ke aiki, kuma harsunan da ke cikin haɗari suna ba da gudummawa ga ilimin kimiyya. Yawancin harsunan da SIL ke [[aiki]] da su ana ɗaukar su suna cikin haɗari bisa girman kawai. SIL yayi aiki a cikin harsunan kasa da masu magana 100. A lokacin, waɗannan harsunan kamar suna mutuwa, amma a yau suna bunƙasa. SIL ta kuma rubuta [[ƙamus]] da nahawu don harsunan da ba su da bege na rayuwa bayan ɗaya ko biyu masu magana na ƙarshe sun mutu. Har ila yau, mujallar Ethnologue, wadda SIL ta buga, ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da bayanai kan harsunan duniya, ciki har da wadanda ke cikin hadari.<ref>https://www.sil.org/sociolinguistics/why-care-about-endangered-languages</ref> Harshe da mutuncin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da juna. Tare da mutunta dukkan al'ummomi, harsuna da al'adu, SIL ta himmatu don taimaka wa mutane a duk faɗin duniya su kiyaye harsunansu da asalinsu. Harshe al'amurran da suka shafi-a ruhaniya, al'adu, da tunani. Rubuce-rubuce da furuci wani nau'i ne na fasaha, hanya ce ta dabi'u da [[Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya|al'adu]] da za a yi amfani da su ga tsararraki. Lokacin da harshe ya ɓace, wani ɓangare na wannan al'ada ya ɓace. Haka nan idan aka kiyaye harshe, al'adu da al'adu suna ci gaba da [[Rayuwa/Kaitsaye|rayuwa]] a cikin zukata da tunanin masu fahimtarsa. Harshe ya fi jimlar sassansa: ba wai tsarin jumla da nahawu ba ne kawai, harshe tarihi ne da zance, al'adu da gado.<ref>https://news.unm.edu/news/saving-a-language-preserving-a-culture</ref> Ƙoƙarin da masana ilimin ɗan adam suka yi a ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s don yin rikodi da fassara harsunan Asalin Amirka ya haifar da rubuce-rubuce da yawa da aka buga. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan ƙoƙarin farko na bayyana harsunan asali, al'adu, da mutane cikin Ingilishi ba su haɗa da yanayin al'ada da ya dace ba don fassarorin su zama daidai. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda ba su san al'ada ba, amma kuma saboda Apache galibi yaren magana ne wanda ya haɗa da nuance da motsi, duka suna da wahalar yin rikodi a rubuce. A cikin 1911, ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan masani, Pliny Earle Goddard, ya buga tarin labaran Jicarilla na gargajiya a cikin Jicarilla Apache da Turanci, Jicarilla Apache Texts, wanda ya zama mafari ga wannan aikin kiyaye harshen Jicarilla. Tiller da Axelrod sun yarda da darajar waɗannan ayyukan ta fuskar ƙabilanci, duk da haka, yawancin fassarorin Goddard daga abin da Tiller ya kira "tsohuwar Apache" zuwa [[Turanci]] ba sa isar da ma'anar al'adu da ruhin labaran asali. Yayin da rubutunsa ya haɗa da maɓallin furci, bambance-bambancen tsarin jimla tsakanin Ingilishi da Jicarilla Apache, da kuma watsi da bambance-bambance a cikin sauti da kuma nasality, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga masu magana da harshe da na ilimi don fahimtar fassarar.<ref>https://news.unm.edu/news/saving-a-language-preserving-a-culture</ref> == Harshen dake cikin haɗari == Domin yaƙar tabarbarewar harsunan gida da yarukan gida, mun ƙaddamar da rahoto a kan harsunan da suka fi fuskantar barazana tare da zaɓe da dama daga cikinsu don haskakawa a cikin bege na wayar da kan jama’a da sha’awarsu. Za mu kuma duba waɗanne yankuna na duniya ne ke da yarukan da ke cikin haɗari da kuma irin harsunan da suke ɗauka. Tabbas, tare da dubban harsunan da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, akwai marasa adadi da za mu iya mai da [[hankali]] a kansu; duk da haka, mun zaɓi shida waɗanda, a lokaci ɗaya, ana magana da su sosai amma tun daga lokacin sun ga raguwa cikin sauri.<ref>https://preply.com/en/blog/endangered-languages-report/</ref> A yau ana yi magana a kai har zuwa 5,000 zuwa 6,000 Harshen 6,000 Har wa [[duniya]], amma karni daga yanzu, lambar za ta kusan fada zuwa ƙananan dubun ko har da daruruwan. Fiye da kowane lokaci, al'ummomin da suka isa isa su sami kansu a ƙarƙashin haɗin kai don haɗa kansu da maƙwabta, sau da yawa suna haifar da asarar harsunan su har ma da asalinsu.<ref>https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/endangered-languages</ref> Daga cikin fiye da harsuna 7,000 da ake amfani da su a [[duniya]] a yau, kashi 41% na cikin haɗari. Wasu harsuna har yanzu suna bunƙasa, duk da haka, idan aka ba su sharuddan da suka dace. Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari su ne waɗanda yara ba sa koyarwa ko amfani da su a cikin al'umma, a cewar Ethnologue, cibiyar bincike don fahimtar harshe wanda ke samar da ma'auni na yau da kullun na mafi yawan kuma mafi ƙarancin magana.<ref>https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/how-some-endangered-languages-thrive/</ref> Akwai fiye da harsuna 6,000 da ake magana da su a duniya a yau. Wannan ita kanta hujja ce da kimiyyar harshe ta kafa kwanan nan, kuma har yanzu akwai wasu muhawara game da ainihin adadin. Ba wai kawai bambancin 'harshe' da ' yare' ƙashi ne na jayayya ba, har ma a ƙarshen karni na ashirin, an rage gano sababbin harsuna, ganowa da kuma rarraba su - sau da yawa ana kuskure, lokacin da bayanai game da su kawai. zane. Ko menene ainihin adadin, ko da yake watakila wasu ƴan sabbin shari'o'in sun rage da za a gano su, ba adadi ba ne ke girma. Yana raguwa, kuma yana raguwa a cikin adadin da ya kamata ya damu duk wanda ya ɗauki bambance-bambance a matsayin lafiya kamar yadda za mu iya damuwa game da ƙara haɗari ga tsire-tsire da namun daji na [[duniya]], ko kuma raguwa na ƙananan kankara. Harsunan da aka siffanta da kuma jera su a cikin wannan juzu'in duk aƙalla suna fuskantar barazanar halaka a cikin zuriya biyu masu zuwa na masu magana da harshensu. Babban dalilai na raguwar su suna da yawa, amma dalilin da ya fi gaggawa shi ne gaskiya mai sauƙi, tsattsauran ra'ayi: ilimin harshe a matsayin kayan aikin sadarwa na yau da kullum ba a yada shi daga wannan zamani zuwa wani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.routledge.com/blog/article/discover-the-worlds-endangered-languages |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-22 |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222184803/https://www.routledge.com/blog/article/discover-the-worlds-endangered-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kimanin harsuna 2,500 ne ke cikin hadarin bacewa a cewar hukumar ta [[UNESCO|Unesco]], kuma wasu daga cikinsu mutane 30 ne kawai ke magana. A ƙarshen karni, an kiyasta cewa aƙalla kashi 50 cikin ɗari na harsunan da ake magana da su a duniya za su shuɗe. [[UNESCO|Unesco]] tana amfani da saiti na rukunoni biyar don ayyana yadda harshe ke cikin haɗari: A. Mai rauni, inda yawancin yara ke magana da yaren, amma ana iya iyakance shi ga wasu yankuna kamar [[gida]]; B. Babu shakka yana cikin haɗari, inda yara ba sa koyon yaren a matsayin <nowiki>''</nowiki> harshen uwa <nowiki>''</nowiki> a cikin gida; C. Yana da matukar hatsari idan yare yana magana da kakanni da tsofaffi, kuma yayin da ’yan uwa na iya fahimtarsa, ba sa magana da yara ko a tsakaninsu; D. Babban haɗari shine lokacin da ƙananan masu magana suka kasance kakanni da manya, kuma suna magana da harshe a wani yanki kuma ba safai ba; [[File:Revitalizing Endangered Languages at Hack4OpenGLAM 2021.png|thumb|Harsuna dake cikin Hadari]] E. Bace - babu sauran masu magana.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/endangered-languages-dead-listen-speakers-audio-belarusian-wiradjuri-cornish-a8268196.html</ref> ==Manazarta== 29z3yne4opp3vba85qooqigomtbfuow 0 70936 892546 877002 2026-08-07T09:15:22Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Production" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345733115|Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman]]" 892546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim din ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == din hada da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m14pzs5tbc4r521n93dkdb81yznzh8f 892547 892546 2026-08-07T09:16:10Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim din ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == din hada da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ndhv6c09rj1sbb6hhxui9bigc9bfeo 892548 892547 2026-08-07T09:16:34Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == din hada da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d94y85cdgwje0y1lxugvi9mju3pi4s0 892549 892548 2026-08-07T09:16:58Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == din hada da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 37ry923y9nipmnl9kqq9do8elq28q0s 892550 892549 2026-08-07T09:17:11Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == din hada da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tkgffwbklelvllfhsa71h3270a1ewuu 892551 892550 2026-08-07T09:17:27Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ɗin ya haɗa da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4odkt2qkwsrd89m8mkog3gt42ob3kam 892552 892551 2026-08-07T09:17:36Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ɗin ya haɗa da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ks68n8ds410ksjytg95rn8xnl6qumi 892553 892552 2026-08-07T09:17:48Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ɗin ya haɗa da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbjzuvhvybdf2o3kuxe4eyyt41t53ux 892554 892553 2026-08-07T09:18:04Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ɗin ya haɗa da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agustan shekarar 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n7bbr7wpxtmbiaw3txpq80dyna9fcyu 892556 892554 2026-08-07T09:18:23Z Yusuf Murja 46196 892556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Elesin Oba, Dokin Sarki fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tarihin Kasar Sin|tarihi]] na [[Najeriya]] na harshen Yarbanci a shekarar 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya shirya kuma Netflix ne ya rarraba shi, bisa la’akari da Mutuwar Wole Soyinka da Dokin Sarki, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda kuma ya kasance abokin aikin sa. Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin gudun hijirar sa na siyasa daga Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-07 |title=Wole Soyinka on how he came to write Death and the King's Horseman |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/apr/08/wole-soyinka-death-kings-horseman |first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>kuma ta samo asali ne kan wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a ƙasar Yoruba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency Report |author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=2018-06-12 |title=Film adaptation of Wole Soyinka's ''Death and the King's Horseman'' underway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/272076-film-adaptation-of-wole-soyinkas-death-and-the-kings-horseman-underway.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman, Nigeria's Most Famous Play, Now On Netflix: What Makes It A Classic |url=https://independent.ng/the-kings-horseman-nigerias-most-famous-play-now-on-netflix-what-makes-it-a-classic/ |website=Independent Newspapers}}</ref> Fim din ya fito Odunlade Adekola a matsayin babban jarumi, tare da Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Langley Kirkwood, Joke Silva daga cikin sauran mutane wajen tallafawa ayyukan. == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin kuma ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na shekarar 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afolayan's 'Death' and Bandele's 'The King's Horseman' |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/afolayans-death-and-bandeles-the-king-horseman-a-tale-of-two-tributes-joba-ojelabi/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Lagos Review}}</ref> == ƴan Wasa == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Ezekiel |date=2022-08-27 |title=My challenge playing Elesin Oba's bride - Omowunmi Dada |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550922-my-challenge-playing-elesin-obas-bride-omowunmi-dada.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola == Tsari == == Production == Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka sake shi a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Horseman |url=https://tiff.net/events/the-kings-horseman |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka's Film Adaptation Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman Premiered at TIFF 2022 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/10/wole-soyinkas-film-adaptation-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-premiered-at-tiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-21 |title=Biyi Bandele's Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman set for October 28 release The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biyi-bandeles-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-set-for-october-28-release/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Fitarwa == ɗin ya haɗa da Ebonylife TV Studio da [[Netflix]] kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya daidaita shi don allo kuma ya ba da umarni. fassara rubutun zuwa Yorùbá, kuma fim din daga baya ya sami subtitle zuwa Turanci, daga masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun, yanke shawara da aka bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fim din" da kuma "hanya daya tilo don yin fim din nan da nan ga masu sauraro na duniya.Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na kasa da kasa na 2022 (TIFF) a ranar 9 ga Satumban shekarar 2022 kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finen Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022 sannan aka saki Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim ɗin a shekarar 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agustan shekarar 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dp0635tqbbi1ujkxwtgb8cssfielz2v 0 71133 892498 717567 2026-08-07T06:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lyès Salem''' ([[Larabci]]: '''إلياس سالم''') (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1966 , a [[Aljir|Algiers]] ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Aljeriya kuma darektan fina-finai.<ref>[http://globalfilm.org/guides/Masquerades_DG.pdf Global Film Discussion Guide - Masquerade (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201706/http://globalfilm.org/guides/Masquerades_DG.pdf |date=2018-04-04 }} "BIOGRAPHY Lyes Salem was born in Algiers, Algeria in 1966. After studying at the National Conservatory for Superior Dramatic Arts, he performed Shakespeare in some of Algeria’s most respected theaters. His second short film, Cousines, received France's César award for Best Short Film in 2005. As an actor, he has appeared in a number of films, including Alex, Banlieue 13 and L’Ecole de la Chair. Masquerades is his first feature film."</ref> Fim ɗinsa na farko a matsayin darekta, ''[[Masquerades (fim)|Masquerades]]'', ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa a Faransa. <ref>[[Paris Match]] 2008- Numéros 3090 à 3096 - Page 358 "Au programme. du 28 au 31 août: quatre jours de compétition - le film algérien Mascarade de Lys Salem. a été couronné du Valois du meilleur film."</ref> == Filmography == === A matsayin darakta === * ''Lhasa'' short 1999 * ''[[:fr:Cousines|fr: Cousines short]]''. Awards at Festival de Clermont-Ferrand da César Awards. * ''Jean-Farès'' gajere. Awards Festival International du film de Marrakech 2001 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyes Salem |url=http://www.canalplus.fr/c-cinema/c-les-films-en-salles/cid193399-lyes-salem.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200340/http://www.canalplus.fr/c-cinema/c-les-films-en-salles/cid193399-lyes-salem.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200340/http://www.canalplus.fr/c-cinema/c-les-films-en-salles/cid193399-lyes-salem.html }}</ref> * ''Mascarades'' first feature film === A matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ===   * ''[[The School of Flesh|L’Ecole de la Chair]]'' (1998) * ''[[American Cuisine (film)|American Cuisine]]'' (1998) - Karim * ''Rendezvous in Samarkand'' (1999) - Mohammed * ''Meet the Baltringues'' (2000) * ''Filles uniques'' (2003) - L'avocat jeune beur * ''[[À ton image]]'' (2004) - Antoine * ''[[Banlieue 13]]'' (2004) - Samy * ''Alex'' (2005) - Karim * ''[[Munich (2005 film)|Munich]]'' (2005) - Arab Guard #1 * ''[[Délice Paloma]]'' (2007) - Maître Djaffar * ''[[The First Day of the Rest of Your Life (film)|The First Day of the Rest of Your Life]]'' (2008) - Le type saoul qui veut du Abba * ''Mascarades'' (2008) - Mounir Mekbel * ''La tête en friche'' (2010) - Youssef - le serveur * ''Des filles en noir'' (2010) - Le docteur * ''Dernier étage gauche gauche'' (2010) - Hamza Barriba * ''[[Nobody Else but You (film)|Nobody Else But You]]'' (2011) - Gus * ''[[Rock the Casbah (2013 film)|Rock the Casbah]]'' (2013) - Youssef * ''L'Oranais'' (2014) - Djaffar * ''[[I'm Dead But I Have Friends]]'' (2015) - Dany * ''Je suis à vous tout de suite'' (2015) - Le douanier algérien * ''[[Carole Matthieu]]'' (2016) - Alain * ''Ôtez-moi d'un doute'' (2017) - Madjid * ''Sparring'' (2017) - Omar * ''Ramdam'' (2017) - Amine * ''La finale'' (2018) - Hicham Soualem * ''Le mystère Henri Pick'' (2019) - Producteur émission Infinitif * ''[[Abou Leila]]'' (2019) == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Aljeriya]] [[Category:Yan fim]] [[Category:Maza]] obegj2a01vr5tq843qhswgrxnf49rjc 0 71931 892295 681850 2026-08-06T17:48:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kristine Hildebrandt''' wata ƙwararriyar mai binciken harshe ce Ba'amurke wacce ta shahara da bincike kan harsunan Tibeto-Burman da harsunan Himalayas. Ayyukanta sun mai da hankali kan harsunan Nar-Phu da Gurung da sauran harsunan gundumar Manang na Nepal<ref>https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1149639</ref><ref>https://source.wustl.edu/2016/05/anthropologists-linguists-uncover-emotional-toll-nepal-quake/</ref>tare da gwaninta a fannin sauti. Hildebrandt ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Linguistics a shekarar dubu biyu da uku 2003 daga Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara<ref>https://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/kristine-hildebrandt</ref>Ita ce Farfesa na Harshen Turanci da Adabi, kuma Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ilimin Ilmi a Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Edwardsville.<ref>https://iris.siue.edu/faculty/{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Hildebrandt shi ne editan buɗaɗɗen shiga, mujallar Himalayan Linguistics da aka yi bita.<ref>https://escholarship.org/uc/himalayanlinguistics/editorialboard</ref>da kuma Shugaban Asusun Harshe Masu Kashe Kashewa (ELF)<ref>http://www.endangeredlanguagefund.org/people.html{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Lambar Yabo da Kwarzanci == * Editan buɗaɗɗen shiga, mujallar Himalayan Linguistics da aka yi bita na tsara<ref>https://escholarship.org/uc/himalayanlinguistics/editorialboard</ref> * Shugaban Asusun Harshe Masu Kashewa (ELF)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.endangeredlanguagefund.org/people.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226134759/http://www.endangeredlanguagefund.org/people.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2014 shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu said hekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu Shugaban {ungiyar Linguistics Society of America Kwamitin Harsunan Haɗari da Kiyaye su<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/lsa-member-spotlight-october-2019-kristine-hildebrandt |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226141116/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/lsa-member-spotlight-october-2019-kristine-hildebrandt |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Labarai == * Shekarar dubu biyu da goma 2010. Schiering, R., Bickel, B., & Hildebrandt, K. A. The prosodic word is not universal, but emergent. ''Journal of Linguistics'', ''46''(3), 657–709. * Shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu 2004. Hildebrandt, K.A. A grammar and glossary of the Manange language. Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, 241. * Shekarar dubu biyu da hudu 2004. Hildebrandt, K.A. Manange tone: Scenarios of retention and loss in two communities (Nepal). PhD Dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara. * Shekarar dubu biyu da hudu 2004. Genetti, C., & Hildebrandt, K. The two adjective classes in Manange. ''Adjective Classes: A cross-linguistic typology'', ''1'', 74. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.siue.edu/~khildeb/ Kristine Hildebrandt website] * [https://iris.siue.edu/about/ Interdisciplinary Research and Informatics Scholarship Center] * [https://escholarship.org/uc/himalayanlinguistics Himalayan Linguistics] * [https://www.edglentoday.com/articles/details/siues-hildebrandt-expands-international-impact-as-president-of-endangered-language-fund-36617.cfm SIUE’s Hildebrandt Expands International Impact as President of Endangered Language Fund] == Manazarta == 6rcv3wyb9y2qgyjaoircuprnvalv01p 0 73493 892310 454345 2026-08-06T18:43:18Z Baffa ali 47435 892310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wandala''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Mandara''' ko '''Mura'''', harshe ne a reshen [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]] na dangin harshen Afro-Asiya, wanda ake magana da shi a [[Kamaru]] da sunan harshen wandala .{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7u5j8myf0yu5zm71chie0sr72umno6o 0 76437 892446 523278 2026-08-07T03:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Liezel Huber|image=Huber WM13-003 (9495601953).jpg|caption=Liezel Huber in action at Wimbledon 2013|country={{flagu|South Africa}} (until 12 August 2007)<br/>{{flagu|United States}} (since 13 August 2007)|residence=[[New York City|New York]], U.S.|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|8|21}}|birth_place=[[Durban]], South Africa|turnedpro=1993|retired=2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyorktennismagazine.com/article8535/seven-time-grand-slam-doubles-champion-liezel-huber-joins-nyjtl-cary-leeds-center |title=Seven-Time Grand Slam Doubles Champion Liezel Huber Joins NYJTL Cary Leeds Center |publisher=NY Tennis Magazine |date=27 April 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190547/http://newyorktennismagazine.com/article8535/seven-time-grand-slam-doubles-champion-liezel-huber-joins-nyjtl-cary-leeds-center |url-status=dead }}</ref>|plays=Right-handed (two-handed backhand)|careerprizemoney=$6,287,881|singlesrecord=175–159|singlestitles=0|highestsinglesranking=No. 131 (29 March 1999)|AustralianOpenresult=Q3 ([[2002 Australian Open – Women's singles qualifying|2002]])|FrenchOpenresult=2R ([[1998 French Open – Women's singles|1998]])|Wimbledonresult=Q2 ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles qualifying|2002]])|USOpenresult=1R ([[1998 US Open – Women's singles|1998]])|doublesrecord=790-395|doublestitles=53 WTA, 11 ITF|highestdoublesranking=[[List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (12 November 2007)|AustralianOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2007 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2007]])|FrenchOpenDoublesresult=F ([[2005 French Open – Women's doubles|2005]])|WimbledonDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2005]], [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2007]])|USOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2008 US Open – Women's doubles|2008]], [[2011 US Open – Women's doubles|2011]])|OthertournamentsDoubles=yes|WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2007 WTA Tour Championships – Doubles|2007]], [[2008 WTA Tour Championships – Doubles|2008]], [[2011 WTA Tour Championships – Doubles|2011]])|OlympicsDoublesresult=SF – 4th ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|2012]])|Mixed=yes|mixedtitles=2|AustralianOpenMixedresult=F ([[2005 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2005]])|FrenchOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2009 French Open – Mixed doubles|2009]])|WimbledonMixedresult=F ([[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2001]])|USOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|2010]])|OthertournamentsMixedDoubles=yes|OlympicMixedDoublesresult=1R ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2012]])|citizenship=South Africa|occupation=Tennis player}} [[Fayil:Nürnberger Versicherungscup 2014-Liezel Huber by 2eight 3SC6764.jpg|thumb|Liezel Huber]] '''Liezel Huber''' (née Horn; an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1976) '[[Tennis|Dan wasan tennis]] ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ta yi ritaya wacce ta wakilci Amurka a duniya tun watan Agustan 2007. Huber ya lashe lambobin Grand Slam guda hudu a cikin mata biyu tare da abokin tarayya Cara Black, daya tare da Lisa Raymond, da kuma lambobin biyu tare da Bob Bryan. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2007, ta zama co-world No. 1 a cikin ninki biyu tare da Cara Black . A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2010, Huber ta zama No. 1 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A lokacin da take da shekaru 15, ta ƙaura daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Amurka don halartar Kwalejin Tennis ta Van Der Meer a Hilton Head, South Carolina a shekarar 1992. Huber tun daga lokacin ya zauna a Amurka kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/writers/kevin_armstrong/05/07/liezel.huber/1.html |title=''Sports Illustrated'' profile |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102220739/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/writers/kevin_armstrong/05/07/liezel.huber/1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta auri Tony Huber, Ba'amurke, a watan Fabrairun 2000. A shekara ta 2005, ta fara tushe, 'Liezel's Cause', don tara kuɗi da tattara kayan aiki don taimakawa wadanda Guguwar Katrina ta shafa. [[Fayil:Liezel Huber (6959724680) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Liezel Huber]] Ta fafata a Amurka a gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta 2008 a cikin ninki biyu, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon World No. 1 (a cikin mutane biyu da ninki biyu) Lindsay Davenport; ma'aurata sun rasa a cikin kwata-kwata. A Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012, ta haɗu da Lisa Raymond . Tare sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Hlaváčková da Hradecká na Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=London 2012 - Tennis - Women's Doubles |url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/tennis/doubles-w |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC}}</ref> Daga nan sai suka rasa lambar tagulla ga Kirilenko da Petrova na Rasha.[1] A cikin nau'i biyu da aka haɗu ta haɗu da Bob Bryan amma ta rasa a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=London 2012 - Tennis - Mixed Doubles |url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/tennis/mixed-doubles-x |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC}}</ref> == Sana'ar sana'a == Liezel Huber da farko kwararre ne na sau biyu, bayan ya sami daya daga cikin mafi kyawun aiki a cikin wannan horo. Ta lashe lambobin mata 64 a cikin aikinta; daga cikinsu 53 suna kan WTA Tour kuma 11 a kan ITF Women's Circuit. A cikin 'yan wasa, sakamakon da ta fi girma a cikin aikinta ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar a Pattaya City a shekara ta 2001, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Henrieta Nagyová . Ta shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasa biyu na Grand Slam, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Lindsay Davenport a zagaye na biyu na 1998 French Open . Ta yi rashin nasara a zagaye na farko na US Open na 1999 ga Raluca Sandu . Matsayinta mafi girma shine na duniya na 131, wanda ta samu a ranar 29 ga Maris 1999. Ta ji daɗin mafi yawan shekaru takwas na farko a kan yawon shakatawa a kan ITF Circuit . [[Fayil:Liezel Huber (3245786380).jpg|thumb|Liezel Huber]] Huber ta ji daɗin haɗin gwiwar mata masu nasara tare da Magdalena Maleeva, Ai Sugiyama, Martina Navratilova, Lindsay Davenport, Cara Black, [[Sania Mirza]], Nadia Petrova, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, María José Martínez Sánchez, da Lisa Raymond. Huber ya kasance a wasan karshe na dukkan Grand Slams guda hudu, inda ya ci nasara a duka sai dai a gasar French Open. Ta lashe jimlar lambobin mata biyu na Grand Slam guda biyar tare da abokan tarayya uku a cikin karshe goma tare da abokan hulɗa huɗu, kuma ta gama a matsayin lakabi a cikin biyu daga cikin biyar na karshe. [[Fayil:Liezel Huber (5519450002).jpg|thumb|Liezel Huber]] Huber da abokin aikinta na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]] Black sun kasance abin da masana wasan tennis da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin mata biyu a tarihi tsakanin tsakiyar shekara ta 2005. da farkon 2010. Tare, ma'aurata sun kai wasan karshe na mata guda bakwai, inda suka lashe hudu. Duo din sun lashe lambobin yabo 29 tare a kan WTA Tour . Haɗin gwiwar ya rabu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. Huber ya kuma ji daɗin nasara a cikin nau'i biyu, ya lashe lakabi biyu tare da mashahurin maza biyu na Amurka Bob Bryan, a 2009 French Open da 2010 US Open . Ta kai wasan karshe na farko tare da ɗan'uwan Bob Mike a Gasar Wimbledon ta 2001, da kuma ƙarin wasan karshe guda biyu, a 2005 Australian Open tare da Kevin Ullyett, kuma a 2008 US Open tare da Jamie Murray . Huber ya kuma sami nasara mai ban sha'awa a gasar cin Kofin Fed ta kasa. Ta yi rikodin 9-3 a tawagar Fed Cup ta Afirka ta Kudu, tare da dukkansu sai dai wasa daya a cikin ninki biyu. Huber yanzu babban memba ne na Kungiyar Fed Cup ta Amurka, wanda ya tara rikodin 6-2 a wasan biyu. A cikin gasar, Huber ya yi wasa tare da Julie Ditty, Vania King, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, Melanie Oudin, da Sloane Stephens. [[Fayil:Liezel Huber (5519450192).jpg|thumb|Liezel Huber]] Liezel Huber ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Tennis, a Cibiyar Tennis & Learning ta New York, a Bronx Crotona Park . Ya zuwa 4 ga Janairun 2021, ita ce Daraktan Tennis da Racquets a The River Club na New York . == Gasar karshe ta Grand Slam == === Sau biyu: 10 (5-5) === {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%" !Sakamakon !Shekara ! width="150" |Gasar cin kofin !Yankin da ke sama ! width="200" |Abokin hulɗa ! width="200" |Masu adawa ! width="150" |Sakamakon |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2004 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Ai Sugiyama{{Flagicon|JPN}} |  |6–3, 7–6^(7–5) |- bgcolor="EBC2AF" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2005 |Faransanci Open |Yumbu |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |  |4–6, 6–3, 6–3 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2005 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |  |6–2, 6–1 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2007 |Australian Open |Da wuya |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |  |6–4, 6–7^(4–7), 6–1 |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2007 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |[[Katarina Srebotnik]] Ai Sugiyama{{Flagicon|SLO}}<br />{{Flagicon|JPN}} |3–6, 6–3, 6–2 |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2008 |US Open |Da wuya |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |  |6–3, 7–6^(10–8) |- bgcolor="CCCCFF" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2009 |US Open |Da wuya |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |  |6–2, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2010 |Australian Open |Da wuya |Black Face{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |Serena Williams Venus Williams{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 6–3 |- bgcolor="CCCCFF" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2010 |US Open |Da wuya |  |Vania Sarki {{Flagicon|KAZ}}&nbsp;[[Yaroslava Shvedova]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |2–6, 6–4, 7–6^(7–4) |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2011 |US Open |Da wuya |Lisa Raymond{{Flagicon|USA}} |Vania Sarki Yaroslava Shvedova{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} |4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6^(7–3) |} === Haɗuwa biyu: 5 (2-3) === {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%" !Sakamakon !Shekara ! width="150" |Gasar cin kofin !Yankin da ke sama ! width="200" |Abokin hulɗa ! width="200" |Masu adawa ! width="150" |Sakamakon |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2001 |Wimbledon |Ciyawa |  |[[Leoš Friedl]] {{Flagicon|SVK}}&nbsp;[[Daniela Hantuchová]]{{Flagicon|CZE}} |4-6, 6-3, 6-2 |- style="background:#ffc;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2005 |Australian Open |Da wuya |  |[[Scott Draper]] [[Samantha Stosur]]{{Flagicon|AUS}}&nbsp;{{Flagicon|AUS}} |6–2, 2–6, [10–6] |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2008 |US Open |Da wuya |  |Leander ya biya {{Flagicon|ZIM}}&nbsp;[[Black Face]]{{Flagicon|IND}} |7–6^(8–6), 6–4 |- bgcolor="#EBC2AF" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2009 |Faransanci Open |Yumbu |  |Vania Sarki {{Flagicon|BRA}}&nbsp;[[Marcelo Melo]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |5–7, 7–6^(7–5), [10–7] |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |2010 |US Open |Da wuya |Bob Bryan{{Flagicon|USA}} |  |6–4, 6–4 |} == Wasannin Olympics == === Sau biyu: 1 Wasan lambar tagulla (0-1) === {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sakamakon !Shekara ! width="200" |Gasar cin kofin !Yankin da ke sama ! width="180" |Abokin hulɗa ! width="180" |Masu adawa ! width="150" |Sakamakon |- bgcolor="FFEA5C" | bgcolor="yellow" |Matsayi na 4 |2012 |Wasannin Olympics na London |Ciyawa |  |[[Maria Kirilenko]] {{Flagicon|RUS}}&nbsp;[[Nadia Petrova]]{{Flagicon|RUS}} |6-4, 4-6, 1-6 |} == WTA wasan karshe == === Sau biyu: 92 (53-39) === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !Wanda ya ci nasara - Labari |- | bgcolor="f3e6d7" |Gasar Grand Slam (5-5) |- | bgcolor="ffffcc" |Gasar Zakarun (3-1) |- | bgcolor="e9e9e9" |Firayim Minista & Firayim Ministoci 5 (14-11) |- | bgcolor="d4f1c5" |Na farko (19-15) |- |Kasashen Duniya (12-7) |} == Wasanni na ITF == === Ma'aurata (0-4) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" width="15%" |Wasanni na $ 100,000 |- style="background:#f7e98e;" |Gasar $ 75,000 |- style="background:#addfad;" |Wasanni na $ 50,000 |- style="background:lightblue;" |Wasanni na $ 25,000 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na $ 10,000 |} {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%;" !Sakamakon !A'a. !Ranar !Gasar !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon |- style="background:lightblue;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |1. |27 ga Yulin 1994 |Salisbury, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Camille Benjamin]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 2–6, 1–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2. |3 Yuni 1996 |[[Skopje]], Makidoniya |Yumbu |Linda Sentis{{Flagicon|NED}} |4–6, 0–6 |- style="background:lightblue;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |3. |3 ga Agusta 1997 |Lexington, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Karin Miller]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |7–6^(7–2), 1–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#f7e98e;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |4. |28 ga Afrilu 2002 |Dothan, Amurka |Yumbu |[[Mu'ujizai na bushewa]]{{Flagicon|VEN}} |6–7^(7–9), 6–4, 1–6 |} === Sau biyu (11-9) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;" width="1050" !Sakamakon !A'a. !Ranar !Gasar !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hulɗa !Masu adawa !Sakamakon |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |1. |29 Maris 1992 |[[Harare]], Zimbabwe |Da wuya |Jennie McMahon{{Flagicon|GBR}} |[[Julia Muir]] Sally McDonald{{Flagicon|ZIM}}<br />{{Flagicon|ZIM}} |6–2, 4–6, 5–7 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |2. |12 ga Afrilu 1992 |[[Gaborone]], Botswana |Da wuya |Estelle Gevers{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |Elizma Nortje Louise Venter{{Flagicon|Namibia}}<br />{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |0–6, 7–6^(7–2), 4–6 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |3. |23 ga watan Agusta 1992 |Cuernavaca, Mexico |Da wuya |Estelle Gevers{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |[[Cláudia Chabalgoity]] [[Isabela Petrov]]{{Flagicon|BRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|MEX}} |5–7, 7–5, 2–6 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |4. |16 ga Mayu 1993 |Basingstoke, Burtaniya |Da wuya |[[Sabine Haas]]{{Flagicon|GER}} |Valda Lake [[Robyn Mawdsley]]{{Flagicon|GBR}}<br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} |6–3, 4–6, 1–6 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |5. |4 ga Oktoba 1993 |[[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu |Da wuya |[[René Mentz]]{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |[[Surina De Beer]] Karen van der Merwe{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br />{{Flagicon|RSA|1928}} |7–6^(7–4), 7–5 |- style="background:#addfad;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |6. |8 ga Mayu 1994 |San Luis Potosí, Mexico |Da wuya |[[Mariaan na Swardt]]{{Flagicon|RSA}} |[[Michelle Jackson-Nobrega]] [[Katarzyna Teodorowicz]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|POL}} |4–6, 6–3, 6–4 |- style="background:lightblue;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |7. |24 ga Yuli 1994 |Salisbury, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Hiroko Mochizuki]]{{Flagicon|JPN}} |[[Mareze Joubert]] [[Christína Papadáki]]{{Flagicon|RSA}}<br />{{Flagicon|GRE}} |6–3, 1–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#addfad;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |8. |19 ga Mayu 1996 |[[Athens]], Girka |Yumbu |Christína Papadáki{{Flagicon|GRE}} |[[Angela Lettiere]] [[Corina Morariu]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |7–5, 6–2 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |9. |29 ga Yulin 1996 |Roanoke, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Nino Louarsabishvili]]{{Flagicon|GEO|1990}} |[[Rebecca Jensen]] [[Shannan McCarthy]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 6–4 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |10. |18 ga watan Agusta 1996 |Bronx, Amurka |Da wuya |Christína Papadáki{{Flagicon|GRE}} |[[Nanne Dahlman]] Clare Wood{{Flagicon|FIN}}<br />{{Flagicon|GBR}}[[Itace mai tsabta]] |2–6, 3–6 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |11. |23 Maris 1997 |Woodlands, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Nancy Feber]]{{Flagicon|BEL}} |Sabine Haas [[Kristina Triska]]{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|SWE}} |6–1, 6–2 |- style="background:#addfad;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |12. |12 ga Oktoba 1997 |Sedona, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Paola Suárez]]{{Flagicon|ARG}} |[[Cătălina Cristea]] Corina Morariu{{Flagicon|ROU}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |5–7, 2–6 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |13. |29 Maris 1997 |Woodlands, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Callens]]{{Flagicon|BEL}} |[[Nathalie Dechy]] [[Lea Ghirardi]]{{Flagicon|FRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|FRA}} |6–4, 6–2 |- style="background:#addfad;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |14. |10 ga Mayu 1998 |Cardiff, Burtaniya |Yumbu |[[Katarina Srebotnik]]{{Flagicon|SLO}} |[[Petra Langrová]] [[Nancy Feber]]{{Flagicon|CZE}}<br />{{Flagicon|BEL}} |6–4, 6–3 |- style="background:#f7e98e;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |15. |2 ga Agusta 1998 |Salt Lake City, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Karin Kschwendt]]{{Flagicon|AUT}} |Mariaan de Swardt [[Samantha Smith (tennis)|Samantha Smith]]{{Flagicon|RSA}}<br />{{Flagicon|GBR}} |2–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#addfad;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |16. |21 ga Satumba 1998 |[[Seattle]], Amurka |Da wuya |Callens{{Flagicon|BEL}} |[[Lilia Osterloh]] [[Mashona Washington]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–2, 3–6, 6–3 |- style="background:#addfad;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Wanda ya zo na biyu |17. |1 ga Nuwamba 1998 |[[Austin]], Amurka |Da wuya |[[Nannie de Villiers]]{{Flagicon|RSA}} |[[Maureen Drake]] [[Lindsay Lee-Waters]]{{Flagicon|CAN}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |1–6, 1–6 |- style="background:lightblue;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |18. |21 Fabrairu 1999 |Midland, Amurka |Hard (i) |Samantha Smith{{Flagicon|GBR}} |[[Kirstin Freye]] [[Sonya Jeyaseelan]]{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |7–6^(8–6), 0–6, 7–5 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Wanda ya ci nasara |19. |15 ga Oktoba 2000 |Miramar, Amurka |Yumbu |[[Lisa McShea]]{{Flagicon|AUS}} |[[Rossana de los Ríos]] [[Samantha Reeves]]{{Flagicon|PAR}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |5–3, 4–1, 4–1 |- style="background:#addfad;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Wanda ya ci nasara |20. |27 ga Nuwamba 2000 |Tucson, Amurka |Da wuya |[[Katalin Marosi]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} |[[Dawn Buth]] [[Jolene Watanabe]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 6–2 |} == Tsarin lokaci na wasan kwaikwayo na mata == {{Performance key|active=no}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:88%" ! width="150" |Gasar ! width="35" |1993 ! width="39" |1994 ! width="39" |1995 ! width="39" |1996 ! width="39" |1997 ! width="39" |1998 ! width="39" |1999 ! width="39" |2000 ! width="39" |2001 ! width="39" |2002 ! width="39" |2003 ! width="39" |2004 ! width="39" |2005 ! width="39" |2006 ! width="39" |2007 ! width="39" |2008 ! width="39" |2009 ! width="39" |2010 ! width="39" |2011 ! width="39" |2012 ! width="39" |2013 ! width="39" |2014 ! width="60" |SR ! width="60" |W-L |- | colspan="25" align="left" |'''Wasanni na Grand Slam''' |- | align="left" |Australian Open |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="#afeeee" |2R |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="lime" |<nowiki><b id="mwCMU">W</b></nowiki> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |1 / 16 |37–15 |- | align="left" |Faransanci Open |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |0 / 19 |38–19 |- | align="left" |Wimbledon |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="lime" |<nowiki><b id="mwCSQ">W</b></nowiki> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |<nowiki><b id="mwCSk">W</b></nowiki> | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |2 / 19 |50–17 |- | align="left" |US Open |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="lime" |<nowiki><b id="mwCV0">W</b></nowiki> | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="lime" |<nowiki><b id="mwCWQ">W</b></nowiki> | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |<small>A</small> |2 / 17 |41–15 |- ! style="text-align:left" |Rashin cin nasara !0–0 !0–0 !1–4 !0–1 !1–2 !0–4 !9–4 !5–3 !3–4 !8–4 !5–3 !12–4 !12–2 !7–4 !17–2 !17–3 !16–4 !18–4 !17–3 !9–4 !6–4 !5–3 !5 / 70 !165–65 |- | colspan="30" align="left" |'''Wasannin Olympics''' |- | align="left" |Wasannin Olympics na bazara | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba |<small>A</small> | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba |<small>A</small> | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | colspan="2" style="color:#767676" |NH |0 / 3 |4–3 |- | colspan="30" align="left" |'''Gasar cin kofin shekara''' |- | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="thistle" |F |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |3 / 6 |7–3 |- | colspan="30" align="left" |'''Wasanni na Farko''' |- | align="left" |Ruwa na Indiya | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |1 / 12 |16–11 |- | align="left" |Miami |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |1 / 18 |38–17 |- | align="left" |Madrid | colspan="16" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |1 / 6 |4–5 |- | align="left" |Beijing | colspan="1" style="color:#767676" |NH | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na IV | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na IV | colspan="6" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |<small>A</small> |0 / 4 |4–4 |- | colspan="30" align="left" |'''Wasanni 5 na farko''' |- | align="left" |Dubai | colspan="8" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="8" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Na farko |2 / 3 |9–1 |- | align="left" |Doha | colspan="8" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na III | colspan="4" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II | bgcolor="thistle" |F | colspan="2" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="1" style="color:#767676" |P | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |1 / 4 |8–3 |- | align="left" |Roma |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |1 / 15 |15–14 |- | align="left" |Montreal/Toronto |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="thistle" |F |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |<small>A</small> |2 / 12 |24–9 |- | align="left" |Cincinnati | colspan="11" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="5" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na III | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> |1 / 5 |10–4 |- | align="left" |Tokyo |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="thistle" |F |<small>A</small> |1 / 8 |12–7 |- | colspan="30" align="left" |'''Wasanni na Tier I''' |- | align="left" |Charleston |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | colspan="6" style="color:#767676" |Na farko |0 / 8 |8–8 |- | align="left" |Berlin |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | colspan="6" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba |1 / 9 |16–8 |- | align="left" |San Diego | colspan="11" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | colspan="2" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba | colspan="5" style="color:#767676" |Na farko |1 / 3 |7–2 |- | align="left" |Moscow | colspan="1" style="color:#767676" |NH | colspan="3" style="color:#767676" |Kashi na II |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="thistle" |F | colspan="6" style="color:#767676" |Na farko |1 / 4 |8–3 |- | align="left" |Zurich |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |<small>A</small> | bgcolor="thistle" |F | bgcolor="yellow" |SF | style="color:#767676" |T na biyu | colspan="6" style="color:#767676" |Ba a gudanar da shi ba |0 / 5 |8–4 |- !Kididdigar aiki !1993 !1994 !1995 !1996 !1997 !1998 !1999 !2000 !2001 !2002 !2003 !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 ! colspan="2" |A'a. |- | style="text-align:left" |Gasar da aka buga |1 |3 |14 |3 |5 |16 |13 |15 |26 |20 |21 |24 |15 |26 |23 |25 |21 |24 |24 |21 |20 |17 | colspan="2" |377 |- | style="text-align:left" |'''Takardun sarauta''' !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !1 !5 !1 !2 !3 !9 !10 !5 !4 !5 !5 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |53 |- | style="text-align:left" |Ƙarshen |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1 |4 |1 |5 |5 |5 |9 |12 |14 |7 |8 |9 |8 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |91 |- | style="text-align:left" |'''Rashin nasara gaba ɗaya''' !0–1 !2–3 !3–13 !0–3 !1–5 !10–15 !12–13 !18–15 !35–23 !23–19 !42–15 !38–22 !33–13 !45–23 !69–14 !68–15 !49–16 !53–18 !53–19 !47–17 !21–19 !16–17 ! colspan="2" |622–301 |- | align="left" |Matsayi na ƙarshen shekara |388 |112 |181 |130 |106 |57 |37 |43 |21 |18 |12 |11 | bgcolor="EEE8AA" |6 |17 | bgcolor="lime" |'''1''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''1''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''1''' | bgcolor="99ccff" |3 | bgcolor="lime" |'''1''' | bgcolor="EEE8AA" |8 |22 |51 | colspan="2" |'''$6,287,881''' |} == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Liezel Hubera cikinKungiyar Tennis ta Mata * Liezel Hubera cikinƘungiyar Tennis ta Duniya * Liezel Hubera cikinKofin Billie Jean King [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] tl82upxbmx1290ltrveyq3i23dc82p0 0 76534 892239 639977 2026-08-06T17:01:57Z Audullo 43513 892239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaou Aïssatou''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1951) ita ce Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ƙasar [[Kamaru]] (NIS). Ta kasance ministar harkokin mata ta farko a Kamaru.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|last1=DeLancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca|last3=DeLancey|first3=Mark W.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=46–7}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Aïssatou ɗiyar lamido ce ta [[Tchéboa]] a yankin Arewa ta Kamaru, inda ta yi makarantar sakandare. Ta ci gaba zuwa Lycée Technique a [[Douala]], inda ta sami digiri a cikin shekarar 1971. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Rouen da ke [[Faransa]], inda ta sami digiri na BA a shekarar 1975. Ta yi aiki tare da NIS a Kamaru na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta tafi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don yin karatu a Jami'ar Georgetown da Claremont Graduate School, ta kammala karatun MBA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngogang |first=Thierry |title=Nomination: Yaou Aissatou rebondit à la Sni |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/nomination-yaou-aissatou-rebondit-a-la-sni-83952.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Da ta koma Kamaru a shekarar 1979 ta koma NIS a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktar kuɗi. A watan Fabrairun 1984 aka ba ta muƙamin minista na farko a matsayin ministar harkokin mata ta Kamaru. Ta maye gurbin [[Delphine Zanga Tsogo]] a cikin watan Maris 1985 a matsayin shugabar ofishin ƙasa na kungiyar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru mai mulki, kuma an kara mata girma a watan Mayu 1988 zuwa matsayin ministar zamantakewa da harkokin mata, tana aiki har zuwa Afrilu 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foute |first=Rousseau-Joël |title=SNI: les ambitions de Yaou Aïssatou |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063231/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ne aka naɗa ta bisa umarnin shugaban ƙasa a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta NIS, inda ta maye gurbin Esther Dang Belibi wacce ta yi murabus a cikin wata takaddama. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ddwnyl2zqrltbkplkh3d0oyllafvqaf 892240 892239 2026-08-06T17:02:14Z Audullo 43513 892240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaou Aïssatou''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1951) ita ce Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ƙasar [[Kamaru]] (NIS). Ta kasance ministar harkokin mata ta farko a Kamaru.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|last1=DeLancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca|last3=DeLancey|first3=Mark W.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=46–7}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Aïssatou ɗiyar lamido ce ta [[Tchéboa]] a yankin Arewa ta Kamaru, inda ta yi makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma ci gaba zuwa Lycée Technique a [[Douala]], inda ta sami digiri a cikin shekarar 1971. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Rouen da ke [[Faransa]], inda ta sami digiri na BA a shekarar 1975. Ta yi aiki tare da NIS a Kamaru na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta tafi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don yin karatu a Jami'ar Georgetown da Claremont Graduate School, ta kammala karatun MBA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngogang |first=Thierry |title=Nomination: Yaou Aissatou rebondit à la Sni |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/nomination-yaou-aissatou-rebondit-a-la-sni-83952.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Da ta koma Kamaru a shekarar 1979 ta koma NIS a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktar kuɗi. A watan Fabrairun 1984 aka ba ta muƙamin minista na farko a matsayin ministar harkokin mata ta Kamaru. Ta maye gurbin [[Delphine Zanga Tsogo]] a cikin watan Maris 1985 a matsayin shugabar ofishin ƙasa na kungiyar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru mai mulki, kuma an kara mata girma a watan Mayu 1988 zuwa matsayin ministar zamantakewa da harkokin mata, tana aiki har zuwa Afrilu 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foute |first=Rousseau-Joël |title=SNI: les ambitions de Yaou Aïssatou |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063231/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ne aka naɗa ta bisa umarnin shugaban ƙasa a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta NIS, inda ta maye gurbin Esther Dang Belibi wacce ta yi murabus a cikin wata takaddama. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] htk9wwg3adac8iii55w2qwxv7f42j8y 892241 892240 2026-08-06T17:02:31Z Audullo 43513 892241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaou Aïssatou''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1951) ita ce Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ƙasar [[Kamaru]] (NIS). Ta kasance ministar harkokin mata ta farko a Kamaru.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|last1=DeLancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca|last3=DeLancey|first3=Mark W.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=46–7}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Aïssatou ɗiyar lamido ce ta [[Tchéboa]] a yankin Arewa ta Kamaru, inda ta yi makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma ci gaba zuwa Lycée Technique a [[Douala]], inda ta sami digiri a cikin shekarar 1971. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Rouen da ke [[Faransa]], inda ta sami digiri na BA a shekarar 1975. Ta yi aiki tare da NIS a Kamaru na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta tafi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don yin karatu a Jami'ar Georgetown da Claremont Graduate School, ta kammala karatun MBA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngogang |first=Thierry |title=Nomination: Yaou Aissatou rebondit à la Sni |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/nomination-yaou-aissatou-rebondit-a-la-sni-83952.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Da ta koma ƙasar Kamaru a shekarar 1979 ta koma NIS a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktar kuɗi. A watan Fabrairun 1984 aka ba ta muƙamin minista na farko a matsayin ministar harkokin mata ta Kamaru. Ta maye gurbin [[Delphine Zanga Tsogo]] a cikin watan Maris 1985 a matsayin shugabar ofishin ƙasa na kungiyar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru mai mulki, kuma an kara mata girma a watan Mayu 1988 zuwa matsayin ministar zamantakewa da harkokin mata, tana aiki har zuwa Afrilu 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foute |first=Rousseau-Joël |title=SNI: les ambitions de Yaou Aïssatou |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063231/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ne aka naɗa ta bisa umarnin shugaban ƙasa a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta NIS, inda ta maye gurbin Esther Dang Belibi wacce ta yi murabus a cikin wata takaddama. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] btka33xnd3gutanynqqqx4yuyyx753h 892242 892241 2026-08-06T17:02:50Z Audullo 43513 892242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaou Aïssatou''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1951) ita ce Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ƙasar [[Kamaru]] (NIS). Ta kasance ministar harkokin mata ta farko a Kamaru.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|last1=DeLancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca|last3=DeLancey|first3=Mark W.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=46–7}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Aïssatou ɗiyar lamido ce ta [[Tchéboa]] a yankin Arewa ta Kamaru, inda ta yi makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma ci gaba zuwa Lycée Technique a [[Douala]], inda ta sami digiri a cikin shekarar 1971. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Rouen da ke [[Faransa]], inda ta sami digiri na BA a shekarar 1975. Ta yi aiki tare da NIS a Kamaru na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta tafi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don yin karatu a Jami'ar Georgetown da Claremont Graduate School, ta kammala karatun MBA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngogang |first=Thierry |title=Nomination: Yaou Aissatou rebondit à la Sni |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/nomination-yaou-aissatou-rebondit-a-la-sni-83952.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Da ta koma ƙasar Kamaru a shekarar 1979 ta koma NIS a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktar kuɗi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1984 aka ba ta muƙamin minista na farko a matsayin ministar harkokin mata ta Kamaru. Ta maye gurbin [[Delphine Zanga Tsogo]] a cikin watan Maris 1985 a matsayin shugabar ofishin ƙasa na kungiyar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru mai mulki, kuma an kara mata girma a watan Mayu 1988 zuwa matsayin ministar zamantakewa da harkokin mata, tana aiki har zuwa Afrilu 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foute |first=Rousseau-Joël |title=SNI: les ambitions de Yaou Aïssatou |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063231/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/sni-les-ambitions-de-yaou-aissatou-83955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ne aka naɗa ta bisa umarnin shugaban ƙasa a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta NIS, inda ta maye gurbin Esther Dang Belibi wacce ta yi murabus a cikin wata takaddama. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] husmf2tyot3qgr7li24l4na0e1uyakt 0 76654 892235 717762 2026-08-06T17:00:21Z Audullo 43513 892235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Esther Belibi D., immeuble siège de la SNI.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] '''Esther Dang''' (an Haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1945) ƴar [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] ƙwararriya a fannin tattalin [[arziki]] ce. Ta kuma yi murabus a matsayin darektar kamfanin zuba jari na [[Kamaru]] kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban kasa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Dang a Mbalmayo <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 1945. Ta fara a Jami'ar Yaoundé a shekarar 1966 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1969 lokacin da ta tafi Jami'ar Grenoble inda ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonaberi.com : Cameroun : L'ex cadre du RDPC Esther Dang se présente aux élections |url=https://www.bonaberi.com/ar,cameroun_l_ex_cadre_du_rdpc_esther_dang_se_presente_aux_elections,8286.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Bonaberi.com |language=fr}}</ref> Dang tana da digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Sorbonne. <ref name="resign" /> {{Interlanguage link|René Owona|fr}} ne ya ƙara mata girma, wanda ya kasance ministan raya masana'antu, don jagorantar babban darektan kamfanin zuba jari na ƙasar Kamaru {{Interlanguage link|Société nationale d'investissement du Cameroun|fr}}1 ga watan Oktoba <ref name="job">{{Cite web |title=Cameroun : Esther Dang ose défier Paul Biya (2/2) - leFaso.net |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article43481&rubrique7 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=lefaso.net}}</ref> Owena da {{Interlanguage link|Simon Ngann Yonn|fr}}, wanda shi ne Manajan Darakta na kungiyar, dukansu sun mutu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="job" /> Ita ce babbar darakta kuma <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ta yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a cikin wata rigima ta fusata. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ "Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit"]. ''Journal du Cameroun'' (in French). 2010-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> An maye gurbinta da [[Yaou Aïssatou]] wanda ta kasance ministar mata. [[Fayil:EBD Grand Officier.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] Ta kasance 'yar takara don zama shugaban ƙasa a Kamaru a watan Oktoba 2011. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka tsaya takara. Wani shi ne Edith Kahbang Walla, amma manyan 'yan takara su ne [[Paul Biya]] da Ni John Fru Ndi. <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ "Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (in French). 2011-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> 'Yan takara kusan 50 ne kuma aka sake zaɓen Paul Biya da gagarumin rinjaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Kamaru na shekarar 2011. Dang ta zo ta 11 da kashi 0.33% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Cameroun: Voici les résultats de l'élection présidentielle du 09 octobre 2011 |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-voici-les-resultats-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-09-octobre-2011/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> [[Fayil:EBD portrait.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc4233.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc9025.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] A shekarar 2016 Dang ta aike da buɗaɗɗiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban ƙasa bayan guguwar jirgin Eséka na shekarar 2016 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama tare da toshe duk wani zirga-zirga tsakanin manyan biranen Kamaru biyu. Wasikar ta yi tambayoyi da yawa na bincike game da tarihin shugaban da kuma shirinsa na gaba. Tambayoyi masu yawa sun haɗa da "Me yasa kuke ƙi haɓaka Kamaru?" da "Mene ne a ra'ayinka manufar Shugaban ƙasa?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-27 |title=Accident d'Eseka: lettre ouverte au président de la République du Cameroun |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/accident-deseka-lettre-ouverte-au-president-de-la-republique-du-cameroun/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] 2sx5vgk0uny3ob3k310tmwy9gk2s6a8 892236 892235 2026-08-06T17:00:45Z Audullo 43513 892236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Esther Belibi D., immeuble siège de la SNI.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] '''Esther Dang''' (an Haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1945) ƴar [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] ƙwararriya a fannin tattalin [[arziki]] ce. Ta kuma yi murabus a matsayin darektar kamfanin zuba jari na [[Kamaru]] kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Dang a Mbalmayo <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 1945. Ta fara a Jami'ar Yaoundé a shekarar 1966 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1969 lokacin da ta tafi Jami'ar Grenoble inda ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonaberi.com : Cameroun : L'ex cadre du RDPC Esther Dang se présente aux élections |url=https://www.bonaberi.com/ar,cameroun_l_ex_cadre_du_rdpc_esther_dang_se_presente_aux_elections,8286.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Bonaberi.com |language=fr}}</ref> Dang tana da digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Sorbonne. <ref name="resign" /> {{Interlanguage link|René Owona|fr}} ne ya ƙara mata girma, wanda ya kasance ministan raya masana'antu, don jagorantar babban darektan kamfanin zuba jari na ƙasar Kamaru {{Interlanguage link|Société nationale d'investissement du Cameroun|fr}}1 ga watan Oktoba <ref name="job">{{Cite web |title=Cameroun : Esther Dang ose défier Paul Biya (2/2) - leFaso.net |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article43481&rubrique7 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=lefaso.net}}</ref> Owena da {{Interlanguage link|Simon Ngann Yonn|fr}}, wanda shi ne Manajan Darakta na kungiyar, dukansu sun mutu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="job" /> Ita ce babbar darakta kuma <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ta yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a cikin wata rigima ta fusata. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ "Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit"]. ''Journal du Cameroun'' (in French). 2010-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> An maye gurbinta da [[Yaou Aïssatou]] wanda ta kasance ministar mata. [[Fayil:EBD Grand Officier.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] Ta kasance 'yar takara don zama shugaban ƙasa a Kamaru a watan Oktoba 2011. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka tsaya takara. Wani shi ne Edith Kahbang Walla, amma manyan 'yan takara su ne [[Paul Biya]] da Ni John Fru Ndi. <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ "Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (in French). 2011-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> 'Yan takara kusan 50 ne kuma aka sake zaɓen Paul Biya da gagarumin rinjaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Kamaru na shekarar 2011. Dang ta zo ta 11 da kashi 0.33% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Cameroun: Voici les résultats de l'élection présidentielle du 09 octobre 2011 |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-voici-les-resultats-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-09-octobre-2011/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> [[Fayil:EBD portrait.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc4233.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc9025.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] A shekarar 2016 Dang ta aike da buɗaɗɗiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban ƙasa bayan guguwar jirgin Eséka na shekarar 2016 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama tare da toshe duk wani zirga-zirga tsakanin manyan biranen Kamaru biyu. Wasikar ta yi tambayoyi da yawa na bincike game da tarihin shugaban da kuma shirinsa na gaba. Tambayoyi masu yawa sun haɗa da "Me yasa kuke ƙi haɓaka Kamaru?" da "Mene ne a ra'ayinka manufar Shugaban ƙasa?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-27 |title=Accident d'Eseka: lettre ouverte au président de la République du Cameroun |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/accident-deseka-lettre-ouverte-au-president-de-la-republique-du-cameroun/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] 9jr87wuxtbyiftsljmv5tkx864k0ah3 892237 892236 2026-08-06T17:01:07Z Audullo 43513 892237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Esther Belibi D., immeuble siège de la SNI.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] '''Esther Dang''' (an Haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1945) ƴar [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] ƙwararriya a fannin tattalin [[arziki]] ce. Ta kuma yi murabus a matsayin darektar kamfanin zuba jari na [[Kamaru]] kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa. == Rayuwa == An kuma haifi Dang a Mbalmayo <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 1945. Ta fara a Jami'ar Yaoundé a shekarar 1966 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1969 lokacin da ta tafi Jami'ar Grenoble inda ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonaberi.com : Cameroun : L'ex cadre du RDPC Esther Dang se présente aux élections |url=https://www.bonaberi.com/ar,cameroun_l_ex_cadre_du_rdpc_esther_dang_se_presente_aux_elections,8286.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Bonaberi.com |language=fr}}</ref> Dang tana da digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Sorbonne. <ref name="resign" /> {{Interlanguage link|René Owona|fr}} ne ya ƙara mata girma, wanda ya kasance ministan raya masana'antu, don jagorantar babban darektan kamfanin zuba jari na ƙasar Kamaru {{Interlanguage link|Société nationale d'investissement du Cameroun|fr}}1 ga watan Oktoba <ref name="job">{{Cite web |title=Cameroun : Esther Dang ose défier Paul Biya (2/2) - leFaso.net |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article43481&rubrique7 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=lefaso.net}}</ref> Owena da {{Interlanguage link|Simon Ngann Yonn|fr}}, wanda shi ne Manajan Darakta na kungiyar, dukansu sun mutu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="job" /> Ita ce babbar darakta kuma <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ta yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a cikin wata rigima ta fusata. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ "Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit"]. ''Journal du Cameroun'' (in French). 2010-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> An maye gurbinta da [[Yaou Aïssatou]] wanda ta kasance ministar mata. [[Fayil:EBD Grand Officier.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] Ta kasance 'yar takara don zama shugaban ƙasa a Kamaru a watan Oktoba 2011. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka tsaya takara. Wani shi ne Edith Kahbang Walla, amma manyan 'yan takara su ne [[Paul Biya]] da Ni John Fru Ndi. <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ "Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (in French). 2011-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> 'Yan takara kusan 50 ne kuma aka sake zaɓen Paul Biya da gagarumin rinjaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Kamaru na shekarar 2011. Dang ta zo ta 11 da kashi 0.33% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Cameroun: Voici les résultats de l'élection présidentielle du 09 octobre 2011 |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-voici-les-resultats-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-09-octobre-2011/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> [[Fayil:EBD portrait.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc4233.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc9025.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] A shekarar 2016 Dang ta aike da buɗaɗɗiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban ƙasa bayan guguwar jirgin Eséka na shekarar 2016 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama tare da toshe duk wani zirga-zirga tsakanin manyan biranen Kamaru biyu. Wasikar ta yi tambayoyi da yawa na bincike game da tarihin shugaban da kuma shirinsa na gaba. Tambayoyi masu yawa sun haɗa da "Me yasa kuke ƙi haɓaka Kamaru?" da "Mene ne a ra'ayinka manufar Shugaban ƙasa?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-27 |title=Accident d'Eseka: lettre ouverte au président de la République du Cameroun |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/accident-deseka-lettre-ouverte-au-president-de-la-republique-du-cameroun/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] gher7ao1k695qpor8olah2bd7u2unkd 892238 892237 2026-08-06T17:01:27Z Audullo 43513 892238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Esther Belibi D., immeuble siège de la SNI.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] '''Esther Dang''' (an Haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1945) ƴar [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] ƙwararriya a fannin tattalin [[arziki]] ce. Ta kuma yi murabus a matsayin darektar kamfanin zuba jari na [[Kamaru]] kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa. == Rayuwa == An kuma haifi Dang a Mbalmayo <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 1945. Ta fara a Jami'ar Yaoundé a shekarar 1966 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1969 lokacin da ta tafi Jami'ar Grenoble inda ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonaberi.com : Cameroun : L'ex cadre du RDPC Esther Dang se présente aux élections |url=https://www.bonaberi.com/ar,cameroun_l_ex_cadre_du_rdpc_esther_dang_se_presente_aux_elections,8286.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Bonaberi.com |language=fr}}</ref> Dang tana da digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Sorbonne. <ref name="resign" /> {{Interlanguage link|René Owona|fr}} ne ya ƙara mata girma, wanda ya kasance ministan raya masana'antu, don jagorantar babban darektan kamfanin zuba jari na ƙasar Kamaru {{Interlanguage link|Société nationale d'investissement du Cameroun|fr}}1 ga watan Oktoba <ref name="job">{{Cite web |title=Cameroun : Esther Dang ose défier Paul Biya (2/2) - leFaso.net |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article43481&rubrique7 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=lefaso.net}}</ref> Owena da {{Interlanguage link|Simon Ngann Yonn|fr}}, wanda shi ne Manajan Darakta na kungiyar, dukansu sun mutu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="job" /> Ita ce babbar darakta kuma <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ta yi murabus daga wannan muƙamin a cikin wata rigima ta fusata. <ref name="resign">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-15 |title=Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.journalducameroun.com/esther-dang-la-demission-qui-fait-du-bruit/ "Esther Dang: La démission qui fait du bruit"]. ''Journal du Cameroun'' (in French). 2010-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> An maye gurbinta da [[Yaou Aïssatou]] wanda ta kasance ministar mata. [[Fayil:EBD Grand Officier.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] Ta kasance ƴar takara don zama shugaban ƙasa a Kamaru a watan Oktoba 2011. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka tsaya takara. Wani shi ne Edith Kahbang Walla, to amma manyan 'yan takara su ne [[Paul Biya]] da Ni John Fru Ndi. <ref name="biya">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/179559/politique/cameroun-paul-biya-les-poids-lourds-et-les-outsiders-de-la-pr-sidentielle/ "Cameroun : Paul Biya, les poids lourds et les outsiders de la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (in French). 2011-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> 'Yan takara kusan 50 ne kuma aka sake zaɓen Paul Biya da gagarumin rinjaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Kamaru na shekarar 2011. Dang ta zo ta 11 da kashi 0.33% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-21 |title=Cameroun: Voici les résultats de l'élection présidentielle du 09 octobre 2011 |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-voici-les-resultats-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-09-octobre-2011/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> [[Fayil:EBD portrait.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc4233.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] [[Fayil:Ton steine scherben by 2eight dsc9025.jpg|thumb|Esther Dang]] A shekarar 2016 Dang ta aike da buɗaɗɗiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban ƙasa bayan guguwar jirgin Eséka na shekarar 2016 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama tare da toshe duk wani zirga-zirga tsakanin manyan biranen Kamaru biyu. Wasikar ta yi tambayoyi da yawa na bincike game da tarihin shugaban da kuma shirinsa na gaba. Tambayoyi masu yawa sun haɗa da "Me yasa kuke ƙi haɓaka Kamaru?" da "Mene ne a ra'ayinka manufar Shugaban ƙasa?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-27 |title=Accident d'Eseka: lettre ouverte au président de la République du Cameroun |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/accident-deseka-lettre-ouverte-au-president-de-la-republique-du-cameroun/ |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] qiux3xbkn1mqhxbj7w14b3c9d3rr665 0 78104 892429 521433 2026-08-07T00:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laburaren jama'a na Azaiki''' kungiya ce mai rijista (NGO) mai zaman kanta a Amurka, wacce ke ba da taimako ga ɗalibai da cibiyoyin ilimi. <ref name="azaikilibrary1">{{Cite web |title=About Azaiki Public Library |url=https://www.azaikilibrary.org/about/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Azaiki Public Library |language=en-US |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520111533/https://www.azaikilibrary.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=marieeiriksson |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Azaiki Public Library |url=https://libraryplanet.net/2018/12/21/azaiki-public-library/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Library Planet |language=en}}</ref> Laburaren ya dace da karatu, shirya jarrabawar ilimi kamar GMAT, SAT da kuma bincika [[Yanar gizo|intanet]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azaiki Public Library « HEYPLACES.COM.NG |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/097177/Azaiki_Public_Library |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=heyplaces.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gidauniyar Azaiki ta mallaki Farfesa Steve Azaiki, tsohon sakataren gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]]. Tunanin gina ɗakin karatu na jama'a ya zo ne a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma bayan jerin gudumawa daga Azaiki, [[Iyali|danginsa]] da daraktocin gidauniyarsa. An kafa ɗakin karatu na Azaiki a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, 2015, kuma tsohon shugaban Najeriya, [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya kaddamar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Day Charity Was Paid With Evil In Yenagoa |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/amp/news/285965/the-day-charity-was-paid-with-evil-in-yenagoa.html |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=www.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Welcome Address by Prof. Steve Azaiki, Oon, Chairman, Azaiki Foundation, On the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Plaque and Official Commissioning of the Azaiki Public Library |url=http://www.nationalthinktank.org/welcome-address-by-prof-steve-azaiki-oon-chairman-azaiki-foundation-on-the-occasion-of-the-unveiling-of-the-plaque-and-official-commissioning-of-the-azaiki-public-library/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=The National Think Tank Project |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020916/https://www.nationalthinktank.org/welcome-address-by-prof-steve-azaiki-oon-chairman-azaiki-foundation-on-the-occasion-of-the-unveiling-of-the-plaque-and-official-commissioning-of-the-azaiki-public-library/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laburaren na zamani da ingancinsa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodi da buƙatun Amurka. <ref name="steveazaiki1">{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2020 |title=Azaiki's Public Library, A Gift To The Nation |url=https://www.steveazaiki.com/azaikis-public-library-a-gift-to-the-nation/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Professor Steve Azaiki (OON) |language=en-US |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530003047/https://www.steveazaiki.com/azaikis-public-library-a-gift-to-the-nation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malam Shakarau wanda ya wakilci tsohon shugaban ƙasa Jonathan na wancan lokaci ne ya buɗe ɗakin karatun, gini ne mai hawa huɗu wanda kuma ke ɗauke da ɗakin adana kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi.<ref name="steveazaiki1"/> Haka zalika [[Gwamna|gwamnan jihar]] Henry Seriake Dickson wanda ya samu wakilcin shugaban ma'aikatan fadar sa Talford Ongolo. Laburaren Jama'a na Azaiki ɗakin karatu ne mai tauraro 5 tare da yanayi mai ban sha'awa da kayan aiki waɗanda ke da ingantacciyar niyya don yiwa jama'a hidima kyauta.<ref name="steveazaiki1"/> == Sashe da Sabis == * Sections and collections * Periodicals (current and archived; hard copy and web) * Books and reference (inspirational books, reference books, business management, CDs, e-books, web sites) * Database (print, CD-ROM, web) * Directories (subscribed or in-house; print or CD-ROM or web) * Audiovisual collection (movies) * Library visiting hours for reading and reference * Book loan * Inter-library loan * Audio-visual facilities * Internet access facilities * Information research services * Workshops * Seminars and demos * [[Photocopier|Photocopying]] == Littattafai da Manazarta == * [[Corporate law|Company law]] * Taxation Law * Nigerian Law review * Local registrations * Nigerian regulations regarding drugs, medical devices, foods, environment * Local and regional information, service providers etc * In-house databases and directories of service providers * In-house databases and directories of business mentors * In-house databases and directories of financiers * In-house databases and directories of government funding sources and supporting mechanisms * Technology trends and reviews * Technology Review * [[Nature]] * [[Science fiction|Science]] * Agriculture Books and Review * Social Science Books & Review * Engineering Books & Review * Nigerian Government Contracts gazette == Duba kuma == * [[Laburari na kasa, Najeriya|National Library of Nigeria]] * Yin Karatu a Federal University of Technology Owerri Library * Ibom E-Library == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ahr7nhwyy5yvo042417gwkrup9vstrz 0 79163 892580 679476 2026-08-07T11:13:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta [[Jami'ar Makerere]]''' (MUSPH) tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da suka ƙunshi Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a ta Makerere, babbar jami'ar jama'a ta [[Uganda]].<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=23 August 2018 |title=Profile of Makerere University School of Public Health |url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/members_partners/member_list/makerere/en/ |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> == Waje == MUSPH tana kan Dutsen Mulago, kusa da Asibitin Mulago, {{Convert|3|km|0}} , ta hanya, arewacin Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta [[Kampala]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma na Uganda. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 August 2018 |title=Distance between Post Office Building, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Makerere University School of Public Health, New Mulago Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Post%20Office%20Building%2C%20Kampala%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Makerere%20University%20School%20of%20Public%20Health%2C%20New%20Mulago%20Hill%20Road%2C%20Kampala%2C%20Uganda&dt1=ChIJXyfX9IC8fRcRorrkbY-nufI&dt2=ChIJ__J3Kgm7fRcRt6RwuGsq7e8&sr=dc |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Yanayin ƙasa na makarantar shine 0°20'15.0"N, 32°34'38.0"E (Latitude:0.337500; Longitude:32.577222). Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2017, makarantar tana shirin buɗe ƙasa zuwa sabon ginin hedkwatar bene mai hawa biyar, don ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje na kirkire-kirkire, ɗakunan karatu, ɗakunan [[Zanga-zangar ma'adinai|zanga-zangar]], da kuma sarari ga, ɗaliban digiri na biyu, ɗaliban digirin digiri, masu horar da post-doctoral, abokan bincike da malaman ziyara. Ana buƙatar jimlar dala miliyan 3.<ref name="XAR">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University School of Public Health |title=Infrastructural Expansion of the Makerere University School of Public Health |url=http://musph.ac.ug/index.php/106-blog/infrastructural-expansion-of-the-makerere-university-school-of-public-health/238-infrastructural-expansion-of-the-makerere-university-school-of-public-health |access-date=24 August 2018 |publisher=Makerere University School of Public Health}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an sami fiye da 3/4ths na kudaden.<ref name="XBR">{{Cite web |last=Wamai |first=Mark |date=31 August 2017 |title=Thank you Prof. William Bazeyo for Diligently serving MakSPH! |url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/2017/08/thank-you-prof-william-bazeyo-diligently-serving-maksph |access-date=24 August 2018 |publisher=[[Makerere University]] |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825041246/https://news.mak.ac.ug/2017/08/thank-you-prof-william-bazeyo-diligently-serving-maksph |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin MUSPH ya samo asali ne daga 1957 lokacin da aka kafa Sashen Magunguna a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere. A shekara ta 1975, an ɗaga sashen zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Makerere kuma ta koma sabon gini mai hawa biyar. An ɗaga cibiyar zuwa cikakken Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a kuma ta zama makarantar kafa ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiyar Jami'ar Makerere a shekara ta 2007. == Sashen == Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2018, MUSPH tana da sassan da suka biyo baya: <ref name="2R"/> * Ma'aikatar Manufofin Lafiya, Shirye-shirye da Gudanarwa * Ma'aikatar Epidemiology da Biostatistics * Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Halin * Ma'aikatar Kula da Cututtuka da Lafiya ta Aiki * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yankin == Shirye-shiryen digiri == MUSPH yana mai da hankali kan horar da digiri fiye da karatun digiri. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2018, makarantar ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri masu zuwa.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University School of Public Health |date=23 August 2018 |title=Courses offered at Makerere University School of Public Health |url=http://musph.ac.ug/index.php/courses |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Makerere University School of Public Health}}</ref> * Jagora na Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a (Ilimi na nesa): Shirin masters na ilimi na shekaru 3 da aka tsara don masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da ke aiki da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya samun cikakken lokaci a cikin aji ba * Jagora na Lafiya ta Jama'a: Cikakken lokaci na shekaru 2 Jagora * Jagoran Kimiyya a Binciken Kula da Lafiya * Jagoran Kimiyya a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a * Jagoran Kimiyya a Gudanar da Bala'in Lafiya na Jama'a * Masana a fannin ilimin kiwon lafiya * Masana a cikin Biostatistics == Gajerun darussan == Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2018, MUSPH ta ba da gajerun darussan da suka biyo baya: <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University School of Public Health |date=23 August 2018 |title=Short Courses Offered At Makerere University School of Public Health |url=http://musph.ac.ug/index.php/short-courses |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Makerere University School of Public Health}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Darasi a cikin Gudanar da Taimako da Bala'i # Takaitaccen Darasi a cikin Lafiya da Kimiyya na Halin Al'umma # # Gajerun Darussan a cikin Epidemiology da Biostatistics # Takaitaccen Darasi a Ruwa, Tsabtace-tsabtace da Tsabtacewa. == Darussan digiri na farko == Ana ba da darussan digiri na gaba a MUSPH: * Bachelor of Environmental Health Sciences: Darasi na shekaru uku <ref name="5R"/> MUSPH tana ba da umarni a cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na gaba waɗanda wasu makarantu ke ba da cancanta a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere: * Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery: An bayar da shi ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Makerere University |date=24 August 2018 |title=Prospectus for Makerere University School of Public Health |url=https://www.mak.ac.ug/prospectus/College%20of%20Health%20Sciences/School%20of%20Public%20Health.pdf |access-date=24 August 2018 |publisher=[[Makerere University]] |format=PDF |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410225819/https://www.mak.ac.ug/prospectus/College%20of%20Health%20Sciences/School%20of%20Public%20Health.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bachelor na Radiography: An bayar da shi ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere [1]<ref name="7R" /> * Bachelor na Pharmacy: An bayar da shi ta Makarantar Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Makerere [1]<ref name="7R" /> * Bachelor of Science a Nursing: An bayar da shi ta Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere [1]<ref name="7R" /> * Bachelor of Dental Surgery: An bayar da shi ta Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere.[1]<ref name="7R" /> == Babban jami'a == Wasu daga cikin manyan malamai, a MUSPH sun hada da: # Farfesa Rhoda Wanyenze, MBChB, MPH, PhD: Likita, ƙwararren ƙwararrun cututtukan cututtuka, mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Dean na yanzu na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Makerere tun watan Satumbar 2017. # David Serwadda, MBChB, MSc, MMed, MPH: Likita, ƙwararren ƙwararrun cututtukan cututtuka, farfesa na lafiyar jama'a. Tsohon shugaban makarantar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Johns Hopkins University |date=23 August 2018 |title=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Our People in Uganda: David Serwadda, MBChB, MSc, MMed, MPH |url=https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/rakai-health-sciences-program/our_people/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210521/https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/rakai-health-sciences-program/our_people/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Fred Wabwire-Mangen, MBChB, DTM&H, MPH, PhD: Likita, masanin cututtukan cututtuka, farfesa na lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Johns Hopkins University |date=23 August 2018 |title=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Our People in Uganda: Fred Wabwire-Mangen, MBChB, MPH, PhD |url=https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/rakai-health-sciences-program/our_people/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210521/https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/rakai-health-sciences-program/our_people/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> # David Guwatudde, BStat, MSc, PhD: Farfesa na Epidemiology da Biostatistics, Sashen Epidemiological da Biostatics. # Christopher Garimoi Orach, MBChB, DPH, MMed, MPH, PhD: Farfesa na lafiyar jama'a. Shugaban Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Halin a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a da Mataimakin Dean na makarantar. # Freddie Ssengooba, MD, MPH, PhD: Mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Shugaban Ma'aikatar Shirye-shiryen Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanarwa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a. # Nazarius Tumwesigye Mbona: Mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Shugaban Sashen Epidemiology da Bio-statistics a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a. # Lynn Atuyambe, MPH, PhD: Mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a # Elizeus Rutebemberwa, MBChB, MPH, PhD: Mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Makarantu a Uganda]] o60y18tuky1iwsma7arj9of70k2ek7x 0 79268 892297 869142 2026-08-06T17:53:42Z DaSupremo 9834 Reverted edit 892297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Water stress 2019 WRI.png|thumb|upright=2|300px|Taswirar ƙarancin ruwa na duniya (alamar ƙarancin ruwa) a shekarar 2019. Ƙarancin ruwa shine rabon amfani da ruwa dangane da wadatar ruwa, saboda haka ƙaranci ne da buƙata ke haifarwa.<ref name="Kummu-2016" />]] '''Karancin ruwa''' (wanda ke da alaƙa ta kusa da '''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa''' ko matsalar ruwa) shine rashin wadatar kowane irin tushen ruwa mai daɗi, na gida ko wanda za a iya jigilar sa ta hanyar tattalin arziki, don biyan buƙatun ruwa na yau da kullun a wani yankni. Akwai nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ''na zahiri.'' Ɗayan kuma shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="Caretta-2022a" />{{rp|560}} Ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri shine inda babu isasshen ruwa don biyan duk buƙatu. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwan da ake buƙata don tsarin muhalli ya yi aiki. Yankunan da ke da yanayin hamada galibi suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a">{{Cite journal|last=Rijsberman|first=Frank R.|date=2006|title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854|journal=Agricultural Water Management|language=en|volume=80|issue=1–3|pages=5–22|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsakiyar Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka sune misalan yankuna masu bushewa. Ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don hako ruwa daga koguna, madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Hakanan yana faruwa ne sakamakon raunin ƙarfin ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.<ref name="Caretta-2022a">Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Water]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.</ref>{{rp|560}} Mutane da yawa a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara suna rayuwa ne cikin ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.<ref name="IWMI-2007">IWMI (2007) ''[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files_new/synthesis/Summary_SynthesisBook.pdf Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture]''. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.</ref>{{rp|11}} Akwai, kuma koyaushe ana samun isasshen ruwa mai daɗi na zahiri don buƙatun yanzu ko na kusa ko na gaba a matakin duniya. Don haka, ƙarancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lokaci da inda mutane ke buƙatar ruwa, da kuma lokacin da inda ruwan ke akwai.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Mekonnen|first1=Mesfin M.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|date=2016|title=Four billion people facing severe water scarcity|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|article-number=e1500323|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0323M|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500323|issn=2375-2548|pmc=4758739|pmid=26933676}}</ref> Wannan na iya faruwa saboda karuwar yawan mutane a wani yankni, canjin yanayin rayuwa da abinci, da kuma faɗaɗa aikin gona na ban ruwa.<ref name="Vorosmarty-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Vorosmarty|first=C. J.|date=2000-07-14|title=Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.289.5477.284|journal=Science|volume=289|issue=5477|pages=284–288|doi=10.1126/science.289.5477.284|pmid=10894773|bibcode=2000Sci...289..284V|s2cid=37062764 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ercin|first1=A. Ertug|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|date=2014|title=Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis|journal=Environment International|language=en|volume=64|pages=71–82|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019|pmid=24374780|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014EnInt..64...71E }}</ref><ref name="Liu-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Junguo |last2=Yang |first2=Hong |last3=Gosling |first3=Simon N. |last4=Kummu |first4=Matti |last5=Flörke |first5=Martina |last6=Pfister |first6=Stephan |last7=Hanasaki |first7=Naota |last8=Wada |first8=Yoshihide |last9=Zhang |first9=Xinxin |last10=Zheng |first10=Chunmiao |last11=Alcamo |first11=Joseph |date=2017 |title=Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future: Review on Water Scarcity Assessment |journal=Earth's Future |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=545–559 |doi=10.1002/2016EF000518 |pmc=6204262 |pmid=30377623}}</ref> Canjin yanayi (gami da fari ko ambaliyar ruwa), sare bishiyoyi, gurbacewar ruwa da barnatar da ruwa suma na iya nufin rashin wadatar ruwa.<ref name="WWF-2013">{{cite web|year=2013|title=Water Scarcity. Threats|url=http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021012358/http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=20 October 2013|work=WWF}}</ref> Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin ƙarancin ruwa na iya zama sanadin manufofin tattalin arziki da dabarun tsare-tsare da ke akwai. Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa tana duba nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun haɗa da ruwan kore (ɗanyen ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, buƙatun kwararar muhalli, da kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> ''Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' (Water stress) wani ma'uni ne na auna ƙarancin ruwa. Yana da amfani a cikin mahallin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6.<ref name="UN-2017" /> Mutane biliyan rabi suna rayuwa a yankunan da ke da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a tsawon shekara,<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /><ref name="Liu-2017" /> kuma kusan mutane biliyan huɗu suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /><ref name="weforum17">{{cite web|date=23 March 2017|title=How do we prevent today's water crisis becoming tomorrow's catastrophe?|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/building-freshwater-resilience-to-anticipate-and-address-water-crises/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115222/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/building-freshwater-resilience-to-anticipate-and-address-water-crises/|archive-date=30 December 2017|access-date=30 December 2017|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Rabin manyan biranen duniya suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="weforum17" /> Akwai mutane biliyan 2.3 da ke zaune a ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin ruwa (ma'ana ƙasa da mita kubik 1700 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara).<ref name="EIB-2022">{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don rage ƙarancin ruwa. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar sarrafa wadatar ruwa da buƙata, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe da kiyaye ruwa. Faɗaɗa hanyoyin samun ruwa mai amfani na iya taimakawa. Sake amfani da ruwan sha da gishiri sune hanyoyin yin hakan. Wasu hanyoyin sune rage gurbacewar ruwa da canje-canje ga kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito. {{TOC limit|3}} == Ma'anoni == [[File:WWDR4 Global physical and economic water scarcity.png|thumb|upright=2|300px|Karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki na duniya]]'Karancin ruwa' an bayyana shi a matsayin "yawan ƙarar ruwa, ko rashinsa, na albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi" kuma ana tunanin cewa "ɗan adam ne ke haifar da shi".<ref name="CEO Water-2014">The CEO Water Mandate (2014) [https://ceowatermandate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/terminology.pdf Driving Harmonization of Water-Related Terminology, Discussion Paper] September 2014. Alliance for Water Stewardship, Ceres, CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project), The Nature Conservancy, Pacific Institute, Water Footprint Network, World Resources Institute, and WWF</ref>{{rp|4}} Hakanan ana iya kiran wannan da "ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri".<ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Akwai nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri'' ɗayan kuma shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="Caretta-2022a" />{{rp|560}} Wasu ma'anoni na ƙarancin ruwa suna duba buƙatun ruwa na muhalli. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta daga wata ƙungiyar zuwa wata.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|4}} [[File:Annualglobalwaterconsumption.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Amfani da ruwa na duniya 1900–2025, ta yanki, a cikin biliyoyin m³ kowace shekara]]Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa sune ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' (water stress) da ''haɗarin ruwa'' (water risk). Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Shugaba (The CEO Water Mandate), wani shiri na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN Global Compact), ta ba da shawarar daidaita waɗannan a cikin shekarar 2014.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|2}} A cikin takardar tattaunawarsu sun bayyana cewa kada a yi amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan guda uku a madadin juna.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|3}}[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|thumb|Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa a duniya a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Publication preview page {{!}} FAO {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en |access-date=2024-01-19 |via=FAODocuments | date=2023 | doi=10.4060/cc8166en | isbn=978-92-5-138262-2 |language=en}}</ref>]] Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna bayyana ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' a matsayin ra'ayi mai faɗi. Zai haɗa da fannoni na wadatar ruwa, ingancin ruwa da damar samun sa. Samun dama ya dogara da ababen more rayuwa da ke akwai. Hakanan ya dogara da ko abokan ciniki za su iya biyan kuɗin ruwan.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|4}} Wasu masana suna kiran wannan da ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) ta bayyana ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' a matsayin "alamomin ƙarancin ruwa ko rashinsa". Irin waɗannan alamomin na iya zama "haɓakar rikici tsakanin masu amfani, da gasar neman ruwa, raguwar ingancin dogaro da sabis, gazawar girbi da ƙarancin abinci".<ref name="FAO2012">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Coping with water scarcity. An action framework for agriculture and food stress |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3015e/i3015e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304210442/http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3015e/i3015e.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=31 December 2017 |publisher=Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya}} </ref>{{rp|6}} Ana auna wannan ta hanyar Ma'anonin Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa daban-daban (Water Stress Indices). Wani rukunin masana kimiyya ya ba da wata ma'anar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa a shekarar 2016: "Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa tana nufin tasirin babban amfani da ruwa (ko dai hako ko amfani) dangane da wadatar ruwa."<ref name="Kummu-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Kummu|first1=M.|last2=Guillaume|first2=J. H. A.|last3=deMoel|first3=H.|last4=Eisner|first4=S.|last5=Flörke|first5=M.|last6=Porkka|first6=M.|last7=Siebert|first7=S.|last8=Veldkamp|first8=T. I. E.|last9=Ward|first9=P. J.|date=2016|title=The world's road to water scarcity: shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|article-number=38495|doi=10.1038/srep38495|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5146931|pmid=27934888|bibcode=2016NatSR...638495K}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' zai zama ''ƙarancin da buƙata ke haifarwa''. Wani rahoto da Cibiyar UNU don Ruwa, Muhalli da Lafiya ta buga a shekarar 2026 ya nuna cewa kalmomin "matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" da "matsalar ruwa" ba su da isasshen bayanin halin da ake ciki yanzu na wadatar ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madani |first=Kaveh |date=January 20, 2026 |year=2026 |title=Global Water Bankruptcy: Living Beyond Our Hydrological Means in the Post-Crisis Era |url=https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:10445/Global_Water_Bankruptcy_Report__2026_.pdf |access-date=January 22, 2026 |website=Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya |publisher=Cibiyar UNU don Ruwa, Muhalli da Lafiya |publication-place=Ontario, Canada |doi=10.53328/INR26KAM001 |isbn=978-92-808-6138-9}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓi kalmar "[[Fatara ta ruwa]]" (water bankruptcy) a matsayin mafi kyawun kwatancin halin da ake ciki yanzu, wanda ke nuna rashin juyawa da rashin iya biyan buƙatun tsarin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=World enters era of ‘global water bankruptcy’ {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/01/1166800 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ika == Masana sun bayyana nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Ɗayan kuma shine ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. An fara bayyana waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne a cikin wani binciken shekarar 2007 da Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta jagoranci. Wannan ya bincika amfani da ruwa a aikin gona a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Ya nufi gano ko duniya tana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da abinci ga karuwar yawan jama'a a nan gaba.<ref name="IWMI-2007" /><ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|1}} === Karancin ruwa na zahiri === Ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri yana faruwa ne lokacin da albarkatun ruwa na halitta ba su isa su biya duk buƙatu ba. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwan da ake buƙata don tsarin muhalli ya yi aiki da kyau. Yankuna masu bushewa galibi suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayi ya tsananta ƙarancin ruwa a yankunan da riga can matsala ce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan yana faruwa a inda ruwa yake da yawa amma inda aka wuce gona da iri wajen amfani da albarkatun. Misali ɗaya shine haɓakar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa (hydraulic infrastructure). Wannan na iya zama don ban ruwa ko samar da makamashi. Akwai alamomi da yawa na ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Sun haɗa da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, raguwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da rabon ruwa da ke fifita wasu rukunoni akan wasu.<ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|6}} Ruwa ya yi ƙaranci a yankuna masu bushewa da ke da yawan jama'a. Ana hasashen waɗannan yankuna za su sami ƙasa da mita kubik 1000 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misalai sune Tsakiyar Asiya da Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> Wani bincike a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa fiye da mutane biliyan 1.2 suna zaune a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref>Molden, D. (Ed). ''Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture.'' Earthscan/IWMI, 2007, p.11</ref> Wannan ƙarancin ruwa yana da alaƙa da ruwan da ake samu don samar da abinci, maimakon na ruwan sha wanda shi kaɗan ne.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Molden|first1=David|last2=Fraiture|first2=Charlotte de|last3=Rijsberman|first3=Frank|date=1970-01-01|title=Water Scarcity: The Food Factor|url=https://issues.org/molden-water-food-scarcity/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Issues in Science and Technology|language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar wani nau'in ƙarancin ruwa na daban mai suna ''ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli'' (ecological water scarcity)<ref name="Liu-2022" /> kodayake wasu wallafe-wallafen suna jayayya cewa wannan yana cikin ma'anar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="FAO2012" /><ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Zai mayar da hankali kan buƙatun ruwa na tsarin muhalli, yana nufin mafi ƙarancin yawa da ingancin ruwan da ake fitarwa don kiyaye tsarin muhalli mai dorewa da aiki. Sakamako daga binciken samfuri a shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa arewacin China ya fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli fiye da kudancin China. Babban abun da ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli a yawancin larduna shine gurbacewar ruwa maimakon amfani da ruwa na ɗan adam.<ref name="Liu-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Kewei |last2=Cao |first2=Wenfang |last3=Zhao |first3=Dandan |last4=Liu |first4=Shuman |last5=Liu |first5=Junguo |date=2022-10-01 |title=Assessment of ecological water scarcity in China |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=10 |page=104056 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac95b0 |bibcode=2022ERL....17j4056L |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An karbo rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> === Karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki === [[File:Collecting clean water with the help of UKaid (5330401479).jpg|thumb|alt=|Mutane suna diban ruwan sha mai tsafta daga famfo a garin Alhan ahammed da ke yammacin lardin Sindh a Pakistan.]] Ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki yana faruwa ne saboda rashin saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don hako ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Hakanan yana nuna rashin isasshen ƙarfin ɗan adam don biyan buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="Caretta-2022b">Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Water]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.</ref>{{rp|560}} Yana sa mutanen da ba su da amintaccen damar samun ruwa su yi tafiya mai nisa don ɗibo ruwa don amfanin gida da na aikin gona. Irin wannan ruwan galibi ba shi da tsafta. Shirin Ci Gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ya ce ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki shine mafi yawan sanadin ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan saboda yawancin ƙasashe ko yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa don biyan buƙatun gida, masana'antu, aikin gona, da muhalli. Amma ba su da hanyoyin samar da shi ta hanyar da za a iya samun sa cikin sauƙi.<ref name="UNDP-2006">United Nations Development Programme (2006). [http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2006 Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity–Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062747/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2006 |date=7 January 2018 }}. Basingstoke, United Kingdom:Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na al'ummar duniya a halin yanzu suna zaune ne a yankunan da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri ya shafa.<ref name="UNDP-2006" /> Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na al'ummar duniya ya shafu ta hanyar ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Siffa ce ta yawancin yankunan kudu da hamadar sahara.<ref name="IWMI-2007"/>{{rp|11}} Don haka ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa a can zasu iya taimakawa wajen rage talauci. Saka hannun jari a fannin riƙe ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ban ruwa zai taimaka wajen ƙara samar da abinci. Wannan sh == Kalubale == [[File:Lake Chad map showing receding water area and level 1972-2007.svg|thumb|280px|Tafkin Chadi ya ruku da kashi 90% tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2018 |title=Lake Chad: Can the vanishing lake be saved? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314 |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809092459/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314 |archive-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>]] === Alamomi masu sauƙi === Akwai alamomi da yawa don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya shine rabon amfani da ruwa zuwa wadatar sa. Wannan kuma ana kiran sa da rabon mahimmanci (criticality ratio). Wani kuma shine Alamar IWMI. Wannan yana auna ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki. Wani kuma shine alamar talaucin ruwa (water poverty index).<ref name="Liu-2017" /> "Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" wani ma'uni ne na auna ƙarancin ruwa. Masana suna amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6.<ref name="UN-2017" /> Wani rahoto da FAO ta fitar a shekarar 2018 ya ba da ma'anar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rabon tsakanin jimillar ruwa mai daɗi da aka hako (TFWW) ta dukkan manyan fannoni da kuma jimillar albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa (TRWR), bayan an yi la'akari da buƙatun kwararar muhalli (EFR)". Wannan yana nufin cewa an raba ƙimar TFWW ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin TRWR ragi EFR.<ref name="FAO-2018">FAO (2018). [https://www.unwater.org/publications/progress-on-level-of-water-stress-642/ Progress on level of water stress - Global baseline for SDG 6 Indicator 6.4.2] Rome. FAO/UN-Water. 58 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|xii}} Kwararar muhalli sune kwararar ruwan da ake buƙata don dorewar tsarin muhalli na ruwa mai daɗi da na bakin teku. Ma'anar da ta gabata a cikin Burin Ci Gaban Millenium 7, manufa 7.A, ita ce kawai rabon jimillar albarkatun ruwa da aka amfani da su, ba tare da la'akari da EFR ba.<ref name="FAO-2018" />{{rp|28}} Wannan ma'anar ta tsara rukunoni da yawa don matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa. Ƙasa da 10% shine ƙarancin matsa lamba; 10-20% shine ƙasa-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa-babba; 40-80% babba; sama da 80% yana da girma sosai.<ref name="Ritchie-2018" /> Ana amfani da alamomi don auna girman ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matlock|first=Marty D.|title=A Review of Water Scarcity Indices and Methodologies|url=http://oamk.fi/~mohameda/materiaali16/Water%20and%20environmental%20management%202015/2011_Brown_Matlock_Water-Availability-Assessment-Indices-and-Methodologies-Lit-Review.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014517/http://oamk.fi/~mohameda/materiaali16/Water%20and%20environmental%20management%202015/2011_Brown_Matlock_Water-Availability-Assessment-Indices-and-Methodologies-Lit-Review.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2017|access-date=5 February 2018|website=University of Arkansas - The Sustainability Consortium}}</ref> Hanyar ɗaya don auna ƙarancin ruwa ita ce lissafin adadin albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misali ɗaya shine "Alamar Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa ta Falkenmark". An haɓaka wannan ta hannun Malin Falkenmark. Wannan alamar tana cewa ƙasa ko yankni suna fuskantar "matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" lokacin da samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara ya faɗi ƙasa da mita kubik 1,700 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Falkenmark|first1=Malin|last2=Lundqvist|first2=Jan|last3=Widstrand|first3=Carl|date=1989|title=Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=258–267|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x|pmid=12317608|bibcode=1989NRF....13..258F |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Matakan tsakanitn 1,700 da 1,000 mita kubik zasu haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na lokaci-lokaci ko iyakancewa. Lokacin da samar da ruwa ya faɗi ƙasa da mita kubik 1,000 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara ƙasar tana fuskantar "ƙarancin ruwa". Koyar, Alamar Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa ta Falkenmark ba ta taimakawa wajen bayyana ainihin yanayin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> ==== Albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa ==== Kuma yana yiwuwa a auna ƙarancin ruwa ta hanyar duba ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa. Masana suna amfani da shi lokacin kimanta ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan ma'auni na iya bayyana jimillar albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai kowace ƙasa ta ƙunsa. Wannan jimillar albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai tana ba da ra'ayi game da ko ƙasa tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="WWAP-2012">WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme). 2012. ''[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/WWDR4%20Volume%201-Managing%20Water%20under%20Uncertainty%20and%20Risk.pdf The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk]''. Paris, UNESCO.</ref> Wannan ma'auni yana da illa saboda matsakaici ne. Hazo yana isar da ruwa ba daidai ba a faɗin duniya kowace shekara. Don haka albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa na shekara-shekara sun bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara. Wannan ma'auni baya bayyana yadda yake da sauƙi ga mutane, gidaje, masana'antu ko gwamnati su sami ruwa. A ƙarshe wannan ma'auni yana ba da bayanin dukkan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Don haka baya nuna daidai ko ƙasa tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, Kanada da Brazil duka suna da babban matakin samar da ruwa. Amma har yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban masu alaƙa da ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Wasu ƙasashe masu zafi a Asiya da Afirka suna da ƙananan matakan albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi. === Alamomi mafi haɓaka === [[File:Average ecological water scarcity at the provincial level in China 2016-2019.png|thumb|Matsakaicin ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli a matakin lardin China 2016-2019.<ref name="Liu-2022" />]] Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa dole ne ya haɗa da nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun haɗa da bayanai kan ruwan kore (ɗanyen ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, buƙatun kwararar muhalli, daidaiton duniya, da kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> Tun farkon shekarun 2000, kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa ya amfani da samfura masu rikitarwa. Waɗannan suna amfana daga kayan aikin bincike na sararin samaniya. Ƙarancin ruwan kore-shuɗi yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan. Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa na tushen sawun (footprint-based) wani ne. Wani kuma shine rabon tarawa zuwa buƙata, wanda ke la'akari da sauye-sauyen lokaci. Wasu misalan sune alamomin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa na tushen LCA da haɗakar adadin ruwa–ingancin kwararar muhalli.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> Tun farkon shekarun 2010 kimantawa sun duba ƙarancin ruwa ta fuskoki biyu na adadi da inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Zhao |last2=Liu |first2=Junguo |last3=Savenije |first3=Hubert H.G. |date=2013 |title=A simple approach to assess water scarcity integrating water quantity and quality |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X13002434 |journal=Ecological Indicators |language=en |volume=34 |pages=441–449 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.012|bibcode=2013EcInd..34..441Z |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasarar kimantawa za ta haɗa masana daga fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hydrological, ingancin ruwa, kimiyyar tsarin muhalli na ruwa, da al'ummomin kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> == Ruwan da ke akwai == [[File:Water scarcity.jpg|thumb|Yara suna diban ruwa daga rafi mai laka a yankin karkara lokacin rani. Ana kai ruwan gida a tace shi da sauran magunguna kafin amfani.]] [[File:GlobalWaterWithdrawals.jpg|thumb|Amfani da ruwa mai daɗi na duniya, bayanan FAO na 2016]] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ƙiyasin cewa mita kubik 200,000 ne kawai na jimillar mita kubik biliyan 1.4 na ruwa a Duniya ke samuwa ga amfanin ɗan adam. Kashi 0.014% kawai na duk ruwan da ke Duniya ne mai daɗi kuma ana iya samun sa cikin sauƙi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis and its solutions: We need to take global action now.|url=https://waterstillar.com/why/water-crisis/|access-date=2021-09-19|website=WaterStillar|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212221/https://waterstillar.com/why/water-crisis/}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran ruwan, 97% gishiri ne, kuma ƙasa da 3% yana da wahalar samu. Ruwa mai daɗi da ke akwai gare mu a doron ƙasa yana kusa da 1% na jimillar ruwan duniya.<ref name="Conceicao-2020">{{Cite web|last=Conceição|first=Pedro|date=2020|title=The next frontier Human development and the Anthropocene|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report|access-date=14 March 2021|website=United Nations Development Reports}}</ref> Jimillar adadin ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu cikin sauƙi a Duniya shine mita kubik 14,000. Wannan yana ɗaukar nau'in ruwan sama kamar koguna da tafkuna ko ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, misali a cikin aquifers. Daga wannan jimillar adadin, ɗan adam yana amfani da sake amfani da mita kubik 5,000 kawai. A fasahar zamani, akwai isasshen ruwa mai daɗi a matakin duniya. Don haka a ka'ida akwai isasshen ruwa mai daɗi don biyan buƙatun al'ummar duniya na yanzu na mutane biliyan 8. Akwai ma isasshen tallafawa karuwar jama'a zuwa biliyan 9 ko fiye. Amma rashin daidaiton rarraba yanki da rashin daidaiton amfani da ruwa yana sa ya zama albarkatun da ba su da yawa a wasu yankuna da rukunonin mutane. Koguna da tafkuna suna samar da hanyoyin samun ruwa mai daɗi na zahiri. Amma sauran albarkatun ruwa kamar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kankara sun zama ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa mai daɗi. Sun zama babban tushen ruwa mai tsafta. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine ruwan da ya taru a ƙarƙashin ƙasan Duniya. Zai iya samar da adadin ruwa mai amfani ta hanyar idon ruwa ko rijiyoyi. Waɗannan yankuna na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana kiran su aquifers. Yana ƙara wahala amfani da hanyoyin da aka saba da su saboda gurbacewa da canjin yanayi. Don haka mutane suna ƙara dogara ga waɗannan sauran hanyoyin. Karuwar jama'a tana ƙarfafa yin amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> == SIKELI == === Kimantawa na yanzu === A shekarar 2019 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (World Economic Forum) ya lissafa ƙarancin ruwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗari na duniya dangane da tasirin da zai iya yi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global risks report 2019|url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325101510/https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|access-date=25 March 2019|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Ƙarancin ruwa na iya ɗaukar nau'ika da yawa. Ɗaya shine gazawar biyan buƙatun ruwa, na ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya. Wasu misalan sune gasar tattalin arziki don adadin ruwa ko inganci, rikici tsakanin masu amfani, raguwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ba za a iya juyawa ba, da kuma mummunan tasiri ga muhalli. Kusan rabin al'ummar duniya a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wani ɓangare na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2022 |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Summary for Policy Makers |url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=IPCC Sixth Assessment Report |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228111851/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf }}</ref> Mutane biliyan rabi a duniya suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /> Rabin manyan biranen duniya suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="weforum17" /> Kusan mutane biliyan biyu ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta a halin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCC Fact sheet - Food and Water |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_FoodAndWater.pdf |website=IPCC}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023b">{{Cite web |title=Water crisis is a vital investment opportunity |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-crisis-investment |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 2016 ya lissafa cewa adadin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa ya ƙaru daga biliyan 0.24 (kashi 14% na al'ummar duniya) a shekarar 1906 zuwa biliyan 3.8 (58%) a shekarar 2004, (bisa ga ƙiyasin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2024),<ref name="Kummu-2016" /> amma daga ƙarshe, ya ƙara ƙaruwa zuwa biliyan 6.2 (75% na al'ummar duniya) a shekarar 2025, yana haifar da damuwa game da yunwa da rashin zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Rosemary |date=September 29, 2025 |title="Earth's Water Is Vanishing Fast": NASA Satellites Reveal 75% Of Humanity Faces Freshwater Crisis While Governments Hide Continental Drying Data |url=https://www.energy-reporters.com/environment/earths-water-is-vanishing-fast-nasa-satellites-reveal-75-of-humanity-faces-freshwater-crisis-while-governments-hide-continental-drying-data/ |access-date=September 30, 2025 |website=Energy Reporters European Energy News}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya amfani da ra'ayoyi guda biyu don bincika ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya shine rashi, ko tasiri saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum. Ɗayan kuma shine matsakaici, ko tasiri saboda babban amfani dangane da wadatar ruwa. === Hasashen gaba === [[File:Dharan Nepal Shardu Water Scarcity Kaustuvraj.jpg|thumb|Yan mata na mazaunin marasa galihu a Dharan suna diban ruwa daga kogi]]A cikin ƙarni na 20, amfani da ruwa ya kasance yana haɓaka fiye da ninki biyu na ƙaruwar jama'a. Musamman, hako ruwa yana iya tashi da kashi 50 cikin ɗari nan da shekarar 2025 a ƙasashe masu tasowa, da kashi 18 cikin ɗari a ƙasashe masu ci gaba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barbier |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=166CCgAAQBAJ&q=water+withdrawals+are+predicted+to+increase+by+50+percent+by+2025&pg=PA500 |title=Handbook of Water Economics |date=September 25, 2015 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78254-966-6 |page=550 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Nahiyar ɗaya, misali, Afirka, an yi hasashen za ta sami mazauna miliyan 75 zuwa 250 da ba su da damar samun ruwa mai daɗi.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2009 |title=Ballooning global population adding to water crisis, warns new UN report |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30167&Cr=water&Cr1=supply#.WEYuHLIrLIU |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=United Nations News Centre |publisher=UN News Centre}}</ref> Nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su zauna a ƙasashe ko yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa kwata-kwata, kuma kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya na iya kasancewa cikin yanayin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-11-24 |title=Water scarcity &#124; International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |publisher=Un.org |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref> Nan da shekarar 2050, fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya za su zauna a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa, kuma wani biliyan na iya rasa isasshen ruwa, masu bincike na MIT sun gano.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Alli Gold |date=2014-01-09 |title=Predicting the future of global water stress |work=MIT News |url=https://news.mit.edu/2014/predicting-the-future-of-global-water-stress |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Tare da haɓakar yanayin zafi na duniya da haɓakar buƙatar ruwa, mutane shida cikin goma suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa. Bushewar wuraren dausayi (wetlands) a duniya, da kusan 67%, shine sanadin kai tsaye na yawancin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin ruwa. Yayin da buƙatar ruwa ta duniya ke ƙaruwa kuma yanayin zafi ya tashi, yana yiwuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na al'umma za su rayu cikin matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a shekarar 2025.<ref name="Kummu-2010">{{Cite journal|last1=Matti Kummu|last2=Philip J Ward|last3=Hans de Moel|last4=Olli Varis|date=2010-08-16|title=Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia|journal=Environmental Research Letters|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|article-number=034006|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006|bibcode=2010ERL.....5c4006K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conceicao-2020" />{{rp|191}} Bisa hasashen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, nan da shekarar 2040, za a iya samun kusan mutane biliyan 4.5 da matsalar ruwa (ko ƙarancin ruwa) zai shafa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɓakar jama'a, za a sami buƙatar abinci, kuma don fitar da abinci ya dace da haɓakar jama'a, za a sami ƙarin buƙatar ruwa don shayar da amfanin gona.<ref name="Baer-1996">{{Cite journal|last=Baer|first=Anne|date=June 1996|title=Not enough water to go around|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2451.1996.tb00079.x|journal=International Social Science Journal|volume=48|issue=148|pages=277–292|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2451.1996.tb00079.x|via=Wiley Online Library|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya kiyasta cewa buƙatar ruwa ta duniya za ta zarce wadatar duniya da kashi 40% nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensuring sustainable water management for all by 2030 |url=https://www.weforum.org/impact/sustainable-water-management/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=World Economic Forum |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023a">{{Cite web |title=Water crisis is a vital investment opportunity |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-crisis-investment |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Haɓakar buƙatar ruwa da kuma haɓakar jama'a yana haifar da matsalar ruwa inda babu isasshen ruwa don rabawa a matakan lafiya. Matsalolin ba kawai saboda yawa bane amma inganci ma yana da mahimmanci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 6-20% na rijiyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kusan miliyan 39 suna cikin babban haɗarin bushewa idan matakan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na gida suka ragu da ƴan mita. A yankuna da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa tare da fiye da rabin manyan aquifers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=James S. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Grant |title=The hidden crisis beneath our feet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867 |journal=Science |access-date=10 May 2021 |pages=344–345 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.abh2867 |issn=0036-8075 |date=23 April 2021|volume=372 |issue=6540 |pmid=33888627 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..344F |s2cid=233353241 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> wannan zai shafa idan kawai suka ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |title=Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry |journal=Science |date=23 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=418–421 |doi=10.1126/science.abc2755 |pmid=33888642 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..418J |s2cid=233353207 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755 |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Tasiri == === Karancin wadatar ruwa === [[File:California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg|thumb|Ana ganin busasshiyar gado na tafki a California, wanda ke fuskantar mafi munin fari na megadrought cikin shekaru 1,200 (kamar na 2022), wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar, saboda haka yana da raba ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Irina Ivanova |date=June 2, 2022 |title=California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/ |access-date=June 4, 2022 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> ]] Abubuwan da za a iya sarrafawa kamar gudanarwa da rarraba wadatar ruwa na iya taimakawa ga ƙarancin ruwa. Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2006 ya mayar da hankali kan al'amuran gudanarwa a matsayin jigon matsalar ruwa. Rahoton ya lura cewa: "Akwai isasshen ruwa ga kowa". Ya kuma ce: "Rashin wadatar ruwa galibi yana faruwa ne saboda rashin gudanarwa, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantattun cibiyoyi, tsayuwar tsarin mulki da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a fannin ƙarfin ɗan adam da ababen more rayuwa na zahiri".<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106144926/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf|date=6 January 2009}}, 2006</ref> Masana tattalin arziki da wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin haƙƙin mallaka, ƙa'idodin gwamnati da tallafin ruwa sun haifar da halin da ake ciki da ruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan suna sa farashi ya yi ƙasa da amfani ya yi yawa, suna ba da hujja ga mayar da ruwa hannun masu zaman kansu.<ref>Segerfeldt, Fredrik (25 August 2005), [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4462 "Private Water Saves Lives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921133211/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4462|date=21 September 2011}}, ''Financial Times''.</ref><ref>Zetland, David (1 August 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/08/running-out-of-water.html "Running Out of Water"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707094104/http://www.aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html|date=7 July 2011}}. aguanomics.com</ref><ref>Zetland, David (14 July 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html "Water Crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707094234/http://www.aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html|date=7 July 2011}}. aguanomics.com</ref> Matsalar ruwa mai tsafta wata matsala ce da ke bulla a duniya wacce ta shafi kusan mutane miliyan 785 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Water? - Water Changes Everything |url=https://water.org/about-us/why-water/ |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=Water.org}}</ref> Mutane miliyan 1.1 ba su da damar samun ruwa kuma biliyan 2.7 suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. Mutane biliyan 2.4 suna fama da gurbataccen ruwa da rashin tsaftar muhalli. Gurbacewar ruwa na iya haifar da cututtukan gudawa masu kaza kisa kamar kwalara da zazzabin taifot da sauran cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Waɗannan sune kashi 80% na cututtuka a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Water Shortage: Water Scarcity & How to Help - Page 2 |url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2 |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=The Water Project |language=en}}</ref> === Muhalli === [[File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg|thumb|Sare bishiyoyi na Madagascar Highland Plateau ya haifar da babban siltation da rashin daidaiton kwararar kogunan yamma.]] Amfani da ruwa don amfanin gida, abinci da masana'antu yana da babban tasiri ga tsarin muhalli a sassa da yawa na duniya. Wannan na iya shafar har ma yankunan da ba a ɗauka "marasa ruwa" ba.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> Ƙarancin ruwa yana lalata muhalli ta hanyoyi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mummunan tasiri akan tafkuna, koguna, madatsun ruwa, wuraren dausayi da sauran albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi. Wannan yana haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen amfani da ruwa saboda ruwa ya yi ƙaranci. Wannan yakan faru ne a yankunan aikin gona na ban ruwa. Zai iya cutar da muhalli ta hanyoyi da yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙaruwar gishiri, gurbacewar abinci mai gina jiki (nutrient pollution), da asarar wuraren dausayi.<ref name="UNDP-2006" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity Index – Vital Water Graphics|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article77.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216143250/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article77.html|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Ƙarancin ruwa yana sa da wuya a yi amfani da kwarara don gyara koridodin birane.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J.E. Lawrence|author2=C.P.W. Pavia|author3=S. Kaing|author4=H.N. Bischel|author5=R.G. Luthy|author6=V.H. Resh|year=2014|title=Recycled Water for Augmenting Urban Streams in Mediterranean-climate Regions: A Potential Approach for Riparian Ecosystem Enhancement|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=59|issue=3–4|pages=488–501|doi=10.1080/02626667.2013.818221|s2cid=129362661|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014HydSJ..59..488L }}</ref>[[File:AralShip.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa da aka bari a tsohon Tekun Aral, kusa da Aral, Kazakhstan]] A cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, fiye da rabin wuraren dausayi na Duniya an lalata su kuma sun ɓace.<ref name="WWF-2013" /> Waɗannan wuraren dausayi suna da mahimmanci a matsayin mazaunin halittu masu yawa kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, kifi, amphibians, da invertebrates. Suna kuma tallafawa shashen shinkafa da sauran amfanin gona. Kuma suna samar da tace ruwa da kariya daga hadari da ambaliyar ruwa. Tafkuna na ruwa mai daɗi kamar Tekun Aral a tsakiyar Asiya suma sun sha wahala. Ya kasance tana da matsayi na huɗu mafi girma a cikin tafkuna na ruwa mai daɗi a duniya. Amma ya rasa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 58,000 na yanki kuma ya ƙaru sosai a cikin yawan gishiri cikin shekaru guda talatin.<ref name="WWF-2013" /> Ruƙuwar ƙasa (Subsidence) wani sakamako ne na ƙarancin ruwa. Hukumar Binciken Kasa ta Amurka (U.S. Geological Survey) ta kiyasta cewa ruƙuwar ƙasa ta shafi fiye da murabba'in mil 17,000 a cikin jihohin Amurka 45, kashi 80 cikin ɗari na sa saboda amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land Subsidence in the United States|url=https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/fs00165/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=water.usgs.gov}}</ref> Ciyayi da namun daji suna buƙatar isasshen ruwa mai daɗi. Wuraren fadama, bogs da riparian zones sun fi dogara ga samar da ruwa mai dorewa. Dajika da sauran tsarin muhalli na saman tudu suna cikin haɗari daidai gwargwado yayin da ruwa ke raguwa. Game da wuraren dausayi, an ɗauki filaye mai yawa daga amfanin namun daji don ciyar da gidajen mutane da ke haɓaka. Wasu yankuna kuma sun sha wahala daga raguwar kwararar ruwa mai daɗi a hankali yayin da aka karkatar da ruwan sama don amfanin ɗan adam. === Yiwuwar rikici === Sauran tasirin sun haɗa da haɓakar rikici tsakanin masu amfani da haɓakar gasar neman ruwa.<ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|6}} Misalai na yiwuwar rikici daga ƙarancin ruwa sun haɗa da: Karancin abinci a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Jessica |date=Fall 2020 |title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Middle East Report |volume=296 |pages=1–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140347/https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |via=Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP)}}</ref> da rikice-rikice na yanki akan albarkatun ruwa da ba su da yawa.<ref name="RepSynd-2019">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=The Coming Wars for Water |url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019173433/https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Report Syndication}}</ref> == Sanadin da abubuwan da ke taimakawa == === Karuwar jama'a === Kusan shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, ra'ayin gama gari shine cewa ruwa albarka ce maras iyaka. A wancan lokacin, akwai ƙasa da rabin adadin mutanen da ke doron ƙasa a yanzu. Mutane ba su da wadatar arziki kamar yau, sun cinye ƙarancin kuzari (calories) kuma sun ci ƙarancin nama, don haka an buƙaci ƙarancin ruwa don samar da abincinsu. Sun buƙaci kashi ɗaya cikin uku na adadin ruwan da muke ɗauka a halin yanzu daga koguna. A yau, gasar neman albarkatun ruwa ta fi tsanani. Wannan saboda yanzu akwai mutane biliyan bakwai a doron ƙasa kuma amfaninsu na naman da ke buƙatar ruwa yana ƙaruwa. Kuma masana'antu, birane, amfanin gona na biofuel, da abubuwan abinci da suka dogara da ruwa suna gasa sosai don neman ruwa. A nan gaba, za a buƙaci ƙarin ruwa don samar da abinci saboda an yi hasashen yawan jama'ar Duniya zai tashi zuwa biliyan 9 nan da shekarar 2050.<ref>United Nations Press Release POP/952, 13 March 2007. [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728233526/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/pop952.doc.htm|date=28 July 2009}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, al'ummar duniya sun kai biliyan 6.2. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2050 za a sami ƙarin mutane biliyan 3.5, tare da mafi yawan haɓaka a ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda riga can suna fama da matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-02-24|title=World population to reach 9.1 billion in 2050, UN projects|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13451&Cr=population&Cr1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722162959/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13451&Cr=population&Cr1|archive-date=22 July 2017|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Un.org}}</ref> Wannan zai ƙara buƙatar ruwa sai dai idan an sami daidaiton ƙaruwa a fannin kiyaye ruwa da sake amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=S. S.|last2=Chilton|first2=P. J.|date=2003-12-29|title=Groundwater – the processes and global significance of aquifer degradation|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=358|issue=1440|pages=1957–1972|doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1380|pmc=1693287|pmid=14728791}}</ref> Wajen gina bayanan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar a nan, Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank)<ref>{{cite web|title=Water|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426170221/http://water.worldbank.org/water/|archive-date=26 April 2012|access-date=19 November 2012|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa damar samun ruwa don samar da abinci zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale a shekaru masu zuwa. Zai zama dole a daidaita damar samun ruwa tare da sarrafa ruwa ta hanya mai dorewa. A lokaci guda zai zama dole a yi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi da sauran abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413214941/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report|archive-date=13 April 2012|access-date=2011-10-24|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> A cikin kashi 60% na biranen Turai da ke da mutane fiye da 100,000, ana amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa cikin sauri fiye da yadda za a iya cika shi.<ref>{{cite web|date=1995-05-20|title=Europe's Environment: The Dobris Assessment|url=http://reports.eea.europa.eu/92-826-5409-5/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922204930/http://reports.eea.europa.eu/92-826-5409-5/en|archive-date=22 September 2008|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Reports.eea.europa.eu}}</ref> ==== Amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima ==== [[File:Saudi Arabia irrigation.jpg|thumb|210px|Ban ruwa na Pivot a Saudi Arabia, Afrilu 1997. Saudi Arabia tana fama da babban raguwar ruwa a cikin madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2015|title=What California can learn from Saudi Arabia's water mystery|url=https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122183436/https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/|archive-date=22 November 2015|access-date=9 August 2019|work=Reveal}}</ref>]] Karuwar yawan jama'a tana ƙara gasar neman ruwa. Wannan yana janye yawancin manyan aquifers na duniya. Yana da dalilai guda biyu. Ɗaya shine amfanin ɗan adam na kai tsaye. Ɗayan kuma shine ban ruwa na aikin gona. Miliyoyin famfo na kowane girma a halin yanzu suna hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a duk faɗin duniya. Ban ruwa a yankuna masu bushewa kamar arewacin China, Nepal da India yana dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kuma yana hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a matakin da ba zai dore ba. Manyan birane da yawa sun fuskantar raguwar aquifer tsakanin mita 10 da 50. Sun haɗa da Mexico City, Bangkok, Beijing, Chennai da Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-03-31|title=Groundwater in Urban Development|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000009265_3980429110739|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016181203/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000009265_3980429110739|archive-date=16 October 2007|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Wds.worldbank.org|page=1}}</ref> Har zuwa kwanan nan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba albarka ce da ake amfani da ita sosai ba. A shekarun 1960, an sami haɓakar aquifers na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater resources of the world and their use|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134433|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021170543/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134433|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=2020-09-18|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Ingantaccen ilimi, fasaha da kuɗi sun sa ya yiwu a mayar da hankali kan hako ruwa daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa maimakon ruwan sama. Waɗannan sun sa juyin juya halin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na aikin gona ya yiwu. Sun faɗaɗa fannin ban ruwa wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙara samar da abinci da ci gaba a yankunan karkara. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana samar da kusan rabin duk ruwan sha a duniya. Babban adadin ruwan da aka adana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a mafi yawan aquifers yana da babban ƙarfin kariya. Wannan yana sa ya yiwu a hako ruwa lokacin fari ko ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ba za su iya dogara da hazo ko ruwan sama a matasayin hanyoyinsu na kaɗai ba. Yana samar da amintaccen damar samun ruwa a duk shekara. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, an kiyasta jimillar hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duniya ya kai 1,000 km³ kowace shekara. Daga cikin wannan kashi 67% yana tafiya ne ga ban ruwa, 22% ga amfanin gida da 11% ga amfanin masana'antu.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Manyan kasashe goma masu amfani da ruwan da aka hako sun mamaye kashi 72% na duk amfani da ruwan da aka hako a duniya. Sune India, China, Amurka, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, da Italy.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna da yawa kwarai. Amma babban fanni ɗaya na damuwa shine sake cika ko saurin dawo da wasu hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Hako ruwa daga hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ba sa sabuntawa na iya shanye su idan ba a kula da su kuma aka sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba. Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya rage ingancin ruwa cikin lokaci. Tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yakan nuna raguwar kwararar halitta, ƙaran da aka adana, da matakan ruwa da kuma lalacewar ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Ragwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da lahani ta hanyoyi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsadar famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da canje-canje a cikin gishiri da sauran nau'ikan ingancin ruwa. Hakanan suna iya haifar da ruƙuwar ƙasa, gurɓatattun idon ruwa da rage kwararar ruwa. === Faɗaɗa masu amfani na aikin gona da masana'antu === [[File:20230522 Colorado River water usage - livestock crops etc.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |Kusan galan tiriliyan 1.9 na ruwa ake amfani da su a cikin kofon Kogin Colorado a cikin shekara ta yau da kullun,<ref name=NYTimes_20230522>{{cite news |last1=Shao |first1=Elena |title=The Colorado River Is Shrinking. See What's Using All the Water. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-water.html |work=The New York Times |date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523164140/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-water.html |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |url-status=live }} ● Shao ya nakalto {{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Brian D. |last2=Bartak |first2=Dominique |last3=Cladwell |first3=Peter |last4=Davis |first4=Kyle Frankel |last5=Debaere |first5=Peter |last6=Hoekstra |first6=Arjen Y.|last7=Li |first7=Tianshu |last8=Marston |first8=Landon |last9=McManamay |first9=Ryan |last10=Mekonnen |first10=Mesfin |last11=Ruddell |first11=Benjamin L. |last12=Rushforth |first12=Richard R. |last13=Troy |first13=Tara J. |display-authors=4 |title=Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=April 2020 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=319–328 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0483-z |bibcode=2020NatSu...3..319R |s2cid=211730442 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0483-z.epdf}}</ref> yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani kuma yana sa jihohi su cimma yarjejeniyar kiyayewa da raba albarkatu tare da gwamnatin tarayya.<ref name=NYTimesWaterDeal_20230522>{{cite news |last1=Flavelle |first1=Christopher |title=A Breakthrough Deal to Keep the Colorado River From Going Dry, for Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-deal.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524092223/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-deal.html |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yawancin ruwan kofon Kogin Colorado da mutane ke amfani da shi ana amfani da shi ne don shuka abincin dabbobi—fiye da ninki hudu na adadin da ake amfani da shi don amfanin gona don amfanin ɗan adam kai tsaye.<ref name=NYTimes_20230522/>]] Babban sanadin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon amfani dashi shine babban amfani da ruwa a aikin gona/kiwon dabba da masana'antu. Mutane a ƙasashe masu ci gaba gaba ɗaya suna amfani da ruwa kusan sau 10 a rana fiye da mutane a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="nextgrcr">{{cite web|date=8 March 2015|title=Why freshwater shortages will cause the next great global crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-water-shortages-lead-food-crises-conflicts|access-date=3 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111192031/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-water-shortages-lead-food-crises-conflicts|url-status=live}}</ref> Wani babban ɓangare na wannan shine ''amfani na fito-na-fito'' (indirect use) a cikin samar da amfanin gona mai buƙatar ruwa mai yawa da kayayyakin masana'antu na amfanin yau da kullun. Misalai sune 'ya'yan itace, amfanin gona na mai da auduga. Yawancin waɗannan sarƙoƙin samarwa na duniya ne, don haka yawancin amfani da ruwa da gurbacewa a ƙasashe masu tasowa yana faruwa ne don samar da kayayyaki don amfani a ƙasashe masu ci gaba.<ref name="NCDO">{{cite web|date=8 January 2012|title=Water, bron van ontwikkeling, macht en conflict|url=http://www.ncdo.nl/sites/default/files/Globaliseringsreeks%203%20Water.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412100919/http://www.ncdo.nl/sites/default/files/Globaliseringsreeks%203%20Water.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2019|access-date=1 January 2018|publisher=NCDO, Netherlands}}</ref> Aquifers da yawa an yi famfo musu da yawa kuma ba sa sake cika cikin sauri. Wannan baya shanye jimillar wadatar ruwa mai daɗi. Amma yana nufin cewa da yawa sun gurbace, sun yi gishiri, ba su dace ba ko kuma babu su don sha, masana'antu da aikin gona. Don guje wa matsalar ruwa ta duniya, manoma za su ƙara yawan aiki don biyan buƙatun abinci da ke ƙaruwa. A lokaci guda masana'antu da birane za su nemo hanyoyin amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Haie-2020">{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci kamar yawon buɗe ido suna ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Suna haifar da buƙatar ƙaruwa a fannin wadatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Wannan kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin matsa lamba akan albarkatun ruwa da tsarin muhalli na halitta. Kusan kashi 50% na ƙaruwar amfani da makamashi a duniya nan da shekarar 2040 zai kuma ƙara buƙatar amfani da ruwa mai inganci.<ref name="Haie-2020" /> Yana iya nufin wasu sauye-sauyen amfani da ruwa daga ban ruwa zuwa masana'antu. Wannan saboda samar da wutar lantarki ta thermal yana amfani da ruwa don samar da tururi da sanyaya.<ref name="Smith Tirpak 1989 p. 172">{{cite book | last1=Smith | first1=J.B. | last2=Tirpak | first2=D.A. | title=The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Report to Congress | publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | issue=v. 1 | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seHYG5v4GZ4C&pg=PA172 | access-date=16 May 2023 | page=172}}</ref> === Gurbacewar ruwa === Gurbacewar ruwa (ko gurbacewar ruwa na cikin ruwa) shine gurbatar jikin ruwa, yawanci sakamakon ayyukan dan adam ne, ta yadda zai yi illa ga amfaninsa. Jikin ruwa sun hada da tafkuna, koguna, teku, aquifers, wuraren dausayi da ruwan karkashin kasa. Gurbacewar ruwa na faruwa ne lokacin da aka shigar da gurbatattun abubuwa cikin muhallin halitta. Misali, sakin ruwan sha da ba a tace shi ba zuwa jikin ruwa na halitta na iya haifar da lalacewar tsarin muhalli na ruwa. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiyar jama'a ga mutanen da ke kasa. Suna iya amfani da wannan ruwan don sha ko ban ruwa. === Canjin yanayi === Canjin yanayi zai iya samun babban tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa a duniya saboda kusancin alaƙa tsakanin yanayi da tsarin ruwa (hydrological cycle). Haɓakar yanayin zafi zai ƙara ƙanƙancewa (evaporation) kuma zai haifar da ƙaruwar hazo. Koyar, za a sami bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin ruwan sama. Duka fari da ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama akai-akai kuma mafi tsanani a yankuna daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban. Za a sami ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara gaba ɗaya da ƙarin ruwan sama a cikin yanayi mai ɗumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-01 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Snowfall |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-snowfall |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankunan tuddai suma za su faru. Mafi girman yanayin zafi kuma zai shafi ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyin da masana kimiyya ba su fahimta sarai ba. Tasirin da zai iya faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar eutrophication. Canjin yanayi kuma zai iya haɓaka buƙatar tsarin ban ruwa a aikin gona. Yanzu akwai hujjoji masu yawa cewa babban sauye-sauyen hydrologic da canjin yanayi sun sami babban tasiri a fannin ruwa, kuma za su ci gaba da yin hakan. Wannan zai nuna a cikin tsarin hydrologic, wadatar ruwa, buƙatar ruwa, da rabon ruwa a matakin duniya, yanki, kofi, da na gida.<ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web|date=2009|publisher=World Bank|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi|title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions|access-date=2011-10-24|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105752/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi/|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Hukumar FAO ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa nan da shekarar 2025 mutane biliyan 1.9 za su zauna a ƙasashe ko yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa kwata-kwata. Ta ce kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya na iya kasancewa cikin yanayin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/issues/scarcity.html |website=FAO |title=Hot issues: Water scarcity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025075726/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/issues/scarcity.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ce canjin yanayi na iya canza yanayin wadatar ruwa da amfani dashi a nan gaba. Wannan zai sa matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa da rashin tsaro su yi muni, a matakin duniya da kuma a fannonin da suka dogara da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi|access-date=24 October 2011|pages=21–24 |website=World Bank |date=2009 |archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105752/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi/|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa canjin jama'a ya ninka muhimmancinsa sau huɗu fiye da canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci a cikin tasirinsa ga ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="Kummu-2010" /> ==== Ja da baya na kankara na dutse ==== Narkewar kankara tana taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa a kasashe da dama. Kankara na tsaunin Himalayas a Asiya suna ciyar da manyan koguna guda bakwai na nahiyar. Wannan yana samar da ruwa ga kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar duniya. Masu bincike sun gano cewa canjin yanayi yana haifar da ja da baya na kankara cikin sauri, wanda ke barazana ga samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci a yankin. == Zaɓuɓɓuka don haɓakawa == === Sarrafa wadatar ruwa da buƙata === Wani bincike a shekarar 2006 ya bayyana cewa "Yana da wuya a tantance ko ruwa yana da ƙaranci na zahiri a matakin duniya (matsalar wadatar ruwa) ko kuma akwai shi amma ya kamata a amfani da shi mafi kyau (matsalar buƙata)".<ref name="Rijsberman-2006b">{{Cite journal |last=Rijsberman |first=Frank R. |date=2006 |title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1–3 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kwamitin Albarkatun Duniya (International Resource Panel) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa gwamnatoci sun saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin hanyoyin magance matsalar da ba su da inganci. Waɗannan manyan ayyuka ne kamar madatsun ruwa, gudanar ruwa (canals), hanyoyin ruwa (aqueducts), bututun ruwa da wuraren adana ruwa. Gaba ɗaya ba su da dorewa ga muhalli kuma ba su da ingancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="decoupling" /> A cewar kwamitin, mafi ingancin hanyar tattalin arziki na raba amfani da ruwa da haɓakar tattalin arziki shine gwamnatoci su samar da dabarun sarrafa ruwa gaba ɗaya (holistic water management plans). Waɗannan za su yi la'akari da dukkan tsarin ruwa: tun daga tushe zuwa rarrabawa, amfani da tattalin arziki, tacewa, sake amfani da shi, da komawa ga muhalli. Gaba ɗaya, akwai isasshen ruwa a kan sikelin shekara da na duniya. Batun ya fi kasancewa canjin wadatar ruwa ne ta lokaci da yanki. Wuraren adana ruwa da bututun ruwa za su magance wannan canjin wadatar ruwa. Ababen more rayuwa da aka tsara da kyau tare da sarrafa buƙata suna da mahimmanci. Duka sarrafa wadatar ruwa da na buƙata suna da fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi. === Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe === Rashin haɗin gwiwa na iya haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa na yanki. Wannan shine lamarin musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Babban dalilin shine rikici game da wadatar ruwa, amfani da kuma sarrafa ruwa.<ref name="RepSynd-2019" /> Misali ɗaya shine takaddama tsakanin Egypt da Ethiopia akan Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wanda ya tsananta a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war |work=The Week |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718151238/https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwarta, tana tsoron cewa madatsar ruwan za ta rage yawan ruwan da take samu daga Kogin Nilu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |work=Nature |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718012114/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kiyaye ruwa === Kiyaye ruwa ya hada da duk wata manufa, dabaru da ayyuka na sarrafa ruwa mai dadi a matsayin albarka mai dorewa, don kare muhallin ruwa, da kuma biyan bukatun bil'adama na yanzu da na gaba. Yawan jama'a, girman gida, da arziki duka suna shafar adadin ruwan da ake amfani da shi. Abubuwa kamar canjin yanayi sun kara matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa na halitta musamman a aikin gona da masana'antu. === Faɗaɗa hanyoyin samun ruwa mai amfani === Hanyoyin wucin gadi na samar da ruwa mai amfani sun hada da tattara ruwan sama, sake amfani da ruwan sha da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan teku (desalination). Waɗannan hanyoyin suna taimakawa wajen ƙara wadatar ruwa a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa na halitta. ==== Tacewar ruwan sha da sake amfani dashi ==== Ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi (ko ruwan da aka dawo da shi) shi ne ruwan sha da aka tace don cire kazanta, ta yadda za a iya sake amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban. Tacewar ruwan sha wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don cire gurbatattun abubuwa daga ruwan sha kafin ya kai ga muhallin halitta ko birane. ==== Cire gishiri (Desalination) ==== Cire gishiri (Desalination) wani tsari ne da ke cire gishiri da sauran ma'adanai daga ruwa mai gishiri don sanya shi dace da amfanin ɗan adam ko ban ruwa. === Kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito === Ruwa na fito-na-fito (Virtual water) shine ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyakin aikin gona ko na masana'antu. Misali, ana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don shuka shinkafa ko samar da mota. Kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito yana nufin shigo da ko fitar da waɗannan kayayyaki tsakanin ƙasashe. Wannan yana taimakawa ƙasashe marasa ruwa su adana albarkatunsu ta hanyar shigo da kayayyaki masu buƙatar ruwa mai yawa daga ƙasashe masu ruwa. == Misalan Yankuna == === Duban yankuna gaba ɗaya === [[File:Level of water stress by major river basin, 2018–2021.svg|thumb|Matakin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa ta manyan kofunan kogi, 2018–2021.]] [[File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|Bayan mamaye Crimea da Rasha ta yi, Ukraine ta toshe hanyar ruwa ta Arewacin Crimean, wanda ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwa mai dadi na Crimea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227081645/https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Ƙungiyar Tattaunawa kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ta buga taswirar da ke nuna ƙasashe da yankunan da suka fi fuskantar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retrieved 2009-01-19|url=http://www.cgiar.org/enews/june2007/images_06_07/story12c.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708002409/http://www.cgiar.org/enews/june2007/images_06_07/story12c.gif|archive-date=2007-07-08}}</ref> Sune Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya,<ref>Jameel M. Zayed, No Peace Without Water – The Role of Hydropolitics in the Israel-Palestine Conflict http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/"no-peace-without-water"-–-the-role-of-hydropolitics-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict</ref> India, Tsakiyar Asiya, China, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Kanada da Australia. Ƙarancin ruwa kuma yana ƙaruwa a Kudancin Asiya.<ref>World Bank [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1171488994713/3455847-1227656528691/SARlifelineatrisk.pdf Climate Change Water: South Asia's Lifeline at Risk], World Bank Washington D.C</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kusan mutane biliyan hudu, ko kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mekonnen|first1=Mesfin M.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|title=Four billion people facing severe water scarcity|journal=Science Advances|year=2016|volume=2|issue=2|article-number=e1500323|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500323|pmc=4758739|pmid=26933676|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0323M}}</ref> Ƙasashe masu ci gaba na Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Rasha ba za su ga barazana mai tsanani ga wadatar ruwa ba nan da shekarar 2025 gaba ɗaya. Wannan ba kawai saboda wadatar arzikinsu bane. Yawan jama'arsu kuma zai kasance daidai da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Afirka da arewacin China za su fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ƙarancin zahiri da yawan jama'a don ruwan da ke akwai. Yawancin Kudancin Amurka, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, kudancin China da India za su fuskantar ƙarancin wadatar ruwa nan da shekarar 2025. Ga waɗannan yankuna, ƙarancin ruwa zai kasance ne saboda ƙuntatawa na tattalin arziki akan haɓaka amintaccen ruwan sha, da kuma karuwar jama'a fiye da kima. Karancin ruwa a Afirka ana kiyasta zai kai matsayi babba nan da shekarar 2025 lokacin da aka yi hasashen cewa kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya za su fuskanci karancin ruwa. Karin bukata, karuwar jama'a, canjin amfani da filaye da kuma canjin yanayi duka suna taka rawa wajen tsananta karancin ruwa a nahiyar. ==== Yammacin Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ==== Ƙarancin ruwa a Yemen babban rukunin matsala ne da ke ƙaruwa. Karuwar jama'a da canjin yanayi suna cikin sanadin. Wasu sune rashin gudanar da ruwa yadda ya kamata, sauye-sauye a cikin ruwan sama, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, rashin kyakkyawan gudanarwa, da sauran tasirin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasirin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-12|title=Running out of water: Conflict and water scarcity in Yemen and Syria|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182924/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|url-status=live}}</ref> Yemen tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Yawancin mutane a Yemen suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. A Najeriya, wasu rahotanni sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙaruwar matsanancin zafi, fari da ƙanƙancewar Tafkin Chadi yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da ƙauracewar muhalli. Wannan yana tilasta wa dubban mutane ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Chadi da ke maƙwabtaka da kuma birane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|date=21 August 2020|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202023005/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> === Asiya === Wani babban rahoto a shekarar 2019 da fiye da masu bincike 200 suka yi, ya gano cewa ƙanƙara na tsaunin Himalayas na iya rasa kashi 66 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙararsu nan da shekarar 2100.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2019|title=Himalayan glaciers melting at alarming rate, spy satellites show|work=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙanƙara sune tushen manyan kogunan Asiya – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween da Yellow River. Kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a cikin kofon malalar kogunan Himalayan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215045754/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 Big melt threatens millions, says UN]. peopleandplanet.net. 4 June 2007</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sannan kuma fari a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A India kaɗai, Kogin Ganges yana samar da ruwan sha da aikin gona ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2004|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181913/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2007|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162441/http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Navin|date=10 November 2004|title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225131425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> === Afirka === [[File:Water Crisis.jpg|thumb|190px|Gargadin matsalar ruwa ta Cape Town]][[File:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|thumb|Kiyasin shekarar 2025: Ana ranar kasashe 25 na Afirka za su fuskanci karancin ruwa ko matsanciyar karancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEO-2000 overview |url=http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO2000/pdfs/ov-e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20150609032355/http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO2000/pdfs/ov-e.pdf |archive-date=Jun 9, 2015 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=UNEP}}</ref>]] Ko da tare da wuce gona da iri na famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, China tana haɓaka ƙarancin hatsi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tabbas zai fitar da farashin hatsi sama. Yawancin mutane biliyan 3 da aka tsara za a ƙara a duniya nan da tsakiyar ƙarni za a haife su ne a ƙasashe masu fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Sai dai idan za a iya rage haɓakar jama'a cikin sauri, ana tsoron cewa ba za a iya samun mafita mai inganci ba ta hanyar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ko ta ɗan adam ga ƙarancin ruwa na duniya da ke fitowa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown, Lester R.|date=27 September 2006|title=Water Scarcity Crossing National Borders|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708080207/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-date=8 July 2009|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Earth Policy Institute|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>Brown, Lester R. (8 September 2002) [https://afchive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages]. Greatlakesdirectory.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> Yana da yuwuwa canjin yanayi a Turkiyya zai sa kofofin kogunanta na kudanci su kasance cikin ƙarancin ruwa kafin shekarar 2070, da kuma haɓakar fari a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=climatechangeinturkey.com|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022015020/http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==== Yammacin Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ==== Ƙarancin ruwa a Yemen babban rukunin matsala ne da ke ƙaruwa. Karuwar jama'a da canjin yanayi suna cikin sanadin. Wasu sune rashin gudanar da ruwa yadda ya kamata, sauye-sauye a cikin ruwan sama, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, rashin kyakkyawan gudanarwa, da sauran tasirin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasirin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-12|title=Running out of water: Conflict and water scarcity in Yemen and Syria|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203180612/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Yemen tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Yawancin mutane a Yemen suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. A Najeriya, wasu rahotanni sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙaruwar matsanancin zafi, fari da ƙanƙancewar Tafkin Chadi yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da ƙauracewar muhalli. Wannan yana tilasta wa dubban mutane ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Chadi da ke maƙwabtaka da kuma birane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|date=21 August 2020|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202023005/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Asiya === Wani babban rahoto a shekarar 2019 da fiye da masu bincike 200 suka yi, ya gano cewa ƙanƙara na tsaunin Himalayas na iya rasa kashi 66 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙararsu nan da shekarar 2100.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2019|title=Himalayan glaciers melting at alarming rate, spy satellites show|work=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙanƙara sune tushen manyan kogunan Asiya – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween da Yellow River. Kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a cikin kofon malalar kogunan Himalayan.<ref>[https://web.arkhive.org/web/20090215045754/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 Big melt threatens millions, says UN]. peopleandplanet.net. 4 June 2007</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sannan kuma fari a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A India kaɗai, Kogin Ganges yana samar da ruwan sha da aikin gona ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2004|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715170214/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2007|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172909/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Navin|date=10 November 2004|title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512181221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ko da tare da wuce gona da iri na famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, China tana haɓaka ƙarancin hatsi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tabbas zai fitar da farashin hatsi sama. Yawancin mutane biliyan 3 da aka tsara za a ƙara a duniya nan da tsakiyar ƙarni za a haife su ne a ƙasashe masu fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Sai dai idan za a iya rage haɓakar jama'a cikin sauri, ana tsoron cewa ba za a iya samun mafita mai inganci ba ta hanyar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ko ta ɗan adam ga ƙarancin ruwa na duniya da ke fitowa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown, Lester R.|date=27 September 2006|title=Water Scarcity Crossing National Borders|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708080207/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-date=8 July 2009|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Earth Policy Institute|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>Brown, Lester R. (8 September 2002) [https://afchive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages]. Greatlakesdirectory.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> Yana da yuwuwa canjin yanayi a Turkiyya zai sa kofofin kogunanta na kudanci su kasance cikin ƙarancin ruwa kafin shekarar 2070, da kuma haɓakar fari a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=climatechangeinturkey.com|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022015020/http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Amurka === [[File:Folsom Lake 58, Nov. 2015 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Folsom Lake lokacin rani a California a shekarar 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Kurtis|date=19 May 2015|title=California drought: People support water conservation, in theory|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-People-support-water-6271681.php|website=SF Gate|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20200824032931/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-People-support-water-6271681.php|url-status=live}}</ref>]] A cikin kofon Rio Grande (Rio Grande Valley), babban aikin gona na kasuwanci (agribusiness) ya sa ƙarancin ruwa ya yi muni. Ya haifar da takaddamar iko game da haƙƙin ruwa a ɓangarorin biyu na iyakar Mexico da Amurka. Masana kamar Armand Peschard-Sverdrup na Mexico sun yi jaddada cewa wannan takaddama ta haifar da buƙatar sabon tsarin sarrafa ruwa na ƙasashe daban-daban (transnational water management).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peschard-Sverdrup|first1=Armand|title=U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo|date=7 January 2003|publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies|isbn=978-0-89206-424-3|edition=1}}</ref> Wasu sun kwatanta takaddamar da yaƙi akan raguwar albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yardley|first1=Jim|date=19 April 2002|title=Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913152007/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Guido|first1=Zack|title=Drought on the Rio Grande|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/drought-rio-grande|access-date=5 April 2020|website=Climate.gov|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222232633/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/drought-rio-grande}}</ref> Gabas ta tsakiya na Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun yawancin ruwansa daga ƙanƙara a tsaunuka kamar Rocky Mountains da Sierra Nevada, shi ma yana cikin haɗari.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web|date=18 March 2008|title=Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Sciencedaily.com|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015192025/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Schoch, Deborah (2 May 2008) [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-snowpack2-2008may02,0,6563964.story Water shortage worst in decades, official says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007231102/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-snowpack2-2008may02%2C0%2C6563964.story |date=7 October 2008}}, ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> === Australia === Mafi girman ɓangare na Australia hamada ce ko filaye masu bushewa da aka sani da outback.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=21 February 2019|title='A Harbinger of Things to Come': Farmers in Australia Struggle With Its Hottest Drought Ever|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/longform/australia-drought-photos/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221638/https://time.com/longform/australia-drought-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref> An sanya iyakancewar amfani da ruwa (Water restrictions) a yankuna da birane da yawa na Australia a matasayin martani ga ƙarancin ruwa na dogon lokaci sakamakon fari. Masanin muhalli Tim Flannery ya hasashen cewa Perth a Yammacin Australia na iya zama birni na farko a duniya da zai zama kango (ghost metropolis). Wannan yana nufin zai zama birni da aka bari ba tare da ruwa don dorewar jama'arsa ba, in ji Flannery, wanda ya kasance Gwarzon Dan Kasar Australia na shekarar 2007.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ayre, Maggie |date=3 May 2007 |title=Metropolis strives to meet its thirst |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717160804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2 December 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Perth ya fuskanci lokacin sanyi na biyu mafi bushewa a tarihi<ref name="morewinterblues">{{cite news|date=31 August 2010|title=More winter blues as rainfall dries up|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/31/2998259.htm?site=perth|access-date=13 January 2011|newspaper=ABC News|archive-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512112353/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/31/2998259.htm?site=perth|last1=Waring|first1=Karen}}</ref> kuma kamfanin ruwa ya tsananta iyakancewar ruwa don lokacin bazara.<ref name="savingwater">{{cite web|date=23 September 2010|title=Saving water in spring|url=http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3656|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223014312/http://watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3656|archive-date=23 February 2011|access-date=13 January 2011|publisher=Water corporation (Western Australia)}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe sun riga sun tabbatar da cewa raba amfani da ruwa daga haɓakar tattalin arziki yana yiwuwa. Misali, a Australia, amfani da ruwa ya ragu da kashi 40% tsakanin 2001 da 2009 yayin da tattalin arziki ya ƙaru da fiye da kashi 30%.<ref name="decoupling">{{cite web|date=21 March 2016|title=Half the world to face severe water stress by 2030 unless water use is "decoupled" from economic growth, says International Resource Panel|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/half-world-face-severe-water-stress-2030-unless-water-use-decoupled|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044334/https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/half-world-face-severe-water-stress-2030-unless-water-use-decoupled|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=11 January 2018|publisher=UN Environment}}</ref> === Ta kasa === Karancin ruwa ko matsalar ruwa a takamaiman kasashe: {{World topic|Water scarcity in|title=Water scarcity by country|noredlinks=yes|state=expanded}} {{World topic|Water crisis in|title=Water crisis by country|noredlinks=yes|state=expanded}} {{Water supply and sanitation by country|state=collapsed}} == Al'umma da al'ada == === Burikan duniya === [[File:Freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, World map, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Hako ruwa mai dadi a matsayin rabo na albarkatun cikin gida a cikin 2014. An bayyana matsanciyar karancin ruwa ta rukunoni masu zuwa: <10% shine karancin matsa lamba; 10-20% shine kasa-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa-babba; 40-80% babba; >80% yana da girma sosai.<ref name="Ritchie-2018">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals."] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' (2018)</ref>]] Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6 yana da nufin samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa.<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409110606/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=28 September 2015|website=UNDP}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin Burikan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa guda 17 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a shekarar 2015. Manufa ta huɗu ta SDG 6 tana nufin ƙarancin ruwa. Tana cewa: "Zuwa shekarar 2030, a haɓaka ingancin amfani da ruwa sosai a dukkan fannoni kuma a tabbatar da hako ruwa mai dorewa da samar da ruwa mai daɗi don magance ƙarancin ruwa da kuma rage adadin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa sosai".<ref name="UN-2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Peak water]] * [[Kiyaye ruwa]] * [[Sawun ruwa]] * [[Abubuwan ruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa]] * [[Tsaron ruwa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} jjoz5o3q7vqu96ovuixb2xz0kwqe943 0 81335 892246 528557 2026-08-06T17:04:23Z Audullo 43513 892246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea''' ( Korean ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Asunaro''' ƙungiyar [['Yancin Matasa|kare hakkin matasa]] ce da ke Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ben |first=Hancock |date=2008-12-05 |title=(Yonhap Feature) Young activists risk future in breaking from 'oppressive' school system |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/Features/2008/12/05/93/0801000000AEN20081204006100320F.HTML |newspaper=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |location=Seoul |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Asunaro a cikin shekara ta 2004 wani ƙaramin dandalin sunan ''Asunaro: Dandalin Bincike don Haƙƙin Matasa'', an canza sunan zuwa ''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea'' a Fabrairun shekarar 2006. Kamar yadda Asunaro ke da niyyar gina adalci, al'ummar dimokuradiyya, babu sassan tsakiya ko wakilai. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki akan sikelin ƙasa don takamaiman buƙatu, amma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin ba sa wakiltar ma'aikatan Asunaro kuma kowa na iya aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Idan an buƙata, za a zaɓi wasu mutane kaɗan kuma su kasance masu kula da aikin. Kowane rassan gida suna daidai da sharuddan. A halin yanzu, akwai rassa na gida guda 6, <ref>Gwangju, Busan, Seoul, Suwon, Incheon, Changwon branch</ref> 4 ƙananan rassa, <ref>Gumi, Daejeon, Sungnam, Ulsan semi-branch</ref> da sauran al'ummomin yankin da dama. Sunan ''Asunaro'' ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta hasashe a cikin novel ''[[Kibō no Kuni no Exodus]]'' na Ryū Murakami . == Littafi == The Asunaro ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Meo-Pi-In'' (  ) game da yancin matasa a 2009. == Duba sauran bayanai == * Dokar Haƙƙin ɗalibai * Haɗin kai don 'Yancin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya * Yauk Woo-dang == Manazarta == [[Category:Koriya ta Kudu]] f7xfdenqd9vlumb1e94gyqbawinuk1r 892247 892246 2026-08-06T17:04:44Z Audullo 43513 892247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea''' ( Korean ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Asunaro''' ƙungiyar [['Yancin Matasa|kare hakkin matasa]] ce da ke Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ben |first=Hancock |date=2008-12-05 |title=(Yonhap Feature) Young activists risk future in breaking from 'oppressive' school system |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/Features/2008/12/05/93/0801000000AEN20081204006100320F.HTML |newspaper=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |location=Seoul |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Asunaro a cikin shekara ta 2004 wani ƙaramin dandalin sunan ''Asunaro: Dandalin Bincike don Haƙƙin Matasa'', an canza sunan zuwa ''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea'' a Fabrairun shekarar 2006. Kamar yadda Asunaro ke da niyyar gina adalci, al'ummar dimokuradiyya, babu sassan tsakiya ko wakilai. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki akan sikelin ƙasa don takamaiman buƙatu, to amma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin ba sa wakiltar ma'aikatan Asunaro kuma kowa na iya aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Idan an buƙata, za a zaɓi wasu mutane kaɗan kuma su kasance masu kula da aikin. Kowane rassan gida suna daidai da sharuddan. A halin yanzu, akwai rassa na gida guda 6, <ref>Gwangju, Busan, Seoul, Suwon, Incheon, Changwon branch</ref> 4 ƙananan rassa, <ref>Gumi, Daejeon, Sungnam, Ulsan semi-branch</ref> da sauran al'ummomin yankin da dama. Sunan ''Asunaro'' ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta hasashe a cikin novel ''[[Kibō no Kuni no Exodus]]'' na Ryū Murakami . == Littafi == The Asunaro ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Meo-Pi-In'' (  ) game da yancin matasa a 2009. == Duba sauran bayanai == * Dokar Haƙƙin ɗalibai * Haɗin kai don 'Yancin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya * Yauk Woo-dang == Manazarta == [[Category:Koriya ta Kudu]] l6cr9cishxrxib8l03qsu79rgjklb2u 892248 892247 2026-08-06T17:04:55Z Audullo 43513 892248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea''' ( Korean ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Asunaro''' ƙungiyar [['Yancin Matasa|kare hakkin matasa]] ce da ke Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ben |first=Hancock |date=2008-12-05 |title=(Yonhap Feature) Young activists risk future in breaking from 'oppressive' school system |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/Features/2008/12/05/93/0801000000AEN20081204006100320F.HTML |newspaper=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |location=Seoul |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Asunaro a cikin shekara ta 2004 wani ƙaramin dandalin sunan ''Asunaro: Dandalin Bincike don Haƙƙin Matasa'', an canza sunan zuwa ''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea'' a Fabrairun shekarar 2006. Kamar yadda Asunaro ke da niyyar gina adalci, al'ummar dimokuradiyya, babu sassan tsakiya ko wakilai. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki akan sikelin ƙasa don takamaiman buƙatu, to amma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin ba sa wakiltar ma'aikatan Asunaro kuma kowa na iya aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Idan an buƙata, za a zaɓi wasu mutane kaɗan kuma su kasance masu kula da aikin. Kowane rassan gida suna dai-dai da sharuddan. A halin yanzu, akwai rassa na gida guda 6, <ref>Gwangju, Busan, Seoul, Suwon, Incheon, Changwon branch</ref> 4 ƙananan rassa, <ref>Gumi, Daejeon, Sungnam, Ulsan semi-branch</ref> da sauran al'ummomin yankin da dama. Sunan ''Asunaro'' ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta hasashe a cikin novel ''[[Kibō no Kuni no Exodus]]'' na Ryū Murakami . == Littafi == The Asunaro ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Meo-Pi-In'' (  ) game da yancin matasa a 2009. == Duba sauran bayanai == * Dokar Haƙƙin ɗalibai * Haɗin kai don 'Yancin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya * Yauk Woo-dang == Manazarta == [[Category:Koriya ta Kudu]] m02raxdv6mbkt9ifxrno2fl6mj54b6t 892249 892248 2026-08-06T17:05:05Z Audullo 43513 892249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea''' ( Korean ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Asunaro''' ƙungiyar [['Yancin Matasa|kare hakkin matasa]] ce da ke Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ben |first=Hancock |date=2008-12-05 |title=(Yonhap Feature) Young activists risk future in breaking from 'oppressive' school system |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/Features/2008/12/05/93/0801000000AEN20081204006100320F.HTML |newspaper=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |location=Seoul |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Asunaro a cikin shekara ta 2004 wani ƙaramin dandalin sunan ''Asunaro: Dandalin Bincike don Haƙƙin Matasa'', an canza sunan zuwa ''ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea'' a Fabrairun shekarar 2006. Kamar yadda Asunaro ke da niyyar gina adalci, al'ummar dimokuradiyya, babu sassan tsakiya ko wakilai. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aiki akan sikelin ƙasa don takamaiman buƙatu, to amma mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyin ba sa wakiltar ma'aikatan Asunaro kuma kowa na iya aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Idan an buƙata, za a zaɓi wasu mutane kaɗan kuma su kasance masu kula da aikin. Kowane rassan gida suna dai-dai da sharuddan. A halin yanzu, akwai rassa na gida guda 6, <ref>Gwangju, Busan, Seoul, Suwon, Incheon, Changwon branch</ref> 4 ƙananan rassa, <ref>Gumi, Daejeon, Sungnam, Ulsan semi-branch</ref> da sauran al'ummomin yankin da dama. Sunan ''Asunaro'' ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta hasashe a cikin novel ''[[Kibō no Kuni no Exodus]]'' na Ryū Murakami . == Littafi == The Asunaro ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Meo-Pi-In'' (  ) game da yancin matasa a shekarar 2009. == Duba sauran bayanai == * Dokar Haƙƙin ɗalibai * Haɗin kai don 'Yancin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya * Yauk Woo-dang == Manazarta == [[Category:Koriya ta Kudu]] qtku0roozwdwd27alixffd2lij1kx2k 0 81337 892256 672181 2026-08-06T17:09:01Z Audullo 43513 892256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya''' ( Korean ; SLRK) ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ce LGBT ce da ba da shawarwari da aka kirkira a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1997 a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] . <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}</ref> Wakilin kungiyar na yanzu shine Kwak Yi-kyong . Tsoffin wakilan ƙungiyar sune Jeong Yol da Chang Byongkeon. An fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar LGBT na ɗalibai mai suna '''Ƙungiyar [[Hakkin dan adam a finland|Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ta LGBT na Daliban Jami'ar''' ( Korean ; a zahiri ''Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Luwadi na Daliban Jami'a'' ), <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 "about DONGINRYUN"]. ''lgbtpride.or.kr'' (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]</ref> wanda daga baya aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da cikakkun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da shawarwari na LGBT a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya (Korean ; a zahiri Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Luwadi) an sake tsara shi don zama Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Koriya ta Koriya (Korean ; A zahiri Haɗin kai Mai Aiki don Haƙƙin Ƙarƙashin Jima'i). A cikin 2013, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira lambar yabo ta Adabin Yookwoodang, wanda aka ba wa Koriya LGBT ayyukan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, gami da wakoki, almara, da kasidu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zang |first=Karly |date=2013-03-28 |title=청소년동성애자 故육우당 10주기 동인련, 김한길 발언은 "무지의 소산" |url=http://www.redian.org/archive/52531 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Redian |language=ko-KR}}</ref> An ba da kyautar ne don girmama Yun Hyon-seok, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi kuma mawaki wanda ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami "Yook Woo Dang". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabe |first=Sylvian |date=2014-09-01 |title=South Korean Group Creates a Literary Award |url=https://glreview.org/article/south-korean-group-creates-a-literary-award/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Gay & Lesbian Review |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hakkin dan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu * Hakkokin LGBT a Koriya ta Kudu * Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin matasan LGBT na Koriya ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 479txjv3kntml0zeykb3jgahpjz8gyn 892257 892256 2026-08-06T17:09:24Z Audullo 43513 892257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya''' ( Korean ; SLRK) ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ce LGBT ce da ba da shawarwari da aka kirkira a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1997 a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] . <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}</ref> Wakilin kungiyar na yanzu shine Kwak Yi-kyong . Tsoffin wakilan ƙungiyar sune Jeong Yol da Chang Byongkeon. An fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar LGBT na ɗalibai mai suna '''Ƙungiyar [[Hakkin dan adam a finland|Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ta LGBT na Daliban Jami'ar''' ( Korean ; a zahiri ''Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Luwadi na Daliban Jami'a'' ), <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 "about DONGINRYUN"]. ''lgbtpride.or.kr'' (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]</ref> wanda daga baya aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da cikakkun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da shawarwari na LGBT a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A ranar 1 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2015, Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya (Korean ; a zahiri Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Luwadi) an sake tsara shi don zama Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Koriya ta Koriya (Korean ; A zahiri Haɗin kai Mai Aiki don Haƙƙin Ƙarƙashin Jima'i). A cikin 2013, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira lambar yabo ta Adabin Yookwoodang, wanda aka ba wa Koriya LGBT ayyukan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, gami da wakoki, almara, da kasidu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zang |first=Karly |date=2013-03-28 |title=청소년동성애자 故육우당 10주기 동인련, 김한길 발언은 "무지의 소산" |url=http://www.redian.org/archive/52531 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Redian |language=ko-KR}}</ref> An ba da kyautar ne don girmama Yun Hyon-seok, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi kuma mawaki wanda ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami "Yook Woo Dang". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabe |first=Sylvian |date=2014-09-01 |title=South Korean Group Creates a Literary Award |url=https://glreview.org/article/south-korean-group-creates-a-literary-award/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Gay & Lesbian Review |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hakkin dan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu * Hakkokin LGBT a Koriya ta Kudu * Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin matasan LGBT na Koriya ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} c0yzztk95izv4r8sgnp6o44yyfa2den 892258 892257 2026-08-06T17:09:50Z Audullo 43513 892258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya''' ( Korean ; SLRK) ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ce LGBT ce da ba da shawarwari da aka kirkira a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1997 a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] . <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}</ref> Wakilin kungiyar na yanzu shine Kwak Yi-kyong . Tsoffin wakilan ƙungiyar sune Jeong Yol da Chang Byongkeon. An fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar LGBT na ɗalibai mai suna '''Ƙungiyar [[Hakkin dan adam a finland|Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ta LGBT na Daliban Jami'ar''' ( Korean ; a zahiri ''Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Luwadi na Daliban Jami'a'' ), <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 "about DONGINRYUN"]. ''lgbtpride.or.kr'' (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]</ref> wanda daga baya aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da cikakkun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da shawarwari na LGBT a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A ranar 1 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2015, Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na LGBT na Koriya (Korean ; a zahiri Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Luwadi) an sake tsara shi don zama Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Koriya ta Koriya (Korean ; A zahiri Haɗin kai Mai Aiki don Haƙƙin Ƙarƙashin Jima'i). A cikin shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira lambar yabo ta Adabin Yookwoodang, wanda aka ba wa Koriya LGBT ayyukan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, gami da wakoki, almara, da kasidu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zang |first=Karly |date=2013-03-28 |title=청소년동성애자 故육우당 10주기 동인련, 김한길 발언은 "무지의 소산" |url=http://www.redian.org/archive/52531 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Redian |language=ko-KR}}</ref> An ba da kyautar ne don girmama Yun Hyon-seok, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi kuma mawaki wanda ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami "Yook Woo Dang". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabe |first=Sylvian |date=2014-09-01 |title=South Korean Group Creates a Literary Award |url=https://glreview.org/article/south-korean-group-creates-a-literary-award/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Gay & Lesbian Review |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hakkin dan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu * Hakkokin LGBT a Koriya ta Kudu * Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin matasan LGBT na Koriya ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i4tbg0i50bgksm9bjppknqr29uu732w 892259 892258 2026-08-06T17:10:54Z Audullo 43513 892259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT na Koriya''' ( Korean ; SLRK) ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ce LGBT ce da ba da shawarwari da aka kirkira a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1997 a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] . <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}</ref> Wakilin kungiyar na yanzu shine Kwak Yi-kyong . Tsoffin wakilan ƙungiyar sune Jeong Yol da Chang Byongkeon. An fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar LGBT na ɗalibai mai suna '''Ƙungiyar [[Hakkin dan adam a finland|Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ta LGBT na Daliban Jami'ar''' ( Korean ; a zahiri ''Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Luwadi na Daliban Jami'a'' ), <ref name="ripiuaring">{{Cite web |title=about DONGINRYUN |url=http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=lgbtpride.or.kr |language=ko}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://lgbtpride.or.kr/xe/index.php?mid=sub13 "about DONGINRYUN"]. ''lgbtpride.or.kr'' (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]</ref> wanda daga baya aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da cikakkun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da shawarwari na LGBT a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A ranar 1 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2015, Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na LGBT na Koriya (Korean ; a zahiri Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Luwadi) an sake tsara shi don zama Haɗin kai don Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Koriya ta Koriya (Korean ; A zahiri Haɗin kai Mai Aiki don Haƙƙin Ƙarƙashin Jima'i). A cikin shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira lambar yabo ta Adabin Yookwoodang, wanda aka ba wa Koriya LGBT ayyukan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, gami da wakoki, almara, da kasidu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zang |first=Karly |date=2013-03-28 |title=청소년동성애자 故육우당 10주기 동인련, 김한길 발언은 "무지의 소산" |url=http://www.redian.org/archive/52531 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Redian |language=ko-KR}}</ref> An ba da kyautar ne don girmama Yun Hyon-seok, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi kuma mawaki wanda ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami "Yook Woo Dang". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabe |first=Sylvian |date=2014-09-01 |title=South Korean Group Creates a Literary Award |url=https://glreview.org/article/south-korean-group-creates-a-literary-award/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Gay & Lesbian Review |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu * Hakkokin LGBT a Koriya ta Kudu * Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin matasan LGBT na Koriya ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i614ay45wc8i0kdcro8v9qik6fzcxm6 0 81779 892543 730201 2026-08-07T09:12:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lewes FC Women 1 Leicester City Women 0 25 04 2021-150 (51138447881).jpg|thumb|Ashleigh Plumptre]] '''Ashleigh Megan Plumptre''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1998) ƙwararriyar ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Saudi Premier League da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Kungiyar mata ta Najeriya]] . Tsohuwar matasan Ingila ta kasa da kasa, Ta fara buga wasan farko a [[Najeriya]] a watan Fabrairun 2022.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=Plumptre gets first Nigeria call as Oparanozie returns |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/57861414 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ayyukan matasa === An haife ta a [[Leicester]], Plumptre ta girma kuma ta halarci makarantar firamare a Melton Mowbray . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tana da shekaru 4 lokacin da ta shiga Asfordby Amateurs . A lokacin da take da shekaru 8, ta shiga Leicester City Center of Excellence, ta shafe shekaru bakwai tare da kulob din tana wasa daga kasa da shekaru 10 zuwa kasa da shekaru 15. Ta bar Leicester don shiga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta [[Birmingham]] City a shekarar 2013 inda ta kuma sami damar horar da manyan' yan wasan WSL 1. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Plumptre ta takaitaccen shiga kungiyar FA ta uku ta Derby County ta Cibiyar Kwarewa. === Gundumar Notts === Plumptre ta shiga kungiyar WSL 1 ta Notts County a shekarar 2014. Ina da ta fara bugawa a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2014, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Caitlin Friend a cikin nasara 1-0 ga Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool vs. Notts County - 24 August 2014 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/08/24/england/wsl/liverpool-lfc/lincoln-city-lfc/1649611/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A yin haka ta zama ƙaramar yarinya ta Notts County a shekara 16 da kwanaki 108. Ta fara farawa ne a 1-1 WSL 1 draw tare da Manchester City a ranar 3 ga [[Satumba|Satumba.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notts County vs. Manchester City - 3 September 2014 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/03/england/wsl/lincoln-city-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/1649614/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Kwanaki hudu bayan haka ta bayyana a matsayin mai maye gurbin a farkon karin lokaci a lokacin da aka ci Arsenal a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin Kofin League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal vs. Notts County - 7 September 2014 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/07/england/wsl-cup/arsenal-lfc/lincoln-city-lfc/1837127/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Plumptre ta kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin mata ta FA ta 2015, ta farko da za a buga a Filin wasa na Wembley . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=Chelsea see off County to win SSE Women's FA Cup Final |url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/aug/01/chelsea-v-notts-county-fa-womens-cup-match-report |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye na farko kuma kawai ga Notts County a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2015 a cikin nasarar da ta samu a gasar cin Kofin League 5-0 a gida zuwa Yeovil Town na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=Continental Cup quarter final line-up confirmed |url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/aug/30/conti-cup-round-up-310815 |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notts County vs. Yeovil Town - 30 August 2015 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/30/england/wsl-cup/lincoln-city-lfc/yeovil-town-lfc/2017768/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Notts County kuma ta kai wasan karshe na Kofin League a shekarar 2015, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Arsenal 3-0 tare da Plumptre wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan karshe na kofin na biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal vs. Notts County - 1 November 2015 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/11/01/england/wsl-cup/arsenal-lfc/lincoln-city-lfc/2163506/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === USC Trojans === [[Fayil:Lewes FC Women 1 Leicester City Women 0 25 04 2021-506 (51139237264).jpg|thumb|Ashleigh Plumptre]] A cikin 2016, Plumptre ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Kudancin [[California]]. A matsayinta na sabon shiga ta yi wasanni 17 a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya na USC Trojans ciki har da kowane zagaye na ko. Ta buga minti 27 na wasan karshe na Kofin Kwalejin yayin da USC ta doke [[West Virginia]] 3-1 don neman gasar zakarun kasa ta biyu a tarihin shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2016 |title=USC women win second soccer title, beat WVU |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/story/_/id/18205838/usc-wins-college-cup-2nd-women-soccer-national-title |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye na farko a kwaleji a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2017, wanda ya lashe wasan a nasarar 2-1 a kan Jihar Washington.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No. 6 USC Sweeps Up Another Road Win With 2-1 Decision At WSU |url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2017/10/22/womens-soccer-no-6-usc-sweeps-up-another-road-win-with-2-1-decision-at-wsu.aspx |website=USC Athletics}}</ref> Bayan farawa biyu kawai a wasu bayyanar 17 a matsayin sophomore, ta zama mai farawa a matsayin ƙarami a cikin 2018, ta fara a cikin 19 na bayyanar 20. A cikin 2019, Plumptre ya sauya zuwa wasa na tsakiya kuma ya fara dukkan wasannin 23 na USC a lokacin kakar da ta hada da tseren postseason zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na NCAA. An san wasan kwaikwayon ta da mutum tare da ƙungiyar farko ta All-Pacific da lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Pac-12 a cikin 2019. <ref name="Trojans profile" /> Da yake ci gaba a fannin ilmin halitta na ɗan adam, nasarar Plumptre ta sami karbuwa ta Pac-12 a cikin 2017 da 2018. An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar CoSIDA Academic All-District ta 2018 da kuma tawagar United Soccer Coaches Scholar All-America ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plumptre Garners Scholar All-America Nod |url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2019/12/18/womens-soccer-plumptre-garners-scholar-all-america-nod |website=USC Athletics}}</ref> === Labarin Labarai OC === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Plumptre ya sanya hannu don yin wasa a UWS tare da LA Galaxy OC a lokacin da ba a kwalejin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=LA Galaxy OC: First Round of Signings |url=https://uwssoccer.com/la-galaxy-oc-first-round-of-signings/ |website=United Women's Soccer |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021115331/https://uwssoccer.com/la-galaxy-oc-first-round-of-signings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar ta kammala ta biyu a Kungiyar Yamma a bayan Calgary Foothills a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun kafin ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kan wannan adawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2019 |title=LA Galaxy OC win UWS Championship |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/la-galaxy-oc-women-win-uws-championship/ |website=SoccerToday |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125100642/https://www.soccertoday.com/la-galaxy-oc-women-win-uws-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Birnin Leicester === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an zabi Plumptre don barin Draft na Kwalejin NWSL na 2020 da ke fitowa daga kwaleji duk da yin hasashen a matsayin zagaye na farko ko zagaye na biyu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Chris |title=Asheligh Plumptre draft prospect profile |url=https://twitter.com/chris_awk/status/1215130541995020288 |website=Twitter}}</ref> kuma a maimakon haka ya koma Ingila, ya koma kulob din Leicester City a gasar zakarun mata ta FA. An bayar da rahoton cewa Foxes ta doke gasar FA WSL zuwa sa hannun ta. Ta fara buga wasan farko na Leicester City a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda ta yi rajistar taimakawa a kan burin Ella Rutherford a nasarar 3-1 a kan Crystal Palace . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Championship match report: Crystal Palace 1-3 Leicester City |url=https://womenscompetitions.thefa.com/en/Article/190120-Crystal-Palace-1-3-Leicester-City |website=womenscompetitions.thefa.com}}</ref> Lokacin farko na Plumptre tare da Leicester an iyakance shi zuwa wasanni uku yayin da aka rage kakar saboda annobar coronavirus. An ba Leicester lambar yabo ta shida a kan maki-a-wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement: FA Barclays WSL and Women's Championship season ended |url=https://womenscompetitions.thefa.com/en/Article/statement-FA-WSL-Womens-Championship-2019-20-season-250520 |website=womenscompetitions.thefa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=Coronavirus: WSL, Championship cancelled |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/fa-womens-super-league/story/4096125/coronavirus-fa-womens-super-league-and-championship-cancelled |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Kafin kakar 2020-21, Sarki Power ya karɓi Leicester City Women tun da a baya ya kasance kulob mai zaman kansa tare da alaƙa da Foxes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leicester City Launches LCFC Women As The Club Commits To The Women's Game |url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/1758615/leicester-city-launches-lcfc-women-as-the-club-commits-to-the-womens-game |website=www.lcfc.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta zama cikakkiyar ƙwararru a karo na farko a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leicester acquire Leicester City Women and make side fully professional |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12054495/leicester-acquire-leicester-city-women-and-make-side-fully-professional |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2021, Leicester City ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai tare da nasarar 2-0 a kan London City Lionesses, nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakaruna ta goma sha biyu a jere wanda ya samo asali ne daga nasarar 4-1 a hannun wannan adawa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2020. Sakamakon ya sami Leicester ci gaba na farko zuwa FA WSL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leicester promoted to WSL for first time |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56633466 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Duk da gagarumin aikin daukar ma'aikata na bazara don jawo hankalin basirar WSL a cikin yunkurin tawagar don gabatarwa, Plumptre ya kasance babban mutum kuma ya taka leda a duk sai wasa daya a lokacin nasarar taken da kuma dukkan wasannin gasar cin Kofin League guda hudu yayin da Leicester ta kai matakin knockout a karo na farko kafin a ci nasara a wasan kusa da karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crystal Palace Test For LCFC Women In League Cup Quarter-Finals |url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/1946555/crystal-palace-test-for-lcfc-women-in-league-cup-quarterfinals |website=www.lcfc.com}}</ref> Plumptre ta bar Leicester City bayan cikar kwangilarta a watan Yulin 2023. === Al-Ittihad === A ranar 13 ga Satumba 2023, Plumptre ya sanya hannu a kulob din Saudi Premier League Al-Ittihad . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Ashleigh Plumptre: Former England youth international signs for Saudi Arabian side Al Ittihad Ladies |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12960684/ashleigh-plumptre-former-england-youth-international-signs-for-saudi-arabian-side-al-ittihad-ladies |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == === Ingila === Plumptre ta wakilci Ingila a matakin kasa da shekara 15, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 19 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=Mo Marley names her first England Women's U19s squad of 2017 |url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2017/jan/10/england-womens-u19-squad-norway-double-header-mo-marley-squad |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref> da kasa da shekaru 23 ciki har da wasanni biyu: 2014 da 2015 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship. Mafi yawa a gaba ko kuma a kai hari a tsakiyar a matakin matasa, ta zira kwallaye sau biyu a lokacin da ta ci Moldova 9-0 a gasar cin kofin mata ta kasa da shekaru 17 ta UEFA ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=Euro report: England Women's U17s 9-0 Moldova |url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2014/oct/25/england-women-u17s-9-0-moldova-261014 |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, Plumptre mai shekaru 17 shi ne dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da aka kira zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 don Gasar La Manga ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=England Women's U23s squad named for La Manga trip |url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2016/feb/25/la-manga-squad-sweden-usa-marieanne-spacey |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref> Ta yi wasanni 30 a matakin matasa, inda ta zira kwallaye 10. <ref name="Trojans profile" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashleigh Plumptre - Leicester City profile |url=https://www.lcfc.com/players/womens/1755422/ashleigh-plumptre/profile |website=www.lcfc.com}}</ref> === Najeriya === Bayan da ta nuna sha'awar wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] a babban matakin a watan Yunin 2021, Plumptre ta karbi kiranta na farko don sansanin horo na kwana takwas da aka gudanar a [[Austriya|Austria]] a watan da ya biyo baya. Ta cancanci buga wa Najeriya wasa ta hanyar kakanta, [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] daga [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Super Falcons Player, Ashleigh Plumptre opens up on her Nigerian Heritage. |url=https://www.footynaija.com.ng/2021/07/my-grandfather-is-from-lagos-new-super.html |website=FootyNaija |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421084315/https://www.footynaija.com.ng/2021/07/my-grandfather-is-from-lagos-new-super.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC"/> Ta fara bugawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 23 ga Yulin 2021, ta fara ne a wasan sada zumunci na 1-0 a kan Slovenian 1. Kungiyar SŽNL Olimpija Ljubljana . A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta halarci sansanin horo a Najeriya. A ƙarshen watan Disamba na 2021, FIFA ta share ta a hukumance don wakiltar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=Ashleigh Plumptre: England-born star reacts after getting cleared by FIFA to play for Nigeria |url=https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/football-eng/ashleigh-plumptre-england-born-star-reacts-after-getting-cleared-by-fifa-to-play-for-nigeria/ |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103192337/https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/football-eng/ashleigh-plumptre-england-born-star-reacts-after-getting-cleared-by-fifa-to-play-for-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Ashleigh Plumptre: Ex-England youth completes Nigeria international switch |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59859239.amp |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ta fara bugawa a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2022, ta fara ne a nasarar 2-0 a kan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] a lokacin gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=BREAKING: Ashleigh Plumptre makes international debut for Nigeria |url=https://thenewsguru.com/football/breaking-ashleigh-plumptre-makes-international-debut-for-nigeria/ |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2023, an haɗa ta cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Najeriya don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan Dabbs |date=2023-06-14 |title=Nigeria Women's World Cup 2023 squad: most recent call ups |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/nigeria-women-world-cup-2023-squad-team-roster-players |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lewes FC Women 1 Leicester City Women 0 25 04 2021-469 (51139234984).jpg|thumb|Ashleigh Plumptre cikin yan wasa]] Ta fara dukkan wasannin hudu, ta taimaka wa Najeriya ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsabta uku yayin da tawagar ta kai zagaye na 16 kafin Ingila ta kawar da ita a kan hukuncin kisa bayan 0-0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England win shootout to scrape into quarter-finals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66420237 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == An haifi kakan Plumptre a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LA Galaxy profile |url=http://uws.lagalaxyoc.com/ashleigh-plumptre/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=lagalaxyoc.com |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007150341/http://uws.lagalaxyoc.com/ashleigh-plumptre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Away from Home - #USCBHM: Black History Month at USC Athletics |url=https://www.uscbhm.com/home-away-from-home |website=Exposure}}</ref> Ta girma tana goyon bayan Leicester City kuma ta halarci fareti lokacin da ƙungiyar maza ta lashe gasar Premier ta 2015-16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 USC interview |url=https://twitter.com/USC_Athletics/status/1047203166251438080 |website=USC Trojans Twitter}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an gayyaci Plumptre zuwa [[White House|Fadar White House]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cin kofin USC na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pritchard |first=Jon |date=24 December 2017 |title=Ex-Pies player invited to White House after helping her university to success |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/former-notts-county-footballer-invited-972455 |website=NottinghamshireLive |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === {{Updated|27 May 2023}}.<ref name="Soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Gundumar Notts |2014 | rowspan="2" |WSL 1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |0 |0 |5 |1 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !4 !0 !0 !0 !6 !1 !10 !1 |- | rowspan="5" |Birnin Leicester |2019–20 | rowspan="2" |Gasar cin kofin |3 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2020–21 |19 |1 |3[ƙasa-alpha 1]{{Efn|Includes appearance in [[2019–20 Women's FA Cup]] fixture that wasn't played until 2020–21 season}} |0 |4 |0 |26 |1 |- |2021–22 | rowspan="2" |WSL |20 |1 |2{{Efn|Includes appearance in [[2020–21 Women's FA Cup]] fixture that wasn't played until 2021–22 season}} |0 |3 |1 |25 |2 |- |2022–23 |20 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |24 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !62 !3 !8 !0 !10 !1 !80 !4 |- |Kungiyar Al-Ittihad |2023–24 |Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Saudiyya |11 |8 |2 |1 |0 |0 |13 |9 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken Aikin ta !77 !11 !10 !1 !16 !2 !103 !14 |} === Kasashen Duniya === : ''Kididdigar da ta dace har zuwa wasan da aka buga 7 ga Agusta 2023.'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! colspan="2" |[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |2022 |9 |0 |- |2023 |6 |0 |- !Jimillar !15 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Gundumar Notts''' * Wanda ya ci gaba da cin Kofin FA na Mata: 2015 * Wanda ya ci gaba a gasar cin kofin mata ta FA: 2015 '''USC Trojans''' * Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta NCAA Division I: 2016 '''Labarin Labarai OC''' * Gasar UWS: 2019 '''Birnin Leicester''' * Gasar Mata ta FA: 2020-212020–21 == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8uhyfouwmrglr6lnqvntept2npgjblh 0 83536 892126 891485 2026-08-06T12:53:13Z Baffa ali 47435 892126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Temilade Salami''' wacce akafi sani da '''Global Temi''', ƴar asalin kasar Nijeriya n'ce, kwararra a fannin sanin ilimin yanayi.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} An haifeta 10 gawatan Yuni. {{When}}. Ta yi aiki a Matsayin darakta ta Eco Champion hukumar da ke ba matasa kayan aiki da kudade domin gudanar da aikin yanayi. Tayi makaranta a University ta Sussex a jami'ar Lagos . Tayi makaranta a University ta Sussex . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 8ilil5hdg3kvcofcl2fygm4qvijtlwy 0 83646 892275 646672 2026-08-06T17:18:09Z Audullo 43513 892275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shirin Mata na Fim''' na Mata kyauta ne, na haɗin gwiwa, <ref name="transformationsconference-dh-cinema-projects">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Digital Humanities Cinema Projects |url=https://transformationsconference.net/dh-cinema-projects/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Transformations Conference |language=en |quote=The Women Film Pioneers Project (WFPP) is a freely accessible, collaborative online database that showcases the hundreds of women who worked behind-the-scenes in the silent film industry as directors, producers, editors, and more. Women Film Pioneers is published by Columbia University Libraries’ Center for Digital Research and Scholarship. |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518040948/https://transformationsconference.net/dh-cinema-projects/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kawai tushen bayanai na kan layi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Golomb |first=Liorah |title=Film and Media Studies: Websites |url=https://guides.ou.edu/fms/websites |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=LibGuides |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Kelly |title=Film & Media Research Guide: Start Here |url=https://libguides.kzoo.edu/c.php?g=850878 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Kalamazoo College]] |language=en}}</ref> wanda aka samar tare da tallafi daga Jami'ar Columbia. == Ci gaba == '''Shirin Mata na Fim''' ( ) an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1993, ta Jane Gaines, masanin fina-finai kuma farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Vassar, lokacin da Gaines ta shiga Shirin Nazarin Fim & Media a Jami'ar Columbia, a hukumance ta ƙaddamar a watan Oktoba 2013 <ref name="americanfilmshowcase-jane-gaines">{{Cite web |title=Jane Gaines |url=https://americanfilmshowcase.com/experts/jane-gaines-2/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[American Film Program|American Film Showcase]] |quote=© Copyright 2022 [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] (This is a program of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] with funding provided by the U.S. Government, administered by USC). |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810143048/https://americanfilmshowcase.com/experts/jane-gaines-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jesson |first=Claire |date=1 December 2019 |title=Jane M. Gaines, Pink-Slipped: What Happened to Women in the Silent Film Industries? Kristen Anderson Wagner, Comic Venus: Women and Comedy in American Silent Film. Maggie Hennefeld, Specters of Slapstick and Silent Film Comediennes |journal=Screen |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=624–628 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjz044 |quote=It has been over twenty-five years since the Women Film Pioneers Project was founded by Jane M. Gaines, whose latest book, Pink-Slipped: What Happened to Women in the Silent Film Industries?, sets out to push the ‘reset’ button on feminist film historiography.}}</ref> <ref name="columbia.edu-jane-gaines">{{Cite web |title=Jane Gaines |url=https://comparativemedia.columbia.edu/faculty/jane-gaines |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Center for Comparative Media |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |language=en}}</ref> a matsayin hanya ta kan layi kawai, wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Litattafan Jami'ar Colombia, tare da tallafi daga Jami'ar Columbia, Makarantar Fasaha, Shirin Fim . [5] [6] [5] [6]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renée |first=V |date=20 October 2013 |title=New Resource Gives an Exhaustive History of Female Filmmakers During the Birth of Film |url=https://nofilmschool.com/2013/10/new-resource-gives-exhaustive-history-female-filmmakers-birth-film |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=No Film School |language=en}}</ref><ref name="arts.uchicago.edu/event/wfpp">{{Cite web |title=Lost Visionaries of the Silent Screen: Highlights from the Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://arts.uchicago.edu/event/lost-visionaries-silent-screen-highlights-women-film-pioneers-project |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=UChicago Arts |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team and Acknowledgments |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/editorial-team-and-acknowledgments/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Project |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/about/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref><ref name="WFTHN">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2014 |title=Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://womensfilmandtelevisionhistory.wordpress.com/women-film-pioneers-project/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women's Film and Television History Network - UK/Ireland |language=en |quote=See the list of women pioneers that need a researcher. WFTHN focuses on British and Irish women working in the UK/Ireland or abroad and on overseas women working here. It is affiliated to Women & Film History International and encourages British and Irish contributions to international initiatives such as the Women Film Pioneers Database, the biennial international Women and Silent Screen conferences and the women’s television conference, Consoling Passions. WFTHN is not based in a single institution but collaborates with a range of professional and academic organizations, archival collections and websites relevant to women’s filmmaking and television production such as the Women and Silent British Cinema (WSBC) website, Screenonline, the British Film Institute, The Women’s Library, WiFT (UK) and so on.}}</ref>  == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == Bayanan mutum sun dogara da takardun farko, albarkatun dijital, bugawa na fina-finai, tarin takarda, bayanan gwamnati, sauran kayan ajiya, da abubuwan tunawa da bayanan iyali. <ref name="cineaste-early-women-filmmakers">{{Cite web |last=Cutler |first=Aaron |title=Reviewed - Early Women Filmmakers: An International Anthology |url=https://www.cineaste.com/spring2018/early-women-filmmakers |website=[[Cineaste Magazine]] |quote=A six-disc Blu-ray/DVD dual format edition. Total running time of 652 min. A Flicker Alley release.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Chelsea |title=11 Female Film Pioneers Who Paved the Road to Hollywood |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/84569/11-female-film-pioneers-who-paved-the-road-to-hollywood |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[Mic (media company)]] |publisher=2014-03-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="grunge.com/468409">{{Cite web |last=F |first=Frank |date=22 July 2021 |title=Groundbreaking Female Filmmakers Of Early Hollywood |url=https://www.grunge.com/468409/groundbreaking-female-filmmakers-of-early-hollywood/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Grunge.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rambova |date=2014-09-20 |title=Nazimova in Columbia University’s Women Film Pioneers Project |url=http://www.allanazimova.com/2014/09/profile-of-nazimova-in-columbia-universitys-women-film-pioneers-project/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[Alla Nazimova]] Society}}</ref><ref name="wfpp-alla-nazimova">{{Cite web |last=Horne |first=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Horne |date=2013 |title=Alla Nazimova |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-alla-nazimova/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |doi=10.7916/d8-ws0b-qz98}}</ref><ref name="wfpp.columbia.edu/how-to">{{Cite web |title=How to Use This Resource |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/how-to-use-this-resource/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pioneer Profiles |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneers |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref> Rubutun bayyani sun fi tsayi, ana sake dubawa, rubutun da suka wuce mutum ɗaya.<ref name="wfpp.columbia.edu/how-to"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview Essays |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/overview-essays |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == A shekara ta 2016, Kate Saccone ta zama Manajan Shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saccone |first=Kate |date=11 March 2016 |title=Reclaiming Early Film History: The Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://agnesfilms.com/female-filmmakers/reclaiming-early-film-history-the-women-film-pioneers-project/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=agnès films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kate Saccone, Author |url=https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/author/katesaccone/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Bright Wall/Dark Room |quote=Kate Saccone is a freelance writer based in NYC. For her day job, she's the Project Manager of the Women Film Pioneers Project at Columbia University.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Lost Visionaries of the Silent Screen: Highlights from the Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://arts.uchicago.edu/event/lost-visionaries-silent-screen-highlights-women-film-pioneers-project |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=UChicago Arts |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |quote=Kate Saccone is the Project Manager of the Women Film Pioneers Project (WFPP), edited by Jane Gaines (Columbia University). She holds a Master of Arts in Film Studies from Columbia University (2013) and a Bachelor of Arts in Screen Studies from Clark University (2011). In New York City, she has helped organize screenings devoted to the work of early female filmmakers at places like the Museum of Modern Art, Anthology Film Archives, and Columbia University.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=September – 2016 |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/2016/09/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project}}</ref><ref name="modernismmodernity-saccone-digital-revisions">{{Cite journal |last=Saccone |first=Kate |date=25 August 2020 |title=Digital (Re)Visions: May Watkis and the Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://modernismmodernity.org/forums/posts/saccone-digital-revisions |journal=Modernism/modernity |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="flickeralley-Bastin-kate-saccone">{{Cite web |last=Bastin |first=Sarah |title=Reclaiming Film History: An Interview with Women Film Pioneers Project Manager Kate Saccone |url=https://www.flickeralley.com/reclaiming-film-history-an-interview-with-women-film-pioneers-project-manager-kate-saccone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311075730/https://www.flickeralley.com/reclaiming-film-history-an-interview-with-women-film-pioneers-project-manager-kate-saccone/ |archive-date=11 March 2018 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Flicker Alley}}</ref> == Masu ba da gudummawa == Masu ba da gudummawa, daga cikin fiye da 200, sun haɗa da:<ref name="wfpp.columbia.edu/contributors">{{Cite web |title=Contributors |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/contributors/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=16em}} <!-- column width of 10em ; default width is 30em --> * [[Richard Abel (cultural historian)|Richard Abel]] * [[Kay Armatage]] * [[Rebecca Barry]] * [[Livia Bloom]] * [[Kelly R. Brown|Kelly Brown]] * [[Julie Buck]] <!-- * [[Corey K. Creekmur]]<ref name="wacohistory.org-216">{{cite web |last1=Wenger |first1=Regina |title=Texas Guinan |url=https://wacohistory.org/items/show/216 |website=Waco History |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> --> * Sofia Bull<ref name="southampton.ac.uk-Sofia-Bull">{{cite web |title=Sofia Bull |url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/film/about/staff/asb2u14.page |website=Film |publisher=[[University of Southampton]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wfpp-alva-lundin">{{cite web |last1=Bull |first1=Sofia |title=Alva Lundin |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/alva-lundin/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |access-date=21 April 2022 |doi=10.7916/d8-326g-2n79 |date=2014}}</ref> * [[Barbara Hall (TV producer)|Barbara Hall]] * Jane Gaines<ref name="apparatusjournal/124/276">{{cite journal |last1=Pearlman |first1=Karen |last2=Heftberger |first2=Adelheid |title=Recognising Women’s Work as Creative Work |journal=Apparatus. Film, Media and Digital Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe |date=10 August 2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.17892/app.2018.0006.124 |url=https://www.apparatusjournal.net/index.php/apparatus/article/view/124/276 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaines |first1=Jane |last2=Vatsal |first2=Radha |title=How Women Worked in the US Silent Film Industry |url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/essay/how-women-worked-in-the-us-silent-film-industry/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202449/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/essay/how-women-worked-in-the-us-silent-film-industry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Margaret Hennefeld<ref name="umn.edu-Margaret-Hennefeld">{{cite web |title=Margaret Hennefeld |url=https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/mhennefe |website=College of Liberal Arts |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Joanne Hershfield]] <!-- * [[Usha Iyer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Usha Iyer's Profile |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/usha-iyer |website=Stanford Profiles |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en |quote=Iyer's essays have appeared in Camera Obscura, South Asian Popular Culture, and edited collections such as Movies, Moves and Music: The Sonic World of Dance Films, Figurations in Indian Film, The Evolution of Song and Dance in Hindi Cinema, Industrial Networks and Cinemas of India, and are forthcoming in The Oxford Handbook of Film Theory, The Blackwell Companion to Indian Cinema, BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies, and the Women Film Pioneers Project, among others.}}</ref> --> * [[Annette Kuhn]] * [[Kendra Preston Leonard]] * [[Jill Julius Matthews]] * [[Jan Olsson (film scholar)|Jan Olsson]] * [[Karen Pearlman]] * [[Louis Pelletier]] * Kathryn Fuller-Seeley<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Kathy Fuller-Seeley publishes overview essay for Columbia University Women Film Pioneers Project |url=https://rtf.utexas.edu/news/professor-kathy-fuller-seeley-publishes-overview-essay-columbia-university-women-film-pioneers |website=Radio, Television and Film |publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fuller-Seeley |first1=Kathryn |last2=Mahar |first2=Karen Ward |title=Exhibiting Women: Gender, Showmanship, and the Professionalization of Film Exhibition in the United States, 1900–1930 |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/essay/exhibiting-women-gender-showmanship-and-the-professionalization-of-film-exhibition-in-the-united-states-1900-ndash-1930/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> * Shelley Stamp<ref>{{cite web |title=Shelley Stamp: Professor of Film + Digital Media |url=https://people.ucsc.edu/~stamp/research/Shelley_Stamp/Publications.html |website=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stamp |first1=Shelley |title=Lois Weber |url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-lois-weber/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> * [[Tom Trusky]] * [[Julia Tuñón]] * [[Deb Verhoeven]] * Xin Peng<ref>{{cite web |title=Xin Peng's essay on Yan Shanshan now available on Women Film Pioneer Project |url=https://cinema.washington.edu/news/2020/02/12/xin-pengs-essay-yan-shanshan-now-available-women-film-pioneer-project |website=Cinema & Media Studies |publisher=[[University of Washington]] |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> * [[Robert von Dassanowsky]] {{div col end}} == Karɓa mai mahimmanci == <blockquote>"Ba har sai da tarin ilimi ya zo a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ba - binciken da aka yi da kyau ta hanyar Mata Film Pioneers Project, a Columbia, ya kasance da mahimmanci - cewa rawar da mata ke takawa a asalin fim din ya sake mayar da hankali. " - Margaret Talbot </blockquote><blockquote>"The Women Film Pioneers Project a Jami'ar Columbia dole ne a yaba da shi tare da gudanarwa da tattara yawancin bincike har zuwa yau. " - Melody Bridges da Cheryl Robson <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2016 |title='Silent Women: Pioneers of Cinema' Explores Film’s Female Trailblazers |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/silent-women-pioneers-of-cinema-explores-films-female-trailblazers-25ee4c4d925b/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Women and Hollywood |quote=Book excerpt from the introduction of “Silent Women: Pioneers of Cinema” |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829173422/https://womenandhollywood.com/silent-women-pioneers-of-cinema-explores-films-female-trailblazers-25ee4c4d925b/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Silent women: pioneers of cinema |url=https://www.bdcmuseum.org.uk/explore/item/98840/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[Bill Douglas Cinema Museum]] |quote=Collection of chapters focusing on female writers, directors, producers, stars, editors and cinematographers from the silent era of film, edited by Melody Bridges and Cheryl Robson. Contents: Introduction / Melody Bridges and Cheryl Robson; 1. Girl from God's country: the history of women in film and other war stories / Karen Day; 2. Early African-American female filmmakers / Aimee Dixon Anthony; 3. The silent producer: women filmmakers who creatively controlled the silent era of cinema / Pieter Aquilia; 4. Women were writing: beyond melodrama and hot house romances / Patricia Di Risio; 5. Doing it all: women's on- and off-screen contributions to European silent film / Julie K. Allen; 6. Female legends of the silver screen / Melody Bridges; 7. Directors from the dawn of Hollywood / Francesca Stephens. Images 8. Interview with director Dorothy Arzner / Kevin Brownlow; 9. Women film editors from silent to sound / Tania Field; 10. Who was the first female cinematographer in the world? / Ellen Cheshire; 11. When the woman shoots: ladies behind the silent horror film camera / K. Charlie Oughton; 12. Critics, reformers and educators: film culture as a feminine sphere / Shelley Stamp; 13. U.S. women directors: the road ahead / Maria Giese.}}</ref><ref name="Robson-2016-Silent-Women">{{Cite book|edition=Cheryl}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>"Akwai ƙananan bincike da rubuce-rubuce game da ayyukan da suka fi ban mamaki na masu gyara mata. Ana iya faɗi haka game da yawancin takwarorinsu na maza, tunda yawancin masu gyara suna da alaƙa da masu zane-zane da ba a gani ba. Duk da haka maza sun mamaye filin a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 kuma suna ci gaba da wannan rinjaye a yau. Ƙoƙarin masana'antun masana'antu na baya-bayan nan sun dawo da hankali ga masu yin fim da yawa, musamman a yankin karatun fim ɗin mata masu shiru.<ref name="cinemontage-woman-cutting">{{Cite journal |last=McLane |first=Betsy A. |date=2 December 2016 |title=Early on, a Woman’s Place Was in the Cutting Room |url=https://cinemontage.org/early-womans-place-cutting-room/ |journal=[[CineMontage]] |publisher=[[Motion Picture Editors Guild]] |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref></blockquote> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Dang |first=Sarah-Mai |date=20 December 2020 |title=Unknowable Facts and Digital Databases: Reflections on the Women Film Pioneers Project and Women in Film History |url=http://www.digitalhumanities.org//dhq/vol/14/4/000528/000528.html |journal=Digital Humanities Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=4 |issn=1938-4122 |access-date=21 April 2022 |quote=In this article, it is made the case that due to their openness and variable use, digital databases, such as the Women Film Pioneers Project, seem to be perfectly suited to respond to this challenge. (Institute of Media Studies, [[Philipps-Universität Marburg]])}} == Duba kuma == * Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital da Kyautar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/ |website=Women Film Pioneers Project |publisher=[[Columbia University]] Libraries}} ddpddq9dswgksoekdvjtv1en1zuk2ew 0 84027 892352 553840 2026-08-06T19:56:23Z Baffa ali 47435 892352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Rubin Griffin''' (an haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Yul, shekara ta 1968) ya shaharren Dan wasan barkwancinci ne Kuma jarumi ne a harkar fim a kasar Amurka. Shine Wanda akafi sani da shahara a matsayin '''eddie sherman''' acikin fim dinsa Wanda ya shahara Mai suna ''undercover brother '' Kuma sunansa ya kasance na 61 cikin shahararru a cikin yan wasan barkwanci guda Dari a duniya <ref>Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time at IMDb "Eddie Griffin finds his material in his funky, troubled family". Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2009</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] 0bdyokb86cye1t1nnf3nw2q8x3ta7ms 892354 892352 2026-08-06T19:57:49Z Baffa ali 47435 892354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Rubin Griffin''' (an haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Yul, shekara ta 1968) ya shaharren Dan wasan barkwancinci ne Kuma jarumi ne a harkar fim a kasar Amurka. Shine Wanda akafi sani da shahara a matsayin '''eddie sherman''' acikin fim dinsa Wanda ya shahara Mai suna ''undercover brother '' Kuma sunansa ya kasance na 61 cikin shahararru a cikin yan wasan barkwanci guda Dari a duniya <ref>Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time at IMDb "Eddie Griffin finds his material in his funky, troubled family". Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2009</ref> yayi karatu a University of Rochester {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] aoncs9gpblatkjrmaaeqobbbizp7ofl 892355 892354 2026-08-06T19:58:16Z Baffa ali 47435 892355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Rubin Griffin''' (an haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Yul, shekara ta 1968) ya shaharren Dan wasan barkwancinci ne Kuma jarumi ne a harkar fim a kasar Amurka. Shine Wanda akafi sani da shahara a matsayin '''eddie sherman''' acikin fim dinsa Wanda ya shahara Mai suna ''undercover brother '' Kuma sunansa ya kasance na 61 cikin shahararru a cikin yan wasan barkwanci guda Dari a duniya <ref>Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time at IMDb "Eddie Griffin finds his material in his funky, troubled family". Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2009</ref> yayi karatu a University of Rochester . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] emoh3g7ek5h2yjck56mhrdzn38cpx29 0 86283 892156 795234 2026-08-06T16:09:00Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mataaho''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mataaoho''' <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> da '''Mataoho''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Te hihiri o Mataoho nga puia o Tamaki makaurau = The power of Mataoho volcanoes of Auckland [programme] |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_library-catalogq40-29573 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Museum]]}}</ref>) allahn Māori ne. An kuma yi la'akari da shi a matsayin allahn girgizar ƙasa da fashewa, mai kula da asirin duniya, allahn dakarun dutsen wuta, ko kuma babba, <ref name="TupunaMaunga">{{Cite web |title=Ngā Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau |url=https://maunga.nz/the-ancestral-mountains-of-auckland/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}</ref> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da yawancin fasalulluka na dutsen wuta a Yankin Tāmaki Makaurau (Yankin Auckland).<ref name="TupunaPlan">{{Cite web |last=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority |date=23 June 2016 |title=Integrated Management Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101172617/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain">{{Cite web |last=Pegman |first=David M |date=August 2007 |title=The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Manukau City Council]] |publisher=Mangere Mountain Education Centre}}</ref> A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Tāmaki Māori, Mataaho ko dai ya ƙirƙiro siffofin dutsen wuta na wuri mai faɗi, ko kuma ya nemi alloli su halicce su. Mataaho yana da muhimmancin gargajiya ga Te Kawerau ā Maki da Waiohua iwi, <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft">{{Cite web |last=[[New Zealand Government]] |last2=[[Te Ākitai Waiohua]] |date=2020 |title=Te Ākitai Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust and The Crown Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents (Initialling Version) |url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Akitai-Waiohua/deed-of-settlement-documents-part-1.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]}}</ref> kuma an dauke shi tupuna (kakannin) na Te Ākitai Waiohua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Pane-o-Mataoho |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54558 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> == Labaran Labarai == [[Fayil:Mount_Eden,_Auckland.jpg|left|thumb|Te Kapua Kai a Mataaho ("The Food Bown of Mataaho"), inda Tāmaki Māori ya gudanar da bukukuwan don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho]] [[Fayil:Rangitoto_Island_summit_3.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi da Mataaho ya kirkira daga Tsibirin Rangitoto, don Tupua Ohomatakamokamo da Matakerepo, don su iya kallon tsohon gidansu da aka rushe (Lake Pupuke) ]] Labaran Mataaho suna da alaƙa da yawancin siffofin filin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Auckland.<ref name="TupunaMaunga"/><ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/> Abubuwan sun kasance halittar Mataaho da ɗan'uwansa Rūaumoko (allahn girgizar ƙasa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta), wanda aka yi a matsayin horo ga wata kabila ta patupaiarehe, halittu masu ban mamaki da ke zaune a cikin Waitākere Ranges, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sihiri mai kisa daga ƙasa don kayar da ƙungiyar yaƙi ta patupai Pah daga Hunua Ranges.<ref name="Maoriorgnz">{{Cite web |title=Mataaho |url=http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030340/http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=maori.org.nz}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain"/> Tāmaki Māori ne suka gudanar da bukukuwan a cikin rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Eden, don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho kuma ya hana shi sakin dakarun dutsen wuta.<ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham">{{Cite web |last=[[Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei]] |last2=Truttman |first2=Lisa |date=2009 |title=Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185251/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san kogon da suna Te Ipu a Mataaho ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataaho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho"). <ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham" /> A cikin wata al'ada, rami shine inda Mataaho ke zaune tare da matarsa. Bayan matarsa ta bar shi kuma ta ɗauki dukkan tufafinsa, allahiyar wuta Mahuika ta aika da wuta zuwa ƙasa don dumi Mataaho, wanda ya kafa Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("tashin dutsen wuta na Mataaho"). <ref name="MakaurauMarae">{{Cite web |title=The History of Our Marae |url=https://makauraumarae.co.nz/about/our-history/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Makaurau Marae}}</ref><ref name="teara-story">{{Cite web |last=Taonui |first=Rāwiri |date=10 February 2015 |title=Tāmaki tribes |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain" /> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da wasu tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da halittar Rangitoto. A cikin labarin Ngāi Tai na Te Riri a Mataaho (Fushi na Mataaho), Tupua biyu (ya'yan Allah na Wuta), Ohomatakamokamo da matarsa Matakerepo, sun zauna a Te Rua Maunga, dutse da ke Lake Pupuke . <ref name="MangereMountain"/><ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology">{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Bruce W. |author-link=Bruce W. Hayward |date=December 2009 |title=Tank Farm Volcano Geology |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219023351/https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest and Bird]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi jayayya game da wasu tufafin flax da Matakerepo ta yi wa mijinta, jayayya da ta zama mai zafi sosai har wuta a waje da gidansu ta mutu. Ohomatakamokamo ya la'anta Mahuika, allahiyar wuta, don barin wannan ya faru. Mahuika ya yi fushi da ma'auratan, kuma ya nemi Mataaho ya azabtar da su. Mataaho ya lalata gidan su na dutse, kuma a madadinsa ya bar Pupuke Moana (Lake Pupuke), yayin da a lokaci guda ya kafa dutsen Rangitoto. Ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa sabon tsibirin da aka kafa, inda Mataaho ya kafa tsaunuka uku a kan dutsen, don ma'auratan su iya kallon rushewar tsohon gidansu.<ref name="MangereMountain" /> An ce lokacin da hazo ke kewaye da Rangitoto, hawaye ne na waɗannan tupua suna kuka ga tsohon gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangitoto |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520152831/http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]]}}</ref> A wasu sassan labarin, ma'auratan sun koma ƙasar, kuma Mataaho ya ci gaba da hukunta su, ya juya su zuwa dutse kuma ya kafa craters Onepoto da Te Kopua ko Matakamokamo (Tank Farm) inda suka tsaya.<ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology" /> Mataaho kuma yana da hannu a cikin labarun Rangi da Papa (duk da haka Mataaho na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin sunayen actua Io Matua Kore (Io-mataaho)). Bayan Ranginui (allahn sama) da Papatūānuku (allahn Duniya) sun rabu, wanda ya haifar musu da baƙin ciki da yaransu zuwa yaƙi. Saboda jagorancin Mataaho a lokacin wannan yaƙin, an yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a juya Papatūānuku don fuskantar Rarohenga (ƙasar ƙasa), don kada ta sake jin baƙin ciki da ganin mijinta, jerin abubuwan da za a iya kira Te Hurihanga a Mataaho ("The Turning Over of Mataaho <ref name="Skipper" />"). == Jerin wuraren da ake kira bayan Mataaho == Za'a iya kiran Filin dutsen wuta na Auckland gaba ɗaya a matsayin Ngā Maunga a Mataaho ("Dutse na Mataaho"), [1] ko Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("dutse da aka tattara na Mataah"). [2] Daga cikin wadannan, siffofi da yawa sun kuma ambaci Mataaho:<ref name="Maoriorgnz"/>.<ref name="teara-story"/> * Ngā Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") - Pūkaki Creek a Māngere, kuma babban lokaci ne ga ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a kusa da yankin Mangere: Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora, Pukaki Lagoon da Robertson Hill. <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/><ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> Sunan Māngere East Kura Kaupapa Māori (makarantar nutsewar harshe) Te Kura Māori ko Ngā Tapuwae yana nufin Ngā Tapuwaee a Mataoho . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kōrero Tuku Iho |url=https://www.ngatapuwae.school.nz/korero-tuku-iho-history |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Te Kura Māori o Ngā Tapuwae]]}}</ref> * Te Ihu a Mataoho ("The Nose of Mataoho") - yanzu an taƙaita shi zuwa Ihumātao, <ref name="Graham" /> ko kuma an yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin rairayin bakin teku a kudancin Ihumā Tao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Ihu-a-Mataoho Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54917 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> * Te Ipu a Mataoho, ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataoho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho") - rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Adnin <ref name="Graham" /> * Te Pane o Mataaho, ko Te Upoko o Mataahaho ("The Head of Mataoho") - Māngere Mountain <ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael |date=August 23, 2012 |title=Maori names restored at Auckland landmarks |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/7534270/Maori-names-restored-at-Auckland-landmarks |access-date=2017-09-28 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref name="MakaurauMarae" /> * Te Tapuwae a Mataoho ("Sagayen Mataoho") - Robertson Hill <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> * Te Tātua a Mataoho ("The War Belt of Mataoho") - tsohuwar sunan Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta / Sarakuna Uku <ref name="Graham" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mstz8izkd31965ihg6uzhu0wzt24xxa 892157 892156 2026-08-06T16:09:23Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mataaho''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mataaoho''' <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> da '''Mataoho''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Te hihiri o Mataoho nga puia o Tamaki makaurau = The power of Mataoho volcanoes of Auckland [programme] |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_library-catalogq40-29573 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Museum]]}}</ref>) allahn Māori ne. An kuma yi la'akari da shi a matsayin allahn girgizar ƙasa da fashewa, mai kula da asirin duniya, allahn dakarun dutsen wuta, ko kuma babba, <ref name="TupunaMaunga">{{Cite web |title=Ngā Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau |url=https://maunga.nz/the-ancestral-mountains-of-auckland/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}</ref> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da yawancin fasalulluka na dutsen wuta a Yankin Tāmaki Makaurau (Yankin Auckland).<ref name="TupunaPlan">{{Cite web |last=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority |date=23 June 2016 |title=Integrated Management Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101172617/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain">{{Cite web |last=Pegman |first=David M |date=August 2007 |title=The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Manukau City Council]] |publisher=Mangere Mountain Education Centre}}</ref> A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Tāmaki Māori, Mataaho ko dai ya ƙirƙiro siffofin dutsen wuta na wuri mai faɗi, ko kuma ya nemi alloli su halicce su. Mataaho yana da muhimmancin gargajiya ga Te Kawerau ā Maki da Waiohua iwi, <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft">{{Cite web |last=[[New Zealand Government]] |last2=[[Te Ākitai Waiohua]] |date=2020 |title=Te Ākitai Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust and The Crown Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents (Initialling Version) |url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Akitai-Waiohua/deed-of-settlement-documents-part-1.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]}}</ref> kuma an dauke shi tupuna (kakannin) na Te Ākitai Waiohua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Pane-o-Mataoho |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54558 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> == Labaran Labarai == [[Fayil:Mount_Eden,_Auckland.jpg|left|thumb|Te Kapua Kai a Mataaho ("The Food Bown of Mataaho"), inda Tāmaki Māori ya gudanar da bukukuwan don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho]] [[Fayil:Rangitoto_Island_summit_3.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi da Mataaho ya kirkira daga Tsibirin Rangitoto, don Tupua Ohomatakamokamo da Matakerepo, don su iya kallon tsohon gidansu da aka rushe (Lake Pupuke) ]] Labaran Mataaho suna da alaƙa da yawancin siffofin filin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Auckland.<ref name="TupunaMaunga"/><ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/> Abubuwan sun kasance halittar Mataaho da ɗan'uwansa Rūaumoko (allahn girgizar ƙasa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta), wanda aka yi a matsayin horo ga wata ƙabila ta patupaiarehe, halittu masu ban mamaki da ke zaune a cikin Waitākere Ranges, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sihiri mai kisa daga ƙasa don kayar da ƙungiyar yaƙi ta patupai Pah daga Hunua Ranges.<ref name="Maoriorgnz">{{Cite web |title=Mataaho |url=http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030340/http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=maori.org.nz}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain"/> Tāmaki Māori ne suka gudanar da bukukuwan a cikin rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Eden, don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho kuma ya hana shi sakin dakarun dutsen wuta.<ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham">{{Cite web |last=[[Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei]] |last2=Truttman |first2=Lisa |date=2009 |title=Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185251/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san kogon da suna Te Ipu a Mataaho ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataaho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho"). <ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham" /> A cikin wata al'ada, rami shine inda Mataaho ke zaune tare da matarsa. Bayan matarsa ta bar shi kuma ta ɗauki dukkan tufafinsa, allahiyar wuta Mahuika ta aika da wuta zuwa ƙasa don dumi Mataaho, wanda ya kafa Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("tashin dutsen wuta na Mataaho"). <ref name="MakaurauMarae">{{Cite web |title=The History of Our Marae |url=https://makauraumarae.co.nz/about/our-history/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Makaurau Marae}}</ref><ref name="teara-story">{{Cite web |last=Taonui |first=Rāwiri |date=10 February 2015 |title=Tāmaki tribes |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain" /> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da wasu tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da halittar Rangitoto. A cikin labarin Ngāi Tai na Te Riri a Mataaho (Fushi na Mataaho), Tupua biyu (ya'yan Allah na Wuta), Ohomatakamokamo da matarsa Matakerepo, sun zauna a Te Rua Maunga, dutse da ke Lake Pupuke . <ref name="MangereMountain"/><ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology">{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Bruce W. |author-link=Bruce W. Hayward |date=December 2009 |title=Tank Farm Volcano Geology |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219023351/https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest and Bird]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi jayayya game da wasu tufafin flax da Matakerepo ta yi wa mijinta, jayayya da ta zama mai zafi sosai har wuta a waje da gidansu ta mutu. Ohomatakamokamo ya la'anta Mahuika, allahiyar wuta, don barin wannan ya faru. Mahuika ya yi fushi da ma'auratan, kuma ya nemi Mataaho ya azabtar da su. Mataaho ya lalata gidan su na dutse, kuma a madadinsa ya bar Pupuke Moana (Lake Pupuke), yayin da a lokaci guda ya kafa dutsen Rangitoto. Ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa sabon tsibirin da aka kafa, inda Mataaho ya kafa tsaunuka uku a kan dutsen, don ma'auratan su iya kallon rushewar tsohon gidansu.<ref name="MangereMountain" /> An ce lokacin da hazo ke kewaye da Rangitoto, hawaye ne na waɗannan tupua suna kuka ga tsohon gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangitoto |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520152831/http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]]}}</ref> A wasu sassan labarin, ma'auratan sun koma ƙasar, kuma Mataaho ya ci gaba da hukunta su, ya juya su zuwa dutse kuma ya kafa craters Onepoto da Te Kopua ko Matakamokamo (Tank Farm) inda suka tsaya.<ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology" /> Mataaho kuma yana da hannu a cikin labarun Rangi da Papa (duk da haka Mataaho na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin sunayen actua Io Matua Kore (Io-mataaho)). Bayan Ranginui (allahn sama) da Papatūānuku (allahn Duniya) sun rabu, wanda ya haifar musu da baƙin ciki da yaransu zuwa yaƙi. Saboda jagorancin Mataaho a lokacin wannan yaƙin, an yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a juya Papatūānuku don fuskantar Rarohenga (ƙasar ƙasa), don kada ta sake jin baƙin ciki da ganin mijinta, jerin abubuwan da za a iya kira Te Hurihanga a Mataaho ("The Turning Over of Mataaho <ref name="Skipper" />"). == Jerin wuraren da ake kira bayan Mataaho == Za'a iya kiran Filin dutsen wuta na Auckland gaba ɗaya a matsayin Ngā Maunga a Mataaho ("Dutse na Mataaho"), [1] ko Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("dutse da aka tattara na Mataah"). [2] Daga cikin wadannan, siffofi da yawa sun kuma ambaci Mataaho:<ref name="Maoriorgnz"/>.<ref name="teara-story"/> * Ngā Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") - Pūkaki Creek a Māngere, kuma babban lokaci ne ga ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a kusa da yankin Mangere: Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora, Pukaki Lagoon da Robertson Hill. <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/><ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> Sunan Māngere East Kura Kaupapa Māori (makarantar nutsewar harshe) Te Kura Māori ko Ngā Tapuwae yana nufin Ngā Tapuwaee a Mataoho . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kōrero Tuku Iho |url=https://www.ngatapuwae.school.nz/korero-tuku-iho-history |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Te Kura Māori o Ngā Tapuwae]]}}</ref> * Te Ihu a Mataoho ("The Nose of Mataoho") - yanzu an taƙaita shi zuwa Ihumātao, <ref name="Graham" /> ko kuma an yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin rairayin bakin teku a kudancin Ihumā Tao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Ihu-a-Mataoho Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54917 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> * Te Ipu a Mataoho, ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataoho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho") - rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Adnin <ref name="Graham" /> * Te Pane o Mataaho, ko Te Upoko o Mataahaho ("The Head of Mataoho") - Māngere Mountain <ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael |date=August 23, 2012 |title=Maori names restored at Auckland landmarks |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/7534270/Maori-names-restored-at-Auckland-landmarks |access-date=2017-09-28 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref name="MakaurauMarae" /> * Te Tapuwae a Mataoho ("Sagayen Mataoho") - Robertson Hill <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> * Te Tātua a Mataoho ("The War Belt of Mataoho") - tsohuwar sunan Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta / Sarakuna Uku <ref name="Graham" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3v6yw1x3c9ggw4aiht6svw2fmlxr7vb 892158 892157 2026-08-06T16:09:55Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mataaho''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mataaoho''' <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> da '''Mataoho''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Te hihiri o Mataoho nga puia o Tamaki makaurau = The power of Mataoho volcanoes of Auckland [programme] |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_library-catalogq40-29573 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Museum]]}}</ref>) allahn Māori ne. An kuma yi la'akari da shi a matsayin allahn girgizar ƙasa da fashewa, mai kula da asirin duniya, allahn dakarun dutsen wuta, ko kuma babba, <ref name="TupunaMaunga">{{Cite web |title=Ngā Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau |url=https://maunga.nz/the-ancestral-mountains-of-auckland/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}</ref> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da yawancin fasalulluka na dutsen wuta a Yankin Tāmaki Makaurau (Yankin Auckland).<ref name="TupunaPlan">{{Cite web |last=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority |date=23 June 2016 |title=Integrated Management Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101172617/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain">{{Cite web |last=Pegman |first=David M |date=August 2007 |title=The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Manukau City Council]] |publisher=Mangere Mountain Education Centre}}</ref> A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Tāmaki Māori, Mataaho ko dai ya ƙirƙiro siffofin dutsen wuta na wuri mai faɗi, ko kuma ya nemi alloli su halicce su. Mataaho yana da muhimmancin gargajiya ga Te Kawerau ā Maki da Waiohua iwi, <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft">{{Cite web |last=[[New Zealand Government]] |last2=[[Te Ākitai Waiohua]] |date=2020 |title=Te Ākitai Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust and The Crown Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents (Initialling Version) |url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Akitai-Waiohua/deed-of-settlement-documents-part-1.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]}}</ref> kuma an dauke shi tupuna (kakannin) na Te Ākitai Waiohua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Pane-o-Mataoho |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54558 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> == Labaran Labarai == [[Fayil:Mount_Eden,_Auckland.jpg|left|thumb|Te Kapua Kai a Mataaho ("The Food Bown of Mataaho"), inda Tāmaki Māori ya gudanar da bukukuwan don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho]] [[Fayil:Rangitoto_Island_summit_3.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi da Mataaho ya kirkira daga Tsibirin Rangitoto, don Tupua Ohomatakamokamo da Matakerepo, don su iya kallon tsohon gidansu da aka rushe (Lake Pupuke) ]] Labaran Mataaho suna da alaƙa da yawancin siffofin filin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Auckland.<ref name="TupunaMaunga"/><ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/> Abubuwan sun kasance halittar Mataaho da ɗan'uwansa Rūaumoko (allahn girgizar ƙasa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta), wanda aka yi a matsayin horo ga wata ƙabila ta patupaiarehe, halittu masu ban mamaki da ke zaune a cikin Waitākere Ranges, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sihiri mai kisa daga ƙasa don kayar da ƙungiyar yaƙi ta patupai Pah daga Hunua Ranges.<ref name="Maoriorgnz">{{Cite web |title=Mataaho |url=http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030340/http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=maori.org.nz}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain"/> Tāmaki Māori ne suka gudanar da bukukuwan a cikin rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Eden, don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho kuma ya hana shi sakin dakarun dutsen wuta.<ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham">{{Cite web |last=[[Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei]] |last2=Truttman |first2=Lisa |date=2009 |title=Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185251/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san kogon da suna Te Ipu a Mataaho ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataaho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho"). <ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham" /> A cikin wata al'ada, rami shi ne inda Mataaho ke zaune tare da matarsa. Bayan matarsa ta bar shi kuma ta ɗauki dukkan tufafinsa, allahiyar wuta Mahuika ta aika da wuta zuwa ƙasa don dumi Mataaho, wanda ya kafa Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("tashin dutsen wuta na Mataaho"). <ref name="MakaurauMarae">{{Cite web |title=The History of Our Marae |url=https://makauraumarae.co.nz/about/our-history/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Makaurau Marae}}</ref><ref name="teara-story">{{Cite web |last=Taonui |first=Rāwiri |date=10 February 2015 |title=Tāmaki tribes |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain" /> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da wasu tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da halittar Rangitoto. A cikin labarin Ngāi Tai na Te Riri a Mataaho (Fushi na Mataaho), Tupua biyu (ya'yan Allah na Wuta), Ohomatakamokamo da matarsa Matakerepo, sun kuma zauna a Te Rua Maunga, dutse da ke Lake Pupuke . <ref name="MangereMountain"/><ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology">{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Bruce W. |author-link=Bruce W. Hayward |date=December 2009 |title=Tank Farm Volcano Geology |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219023351/https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest and Bird]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi jayayya game da wasu tufafin flax da Matakerepo ta yi wa mijinta, jayayya da ta zama mai zafi sosai har wuta a waje da gidansu ta mutu. Ohomatakamokamo ya la'anta Mahuika, allahiyar wuta, don barin wannan ya faru. Mahuika ya yi fushi da ma'auratan, kuma ya nemi Mataaho ya azabtar da su. Mataaho ya lalata gidan su na dutse, kuma a madadinsa ya bar Pupuke Moana (Lake Pupuke), yayin da a lokaci guda ya kafa dutsen Rangitoto. Ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa sabon tsibirin da aka kafa, inda Mataaho ya kafa tsaunuka uku a kan dutsen, don ma'auratan su iya kallon rushewar tsohon gidansu.<ref name="MangereMountain" /> An ce lokacin da hazo ke kewaye da Rangitoto, hawaye ne na waɗannan tupua suna kuka ga tsohon gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangitoto |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520152831/http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]]}}</ref> A wasu sassan labarin, ma'auratan sun koma ƙasar, kuma Mataaho ya ci gaba da hukunta su, ya juya su zuwa dutse kuma ya kafa craters Onepoto da Te Kopua ko Matakamokamo (Tank Farm) inda suka tsaya.<ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology" /> Mataaho kuma yana da hannu a cikin labarun Rangi da Papa (duk da haka Mataaho na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin sunayen actua Io Matua Kore (Io-mataaho)). Bayan Ranginui (allahn sama) da Papatūānuku (allahn Duniya) sun rabu, wanda ya haifar musu da baƙin ciki da yaransu zuwa yaƙi. Saboda jagorancin Mataaho a lokacin wannan yaƙin, an yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a juya Papatūānuku don fuskantar Rarohenga (ƙasar ƙasa), don kada ta sake jin baƙin ciki da ganin mijinta, jerin abubuwan da za a iya kira Te Hurihanga a Mataaho ("The Turning Over of Mataaho <ref name="Skipper" />"). == Jerin wuraren da ake kira bayan Mataaho == Za'a iya kiran Filin dutsen wuta na Auckland gaba ɗaya a matsayin Ngā Maunga a Mataaho ("Dutse na Mataaho"), [1] ko Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("dutse da aka tattara na Mataah"). [2] Daga cikin wadannan, siffofi da yawa sun kuma ambaci Mataaho:<ref name="Maoriorgnz"/>.<ref name="teara-story"/> * Ngā Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") - Pūkaki Creek a Māngere, kuma babban lokaci ne ga ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a kusa da yankin Mangere: Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora, Pukaki Lagoon da Robertson Hill. <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/><ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> Sunan Māngere East Kura Kaupapa Māori (makarantar nutsewar harshe) Te Kura Māori ko Ngā Tapuwae yana nufin Ngā Tapuwaee a Mataoho . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kōrero Tuku Iho |url=https://www.ngatapuwae.school.nz/korero-tuku-iho-history |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Te Kura Māori o Ngā Tapuwae]]}}</ref> * Te Ihu a Mataoho ("The Nose of Mataoho") - yanzu an taƙaita shi zuwa Ihumātao, <ref name="Graham" /> ko kuma an yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin rairayin bakin teku a kudancin Ihumā Tao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Ihu-a-Mataoho Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54917 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> * Te Ipu a Mataoho, ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataoho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho") - rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Adnin <ref name="Graham" /> * Te Pane o Mataaho, ko Te Upoko o Mataahaho ("The Head of Mataoho") - Māngere Mountain <ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael |date=August 23, 2012 |title=Maori names restored at Auckland landmarks |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/7534270/Maori-names-restored-at-Auckland-landmarks |access-date=2017-09-28 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref name="MakaurauMarae" /> * Te Tapuwae a Mataoho ("Sagayen Mataoho") - Robertson Hill <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> * Te Tātua a Mataoho ("The War Belt of Mataoho") - tsohuwar sunan Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta / Sarakuna Uku <ref name="Graham" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} thqmrm403p8m9x1pu64kdw1pw3nt1bg 892159 892158 2026-08-06T16:10:26Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mataaho''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mataaoho''' <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> da '''Mataoho''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Te hihiri o Mataoho nga puia o Tamaki makaurau = The power of Mataoho volcanoes of Auckland [programme] |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_library-catalogq40-29573 |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Museum]]}}</ref>) allahn Māori ne. An kuma yi la'akari da shi a matsayin allahn girgizar ƙasa da fashewa, mai kula da asirin duniya, allahn dakarun dutsen wuta, ko kuma babba, <ref name="TupunaMaunga">{{Cite web |title=Ngā Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau |url=https://maunga.nz/the-ancestral-mountains-of-auckland/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}</ref> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da yawancin fasalulluka na dutsen wuta a Yankin Tāmaki Makaurau (Yankin Auckland).<ref name="TupunaPlan">{{Cite web |last=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority |date=23 June 2016 |title=Integrated Management Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101172617/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain">{{Cite web |last=Pegman |first=David M |date=August 2007 |title=The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Manukau City Council]] |publisher=Mangere Mountain Education Centre}}</ref> A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Tāmaki Māori, Mataaho ko dai ya ƙirƙiro siffofin dutsen wuta na wuri mai faɗi, ko kuma ya nemi alloli su halicce su. Mataaho yana da muhimmancin gargajiya ga Te Kawerau ā Maki da Waiohua iwi, <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft">{{Cite web |last=[[New Zealand Government]] |last2=[[Te Ākitai Waiohua]] |date=2020 |title=Te Ākitai Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust and The Crown Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents (Initialling Version) |url=https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Te-Akitai-Waiohua/deed-of-settlement-documents-part-1.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]}}</ref> kuma an dauke shi tupuna (kakannin) na Te Ākitai Waiohua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Pane-o-Mataoho |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54558 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> == Labaran Labarai == [[Fayil:Mount_Eden,_Auckland.jpg|left|thumb|Te Kapua Kai a Mataaho ("The Food Bown of Mataaho"), inda Tāmaki Māori ya gudanar da bukukuwan don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho]] [[Fayil:Rangitoto_Island_summit_3.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi da Mataaho ya kirkira daga Tsibirin Rangitoto, don Tupua Ohomatakamokamo da Matakerepo, don su iya kallon tsohon gidansu da aka rushe (Lake Pupuke) ]] Labaran Mataaho suna da alaƙa da yawancin siffofin filin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Auckland.<ref name="TupunaMaunga"/><ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/> Abubuwan sun kasance halittar Mataaho da ɗan'uwansa Rūaumoko (allahn girgizar ƙasa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta), wanda aka yi a matsayin horo ga wata ƙabila ta patupaiarehe, halittu masu ban mamaki da ke zaune a cikin Waitākere Ranges, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sihiri mai kisa daga ƙasa don kayar da ƙungiyar yaƙi ta patupai Pah daga Hunua Ranges.<ref name="Maoriorgnz">{{Cite web |title=Mataaho |url=http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030340/http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=maori.org.nz}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain"/> Tāmaki Māori ne suka gudanar da bukukuwan a cikin rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Eden, don kwantar da hankalin Mataaho kuma ya hana shi sakin dakarun dutsen wuta.<ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham">{{Cite web |last=[[Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei]] |last2=Truttman |first2=Lisa |date=2009 |title=Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185251/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san kogon da suna Te Ipu a Mataaho ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataaho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho"). <ref name="AucklandCouncilBalmoralSandringham" /> A cikin wata al'ada, rami shi ne inda Mataaho ke zaune tare da matarsa. Bayan matarsa ta bar shi kuma ta ɗauki dukkan tufafinsa, allahiyar wuta Mahuika ta aika da wuta zuwa ƙasa don dumi Mataaho, wanda ya kafa Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("tashin dutsen wuta na Mataaho"). <ref name="MakaurauMarae">{{Cite web |title=The History of Our Marae |url=https://makauraumarae.co.nz/about/our-history/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Makaurau Marae}}</ref><ref name="teara-story">{{Cite web |last=Taonui |first=Rāwiri |date=10 February 2015 |title=Tāmaki tribes |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tamaki-tribes |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref><ref name="MangereMountain" /> Mataaho yana da alaƙa da wasu tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da halittar Rangitoto. A cikin labarin Ngāi Tai na Te Riri a Mataaho (Fushi na Mataaho), Tupua biyu (ya'yan Allah na Wuta), Ohomatakamokamo da matarsa Matakerepo, sun kuma zauna a Te Rua Maunga, dutse da ke Lake Pupuke . <ref name="MangereMountain"/><ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology">{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Bruce W. |author-link=Bruce W. Hayward |date=December 2009 |title=Tank Farm Volcano Geology |url=https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219023351/https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/TANK%20FARM%20VOLCANO%20GEOLOGY(2).pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest and Bird]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi jayayya game da wasu tufafin flax da Matakerepo ta yi wa mijinta, jayayya da ta zama mai zafi sosai har wuta a waje da gidansu ta mutu. Ohomatakamokamo ya la'anta Mahuika, allahiyar wuta, don barin wannan ya faru. Mahuika ya yi fushi da ma'auratan, kuma ya nemi Mataaho ya azabtar da su. Mataaho ya lalata gidan su na dutse, kuma a madadinsa ya bar Pupuke Moana (Lake Pupuke), yayin da a lokaci guda ya kafa dutsen Rangitoto. Ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa sabon tsibirin da aka kafa, inda Mataaho ya kafa tsaunuka uku a kan dutsen, don ma'auratan su iya kallon rushewar tsohon gidansu.<ref name="MangereMountain" /> An ce lokacin da hazo ke kewaye da Rangitoto, hawaye ne na waɗannan tupua suna kuka ga tsohon gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangitoto |url=http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520152831/http://www.arc.govt.nz/environment/volcanoes-of-auckland/rangitoto.cfm |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Regional Council]]}}</ref> A wasu sassan labarin, ma'auratan sun koma ƙasar, kuma Mataaho ya ci gaba da hukunta su, ya juya su zuwa dutse kuma ya kafa craters Onepoto da Te Kopua ko Matakamokamo (Tank Farm) inda suka tsaya.<ref name="Tank Farm Volcano Geology" /> Mataaho kuma yana da hannu a cikin labarun Rangi da Papa (duk da haka Mataaho na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin sunayen actua Io Matua Kore (Io-mataaho)). Bayan Ranginui (allahn sama) da Papatūānuku (allahn Duniya) sun rabu, wanda ya haifar musu da baƙin ciki da yaransu zuwa yaƙi. Saboda jagorancin Mataaho a lokacin wannan yaƙin, an yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a juya Papatūānuku don fuskantar Rarohenga (ƙasar ƙasa), don kada ta sake jin baƙin ciki da ganin mijinta, jerin abubuwan da za a kuma iya kira Te Hurihanga a Mataaho ("The Turning Over of Mataaho <ref name="Skipper" />"). == Jerin wuraren da ake kira bayan Mataaho == Za'a iya kiran Filin dutsen wuta na Auckland gaba ɗaya a matsayin Ngā Maunga a Mataaho ("Dutse na Mataaho"), [1] ko Ngā Huinga-a-Mataaho ("dutse da aka tattara na Mataah"). [2] Daga cikin wadannan, siffofi da yawa sun kuma ambaci Mataaho:<ref name="Maoriorgnz"/>.<ref name="teara-story"/> * Ngā Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") - Pūkaki Creek a Māngere, kuma babban lokaci ne ga ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a kusa da yankin Mangere: Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora, Pukaki Lagoon da Robertson Hill. <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft"/><ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> Sunan Māngere East Kura Kaupapa Māori (makarantar nutsewar harshe) Te Kura Māori ko Ngā Tapuwae yana nufin Ngā Tapuwaee a Mataoho . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kōrero Tuku Iho |url=https://www.ngatapuwae.school.nz/korero-tuku-iho-history |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Te Kura Māori o Ngā Tapuwae]]}}</ref> * Te Ihu a Mataoho ("The Nose of Mataoho") - yanzu an taƙaita shi zuwa Ihumātao, <ref name="Graham" /> ko kuma an yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin rairayin bakin teku a kudancin Ihumā Tao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Ihu-a-Mataoho Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54917 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> * Te Ipu a Mataoho, ko Te Kapua Kai o Mataoho ("The Food Bowl of Mataoho") - rami na Maungawhau / Dutsen Adnin <ref name="Graham" /> * Te Pane o Mataaho, ko Te Upoko o Mataahaho ("The Head of Mataoho") - Māngere Mountain <ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael |date=August 23, 2012 |title=Maori names restored at Auckland landmarks |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/7534270/Maori-names-restored-at-Auckland-landmarks |access-date=2017-09-28 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref name="MakaurauMarae" /> * Te Tapuwae a Mataoho ("Sagayen Mataoho") - Robertson Hill <ref name="GovtTeAkitaiDeedofSettlementDraft" /> * Te Tātua a Mataoho ("The War Belt of Mataoho") - tsohuwar sunan Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta / Sarakuna Uku <ref name="Graham" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9glz4s553haann95c3nb2c68pbpi6sa 0 86966 892128 558366 2026-08-06T12:57:39Z Baffa ali 47435 892128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Madison Thompson''' (An haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 2000) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Anfi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Erin Pierce a wasan kwaikwayo mai dogon zango na tashar Netflix mai suna Ozark.An haife ta a Atlanta da Georgia . ==Farkon rayuwa da ilimi== An haifeta a Atlanta dake Georgia kuma ta girma a can. Ta yi wasu ƴan shekaru a birnin New York na kasar Amurka. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2000]] b41wugjp25klr5lx9gltjram58b7bv2 0 87200 892311 580008 2026-08-06T18:44:16Z Baffa ali 47435 892311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samuel Arnold''' (haihuwa: A ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekara 1991). Dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa. Ya zama sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Netflix mai suna Emily a Faris. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] sc2ht7w3tv1h6f2skdu7w2ywjzfzvlw 0 87977 892307 560506 2026-08-06T18:34:38Z Baffa ali 47435 892307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tūheitia Pōtatau Te Wherowhero''' VII GCCT KStJ KCLJ (an haife shi '''Tūheitia Paki; a ranar''' 21ga watan Afrilu a shekara 1955 harzuwa ranar 30 gawatan Agusta a shekara 2024), ya yi sarauta a matsayin '''Kīngi Tūheitia''', ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Māori daga 2006 har zuwa mutuwarsa a cikin 2024 d'an Māori na gaba. , Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, kuma an sanar da ita a matsayin magajinta kuma aka nada sarauta a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2006, ranar karshe ta Tangi., Tūheitia ya kasance majiɓinci ga Te Matatini, babban bikin al'adun Māori, da kuma Kirikiriroa Marae a Hamilton. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta musamman da ma’aikatar gyaran fuska a shekarar 2017 wadda ta kai ga kafa kwamitin shari’a na iwi, da kuma cibiyoyin da fursunoni mata za su koma zaman gidan yari bayan sun haihu. Ya yi ziyarce-ziyarcen jihohi da dama kuma ya gana da wasu sarakuna, ciki har da Charles III a bikin nadin sarautar na 2023. Tūheitia ya kuma ba da shawarar ga Māori da suka tsira daga canjin yanayi bayan guguwar Gabrielle. Daga cikin ayyukansa, ya tsunduma kansa cikin harkokin siyasa, haka ma Kīngitanga a matsayin hukuma. A cikin Janairu 2024, ya gudanar da wani taron kasa na hui na Māori hadin kai don mayar da martani ga manufofin Gwamnatin Kasa ta Shida game da Māori da Yarjejeniyar Waitangi, wanda Kīngitanga suka yi imanin cewa sun koma baya kuma za su juya "shekaru goma na gwagwarmayar adalci." Tūheitia ya yi fama da rashin lafiya a tsawon rayuwarsa. A cikin 2024, sama da mako guda bayan koroneihana na sha takwas (bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa), ya mutu a asibiti sakamakon tiyatar zuciya. Diyarsa Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō ta gaje shi a ranar jana'izar sa.<ref>https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/elder-son-to-stand-in-for-ill-king-tuheitia/F3BLSYYFILIDG7S2EHTPOHOGV4/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] jm5bcemqh74d4okfo378fisap3gg9oe 0 88671 892475 614372 2026-08-07T05:40:40Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarar 2024 a kasar [[Rwanda]] ==Shuwagabani== •Shugaban kasa:Paul Kagame •Firimiya:Édouard NgirenteNgirente ==Abubuwan da suka faru== ===Watan janairu=== •16 ga watan Janairu – Sojojin Rwandan sun kashe wani sojan Kongo tare da kama wasu biyu a wani harbin kan iyaka a gundumar Rubavu.<ref>"Rwanda says it killed a Congolese soldier who crossed the border, heightening tensions". AP News. 2024-01-16. Retrieved 2024-01-16.</ref> ===Watan fabreru=== •19 ga watan Fabrairu – [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ta yi watsi da kiran da Amurka ta yi na janye sojoji da tsarin makami mai linzami daga gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, saboda barazanar da ake yi daga wani harin da ake zargin sojojin Kongo na yi a kusa da kan iyaka.<ref>Rwanda rejects US calls for withdrawal of missiles and troops from eastern Congo". AP News. 2024-02-19. Retrieved 2024-02-19</ref> ===Watan juni=== •23 ga watan Yuni – Dandazon jama'a a wani gangamin zabe da shugaban kasar [[Paul Kagame]] ya halarta a Rubavu ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutum daya tare da jikkata wasu 37.<ref>"1 killed in stampede as Rwanda's Kagame begins campaign for reelection". Africanews. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024</ref> ===Watan yuni=== •6 ga watan Yuli – Firayim Ministan kasar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] Keir Starmer ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Dokar Tsaro ta Ruwanda (Magayi da Shige da Fice) shekara ta 2024  wanda magabacinsa Rishi Sunak ya kafa, wanda a karkashinta da wasu masu neman mafaka da ke kokarin shiga Burtaniya duk an tura su zuwa Rwanda.<ref>New UK PM Starmer confirms end of Rwanda migration plan". France 24. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</ref> •8 ga watan Yuli – Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa tsakanin sojojin Rwanda 3,000 zuwa 4,000 ne ke fafatawa tare da 'yan tawayen M23 a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]].<ref>Rwandan soldiers fighting with M23 rebels in DR Congo, says UN report". France 24. 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2024-07-08</ref> •15 ga watan Yuli – 2024 Babban Zaɓen Ruwanda: Shugaba Paul Kagame ya lashe wa'adi na huɗu a kan karagar mulki<ref>Kagame wins fourth term in Rwanda with 99.15 per cent of the votes". Africanews. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024</ref> a yayin da ƙungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasar Rwandan da kawayenta ke riƙe da rinjaye a majalisar wakilai.<ref>Bahati, Moise M. (17 July 2024). "RPF-led coalition wins 62% votes in parliamentary polls". The New Times. Retrieved 17 July 2024</ref> •30 ga watan Yuli – Shugaban [[Angola]] João Lourenço ya ba da sanarwar cewa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Rwanda  sun amince da tsagaita wuta sakamakon tattaunawar da Angola ta yi.<ref>"Ceasefire reached in eastern DRC". TRT Afrika. Retrieved 2024-07-31</ref>Koyaya, tsagaita wutar ta ruguje kafin ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a cikin ci gaban 'yan tawayen M23 a DRC.<ref>"Ceasefire reached in eastern DRC". TRT Afrika. Retrieved 2024-07-31</ref> ===Watan Augusta=== 11 ga watan Agusta – An rantsar da Shugaba Kagame a karo na hudu.<ref>"Rwanda's Kagame sworn in for fourth term after 99 percent election win". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 August 2024</ref> ===Watan satumba=== •27 ga watan Satumba – 6 Oktoba – Akalla mutane 42 da mutuwar mutane 12 aka ruwaito a barkewar cutar Marburg a gundumomi shida.<ref>Rwanda will deploy Marburg vaccine under trial as death toll rises to 12". Associated Press. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024</ref> ===Watan oktumba=== •30 ga watan Oktoba – Wata kotu a Faransa ta yanke wa likita Eugène Rwamucyo hukuncin daurin shekaru 27 a gidan yari saboda hannu a kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Rwanda a lardin Butare.<ref>"Paris court gives Rwandan ex-doctor a 27-year sentence for his role in the 1994 genocide". Associated Press. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024</ref> ===Watan nuwanba=== •27 ga watan Nuwamba – Rwanda  ta mika Salman Khan zuwa Indiya, bayan da gwamnatin Indiya ta mika bukatar mikawa kasar ta Interpol. Ana zargin Salman Khan da samun alaka da Lashkar-i-Tabia, wanda gwamnatin Indiya ta ware a matsayin kungiyar 'yan ta'adda.<ref>Gahigi, Moses (27 November 2024). "Rwanda extradites Indian man accused of terror links". The East African. Retrieved 27 November 2024</ref> ===Ci gaba=== Rikicin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo-Rwanda (2022-yanzu) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Ruwanda]] 39tmqv9rkir8hwob3jx1jicg0kc7eu9 0 90454 892462 659268 2026-08-07T05:25:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892462 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta '''2024 a [[Yemen]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == ; Gwamnatin Aden (Kwamitin Shugaban kasa) {| class="wikitable" !Hoton !Matsayi !Sunan |- |[[Fayil:Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2022.jpg|171x171px]] |Shugaban Majalisar Shugaban kasa |Rashad al-Alimi |- |[[Fayil:Maeen_Abdulmalek_(cropped)_(1).jpg|213x213px]] | rowspan="2" |Firayim Minista na Yemen |Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed (2018 - 5 Fabrairu 2024) |- |[[Fayil:Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_(53018827612)_(cropped).jpg|frameless|181x181px]] |Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak (5 Fabrairu 2024 - yanzu) |} ; Gwamnatin Sanaa (Babban Majalisar Siyasa) {| class="wikitable" !Hoton !Matsayi !Sunan |- | |Shugaba na Ansar Allah |Abdul-Malik al-Houthi |- |[[Fayil:Mehdi_Al_Mashat_(cropped).png|150x150px]] |Shugaban Majalisar Siyasa ta Koli |Mahdi al-Mashat |- |[[Fayil:ابن_حبتور١.JPG|133x133px]] | rowspan="2" |Firayim Minista na Yemen |Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour |- | |Ahmed al-Rahawi |} == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Janairu === 10 ga Janairu - Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da ƙuduri na hukunta hare-haren Houthi a kan jiragen ruwa a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. === Fabrairu === * 16 ga Fabrairu: Jami'an Amurka sun tabbatar da cewa an kai hari kan yanar gizo a kan MV ''Beshad'', wani Jirgin leken asiri [[Iran|Dan Iran]] a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], don hana jirgin daga raba bayanan sirri tare da sojojin Houthi. * 22 ga Fabrairu - An ƙone jirgin ruwa mai dauke da tutar [[Palau]] da ke kan hanyar zuwa Masar bayan an harbe shi da makami mai linzami a cikin Tekun Aden, a cewar [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] Maritime Trade Operations. Babu wanda ya mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Suspected Houthi rebel missile sets cargo ship ablaze. Israel intercepts separate attack near Eilat |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-yemen-houthi-hamas-war-gaza-strip-216c0bde5f79ed857f1f5ef7f157a66b |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * 25 Fabrairu - Sojojin Amurka sun kaddamar da hare-hare kan 18 Houthi manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=US, UK strike Houthi sites in Yemen amid surge in Red Sea attacks by the rebels |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/us-uk-strike-houthi-yemen-surge-red-sea-attacks/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> === Maris === * 2 ga Maris - ** <nowiki><i id="mw4w">Rubymar</i></nowiki> da aka watsar wanda wani makami mai linzami na Houthi ya buge ya nutse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Jemen meldt dat beschoten vrachtschip Rubymar is gezonken |url=https://www.nd.nl/varia/varia/1214898/jemen-meldt-dat-beschoten-vrachtschip-rubymar-is-gezonken |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.nd.nl |language=nl}}</ref> ** Mai hallaka jirgin ruwa na Italiya <nowiki><i id="mw6w">Caio Duilio</i></nowiki> ya harbe wani jirgin sama na Houthi don kare kansa yayin da yake cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2024 |title=Italian naval ship shoots down drone in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/italian-naval-ship-shoots-down-drone-red-sea-2024-03-02/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 6 ga Maris - Jirgin ruwan [[Barbados]] mai dauke da M / V True Confidence ya kai hari da makami mai linzami na Houthi a cikin Bahar Maliya, inda ya kashe ma'aikata biyu kuma ya jikkata wasu shida. Sauran ma'aikatan sun bar jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |date=2024-03-06 |title=Crew members killed for first time in Houthi attack on commercial ship in Red Sea, US official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/06/politics/crew-members-killed-houthi-attack/index.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> * 11 Maris - An yi zargin fashewa a kusa da jirgin ruwa a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] cewa 'yan tawayen Houthi ne suka kai hari, kodayake fashewar ba ta haifar da lalacewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gambrell |first=Jon |title=Suspected attack by Yemen's Houthi rebels sees explosion near ship in Red Sea |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/suspected-attack-yemens-houthi-rebels-sees-explosion-ship-108003401 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> * 18 Maris - An yi zanga-zangar mata a Gundumar Hamdan, Sana'a wanda masu shirya kungiyar suka ce don nuna rashin amincewa da "Laifukan Isra'ila a Gaza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=A women's protest in Hamadan denouncing crimes of Zionist enemy in Gaza |url=https://www.saba.ye/en/news3313960.htm |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Saba News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> * 19 Maris - Houthis sun fashe wani gida a Radawa, inda suka kashe mambobi tara na iyali kuma suka rushe gine-gine hudu da ke kusa da su don ramawa ga mai gidan da ake zargin kafa kwanton bauna wanda ya kashe mayakan Houthi biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houthis in Yemen blow up a resident's house, killing at least 9 from the same family, residents say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/houthis-yemen-blow-residents-house-killing-9-same-108285712 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Yemen anger grows as death toll from Houthi blast climbs to 13 |url=https://arab.news/2cn66 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> * 20 Maris - An kashe mutane hudu lokacin da rokar Houthi ta kai hari gidan su yayin rikici a Radaa yayin da mazauna ke ƙoƙarin hana kungiyar lalata dukiyarsu.<ref name=":0" /> === Afrilu === * 3 ga Afrilu - Sashin Mata na Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ya fara bayarwa ga mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa don tallafawa iyalai na "[[Shahidi|shahidai]]" tare da kayayyaki daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Laburaren Belqis da Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Jagorancin Mata, gami da tufafi, jaka, kayan haɗi, turare, da [[turare]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Women's Sector of Youth Ministry implements Giving for Giving Initiative |url=https://www.saba.ye/en/news3318238.htm |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=SABA News Agency |language=en}}</ref> * 20 ga Afrilu - Wani yaro ya mutu ta hanyar fashewar wani bam na Amurka da Saudiyya a Gundumar Sirwah, Gwamnatin Marib.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Child killed by explosion of cluster bomb left over from US-Saudi aggression in Marib |url=https://www.saba.ye/en/news3322518.htm |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.saba.ye |language=en}}</ref> * 29 ga Afrilu - Sojoji shida na Majalisar Canjin Kudancin sun mutu kuma wasu 11 sun ji rauni a harin bam a kan motansu a Gundumar Mudiyah, Gwamnatin Abyan. An zargi harin ne da [[al-Qaeda]] a yankin Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=Suspected al-Qaida explosion kills 6 troops loyal to secessionist group in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/alqaida-yemen-explosion-uae-6f58ce34cd0d4cd94b4f4a6408658349 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> === Mayu === * 9 ga Mayu - Houthis sun yi ikirarin cewa suna da alhakin kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Tekun Aden da daya a [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis say they attacked ships in Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/9/yemens-houthis-say-they-attacked-ships-in-gulf-of-aden-indian-ocean}}</ref> * 27 ga Mayu - Houthis sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa uku da masu hallaka jiragen ruwa biyu na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis say they attack three ships, two US destroyers |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-they-attack-three-ships-two-us-destroyers-2024-05-27/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 28 ga Mayu - Jirgin ruwa mai dauke da tutar Marshall Islands yana ɗaukar ruwa bayan makamai masu linzami uku sun buge shi daga bakin tekun Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2024 |title=Vessel hit by missiles off Yemen's coast, say shipping sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/vessel-tilts-off-yemens-coast-after-attack-by-missiles-ambrey-says-2024-05-28/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 30 Mayu - 30 Mayu 2024 Yemen yajin aiki: An kashe mutane goma sha shida a Amurka da Birtaniya a kan yankunan da Houthi ke sarrafawa na Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Houthi rebels say at least 16 killed, 35 others wounded in joint US-British airstrikes in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-war-us-british-airstrikes-israel-hamas-12f99b7afc389a703f8dd333f2376b20 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * 31 ga Mayu - Babban Kwamitin Siyasa na Houthi ya bayyana cewa ya kaddamar da hari kan USS Dwight D Eisenhower, kodayake jami'an Amurka sun musanta wannan. === Yuni === * 1 ga Yuni - Kotun da ke karkashin ikon Houthi a Sanaa ta yanke wa mutane 44 hukuncin kisa saboda hadin gwiwa tare da hadin gwiwar Saudiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis sentence 44 to death on charges of collaboration with a Saudi-led coalition |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-death-sentence-0cda0ba1b0c007ef610637eeb82ca0fd |website=Associated Press}}</ref> * 6 Yuni - Houthis da Islamic Resistance a Iraki sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun kaddamar da hare-haren soja guda biyu a kan jiragen ruwa a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Haifa a [[Isra'ila]]. Koyaya, Isra'ila ta musanta da'awar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis say they launched two attacks against ships at Haifa port |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/6/houthis-say-they-launched-two-attacks-against-ships-at-haifa-port |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * 7 ga Yuni: ** Houthis sun tsare ma'aikatan Yemen 11 na hukumomin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da sauransu da ke aiki ga kungiyoyin agaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels detain 11 UN staffers and others in sudden crackdown, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-un-detentions-israel-hamas-war-966dce0c3d7cd96679b3c3562ee57068 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ** An ruwaito cewa Amurka da Ingila sun kai hare-haren sama guda shida a Filin jirgin saman Hodeida, Filin jirgin ruwa na Salif, da Al-Thawrah, a cewar tashar Houthi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US and UK air strikes hit Yemen, Houthi-run TV reports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/7/houthis-says-us-and-uk-airstrikes-hit-yemen |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * 10 Yuni - Bala'in jirgin ruwa na 'yan gudun hijira na Yemen: Akalla mutane 49 sun mutu kuma wasu 140 sun ba da rahoton bacewarsu bayan jirgin ruwa da ke dauke da' yan gudun hijira ya rushe daga bakin tekun Gundumar Rudum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirty-eight die after boat capsizes off Yemen - officials |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv22nqq9yv1o |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=At least 49 die and 140 are missing after migrant boat sinks off Yemen's coast, UN agency says |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-migrants-boat-183378eae47484aba7be04e1fe0b693a |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> * 12 Yuni - Houthis sun kai hari kan jirgin ruwa na Girka mai suna Tutor tare da abin hawa mara matuka, wanda ya sa jirgin ya dauki ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Houthis say they targeted Greek-owned ship damaged in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/merchant-ship-hit-by-small-vessel-red-sea-ukmto-says-2024-06-12/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 23 Yuni - Houthis sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun gudanar da aikin soja na hadin gwiwa tare da Resistance na Islama a Iraki don yin niyya ga jiragen ruwa huɗu a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Haifa, Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis claim joint raid on Israeli ships with Iraqi militia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/23/yemens-houthis-claim-joint-raid-on-israeli-ships-with-iraqi-militia |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> === Yuli === * 20 ga Yuli - hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila sun kai ga masu tsarkake mai da tashoshin wutar lantarki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hodeidah, inda suka kashe kuma suka jikkata mutane da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza live: Israel attacks Yemen's port city of Hodeidah |url=https://aje.io/kk1wz5?update=3058993}}</ref> * 21 ga Yuli - Houthis sun kai hari kan birnin Isra'ila na Eilat tare da makamai masu linzami da yawa, don mayar da martani ga hare-haren sama na ranar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Houthis target Israeli city of Eilat in wake of Yemen port attack |url=https://news.sky.com/story/houthis-target-israeli-city-of-eilat-in-wake-of-yemen-port-attack-13182600 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> * 23 ga Yuli - [[Yemenia|Yemen]]" id="mwAW4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Yemen">Gwamnatin Yemen da Houthis sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don rage tashin hankali, wanda zai hada da sassauta takunkumin banki a bangarorin biyu da kuma ba da damar mai ɗaukar tutar Yemen ta ci gaba da zirga-zirga zuwa [[Jodan|Jordan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen: Aden government and Houthis agree measures to 'de-escalate' |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-backed-government-and-houthis-agree-de-escalate-yemen |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> === Agusta === * 3 ga watan Agusta - Houthis sun mallaki ofishin kula da 'yancin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Sanaa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis seized UN rights office in Sanaa, UN official says |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-sanaa-un-crackdown-a1dc7c63b4ea61a8ab6fd97230a2739e |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> * 5 ga watan Agusta - Houthis sun yi ikirarin kai hari kan jirgin ruwa mai dauke da tutar [[Laberiya]] ''MV Groton'' a Tekun Aden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis claim first attack on container ship in two weeks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/4/yemens-houthis-claim-first-attack-on-container-ship-in-two-weeks |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * 7 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 30 sun mutu bayan kwanaki na ambaliyar ruwa a Hodeidah da Hajjah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Flooding in Yemen has left 30 people dead and hundreds displaced, official says |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-flood-cb6a0bf0fae0093f7129456e7a30ae57 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> * 16 ga watan Agusta - Wani fashewar bam na mota da Al-Qaeda ta yi ikirarin a yankin Larabawa ya kashe sojoji 16 na Kudancin Kudancin kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni 18 a Gundumar Mudiyah a Gwamnatin Abyan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide bomber kills 16 soldiers in southern Yemen, official says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/16/suicide-bomber-kills-16-soldiers-in-southern-yemen-official-says |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * 18 ga Agusta - 2024 ambaliyar ruwa ta Yemen: Fiye da mutane 100 sun mutu a cikin kusan makonni uku na ruwan sama mai tsanani da ambaliyar a duk fadin Yemen, tare da hukumar kula da yanayi ta kasa da ta ayyana gagarumin faɗakarwar yanayi don "girgiji mai tsanani" na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-18 |title=Yemenis warned of harsh weather to come as flood deaths pass 100 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2567903/middle-east |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> * 20 ga watan Agusta - An kashe mutane goma sha uku kuma an bayar da rahoton wasu 14 sun bace bayan jirgin ruwa da ke dauke da baƙi ya nutse daga bakin tekun Gundumar Dhubab, Gwamnatin Taiz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title=At least 13 killed, 14 missing after boat sinks off Yemen: UN agency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/25/at-least-13-killed-14-missing-after-boat-sinks-off-yemen-un-agency |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * 27 ga watan Agusta - Pentagon ta ba da rahoton cewa MT Sounion ya bayyana yana zubar da tan 150,000 na mai a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kuma har yanzu yana cikin wuta tun lokacin da Houthi suka kai hari a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan. Kokarin ceto tankar ya rushe ta hanyar barazanar Houthi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2024 |title=Greek-flagged oil tanker appears to be leaking oil, Pentagon says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/greek-flagged-oil-tanker-appears-be-leaking-oil-pentagon-says-2024-08-27/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 29 ga watan Agusta - ** Akalla mutane 33 ne suka mutu kuma wasu 38 sun bace bayan ambaliyar ruwa a Gundumar Milhan, Gwamnatin Al Mahwit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Floods in Yemen kill at least 33 people, damage more than 200 homes |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-flood-rockslides-2a3f8c052972ffeb5db0929321001db8 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> ** Hotunan Houthis sun fitar da hotuna da ke nuna mayakan su suna shiga da sanya fashewa a kan tankar mai ta MT Sounion mai tutar Girka, wanda ke haifar da fashewa wanda ya sanya tankar cikin haɗarin haifar da babban zubar da mai a cikin Bahar Maliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Houthi video shows the Yemeni rebels planted bombs on tanker now threatening Red Sea oil spill |url=https://apnews.com/article/red-sea-attack-sounion-yemen-houthi-rebels-israel-hamas-war-76c68f18a984d18905ce7c84e5cabe0c |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * 31 ga watan Agusta - Houthis sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun kai hari kan jirgin ruwa mai dauke da tutar Laberiya MV ''Groton'' a karo na biyu a Tekun Aden.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim to have attacked ship again in Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/two-missiles-explode-close-vessel-east-yemens-aden-says-uk-maritime-agency-2024-08-30/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> === Satumba === * 2 ga Satumba - Houthis sun kai hari kan Tankunan mai guda biyu da ke cikin Bahar Maliya tare da makamai masu linzami da drones da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2024 |title=US military says Yemen's Houthis attacked two crude oil tankers in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/british-maritime-agencies-report-attacks-off-yemens-coast-2024-09-02/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 8 ga Satumba - Wani bas ya rushe a Gundumar Al Maqatirah, inda ya kashe mutane 14 kuma ya bar wanda ya tsira daya kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-08 |title=14 killed in a car crash in war-torn Yemen, state media report |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-road-crash-civil-war-3613b87527a3130ade87ced508c215d6 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * 15 ga Satumba - Houthis sun harba makami mai linzami a cikin wani yanki a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2024 |title=Houthi missile reaches central Israel for first time, no injuries reported |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/missile-fired-yemen-set-off-sirens-central-israel-military-says-2024-09-15/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 28 ga Satumba - Houthis sun kaddamar da makami mai linzami daga [[Yemen]] zuwa Filin jirgin saman Ben Gurion a [[Isra'ila]], wanda ya haifar da siren hare-haren sama a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] da mafi yawan Isra'ila ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2024 |title=Missile fired from Yemen intercepted, Israeli military says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/missile-fired-yemen-intercepted-israeli-military-says-2024-09-28/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> * 29 ga Satumba - Jiragen yaki da yawa na Isra'ila sun kai hari kan manufofi na Houthi a Al Hudaydah da Ras Issa, gami da tashar wutar lantarki da tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Israel launches strikes on Yemeni Houthi targets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-launches-strikes-yemeni-houthi-targets-2024-09-29/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Kafofin watsa labarai da ke da alaƙa da Houthi sun yi iƙirarin cewa Houthis sun kwashe wuraren da aka yi amfani da su don adana man fetur kafin harin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Edna |date=2024-09-29 |title=Houthis emptied fuel storage facilities in Hodeidah, Ras Issa before attack: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/29/israel-attacks-lebanon-live-non-stop-bombardment-as-hezbollah-mourns-chief |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Media outlets affiliated with the Yemeni Houthis said the group emptied the fuel storage facilities in the two locations before the Israeli attack as a precaution.}}</ref> === Nuwamba === * 8 ga Nuwamba - Wani soja na Majalisar Shugaban kasa ya bude wuta a kan sojojin Saudiyya a [[Seiyun]], Gwamnatin Hadhramaut, inda ya kashe biyu kuma ya ji wa wani rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2024 |title=Soldier with Yemen's exiled government opens fire, killing 2 Saudi troops and wounding another |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-saudi-arabia-soldiers-killed-houthis-war-79eb16222c28985a98b77995b4a30149 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> * 20 Nuwamba - [[New Zealand]] ta sanya ƙungiyar Houthi a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2024 |title=New Zealand designates Houthis and entirety of Hezbollah as terror organizations |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-designates-houthis-and-entirety-of-hezbollah-as-terror-organizations/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> === Disamba === * 19 ga Disamba - Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila sun kai hare-hare da yawa a tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshin wutar lantarki kusa da Sanaa, inda suka kashe akalla mutane tara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=Israeli airstrikes hit Yemen's rebel-held capital and port city after Houthi attack targets Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-airstrikes-sanaa-israel-hamas-war-8f73755ccc47a34261cc041658403b4d |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * 19 ga Disamba - Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila sun kai hare-hare da yawa a Filin jirgin saman Sanaa, inda Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ke ciki, da sauran manufofi a duk fadin Yemen, inda suka kashe akalla mutane shida. Ghebreyesus bai ji rauni ba. * 27 ga Disamba - Jami'in siyasa na Houthi [[Mohammed al-Bukhaiti]] ya yi alkawarin "...karfafa makamancinmu na Isra'ila" har sai ya dakatar da "kisan kare dangi a Gaza". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gritten |first=David |date=2024-12-27 |title=Houthis vow to continue attacking Israel despite strikes on Yemen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx27rnjg3qvo |access-date=2025-01-04 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> == Fasaha da nishaɗi == * Jerin abubuwan da Yemen suka gabatar don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Duniya == Halitta == Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen Public Holidays 2024 |url=https://publicholidays.me/yemen/2024-dates/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Public Holidays Global}}</ref> * 8-12 Afrilu - [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] * 1 ga Mayu - Ranar Aiki * 22 ga Mayu - Ranar Haɗin Kai * 15-19 Yuni - [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]] * 7 ga Yuli - Sabuwar Shekarar Musulunci * 15 ga Satumba - [[Maulidi|Milad un-Nabi]] * 26 ga Satumba - Ranar Juyin Juya Halin * 14 ga Oktoba - Ranar 'Yanci * 30 ga Nuwamba - Ranar Independence == manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Years in Yemen}} g8sdngym5fl3l12ssvf3cwotuw10gdb 0 91182 892428 570270 2026-08-07T00:11:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Kiɗa ta Zambia''' kyauta ce ta kiɗa ta ƙasa ta [[Zambiya]] ta shekara-shekara wacce ke tsaye a matsayin abin da ya faru a cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta [[Zambiya]] wanda ke ganewa da kuma murna da nasarori masu ban mamaki a Masana'antar kiɗa ta [[Zambiya]]. Manufar ZMA, wacce ke neman ganewa da girmama babban aiki a fagen kiɗa na Zambia, tana mai da hankali kan ci gaban ra'ayoyin da ke inganta ci gaba da asali. Sakamakon haka, manufar ZMAs ita ce ƙirƙirar dandalin kyaututtuka mai daraja ga duk mawaƙan Zambiya da masu samarwa saboda suna cikin wannan masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Zambia’s Macky 2 and Mr Vezzy threaten to boycott music awards |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/zambia%E2%80%99s-macky-2-and-mr-vezzy-threaten-boycott-music-awards |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Music In Africa |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tarihi== ===Asali=== Majalisar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Zambia da masu ruwa da tsaki a masana'antar kiɗa ta Zambiya sun kirkiro kyaututtuka a cikin shekara ta 2013. An yi su ne don inganta baiwa, ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewa a masana'antar kiɗa ta Zambia. Wadannan kyaututtuka suna gudana ne daga Majalisar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Zambia tare da tallafawa daga alƙalai da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a duk faɗin masana'antar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-29 |title=Chef 187 comes out on top at Zambian Music Awards |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/chef-187-comes-out-top-zambian-music-awards |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Zambia ta shirya kyaututtuka, wanda ke alfahari da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masana'antu, alƙalai, da masu tallafawa. A matsayin masu wasan kwaikwayo, masu gabatarwa, da masu nasara, bikin bayar da kyaututtuka ya sami shahararrun mawaƙa na Zambiya, masu samarwa, da masana masana'antar kiɗa da yawa sun shiga cikin bikin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=Zambian Music Awards (ZMA) |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/zambian-music-awards-zma |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Music In Africa |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Cancanta da Ka'idoji=== Wadanda aka zaba na kyaututtuka an samo su ne daga hulɗar magoya bayan da aka nuna a cikin rediyo a duk ƙasar kuma kwamitin kyaututtukan yana bin diddigin kuri'un tare da haɗin gwiwa ga tashoshin rediyo daban-daban. Ana ƙayyade kyaututtuka ta hanyar kuri'un jama'a da magoya baya ta hanyar tashoshin da aka kafa waɗanda suka haɗa da shafukan yanar gizo, SMS, da kafofin sada zumunta. Kamfanonin binciken suna tabbatar da kyaututtuka don nuna gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-29 |title=Chef 187, Kan2 and Jay Rox among winners of Zambian Music Awards |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/chef-187-kan2-and-jay-rox-among-winners-zambian-music-awards |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> ==Manufofi== Manufofin ZMA sun haɗa da bayar da kyaututtuka don kyakkyawan aiki, tallafawa kiɗa na Zambiya a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa, karfafa tunanin kirkira, ba da sarari don sadarwar da haɗin gwiwa kuma a ƙarshe ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da ci gaba a bangaren kiɗa na Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-30 |title=Zambia : 2016 Mosi Zambia Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/30/2016-mosi-zambia-music-awards-winners/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Mawakin Shekara== Mawakin Shekara yana daya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girma daga cikin kyaututtuka da aka bayar a taron da aka ba wa mai zane (s). Mai zane wanda ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka shine Yo Maps. ==Manazarta== hx6yxqsttkexqy2nu28do06w1s8sl2r 0 91473 892467 661434 2026-08-07T05:36:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hotchand Bhawnani Gurmukh Sobhraj''', 6 Afrilu 1944) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne mai kisan kai, ɗan zamba, kuma ɓarawo wanda ya fara farautar ƴan yawon buɗe ido na Turai da ke balaguro kan hanyar hippie na Kudancin Asiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. A san shi da '''Makashin masu Bikini''' saboda suturar wanka da dama daga cikin wadanda ya kashe, sannan kuma mai '''Rarraba Kisa''' kuma '''Maciji''' saboda “Kwarewarsa irin na maciji na guje wa hukuma daga gano shi.<ref>Ngamkham, Wassayos (16 May 2021). "'Serpent' a huge TV draw". ''Bangkok Post''. Retrieved 26 December 2022</ref> Ana tsammanin cewa Sobhraj ya kashe a kalla masu yawon bude ido mutum 20 a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ciki har da 14 a Thailand.<ref>Ngamkham, Wassayos (16 May 2021). "'Serpent' a huge TV draw". ''Bangkok Post''. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</ref>An yanke masa hukunci kuma aka daure shi a Indiya daga 1976 zuwa 1997. Bayan an sake shi ya koma Faransa.<ref>'Serpent' serial killer Charles Sobhraj freed from Nepalese prison". ''the Guardian''. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</ref> Sobhraj ya tafi Nepal a shekara ta 2003, inda aka kama shi, aka yi masa shari’a, aka kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai.<ref>Sobhraj finally Convicted & Life-sentenced". ''EkendraOnLine''. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2022, Kotun Koli ta Nepal ta ba da umarnin a sake shi daga kurkuku saboda tsufa, bayan ya yi shekaru 19 a gidan yari.<ref>"Supreme Court orders release of Charles Sobhraj". ''kathmandupost.com''. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</ref><ref>Sharma, Gopal (21 December 2022). "Nepal court to release serial killer Charles 'the serpent' Sobhraj". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</ref>A ranar 23 ga Disamba, an sake shi kuma aka kore shi zuwa Faransa.<ref>AFP News Agency". ''Twitter''. Retrieved 23 December2022.</ref> An siffanta shi a matsayin "kyakkyawa, mai ban sha'awa kuma mai kama da masu gaskiya sosai", <ref>Anthony, Andrew (11 April 2014). "On the trail of the serpent... the fatal charm of Charles Sobhraj". ''GQ Magazine''. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</ref>ya yi amfani da kamanninsa da dabarunsa don ciyar da aikinsa na aikata laifi da samun matsayi na shahara; An san shi da jin daɗin rashin mutuncinsa. Sobhraj ya fito a cikin batun tarihin rayuwa guda hudu, shirin labaran gaskiya guda uku, fim din Bollywood mai suna [[Main Aur Charles|''Main Aur Charles'']], jerin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC/Netflix guda takwas ''The Serpent'' na 2021, da kuma shirin jerin fim na Netflix Indiya mai suna ''Black Warrant.'' == Kuruciya == Hotchand Bhawnani Gurmukh Sobhraj an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1944 a Saigon, a cikin ƙungiyar Indochinese, ga mahaifin Sindhi ɗan Indiya da mahaifiya 'yar Vietnam.<ref>"Bikini killer Charles Sobhraj and his complete life story! Where is he now?". Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</ref><ref>Nandini Ramnath (27 October 2015). "Charles Sobhraj hated India, but the country got to him in the end". ''Scroll.in''. Retrieved 23 January 2016.</ref>Wurin Haihuwar Sobhraj kasancewarsa yankin Faransanci ne ya sa ya cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Iyayensa ba su yi aure ba, kuma mahaifinsa ya musunta zama ubansa. Sabon mijin mahaifiyarsa, wani Laftanar a a cikin Sojojin Faransa da ke zaune a Indochina na Faransa ya ɗauke Sobhraj. An shigar da sunansa a matsayin Charles Gurmukh Sobhraj a cikin bayanan coci a 1959.A cikin sabon danginsa, yana ji cewa ba'a damu da shi ba saboda 'ya'yan da ma'auratan suka samu daga baya. Sobhraj ya ci gaba da tafiya tare danginsa a tsakanin kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Faransa. Tun yana matashi, ya fara aikata kananan laifuka; ya samu hukuncin tsare shi na farko saboda sata a shekara ta 1963, ya yi zama a kurkukun Poissy kusa da birnin Paris.Yayin da yake tsare, Sobhraj ya yi amfani da jami’an gidan yari don ba shi tagomashi na musamman, kamar ba shi damar ajiye littattafai a dakinsa. A daidai wannan lokacin, ya sadu da son kansa ga Felix d'Escogne, wani matashi mai arziki kuma mai taimako a gidan yari. Bayan da aka yi masa afuwa, Sobhraj ya zauna tare da d'Escogne kuma ya rayu yana yawo a tsakanin unguwannin Paris da kuma masu aikata laifuka. Ya fara tara dukiya ta hanyar sata da zamba. A wannan lokacin, Sobhraj ya hadu kuma ya fara dangantaka ta soyayya da Chantal Compagnon, wata matashiya 'yar Paris daga dangi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Sobhraj ya nemi auren Compagnon amma a ranar ne aka kama shi saboda yunkurin gujewa ‘yan sanda yayin da yake tuka motar sata. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni takwas a gidan yari, duk da haka Chantal ta ci gaba da goyan bayansa duk tsawon hukuncin da aka yanke masa. Ya auri Compagnon bayan a sake shi. A shekara ta 1970, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ta wurin mahaifiyarsa, domin ita ƴar asalin ƙasar Vietnam ce, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Sobhraj, tare da Compagnon mai ciki, sun bar Faransa a 1970 zuwa Asiya don tserewa kama. Bayan ya zagaya Gabashin Turai da takardun bogi, yana fashin masu yawon bude ido da suka yi abota da su a hanya, Sobhraj ya isa Bombay (Mumbai) a cikin wannan shekarar. Chantal ta haifi diya mace Usha a cikin birni. A halin da ake ciki, Sobhraj ya ci gaba da aikata laifuka, yana gudanar da aikin satar mota da safarar mutane. Ribar da Sobhraj ya samu ya kai ga bullar cacar sa. A cikin 1973, an kama Sobhraj kuma aka daure shi bayan wani yunƙurin yin fashi da makami da bai yi nasara ba a wani kantin kayan ado a The Ashok, a New Delhi. Sobhraj ya iya tserewa, tare da taimakon Compagnon, ta hanyar rashin lafiya, amma an sake kama shi jim kadan bayan haka. Sobhraj ya aro kudi don beli daga mahaifinsa, ba da jimawa ba ya gudu zuwa Kabul.A can, ma'auratan sun fara fashin masu yawon bude ido a kan hanyar hippie kuma a sake kama su. Sobhraj ya tsere kamar yadda ya yi a Indiya, yana nuna rashin lafiya kuma ya yi wa mai gadin asibitin magani. Sobhraj ya gudu zuwa [[Iran]], ya bar iyalinsa a baya. Compagnon, ko da yake har yanzu yana biyayya ga Sobhraj, ya yi fatan barin laifin da suka aikata a baya ya koma Faransa, yana mai shan alwashin ba zai sake ganinsa ba.Sobhraj ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana gudu, inda ya yi amfani da fasfo din sata har guda 10. Ya ratsa kasashe daban-daban na Gabashin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sobhraj ya kasance tare da ƙanensa, André, a [[Istanbul]]. Sobhraj da André sun zama abokan aikin aikata laifuka, suna shiga cikin ayyukan laifuka daban-daban a Turkiyya da Girka. An kama mutanen biyu a [[Athens]]. Bayan wata yaudara ta canza sheka, Sobhraj yayi nasarar tserewa amma an bar dan uwansa a baya. Hukumomin Girka sun mika André ga ‘yan sandan Turkiyya inda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 18. == Kisan Kai == A guje, Sobhraj ya ba da kuɗin rayuwarsa ta hanyar nuna ko dai ɗan kasuwa ne ko kuma dillalin ƙwayoyi don burgewa da abokantaka da masu yawon bude ido, waɗanda ya zamba. A Indiya, Sobhraj ya sadu da Marie-Andrée Leclerc daga Lévis, Quebec, mai yawon bude ido da ke neman kasada. Sobhraj ne ya mallake shi, Leclerc ya zama mabiyinsa mafi sadaukarwa, ya kau da kai ga laifuffukan da ya aikata da kuma yaudararsa da matan gida. Sobhraj ya tara mabiya ta hanyar samun amincin su; zamba na yau da kullun shine don taimaka wa abin da ya sa a gaba daga mawuyacin yanayi. A wani yanayi, ya taimaka wa wasu tsaffin ‘yan sandan Faransa biyu, Yannick da Jacques, su kwato fasfo din da Sobhraj da kansa ya sace. A cikin wani makirci, Sobhraj ya ba da mafaka ga wani Bafaranshe, Dominique Renelleau, wanda ya bayyana yana fama da ciwon daji; Sobhraj ya saka masa guba. Ya kasance tare da wani matashi dan kasar Indiya, Ajay Chowdhury, dan uwansa mai laifi wanda ya zama shugaba na biyu a Sobhraj. Sobhraj da Chowdhury sun aikata kisan gilla na farko a shekara ta 1975. Yawancin wadanda aka kashen sun shafe wani lokaci tare da ma'auratan kafin mutuwarsu, kuma a cewar masu bincike, Sobhraj da Chowdhury ne suka dauko su domin su shiga cikin laifukan da suka aikata. Sobhraj ya yi iƙirarin cewa galibin kisan nasa na bazata ne da yawan maganin temazepam da tabar heroin,amma masu bincike sun bayyana cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa sun yi barazanar fallasa Sobhraj, wanda shine dalilinsa na kisan kai. Wanda aka fara azabtarwa ita ce wata budurwa daga Seattle, Teresa Knowlton (mai suna Jennie Bollivar a cikin littafin Serpentine), wacce aka same ta a nutse a cikin wani tafkin ruwa a Tekun Tailandia, sanye da bikini na fure. Bayan watanni ne binciken da Knowlton ya yi, da kuma shaidun bincike, sun tabbatar da cewa nutsewarta, wanda aka yi imanin cewa hatsarin ninkaya ne, kisan kai ne. Wanda aka kashe na gaba shi ne wani matashin Bature Bature Bahuden Sephardic, Vitali Hakim, wanda aka tsinci gawarsa da kona a kan hanyar zuwa wurin shakatawa na Pattaya, inda Sobhraj da danginsa ke zaune. An gayyaci daliban Dutch Henk Bintanja, 29, da amaryarsa Cornelia Hemker, 25, zuwa Thailand bayan sun hadu da Sobhraj a Hong Kong.Su, kamar sauran mutane, Sobhraj ya shayar da su guba, wanda ya ba su jinya don samun biyayya. Yayin da suke murmurewa, Sobhraj ya ziyarci tsohuwar budurwar Hakimin da aka kashe a baya, Charmayne Carrou, wacce ta zo ne don bincikar bacewar saurayinta. A tsorace Sobhraj da Chowdhury suka yi da sauri Bintanja da Hemker suka fita. An gano gawarwakinsu an shake da kone a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1975. Ba da jimawa ba, an gano Carrou a nutse kuma sanye da rigar ninkaya mai kama da ta wanda aka kashe a baya Sobhraj, Teresa Knowlton. Duk da cewa kisan da aka yi wa matan biyu ba su da alaƙa da masu bincike a lokacin, amma daga baya za su sami Sobhraj a matsayin "Mai Kisan Bikini". A ranar 18 ga Disamba, ranar da aka gano gawar Bintanja da Hemker, Sobhraj da Leclerc sun shiga Nepal ta hanyar amfani da fasfo na ma'auratan da suka mutu. Sun hadu a Nepal kuma, a tsakanin 21 zuwa 22 ga Disamba, sun kashe dan kasar Canada Laurent Carrière, 26, da Connie Jo Bronzich, 'yar Amurka, 29. Sobhraj da Leclerc sun koma Thailand, suna amfani da fasfo na baya-bayan nan kafin a iya gano gawarwakinsu. Bayan dawowarsa Thailand, Sobhraj ya gano cewa abokansa Faransa guda uku sun fara zarginsa da laifin kisan kai, bayan da suka samu takardun wadanda aka kashe. Sahabbai na Sobhraj sun gudu zuwa birnin Paris bayan sun sanar da hukumomin yankin. Wuri na gaba na Sobhraj shine ko dai Varanasi ko Calcutta, inda ya kashe masanin Isra'ila Avoni Jacob don samun fasfo na Yakubu. Sobhraj yayi amfani da fasfo din don tafiya tare da Leclerc da Chowdhury; na farko zuwa Singapore, sannan zuwa Indiya, kuma, a cikin Maris 1976, ya koma Bangkok, duk da sanin cewa hukumomin da ke can sun neme shi. 'Yan sandan Thailand sun yi wa dangin su tambayoyi game da kisan gilla amma aka sake su. A halin yanzu, jami'in diflomasiyyar Holland Herman Knippenberg da matarsa ​​a lokacin Angela Kane suna gudanar da bincike kan kisan Bintanja da Hemker.Knippenberg yana da wasu ilimin, kuma yana yiwuwa ma ya sadu da, Sobhraj, kodayake ba a san ainihin ainihin ainihin ma'aikacin diflomasiyyar ba, wanda ya ci gaba da tattara shaidu. Tare da taimakon Nadine da Remi Gires (maƙwabtan Sobhraj), Knippenberg ya gina ƙara a kansa. Daga karshe dai an ba shi izinin ‘yan sanda ya binciki gidan Sobhraj tsawon wata daya bayan wanda ake zargin ya bar kasar. Knippenberg ya sami shaida, ciki har da takardun da abin ya shafa da fasfo, da guba da sirinji. Tashar ta gaba ta masu aikata laifuka uku ita ce Malaysia, inda aka aika Chowdhury ya saci duwatsu masu daraja. An hango Chowdhury yana kaiwa Sobhraj duwatsun. Wannan shi ne karo na karshe da aka gan shi; Ba a samu Chowdhury ko gawarsa ba. An yi imanin cewa Sobhraj ya kashe tsohon abokin aikinsa kafin ya bar Malaysia domin ya ci gaba da aikinsa da Leclerc a matsayin dillalan gem a Geneva.[16] Daga baya wata majiya ta yi ikirarin cewa ta ga Chowdhury a yammacin Jamus, amma ikirarin bai tabbata ba, don haka aka ci gaba da neman Chowdhury. A cikin Mayu 1976, Interpol ta ba da sammacin kama Sobhraj na kasa da kasa, wanda ya tuhume shi da kisan kai hudu a Thailand.Komawa a Asiya, Sobhraj ya fara kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar masu laifi, wanda ya fara da mata biyu na Yammacin Turai, Barbara Smith da Mary Ellen Eather, a Bombay. Mutumin da Sobhraj ya kashe na gaba shi ne wani Bafaranshe, Jean-Luc Solomon, wanda aka saka masa guba a lokacin fashi. An yi wannan aika-aika ne da nufin tawayar da Suleman, amma ya kashe shi.[18] A cikin Yuli 1976 a New Delhi, Sobhraj, tare da danginsa mata uku masu aikata laifuka, ya yaudari ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa na ɗaliban Faransanci waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri don karɓe su a matsayin jagororin yawon shakatawa. Sobhraj ya yi musu magani ta hanyar ba su kwayoyin guba, wanda ya ce masu maganin ciwon ciki ne. Lokacin da magungunan suka fara aiki da sauri fiye da yadda Sobhraj ya zato, ɗaliban sun fara faɗuwa a sume. Uku daga cikin daliban, da suka fahimci abin da Sobhraj ya aikata, suka rinjaye shi, suka tuntubi ’yan sanda, har suka kama shi. Abokan aikin Sobhraj, Smith da Eather, sun yi ikirari yayin da ake tambayoyi. An tuhumi Sobhraj da laifin kisan Solomon kuma an tura su hudu zuwa kurkukun Tihar da ke New Delhi. == Rayuwarsa == A karshen shekara ta 2007, lauyan Sobhraj ya roki shugaban kasar Faransa na lokacin [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] don shiga tsakani da Nepal. A cikin 2008, Sobhraj ya sanar da aurensa ga wata mace 'yar Nepal, Nihita Biswas. A shekara ta 2010, ya auri wata mai Nihita Biswas, a kurkuku. Ya shaida wa lauyansa cewa tana da shekara 20 a lokacin, kuma ya girme shi da shekara 44. “Abin mamaki ne; babu wani dalilin da zai sa su yi aure,” daya daga cikin masu gadin gidan yarin ya shaida wa mujallar Paris Match a shekarar 2021. Ta shaida wa manema labarai cewa kallonsa da idanunsa na burge ta kuma salon Faransanci ya burge ta. A shekarar 2017, ta ba da gudummawar jini don ceto shi a lokacin da aka yi masa tiyata a zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grasset |first=Loïc|date=16 May 2021|title=Charles Sobhraj, dernières nouvelles du "Serpent" |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Charles-Sobhraj-dernieres-nouvelles-du-Serpent-1737917|work=Paris Match}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1944]] mknc1l5fljuvt01150h33h2eb7uw5h7 0 92891 892137 787075 2026-08-06T13:58:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ketzia Alon''' (a [[Ibrananci]]; an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) ya kasance masanin kimiyya ce ta Isra'ila, mai fafutukar zamantakewa, mai kula da fasaha da mai sukar, kuma mai mallakar Gama Publishing. Tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Ahoti - don Mata a [[Isra'ila]]. Alon ya kasance a cikin kwamitin edita na mujallar wallafe-wallafen "Criticism and Review", kuma ya kasance shugaban shirin Nazarin Jima'i a Kwalejin Beit Berl. A cikin 2017, Alon ya sami Kyautar Firayim Minista don Ayyukan Littattafan Ibrananci. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Alon a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a shekara ta 1971. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a tarihin fasaha da sadarwa a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci]]. MA ta mayar da hankali kan dangantakar Yahudawa da Kirista, kuma PhD dinta ya kasance a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ד״ר קציעה עלון |url=http://www.daat-hamakom.com/he/team/%D7%93%D7%B4%D7%A8-%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F/ |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=דעת המקום |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602051109/http://www.daat-hamakom.com/he/team/%D7%93%D7%B4%D7%A8-%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin aikinta na ilimi, Alon tana koyarwa ko ta koyar a Jami'ar Open, a Jami'an Ben Gurion, kuma ita ce shugabar sashen Nazarin Jima'i a Kwalejin Beit Berl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=קציעה עלון |url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/02307.php |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה}}</ref> Alon ita ce mai fafutuka na kungiyar mata ta Mizrahi, wacce ta samo asali ne a taron mata na 10 na 1994, a Givat Haviva, inda babban rikici tsakanin Mizrahi da masu fafutukar mata na Ashkenazi ya haifar da rikici na karshe a cikin kungiyar mata. Alon daga nan ta shiga cikin kafa kungiyar Mizrahi, Ahoti - don Mata a Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=משגב |first=חן |date=2014 |title=מזרחיות |url=http://mafteakh.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/8-2014-04.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=מפתח – כתב עת לקסיקלי למחשבה פוליטית |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809042155/http://mafteakh.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/8-2014-04.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Rubutun Alon yana mai da hankali kan manufar Mizrahim. Ta gabatar da ma'anar zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa na Mizrahi-ness ta hanyar gabatar da shayari, fasaha da rubutun Yahudawa na Mizrahi, wanda ta bincika kuma ta fadada. Tana da sha'awar musamman game da haɗuwa da mata da Mizrahi-ness, wanda aka bayyana a cikin littafin da ta rubuta tare da Shula Keshet, Breaking Walls. A cikin bincikenta, Alon ta kwatanta kuma ta bambanta dichotomy na Ashkenazi / Mizrahi, a baya da yanzu, tare da sauran dichotomies na zamantakewa da siyasa a Isra'ila, kamar Yahudawa da Larabawa, na addini da na duniya, na siyasa hagu da dama, masu arziki da matalauta. Alon ya nuna yadda ra'ayin Mizrahi ke haifar da rashin jin dadi, saboda yana lalata nau'ikan ainihi kamar Yahudawa da Larabawa, saboda Mizrahi galibi Bayahude ne na Larabawa. Alon ta ce ba za ta iya karbar bambancin zamantakewar da aka kafa a cikin al'ummar Isra'ila a kusa da asalin Ashkenazi da Mizrahi ba, tana mai da'awar cewa Mizrahi-ness ya ki ya kasance a kan wani sashi da aka bayyana kuma ya bambanta, kamar yadda ta musanta yunkurin raba maza da mata ta wannan hanyar. == Zaɓuɓɓukan ayyuka == Alon ya wallafa littattafai goma, da kuma labarai da yawa: * Shafin sha'awa: קריאות ביצירותיו של אהפלד / יוחאיאמר, קציעה עלון. הוצאת גמא, 2014 - Omanut ha-simpṭom: ḳeriʼot bi-yetsirotaʹ shel Aharon Apelfeld; Fasahar alamomi: karanta tarihin Aharon Appelfeld * Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na da aka yi a matsayin wani abu. Ta hanyar yin amfani da ita a shekarar 2011 - Efsharut shelishit le-shirah: ʻiyunim be-poʼeṭiḳah Mizraḥit * שושנת המרי השחורה: קריאות da aka yi wa lakabi / קציעה עלון. Rashin amfani da motsi - Rashin amfani, 2014 - Shoshanat ha-meri ha-sheḥorah: * Saboda haka, a cikin wannan yanayin, a cikin wani nau'i na, a cikin wani tsari na , a matsayin wani nau'in na , a kan wani nau'n na , a tsakanin mutane da aka yi amfani da shi. __hau__ Ta'addanci, 2013 - Shovrot ḳirot: omaniyot Mizraḥiyot ʻakhshaiyot be-Yiśraʼel * An samo asali ne daga: קובץ מאמרים על היצ profetawa ta hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a matsayin wani nau'i na da za a iya amfani da ita. הוצאת גמא gag gag gag gag da ke aiki da shi, 2014 - Ana min al-Magreb: ḳeriʼot be-shirat Erez Biṭon * Sahlunar Al'umma ta hanyar yin amfani da ita. הוצאת גמא, 2016 - ʻEdut ha-yofi São-ḥuḳat ha-zeman: ʻal shiratah shel Amirah Hes: maʼamrim São-siḥot; Alkawari na kyau da dokokin lokaci: tattauna wakokin Amira Hess: rubutun da jawabai * א- , , , , a cikin wani nau'i na , a cikin wannan nau'i. הוצאת גמא, 2017 - Op foṭo: ha-tsad ha-aḥori shel ha-tsilum ha-Yiśreʼeli; Hoton opp: Sauran gefen daukar hoto na Isra'ila * A cikin wannan yanayin, akwai wani abu da ya faru da shi a matsayin wanda ya faru da wani abu da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi watsi da shi. הוצאת גמא, 2015 - Li-shekhon be-tokh milah: hirhurim ʻal zehut mizraḥit; Don zama a cikin kalma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 9t24ii7ys8odgrnlfj4lpj2slpnxlqo 0 93863 892298 616864 2026-08-06T17:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Krystal Gabel''' (an Haife ta a watan Oktoba 14, 1984) ƴar fafutukar kare [[Ƴancin Kannabis|hakkin cannabis ne]] Ba'amurkiya, ƴar takara na dindindin, kuma marubuciya. Gabel, ƴar takarar gwamnan Nebraska a zaben 2018, tana da shekaru 33 ita ce mafi karancin shekaru a cikin adadin mata da suka yi takarar gwamna, a kasa. <ref> name="NationalJournal">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Marijuana Advocate Challenges Ricketts: Krystal Gabel will run as a Republican |url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/655733/marijuana-advocate-challenges-ricketts |website=[[National Journal]] |quote=Writer Krystal Gabel will challenge Gov. Pete Rickets (R) in the 2018 Republican primary. (Nebraska.TV) Gabel “previously ran for a seat on ...}}</ref> <ref> name="UofMLibraries">{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier, Dr. Eric |date=February 13, 2018 |title=2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ |website=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]] |quote=The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gabel ta tsaya takarar Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska a zaben fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na Republican]] . <ref> name="2020ElectionResultsTelegram">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission |url=https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 |website=[[Columbus Telegram]]}}</ref> Gabel ta jagoranci yunkurin koke na nasara don samun damar jefa kuri'a don reshen jam'iyyar marijuana na Nebraska Legal . <ref> name="LMNCertifiedOmahaWorldHerald">{{Cite web |last=Walton, Don |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Party gains ballot recognition in Nebraska |url=https://omaha.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legal-marijuana-now-party-gains-ballot-recognition-in-nebraska/article_aa188849-7a8c-5cc1-8ab8-6467900a35dd.html |website=[[Omaha World-Herald]]}}</ref> <ref> name="Ganjapreneur">{{Cite web |last=Barfield, Lukas |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska |url=https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ |website=Ganjapreneur |quote=“The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral,” said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. “The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis.”}}</ref> Wani mazaunin Brush, Colorado, Gabel dan takarar magajin gari ne na Brush, a cikin 2021, da kuma Majalisar Birnin Brush, a cikin 2023. <ref> name="FortMorganTimes">{{Cite web |last=Olmstead, Maegan |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is “to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow.” Her priorities are “to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city.” She also plans to “invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.}}</ref> <ref name="FortMorganTimes23">{{Cite web |last=Reyez, Zant |date=September 10, 2023 |title=Krystal Gabel running for Brush City Council Ward 3 seat |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2023/09/10/krystal-gabel-running-for-brush-city-council-ward-3-seat/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=“Preparing for the future means we have to have some type of economic change that brings in funds so that us living here, retiring here, don't have to foot the bill. Someone else who has the money can.”}}</ref> == Farkon gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Krystal_Gabel_on_April_20,_2018.jpeg|right|thumb| Krystal Gabel a wani zanga-zanga a Omaha a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2018]] === Nebraska Legal Marijuana NOW === A cikin 2015-2016, Gabel ya nemi Jam'iyyar Marijuana ta [[Nebraska]] don a amince da ita a hukumance ta jihar. <ref name="KETV7ABC">{{Cite web |last=Roberts, Dave |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Medical marijuana supporters organizing to get legalization on the ballot |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-supporters-organizing-to-get-legalization-on-the-ballot-1/7659661 |website=[[KETV]] |quote="We are finishing the signatures and just getting padding now,” said Krystal Gabel, a candidate for the M.U.D. Board.}}</ref> Domin yin zaben, sun bukaci sa hannun mutane 5,397 a fadin jihar. A cikin Yuli 2016, jam'iyyar ta juya sa hannun 9,000 ga Sakataren Gwamnati na Nebraska . Sai dai sakataren harkokin wajen kasar ya ce rabin sa hannun ba su da inganci, inda ya gaza 5,397 da ake bukata. <ref> name="Hub">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2015 |title=Activists petition for Marijuana Party of Nebraska |url=http://www.kearneyhub.com/news/local/activists-petition-for-marijuana-party-of-nebraska/article_145bd004-297e-11e5-b171-33563e187610.html |website=[[Kearney Hub]]}}</ref> <ref> name="Petition Denied by Nebraska Secretary">{{Cite web |last=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 5, 2016 |title=Marijuana Party petition drive fails to result in ballot placement |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/marijuna-party-petition-drive-fails-to-result-in-ballot-placement/article_3a6ed5f8-327f-5e7e-99dd-3af5260c6d83.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Gabel da Mark Elworth sun canza sunan jam'iyyar Nebraska zuwa Marijuana ta Shari'a a YANZU, kuma a cikin Satumba 2016, sun fara zagaya koke don samun damar jefa kuri'a na 2020. <ref name="StarHerald">{{Cite web |last=Jordan, Spike |date=May 12, 2017 |title=Legalize Marijuana Now advocates petition to get pro-marijuana third-party on the ballot |url=http://www.starherald.com/news/local_news/legalize-marijuana-now-advocates-petition-to-get-pro-marijuana-third/article_2b9ce353-afad-5489-9675-6a1bd849d42e.html |website=Scottsbluff Star Herald}}</ref> Sun ce kungiyar ta yi shirin tara adadin sa hannun da ta gabatar a shekarar 2016 sau biyu, domin samun nasarar su. <ref>name="NorthPlatteBulletin">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood, Joe |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Pro-pot party petition drive reaches North Platte |url=http://www.northplattebulletin.com/index.asp?show=news&action=readStory&storyID=34348&pageID=3 |website=North Platte Bulletin |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717161138/http://www.northplattebulletin.com/index.asp?show=news&action=readStory&storyID=34348&pageID=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="2017 KETV7">{{Cite web |last=Ozaki, Andrew |date=September 29, 2017 |title=Medical marijuana advocates petition to form Nebraska political party |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-advocates-petition-to-form-nebraska-political-party/12664032 |access-date= |website=[[KETV]]}}</ref> === Dan takara mai zaman kansa === Gabel ya yi takara bai yi nasara ba a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa na Hukumar Makarantar Jama'a ta Omaha, a cikin 2016, da kuma magajin garin Lincoln, Nebraska, a cikin 2019. <ref> name="2017OmahaWorldHerald">{{Cite web |last=Burbach, Christopher |date=April 1, 2017 |title=Ben Gray faces crowded field in bid for City Council District 2 re-election |url=http://www.omaha.com/news/politics/city-election/ben-gray-faces-crowded-field-in-bid-for-city-council/article_863babbe-157b-11e7-87fa-e327d3411545.html |website=[[Omaha World-Herald]] |quote=If elected, Gabel said, she would advocate for legalization of cannabis in the city. She said the issue would attract more young people to vote and would be one source of something she said the city needs: "new tax revenue that doesn't affect working families or working individuals." Gabel ran for two elected offices in 2016: the Metropolitan Utilities District Board of Directors and the Omaha Public Schools Board. A longtime advocate for decriminalizing marijuana, Gabel is co-chair of Legal Marijuana Now Nebraska, an organization supporting medical marijuana legalization.}}</ref> <ref name="2019KFORNOW">{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Independent Candidate For Mayor Outlines Positions |url=https://www.kfornow.com/independent-candidate-for-mayor-outlines-positions/ |website=[[KFOR (AM)|KFOR]] |quote=“Our city spends hundreds of thousands of tax dollars each winter clearing snow from our streets, yet they are only half-plowed, the potholes are getting worse, and now officials are asking taxpayers for more money to throw at the problem.” Instead of using chemicals and plows, she says, power plant waste water would be diverted through a network of pipes installed under streets to melt snow and ice as it falls. She would provide free public transit for all residents “Not charging for the city bus is how Lincoln becomes more accessible and fair to all residents regardless of income. ... She contends more residents taking advantage of the free service would stimulate job creation, saying Cities that have implemented free bus services have seen ridership increase from 20 to 60 percent. She would decriminalize marijuana, would vote NO on the quarter-cent sales tax hike, zone for tiny homes, and lower the property tax levy to compensate for rises in property valuations. ... She would also Add an LGBTQ non-discrimination ordinance, promote more recycling, and provide more City support for electric vehicles}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Gabel ya sanya na uku cikin 'yan takara huɗu a cikin tseren kujeru biyu a gundumar Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, 1.2 bisa dari na nasara. Kuma a cikin 2017, an sanya na uku a cikin firamare don majalisar birnin Omaha, 143 kuri'u daga yin shi zuwa babban zaben. <ref name="UofMLibraries">{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier, Dr. Eric |date=February 13, 2018 |title=2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ |website=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]] |quote=The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOstermeier,_Dr._Eric2018">Ostermeier, Dr. Eric (February 13, 2018). [http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ "2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year"]. ''[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]''. <q>The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis</q></cite></ref> <ref name="McCookGazette">{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2017 |title=Marijuana activist running for governor |url=http://www.mccookgazette.com/story/2430539.html |website=[[McCook Gazette]] |quote=In November 2016, Gabel advanced to the General Election for Metropolitan Utilities District (MUD), a race that spans three counties in the Omaha Metro area. She received approximately 86,000 votes and missed election by 1 percent of the vote. Most recently in the April 2017 Omaha City Primary, Gabel ran against the incumbent and six other candidates for the District 2 City Council seat. She missed moving to the General Election by 143 votes.}}</ref> === Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar Republican === A cikin 2018, Gabel ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Nebraska a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Republican. Ta gudu a kan wani dandamali mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya hada da halatta wiwi. <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017">{{Cite web |last=Walton, Don |date=December 27, 2017 |title=GOP governor candidate would decriminalize marijuana |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/gop-governor-candidate-would-decriminalize-marijuana/article_e95a82aa-3bf1-5b5a-a8c3-b58582b1c1f5.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Krystal Gabel of Omaha has filed as a Republican candidate for governor and will campaign for full decriminalization of marijuana possession by adults, along with providing a pardon for people in Nebraska convicted of nonviolent cannabis crimes. Gabel said legalization of marijuana could "generate billions in property, sales and income taxes via industrial hemp production." Nebraska could become "the country's primary manufacturer of hemp bioethanol and biodiesel," she said. Gabel said she would also push for creation of "a robust, easy-to-access medical cannabis program" in Nebraska. If elected, she said, she would support lower taxes for families, small businesses, farmers and ranchers while investing in green, renewable energy sources and protecting the state's natural resources. Gabel, a freelance writer and editor, said she volunteers her time now petitioning for legal marijuana in Nebraska and building a free-food community garden in South Omaha.}}</ref> Yakin Gabel na kawar da Gwamna Pete Ricketts ya jawo hankali daga wajen Nebraska saboda 'yan takarar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] ta Amurka, a cikin 2018, ba su goyi bayan sake fasalin dokar miyagun ƙwayoyi ba.<ref name="CannabisNowMagazine">{{Cite web |last=Corcione, Danielle |date=December 8, 2017 |title=Cannabis Activist Krystal Gabel Runs for Nebraska Governor: A cannabis activist in Nebraska is running for governor as a Republican. |url=https://cannabisnow.com/cannabis-activist-krystal-gabel-runs-nebraska-governor/ |website=Cannabis Now |quote=“We have a high independent population, who just need to be persuaded to participate in a primary,” Gabel said. “For me, to run Republican, it's about getting people out in the primary like Bernie did.”}}</ref><ref name="PanAmPost">{{Cite web |last=Fiallo, Mamela |date=January 5, 2018 |title=Candidata republicana a gobernadora de Nebraska propone despenalizar la marihuana por completo |url=https://panampost.com/mamela-fiallo/2018/01/05/candidata-republicana-a-gobernadora-de-nebraska-propone-despenalizar-la-marihuana-por-completo/ |website=[[PanAm Post]] |quote=The Republican party has been historically recognized as the conservative party in the US. The current Republican candidate for governor of the state of Nebraska invites us to question what that means. The candidate promises to completely decriminalize marijuana, both its medical and recreational use, while seeking to reduce the penalties of those who have been deprived of their liberty for consuming the plant. The candidate, Krystal Gabel, offers to build a stronger Nebraska. She argues that Nebraska has the ability to be a leader in the US in the cultivation and production of hemp products}}</ref> Gabel ta ce ta zaɓi yin takara a zaben fidda gwani a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican saboda buƙatar sa hannu don yin takara mai zaman kanta ba zai yiwu ba ga mutanen da ke da ma'aikata, kamar kanta.<ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018">{{Cite web |last=Hayworth, Bret |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Northwest Iowa native Krystal Gabel running for Nebraska governor on shoestring budget |url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/northwest-iowa-native-krystal-gabel-running-for-nebraska-governor-on/article_631e750c-c34e-55c3-b508-371e34f3f2c4.html |website=[[Sioux City Journal]] |quote="Republican voters deserve to have choice on their ballots, especially for the primary," she said. Running as an independent, she unsuccessfully sought an Omaha City Council seat in 2017. Gabel said she thought of running for governor as an independent, but said the state's political system makes it easier for Republican and Democratic candidates, as it would have taken more than 100,000 petition signatures to qualify for the ballot as a no-party candidate. Therefore, Gabel became a Republican, since she said that party dominates politics in Nebraska.}}</ref> Adadin mata da suka yi takarar neman manyan ofisoshi a Amurka, a cikin 2018, ciki har da mata shida ‘yan kasa da shekara 40 wadanda suka nemi takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Democrat ko Republican. Gabel, yana da shekaru 33, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin waɗannan 'yan takara. Da an zabe ta, da Gabel ta zama mata mafi karancin shekaru da aka zaba a matsayin gwamna a tarihin Amurka, inda ta karya tarihi, a 2011 ta Nikki Haley, mai shekaru 38. Yin takara da dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican Nebraska ya kasance mai tsayi, kuma Gabel ya sha kaye a ranar 15 ga Mayu, inda ya samu kashi 19 cikin dari, kuri'u 31,300. == Aikin 2020 == === Jam'iyyar Republican Nebraska === Gabel ya tsaya takarar Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska, a cikin 2020, kuma an sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na Republican. Ta samu kuri'u 7,165, kashi 45 cikin dari. <ref name="2020ElectionResultsTelegram">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission |url=https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 |website=[[Columbus Telegram]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 "Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission"]. ''[[Columbus Telegram]]''. December 16, 2020.</cite></ref> === Colorado MAGA Patriot Party === A farkon 2021, Gabel ya gabatar da takarda don kafa MAGA Patriot Party, mai hedikwata a Brush, Colorado. Gabel ya ce bangarori na uku suna daukaka mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar samar da wata hanyar da talakawan [[Amurkawa|Amurka]] ke bukata ko dai su zama dan takara, ko kuma su zama masu sa kai. Kuma gasa ta wasu ƴan takara na ƙarfafa tsarin dimokuradiyya. <ref name="PatriotsPartyTheBurlingtonRecord">{{Cite web |last=Harvel, Jack |date=March 5, 2021 |title=New political party forming in Brush: Organizer says MAGA Patriot Party will seek to elevate regular people through politics, instead of party insiders |url=https://www.burlington-record.com/2021/03/05/new-political-party-forming-in-brush-2/ |website=[[Burlington Record]] |quote=The Colorado MAGA Patriot Party Chair, Krystal Gabel, has been involved in grassroots politics for years. She was the co-chair of Legal Marijuana Now, a third party out of Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, and competed in the 2018 Nebraska Gubernatorial Republican Primary. “The MAGA Patriots Party really stemmed from our work there, and that the establishment, Democrats and Republicans alike, really don't represent the people. They're representing their party and the party's interests, which are special interests,” ... Gabel said the new party will seek to elevate real people through politics, rather than party insiders. ... Gabel said criticisms of third parties taking votes from either of the two major parties is framed poorly, and that additional voices would inevitably benefit the democratic process.}}</ref> === Legal Marijuana Yanzu Party === A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2021, Legal Marijuana NOW ta sami karbuwa a hukumance a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa ta jihar Nebraska, tana samun damar jefa kuri'ar jam'iyyar ga 'yan takararsu, da barin Legal Marijuana NOW Party ta yi rajistar masu jefa kuri'a . <ref name="NebraskaCertifiedAssociatedPress">{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title='Legal Marijuana NOW' now recognized as a party in Nebraska |url=https://apnews.com/article/marijuana-nebraska-government-and-politics-e3d973afccfe0e7990373ded0e3ac28f |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref name="StarHeraldNebraskaLmnOfficial">{{Cite web |last=Garcia, Justin |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana NOW party makes pitch to area voters |url=https://starherald.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/legal-marijuana-now-party-makes-pitch-to-area-voters/article_e7038cf0-ec26-5ad5-bd48-7435f1a166fe.html |website=[[Star-Herald]] |quote=LMN would have the same ballot access as Democrats and Republicans in Nebraska. That means they could run candidates without having to write in names on a ballot. ... Despite the namesake policy position of LMN, Gabel said the party's goals are raising voter turnout and running pro-marijuana candidates. But securing LMN as a permanent fixture on Nebraska ballots must come first. “We have party ballot access for four years. In that time frame, we have to get 10,000 registered voters to become a permanent fixture on the ballot for upcoming elections,” ... Gabel said some of the party's strongest support comes from Nebraska's deep-red Third District. Gabel attributed the support to a general feeling of disenfranchisement in rural Nebraska.}}</ref> Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party a baya ta cancanci zama babbar jam'iyya a hukumance a jihar [[Minnesota]] a zaben Nuwamba 6, 2018, lokacin da dan takararsu na Mai binciken Jiha ya samu fiye da kashi 5 cikin dari. <ref name="UofM">{{Cite web |last=Octavio, Miguel |last2=Tarala, Kassidy |date=January 15, 2019 |title=Midterms boost influence of pro-cannabis political parties |url=http://mnadwatch.sjmc.umn.edu/2019/01/15/midterms-boost-influence-of-pro-cannabis-political-parties/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024010609/http://mnadwatch.sjmc.umn.edu/2019/01/15/midterms-boost-influence-of-pro-cannabis-political-parties/ |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2021 |website=[[University of Minnesota]]}}</ref> Gabel, wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Legal Marijuana Now Party daga 2021-2023, <ref name="Ganjapreneur">{{Cite web |last=Barfield, Lukas |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska |url=https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ |website=Ganjapreneur |quote=“The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral,” said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. “The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis.”}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarfield,_Lukas2021">Barfield, Lukas (April 26, 2021). [https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ "Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska"]. ''Ganjapreneur''. <q>"The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral," said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. "The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis."</q></cite></ref> ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Legal Marijuana Yanzu na Shugaban Amurka na 2024, amma ya janye kafin zaben fidda gwani . Duk da cewa ya janye, Gabel ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a ranar 5 ga Maris. <ref name="ColoradoPublicRadio">{{Cite web |last=Estabrook, Rachel |last2=Warner, Ryan |date=January 29, 2024 |title='Don’t vote for me,' says Colorado woman on Minnesota's presidential primary ballot |url=https://www.cpr.org/2024/01/29/colorado-woman-on-minnesotas-2024-presidential-primary-ballot/ |access-date=January 29, 2024 |website=[[Colorado Public Radio]]}}</ref> === Colorado dan takara mai zaman kanta === Gabel ya tsaya takarar magajin gari na Brush, Colorado a cikin 2021, da kuma Ward 3 Brush City Council, a cikin 2023. <ref name="FortMorganTimes">{{Cite web |last=Olmstead, Maegan |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is “to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow.” Her priorities are “to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city.” She also plans to “invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlmstead,_Maegan2021">Olmstead, Maegan (August 11, 2021). [https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ "Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush"]. ''[[Fort Morgan Times]]''. <q>Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is "to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow." Her priorities are "to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city." She also plans to "invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="FortMorganTimes23"/> Yayin yakin neman zabe a watan Satumba, 2023, Gabel ya shiga cikin wata arangama da wani mazaunin garin. Jami’an ‘yan sandan Brush Cadet Raymond Wells, wanda aka kira wurin da lamarin ya faru, ya dakile lamarin, kuma daga karshe ba a gabatar da wani laifi a lamarin ba. Gabel da maƙwabcinsu sun yarda da juna don kauce wa juna, suna ci gaba. <ref name="FortMorganTimes23number2">{{Cite web |last=Reyez, Zant |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Brush City Council candidate threatened by resident while canvassing in neighborhood in September: BPD says case is closed; no criminal act committed |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2023/10/18/brush-city-council-candidate-threatened-by-resident-while-canvassing-in-neighborhood-in-september/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Gabel said, "He felt threatened in his home when I was on his porch and so [Brush Police Department] chose to protect him."}}</ref> == Ra'ayin Siyasa == Gabel yana goyan bayan halaltaccen marijuana don amfani da magani da marasa magani. A cikin 2017, yayin yakin neman zaben gwamna, Gabel ya ce, "Na yi imani… Gwamna Pete Ricketts na yanzu yana aikata laifin tabar wiwi da lalata da kuma lalata rayuwar 'yan Nebraskan da yawa. … Ina so a zabe ni domin siyasar jiharmu da dokokinmu su bauta wa Nebraskan kuma su kare haƙƙinsu, ba laifi ko hana su yin rayuwa mai kyau ba.” <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel">{{Cite web |last=Fickett, Kim |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Akron native vies for governor seat |url=http://www.lemarssentinel.com/story/2451244.html |website=Le Mars Sentinel |quote=Gabel is a 2005 graduate from Briar Cliff University and holds a bachelor of arts degree in writing. Her mom is Sue Baack-Gabel from Le Mars, and dad is Rick Gabel of Akron. Gabel currently resides in Omaha and is a professional writer who is employed as a technical writer at ACI Worldwide, Inc. in Elkhorn. }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gabel yana goyan bayan sake fasalin gidan yari, kuma zai yafe wa mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci a baya don laifukan cannabis marasa tashin hankali. <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017"/> <ref name="NebraskaRadioNetwork">{{Cite web |last=Loizzo, Mike |date=December 29, 2017 |title=Gabel for Governor campaign files to challenge Gov. Ricketts in GOP Primary |url=https://nebraskaradionetwork.com/2017/12/29/gabel-for-governor-campaign-files-to-challenge-gov-ricketts-in-gop-primary/ |website=Nebraska Radio Network |quote=Krystal Gabel says she is running a grassroots campaign based on government transparency, prison reform, and job creation. "Nebraskans really want an executive leader who serves, protects, and who respects their rights and freedoms as granted to them by the Constitution. ... Nebraskans also want prison reform. They want to see their money being spent, instead, on education and rehabilitation programs." }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta goyi bayan dokokin kare [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|haƙƙin LGBTQ]] . <ref name="2019KFORNOW"/> === Tattalin Arziki === A lokacin yakin neman zabe na 2017 da 2018, Gabel ya ki amincewa da kara [[haraji]] ga iyalai da kuma daidaikun mutane masu aiki. <ref name="UofMLibraries"/> <ref name="JournalStar2017Gabel">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Omaha writer, marijuana advocate announces bid for governor as Republican |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/omaha-writer-marijuana-advocate-announces-bid-for-governor-as-republican/article_1ff4b6c8-9235-5fba-a27b-9293329c118a.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Gabel's platform includes addressing the state's tax dilemma by "making Nebraska the primary producer and manufacturer of hemp biofuel and biodiesel." She would support a medical marijuana program for use by adult patients, child patients with permission from a guardian and veterans with a medical card. As governor, she would reinvest in the state's public K-12 educational system.}}</ref> Ta ce kudaden shiga daga samar da hemp na masana'antu da sabbin masana'antu da aka samar da masu amfani da cannabis za su karfafa tattalin arzikin. <ref name="KFMTFMNews">{{Cite web |last=Swanson, Dan |date=September 9, 2017 |title=Governor Candidate Rallies Support For Industrial Hemp |url=http://www.thebestmix1055.com/featured-news/governor-candidate-rallies-support-for-industrial-hemp/ |website=[[KFMT-FM]] |quote="When I talk about hemp, I'm not just talking about hemp in our farm fields. I'm talking about us, as a workforce in this state, being able to produce products grown here, made here, sold here, so the money stays here." Gabel said Nebraska voters are increasingly seeking political candidates that share their values and are seeking solutions to issues Nebraskans have in common. Gabel: "It comes to issues. When you have issues that Nebraskans look up every day or are interested in, they are going to trust you. It's not about money anymore. They are starting to learn that money in politics actually is greed in politics." }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews">{{Cite web |last=Harris, Kathryn |date=April 18, 2018 |title=Ricketts facing challenger in Republican primary |url=http://norfolkdailynews.com/news/ricketts-facing-challenger-in-republican-primary/article_1531be66-4317-11e8-ac48-d7d162a2bfd5.html |website=[[Norfolk Daily News]] |quote=Gabel said she would like to expand the state's economy by legalizing medical cannabis and industrial hemp farming, which is another of Gabel's top priorities in the election. "Thousands of Nebraska patients are driving every month to purchase their natural medicine from Colorado," she said. "Nebraska farmers are losing money on each acre of biotechnology corn and soybeans they harvested this past fall." In addition to education and legalizing cannabis, Gabel said she believes it is a priority to serve, protect and respect the rights and freedoms of all Nebraskans.}}</ref> === Ilimi === Gabel ya nuna adawa da zabin makaranta yana mai cewa hakan yana cutar da ilimin al'umma . <ref name="NationalReviewGOP">{{Cite web |last=Hess, Frederick |last2=Gallo, Sofia |date=March 13, 2018 |title=GOP Gubernatorial Candidates Need to School Themselves on Education Policy |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/03/republican-governor-candidates-must-improve-education-policy-positions/ |website=[[National Review]] |quote=The only issue to muster support from even half of GOP candidates is school choice. Forty of the 75 candidates who addressed education on their websites mentioned choice, with 38 of those supportive and two – Steve Barlock of Colorado and Krystal Gabel of Nebraska – explicitly opposed on the grounds that they believe it hurts public education.}}</ref> Gabel yana goyan bayan faffadan K-12 da tallafin ilimi mafi girma, yana kiran shi saka hannun jari mai hikima. A shekarar 2018, ta ce, “Idan har jihar ba ta gyara kasafin kudinta ba domin ta biya wa makarantun gwamnati gaba daya, makarantunmu za su gaza, dalibai da masu biyan haraji za su kara biyan kudin ilimi, sannan garuruwan kwalejojinmu za su koma garuruwan fatalwa. Na yi imani da gaske cewa dalar harajin Nebraska ya kamata ta shiga cikin saka hannun jari na gaba-gaba wanda ke baiwa Nebraskans dama mafi kyawu." <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ya bayar da hujjar cewa rage tallafin jihohi don ilimi zai haifar da ƙarin haraji na gida. <ref name="KFMTFMNews" /> === Muhalli === Mai goyon bayan al'ummomin sharar gida da makamashi mai dorewa, Gabel zai bar [[manoma]] su shuka hemp don samar da man fetur na biodiesel . <ref name="KTIVNews">{{Cite web |last=Norquist, Carl |date=December 27, 2017 |title=Krystal Gabel enters Nebraska Governor race |url=http://www.ktiv.com/story/37149565/2017/12/Wednesday/krystal-gabel-enters-nebraska-governor-race |website=[[KTIV]] |quote=Her platform consists of decriminalizing cannabis for adults and revisiting laws which penalize those who possess cannabis. She also would like to invest in green renewable energy sources, fund education, reform prisons, and introduce rehabilitation programs. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228061243/http://www.ktiv.com/story/37149565/2017/12/Wednesday/krystal-gabel-enters-nebraska-governor-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abokin hamayyarta a zaben 2018, Gwamna Ricketts, ya nuna adawa da ba da izinin noman hemp a cikin jihar, kuma a maimakon haka ya goyi bayan Nebraska na yanzu, binciken hemp na tushen jami'a . <ref name="NetNebraska2018">{{Cite web |last=Knapp, Fred |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Krystal Gabel challenging Gov. Pete Ricketts For Republican Nomination |url=http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |website=[[NET Nebraska]] |quote="This is the way to get medical in the state – industrial hemp. Pete Ricketts needs to go if we want that. He means 'no' to that," she said. Ricketts' campaign declined to make him available for this story. But in an email, the campaign confirmed Ricketts supports the current, university-based industrial hemp research. The governor has consistently opposed legislative efforts to legalize medical marijuana at the state level. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108142222/http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gabel ya yarda da sake rubuta dokokin yanki wanda ke hana ƙananan gidaje, yana goyan bayan amfani da motocin lantarki, yana ba da shawarar tsarin tituna masu zafi ta hanyar amfani da ruwan sharar wutar lantarki, ya yi imanin sabis ɗin bas na birni kyauta zai haifar da samar da ayyukan yi. <ref name="2019KFORNOW"/> <ref name="HicksLincolnJournalStar">{{Cite web |last=Hicks, Nancy |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Marijuana activist Krystal Gabel to run for Lincoln mayor |url=https://journalstar.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/marijuana-activist-krystal-gabel-to-run-for-lincoln-mayor/article_83a39bbe-8308-5cfa-be69-5d010d2a4244.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, a marijuana legalization activist, has announced she is a candidate for Lincoln mayor. In a news release, Gabel outlined a lengthy platform that includes legalizing cannabis possession in the city limits, working to become a zero-waste community, rezoning to allow tiny homes and providing free bus service citywide. Gabel, 34, is registered as a nonpartisan. She said young adults need to step up and come up with new solutions to politics, and that political parties aren't working.}}</ref> === Kiwon lafiya === Gabel yana goyan bayan kiwon lafiya mai araha, ingantattun ayyukan tashin hankalin gida, gyaran inshorar lafiya . <ref name="McCookGazette"/> <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel"/> A cikin 2018, ta ce shawarwarin rage kudaden jama'a don Tsare-tsaren Iyaye za su cutar da daidaikun mutane da iyalai, da talakawa masu aiki. <ref name="NetNebraska2018"/> A cikin 2018, Gabel ya ce haramcin Nebraska kan cannabis na likitanci yana haifar da marasa lafiya da ke fita daga jihar don siyan magani " na halitta ". <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Tun da farko, a cikin 2017, Gabel ya zargi Ricketts da hana marasa lafiya zaɓi don kula da lafiyarsu. Gabel ya ce marijuana ba ta da haɗari kamar opioids, da sauran magunguna, waɗanda likitoci suka tsara. <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> === Tsaron jama'a === Wata mai kare hakki na farko da na biyu na Amurka, Gabel ta ce idan aka zabe ta za ta sake duba dokokin da suka tarar, hukunta su, daure su, da hukunta mutanen da suka mallaki tabar wiwi, ta kuma ce ta yi imanin cewa abu ne mai muhimmanci a yi hidima, da kare da mutunta duk wani hakki na mutane. <ref name="McCookGazette"/> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ta ce za ta inganta kudade don shirye-shiryen farfado da muggan kwayoyi. <ref name="KTIVNews"/> Gabel ta ce tana daraja amanar da aka kirkira ta hanyar fahimtar dabi'u gama gari da kowa ya raba, kuma matakin kawo karshen haramcin zai taimaka wajen sake tabbatar da amincewar jama'a . <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> === Adalci na zamantakewa === A zaben gwamnan Nebraska na 2018, Gabel ya ce jama'a ne ke son tafiyar da gwamnati, ba manyan mutane ba. Ta ce, "An tsara ofishin gwamna don zama na kowa a Nebraskan." <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ta gudanar da yakin neman zabenta akan kasafin kasa da $5,000. Ricketts ya ba da rahoton tara dala 600,000 don gudanar da yakin neman zabensa, da $1.7&nbsp;miliyan tsabar kudi. <ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018"/> <ref name="NetNebraska2018"/> Dandalin Gabel ya haɗa da gina shirin Manoman Farko don daidaikun mutane, iyalai, ƙananan kasuwanci, makiyaya, manoma. <ref name="McCookGazette"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gabel, wanda ya sauke karatu daga Akron – Westfield Senior High School yana da shekaru 17, kuma yana da digiri a rubuce daga Jami'ar Briar Cliff a Sioux City, Iowa, ya yi aikin lambun al'umma kyauta a Kudancin Omaha, Nebraska . <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017"/> <ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018"/> Gabel ya girma a Akron, Iowa, ya zauna a Nebraska a lokacin 2010s, kuma ya koma [[Colorado]] a cikin 2020. <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel"/> == Takarar siyasa == Gabel ya yi gudu sau da yawa don ofisoshin daban-daban, ciki har da: * Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Omaha, yanki na 1, da Gundumar Utilities, a cikin 2016 * Majalisar Birnin Omaha, Gundumar 2, a cikin 2017 * Gwamnan Nebraska a cikin 2018 * Magajin garin Lincoln, Nebraska, a cikin 2019 * Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska, Gundumar 2, a cikin 2020 * Magajin garin Brush, Colorado, a cikin 2021 * Majalisar Birnin Brush, Ward 3, a cikin 2023 == Kara karantawa == * Roberts, Dave (Afrilu 21, 2016) [http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-supporters-organizing-to-get-legalization-on-the-ballot-1/7659661 Magoya bayan marijuana na likitanci suna shirya don samun halatta akan katin zabe] KETV 7 Labaran ABC * Walton, Don (Disamba 27, 2017) [http://journalstar.com/news/local/gop-governor-candidate-would-decriminalize-marijuana/article_e95a82aa-3bf1-5b5a-a8c3-b58582b1c1f5.html Dan takarar gwamna na GOP zai lalata marijuana] ''Lincoln Journal Star'' * Hayworth, Bret (Maris 4, 2018) [http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/northwest-iowa-native-krystal-gabel-running-for-nebraska-governor-on/article_631e750c-c34e-55c3-b508-371e34f3f2c4.html Krystal Gabel ɗan asalin Iowa na Arewa maso yamma yana neman gwamnan Nebraska akan kasafin kuɗin takalmi na] ''Sioux City Journal'' * Knapp, Fred (Mayu 2, 2018) [http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination Krystal Gabel yana kalubalantar Gwamna Pete Ricketts na Republican] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108142222/http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |date=2020-01-08 }} NET Nebraska == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dry1hy5vf2el5oomikn9ssy0i3v7sre 0 95013 892466 660850 2026-08-07T05:36:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Woman_playing_traditional_Ainu_instrument.jpg|right|thumb|333x333px| Wata mata tana yin wasan {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[tonkori]]}} na gargajiya yayin da suke sanye da kayan gargajiya na Ainu.]] "Kankō Ainu" (Japanese, "Ainu mai yawon bude ido") shine kalmar [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] don [[Ainu people|Mutanen Ainu]] waɗanda ake la'akari da rayuwa ko nuna al'adun gargajiya ko al'adun al'adun mutanen Ainu da salon rayuwarsu don kula da masana'antar yawon bude hankali. Wasu masu fafutuka na kabilan Ainu sun yi suka da nuna rashin amincewarsu da al'adar nuna al'adun Jafanawa na asali don yawon bude ido, gami da korafe-korafen cewa wuraren Ainu masu yawon bude ido ba sa wakiltar al'adun Ainu na gaske, sai dai wani ra'ayi na Ainu daga {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[Yamato people|wajin]]}} (yawancin Jafananci) hangen nesa. Sai dai sauran al’ummar Ainu ba su da ra’ayin cewa wannan al’adar ba ta da kyau, maimakon haka suna ganin cewa yana da kyau a samu damar yin sana’o’in hannu da kuma sayar da sana’o’in Ainu na gargajiya da kuma yin fasahar Ainu na gargajiya ga masu sauraro. Wannan kalmar ba kallon tarihi bane mai sauƙi. Misali, Kanko Ainu ya faru ne ta hanyar manufofin hadewar da gwamnatin [[Japan]] ta yi kuma wannan ita ce gwagwarmayar juriya kuma wannan yana gaya mana al'adun "gaskiya" ko a'a. Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin abubuwan banbance-banbance kamar manufofin sarauta, kafa kafofin watsa labaru, da faɗaɗa sadarwar mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Euheui |first=Choi |date=2012 |title=What is "Kankou Ainu": A Prospect on the Historical Changes of the Gazing |journal=Shakai Gaku Joho |volume=1-2 |pages=104 |doi=10.14836/ssi.1.2_93}}</ref> == Fage == === Kafin Zaman Edo === Mutanen Ainu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi kuma suna amfani da kayan halitta. Suna da nasu al'adu wanda ya bambanta a al'adun Japan a halin yanzu. Musamman kabilar Ainu sun mayar da hankali ne kan alakar alloli da ake kira Kamuy (カムイ) masu sarrafa dabi'a da dabbobi kuma sun yi al'ada da rera waka da raye-raye don nuna godiya ga Allah da kuma alaka da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godefroy |first=Noémi |date=April 2014 |title=Meiji jidai ni okeru Ainu doka seisaku to Acculturation |url=https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/intel/exchange/organize/ceeja/report/09_10/pdf/09_10_02.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657750716531986&usg=AOvVaw3TbWqW0zSbKVW6JA6pcruw |journal=Alsace Nichio Chiteki Koryujigyo Nihon Kenkyu Seminar "Meiji" Hokokusho |pages=1–2 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Af, masu bincike sun sami takardun da aka rubuta daga baya Heian zuwa farkon Kamakura na Jafananci wanda ya ambaci mutanen Ainu. Waɗannan sun gaya wa mutanen Japan na dā da mutanen Ainu sun san juna kuma suna da alaƙa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Reiko |first=Saito |date=July 2011 |title=Chishima・Karafuto・Hokkaido Ainu no kurashi:Doitsu collection wo chushin ni |url=https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/intel/exchange/organize/ceeja/report/09_10/pdf/09_10_02.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657750716531986&usg=AOvVaw3TbWqW0zSbKVW6JA6pcruw |journal=National Museum of Ethnology Repository |page=120 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hasali ma ’yan Tohoku bushi a zamanin Kamakura sun sha kashi a hannun Minamoto no Yoritomo, Shogun na Kamakura Bakufu a lokacin. Suka gudu suka isa yankin [[Hokkaido]] . Wasu daga cikinsu sun haura arewa da nisa don samun wadatattun kayayyakin ruwa da abincin teku. A sakamakon haka, mutanen Japan sun zama al'ummar Jafananci a bakin tekun kudancin Hokkaido a zamanin Muromachi . A cikin karni na 15, al'ummomin Japan sun ba da matsin filayen rayuwa ga al'ummomin Ainu na asali. Bugu da ƙari, rikice-rikice a tsakanin su ya samo asali ne a shekara ta 1536. A shekara ta 1551, Suehiro Kakizaki wanda shi ne shugaban al’ummar Matsumae ya yi sulhu da Ainu kuma ya ba shi ikon tafiyar da harkokin siyasa a yankin. Wannan lamarin ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a Ainu, amma lamarin ya kuma hada kan al'ummar Ainu. Bayan haka, Kakizaki ya canza sunan zuwa Matsumae, Hideyoshi wanda shi ne Ministan gwamnati a lokacin ya ba Matsumae damar mallakar kasuwanci tsakanin Ainu da Japan a 1950. <ref name=":0" /> === Zaman Edo === A karni na 17, dangantakar da ke tsakanin dangin Matsumae da Ainu ta tabarbare saboda dangin Matusmae ne ke iko da yankunan Chishima Hokkaido da Sakhalin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=K.O. |first=Sarkiosov |date=2016 |title=Chapter 1 : Russia and Japan : Characteristics on the Historical Development from 16th Century to the First-half of 19th Century (Yamawaki and Yasuno, Trans.) |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10965/00003109&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657751123151071&usg=AOvVaw1NCQHZWfLEogB0mRMz3-79 |journal=The Bulletin of the Institute for World Affairs, Kyoto Sangyo University |volume=31 |pages=53}}</ref> Sa'an nan, Samkusaynu, shugaban Ainu, sake hada kan mutanen Ainu, kuma ya yi tsayayya da Matsumie motsi na fadada yunkurin da ake kira Samkusaynu' yaki (1669). Da kyau, dangin Matsumae sun ci nasara kan Samkusaynu da Ainu. Matsumae ya ƙarfafa ikonsa na siyasa da tattalin arziki akan Ainu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saito |title=Chishima・Karafuto・Hokkaido Ainu no kurashi:Doitsu collection wo chushin ni |journal=National Museum of Ethnology Repository |pages=120–121}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin sun yi niyyar amfani da matasan Ainu a matsayin ma'aikata a tashar jiragen ruwa don samun kuɗi da haraji. Ayyukan tilastawa sun haifar da raguwar ma'aikata a cikin al'ummomin Ainu kuma sun sa al'ummar Ainu ta kasance matalauta. A wancan zamani, dangin suna bukatar su kare al'adun Ainu domin dangin suna son “Ainu” ya yi aiki. A wasu kalmomi, ainihi a matsayin Ainu mabuɗin zama mutanen Ainu waɗanda dangi suka yi amfani da su a matsayin ma'aikata. Ba kamar zamanin Meiji ba, gwamnati ta haramta al'adunsu, misali rawa, waƙa, da tattoo, dangin Matsumae ba su ƙyale Ainu ya yi amfani da harshen Jafananci da al'adun Jafananci ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godefroy |title=Meiji jidai ni okeru Ainu douka seisaku to Acculturation |journal=Alsace Nichio Chiteki Koryujigyo Nihon Kenkyu Seminar "Meiji" Hokokusho |pages=2–3}}</ref> [[Fayil:Woman playing traditional Ainu instrument.jpg|thumb|Kankō Ainu]] Duk da haka, saboda zuwan Rasha zuwa kudu, Edo Bakufu ya yanke shawarar sarrafa Hokkaido kai tsaye, ya canza ka'idar cewa tana kare al'adar Ainu zuwa tunanin hadewar Ainu. Tunanin zai kasance ginshikin ƙa'ida game da haɗa mutanen Ainu ta gwamnatin Meiji. Tsakanin karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 18, Rasha ta tafi kudu. Rasha da Sarkin Rasha sun yi sha'awar Japan ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira daga Japan, haka kuma Rasha na son yin kasuwanci da Japan. Rasha ta aika da mutane zuwa Japan don mayar da masu tuƙi a Japan da kuma samun sharuɗɗan kasuwanci. Duk da haka, Bakufu ya musanta hakan kuma ya ce ya kamata gwamnatin Rasha ta ba masu tuƙi ta hanyar [[Holand|Netherlands]] saboda Japan tana da manufar keɓancewa. Rasha ba ta son wannan magana, to, tashin hankali yana karuwa tsakanin Japan da Rasha a Okhotsk . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirakawa |first=Arata |date=March 1998 |title=The Japanese Encounter with Russia : A Historical Survey |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10097/41022&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657751160031101&usg=AOvVaw2zFCTN88fONn4WIFQrFnS9 |journal=Northeast Asian Studies |volume=2 |pages=200–204}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Saito |title=Chishima・Karafuto・Hokkaido Ainu no kurashi:Doitsu collection wo chushin ni |journal=National Museum of Ethnology Repository |pages=121}}</ref> === Mulkin Mulkin Meiji === Bayan da Edo Bakufu ya ruguje, an ci gaba da zaman tankiya tsakanin Japan da Rasha. Hokkaido ya zama yanki mafi mahimmanci ga gwamnatin Japan saboda yakin Boshin, yaki tsakanin tsohuwar tsarin Bakufu da sabuwar gwamnati, an bude shi a Hokkaido da Jamhuriyar Ezo, wanda shine gwamnatin da aka kafa tsohuwar 'yan Bakufu. Sabuwar gwamnatin Japan, gwamnatin Meiji, ta fara mulkin mallaka na Ainu don kare Hokkaido daga Rasha da samun albarkatu. Gwamnatin Meiji ta aika mutanen da suka rasa Bushi a tsohon Bakufu don buɗe filayen Hokkaido. Haka kuma gwamnati ta bukaci Ainu ya bunkasa kasar, don haka ta yi kokarin mayar da Ainu manoma da mutane a kasar Japan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godefroy |title=Meiji jidai ni okeru Ainu douka seisaku to Acculturation |journal=Alsace Nichio Chiteki Koryujigyo Nihon Kenkyu Seminar "Meiji" Hokokusho |pages=4}}</ref> Haɗin kai yana buƙatar mutanen Ainu su ɗauki sunayen Jafananci kuma su daidaita da al'adun Jafananci, kuma sun haramta al'adun Ainu kamar Iomante, ɗayan mahimman al'ada ga Kamuy, da tattoo. <ref name=":1" /> Babban canji mai mahimmanci shine hana farauta da kama kifi da canza dabi'ar sanya abinci zuwa noma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godefroy |title=Meiji jidai ni okeru Ainu douka seisaku to Acculturation |journal=Alsace Nichio Chiteki Koryujigyo Nihon Kenkyu Seminar "Meiji" Hokokusho |pages=5}}</ref> Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a a Hokkaido a ƙarshen Edo da dusar ƙanƙara a farkon Meiji, an kashe barewa, bear, da salmon sosai. Sakamakon raguwar adadin su, an sarrafa wuraren farauta da kamun kifi da lokaci. <ref name=":1"/> Bugu da kari, kabilar Ainu sun kasance suna farauta don rayuwa, don haka ba su da ilimin noma, wanda ya haifar da wahalar rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saito |title=Chishima・Karafuto・Hokkaido Ainu no kurashi:Doitsu collection wo chushin ni |journal=National Museum of Ethnology Repository |pages=121–122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsunoda |first=Takeshi |date=March 2020 |title=Transition of the Ainu Policy of Japanese Government and Enactment of the Act of Promoting Ainu Policy in 2019 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10112/00020095&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657751219333994&usg=AOvVaw1Rs6wUfhnBS83xGLz3Rkku |journal=Kansai Daigaku Hogaku Ronshu |volume=69-6 |pages=1152–1153}}</ref> Da yake an tilasta musu shiga cikin salon rashin jin daɗi, mutanen Ainu suna da matsalolin jiki, misali sun rasa ƙarfin jiki kuma sun yi rashin lafiya cikin sauƙi. Bugu da kari, adadin mutanen Ainu ya ragu. A Meiji 6th (1873), yawan mutanen Hokkaido ya kasance 111,196, a Meiji 26th (1893), ya kasance 559,959. Koyaya, adadin mutanen Ainu a Meiji 6 ya kasance kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari kuma ya zama kusan kashi 3 cikin ɗari a Meiji 26. Shi ya sa Ainu ya kasa shiga cikin al'ummar Japan. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Saito |title=Chishima・Karafuto・Hokkaido Ainu no kurashi:Doitsu collection wo chushin ni |journal=National Museum of Ethnology Repository |pages=122}}</ref> === Dokar Kariya === Gwamnatin Meiji ta ci gaba da yin mulkin mallaka, wanda shine manufar haɗa kai. Bugu da kari, an bukaci daular mulkin mallaka don zamanance. Gwamnatin Japan ta kuma mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da iko don samun matsayi daidai da sauran dauloli, misali Birtaniya, Faransa da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujiwara |first=Masayuki |date=1978 |title=Teikokushugi eno shiko to 'shin-kyouiku' no taido |journal=Kyoikugaku Magazine |volume=12 |pages=33–34 |doi=10.20554/nihondaigakukyouikugakkai.12.0_33}}</ref> Yayin da gwamnatin Meiji ke sarrafa mulkin mallaka, ta buga Hokkaido Tsohon Dokokin Kariya na Aboriginal ko Hokkaido kyu-dojin hogo ho (北海道旧土人保護、1899-1997). Dokar a hukumance tana ƙoƙarin ceton mutanen Ainu daga talaucin da gwamnati ke haifarwa da manufofin faɗaɗawa. Wannan doka ta ce mutanen Ainu su ba da kayan aikin noma, su taimaka wa Ainu da ba shi da aikin hukuma kuma yana fama da rashin lafiya, sannan a kafa abubuwan makarantar firamare irin haka. Sai dai wannan mutum-mutumin bai taimaka wa Ainu ba domin ya tilasta musu yin noma da noma kamar da. Har ila yau, dokar ta yi magana game da haɗa mutanen Ainu zuwa Jafananci. Ya ce gwamnati ba ta ƙyale ilimi da al'adun kabilar Ainu ba maimakon koyar da Jafananci da tilasta yin magana da Jafananci. Abin ban mamaki, dokar kariyar ta ƙunshi bambanci tsakanin salon rayuwa da ya sa ƙabilar Ainu ta zama matalauta da ƙabilanci . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsunoda |title=Transition of the Ainu Policy of Japanese Government and Enactment of the Act of Promoting Ainu Policy in 2019 |journal=Kansai Daigaku Hogaku Ronshu |volume=69-6 |pages=1152}}</ref> A kwanakin nan, an soki dokar kariyar saboda masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa manufar ta shiga cikin matsin lamba kuma ta sanya Ainu manoma. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan yana haifar da Ainu ga ƙarin talauci da wariya a matsayinsu na tsiraru a lokacin, suna buƙatar daina raba al'adun Ainu. Dole ne Doka ta yi wa mutanen Ainu rauni don haka waɗannan ginshiƙan suna haifar da al'ada wanda shine mutanen Ainu sun zama waɗanda abin ya shafa saboda sun rasa ainihin su ta hanyar manufofin haɗaka. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani bincike mai yawa game da alakar da ke tsakanin ƙabilarsu da ainihin su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ishihara |first=Mai |date=March 2018 |title=Chinmoku wo tou: "Silent Ainu" toiu mouhitotsu no senjumin mondai |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2115/70071&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1657749941057980&usg=AOvVaw3SXzEHKIVipVEJxIKBQhGa |journal=Hoppo Jinbun Kenkyu |volume=11 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙwararru suna nazari da sake duba ayyukan da Ainu ya yi ga mutanen Japan a wancan lokacin da dangantakarsu da su. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kido |first=Shirabe |date=2019 |title=Senzenki ni okeru Ainu minzoku no doka wo meguru senryaku - "Ezo no hikari" to "Ekashi to fuchi" ni chakumoku shite |url=https://doi.org/10.7129/hokkaidoshakai.32.51 |journal=Gendai Shakaigaku Kenkyu |volume=32 |pages=52–53 |doi=10.7129/hokkaidoshakai.32.51 |s2cid=239402906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Expo na Duniya === A cikin 1903, an gudanar da baje kolin duniya karo na 5, wanda shi ne alamar mulkin mallaka, a Japan. Wannan nunin ya nuna tsiraru, misali, Ainu, Ryukyu da Sinanci. Ryukyuan ya koka game da wannan saboda ba sa son cewa ba sa cikin Japan. Mutanen Ainu ba su sami matsala ba domin mutanen Ainu ba su da masu suka kuma ra'ayin nuna cin mutuncin su ne a lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1890s, sun riga sun yi amfani da al'adunsu don nunawa mutane kafin yawon shakatawa ya zama babban batu. Saboda waɗannan abubuwan da suka haɗa da, Ainu ya fara sanin al'adun su kamar yadda aka nuna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |title=What is "Kankou Ainu": A Prospect on the Historical Changes of the Gazing |journal=Shakai Gaku Joho |volume=1-2 |pages=100}}</ref> == Kanko Ainu == === Ainu Tourism Industry === Gwamnatin Meiji ta yi tsammanin ƴan ƙasar Ainu za su canza sunan su zuwa Jafananci don samun ƙabilanci. Don haka, mutanen Ainu sun sha wahala wajen isar da al'adarsu ta musamman ga zuriya ta gaba. <ref name=":3"/> Al'adun Ainu kamar waƙoƙi da raye-raye sun lalace a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Yayin da suke fama da talauci, wasu mutanen Ainu sun yi ƙoƙarin rayuwa tare da yawon buɗe ido a kan wannan mawuyacin hali. A cikin shekarun 1930, sun gyara raye-rayen al'ada da rera waƙa don jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da samun kuɗi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kido |title=Senzenki ni okeru Ainu minzoku no doka wo meguru senryaku - "Ezo no hikari" to "Ekashi to fuchi" ni chakumoku shite |journal=Gendai Shakaigaku Kenkyu |volume=32 |pages=63–64}}</ref> Mutanen Japan suna kallon mutanen Ainu a matsayin ƴan tsiraru kuma suna sha'awar lura da al'adu na al'adun Ainu na asali. A cikin 1950s, an ƙirƙiri kalmar "Kanko Ainu" (観光アイヌ) don mayar da martani ga faɗaɗa yawon buɗe ido da nuna al'adun Ainu don riba da kuma yaɗawa. Mutanen Ainu da ke aiki galibi a sassan Noma sun soki abin da suke ɗauka "Kanko Ainu", suna ganin cewa Kanko Ainu sun haɗa al'adun Ainu na gargajiya don riba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |title=What is "Kankou Ainu": A Prospect on the Historical Changes of the Gazing |journal=Shakai Gaku Joho |volume=1-2 |pages=98–99}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na Kanko Ainu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da hankalin mutanen Ainu yayin da yake kiyaye al'ada, duk da haka, ya kasance batun cece-kuce a wancan lokacin saboda suka. <ref name=":4"/> Yawon shakatawa da nunin al'adu a Hokkaido sun kasance a kololuwar su a ƙarshen 1950s zuwa farkon 1970s. An kiyasta adadin masu yawon bude ido kusan 608,219 a 1966 da 2,379,688 a 1974. Ƙara yawan yawon buɗe ido da sukar waɗannan ci gaba da yaɗuwar na iya zama tushen da ya haifar da sabuwar dokar da aka kafa da ake kira "Aiki na inganta al'adun Ainu". Wannan doka a hukumance ta amince da mutanen Ainu a matsayin ƴan asalin dokokin Japan, tare da sanin buƙatar tallafawa masana'antun al'adu da ci gaban tattalin arziki waɗanda ke tallafawa al'ummomin Ainu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsunoda |title=Transition of the Ainu Policy of Japanese Government and Enactment of the Act of Promoting Ainu Policy in 2019 |journal=Kansai Daigaku Hogaku Ronshu |volume=69-6 |via=7-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kido |first=Shirabe |date=March 2019 |title=he Movement of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido and the "Subjectivity" of the Ainu: from the 1960's to 'Ainu New Law (draft) of 1984 |journal=Asia Shakai Bunka Kenkyu |volume=20 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.15027/47474}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gidan kayan tarihi na rayuwa * Sharovarshchyna == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqfi93172aisquiu6a10wzuns5ulwwo 0 96183 892539 732836 2026-08-07T09:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mai Shiraishi (白石 麻衣, Shiraishi Mai, an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992 a Gunma) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Japan, samfurin, koma yar YouTuber, kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta ƙarni na farko na ƙungiyar yarinyar gumaka ta Japan [[Nogizaka46]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:白石麻衣 |trans-title=Shiraishi Mai |url=http://www.asahi.com/edu/nogizaka46/profile/shiraishimai.html |access-date=2015-04-02 |publisher=Asahi Shimbun Company |language=Japanese}}</ref> Ta kasance samfurin musamman ga mujallu na mata ''LARM'' da ''[[:ja:Ray (雑誌)|Ray]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-23 |title=「Ray」卒業の白石麻衣、5年間の軌跡 乃木坂46初の専属モデル＜略歴＞ - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1755086 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-17 |title=日本で１番ガーリーな女性ファッション誌「LARME」が創刊2周年 |url=https://tokyofrontline.com/archives/25177 |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=ja}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare, Shiraishi ta halarci kwalejin kiɗa kamar yadda take so ta zama mawaƙa. Daga baya, daya daga cikin malamanta ya shawo kanta ta saurari Nogizaka46. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:乃木坂46・白石麻衣インタビュー＆フォトギャラリー |trans-title=Nogizaka46 Shiraishi Mai interview&photo gallery |url=http://natalie.mu/music/pp/nogizaka46/page/8 |access-date=2015-04-03 |publisher=Natasha Inc. |language=Japanese |archive-date=2012-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429154639/http://natalie.mu/music/pp/nogizaka46/page/8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shiraishi ta fara waka ne lokacin da aka karbe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobin ƙarni na farko na ƙungiyar adawa ta AKB48, Nogizaka46, a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2011. An zaba ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobin da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a karon farko na kungiyar "Guruguru Curtain" a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2012. Lokacin da Nogizaka46 ta fitar da wakarsu ta biyu "Oide Shampoo", an sake zabar ta don yin aiki. Ayyukanta a matsayin samfurin ya fara ne lokacin da ta shiga cikin Girls Award 2012 Autumn / Winter tare da tsohon abokin aikin Nogizaka46 Nanase Nishino . <ref name="modelpress_20121108">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-08 |script-title=ja:乃木坂46・白石麻衣＆西野七瀬がランウェイデビュー！3万人から「可愛い～！」 |url=http://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1210839 |access-date=2016-09-05 |publisher=modelpress |language=Japanese}}</ref> Shiraishi ta ci gaba da shahara lokacin da ta bayyana a cikin 1 ga Janairun 2013 na Count Down TV da kuma 16 ga Maris 2013 na ''Uma Zuki!''. Shiraishi ya kasance mai gabatarwa na dindindin a kan wannan labarin tun daga ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2013 da kuma ''Bachi Bachi Elekiteru'' tun daga ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 2013. <ref name="umazuki" /><ref name="bachibachi">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-02 |script-title=ja:未来のナイナイ探す！よゐこ濱口と若手が深夜バラエティ |trans-title=Yoiko Hamaguchi and a young entertainer will have a midnight variety TV show. |url=http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/87742 |access-date=2015-04-03 |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=Japanese |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403111512/http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/87742 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta zama ƙaramar samfurin mujallar tufafin mata ''Ray'', wanda Shufonotomo ta bayar, tun daga 23 ga Maris 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-20 |title=Nogizaka46's Shiraishi Mai to become an exclusive model for fashion magazine "Ray" |url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2013/03/nogizaka46s-shiraishi-mai-to-become-an-exclusive-model-for-fashion-magazine-ray/ |access-date=2015-04-03 |website=tokyohive |publisher=6Theory Media, LLC.}}</ref> An zabi Shiraishi a matsayin matsayi na tsakiya a Nogizaka46 don "Girl's Rule" na shida, wanda aka saki a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2013. Ta ɗauki matsayin tsakiya daga Rina Ikoma . [[Fayil:Mai_Shiraishi_at_Japan_Expo_2014_(2)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Shiraishi yana aiki tare da Nogizaka46 a Japan Expo da aka gudanar a Paris, Faransa a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2014, Shiraishi ta gudanar da wani taron don littafin hoto na farko, Seijun na Otona Shiraishi Mai . Shiraishi shine memba na farko na Nogizaka46 da ya buga littafin hoto. "Ina farin cikin kasancewa na farko", in ji ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-19 |title=Shiraishi Mai gives her 1st photo book '100 points' |url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2014/12/shiraishi-mai-gives-her-1st-photo-book-100-points |access-date=2015-04-03 |website=tokyohive |publisher=6Theory Media, LLC.}}</ref> Littafin hoto na biyu, ''Mai Style'', an buga shi a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2015. Ya kasance na huɗu a cikin jerin littattafan Oricon kuma na farko a cikin rukunin littafin hoto yana sayar da kofe 19,000 a cikin makon farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-29 |script-title=ja:【オリコン】白石麻衣、1stフォトブックで自己最高4位 写真集部門で1、2位独占 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2047853/full/ |access-date=2017-01-09 |publisher=oricon ME inc. |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2016, Shiraishi ta taka rawar gani a fim din Ushijima the Loan Shark 3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |script-title=ja:映画『ウシジマくん』追加キャスト発表 本郷奏多、白石麻衣、最上もが、安藤政信ら |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2074229/full/ |access-date=2017-01-09 |publisher=oricon ME inc. |language=Japanese}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, an buga littafin hotonta na uku, Passport. An sake buga shi sau ashirin, kuma jimlar bugawa ta wuce 310,000 har zuwa Yuni 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-28 |script-title=ja:乃木坂46白石麻衣写真集「歴史を塗り替える」ヒットに 勢い止まらず20度目の重版で31万部突破＜パスポート＞ |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1776111 |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=modelpress |language=Japanese}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a farkon rabin shekara ta 2018, ta yi mafi yawan bayyanuwa a cikin tallan talabijin tsakanin kowane Tarento a Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-04 |script-title=ja:乃木坂46白石麻衣：2018年上半期CM女王に 昨年トップの広瀬すずを抑え |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180704dog00m200016000c.html |access-date=2018-07-24 |publisher=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=Japanese}}</ref> Shiraishi ta kasance mai kula da matsayi na tsakiya na Nogizaka46 na ashirin "Synchronicity" wanda aka saki a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2018. Ya sayar da 1,116,852 a cikin makon farko. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2020, Shiraishi ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta kammala karatu daga Nogizaka46 bayan da aka saki na 25th single, "Shiawase no Hogoshoku", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nogizaka46 Idol Mai Shiraishi Will 'Graduate' From Group in March |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2020-01-07/nogizaka46-idol-mai-shiraishi-will-graduate-from-group-in-march/.155128 |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> tare da wasan kwaikwayo na ban kwana a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Tokyo Dome da aka shirya a watan Mayu. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, ta sanar da cewa an jinkirta wannan saboda annobar COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-04-29 |title=Nogizaka46 member Shiraishi Mai's graduation has been postponed |url=http://neotokyo2099.com/2020/04/29/nogizaka46-member-shiraishi-mais-graduation-has-been-postpone/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=NeoTokyo2099}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=皆さん。 {{!}} 乃木坂46 白石麻衣 公式ブログ |url=http://blog.nogizaka46.com/mai.shiraishi/2020/04/056035.php |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=blog.nogizaka46.com |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, an sake tsara ranar wasan kwaikwayon don 28 ga watan Oktoba kuma ya kasance abin da ya faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2020 |title=乃木坂46白石麻衣、卒コンは10・28配信で「前向きな気持ち」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2169936/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-10-10 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Agusta, Shiraishi ta ƙaddamar da tashar YouTube, mai suna "My Channel" (wanda aka tsara a cikin ƙananan kalmomi da kuma homophone na sunanta). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiraishi Mai launches YouTube channel |url=https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2020/08/shiraishi-mai-launches-youtube-channel |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=tokyohive}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2021, ya kai masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 1.35. == Bayanan da aka yi == === Singles tare da Nogizaka46 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! data-sort-type="number" |A'a. !Taken ! class="unsortable" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="4" |2012 |1 |"Guruguru Curtain" |A-gefe |Farko a matsayin memba na ƙarni na farko; Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Nogizaka no Uta", "Aitakatta Kamoshirenai", "Ushinaitakunai kara" da "Shiroi Kumo ni Notte" |- |2 |"Oide Shampoo" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Kokoro no Kusuri", "Gūzen o Iiwake ni Shite" da "House!" |- |3 |"Hashire! keken keke" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Sekkachi na Katatsumuri", "Hito wa Naze Hashiru no ka" da "Oto ga Denai Guitar" |- |4 |"Seifuku no Mannequin" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Yubi Bōenkyō" da "Shibuya Blues" |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |5 |"Kimi no Na wa Kibō" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Shakiism", "Romantic Ikayaki", "Shiroi Kumo ni Notte" da "Dekopin" |- |6 |"Shari'ar Yarinya" |A-gefe, tsakiya |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Sekai de Ichiban Kodoku na Lover", "Kōmori yo" da "Ningen to Iu Gakki" |- |7 |"Barrette" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Tsuki no Ōkisa", "Watashi no Tame ni, Dareka no Tame Ni" da "Sonna Baka na..." |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |8 |"Kizuitara Kataomoi" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Romance no Start", "Toiki no Method" da "Kodoku Kyōdai" |- |9 |"Natsu ba Free &amp;amp; Easy" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Nani mo Dekizu ni Soba ni Iru" da "Sono Saki no Deguchi" |- |10 |"Babu wanda Aozora ka?" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Korogatta Kane o Narase!" da kuma "Tender days" |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |11 |"Inochi wa Utsukushii" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Tachinaorichū" |- |12 |"Taiyō Nokku" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Sakanatachi no LOVE SONG" da "Hane no Kioku" |- |13 |"Ima, Hanashitai Dareka ga Iru" |A-gefe, tsakiya |Matsayi na tsakiya tare da Nanase Nishino; Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Popipappapā" da "Kanashimi no Wasurekata" |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |14 |"Harujion ga Sakukoro" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Kyūshamen" |- |15 |"Hadashi na bazara" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Boku Dake no Hikari" da "Offshore Girl" {{Small|(solo)}} |- |16 |"Sayonara no Imi" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Kodoku na Aozora" |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |17 |"Mai tasiri" |A-gefe, tsakiya |Matsayi na tsakiya tare da Nanase Nishino; Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Igai BREAK" |- |18 |"Nigemizu" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Onna wa Hitori ja Nemurenai", "Hito Natsu no Nagasa Yori..." da "Naitatte Iijanaika?" |- |19 |"Itsuka Dekiru kara Kyō Dekiru" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Fuminshō" da "Māiika?" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |20 |"Synchronicity" |A-gefe, tsakiya |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Against" a matsayin memba na 1st Generation |- |21 |"Jikochū na Ikō!" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Soratobira", "Kokoro no Monologue" da "Anna ni Sukidatta no ni..." |- |22 |"Kaerimichi wa Tōmawari Shitaku Naru" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Chopin no Usotsuki" |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |23 |"Ka yi waka!" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "No Yōna Sonzai" |- |24 |"Yoake Ya Yi Tsuyogaranakutemoii" |A-gefe |Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Boku no Koto, Shitteru?" da kuma "Bokuno Omoikomi" |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |25 |"Shiawase no Hogoshoku" |A-gefe, tsakiya |Na karshe da ya shiga; Har ila yau ya raira waƙa a kan "Jyāne." wanda shine waƙarsa ta kammala karatu. |- | align="center" | - |"Sekaijū no Rinjin ni" | align="center" | - |Waƙar sadaka a lokacin annobar COVID-19[[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] |} * ''Kikan Nogizaka vol.2 Shoka'' (Tokyo News Service, 12 Yuni 2014), <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:季刊乃木坂 |url=http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I025511347-00 |access-date=2015-04-02 |publisher=National Diet Library |language=Japanese}}</ref>  * Seijun na Otona Shiraishi Mai (Gentosha, 10 Disamba 2014), <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:清純な大人白石麻衣 |url=http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I025938961-00 |access-date=2015-04-02 |publisher=National Diet Library |language=Japanese}}</ref>  * ''Mai Style'' (Shufunotomo, 23 Janairu 2015),   * ''Fasfo'' (Kodansha, 7 Fabrairu 2017), <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:パスポート : 白石麻衣写真集: 2017-02-07 |url=http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I027866909-00 |access-date=2018-12-29 |publisher=National Diet Library |language=Japanese}}</ref>  == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdkccqf8c3qxjy3zp94plj4x3p9ej9u 0 96185 892222 852929 2026-08-06T16:46:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892222 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Rio Teramoto (寺本莉緒, Teramoto Rio, an haife ta 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2001) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Japan. Les Pros Entertainment ce ke wakiltar ta. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Teramoto a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2001 a [[Hiroshima|Birnin Hiroshima]], Gundumar Hiroshima. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu.<ref name="DEVI">{{Cite web |title=『ミスヤングマガジン』広島県出身の16歳・寺本莉緒「『赤』の水着を着てみたい！」 {{!}} ニュース {{!}} Deview-デビュー |url=https://deview.co.jp/News?am_article_id=2118249&set_cookie=2 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Deview |language=ja}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awa da ta yi sun haɗa da rawa da wasa da piano, ta fara rawa tun tana 'yar shekara 3 kuma tana wasa da piano tun tana 'yan shekara 5. Teramoto ta fara yin samfurin tun tana yarinya, tana cewa hakan ya sa ta ci gaba da bin ta a matsayin aiki. == Ayyuka == Bayan gasar "Dream Girl Audition 2015", an sanya hannu kan Teramoto ga hukumar LesProsEntertainment.<ref name="DREAM">{{Cite web |title=DREAM GIRL AUDITION 2015 |url=https://www.sonymusic.co.jp/sd/dreamgirl/ |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.sonymusic.co.jp |language=ja}}</ref> Ta yi aiki don inganta wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo a bikin Tokyo Idol na 2016. A cikin 2017, Teramoto ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, gami da rawar da ya taka a Fiddler on the Roof. <ref name="DEVI" /> A cikin 2018, ta shiga gasar "Miss Magazine", wacce aka farfado a karo na farko a cikin shekaru 7, ta dauki matsayi na biyu na "Miss Young Magazine" yayin da ake kiranta "The Treasure of the Next Generation of Weekly Young Magazine". Tare da sauran 'yan wasan karshe tara, Teramoto ta kafa Kamfanin Gidan Wasanni na Miss Magazine, ta sanya wani mataki na shahararren manga Are You Lost?<ref name="ENTA">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:寺本莉緒、「水着になることに抵抗はなかった」ブレイクきっかけのグラビア {{!}} ENTAME next - アイドル情報総合ニュースサイト |url=https://entamenext.com/articles/detail/8282 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=entamenext.com |language=ja}}</ref> wanda ta yanke gashin kanta. Teramoto ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta AICJ Junior da makarantar sakandare a Hiroshima don yawancin iliminta amma ta yanke shawarar canja makarantu kuma ta koma [[Tokyo]] don aiki. Ta bayyana a cikin wani shirin talabijin na 2019 na Koi toka Ai toka wanda aka yi fim a makarantar kafin tafiyarta. A wannan shekarar, hoton tufafin wanka mai zaman kansa na Teramoto da aka buga a kafofin sada zumunta ya bazu, ya jawo hankali a Japan da kasashen waje kuma ya bunkasa bayanan yanar gizo. An ba ta kulawa ta farko daga cikin bayyanar da yawa a cikin Weekly Playboy. <ref name="TWIT">{{Cite web |title="We are decorating the cover of #Weekly Playboy released today! ♡ " |url=https://twitter.com/lespros_t_rio/status/1226752755341000705 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Maris 2020, an saki littafin hotonta na farko, Curiosity, a wannan watan da ta kammala makarantar sakandare. An dauki hotunan ne a [[Los Angeles]], ziyarar farko ta Teramoto zuwa Amurka. Teramoto ya ce, "[Littafin] an samar da shi gaba ɗaya, kuma na yi shi da kulawa ta musamman ga kayan ado, kayan shafawa, da kuma yadda yake!" Littafin shine littafi na farko a cikin "Women's Talent Photobook Sales Ranking" a ƙarshen watan kuma ya riga ya wuce sau hudu a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar. <ref name="TWIT2">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:8/3(月)発売のヤンマガ36・37合併号の表紙巻頭には #寺本莉緒 ちゃんが登場 🌟 |url=https://twitter.com/miss_maga_zine/status/1288434248223846401 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Ta shiga kwaleji a watan Afrilu na 2020 amma, tun daga farkon 2021, har yanzu ba ta halarci azuzuwan ba saboda annobar COVID-19. Teramoto mai sha'awar kwallon kwando ce kuma mai goyon bayan Hiroshima Toyo Carp, tana cewa a cikin wata hira cewa Ryosuke Kikuchi shine dan wasan da ta fi so. Tana cin kofuna 15 na ramen a mako. Matsayinta na suna bisa ga bayanan hukuma shine 88G-60-88 cm (35G-24-35 in). <ref name="OFF">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2018 |script-title=ja:寺本莉緒 {{!}} LesPros Entertainment |url=https://www.lespros.co.jp/artists/rio-teramoto/ |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=レプロエンタテインメント - LesPros entertainment「感動プロデューサーズ」 |language=ja |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020011647/https://www.lespros.co.jp/artists/rio-teramoto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2020 |''Ba Abokai Ba Ba Ba Ba ne'' |Ema Shirota |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=役にハマリすぎて「本当にそういう人なのかな」という声に寺本莉緒「そこは否定して！（笑）」—『別に、友達とかじゃない』公開記念舞台挨拶 |trans-title="Rio Teramoto was so into the role that she was asked, 'Is that really the kind of person?' Rio Teramoto replied, 'Deny that! (laughs)' - Stage greeting to commemorate the release of 'We're Not Friends or Anything'" |url=http://www.cinema-life.net/p201118_btev/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=CINEMA Life! シネマライフ{{pipe}}エンタメ情報 |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ah, makiyaya suna da kore sosai'' |Hana |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press（ユニバーサルプレス） |first=Universal |date=2022-12-03 |title=寺本莉緒、押田岳が映画『嗚呼、かくも牧場は緑なりけり』に出演！登壇イベントも！ |trans-title=Rio Teramoto and Gaku Oshida will appear in the film ''Ah, the Pasture is so Green''! There will also be an appearance event! |url=https://universal-press.jp/news/21402 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=UNIVERSAL PRESS（ユニバーサルプレス） |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} === Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Yarinyar Gun'' |Bianca | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=白石聖が女子高生サバイバル特撮『ガールガンレディ』に主演 石井杏奈、大原優乃ら注目若手女優17人が集結 |url=https://www.tvlife.jp/drama/351407 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=TV LIFE web |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Yaƙin Mata: Kisan gillar Bachelor'' |Kogin Ichinose | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=女の戦争～バチェラー殺人事件～：「ミスマガ」出身の寺本莉緒&"リュウソウピンク"尾碕真花ら女のバトル！ "バチェラー"古川雄大を奪い合う |trans-title="War of the Women: The Bachelor Murder Case: A battle between women including former Miss Magazine star Rio Teramoto and Ryusoul Pink's Maka Ozaki! Competing for the "Bachelor" [[Yudai Furukawa]] |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20210530dog00m200020000c.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Yau da dare, zan fada cikin soyayya da Jikinta'' |Akari Kurata |Kashi na 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=美山加恋、濡れ場を演じ「自分にとっても挑戦になった」 石田ニコル&寺本莉緒と大胆オムニバスドラマ |trans-title="Miyama Karen plays a love scene: "It was a challenge for me too" Bold omnibus drama with Nicole Ishida & Rio Teramoto" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2226074/full/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Tattaunawa game da soyayya'' |Yui Meri | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title="ツンデレ"鶴嶋乃愛「物語のとっておきのスパイスに」 寺本莉緒&大谷凜香とイケメンに恋する女子高生役 |trans-title="Tsundere" [[Noa Tsurushima]] adds a special "spice to the story" as a high school girl who falls in love with a handsome guy alongside Teramoto Rio & Otani Rinka" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2229463/full/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Takahashi daga Shagon Bike'' |Sayuri Kawamura | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=鈴木伸之×内田理央『自転車屋さんの高橋くん』メインビジュアル公開 共演に瀬口黎弥ら |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2022/10/post-1143934.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Real Sound{{pipe}}リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |2023 |''Shuojo Ƙaunar'' |Kogin Komachi /Riopi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=松村沙友理主演で「ショジョ恋。」実写化、共演に美波や曽田陵介（コメントあり） |trans-title=''Shuojo Love'' to be adapted into a live-action film starring [[Sayuri Matsumura]], co-starring Minami and [[Ryōsuke Sota]] |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/511244 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075311/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/511244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Waƙar da aka fitar'' |Mai Sakuma | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=寺本莉緒×川床明日香×安斉星来、窪塚洋介×亀梨和也W主演『外道の歌』出演決定 |trans-title=Rio Teramoto x Asuka Kawadoko x Seira Anzai to appear in "The Song of the Outcast" starring Yosuke Kubozuka and [[Kazuya Kamenashi]] |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2024/12/post-1861706.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Real Sound{{pipe}}リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Yarinyar biyan kuɗi'' |Na-chan | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=望月歩がドラマ「サブスク彼女」に出演、寺本莉緒・内藤秀一郎・逢沢りなも参加（コメントあり） |trans-title="[[Ayumu Mochizuki]] appears in the drama ''Subscription Girlfriend'', with Teramoto Rio, [[Shuichiro Naito]], and [[Rina Aizawa]] also participating" |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/521592 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119095510/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/521592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Wani abu ba daidai ba ne 2'' |Erika Takamiya |Kashi na 7 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=松村沙友理 も戦慄...パワハラ演出家の因果応報シーンに「ゾクッとする」{{pipe}}何かおかしい2{{!}}TVerプラス テレビ番組最新情報&エンタメニュースまとめ |url=https://plus.tver.jp/news/138701/detail/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518171650/https://plus.tver.jp/news/138701/detail/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=web.archive.web}}</ref> |- |''Malamin Mafi Kyau'' |Nakazono Kurumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=松岡茉優主演のドラマ「最高の教師」生徒役に當真あみ、加藤清史郎ら6名（コメントあり） |trans-title="[[Airu Kubozuka]], Rio Teramoto, Mizuki Kayashima and others will appear as students in the drama ''The Best Teacher''" |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/528158 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119094534/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/528158 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Mista Mitazono mai kula da gida'' |Mao Funaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『家政夫のミタゾノ』黒木瞳、Travis Japan松倉海斗、山本舞香らゲスト"56人"一挙公開 |trans-title="'Kaasan no Mitazono' guests Hitomi Kuroki, Kaito Matsukura from Travis Japan, [[Maika Yamamoto]] and others '56 people' revealed at once" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2292175/full/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Oricon]]}}</ref> |- |''Gaskiya'' |Kamar yadda yake | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=オダギリジョー、菅田将暉ら、『THE TRUTH』出演 企画・主演務めた松田翔太の思いに賛同 |trans-title=[[Joe Odagiri]], [[Masaki Suda]], and others support [[Shota Matsuda]]'s thoughts on ''THE TRUTH'', who planned and starred in it |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2023/11/post-1501249.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Real Sound{{pipe}}リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''RoOT / Hanyar Odd Taxi'' |Kanon | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=河合優実×坂東龍汰のドラマ「RoOT」新キャスト発表、「オッドタクシー」好きな稲葉友も（コメントあり） |trans-title=New cast announced for drama ''RoOT'' starring [[Yumi Kawai]] and Ryuta Bando, including [[Yu Inaba]] who likes ''Odd Taxi'' |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/559040 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119101633/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/559040 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=この街はどこかおかしい...河合優実・坂東龍汰の主演ドラマ「RoOT」は4月2日スタート |trans-title=There's something strange about this town...''RoOT'', a drama starring Yumi Kawai and Ryuta Bando, will start on April 2nd |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/561833 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2024-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314223410/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/561833 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Asibitin filin Shinjuku'' |Ririka | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=『新宿野戦病院』に臼田あさ美、伊東蒼、細貝圭、寺本莉緒、趙珉和出演 |trans-title=Asami Usuda, Ao Ito, Kei Hosogai, Rio Teramoto, and Minhwa Cho will appear in ''Shinjuku Field Hospital'' |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20240703-2978717/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Mynavi Corporation|Mynavi]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Mace ta Qros: Hauka da ake kira Scoop'' |Mona |Abubuwa 1 da 10 | |- |<nowiki><i id="mwAUw">Omusubi</i></nowiki> |Asuka Ōkōchi |''Mai dafa abinci'' |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=寺本莉緒：朝ドラ「おむすび」出演へ "伝説のギャル"仲里依紗と対立するギャル役 ビジュアルも公開 |trans-title=Teramoto Rio: To appear in morning drama ''Omusubi'' as a gal who opposes "legendary gal" Naka Riisa. Visual also released |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20240905dog00m200019000c.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9zikco1m56km54er533b8fba12krn9s 0 96216 892130 598586 2026-08-06T13:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kazimiera Szczuka''' (pronunciation Polish: [kaʹiˈmjɛra ˈʂt͡ʂuka]; an haife ta 22 Yuni 1966 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]]) masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Poland ne, mai sukar adabi, mata, [[ɗan jarida]] kuma ɗan talabijin, wanda aka sani daga fitowar Poland na The Weakest Link . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta ne a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1966 ga mahaifinta Stanisław Szczuka, lauya kuma mai adawa da siyasa a zamanin PRL, [1] da mahaifiyar Janina (née Winawer), likita daga dangin Polish-Yahudawa. Ita ce babban jikokin dan wasan chess Szymon Winawer . Ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Warsaw inda ta sami Digiri na MA a karkashin kulawar Maria Janion . [2] Ta wallafa labarai a cikin jaridu da mujallu kamar Gazeta Wyborcza, ''Res Publica Nova'', ''Teksty Drugie'' da ''Zadra'' . Ta kuma koyar da Nazarin jinsi a Cibiyar Nazarin Littattafai ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland (PAN). Ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar ''Krytyka Polityczna'' na masu ilimi da ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Feminoteka. A shekara ta 2003, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar bakuncin shirin al'adun ''Pegaz'' da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na ƙasar Poland Telewizja Polska (TVP). TVP ta kore ta bayan ta yi amfani da kalmomin zagi a cikin wata hira da Manuela Gretkowska. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Kazimiera Szczuka - życiorys, poglądy [SYLWETKA] |url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,143907,18827772,kazimiera-szczuka-zyciorys-poglady-sylwetka.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=pl}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, ta wallafa littafinta ''Milczenie owieczek'' (The Silence of Little Lambs) inda ta tattauna batutuwa kamar haƙƙin [[zubar da ciki]], [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] da Ilimin jima'i. Szczuka memba ne na jam'iyyar Greens 2004, mai ba da shawara game da [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] kuma mai goyon bayan haƙƙin zaɓin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with K. Szczuka (Polish) |url=http://www.wysokieobcasy.pl/wysokie-obcasy/1,96856,837803.html |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=Wysokieobcasy.pl }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ita memba ce ta Majalisar Shirin ta tushen siyasa mai laushi Green Institute . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Institute |url=http://zielonyinstytut.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305170420/http://zielonyinstytut.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=5 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=Zielonyinstytut.pl}}</ref> Tana aiki ne ga TVN24 a Wydanie drugie . Ta yi aiki tun shekara ta 2003 ga TVN a ''Najsłabsze Ogniwo'' (fassarar Polish na The Weakest Link) da kuma ''Dwururka'' . Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin mai juri a kan shirin Top Model TV kuma a matsayin gwani a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Milionerzy . A watan Satumbar 2022, ta zama mai karɓar bakuncin shahararren RMF FM Afternoon Talk Show (''Popołudniowa rozmowa RMF FM'') wanda aka watsa a gidan rediyo na RMF FM. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Szczuka krytykowana po debiucie w RMF FM. "Może pan przestać mówić" |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/szczuke-ponioslo-w-czasie-rozmowy-o-reparacjach-moze-pan-przestac-mowic-6809425896913504a |access-date=1 October 2022 |language=pl}}</ref> == Rikici == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Szczuka ta yi ba'a a wani shirin talabijin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Szczuka on a TV programme |url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-847027218027709750 |access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> Magdalena Buczek, wata budurwa da ke yin addu'o'i akai-akai a Rediyon Maryja, tana da'awar cewa ba ta san cewa matar "tana fama da cutar guragu kuma ta yi amfani da keken guragu ba. Duk da neman gafara na Szczuka a jama'a, an same ta da laifin "ya wa mutumin da ke nakasa da kuma yi mata ba'a" ta Majalisar watsa shirye-shiryen Poland, kuma tashar da ta bayyana an ci 500,000 PLN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Pół miliona kary za wypowiedź Szczuki, Fakt (Polish) |url=http://www.fakt.pl/Pol-miliona-kary-za-zarty-Szczuki-z-niepelnosprawnej,artykuly,61915,1.html |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=Fakt.pl}}</ref> Szczuka ya koka daga baya, "Sun ƙi ni saboda ni mai fafutukar mata ne, ni Bayahude ne - galibi saboda ni mai farar mata ne" a wata hira da The New York Times <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Richard |date=3 May 2006 |title=Differing Treatment of Religious Slurs Raises an Old Issue - New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/world/03letter.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Organizations/W/World%20Jewish%20Congress |access-date=14 February 2012 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> da International Herald Tribune. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2009 |title=Search - Global Edition - The New York Times |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/03/news/poland.php |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Kopciuszek, Frankenstein i inne ("Cinderella, Frankenstein da Sauran"), Kraków, 2001 * ''Milczenie owieczek. Rzecz ko aborcji'', Warsaw, 2004 * Duża procurka o aborcji (wanda aka rubuta tare da Katarzyna Bratkowska); Warsaw 2011 * ''Janion Kashewa - rauni - laifi. 1: Niedobre急ę'' (wanda aka rubuta tare da Maria Janion; Warsaw 2012 * ''Janion Kashewa - rauni - laifi. 2: Farfesa Misia'' (wanda aka rubuta tare da Maria Janion); Warsaw 2012 == Dubi kuma == * Mata a Poland == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan Szczuka a shafin yanar gizon Polish version of The Weakest Link An ajiye shi (a cikin Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305170420/http://zielonyinstytut.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=5 Cibiyar Green] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sbe0ed9n9mi7cki4o6k3hncxx2n49rb 0 96583 892436 647476 2026-08-07T01:37:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Regina Lamisi Awiniman Anabilla Akuka''' (an haife ta {{Circa}} a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lamisi''', mawakiya ce kuma marubuci yar Ghana daga [[Yankin Upper East|Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afropop artiste Lamisi drops visuals for 'The way you control' ahead of her album launch |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Afropop-artiste-Lamisi-drops-visuals-for-The-way-you-control-ahead-of-her-album-launch-722754 |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Lamisi ta halarci makarantar St. Peter's Methodist JSS don karatunta na asali, sannan ta wuce Ashaiman Senior High School don yin karatun babbar sakandare. Ta sami digiri na BSc a fannin kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Nazarin Kwararru|Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun]], kuma daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Ghana]] don Babbar Jagoran Falsafa a fannin ilimin rawa. == Sana'a == Lamisi ta fara aikin waka ne a matsayin jagorar mawakiyar Patch Bay Band, inda ta yi waka a fadin kasar Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Lamisi – Tanka Fanka |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-lamisi-tanka-fanka/y0j707f |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Entertainment |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711183158/https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-lamisi-tanka-fanka/y0j707f |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi mata wahayi don yin kida bayan sauraron Miriam Makeba, [[Aretha Franklin]], Chaka Khan, da Angelique Kidjo, da sauransu. Lamisi ya hadu tare da masu fasaha irin su [[Rocky Dawuni]], Stonebwoy, [[Sarkodie]], Sami, Amandzeba, Atongo Zimba, Becca, Afro Moses, Patoranking, da Lady May. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm not hungry for fame; I'm hungry for success – Lamisi |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-m-not-hungry-for-fame-I-m-hungry-for-success-Lamisi-758420 |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> Lamisi ta saki "Tanka Fanka", wadda ta fara fitowa a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo. Ta bayyana waƙar ta a matsayin "Afro-fusion pop". <ref name="tanka">{{Cite web |title=Lamisi sings Tanka Fanka |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/music/lamisi-sings-tanka-fanka.html |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=graphic.com.gh}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da wakokin "Mr Strawberry" da "Kuul Runnings". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensah |first=Nii Atakora |last2=Music |first2=Ghana |date=14 September 2017 |title=Video: Kuul Runnings by Lamisi |url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2017/09/14/video-kuul-runnings-lamisi/ |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Ghana Music}}</ref> An nuna Lamisi akan kundin kundin reggae da raye-rayen da Irie Ites Studio ya fitar a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullai |first=Isshak |title=About 30 artistes for 'Irie Jamz' Compilation Volume 1 |url=https://yfmghana.com/about-30-artistes-for-irie-jamz-compilation-volume-1/ |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=YFM Ghana}}</ref> == Hotuna == * ''Brighter Side'' (2019) === Daidaiku === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Kirkirar samarwa ! Ref |- | 2017 | Tanka Fanka | Michael Adangba | <ref name="tanka"/> |- | 2017 | Kuul Running | 3Fs samarwa | <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2017 |title=Lamisi – Kuul Runnings (Prod. By 3FS) |url=https://www.talkmediaghana.com/lamisi-kuul-runnings-prod-by-3fs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043016/https://www.talkmediaghana.com/lamisi-kuul-runnings-prod-by-3fs/ |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=TalkMediaGhana}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Yadda Kuke Sarrafa | Slim Drums | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullai |first=Isshak |title=Afropop Singer, Lamisi drops new song "The Way You Control" off her upcoming album |url=https://yfmghana.com/afropop-singer-lamisi-drops-new-song-the-way-you-control-off-her-upcoming-album/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=YFM Ghana}}</ref> |- |} == Bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Darakta ! Ref |- | 2017 | Tanka Fanka | Slingshot HD Ghana | <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Lamisi – Tanka Fanka |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-lamisi-tanka-fanka/y0j707f |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Entertainment |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711183158/https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-lamisi-tanka-fanka/y0j707f |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2017 | Kuul Runnings | Slingshot HD Ghana | <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Video: Kuul Runnings by Lamisi {{!}} Ghana Music {{!}} Music Videos |url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2017/09/14/video-kuul-runnings-lamisi/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Ghana Music}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Yadda Kuke Sarrafa | Yau Skyface | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afropop artiste Lamisi drops visuals for 'The way you control' ahead of her album launch |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Afropop-artiste-Lamisi-drops-visuals-for-The-way-you-control-ahead-of-her-album-launch-722754 |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Karka Tanka | Bidiyon Agence BK | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2019 |title=Video Premiere: Karika Tanka by Lamisi {{!}} Ghana Music {{!}} Music Videos |url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2019/03/01/video-premiere-karika-tanka-by-lamisi/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Ghana Music}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Wawa ta Farko | Biri na 3 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamakloe |first=+John Claude |date=8 May 2019 |title=Music video by Lamisi performing 'First Fool'. |url=https://beeniewords.com/music-video-by-lamisi-performing-first-fool/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Beenie Words |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509155704/https://beeniewords.com/music-video-by-lamisi-performing-first-fool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} == Tallafawa == Lamisi ta kafa gidauniyar Lamisi Music Foundation wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Ghana wacce ke fafutukar kare hakkin yarinyar da kuma ba su iko. == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{Official website|https://lamisimusic.com}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sfkv7xmhd5tnh1y8bpy5pvptb2w13zc 0 96751 892519 822502 2026-08-07T07:55:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113349/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] le19yqvndauln29rtoq29q7re8ok0mw 0 97009 892353 671012 2026-08-06T19:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyoyin kwadago a Tanzaniya''' Kungiyoyin [[Kwada Joseph Ayuba|kwadago]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzania</ref> na Tanzaniya suna da jimillar mambobi kusan 370,000. 350,000 daga cikin wadannan suna cikin Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Tanzaniya, wasu 15,000 kuma na Jam’iyyar Kwadago ta Zanzibar, kuma 2,400 mambobi ne na Kungiyar Kamun Kifi ta Tanzaniya da Kungiyar Ma’aikata ta Allied Workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tanzania.fes-international.de/doc/tu-the-history-of-trade-union-movement-in-zanzibar.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926012916/http://tanzania.fes-international.de/doc/tu-the-history-of-trade-union-movement-in-zanzibar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kafin samun 'yancin kai == An kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Tanganyikan ta farko, kungiyar direbobin motoci, a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1937, ma’aikatan Asiya suka kafa kungiyar kwadago ta [[Asiya]], wanda ya kai ga kafa kungiyoyi masu yawa a kasar. Wadannan kungiyoyi na farko ba su kasance ba, duk da haka, sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen masana'antu da yawa, aikinsu na farko shi ne shirya taimakon juna a tsakanin mambobinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/files/oplysning/Tanzania%20report.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132511/http://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/files/oplysning/Tanzania%20report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tushen ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Tanzaniya ta zamani ta koma 1940s. A shekara ta 1947, ƙungiyoyi biyar sun yi rajista da hukumomi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta mayar da martani ga ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi a Tanzaniya ta hanyar kafa dokoki waɗanda suka ba ta damar ci gaba da lura da motsi - alal misali, rajistar ƙungiyoyin ya zama wajibi. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun girma, a shekara ta 1956 akwai ƙungiyoyi 23 tare da kusan mambobi 13,000.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070926012915/http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/personnel/vernag/syndicat/thomassin_tanzanie.pdf</ref> A cikin 1955, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago goma sha bakwai a ƙarshe sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tanganyika (TFL). Asalin manyan manufofinsa guda biyu shine samun ƙarin membobi da kuma ɗaukar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai a kasar, TFL ta hada kai da kungiyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), jam’iyyar da aka kafa a shekarar 1954, a yakin neman ‘yancin kan al’ummar kasar daga Birtaniya inda ta cimma wannan buri a shekarar 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ITUC_List_Affiliates_02GC_230707.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926012916/http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ITUC_List_Affiliates_02GC_230707.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiya ta farko a Zanzibar, inda ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Tanganyikan ba su da aiki, ita ce ƙungiyar Seamen, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1955. An yi yajin aiki na ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin a 1948, amma ba a gudanar da wata ƙungiya mai tsari ba har zuwa 1955. Guguwar kafa ƙungiyoyi ya biyo bayan kungiyar Seamen's Union, amma waɗannan kungiyoyi ba su da yawa kuma yawancin Zanzibar ba su da yawa. ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kaɗan ne. A cikin 1956, an kafa Tarayyar Zanzibar da Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci na Pemba (ZPFL) tare da taimako daga ƙungiyoyin Tanganyikan. A farkon rabin shekarun 1960 kungiyar kwadago ta Zanzibari ta bunkasa. A lokacin juyin juya hali na 1964, kungiyar kwadago ta hada kai da manoma domin hambarar da Sarkin Musulmi.<ref>"Trade Unions and Democratization in Tanzania: End of an Era?"</ref> == Kungiyar NUTA, JUWATA, da OTTU == Ko da yake kokarin hadin gwiwa na TANU da TFL ya haifar da 'yancin kai na Tanzaniya daga Burtaniya, kungiyoyin kwadago sun gabatar da abin da Edwin Babeiya ya gindaya a matsayin "ci karo kai tsaye da gwamnatin TANU bayan samun 'yancin kai kan batutuwa daban-daban kamar Afirka da 'yancin cin gashin kai." Yajin aikin 152 da ya shafi ma’aikata 48,434 ya tilastawa jihar mayar da martani. Dokar NUTA ta 1964 ta rusa TFL kuma ta kafa kungiyar ma'aikatan Tanganyika (NUTA) a matsayin kungiyar kwadago tilo a kasar. Wannan ne dai ya kawo karshen duk wata ‘yancin cin gashin kan ma’aikata a kasar, kasancewar babban aikin kungiyar shi ne yada manufofin gwamnati sannan kuma shugaban kasar ya nada shugabancin kungiyar ta NUTA. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a farkon shekarun 1960 a Zanzibar, wadda ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya a 1964, haka yake. Kamar yadda yake a babban yankin Tanzaniya, gwamnati ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadagon da ake da su, wato ZPFL, sannan ta kafa kungiyar kwadagon juyin juya hali (FRTU) a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar ta Zanzibar. Kungiyar ta FRTU ta shiga cikin harkokin gwamnati da suka hada da shirya sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Amma a 1966, ba a buƙatar FRTU. Don haka, gwamnati ta rusa ta, kuma Ma’aikatar Kwadago, wadda ASP ke jagoranta, ta karbe harkokin ma’aikata, amma sai aka wargaje har a shekarar 1968.<ref>Tanzania: Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights (2006)</ref> A shekarar 1977, jam'iyyun Zanzibar da Tanzaniya mai mulkin kasar, TANU da ASP suka hade suka kafa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Hakazalika, an sake fasalin kungiyar da ke da alaka da TANU, kungiyar kwadago daya tilo a kasar. Ta haka ne aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tanzaniya ko Jumuiya ya Wafanyakazi Tanzaniya (JUWATA) a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Ta ci gaba da al'adar NUTA na cikakken biyayya ga jam'iyya mai mulki, amma ta shafi dukkan Tanzaniya, ciki har da Zanzibar, duk da cewa gwamnatin yankin ba ta son barin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ya sake komawa tsibirin. Biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980, matsin lamba na samun 'yancin cin gashin kan kungiyoyin kwadago tare da mikawa kasar ga tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1990 ya kai ga rugujewar JUWATA tare da kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Tanzania (OTTU) a shekarar 1992. Shugaban kasar da majalisar dokokin kasar sun amince da matakin. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin OTTU da JUWATA shi ne cewa tsohuwar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sashe kuma ta ba da izinin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin masana'antu goma sha ɗaya. Haka kuma, tsarin cikin gida na ƙungiyar ya kasance mafi dimokuradiyya fiye da na magabata. Bayan da shugaban kasar ya karya alkawarin kara albashi a kasar a shekarar 1993, kungiyar OTTU ta gudanar da yajin aikin cikin nasara daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga watan Maris wanda ya nuna cewa kungiyar ba ta da iko da gwamnatin. A watan Janairun 1994, yajin aikin da malaman makarantun sakandare suka yi ya haifar da danne gwamnati da suka hada da dakatar da malamai 318 da kuma kafa kungiyar malamai ta Tanzaniya. A cikin 1995, ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya na ƙasa sun yanke shawarar kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci (TFTU). Bruno Mpangala shi ne babban sakatarenta. Mambobin sun kai kusan 348,000, amma sun ƙi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, galibi sakamakon rage ma'aikatan gwamnati. A bisa ka'ida, ƙungiyoyin har yanzu suna cikin OTTU kuma TFTU ba ta da ikon yin shawarwari da masu ɗaukar ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu daban-daban sun yi hakan. == Dokar kungiyar kwadago == A shekara ta 1998, Dokar Kungiyar Kwadago ta 10 ta sanya kungiyoyin kwadago su zaman kansu ba tare da gwamnati ba. Wannan matakin dai ya samu goyon bayan kungiyoyin ne, duk da cewa an sha suka, musamman ma girman ikon magatakardar kungiyar kwadago. Dokar ta ba kowane ma'aikata ashirin damar kafa kungiyar kwadago da kuma kowace kungiya biyu don samar da cibiya ta kasa. Magatakarda, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da tanade-tanaden dokar na iya soke ko ƙin yin rajistar ƙungiyar. Dokar ba ta shafi Zanzibar da Pemba ba. Waɗannan tsibiran suna da irin wannan doka, wadda ta ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyi da yin rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin kwadago a Zanzibar. Gabaɗaya ƙuntatawa akan motsin ma'aikata a tsibirin sun fi tsananin ƙarfi fiye da na ƙasar. Misali, doka ta hana ma'aikata yajin aiki. == TUCTA da ZATUC == A shekara ta 2000, an kafa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Tanzaniya (TUCTA) a matsayin sabuwar laima ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasar. Babban bambancin dake tsakaninta da wanda ya gabace ta shi ne, TUCTA ta shafi babban yankin Tanzaniya ne kawai, kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Zanzibar ce ke da alhakin Zanzibar. == Manazarta == ex9qi6vlw3vr3vf52s0dwpdkyprhs7h 0 97142 892265 607575 2026-08-06T17:13:52Z Audullo 43513 892265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Komal Oli''' (Nepali) (an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu) ƴar jarida ce ta [[Nepal|Nepali]], rediyo da kuma ɗan talabijin, <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from [https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |date=2020-09-27 }} on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> mawaƙi na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-18 |title=गीत गाउन प्युठान पुगिन् राष्ट्रियसभा सदस्य कोमल वली |url=https://ratopati.com/story/33935 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=RatoPati |language=ne}}</ref> mai nishadantarwa da siyasa. Ta shiga siyasar Nepali kwanan nan kuma memba ne na majalisar tarayya wanda ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (NCP) wanda ke cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata. Ta raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin gargajiya da yawa. Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma matsayinta na aure ya sami kulawa sosai, tare da Komal, kanta, bayan ta buga waƙar da aka buga ''Poila Jaana Paam!''<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ "Komal Oli Biography"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> (fassara ta zahiri: Bari in tsere!). == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Komal a ranar 16 ga Afrilu a Tikari, Dang zuwa Deepa da Lalit Oli . <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ita ce babba cikin yara huɗu.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ta shafe dukkan yarinta a garinsu, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar yankin. Ta horar da kanta a cikin kiɗa yayin da take makaranta. == Rediyon Nepal da mawaƙa == Ta shiga Gasar Waƙoƙin Folk ta Kasa da Rediyon Nepal ta shirya a 2046 BS kuma ta sami matsayi na biyu.<ref> name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Rediyon Nepal ya ba ta yarjejeniyar kiɗa a wannan shekarar don kundin kiɗa guda ɗaya. A cikin 2049 BS, ta koma [[Kathmandu]] kuma Rediyon Nepal ya hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> == Nasara da shahara == A matsayinta na mai ba da labarai ga Rediyon Nepal da kuma mawaƙa, da sauri ta zama sanannen murya a cikin gidan Nepalese, saboda damar rediyo ga yankuna masu nisa na ƙasar. Ta fito da fiye da goma sha biyu albums a duk lokacin da take aiki.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ita mai nishadantarwa ce a abubuwan da suka faru a jama'a. Ta kuma horar da 'yan jarida masu son rediyo da talabijin. == Siyasa == Ta bar aikinta a Rediyon Nepal don shiga Jam'iyyar Rastriya Prajatantra ta Nepal wacce ke tsaye don dawo da mulkin mallaka da jihar Hindu. Koyaya, kafin zaben 2017, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (United Marxist Leninist). Lokacin da ba ta fito a cikin jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyya a zaben ba, ta yi rajistar takarar 'yan tawaye a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazabar garinsu. Daga baya, ta janye takarar ta kuma ta sanar da goyon baya ga dan takarar jam'iyyar. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. Jam'iyyarta ce ta zaba ta don cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata daga lardin ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fs2wstil109eq1b82afh7xg23n4rb95 892266 892265 2026-08-06T17:14:07Z Audullo 43513 892266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Komal Oli''' (Nepali) (an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu) ƴar jarida ce ta [[Nepal|Nepali]], rediyo da kuma ɗan talabijin, <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from [https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |date=2020-09-27 }} on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> mawaƙi na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-18 |title=गीत गाउन प्युठान पुगिन् राष्ट्रियसभा सदस्य कोमल वली |url=https://ratopati.com/story/33935 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=RatoPati |language=ne}}</ref> mai nishadantarwa da siyasa. Ta shiga siyasar Nepali kwanan nan kuma memba ne na majalisar tarayya wanda ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (NCP) wanda ke cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata. Ta raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin gargajiya da yawa. Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma matsayinta na aure ya sami kulawa sosai, tare da Komal, kanta, bayan ta buga waƙar da aka buga ''Poila Jaana Paam!''<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ "Komal Oli Biography"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> (fassara ta zahiri: Bari in tsere!). == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Komal a ranar 16 ga Afrilu a Tikari, Dang zuwa Deepa da Lalit Oli . <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ita ce babba cikin yara huɗu.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ta shafe dukkan yarinta a garinsu, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar yankin. Ta horar da kanta a cikin kiɗa yayin da take makaranta. == Rediyon Nepal da mawaƙa == Ta shiga Gasar Waƙoƙin Folk ta Kasa da Rediyon Nepal ta shirya a 2046 BS kuma ta sami matsayi na biyu.<ref> name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Rediyon Nepal ya ba ta yarjejeniyar kiɗa a wannan shekarar don kundin kiɗa guda ɗaya. A cikin 2049 BS, ta koma [[Kathmandu]] kuma Rediyon Nepal ya hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> == Nasara da shahara == A matsayinta na mai ba da labarai ga Rediyon Nepal da kuma mawaƙa, da sauri ta zama sanannen murya a cikin gidan Nepalese, saboda damar rediyo ga yankuna masu nisa na ƙasar. Ta fito da fiye da goma sha biyu albums a duk lokacin da take aiki.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ita mai nishadantarwa ce a abubuwan da suka faru a jama'a. Ta kuma horar da 'yan jarida masu son rediyo da talabijin. == Siyasa == Ta bar aikinta a Rediyon Nepal don shiga Jam'iyyar Rastriya Prajatantra ta Nepal wacce ke tsaye don dawo da mulkin mallaka da jihar Hindu. Koyaya, kafin zaɓen shekara ta 2017, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (United Marxist Leninist). Lokacin da ba ta fito a cikin jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyya a zaɓen ba, ta yi rajistar takarar 'yan tawaye a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazabar garinsu. Daga baya, ta janye takarar ta kuma ta sanar da goyon baya ga dan takarar jam'iyyar. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. Jam'iyyarta ce ta zaba ta don cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata daga lardin ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ffom7r7t90shvys7q59xfzaz4eq7167 892267 892266 2026-08-06T17:14:27Z Audullo 43513 892267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Komal Oli''' (Nepali) (an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu) ƴar jarida ce ta [[Nepal|Nepali]], rediyo da kuma ɗan talabijin, <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from [https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |date=2020-09-27 }} on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> mawaƙi na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-18 |title=गीत गाउन प्युठान पुगिन् राष्ट्रियसभा सदस्य कोमल वली |url=https://ratopati.com/story/33935 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=RatoPati |language=ne}}</ref> mai nishadantarwa da siyasa. Ta shiga siyasar Nepali kwanan nan kuma memba ne na majalisar tarayya wanda ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (NCP) wanda ke cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata. Ta raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin gargajiya da yawa. Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma matsayinta na aure ya sami kulawa sosai, tare da Komal, kanta, bayan ta buga waƙar da aka buga ''Poila Jaana Paam!''<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ "Komal Oli Biography"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> (fassara ta zahiri: Bari in tsere!). == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Komal a ranar 16 ga Afrilu a Tikari, Dang zuwa Deepa da Lalit Oli . <ref>name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ita ce babba cikin yara huɗu.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Ta shafe dukkan yarinta a garinsu, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar yankin. Ta horar da kanta a cikin kiɗa yayin da take makaranta. == Rediyon Nepal da mawaƙa == Ta shiga Gasar Waƙoƙin Folk ta Kasa da Rediyon Nepal ta shirya a 2046 BS kuma ta sami matsayi na biyu.<ref> name="hk">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli |url=https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204639/https://www.hamrokalakar.com/komal-oli |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Rediyon Nepal ya ba ta yarjejeniyar kiɗa a wannan shekarar don kundin kiɗa guda ɗaya. A cikin 2049 BS, ta koma [[Kathmandu]] kuma Rediyon Nepal ya hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> == Nasara da shahara == A matsayinta na mai ba da labarai ga Rediyon Nepal da kuma mawaƙa, da sauri ta zama sanannen murya a cikin gidan Nepalese, saboda damar rediyo ga yankuna masu nisa na ƙasar. Ta fito da fiye da goma sha biyu albums a duk lokacin da take aiki.<ref> name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Komal Oli Biography |url=https://nepalicelebrity.com/komal-oli-biography/ |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ita mai nishadantarwa ce a abubuwan da suka faru a jama'a. Ta kuma horar da 'yan jarida masu son rediyo da talabijin. == Siyasa == Ta bar aikinta a Rediyon Nepal don shiga Jam'iyyar Rastriya Prajatantra ta Nepal wacce ke tsaye don dawo da mulkin mallaka da jihar Hindu. Koyaya, kafin zaɓen shekara ta 2017, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (United Marxist Leninist). Lokacin da ba ta fito a cikin jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyya a zaɓen ba, ta yi rajistar takarar 'yan tawaye a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazaɓar garinsu. Daga baya, ta janye takarar ta kuma ta sanar da goyon baya ga dan takarar jam'iyyar. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Jam'iyyarta ce ta zaba ta don cika adadin da aka tanada ga mata daga lardin ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ltl8bb6phbrdw1z2ypzp9iic1xg2jqf 0 97816 892463 888169 2026-08-07T05:30:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jaridar Maryland Suffrage News''' wata jarida ce ta mako-mako da aka kafa a Baltimore, Maryland a cikin 1912 ta Edith Houghton Hooker a matsayin muryar Just Government League (JGL) na Maryland, ƙungiyar masu neman zaɓen mata da ta kafa a 1909. Hooker ita ce editan takarda kuma Dora G. Ogle ita ce manajan kasuwanci, yayin da Hooker da mijinta, Donald R. Hooker, suka ba da babban tallafin kuɗi. Membobin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta [[Amurka]] (NAWSA) za su iya biyan kuɗi zuwa Jaridar Mata ta kasa ([[Boston]]) da Maryland Suffrage News a lokaci guda, amma Maryland Suffrage News kuma yana samuwa ta hanyar biyan kuɗi daban-daban. Daga ƙarshe, JGL ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Mata ta Ƙasa, ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawarar yin zabe ta hanyar gyaran majalisa, matakin da ya kai ga janyewa daga NAWSA. == Tarihi == An buga fitowar farko na ''Labaran Suffrage na Maryland'' a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1912. Nan da nan jaridar ta zama muryar farar fata na mata a Maryland, tunda sauran jaridu na gama gari, irin su ''Baltimore Sun'' da takaddun gida, ba koyaushe suke bugawa ko kula da labarai masu alaƙa da zaɓe ba. Yayin da yawancin masu biyan kuɗi ke zaune a Maryland, takardar tana da suna na ƙasa tare da masu karatu a Virginia, [[Pennsylvania]], Delaware, New York, da California. Wadanda suka halarci takardar sun kasance mata farar fata na tsakiya da babba da magoya bayansu. Ko da yake JGL ta buga jaridar kuma ta inganta ra'ayoyin siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka yi daidai da abin da Edith Hooker ya yi, ''Maryland Suffrage News'' ya yi aiki don gina al'umma a tsakanin wasu nau'o'in zaɓe na mata daga waje da kuma fadin jihar, da kuma inganta [[Zaɓen Mata|yunkurin mata]] a fadin jihar. Jaridar ''Maryland Suffrage News'' a kai a kai na buga labarai da bayanai daga wasu ƙungiyoyin neman zaɓe, irin su Maryland Women's Suffrage League da the State Franchise League, da kuma ƙungiyoyin zaɓe na cikin gida ba tare da la'akari da alaƙar jaha ko ƙasa ba. Jaridar ta gabatar da labarai, bayanai, editoci, da kuma hotunan yunkurin zaben a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], jiha, da kasa. Jaridar ''Maryland Suffrage News'' ta yi aiki ba kawai a matsayin tushen ilimi ga mata masu karatu ba, har ma a matsayin ƙarfin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar ba da shawarwari masu amfani kan yadda ake tsarawa da muhawara kan gyaran zaɓe. Masanin tarihi Diane Weaver ya rubuta cewa, "Masu gyara ''Labarai na Suffrage'' tun da farko sun ɓullo da 'Masu Magana,' da kuma ginshiƙai don horar da masu ba da shawara don yin magana game da haɗin kai tsakanin gida, gwagwarmaya, da zaɓe." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Diane E. |date=1992 |title=Maryland Women and the Transformation of Politics, 1890s-1930 |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/20232/1169853.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=Digital Repository at the University of Maryland |publisher=University of Maryland |page=93}}</ref> Lokacin da aka amince da Kwaskwarima na Goma sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a cikin 1920, ''Labarin Suffrage na Maryland'' ya daina bugawa. Jaridar ''Maryland Suffrage News'' ta ba da shawarar kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Zaɓe ta Maryland, wadda aka shirya a 1921 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fara buga ''Maryland Voter'' . Edith Houghton Hooker kuma ya zama editan Mujallar Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa, ''The Suffragist'', wanda ya fara a cikin 1917 sannan daga baya buga ''Hakkokin Daidaitawa'' har zuwa 1934. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<references /> [[Rukuni:"Yancin kada kuri’a na mata a Maryland.]] ilyldz62yxeux7cjcnpzqmusnqt3xr2 0 98401 892315 690812 2026-08-06T18:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892315 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Kungiyar Forex | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Forex_Club_logo.svg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1997 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |An kafa shi a | class="infobox-data" |Saint Vincent da Grenadines |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |Kamfanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |Mai aiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kayayyakin | class="infobox-data" |Akmos TradeLibertex<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Kudi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[https://libertex.fxclub.org/goto/raf_miner?rid=3845974 fxclub.org] [https://libertex.fxclub.org/goto/raf_miner?rid=3845974 libertex.org] (Latin Amurka) [https://libertex.fxclub.org/goto/raf_miner?rid=3845974 libertex.fxclub.org] (Miner Bitcoin App) |} Forex Club rukuni ne na kamfanoni da ke zaune a Saint Vincent da dake Grenadines <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forex Club International company LookUp |url=https://www.lei-lookup.com/record/253400H7X368NPS5WN70/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=lei-lookup.com |language=en}}</ref> suna shiga cikin kasuwar sayarwa ta Yarjejeniya domin bambancin, Kasuwancin na Kasashen Waje. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Forex Club Review |url=https://www.forexpeacearmy.com/forex-reviews/77/fxclub-forex-brokers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110192036/http://www.finmarket.ru/httproot/files/FOREX_2015_end.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |website=finmarket.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Libertex: moving from monolithic systems to a service-oriented trading architecture |url=https://www.fintechmagazine.com/company/libertex-moving-monolithic-systems-service-oriented-trading-architecture |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.fintechmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin yana amfani da yanar gizo na Libertex da dandalin ciniki na hannu MT5 da MT4 kuma tsarinsa ya haɗa da kamfanonin kuɗi da ilimi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Forex Club |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/factbook/88209 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221010713/http://www.kommersant.ru/factbook/88209 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=kommersant.ru}}</ref> An kafa kamfanin ne a shekara ta 1997. <ref name=":1"/> A kuma shekara ta 2010, ta sami 100% na hannun jari na dillalin Rasha Akmos Trade. Alamar ta kasance kuma an haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta Forex Club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2010 |title=Forex Club acquired the oldest Russian forex broker |url=http://www.finmarket.ru/news.asp?id=1803086 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Finmarket.ru |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622102630/http://www.finmarket.ru/news/1803086 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Quadro Capital Partners ta sami hannun jari na yan tsiraru a cikin ƙungiyar kamfanonin Forex Club, ba a nuna adadin ma'amala ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2012 |title=Forex changes its course |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2012/03/16/forex_menyaet_kurs |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Ведомости |language=ru}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Forex Club da Quadro Capital Partners sun kafa Asusun Venture Capital FXC-QCP VC, tare da ƙaruwa har zuwa dala miliyan 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quadro Capital Partners and Forex Club put $ 200 million in online trading |url=https://www.interfax.ru/business/390992 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Interfax.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Dangane da hukumar tara bayanai ta Finmarket, a cikin shekara ta 2014 Forex Club ya kasance cikin yan kasuwa uku na Rasha tare da mafi yawan abokan ciniki da yawan jujjuyawar kowane wata. A wannan lokacin, yawan abokan ciniki masu aiki na kamfanin ya kai mutane 71,830, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 16.97% na kasuwa (wanda Alpari ya wuce). (mutane 120,000, da 28.35% na kasuwa)). Matsakaicin kuɗin da kamfanin ke samu a kowane wata ya kai dala miliyan 63.32, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 18.09% na kasuwa (wanda Alpari ya wuce ($ 107 miliyan da 30.56% na kasuwa)). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Myrzin |first=K. S. |last2=Illina |first2=T.G |date=2015 |title="The efficiency of private trading on the Russian and US currency market". Problems of accounting and finance 1 (17): 39–42. |url=http://journals.tsu.ru/uploads/import/1323/files/1(17)_039.pdf}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Forex Club ta shirya aikin Living Collection of Private Investments a ofishinta na sabis na abokin ciniki, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forex Club collected a collection of investments |url=https://finparty.ru/private_events/20098/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222852/https://finparty.ru/private_events/20098/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=finparty.ru |language=ru}}</ref> nune-nunen mu'amala akan tarihin saka hannun jari da kuma rarraba kudaden masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private investment collection: official opening |url=https://www.tg-m.ru/news/zhivaya-kollektsiya-chastnykh-investitsii-ofitsialnoe-otkrytie |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.tg-m.ru}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, daidai da Dokar Kasuwancin Kasashen Waje ta Tarayyar Rasha, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=Other major foreign exchange broker applied for a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation |url=https://ru.forexmagnates.com/eshhe-odin-krupnyiy-foreks-broker-obratilsya-v-tsb-rf-za-litsenziey/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=ru.forexmagnates.com}}</ref> Forex Club ta gabatar da aikace-aikacen ta zuwa Babban Banki domin samun lasisin dillalin Forex na Rasha; a watan Yunin shekara ta 2016, Bankin Rasha ya ki amincewa da tsarin kamfanin. A cewar wakilan kamfanin, bayan warware wasu abubuwan lura na yau da kullun, an gabatar da sabon aikace-aikacen ga Babban Bankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Bank of Russia denied Alpari's license and Forex Club |url=https://ru.forexmagnates.com/bank-rossii-otkazal-alpari-i-forex-club-v-vyidachi-litsenzii/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=ru.forexmagnates.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016, Forex Club ta sami lasisi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bank has issued a Forex Club GC distributor and registered SRO currency dealers |url=https://www.banki.ru/news/lenta/?id=9286971 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Банки.ру}}</ref> A cewar Cibiyar Musayar Kasashen Waje ta Kasa ta Kasuwancin [[Belarus]], kamfanin ya kasance na farko "bisa ga yawan ma'amaloli na abokan ciniki tare da kayan aiki na abokan ciniki a kan duk kadarorin da ke cikin kamfanonin musayar kasashen waje da aka haɗa a cikin rajistar Bankin Kasa na Belarus".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=Forex Club became the leader in terms of trading volume among foreign exchange companies operating in Belarus |url=https://naviny.by/new/20190131/1548942880-foreks-klub-vyshel-v-lidery-po-obemu-operaciy-sredi-rabotayushchih-v |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=naviny.by |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717042009/https://naviny.by/new/20190131/1548942880-foreks-klub-vyshel-v-lidery-po-obemu-operaciy-sredi-rabotayushchih-v |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Rasha ta soke lasisin. A ranar 25 ga Nuwambar, shekara ta 2022, wanda ya kafa kuma mai kula da hannun jari na Retail FX da CFDs masu sayar da kayayyaki Libertex da Forex Club sun mutu a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a [[Monaco]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=Libertex founder Viacheslav Taran killed in Monaco helicopter crash |url=https://fxnewsgroup.com/forex-news/executives/libertex-founder-viacheslav-taran-killed-in-monaco-helicopter-crash/ |website=fxnewsgroup.com}}</ref> === Libertex === A watan Yunin shekara ta 2015 Forex Club ta ƙaddamar da dandalin kasuwanci Libertex . <ref>{{Cite web |last=March 2020 |first=Jitendra Soni 23 |title=Libertex review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/libertex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110602/https://www.techradar.com/reviews/libertex |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[James Rodríguez]], ya kasance jakadan alama a cikin shekara ta 2017 da 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=elEconomista.es |date=8 February 2017 |title=James Rodríguez, jugador de fútbol internacional, firma contrato con Libertex – elEconomista.es |url=https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/8140741/02/17/James-Rodriguez-jugador-de-futbol-internacional-firma-contrato-con-Libertex.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.eleconomista.es |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=James Rodríguez extends Libertex deal ahead of World Cup – SportsPro Media |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/james-rodriguez-world-cup-libertex-endorsement-deal |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.sportspromedia.com}}</ref> An gane Libertex a matsayin memba na FinaCom a cikin shekara ta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Financial Commission Grants A-Category Membership Status to Libertex {{!}} Finance Magnates |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/brokers/financial-commission-grants-a-category-membership-status-to-libertex/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Finance Magnates {{!}} Financial and business news |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2020 kamfanin ya fara inganta dandalin kasuwanci na Libertex a Ukraine da Kazakhstan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oleg Tkachenko |date=2020-11-01 |title=FOREX CLUB Review |url=https://tradersunion.com/brokers/forex/view/forex_club/ |website=Traders Union |language=ru}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == A cikin shekarun 2012-2013, [[:ru:Теплухин, Павел Михайлович|Pavel Teplukhin]] ya jagoranci kwamitin daraktocin Forex Club . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2012 |title=Pavel Teplukhin chose the currency |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2012/08/01/pavel_tepluhin_vybral_valyutu |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Ведомости |language=ru}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na kamfanin, Vyacheslav Tarán ne ya cika wannan mukamin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=Vyacheslav Taran returned to leadership of the board of directors of Forex Club |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/management/articles/2013/03/21/vyacheslav-taran-vernulsya-k-rukovodstvu-sovetom-direktorov-forex-club |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Ведомости |language=ru}}</ref> A watan Yulin ahekara ta 2015, tsohon mataimakin shugaban zartarwa da kuma babban jami'in kudi Michael Geiger ne ya cika mukamin babban jami'an zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of the founders of the Forex Club Group, Vyacheslav Taran, resigned as Group CEO |url=https://www.dp.ru/a/2015/07/30/U_Forex_Club_smenilsja_gen/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.dp.ru}}</ref> == Rashin jituwa == Forex Club (Libertex) yana da tarihin matsalolin bin doka wanda ya tilasta kamfanin ya dakatar da ayyukan siyarwa a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 2010, babban kamfanin Forex Club Financial Company, Inc. bai dace da bukatun lasisi ba. Gudanar da kamfanin ya bayyana cewa lasisi ya daskare, kuma kamfanin yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi a mafi ƙarancin matakin karɓa. A cewar Mataimakin Shugaban Forex Club FS Piotr Tatarnikov, babban dalilin raguwar shine ci gaban matsayin abokan ciniki. A ƙarshe, an ƙara shi da dala miliyan 1.5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2010 |title=Forex Club summed up currency fluctuations |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/finance/articles/2010/04/01/forex-club-podveli-kolebaniya-kursov-valyut |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Ведомости |language=ru}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Ƙungiyar Futures ta Kasa (NFA) ta caje kamfanin da laifuffuka da yawa kamar rashin kula da kulawar ciki, adana bayanan kuɗi, gudanar da isasshen shirin yaki da tsabar kudi (a fannin kudi FinCEN da OFAC), kuma Shugaba Peter Tatarnikov an caje shi da rashin kula da ayyukan kamfanin da ma'aikata da himma. Daga cikin sauran takunkumi, NFA ta ci tarar kamfanin $ 300,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Greenberg |date=October 26, 2012 |title=NFA takes a parting shot at Forex Club – fines it $300k |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/brokers/nfa-takes-a-parting-shot-at-forex-club-fines-it-300k/ |access-date=February 9, 2021 |publisher=Finance Magnates}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2012 |title=NFA Case No. 12-BCC-031. Complaint |url=https://www.nfa.futures.org/basicnet/regulatory-actions-detail-doc.aspx?docid=3425&rnd=6f1a52ae-62db-4a19-a04a-0f38a4aaca92 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |publisher=National Futures Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forex Club fined for reporting in Russian and Chinese |url=https://www.pressreader.com/russia/rbc/20121029/282114928828250 |access-date=2 May 2020 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NFA fines New York forex firm, Forex Club LLC, and its former CEO Peter Tatarnikov, $300,000 |url=https://www.nfa.futures.org/news/newsRel.asp?ArticleID=4132 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=www.nfa.futures.org}}</ref> A cewar Reuters da FinanceMagnates.com, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012 saboda tsauraran ka'idoji a Amurka kamfanin ya yanke shawarar fita daga kasuwar Amurka da son rai kuma ya sayar da ayyukansu da tushen abokin ciniki ga FXCM a cikin yarjejeniyar da ke ci gaba na watanni da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Greenberg |date=August 28, 2012 |title=FXCM to partner with Forex Club on its US clients base |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/brokers/fxcm-to-partner-with-forex-club-on-its-us-clients-base/ |access-date=November 24, 2021 |publisher=Finance Magnates}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wanfeng Zhou |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Struggling retail FX brokers look to institutions for growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/forex-trading-retail-idUKL1E8MDCP420121120 |access-date=November 24, 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Kasuwar Canji]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sc6on26v70nptu6xrajuiwqzou70lp0 0 101424 892136 785655 2026-08-06T13:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yakin Kert (Spanish) rikici ne a arewacin Morocco tsakanin Spain da Rif ''harkas'' mai tayar da kayar baya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mohammed Ameziane, wanda ya yi kira ga ''[[jihadi]]'' a kan mamayar Spaniya a gabashin Rif. Ya faru ne tsakanin shekarun 1911 da 1912.<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yaƙin ya ga gabatarwar <nowiki><i id="mwFg">tropas regulares indígenas</i></nowiki> ("sojoji na yau da kullum"), wanda Dámaso Berenguer ya ƙirƙira ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1911. Yaƙin ya biyo bayan tawaye da Mohammed Ameziane, caïd na Segangan, ya fara, wanda ya yi kira ga ''[[jihadi]]'' kuma ya kai farmaki ga Spaniya da ƙabilun da ke da abokantaka da su. Bayan wani hari kan wani ruƙuni na ma'aikatan soji na Spaniya da ke gudanar da ayyukan taswirar wuri a wani matsayi kusa da Ishafen (kusa da kogin Kert) yakin na Spain ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta. Duk da haka an riga an harbe wani ɓangare na Spaniya a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni. [[Fayil:1911-10-14,_La_Hormiga_de_Oro,_Convoy_dirigiéndose_á_las_posiciones_avanzadas_de_Imarufen.jpg|left|thumb| ayarin motocin Mutanen Espanya sun nufi Imaroufene]] Bayan ziyarar Melilla, Ministan Yakin Spaniya Agustín Luque ya karɓi ragamar ayyukan a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, kuma gwagwarmayar ta haifar da asarar da yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu, mutuwar 64 da 204 da suka jikkata a ɓangaren Spain. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1911 Janar Salvador Díaz Ordóñez aka kashe a cikin aiki kuma wani shafi da {{Interlanguage link|Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera|es|lt=General Navarro}} ya umarta. ya mutu 33 kuma 105 sun jikkata.<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> Sojojin Spain sun ɗauki matsayin Al Aaroui (''Monte Arruit'') a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1912. Spaniya sun ƙare yaƙin ne bayan kashe Ameziane da ƴan ƙasar suka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1912. [<nowiki/>[[Mohammed Sidi Baracca]] ya maye gurbinsa amma ba da jimawa ba ya miƙa wuya. Asarar da Spaniya suka yi a wancan lokacin sun kai kusan 500 da aka kashe kuma 1,900 suka jikkata. An shinfiɗa layin sarrafa Sipaniya zuwa kogin Kert kuma sabbin iyakoki na yankin da Spaniya suka mamaye sun haɗa da haɗa ɗakunan Berber na [[Ait Sidel]] da [[Ait Bu-Gafar]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Yaƙin Hispano-Maroko (1859-1860) * Kamfen na farko na Melillan * Kamfen na biyu na Melillan === Manazarta === {{Reflist|30em}} === Ƙara karantawa === * {{Cite journal |last=Barrio Jala |first=Manuel del |year=2002 |title=Nuestros Generales en el Norte de África |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/e/revista_ejercito_732.pdf |journal=Ejército |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defence]] |volume=LXIII |issue=732 |pages=41–51 |issn=0013-2918 |access-date=2025-06-01 |archive-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714220010/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/e/revista_ejercito_732.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation|title=Las campañas de Marrueco y la opinión pública. El ejemplo de Salamanca y su prensa (1906-1927)|url=https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|first=María|year=2012|last=Gajate Bajo|publisher=Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado|location=Madrid|isbn=978-84-615-9842-7|access-date=2020-08-27|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605222842/https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal |last=León Rojas |first=José |year=2018 |title=Tarifa y las Campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927) |url=http://aljaranda.com/index.php/aljaranda/article/view/1078 |journal=Aljaranda |location=Tarifa |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Tarifa |volume=1 |issue=92 |issn=1130-7986}} * {{Cite journal |last=Macías Fernández |first=Daniel |year=2013 |title=Las campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927) |url=https://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/86 |journal=Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar |volume=2 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal|isbn=978-84-88642-16-5|issn=1130-314X|location=Gijón|year=2013|journal=Entemu|publisher=[[UNED|UNED Centro Asociado de Asturias]]|title=Las guerras de Marruecos|first=Francisco|last=Ramos Oliver|pages=165–185|url=https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827145021/https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-date=2020-08-27}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ramos Oliver |first=Francisco |year=2013 |title=Las guerras de Marruecos |url=https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf |journal=Entemu |location=Gijón |publisher=[[UNED|UNED Centro Asociado de Asturias]] |pages=165–185 |isbn=978-84-88642-16-5 |issn=1130-314X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827145021/https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-27}} * {{Cite book|url=http://www.racv.es/es/racv_digital/los-regulares-en-la-guerra-de-africa|title=Los Regulares en la Guerra de África|first=José Antonio|last=Requejo Gómez|year=2017|publisher=Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana|location=Valencia|access-date=2025-06-01|archive-date=2025-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128043922/http://www.racv.es/es/racv_digital/los-regulares-en-la-guerra-de-africa|url-status=dead}} trk5z1jko91089x3a4m2aag4fzmtzw7 0 101568 892276 794927 2026-08-06T17:18:49Z Audullo 43513 892276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Pan-African Parliament''' ( '''PAP''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''Majalisar Afirka''', ita ce majalisar dokoki ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Pan-African Parliament (PAP) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100046241 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a watan Maris 2004. Majalisar tana aiki da sa ido, kuma tana da ikon ba da shawara da tuntuɓar juna, wanda kuma ke da shekaru biyar na farko. Da farko dai kujerar majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta kasance a [[Addis Ababa|birnin Addis Ababa]] [[Itofiya|na kasar Habasha]], amma daga baya aka koma birnin Midrand na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afrika ta Kudu]] . Manufar kafa majalisar ita ce samar da wani fili da jama'a daga dukkan jihohin Afirka za su hadu, da yin shawarwari, da zartar da wasu manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Majalisar ta ƙunshi mafi girman mambobi biyar kowace ƙasa memba da ta amince da yarjejeniyar kafa ta, ciki har da aƙalla mace ɗaya a kowace ƙasa memba. <ref name="pap.au.int"> {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Honorable Members of Parliament (MPs) {{!}} Pan-African Parliament |url=https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212509/https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en |quote=The Parliament has up to 275 members representing the 55 AU Member States that have ratified the Protocol establishing it (¬five members per Member State, including at least one woman and representing the diversity of political opinions in their own national parliament or deliberative organ)}} </ref> Ƙasashe membobi ne da majalisunsu na cikin gida ne ke zabar wadannan mambobi. Babban burin majalisar ita ce ta zama cibiyar da ke da cikakken ikon aiwatar da doka wanda ake zabar mambobinta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a fadin duniya, kamar yadda shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana a jawabinsa na bude taro na farko na majalisar dokoki ta biyu na majalisar Pan-African a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2009. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Pan-African Parliament {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pap |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=au.int |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234306/https://au.int/en/pap |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Pan-African ta ƙunshi sassa uku. Zauren taron dai shi ne babban bangaren zartarwa da shawarwari na majalisar, inda wakilai ke taruwa akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka da hanyoyin magance su. Ofishin shi ne sashin jagoranci na Majalisar, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu, wadanda dukkansu wakilai ne suka zabe su a zauren Majalisar. Bangaren karshe na majalisar shi ne Sakatariya, wacce ita ce kungiya ce ta majalisar kuma magatakarda, mataimakin magatakarda, da mataimakin magatakarda na riko. Tare, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna kiyayewa da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idojin da aka tsara don gudanar da majalisar. A zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekarar 2022, an zabi Chief Fortune Charumbira daga Zimbabwe a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa, sai kuma Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania, Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha, Lúcia Maria Mendes Gonçalves dos Passos daga Cape Verde, da Francois Ango Ndoutoume daga Gabon a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership &#124; African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin == Majalisar ta ƙunshi manyan hukumomi uku: Majalisa, Ofishi, da Sakatariya. Akwai kuma kwamitoci goma na dindindin, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don magance sassa daban-daban na rayuwa a Afirka. === Gabaɗaya === Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta majalisar. Zauren taron ya kunshi wakilai daga kasashe membobi, kuma shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta. Jiki ne ke zartar da shawarwari. Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu tana da wakilai guda 235 wadanda majalisun dokokin kasashe 47 a cikin 55 na kungiyar AU ke zabar su, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye a matsayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP - General Overview |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424110338/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Kowace kasa memba na tura tawagar 'yan majalisa biyar zuwa majalisar, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce. Yakamata ya kamata tsarin wakilan ya nuna bambancin siyasa na majalisar dokokin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP |url=http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302170241/http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |archive-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Pan African Parliament}}</ref> === Ofishin === <nowiki><b id="mwSQ">Ofishin</b></nowiki> Shi ne rukunin jagoranci na majalisar kuma ya ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu. Kowane memba na Ofishin yana wakiltar yanki daban-daban na Afirka. Membobin Ofishin na yanzu sune: <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> * '''Shugaban kasa -''' Hon. Cif Fortune Zephania Charumbira daga Zimbabwe. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko -''' Hon. Farfesa Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu -''' Hon. Dr Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku -''' Hon. Lucia Dos Passos daga Cape Verde. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na hudu -''' Hon. Jidda Mamar Mahamat daga kasar Chadi. === Sakatariya === Sakatariyar tana taimakawa a harkokin yau da kullum na Majalisar, da gudanar da ayyuka kamar tarukan taro, shirya zabe da kuma kula da ma’aikata. Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi magatakardar majalisa da mataimakan magatakarda guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu yana jagorantar Sashen Kasuwancin Majalisu, ɗayan kuma na Kudi, Gudanarwa, da Albarkatun Jama'a. Magatakardar Majalisar da mataimakansu kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikata idan an buƙata. <ref name="Secretariat">{{Cite web |title=Secretariat |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192140/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tarihi== Yarjejeniyar [[Abuja]] ta shekarar 1991 da Sanarwar Sirte ta shekarar 1999 sun bukaci a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka (PAP). Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta bayyana PAP ne kawai a matsayin wani bangare na hukumomin ƙungiyar tare da cewa, "Domin tabbatar da cewa mutanen Afirka sun shiga cikakken hali wajen ci gaba da haɗin kai na tattalin arzikin nahiyar, dole ne a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Tsarin kafa ta, ayyukanta, ikon ta da yadda za ta kasance za a fayyace su a cikin wata yarjejeniya da za ta tanadi hakan." Bayan haka, an samar da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka da wata yarjejeniya mai alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka da ta shafi Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Daga nan sai Dokar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2000 a taron koli na OAU da aka gudanar a [[Lomé]], Togo. Zuwa shekarar 2022, PAP na da wakilai daga ƙasashe mambobin AU guda 47 daga cikin 55. Sashe na 22 na yarjejeniyar PAP ya tanadi cewa za ta fara aiki ne bayan mafi ƙarancin rinjayen ƙasashe mambobi sun ajiye takardun amincewa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan African Parliament |url=http://www.internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.internationaldemocracywatch.org |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022721/http://internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikon Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ya karu sosai bayan taron AU-EU na shekarar 2017. Kafin wannan lokaci, majalisar na da ikon ba da shawara kawai. Sauye-sauyen da aka tsara kuma aka amince da su a shekarar 2017 sun mai da majalisar ta zama hukuma mai doka ta Tarayyar Afirka. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun ba PAP damar tsara dokoki na misali ga ƙasashen Afirka da kuma sauya yadda zaɓe ke gudana a cikin majalisar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=The Pan-African Parliament: getting ready for the 2017 AU-EU Summit |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/570486/EXPO_BRI(2017)570486_EN.pdf |journal=European Parliament |type=Policy Brief}}</ref> Kafin 2017, kowace ƙasa mamba tana zaɓar mutane biyar da za su wakilce ta a majalisar. Yanzu haka, wakilai daga kowace ƙasa ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar majalisar dokokin ƙasarsu, a zaɓen da ake gudanarwa a cikin wata guda a duk fadin Afirka.<ref name=":2" /> == Manufa == * Aiwatar da manufofin da manufofin Tarayyar Afirka. * Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam]da dimokuradiyya a [[Afirka]]. * Tabbatar cewa Membobin Kasashe suna bin kyakkyawan shugabanci, gaskiya da rikon amana. * Bari al'ummomin Afirka su san mene ne manufofi da manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yadda za su iya hade kansu a nahiyar yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki cikin tsarin kungiyar ta AU. * Samar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Nahiyar. * Samar da dogaro da kai da farfado da tattalin arziki ta yadda za a samu makoma mai kyau ga al'ummar Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa da ci gaba a Afirka. * Karfafa fahimtar hadin kai da gina makoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki da Mambobinsu a Majalisa. ==Iko== * Duba, tattauna ko bayyana ra'ayi a kan kowanne lamari, ko dai bisa ƙudurinta ko kuma a bisa buƙatar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ko wasu hukumomin tsara manufofi, tare da yin shawarwari da ta ke ganin sun dace dangane da, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, batutuwan da suka shafi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokiraɗiyya da al'adun dimokiraɗiyya, da kuma inganta shugabanci nagari da bin doka. * Tattauna kasafin kuɗinta da kuma na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tare da bayar da shawarwari kafin amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka. * Yin aiki don daidaita ko haɗa dokokin ƙasashe mambobi. * Yin shawarwari da nufin taimakawa cimma manufofin OAU/AEC da kuma jawo hankali kan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da haɗin kai a Afirka da hanyoyin shawo kansu. * Nemi jami’an OAU/AEC su halarci zaman ta, su gabatar da takardu ko kuma su taimaka wajen sauke nauyin ayyukanta. * Inganta shirye-shirye da manufofin OAU/AEC a cikin yankunan da wakilan ƙasashe mambobi ke wakilta. * Inganta daidaitawa da haɗa manufofi, matakai, shirye-shirye da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankuna da majalisun dokoki na nahiyar Afirka. * Ɗaukar dokokinta na aiki, zaɓar shugaban majalisar da gabatar da shawarwari ga Majalisa da Majalisar Ministoci kan girma da tsarin ma’aikatan tallafi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. * Yin wasu ayyuka da ta ke ganin sun dace domin cimma manufofin da ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar kafa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta ɗauka shi ne yanke shawarar aika tawagar tantance gaskiya zuwa yankin Darfur na ƙasar Sudan. ==Kalubale== ===Zaɓe=== ====Zaɓen Gabaɗaya==== Duk da cewa manufar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ita ce gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya, akwai abubuwa da dama da ke hana wannan buri cika. Wakilai na Majalisar ana zaɓar su ne daga ƙasashen mambobi, kuma cin hanci da rashin gaskiya a zaɓe kamar tsoratar da masu kaɗa ƙuri'a da murɗa sakamakon zaɓe abu ne da ake fama da shi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abuya |first=Edwin |date=2010-01-01 |title=Can African States Conduct Free and Fair Presidential Elections? |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol8/iss2/1 |journal=Northwestern Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=122}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe mambobi, hakan na zuwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zaɓe da shugabannin siyasa don fitar da sakamakon ƙarya. Akwai iyaka ga abin da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka za ta iya yi domin tabbatar da gudanar da sahihin zaɓe wanda zai haifar da muhalli na gaskiya da dimokiraɗiyya, don haka ana takaita ikon ta ta fuskar cimma wannan buri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Mngomezulu |first=Bheki |date=2018-09-12 |title=Reflecting on the Pan-African Parliament : prospects and challenges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |s2cid=158551696 |issn=2050-4292|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ====Zaɓen Shugabanci na 2021==== Bayan karewar wa’adin shekaru uku na Roger Nkodo Dang a watan Mayu 2021, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta gudanar da zama domin zaɓar sabon shugaban majalisa da mataimakansa. Amma zaman bai cimma wata matsaya ba saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin wakilan yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka dangane da wanda zai shugabanci majalisar. Har ma da tashin hankali ya barke tsakanin ‘yan majalisar, inda wasu har suka riƙe akwatin ƙuri’a da hannu. Saboda haka, zaman ya ƙare ba tare da sanin wanene zai jagoranci majalisar a gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Parliament Scuffle Upends Leadership Talks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_africa-parliament-scuffle-upends-leadership-talks/6206636.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=VOA |date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Tarayyar Afirka ta shiga tsakani a watan Nuwamba 2021 domin taimaka wa majalisar ta kammala zaɓenta da dawo da doka da oda.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |title=AU steps in to try and fix the Pan-African Parliament |url=https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/au-steps-in-to-try-and-fix-the-pan-african-parliament |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, Bouras Djamel aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na majalisar, yayin da sauran sakamakon zaɓen ke jiran a kammala su yayin babban taron da aka shirya yi a watan Yuli 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Does the Pan-African Parliament serve a purpose? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/174001/does-the-pan-african-parliament-serve-a-purpose/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Harshe=== Babban ƙalubale ne batun harshe a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Harshen Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci da Fotugis ne suke zama harsunan aiki guda huɗu a majalisar. Amma akwai buƙatar a haɗa harsunan asali na Afirka cikin jerin harsunan aiki. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan harsuna (sai dai Larabci) suna da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da tsohon tsarin mulki a Afirka. Wannan matsalar na ƙara bayyana ne ta hanyar wakilcin ƙasashe a majalisar, inda kowace ƙasa – ko da yawan jama’arta – ke da yawan wakilai iri ɗaya.<ref name=":3" /> ===Burokraɗiyya=== A faɗin nahiyar Afirka, akwai nau’o’in gwamnati na hukuma da na al’ada waɗanda ke aiki daidai gwargwado. Amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gwamnatoci na fuskantar matsalar shugabanni waɗanda ba sa son sauka daga mulki (“shugaba har abada”).<ref>Amadi, E. (2016), ‘The Pan-African Parliament (PAP): Issues, Challenges and Prospects’, ''International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research'', 3(1): 1-9.</ref> Baya ga hakan, akwai ƙasashe masu rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauya kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gudunmawar da wasu ƙasashe za su bayar a majalisar na ƙuntatawa, saboda hakan yana hana aika wakilan da suka dace, kuma masu wakiltar ra'ayin jama’ar su. Rashin gaskiya da cin hanci ma babban kalubale ne a faɗin Afirka. Tunda majalisar na buƙatar ƙasashen mambobi su biya kuɗin rajista zuwa Tarayyar Afirka da majalisar kanta, to cin hanci a cikin ƙasa na iya sa waɗannan kuɗaɗen su faɗa hannun jami’an gwamnati maimakon zuwa ga majalisar. Wannan na rage wa majalisar kuɗin aiki da kuma ikon aiwatar da ayyuka.<ref>Transparency International, 2015. ''Report on Corruption Index''.</ref> == Zaman Tattaunawa == Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu na iya haduwa a wani zama na yau da kullun har sau biyu a cikin shekara, yawanci a watan Maris da Agusta. Wadannan tarurruka na yau da kullun, tarurruka ne na yau da kullun da ake tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka, kuma za a iya kada kuri'a a kan 'yan majalisar dokoki don biyan bukatun Afirka kamar yadda 'yan majalisar Pan-African suka ga dama, kuma za su dauki tsawon wata guda. Kwamitocin dindindin na majalisar a kullum suna haduwa sau biyu a shekara don gudanar da tarukan doka, kuma za su iya yin taro a duk lokacin da suka ga dama yayin zaman majalisar na yau da kullun don tarukan da ba na doka ba. Majalisar kuma za ta iya yin taro a wani zama na musamman idan akwai gaggawa ko kuma wani yanayi na daban.<ref name=":02"/> A wasu daga cikin wadannan tarukan ana gudanar da zaben shugaban riko da mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Wadannan mukamai dai ‘yan majalisar wakilai ne da suka fito daga yankuna 5 na Afirka: Arewaci, Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma, da Kudanci, inda Mukaddashin Shugaban kasar ya fito daga kowanne daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Dole ne Majalisar ta amince da 'yan takara kafin a jefa kuri'a a kan wadanda za a kada kuri'a a zahiri.<ref name=":02" /> == Ƙarfin Dokoki == Kafin a yi sauye-sauye ga Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2017, ba a taɓa wuce wata doka ba ta hannun majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagbayibo |first=Babatunde |title=Toothless Pan-African Parliament could have meaningful powers. Here's how |url=http://theconversation.com/toothless-pan-african-parliament-could-have-meaningful-powers-heres-how-87449 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Conversation |date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Sai dai sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar a 2017 sun mai da majalisar cibiyar dokoki ta cikakken iko da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Afirka, inda ta samu damar tsara da amincewa da Dokoki Misali da ƙasashen mambobi za su iya ɗauka. Yanzu haka, Majalisar na iya karɓa, duba da kuma bayar da ra'ayi a kan shawarwarin dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi da sauran ƙa’idojin kasa da kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar na da iko bisa ƙa’idojin kuɗi da dokoki da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara, wadda hakan ke ba ta damar kula da ayyukan tara kuɗaɗen kanta ta hanyar dokokin majalisa. Duk wata doka da Majalisar ta gabatar dole ne a mika ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa da amincewa ta ƙarshe.<ref name=":2"/> === Dokoki Misali === ==== Tsari ==== Tsarin ƙirƙira Dokar Misali a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka na da matakai guda uku: matakin fara tsari, matakin tsara doka, da matakin amincewa. Ana iya fara ƙirƙirar Doka Misali daga: Babban taro (Plenary), kwamitin majalisa, Ofishin shugabancin majalisar (Bureau), ɗan majalisa guda, rukuni na 'yan majalisa, ƙungiyar jigogi (thematic caucus), wani bangaren Tarayyar Afirka, ko wata ƙungiyar jama'a da aka rajista a cikin wata ƙasa mamba, ko ɗan ƙasa da ke zaune a wata ƙasa mamba ko wani kamfani da aka rajista a wata ƙasa mamba. Ofishin Sakatare (Secretariat) yana bayar da shawarwari na fasaha ga cibiyoyin siyasa na majalisar dangane da yanke shawarar fara tsarin ƙirƙirar doka. Ofishin shugabanci (Bureau) ne ke zaɓar kwamitin da ya dace da batun da doka ke buƙata domin duba ko dokar za ta yi amfani, za ta yiwu kuma za a iya aiwatar da ita. Wannan ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwajin damar aiwatarwa, gwajin doka da kuma iya aiwatarwa. Sakamakon wannan gwaji ana mikawa Babban Taro (Plenary) wanda zai kada ƙuri’a ko za a ci gaba da tsara Dokar Misali. Idan an amince, dokar za ta shiga matakin tsara doka da amincewa kafin daga ƙarshe a mika ta zuwa Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation |url=https://pap.au.int/en/legislation |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en}}</ref> ==== Dokoki Misali da Aka Gabatar ==== Misalin wata Doka Misali da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta amince da ita kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta sahale ta ita ce dokar da ta shafi aikin 'yan sanda a Afirka. Wannan doka an amince da ita daga Majalisar a shekara ta 2018, sannan Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta tabbatar da ita a shekarar 2022. Manufar dokar ita ce sauya aikin 'yan sanda daga "na danniya zuwa na mutunta dimokuradiyya da kare haƙƙin mutane", da kuma bayar da cikakken tsari kan "rawar da suke takawa, ikon su, ɗabi’un su, da yanayin aikin su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=Pan African parliament approves model law on police |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/pan-african-parliament-approves-model-law-on-police/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Manyan manufofin doka uku sun haɗa da: kula da ‘yan sanda ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya da na farar hula; bin doka da oda; da samar da ƙa’idodin aiki da suka dace da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar ta haɗa da shawarwari daga kwararru daban-daban a aikin ‘yan sanda a Afirka, kuma tana bayyana mafi kyawun tsarin doka da za a iya amfani da shi a tsakanin tsarin dokoki da ayyukan ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ake da su a nahiyar. Komitin da ya tsara dokar ya gane daga farko cewa haɗa ra’ayin jama’a da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taimaka wajen ganin an yi dokar da za ta dace da nahiyar da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da ita ga masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Louise |date=January 3, 2022 |title=Model Law promotes rights-based police reform across Africa {{!}} Association for the Prevention of Torture |url=https://www.apt.ch/en/blog/model-law-promotes-rights-based-police-reform-across-africa |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.apt.ch |language=en}}</ref> ==Asusun Lamuni== An kafa asusun amincewa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2005. A cikin kudirin samar da asusun, an ce asusun amincewa da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan-African zai inganta " shugabanci nagari, gaskiya da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ci gaba a hadewar al'ummar Afirka a cikin Afirka da sauran kasashe. Zai kuma tallafa wa yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], yunwa da talauci a nahiyar".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |title=Establishment of the Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund |access-date=2009-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302040352/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Shugabannin Majalisar Afrika == {{Infobox Political post | post = Shugaba | body = the<br />Pan-African Parliament | insignia = | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = Emblem | image = | imagesize = 200px | incumbent = Fortune Z. Charumbira | nationality = [[Zimbabwe]]an | incumbentsince = 2022 | nominator = | appointer = Majalisa | termlength = Shekaru uku | formation = 2000 | inaugural = [[Gertrude Mongella]] | deputy = | salary = | website = }} {|class="wikitable" |- valign=top !colspan="5" align=center | Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afrika |- !Lamba !Suna !Farkon zangon mulki !Ƙarshen zangon mulki !Ƙasa |- | 1 | [[Gertrude Mongella]] | 2004 | 2008 | {{TAN}} |- | 2 | [[Idriss Ndele Moussa]] | 2009 | 2012 | {{CHA}} |- | 3 | [[Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]] | 2012 | 2015 | {{NGR}} |- | 4 | [[Roger Nkodo Dang]] | May 2015 | April 2020 | {{CMR}} |- |5 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |April 2020 |August 2020 |{{ZWE}} |- |6 |[[Bouras Djamel]] |August 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament - AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS|url=https://www.africanparliamentarynews.com/2020/08/bouras-djamal-becomes-acting-president.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.africanparliamentarynews.com}}</ref> |June 2022 |{{ALG}} |- |7 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |June 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Zimbabwe's Fortune Charumbira, the new president of the Pan African Parliament |url=https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |website=Africa Briefing |access-date=3 July 2022 |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704044415/https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''incumbent'' |{{ZWE}} |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu== * {{official website|https://pap.au.int/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180424143436/http://www.fbwgroup.com/projects/cultural/panafricanparliament.html Pan-African Parliament Design Competition Entry] cvswq9xminbvbog31i1wh9yzt17feug 892277 892276 2026-08-06T17:19:17Z Audullo 43513 892277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Pan-African Parliament''' ( '''PAP''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''Majalisar Afirka''', ita ce majalisar dokoki ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Pan-African Parliament (PAP) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100046241 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a watan Maris 2004. Majalisar tana aiki da sa ido, kuma tana da ikon ba da shawara da tuntuɓar juna, wanda kuma ke da shekaru biyar na farko. Da farko dai kujerar majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta kasance a [[Addis Ababa|birnin Addis Ababa]] [[Itofiya|na kasar Habasha]], amma daga baya aka koma birnin Midrand na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afrika ta Kudu]] . Manufar kafa majalisar ita ce samar da wani fili da jama'a daga dukkan jihohin Afirka za su hadu, da yin shawarwari, da zartar da wasu manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Majalisar ta ƙunshi mafi girman mambobi biyar kowace ƙasa memba da ta amince da yarjejeniyar kafa ta, ciki har da aƙalla mace ɗaya a kowace ƙasa memba. <ref name="pap.au.int"> {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Honorable Members of Parliament (MPs) {{!}} Pan-African Parliament |url=https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212509/https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en |quote=The Parliament has up to 275 members representing the 55 AU Member States that have ratified the Protocol establishing it (¬five members per Member State, including at least one woman and representing the diversity of political opinions in their own national parliament or deliberative organ)}} </ref> Ƙasashe membobi ne da majalisunsu na cikin gida ne ke zabar wadannan mambobi. Babban burin majalisar ita ce ta zama cibiyar da ke da cikakken ikon aiwatar da doka wanda ake zabar mambobinta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a fadin duniya, kamar yadda shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana a jawabinsa na bude taro na farko na majalisar dokoki ta biyu na majalisar Pan-African a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2009. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Pan-African Parliament {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pap |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=au.int |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234306/https://au.int/en/pap |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Pan-African ta ƙunshi sassa uku. Zauren taron dai shi ne babban bangaren zartarwa da shawarwari na majalisar, inda wakilai ke taruwa akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka da hanyoyin magance su. Ofishin shi ne sashin jagoranci na Majalisar, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu, wadanda dukkansu wakilai ne suka zabe su a zauren Majalisar. Bangaren karshe na majalisar shi ne Sakatariya, wacce ita ce kungiya ce ta majalisar kuma magatakarda, mataimakin magatakarda, da mataimakin magatakarda na riko. Tare, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna kiyayewa da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idojin da aka tsara don gudanar da majalisar. A zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekarar 2022, an zabi Chief Fortune Charumbira daga Zimbabwe a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa, sai kuma Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania, Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha, Lúcia Maria Mendes Gonçalves dos Passos daga Cape Verde, da Francois Ango Ndoutoume daga Gabon a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership &#124; African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin == Majalisar ta ƙunshi manyan hukumomi uku: Majalisa, Ofishi, da Sakatariya. Akwai kuma kwamitoci goma na dindindin, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don magance sassa daban-daban na rayuwa a Afirka. === Gabaɗaya === Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta majalisar. Zauren taron ya kunshi wakilai daga kasashe membobi, kuma shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta. Jiki ne ke zartar da shawarwari. Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu tana da wakilai guda 235 wadanda majalisun dokokin kasashe 47 a cikin 55 na kungiyar AU ke zabar su, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye a matsayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP - General Overview |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424110338/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Kowace kasa memba na tura tawagar 'yan majalisa biyar zuwa majalisar, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce. Yakamata ya kamata tsarin wakilan ya nuna bambancin siyasa na majalisar dokokin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP |url=http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302170241/http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |archive-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Pan African Parliament}}</ref> === Ofishin === <nowiki><b id="mwSQ">Ofishin</b></nowiki> Shi ne rukunin jagoranci na majalisar kuma ya ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu. Kowane memba na Ofishin yana wakiltar yanki daban-daban na Afirka. Membobin Ofishin na yanzu sune: <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> * '''Shugaban kasa -''' Hon. Cif Fortune Zephania Charumbira daga Zimbabwe. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko -''' Hon. Farfesa Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu -''' Hon. Dr Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku -''' Hon. Lucia Dos Passos daga Cape Verde. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na hudu -''' Hon. Jidda Mamar Mahamat daga kasar Chadi. === Sakatariya === Sakatariyar tana taimakawa a harkokin yau da kullum na Majalisar, da gudanar da ayyuka kamar tarukan taro, shirya zabe da kuma kula da ma’aikata. Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi magatakardar majalisa da mataimakan magatakarda guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu yana jagorantar Sashen Kasuwancin Majalisu, ɗayan kuma na Kudi, Gudanarwa, da Albarkatun Jama'a. Magatakardar Majalisar da mataimakansu kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikata idan an buƙata. <ref name="Secretariat">{{Cite web |title=Secretariat |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192140/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tarihi== Yarjejeniyar [[Abuja]] ta shekarar 1991 da Sanarwar Sirte ta shekarar 1999 sun bukaci a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka (PAP). Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta bayyana PAP ne kawai a matsayin wani bangare na hukumomin ƙungiyar tare da cewa, "Domin tabbatar da cewa mutanen Afirka sun shiga cikakken hali wajen ci gaba da haɗin kai na tattalin arzikin nahiyar, dole ne a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Tsarin kafa ta, ayyukanta, ikon ta da yadda za ta kasance za a fayyace su a cikin wata yarjejeniya da za ta tanadi hakan." Bayan haka, an samar da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka da wata yarjejeniya mai alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka da ta shafi Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Daga nan sai Dokar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2000 a taron koli na OAU da aka gudanar a [[Lomé]], Togo. Zuwa shekarar 2022, PAP na da wakilai daga ƙasashe mambobin AU guda 47 daga cikin 55. Sashe na 22 na yarjejeniyar PAP ya tanadi cewa za ta fara aiki ne bayan mafi ƙarancin rinjayen ƙasashe mambobi sun ajiye takardun amincewa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan African Parliament |url=http://www.internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.internationaldemocracywatch.org |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022721/http://internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikon Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ya karu sosai bayan taron AU-EU na shekarar 2017. Kafin wannan lokaci, majalisar na da ikon ba da shawara kawai. Sauye-sauyen da aka tsara kuma aka amince da su a shekarar 2017 sun mai da majalisar ta zama hukuma mai doka ta Tarayyar Afirka. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun ba PAP damar tsara dokoki na misali ga ƙasashen Afirka da kuma sauya yadda zaɓe ke gudana a cikin majalisar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=The Pan-African Parliament: getting ready for the 2017 AU-EU Summit |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/570486/EXPO_BRI(2017)570486_EN.pdf |journal=European Parliament |type=Policy Brief}}</ref> Kafin 2017, kowace ƙasa mamba tana zaɓar mutane biyar da za su wakilce ta a majalisar. Yanzu haka, wakilai daga kowace ƙasa ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar majalisar dokokin ƙasarsu, a zaɓen da ake gudanarwa a cikin wata guda a duk fadin Afirka.<ref name=":2" /> == Manufa == * Aiwatar da manufofin da manufofin Tarayyar Afirka. * Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam]da dimokuradiyya a [[Afirka]]. * Tabbatar cewa Membobin Kasashe suna bin kyakkyawan shugabanci, gaskiya da rikon amana. * Bari al'ummomin Afirka su san mene ne manufofi da manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yadda za su iya hade kansu a nahiyar yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki cikin tsarin kungiyar ta AU. * Samar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Nahiyar. * Samar da dogaro da kai da farfado da tattalin arziki ta yadda za a samu makoma mai kyau ga al'ummar Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa da ci gaba a Afirka. * Karfafa fahimtar hadin kai da gina makoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki da Mambobinsu a Majalisa. ==Iko== * Duba, tattauna ko bayyana ra'ayi a kan kowanne lamari, ko dai bisa ƙudurinta ko kuma a bisa buƙatar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ko wasu hukumomin tsara manufofi, tare da yin shawarwari da ta ke ganin sun dace dangane da, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, batutuwan da suka shafi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokiraɗiyya da al'adun dimokiraɗiyya, da kuma inganta shugabanci nagari da bin doka. * Tattauna kasafin kuɗinta da kuma na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tare da bayar da shawarwari kafin amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka. * Yin aiki don daidaita ko haɗa dokokin ƙasashe mambobi. * Yin shawarwari da nufin taimakawa cimma manufofin OAU/AEC da kuma jawo hankali kan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da haɗin kai a Afirka da hanyoyin shawo kansu. * Nemi jami’an OAU/AEC su halarci zaman ta, su gabatar da takardu ko kuma su taimaka wajen sauke nauyin ayyukanta. * Inganta shirye-shirye da manufofin OAU/AEC a cikin yankunan da wakilan ƙasashe mambobi ke wakilta. * Inganta daidaitawa da haɗa manufofi, matakai, shirye-shirye da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankuna da majalisun dokoki na nahiyar Afirka. * Ɗaukar dokokinta na aiki, zaɓar shugaban majalisar da gabatar da shawarwari ga Majalisa da Majalisar Ministoci kan girma da tsarin ma’aikatan tallafi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. * Yin wasu ayyuka da ta ke ganin sun dace domin cimma manufofin da ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar kafa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta ɗauka shi ne yanke shawarar aika tawagar tantance gaskiya zuwa yankin Darfur na ƙasar Sudan. ==Kalubale== ===Zaɓe=== ====Zaɓen Gabaɗaya==== Duk da cewa manufar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ita ce gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya, akwai abubuwa da dama da ke hana wannan buri cika. Wakilai na Majalisar ana zaɓar su ne daga ƙasashen mambobi, kuma cin hanci da rashin gaskiya a zaɓe kamar tsoratar da masu kaɗa ƙuri'a da murɗa sakamakon zaɓe abu ne da ake fama da shi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abuya |first=Edwin |date=2010-01-01 |title=Can African States Conduct Free and Fair Presidential Elections? |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol8/iss2/1 |journal=Northwestern Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=122}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe mambobi, hakan na zuwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zaɓe da shugabannin siyasa don fitar da sakamakon ƙarya. Akwai iyaka ga abin da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka za ta iya yi domin tabbatar da gudanar da sahihin zaɓe wanda zai haifar da muhalli na gaskiya da dimokiraɗiyya, don haka ana takaita ikon ta ta fuskar cimma wannan buri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Mngomezulu |first=Bheki |date=2018-09-12 |title=Reflecting on the Pan-African Parliament : prospects and challenges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |s2cid=158551696 |issn=2050-4292|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ====Zaɓen Shugabanci na 2021==== Bayan karewar wa’adin shekaru uku na Roger Nkodo Dang a watan Mayu 2021, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta gudanar da zama domin zaɓar sabon shugaban majalisa da mataimakansa. Amma zaman bai cimma wata matsaya ba saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin wakilan yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka dangane da wanda zai shugabanci majalisar. Har ma da tashin hankali ya barke tsakanin ‘yan majalisar, inda wasu har suka riƙe akwatin ƙuri’a da hannu. Saboda haka, zaman ya ƙare ba tare da sanin wanene zai jagoranci majalisar a gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Parliament Scuffle Upends Leadership Talks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_africa-parliament-scuffle-upends-leadership-talks/6206636.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=VOA |date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Tarayyar Afirka ta shiga tsakani a watan Nuwamba 2021 domin taimaka wa majalisar ta kammala zaɓenta da dawo da doka da oda.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |title=AU steps in to try and fix the Pan-African Parliament |url=https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/au-steps-in-to-try-and-fix-the-pan-african-parliament |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, Bouras Djamel aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na majalisar, yayin da sauran sakamakon zaɓen ke jiran a kammala su yayin babban taron da aka shirya yi a watan Yuli 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Does the Pan-African Parliament serve a purpose? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/174001/does-the-pan-african-parliament-serve-a-purpose/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Harshe=== Babban ƙalubale ne batun harshe a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Harshen Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci da Fotugis ne suke zama harsunan aiki guda huɗu a majalisar. Amma akwai buƙatar a haɗa harsunan asali na Afirka cikin jerin harsunan aiki. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan harsuna (sai dai Larabci) suna da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da tsohon tsarin mulki a Afirka. Wannan matsalar na ƙara bayyana ne ta hanyar wakilcin ƙasashe a majalisar, inda kowace ƙasa – ko da yawan jama’arta – ke da yawan wakilai iri ɗaya.<ref name=":3" /> ===Burokraɗiyya=== A faɗin nahiyar Afirka, akwai nau’o’in gwamnati na hukuma da na al’ada waɗanda ke aiki daidai gwargwado. Amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gwamnatoci na fuskantar matsalar shugabanni waɗanda ba sa son sauka daga mulki (“shugaba har abada”).<ref>Amadi, E. (2016), ‘The Pan-African Parliament (PAP): Issues, Challenges and Prospects’, ''International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research'', 3(1): 1-9.</ref> Baya ga hakan, akwai ƙasashe masu rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauya kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gudunmawar da wasu ƙasashe za su bayar a majalisar na ƙuntatawa, saboda hakan yana hana aika wakilan da suka dace, kuma masu wakiltar ra'ayin jama’ar su. Rashin gaskiya da cin hanci ma babban kalubale ne a faɗin Afirka. Tunda majalisar na buƙatar ƙasashen mambobi su biya kuɗin rajista zuwa Tarayyar Afirka da majalisar kanta, to cin hanci a cikin ƙasa na iya sa waɗannan kuɗaɗen su faɗa hannun jami’an gwamnati maimakon zuwa ga majalisar. Wannan na rage wa majalisar kuɗin aiki da kuma ikon aiwatar da ayyuka.<ref>Transparency International, 2015. ''Report on Corruption Index''.</ref> == Zaman Tattaunawa == Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu na iya haduwa a wani zama na yau da kullun har sau biyu a cikin shekara, yawanci a watan Maris da Agusta. Wadannan tarurruka na yau da kullun, tarurruka ne na yau da kullun da ake tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka, kuma za a iya kada kuri'a a kan 'yan majalisar dokoki don biyan bukatun Afirka kamar yadda 'yan majalisar Pan-African suka ga dama, kuma za su dauki tsawon wata guda. Kwamitocin dindindin na majalisar a kullum suna haduwa sau biyu a shekara don gudanar da tarukan doka, kuma za su iya yin taro a duk lokacin da suka ga dama yayin zaman majalisar na yau da kullun don tarukan da ba na doka ba. Majalisar kuma za ta iya yin taro a wani zama na musamman idan akwai gaggawa ko kuma wani yanayi na daban.<ref name=":02"/> A wasu daga cikin wadannan tarukan ana gudanar da zaben shugaban riko da mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Wadannan mukamai dai ‘yan majalisar wakilai ne da suka fito daga yankuna 5 na Afirka: Arewaci, Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma, da Kudanci, inda Mukaddashin Shugaban kasar ya fito daga kowanne daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Dole ne Majalisar ta amince da 'yan takara kafin a jefa kuri'a a kan wadanda za a kada kuri'a a zahiri.<ref name=":02" /> == Ƙarfin Dokoki == Kafin a yi sauye-sauye ga Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2017, ba a taɓa wuce wata doka ba ta hannun majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagbayibo |first=Babatunde |title=Toothless Pan-African Parliament could have meaningful powers. Here's how |url=http://theconversation.com/toothless-pan-african-parliament-could-have-meaningful-powers-heres-how-87449 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Conversation |date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Sai dai sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar a 2017 sun mai da majalisar cibiyar dokoki ta cikakken iko da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Afirka, inda ta samu damar tsara da amincewa da Dokoki Misali da ƙasashen mambobi za su iya ɗauka. Yanzu haka, Majalisar na iya karɓa, duba da kuma bayar da ra'ayi a kan shawarwarin dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi da sauran ƙa’idojin kasa da kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar na da iko bisa ƙa’idojin kuɗi da dokoki da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara, wadda hakan ke ba ta damar kula da ayyukan tara kuɗaɗen kanta ta hanyar dokokin majalisa. Duk wata doka da Majalisar ta gabatar dole ne a mika ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa da amincewa ta ƙarshe.<ref name=":2"/> === Dokoki Misali === ==== Tsari ==== Tsarin ƙirƙira Dokar Misali a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka na da matakai guda uku: matakin fara tsari, matakin tsara doka, da matakin amincewa. Ana iya fara ƙirƙirar Doka Misali daga: Babban taro (Plenary), kwamitin majalisa, Ofishin shugabancin majalisar (Bureau), ɗan majalisa guda, rukuni na 'yan majalisa, ƙungiyar jigogi (thematic caucus), wani bangaren Tarayyar Afirka, ko wata ƙungiyar jama'a da aka rajista a cikin wata ƙasa mamba, ko ɗan ƙasa da ke zaune a wata ƙasa mamba ko wani kamfani da aka rajista a wata ƙasa mamba. Ofishin Sakatare (Secretariat) yana bayar da shawarwari na fasaha ga cibiyoyin siyasa na majalisar dangane da yanke shawarar fara tsarin ƙirƙirar doka. Ofishin shugabanci (Bureau) ne ke zaɓar kwamitin da ya dace da batun da doka ke buƙata domin duba ko dokar za ta yi amfani, za ta yiwu kuma za a iya aiwatar da ita. Wannan ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwajin damar aiwatarwa, gwajin doka da kuma iya aiwatarwa. Sakamakon wannan gwaji ana mikawa Babban Taro (Plenary) wanda zai kada ƙuri’a ko za a ci gaba da tsara Dokar Misali. Idan an amince, dokar za ta shiga matakin tsara doka da amincewa kafin daga ƙarshe a mika ta zuwa Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation |url=https://pap.au.int/en/legislation |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en}}</ref> ==== Dokoki Misali da Aka Gabatar ==== Misalin wata Doka Misali da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta amince da ita kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta sahale ta ita ce dokar da ta shafi aikin 'yan sanda a Afirka. Wannan doka an amince da ita daga Majalisar a shekara ta 2018, sannan Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta tabbatar da ita a shekarar 2022. Manufar dokar ita ce sauya aikin 'yan sanda daga "na danniya zuwa na mutunta dimokuradiyya da kare haƙƙin mutane", da kuma bayar da cikakken tsari kan "rawar da suke takawa, ikon su, ɗabi’un su, da yanayin aikin su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=Pan African parliament approves model law on police |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/pan-african-parliament-approves-model-law-on-police/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Manyan manufofin doka uku sun haɗa da: kula da ‘yan sanda ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya da na farar hula; bin doka da oda; da samar da ƙa’idodin aiki da suka dace da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar ta haɗa da shawarwari daga kwararru daban-daban a aikin ‘yan sanda a Afirka, kuma tana bayyana mafi kyawun tsarin doka da za a iya amfani da shi a tsakanin tsarin dokoki da ayyukan ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ake da su a nahiyar. Komitin da ya tsara dokar ya gane daga farko cewa haɗa ra’ayin jama’a da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taimaka wajen ganin an yi dokar da za ta dace da nahiyar da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da ita ga masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Louise |date=January 3, 2022 |title=Model Law promotes rights-based police reform across Africa {{!}} Association for the Prevention of Torture |url=https://www.apt.ch/en/blog/model-law-promotes-rights-based-police-reform-across-africa |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.apt.ch |language=en}}</ref> ==Asusun Lamuni== An kafa asusun amincewa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2005. A cikin kudirin samar da asusun, an ce asusun amincewa da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan-African zai inganta " shugabanci nagari, gaskiya da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ci gaba a hadewar al'ummar Afirka a cikin Afirka da sauran kasashe. Zai kuma tallafa wa yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], yunwa da talauci a nahiyar".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |title=Establishment of the Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund |access-date=2009-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302040352/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Shugabannin Majalisar Afrika == {{Infobox Political post | post = Shugaba | body = the<br />Pan-African Parliament | insignia = | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = Emblem | image = | imagesize = 200px | incumbent = Fortune Z. Charumbira | nationality = [[Zimbabwe]]an | incumbentsince = 2022 | nominator = | appointer = Majalisa | termlength = Shekaru uku | formation = 2000 | inaugural = [[Gertrude Mongella]] | deputy = | salary = | website = }} {|class="wikitable" |- valign=top !colspan="5" align=center | Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afrika |- !Lamba !Suna !Farkon zangon mulki !Ƙarshen zangon mulki !Ƙasa |- | 1 | [[Gertrude Mongella]] | 2004 | 2008 | {{TAN}} |- | 2 | [[Idriss Ndele Moussa]] | 2009 | 2012 | {{CHA}} |- | 3 | [[Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]] | 2012 | 2015 | {{NGR}} |- | 4 | [[Roger Nkodo Dang]] | May 2015 | April 2020 | {{CMR}} |- |5 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |April 2020 |August 2020 |{{ZWE}} |- |6 |[[Bouras Djamel]] |August 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament - AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS|url=https://www.africanparliamentarynews.com/2020/08/bouras-djamal-becomes-acting-president.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.africanparliamentarynews.com}}</ref> |June 2022 |{{ALG}} |- |7 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |June 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Zimbabwe's Fortune Charumbira, the new president of the Pan African Parliament |url=https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |website=Africa Briefing |access-date=3 July 2022 |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704044415/https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''incumbent'' |{{ZWE}} |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu== * {{official website|https://pap.au.int/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180424143436/http://www.fbwgroup.com/projects/cultural/panafricanparliament.html Pan-African Parliament Design Competition Entry] olsuwyg0lh9h6z9twf14olywwz9isrx 892278 892277 2026-08-06T17:19:35Z Audullo 43513 892278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Pan-African Parliament''' ( '''PAP''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''Majalisar Afirka''', ita ce majalisar dokoki ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Pan-African Parliament (PAP) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100046241 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a watan Maris 2004. Majalisar tana aiki da sa ido, kuma tana da ikon ba da shawara da tuntuɓar juna, wanda kuma ke da shekaru biyar na farko. Da farko dai kujerar majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta kasance a [[Addis Ababa|birnin Addis Ababa]] [[Itofiya|na kasar Habasha]], amma daga baya aka koma birnin Midrand na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afrika ta Kudu]] . Manufar kafa majalisar ita ce samar da wani fili da jama'a daga dukkan jihohin Afirka za su hadu, da yin shawarwari, da zartar da wasu manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Majalisar ta ƙunshi mafi girman mambobi biyar kowace ƙasa memba da ta amince da yarjejeniyar kafa ta, ciki har da aƙalla mace ɗaya a kowace ƙasa memba. <ref name="pap.au.int"> {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Honorable Members of Parliament (MPs) {{!}} Pan-African Parliament |url=https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212509/https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en |quote=The Parliament has up to 275 members representing the 55 AU Member States that have ratified the Protocol establishing it (¬five members per Member State, including at least one woman and representing the diversity of political opinions in their own national parliament or deliberative organ)}} </ref> Ƙasashe membobi ne da majalisunsu na cikin gida ne ke zabar wadannan mambobi. Babban burin majalisar ita ce ta zama cibiyar da ke da cikakken ikon aiwatar da doka wanda ake zabar mambobinta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a fadin duniya, kamar yadda shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana a jawabinsa na bude taro na farko na majalisar dokoki ta biyu na majalisar Pan-African a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2009. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Pan-African Parliament {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pap |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=au.int |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234306/https://au.int/en/pap |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Pan-African ta ƙunshi sassa uku. Zauren taron dai shi ne babban bangaren zartarwa da shawarwari na majalisar, inda wakilai ke taruwa akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka da hanyoyin magance su. Ofishin shi ne sashin jagoranci na Majalisar, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu, wadanda dukkansu wakilai ne suka zabe su a zauren Majalisar. Bangaren karshe na majalisar shi ne Sakatariya, wacce ita ce kungiya ce ta majalisar kuma magatakarda, mataimakin magatakarda, da mataimakin magatakarda na riko. Tare, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna kiyayewa da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idojin da aka tsara don gudanar da majalisar. A zaɓen majalisar dokokin ƙasar a shekarar 2022, an zabi Chief Fortune Charumbira daga Zimbabwe a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa, sai kuma Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania, Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha, Lúcia Maria Mendes Gonçalves dos Passos daga Cape Verde, da Francois Ango Ndoutoume daga Gabon a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership &#124; African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin == Majalisar ta ƙunshi manyan hukumomi uku: Majalisa, Ofishi, da Sakatariya. Akwai kuma kwamitoci goma na dindindin, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don magance sassa daban-daban na rayuwa a Afirka. === Gabaɗaya === Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta majalisar. Zauren taron ya kunshi wakilai daga kasashe membobi, kuma shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta. Jiki ne ke zartar da shawarwari. Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu tana da wakilai guda 235 wadanda majalisun dokokin kasashe 47 a cikin 55 na kungiyar AU ke zabar su, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye a matsayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP - General Overview |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424110338/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Kowace kasa memba na tura tawagar 'yan majalisa biyar zuwa majalisar, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce. Yakamata ya kamata tsarin wakilan ya nuna bambancin siyasa na majalisar dokokin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP |url=http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302170241/http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |archive-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Pan African Parliament}}</ref> === Ofishin === <nowiki><b id="mwSQ">Ofishin</b></nowiki> Shi ne rukunin jagoranci na majalisar kuma ya ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu. Kowane memba na Ofishin yana wakiltar yanki daban-daban na Afirka. Membobin Ofishin na yanzu sune: <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> * '''Shugaban kasa -''' Hon. Cif Fortune Zephania Charumbira daga Zimbabwe. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko -''' Hon. Farfesa Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu -''' Hon. Dr Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku -''' Hon. Lucia Dos Passos daga Cape Verde. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na hudu -''' Hon. Jidda Mamar Mahamat daga kasar Chadi. === Sakatariya === Sakatariyar tana taimakawa a harkokin yau da kullum na Majalisar, da gudanar da ayyuka kamar tarukan taro, shirya zabe da kuma kula da ma’aikata. Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi magatakardar majalisa da mataimakan magatakarda guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu yana jagorantar Sashen Kasuwancin Majalisu, ɗayan kuma na Kudi, Gudanarwa, da Albarkatun Jama'a. Magatakardar Majalisar da mataimakansu kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikata idan an buƙata. <ref name="Secretariat">{{Cite web |title=Secretariat |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192140/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tarihi== Yarjejeniyar [[Abuja]] ta shekarar 1991 da Sanarwar Sirte ta shekarar 1999 sun bukaci a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka (PAP). Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta bayyana PAP ne kawai a matsayin wani bangare na hukumomin ƙungiyar tare da cewa, "Domin tabbatar da cewa mutanen Afirka sun shiga cikakken hali wajen ci gaba da haɗin kai na tattalin arzikin nahiyar, dole ne a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Tsarin kafa ta, ayyukanta, ikon ta da yadda za ta kasance za a fayyace su a cikin wata yarjejeniya da za ta tanadi hakan." Bayan haka, an samar da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka da wata yarjejeniya mai alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka da ta shafi Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Daga nan sai Dokar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2000 a taron koli na OAU da aka gudanar a [[Lomé]], Togo. Zuwa shekarar 2022, PAP na da wakilai daga ƙasashe mambobin AU guda 47 daga cikin 55. Sashe na 22 na yarjejeniyar PAP ya tanadi cewa za ta fara aiki ne bayan mafi ƙarancin rinjayen ƙasashe mambobi sun ajiye takardun amincewa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan African Parliament |url=http://www.internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.internationaldemocracywatch.org |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022721/http://internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikon Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ya karu sosai bayan taron AU-EU na shekarar 2017. Kafin wannan lokaci, majalisar na da ikon ba da shawara kawai. Sauye-sauyen da aka tsara kuma aka amince da su a shekarar 2017 sun mai da majalisar ta zama hukuma mai doka ta Tarayyar Afirka. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun ba PAP damar tsara dokoki na misali ga ƙasashen Afirka da kuma sauya yadda zaɓe ke gudana a cikin majalisar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=The Pan-African Parliament: getting ready for the 2017 AU-EU Summit |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/570486/EXPO_BRI(2017)570486_EN.pdf |journal=European Parliament |type=Policy Brief}}</ref> Kafin 2017, kowace ƙasa mamba tana zaɓar mutane biyar da za su wakilce ta a majalisar. Yanzu haka, wakilai daga kowace ƙasa ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar majalisar dokokin ƙasarsu, a zaɓen da ake gudanarwa a cikin wata guda a duk fadin Afirka.<ref name=":2" /> == Manufa == * Aiwatar da manufofin da manufofin Tarayyar Afirka. * Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam]da dimokuradiyya a [[Afirka]]. * Tabbatar cewa Membobin Kasashe suna bin kyakkyawan shugabanci, gaskiya da rikon amana. * Bari al'ummomin Afirka su san mene ne manufofi da manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yadda za su iya hade kansu a nahiyar yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki cikin tsarin kungiyar ta AU. * Samar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Nahiyar. * Samar da dogaro da kai da farfado da tattalin arziki ta yadda za a samu makoma mai kyau ga al'ummar Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa da ci gaba a Afirka. * Karfafa fahimtar hadin kai da gina makoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki da Mambobinsu a Majalisa. ==Iko== * Duba, tattauna ko bayyana ra'ayi a kan kowanne lamari, ko dai bisa ƙudurinta ko kuma a bisa buƙatar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ko wasu hukumomin tsara manufofi, tare da yin shawarwari da ta ke ganin sun dace dangane da, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, batutuwan da suka shafi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokiraɗiyya da al'adun dimokiraɗiyya, da kuma inganta shugabanci nagari da bin doka. * Tattauna kasafin kuɗinta da kuma na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tare da bayar da shawarwari kafin amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka. * Yin aiki don daidaita ko haɗa dokokin ƙasashe mambobi. * Yin shawarwari da nufin taimakawa cimma manufofin OAU/AEC da kuma jawo hankali kan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da haɗin kai a Afirka da hanyoyin shawo kansu. * Nemi jami’an OAU/AEC su halarci zaman ta, su gabatar da takardu ko kuma su taimaka wajen sauke nauyin ayyukanta. * Inganta shirye-shirye da manufofin OAU/AEC a cikin yankunan da wakilan ƙasashe mambobi ke wakilta. * Inganta daidaitawa da haɗa manufofi, matakai, shirye-shirye da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankuna da majalisun dokoki na nahiyar Afirka. * Ɗaukar dokokinta na aiki, zaɓar shugaban majalisar da gabatar da shawarwari ga Majalisa da Majalisar Ministoci kan girma da tsarin ma’aikatan tallafi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. * Yin wasu ayyuka da ta ke ganin sun dace domin cimma manufofin da ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar kafa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta ɗauka shi ne yanke shawarar aika tawagar tantance gaskiya zuwa yankin Darfur na ƙasar Sudan. ==Kalubale== ===Zaɓe=== ====Zaɓen Gabaɗaya==== Duk da cewa manufar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ita ce gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya, akwai abubuwa da dama da ke hana wannan buri cika. Wakilai na Majalisar ana zaɓar su ne daga ƙasashen mambobi, kuma cin hanci da rashin gaskiya a zaɓe kamar tsoratar da masu kaɗa ƙuri'a da murɗa sakamakon zaɓe abu ne da ake fama da shi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abuya |first=Edwin |date=2010-01-01 |title=Can African States Conduct Free and Fair Presidential Elections? |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol8/iss2/1 |journal=Northwestern Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=122}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe mambobi, hakan na zuwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zaɓe da shugabannin siyasa don fitar da sakamakon ƙarya. Akwai iyaka ga abin da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka za ta iya yi domin tabbatar da gudanar da sahihin zaɓe wanda zai haifar da muhalli na gaskiya da dimokiraɗiyya, don haka ana takaita ikon ta ta fuskar cimma wannan buri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Mngomezulu |first=Bheki |date=2018-09-12 |title=Reflecting on the Pan-African Parliament : prospects and challenges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |s2cid=158551696 |issn=2050-4292|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ====Zaɓen Shugabanci na 2021==== Bayan karewar wa’adin shekaru uku na Roger Nkodo Dang a watan Mayu 2021, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta gudanar da zama domin zaɓar sabon shugaban majalisa da mataimakansa. Amma zaman bai cimma wata matsaya ba saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin wakilan yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka dangane da wanda zai shugabanci majalisar. Har ma da tashin hankali ya barke tsakanin ‘yan majalisar, inda wasu har suka riƙe akwatin ƙuri’a da hannu. Saboda haka, zaman ya ƙare ba tare da sanin wanene zai jagoranci majalisar a gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Parliament Scuffle Upends Leadership Talks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_africa-parliament-scuffle-upends-leadership-talks/6206636.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=VOA |date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Tarayyar Afirka ta shiga tsakani a watan Nuwamba 2021 domin taimaka wa majalisar ta kammala zaɓenta da dawo da doka da oda.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |title=AU steps in to try and fix the Pan-African Parliament |url=https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/au-steps-in-to-try-and-fix-the-pan-african-parliament |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, Bouras Djamel aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na majalisar, yayin da sauran sakamakon zaɓen ke jiran a kammala su yayin babban taron da aka shirya yi a watan Yuli 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Does the Pan-African Parliament serve a purpose? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/174001/does-the-pan-african-parliament-serve-a-purpose/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Harshe=== Babban ƙalubale ne batun harshe a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Harshen Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci da Fotugis ne suke zama harsunan aiki guda huɗu a majalisar. Amma akwai buƙatar a haɗa harsunan asali na Afirka cikin jerin harsunan aiki. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan harsuna (sai dai Larabci) suna da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da tsohon tsarin mulki a Afirka. Wannan matsalar na ƙara bayyana ne ta hanyar wakilcin ƙasashe a majalisar, inda kowace ƙasa – ko da yawan jama’arta – ke da yawan wakilai iri ɗaya.<ref name=":3" /> ===Burokraɗiyya=== A faɗin nahiyar Afirka, akwai nau’o’in gwamnati na hukuma da na al’ada waɗanda ke aiki daidai gwargwado. Amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gwamnatoci na fuskantar matsalar shugabanni waɗanda ba sa son sauka daga mulki (“shugaba har abada”).<ref>Amadi, E. (2016), ‘The Pan-African Parliament (PAP): Issues, Challenges and Prospects’, ''International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research'', 3(1): 1-9.</ref> Baya ga hakan, akwai ƙasashe masu rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauya kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gudunmawar da wasu ƙasashe za su bayar a majalisar na ƙuntatawa, saboda hakan yana hana aika wakilan da suka dace, kuma masu wakiltar ra'ayin jama’ar su. Rashin gaskiya da cin hanci ma babban kalubale ne a faɗin Afirka. Tunda majalisar na buƙatar ƙasashen mambobi su biya kuɗin rajista zuwa Tarayyar Afirka da majalisar kanta, to cin hanci a cikin ƙasa na iya sa waɗannan kuɗaɗen su faɗa hannun jami’an gwamnati maimakon zuwa ga majalisar. Wannan na rage wa majalisar kuɗin aiki da kuma ikon aiwatar da ayyuka.<ref>Transparency International, 2015. ''Report on Corruption Index''.</ref> == Zaman Tattaunawa == Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu na iya haduwa a wani zama na yau da kullun har sau biyu a cikin shekara, yawanci a watan Maris da Agusta. Wadannan tarurruka na yau da kullun, tarurruka ne na yau da kullun da ake tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka, kuma za a iya kada kuri'a a kan 'yan majalisar dokoki don biyan bukatun Afirka kamar yadda 'yan majalisar Pan-African suka ga dama, kuma za su dauki tsawon wata guda. Kwamitocin dindindin na majalisar a kullum suna haduwa sau biyu a shekara don gudanar da tarukan doka, kuma za su iya yin taro a duk lokacin da suka ga dama yayin zaman majalisar na yau da kullun don tarukan da ba na doka ba. Majalisar kuma za ta iya yin taro a wani zama na musamman idan akwai gaggawa ko kuma wani yanayi na daban.<ref name=":02"/> A wasu daga cikin wadannan tarukan ana gudanar da zaben shugaban riko da mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Wadannan mukamai dai ‘yan majalisar wakilai ne da suka fito daga yankuna 5 na Afirka: Arewaci, Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma, da Kudanci, inda Mukaddashin Shugaban kasar ya fito daga kowanne daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Dole ne Majalisar ta amince da 'yan takara kafin a jefa kuri'a a kan wadanda za a kada kuri'a a zahiri.<ref name=":02" /> == Ƙarfin Dokoki == Kafin a yi sauye-sauye ga Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2017, ba a taɓa wuce wata doka ba ta hannun majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagbayibo |first=Babatunde |title=Toothless Pan-African Parliament could have meaningful powers. Here's how |url=http://theconversation.com/toothless-pan-african-parliament-could-have-meaningful-powers-heres-how-87449 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Conversation |date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Sai dai sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar a 2017 sun mai da majalisar cibiyar dokoki ta cikakken iko da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Afirka, inda ta samu damar tsara da amincewa da Dokoki Misali da ƙasashen mambobi za su iya ɗauka. Yanzu haka, Majalisar na iya karɓa, duba da kuma bayar da ra'ayi a kan shawarwarin dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi da sauran ƙa’idojin kasa da kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar na da iko bisa ƙa’idojin kuɗi da dokoki da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara, wadda hakan ke ba ta damar kula da ayyukan tara kuɗaɗen kanta ta hanyar dokokin majalisa. Duk wata doka da Majalisar ta gabatar dole ne a mika ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa da amincewa ta ƙarshe.<ref name=":2"/> === Dokoki Misali === ==== Tsari ==== Tsarin ƙirƙira Dokar Misali a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka na da matakai guda uku: matakin fara tsari, matakin tsara doka, da matakin amincewa. Ana iya fara ƙirƙirar Doka Misali daga: Babban taro (Plenary), kwamitin majalisa, Ofishin shugabancin majalisar (Bureau), ɗan majalisa guda, rukuni na 'yan majalisa, ƙungiyar jigogi (thematic caucus), wani bangaren Tarayyar Afirka, ko wata ƙungiyar jama'a da aka rajista a cikin wata ƙasa mamba, ko ɗan ƙasa da ke zaune a wata ƙasa mamba ko wani kamfani da aka rajista a wata ƙasa mamba. Ofishin Sakatare (Secretariat) yana bayar da shawarwari na fasaha ga cibiyoyin siyasa na majalisar dangane da yanke shawarar fara tsarin ƙirƙirar doka. Ofishin shugabanci (Bureau) ne ke zaɓar kwamitin da ya dace da batun da doka ke buƙata domin duba ko dokar za ta yi amfani, za ta yiwu kuma za a iya aiwatar da ita. Wannan ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwajin damar aiwatarwa, gwajin doka da kuma iya aiwatarwa. Sakamakon wannan gwaji ana mikawa Babban Taro (Plenary) wanda zai kada ƙuri’a ko za a ci gaba da tsara Dokar Misali. Idan an amince, dokar za ta shiga matakin tsara doka da amincewa kafin daga ƙarshe a mika ta zuwa Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation |url=https://pap.au.int/en/legislation |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en}}</ref> ==== Dokoki Misali da Aka Gabatar ==== Misalin wata Doka Misali da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta amince da ita kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta sahale ta ita ce dokar da ta shafi aikin 'yan sanda a Afirka. Wannan doka an amince da ita daga Majalisar a shekara ta 2018, sannan Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta tabbatar da ita a shekarar 2022. Manufar dokar ita ce sauya aikin 'yan sanda daga "na danniya zuwa na mutunta dimokuradiyya da kare haƙƙin mutane", da kuma bayar da cikakken tsari kan "rawar da suke takawa, ikon su, ɗabi’un su, da yanayin aikin su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=Pan African parliament approves model law on police |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/pan-african-parliament-approves-model-law-on-police/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Manyan manufofin doka uku sun haɗa da: kula da ‘yan sanda ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya da na farar hula; bin doka da oda; da samar da ƙa’idodin aiki da suka dace da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar ta haɗa da shawarwari daga kwararru daban-daban a aikin ‘yan sanda a Afirka, kuma tana bayyana mafi kyawun tsarin doka da za a iya amfani da shi a tsakanin tsarin dokoki da ayyukan ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ake da su a nahiyar. Komitin da ya tsara dokar ya gane daga farko cewa haɗa ra’ayin jama’a da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taimaka wajen ganin an yi dokar da za ta dace da nahiyar da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da ita ga masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Louise |date=January 3, 2022 |title=Model Law promotes rights-based police reform across Africa {{!}} Association for the Prevention of Torture |url=https://www.apt.ch/en/blog/model-law-promotes-rights-based-police-reform-across-africa |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.apt.ch |language=en}}</ref> ==Asusun Lamuni== An kafa asusun amincewa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2005. A cikin kudirin samar da asusun, an ce asusun amincewa da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan-African zai inganta " shugabanci nagari, gaskiya da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ci gaba a hadewar al'ummar Afirka a cikin Afirka da sauran kasashe. Zai kuma tallafa wa yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], yunwa da talauci a nahiyar".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |title=Establishment of the Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund |access-date=2009-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302040352/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Shugabannin Majalisar Afrika == {{Infobox Political post | post = Shugaba | body = the<br />Pan-African Parliament | insignia = | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = Emblem | image = | imagesize = 200px | incumbent = Fortune Z. Charumbira | nationality = [[Zimbabwe]]an | incumbentsince = 2022 | nominator = | appointer = Majalisa | termlength = Shekaru uku | formation = 2000 | inaugural = [[Gertrude Mongella]] | deputy = | salary = | website = }} {|class="wikitable" |- valign=top !colspan="5" align=center | Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afrika |- !Lamba !Suna !Farkon zangon mulki !Ƙarshen zangon mulki !Ƙasa |- | 1 | [[Gertrude Mongella]] | 2004 | 2008 | {{TAN}} |- | 2 | [[Idriss Ndele Moussa]] | 2009 | 2012 | {{CHA}} |- | 3 | [[Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]] | 2012 | 2015 | {{NGR}} |- | 4 | [[Roger Nkodo Dang]] | May 2015 | April 2020 | {{CMR}} |- |5 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |April 2020 |August 2020 |{{ZWE}} |- |6 |[[Bouras Djamel]] |August 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament - AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS|url=https://www.africanparliamentarynews.com/2020/08/bouras-djamal-becomes-acting-president.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.africanparliamentarynews.com}}</ref> |June 2022 |{{ALG}} |- |7 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |June 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Zimbabwe's Fortune Charumbira, the new president of the Pan African Parliament |url=https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |website=Africa Briefing |access-date=3 July 2022 |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704044415/https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''incumbent'' |{{ZWE}} |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu== * {{official website|https://pap.au.int/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180424143436/http://www.fbwgroup.com/projects/cultural/panafricanparliament.html Pan-African Parliament Design Competition Entry] duui6hsag6pvmu10iq6ps56dtki5hhv 892279 892278 2026-08-06T17:19:51Z Audullo 43513 892279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Pan-African Parliament''' ( '''PAP''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''Majalisar Afirka''', ita ce majalisar dokoki ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Pan-African Parliament (PAP) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100046241 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a watan Maris 2004. Majalisar tana aiki da sa ido, kuma tana da ikon ba da shawara da tuntuɓar juna, wanda kuma ke da shekaru biyar na farko. Da farko dai kujerar majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta kasance a [[Addis Ababa|birnin Addis Ababa]] [[Itofiya|na kasar Habasha]], amma daga baya aka koma birnin Midrand na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afrika ta Kudu]] . Manufar kafa majalisar ita ce samar da wani fili da jama'a daga dukkan jihohin Afirka za su hadu, da yin shawarwari, da zartar da wasu manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Majalisar ta ƙunshi mafi girman mambobi biyar kowace ƙasa memba da ta amince da yarjejeniyar kafa ta, ciki har da aƙalla mace ɗaya a kowace ƙasa memba. <ref name="pap.au.int"> {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Honorable Members of Parliament (MPs) {{!}} Pan-African Parliament |url=https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212509/https://pap.au.int/en/honorable-members-parliament |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en |quote=The Parliament has up to 275 members representing the 55 AU Member States that have ratified the Protocol establishing it (¬five members per Member State, including at least one woman and representing the diversity of political opinions in their own national parliament or deliberative organ)}} </ref> Ƙasashe membobi ne da majalisunsu na cikin gida ne ke zabar wadannan mambobi. Babban burin majalisar ita ce ta zama cibiyar da ke da cikakken ikon aiwatar da doka wanda ake zabar mambobinta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a fadin duniya, kamar yadda shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana a jawabinsa na bude taro na farko na majalisar dokoki ta biyu na majalisar Pan-African a ranar 28 ga Oktoban shekarar 2009. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Pan-African Parliament {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pap |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=au.int |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234306/https://au.int/en/pap |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Pan-African ta ƙunshi sassa uku. Zauren taron dai shi ne babban bangaren zartarwa da shawarwari na majalisar, inda wakilai ke taruwa akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka da hanyoyin magance su. Ofishin shi ne sashin jagoranci na Majalisar, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu, wadanda dukkansu wakilai ne suka zabe su a zauren Majalisar. Bangaren karshe na majalisar shi ne Sakatariya, wacce ita ce kungiya ce ta majalisar kuma magatakarda, mataimakin magatakarda, da mataimakin magatakarda na riko. Tare, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna kiyayewa da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idojin da aka tsara don gudanar da majalisar. A zaɓen majalisar dokokin ƙasar a shekarar 2022, an zabi Chief Fortune Charumbira daga Zimbabwe a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa, sai kuma Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania, Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha, Lúcia Maria Mendes Gonçalves dos Passos daga Cape Verde, da Francois Ango Ndoutoume daga Gabon a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership &#124; African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin == Majalisar ta ƙunshi manyan hukumomi uku: Majalisa, Ofishi, da Sakatariya. Akwai kuma kwamitoci goma na dindindin, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don magance sassa daban-daban na rayuwa a Afirka. === Gabaɗaya === Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta majalisar. Zauren taron ya kunshi wakilai daga ƙasashen membobi, kuma shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta. Jiki ne ke zartar da shawarwari. Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu tana da wakilai guda 235 wadanda majalisun dokokin kasashe 47 a cikin 55 na kungiyar AU ke zabar su, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye a matsayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP - General Overview |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424110338/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_GeneralOverview.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Kowace kasa memba na tura tawagar 'yan majalisa biyar zuwa majalisar, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce. Yakamata ya kamata tsarin wakilan ya nuna bambancin siyasa na majalisar dokokin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About PAP |url=http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302170241/http://www.panafricanparliament.org/about-pap |archive-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Pan African Parliament}}</ref> === Ofishin === <nowiki><b id="mwSQ">Ofishin</b></nowiki> Shi ne rukunin jagoranci na majalisar kuma ya ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu. Kowane memba na Ofishin yana wakiltar yanki daban-daban na Afirka. Membobin Ofishin na yanzu sune: <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705100521/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220629/pan-african-parliament-elects-new-leadership |archive-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> * '''Shugaban kasa -''' Hon. Cif Fortune Zephania Charumbira daga Zimbabwe. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko -''' Hon. Farfesa Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu -''' Hon. Dr Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku -''' Hon. Lucia Dos Passos daga Cape Verde. * '''Mataimakin shugaban kasa na hudu -''' Hon. Jidda Mamar Mahamat daga kasar Chadi. === Sakatariya === Sakatariyar tana taimakawa a harkokin yau da kullum na Majalisar, da gudanar da ayyuka kamar tarukan taro, shirya zabe da kuma kula da ma’aikata. Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi magatakardar majalisa da mataimakan magatakarda guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu yana jagorantar Sashen Kasuwancin Majalisu, ɗayan kuma na Kudi, Gudanarwa, da Albarkatun Jama'a. Magatakardar Majalisar da mataimakansu kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikata idan an buƙata. <ref name="Secretariat">{{Cite web |title=Secretariat |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192140/http://pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_StructureofthePAP_Secretariat.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tarihi== Yarjejeniyar [[Abuja]] ta shekarar 1991 da Sanarwar Sirte ta shekarar 1999 sun bukaci a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka (PAP). Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta bayyana PAP ne kawai a matsayin wani bangare na hukumomin ƙungiyar tare da cewa, "Domin tabbatar da cewa mutanen Afirka sun shiga cikakken hali wajen ci gaba da haɗin kai na tattalin arzikin nahiyar, dole ne a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Tsarin kafa ta, ayyukanta, ikon ta da yadda za ta kasance za a fayyace su a cikin wata yarjejeniya da za ta tanadi hakan." Bayan haka, an samar da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka da wata yarjejeniya mai alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka da ta shafi Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Daga nan sai Dokar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2000 a taron koli na OAU da aka gudanar a [[Lomé]], Togo. Zuwa shekarar 2022, PAP na da wakilai daga ƙasashe mambobin AU guda 47 daga cikin 55. Sashe na 22 na yarjejeniyar PAP ya tanadi cewa za ta fara aiki ne bayan mafi ƙarancin rinjayen ƙasashe mambobi sun ajiye takardun amincewa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan African Parliament |url=http://www.internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.internationaldemocracywatch.org |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022721/http://internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/pan-african-parliament#:~:text=The%20Pan-African%20Parliament%20was,Abuja%20,%20Nigeria%20,%20in%201991. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikon Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ya karu sosai bayan taron AU-EU na shekarar 2017. Kafin wannan lokaci, majalisar na da ikon ba da shawara kawai. Sauye-sauyen da aka tsara kuma aka amince da su a shekarar 2017 sun mai da majalisar ta zama hukuma mai doka ta Tarayyar Afirka. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun ba PAP damar tsara dokoki na misali ga ƙasashen Afirka da kuma sauya yadda zaɓe ke gudana a cikin majalisar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=The Pan-African Parliament: getting ready for the 2017 AU-EU Summit |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/570486/EXPO_BRI(2017)570486_EN.pdf |journal=European Parliament |type=Policy Brief}}</ref> Kafin 2017, kowace ƙasa mamba tana zaɓar mutane biyar da za su wakilce ta a majalisar. Yanzu haka, wakilai daga kowace ƙasa ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar majalisar dokokin ƙasarsu, a zaɓen da ake gudanarwa a cikin wata guda a duk fadin Afirka.<ref name=":2" /> == Manufa == * Aiwatar da manufofin da manufofin Tarayyar Afirka. * Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam]da dimokuradiyya a [[Afirka]]. * Tabbatar cewa Membobin Kasashe suna bin kyakkyawan shugabanci, gaskiya da rikon amana. * Bari al'ummomin Afirka su san mene ne manufofi da manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yadda za su iya hade kansu a nahiyar yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki cikin tsarin kungiyar ta AU. * Samar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Nahiyar. * Samar da dogaro da kai da farfado da tattalin arziki ta yadda za a samu makoma mai kyau ga al'ummar Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa da ci gaba a Afirka. * Karfafa fahimtar hadin kai da gina makoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. * Samar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki da Mambobinsu a Majalisa. ==Iko== * Duba, tattauna ko bayyana ra'ayi a kan kowanne lamari, ko dai bisa ƙudurinta ko kuma a bisa buƙatar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ko wasu hukumomin tsara manufofi, tare da yin shawarwari da ta ke ganin sun dace dangane da, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, batutuwan da suka shafi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokiraɗiyya da al'adun dimokiraɗiyya, da kuma inganta shugabanci nagari da bin doka. * Tattauna kasafin kuɗinta da kuma na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tare da bayar da shawarwari kafin amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka. * Yin aiki don daidaita ko haɗa dokokin ƙasashe mambobi. * Yin shawarwari da nufin taimakawa cimma manufofin OAU/AEC da kuma jawo hankali kan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da haɗin kai a Afirka da hanyoyin shawo kansu. * Nemi jami’an OAU/AEC su halarci zaman ta, su gabatar da takardu ko kuma su taimaka wajen sauke nauyin ayyukanta. * Inganta shirye-shirye da manufofin OAU/AEC a cikin yankunan da wakilan ƙasashe mambobi ke wakilta. * Inganta daidaitawa da haɗa manufofi, matakai, shirye-shirye da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankuna da majalisun dokoki na nahiyar Afirka. * Ɗaukar dokokinta na aiki, zaɓar shugaban majalisar da gabatar da shawarwari ga Majalisa da Majalisar Ministoci kan girma da tsarin ma’aikatan tallafi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. * Yin wasu ayyuka da ta ke ganin sun dace domin cimma manufofin da ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar kafa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta ɗauka shi ne yanke shawarar aika tawagar tantance gaskiya zuwa yankin Darfur na ƙasar Sudan. ==Kalubale== ===Zaɓe=== ====Zaɓen Gabaɗaya==== Duk da cewa manufar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ita ce gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya, akwai abubuwa da dama da ke hana wannan buri cika. Wakilai na Majalisar ana zaɓar su ne daga ƙasashen mambobi, kuma cin hanci da rashin gaskiya a zaɓe kamar tsoratar da masu kaɗa ƙuri'a da murɗa sakamakon zaɓe abu ne da ake fama da shi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abuya |first=Edwin |date=2010-01-01 |title=Can African States Conduct Free and Fair Presidential Elections? |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol8/iss2/1 |journal=Northwestern Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=122}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe mambobi, hakan na zuwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zaɓe da shugabannin siyasa don fitar da sakamakon ƙarya. Akwai iyaka ga abin da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka za ta iya yi domin tabbatar da gudanar da sahihin zaɓe wanda zai haifar da muhalli na gaskiya da dimokiraɗiyya, don haka ana takaita ikon ta ta fuskar cimma wannan buri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Mngomezulu |first=Bheki |date=2018-09-12 |title=Reflecting on the Pan-African Parliament : prospects and challenges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3 |s2cid=158551696 |issn=2050-4292|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ====Zaɓen Shugabanci na 2021==== Bayan karewar wa’adin shekaru uku na Roger Nkodo Dang a watan Mayu 2021, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta gudanar da zama domin zaɓar sabon shugaban majalisa da mataimakansa. Amma zaman bai cimma wata matsaya ba saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin wakilan yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka dangane da wanda zai shugabanci majalisar. Har ma da tashin hankali ya barke tsakanin ‘yan majalisar, inda wasu har suka riƙe akwatin ƙuri’a da hannu. Saboda haka, zaman ya ƙare ba tare da sanin wanene zai jagoranci majalisar a gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Parliament Scuffle Upends Leadership Talks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_africa-parliament-scuffle-upends-leadership-talks/6206636.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=VOA |date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Tarayyar Afirka ta shiga tsakani a watan Nuwamba 2021 domin taimaka wa majalisar ta kammala zaɓenta da dawo da doka da oda.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |title=AU steps in to try and fix the Pan-African Parliament |url=https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/au-steps-in-to-try-and-fix-the-pan-african-parliament |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, Bouras Djamel aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na majalisar, yayin da sauran sakamakon zaɓen ke jiran a kammala su yayin babban taron da aka shirya yi a watan Yuli 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Does the Pan-African Parliament serve a purpose? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/174001/does-the-pan-african-parliament-serve-a-purpose/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Harshe=== Babban ƙalubale ne batun harshe a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Harshen Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci da Fotugis ne suke zama harsunan aiki guda huɗu a majalisar. Amma akwai buƙatar a haɗa harsunan asali na Afirka cikin jerin harsunan aiki. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan harsuna (sai dai Larabci) suna da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da tsohon tsarin mulki a Afirka. Wannan matsalar na ƙara bayyana ne ta hanyar wakilcin ƙasashe a majalisar, inda kowace ƙasa – ko da yawan jama’arta – ke da yawan wakilai iri ɗaya.<ref name=":3" /> ===Burokraɗiyya=== A faɗin nahiyar Afirka, akwai nau’o’in gwamnati na hukuma da na al’ada waɗanda ke aiki daidai gwargwado. Amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gwamnatoci na fuskantar matsalar shugabanni waɗanda ba sa son sauka daga mulki (“shugaba har abada”).<ref>Amadi, E. (2016), ‘The Pan-African Parliament (PAP): Issues, Challenges and Prospects’, ''International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research'', 3(1): 1-9.</ref> Baya ga hakan, akwai ƙasashe masu rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauya kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gudunmawar da wasu ƙasashe za su bayar a majalisar na ƙuntatawa, saboda hakan yana hana aika wakilan da suka dace, kuma masu wakiltar ra'ayin jama’ar su. Rashin gaskiya da cin hanci ma babban kalubale ne a faɗin Afirka. Tunda majalisar na buƙatar ƙasashen mambobi su biya kuɗin rajista zuwa Tarayyar Afirka da majalisar kanta, to cin hanci a cikin ƙasa na iya sa waɗannan kuɗaɗen su faɗa hannun jami’an gwamnati maimakon zuwa ga majalisar. Wannan na rage wa majalisar kuɗin aiki da kuma ikon aiwatar da ayyuka.<ref>Transparency International, 2015. ''Report on Corruption Index''.</ref> == Zaman Tattaunawa == Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu na iya haduwa a wani zama na yau da kullun har sau biyu a cikin shekara, yawanci a watan Maris da Agusta. Wadannan tarurruka na yau da kullun, tarurruka ne na yau da kullun da ake tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka, kuma za a iya kada kuri'a a kan 'yan majalisar dokoki don biyan bukatun Afirka kamar yadda 'yan majalisar Pan-African suka ga dama, kuma za su dauki tsawon wata guda. Kwamitocin dindindin na majalisar a kullum suna haduwa sau biyu a shekara don gudanar da tarukan doka, kuma za su iya yin taro a duk lokacin da suka ga dama yayin zaman majalisar na yau da kullun don tarukan da ba na doka ba. Majalisar kuma za ta iya yin taro a wani zama na musamman idan akwai gaggawa ko kuma wani yanayi na daban.<ref name=":02"/> A wasu daga cikin wadannan tarukan ana gudanar da zaben shugaban riko da mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Wadannan mukamai dai ‘yan majalisar wakilai ne da suka fito daga yankuna 5 na Afirka: Arewaci, Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma, da Kudanci, inda Mukaddashin Shugaban kasar ya fito daga kowanne daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Dole ne Majalisar ta amince da 'yan takara kafin a jefa kuri'a a kan wadanda za a kada kuri'a a zahiri.<ref name=":02" /> == Ƙarfin Dokoki == Kafin a yi sauye-sauye ga Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2017, ba a taɓa wuce wata doka ba ta hannun majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagbayibo |first=Babatunde |title=Toothless Pan-African Parliament could have meaningful powers. Here's how |url=http://theconversation.com/toothless-pan-african-parliament-could-have-meaningful-powers-heres-how-87449 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Conversation |date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Sai dai sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar a 2017 sun mai da majalisar cibiyar dokoki ta cikakken iko da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Afirka, inda ta samu damar tsara da amincewa da Dokoki Misali da ƙasashen mambobi za su iya ɗauka. Yanzu haka, Majalisar na iya karɓa, duba da kuma bayar da ra'ayi a kan shawarwarin dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi da sauran ƙa’idojin kasa da kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar na da iko bisa ƙa’idojin kuɗi da dokoki da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara, wadda hakan ke ba ta damar kula da ayyukan tara kuɗaɗen kanta ta hanyar dokokin majalisa. Duk wata doka da Majalisar ta gabatar dole ne a mika ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa da amincewa ta ƙarshe.<ref name=":2"/> === Dokoki Misali === ==== Tsari ==== Tsarin ƙirƙira Dokar Misali a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka na da matakai guda uku: matakin fara tsari, matakin tsara doka, da matakin amincewa. Ana iya fara ƙirƙirar Doka Misali daga: Babban taro (Plenary), kwamitin majalisa, Ofishin shugabancin majalisar (Bureau), ɗan majalisa guda, rukuni na 'yan majalisa, ƙungiyar jigogi (thematic caucus), wani bangaren Tarayyar Afirka, ko wata ƙungiyar jama'a da aka rajista a cikin wata ƙasa mamba, ko ɗan ƙasa da ke zaune a wata ƙasa mamba ko wani kamfani da aka rajista a wata ƙasa mamba. Ofishin Sakatare (Secretariat) yana bayar da shawarwari na fasaha ga cibiyoyin siyasa na majalisar dangane da yanke shawarar fara tsarin ƙirƙirar doka. Ofishin shugabanci (Bureau) ne ke zaɓar kwamitin da ya dace da batun da doka ke buƙata domin duba ko dokar za ta yi amfani, za ta yiwu kuma za a iya aiwatar da ita. Wannan ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwajin damar aiwatarwa, gwajin doka da kuma iya aiwatarwa. Sakamakon wannan gwaji ana mikawa Babban Taro (Plenary) wanda zai kada ƙuri’a ko za a ci gaba da tsara Dokar Misali. Idan an amince, dokar za ta shiga matakin tsara doka da amincewa kafin daga ƙarshe a mika ta zuwa Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation |url=https://pap.au.int/en/legislation |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pan-African Parliament |language=en}}</ref> ==== Dokoki Misali da Aka Gabatar ==== Misalin wata Doka Misali da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta amince da ita kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta sahale ta ita ce dokar da ta shafi aikin 'yan sanda a Afirka. Wannan doka an amince da ita daga Majalisar a shekara ta 2018, sannan Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta tabbatar da ita a shekarar 2022. Manufar dokar ita ce sauya aikin 'yan sanda daga "na danniya zuwa na mutunta dimokuradiyya da kare haƙƙin mutane", da kuma bayar da cikakken tsari kan "rawar da suke takawa, ikon su, ɗabi’un su, da yanayin aikin su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=Pan African parliament approves model law on police |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/pan-african-parliament-approves-model-law-on-police/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Manyan manufofin doka uku sun haɗa da: kula da ‘yan sanda ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya da na farar hula; bin doka da oda; da samar da ƙa’idodin aiki da suka dace da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar ta haɗa da shawarwari daga kwararru daban-daban a aikin ‘yan sanda a Afirka, kuma tana bayyana mafi kyawun tsarin doka da za a iya amfani da shi a tsakanin tsarin dokoki da ayyukan ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ake da su a nahiyar. Komitin da ya tsara dokar ya gane daga farko cewa haɗa ra’ayin jama’a da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taimaka wajen ganin an yi dokar da za ta dace da nahiyar da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da ita ga masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Louise |date=January 3, 2022 |title=Model Law promotes rights-based police reform across Africa {{!}} Association for the Prevention of Torture |url=https://www.apt.ch/en/blog/model-law-promotes-rights-based-police-reform-across-africa |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.apt.ch |language=en}}</ref> ==Asusun Lamuni== An kafa asusun amincewa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2005. A cikin kudirin samar da asusun, an ce asusun amincewa da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan-African zai inganta " shugabanci nagari, gaskiya da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ci gaba a hadewar al'ummar Afirka a cikin Afirka da sauran kasashe. Zai kuma tallafa wa yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], yunwa da talauci a nahiyar".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |title=Establishment of the Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund |access-date=2009-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302040352/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/News.aspx?ID=74 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Shugabannin Majalisar Afrika == {{Infobox Political post | post = Shugaba | body = the<br />Pan-African Parliament | insignia = | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = Emblem | image = | imagesize = 200px | incumbent = Fortune Z. Charumbira | nationality = [[Zimbabwe]]an | incumbentsince = 2022 | nominator = | appointer = Majalisa | termlength = Shekaru uku | formation = 2000 | inaugural = [[Gertrude Mongella]] | deputy = | salary = | website = }} {|class="wikitable" |- valign=top !colspan="5" align=center | Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afrika |- !Lamba !Suna !Farkon zangon mulki !Ƙarshen zangon mulki !Ƙasa |- | 1 | [[Gertrude Mongella]] | 2004 | 2008 | {{TAN}} |- | 2 | [[Idriss Ndele Moussa]] | 2009 | 2012 | {{CHA}} |- | 3 | [[Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]] | 2012 | 2015 | {{NGR}} |- | 4 | [[Roger Nkodo Dang]] | May 2015 | April 2020 | {{CMR}} |- |5 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |April 2020 |August 2020 |{{ZWE}} |- |6 |[[Bouras Djamel]] |August 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament - AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS|url=https://www.africanparliamentarynews.com/2020/08/bouras-djamal-becomes-acting-president.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.africanparliamentarynews.com}}</ref> |June 2022 |{{ALG}} |- |7 |[[Fortune Z. Charumbira]] |June 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Zimbabwe's Fortune Charumbira, the new president of the Pan African Parliament |url=https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |website=Africa Briefing |access-date=3 July 2022 |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704044415/https://africabriefing.org/2022/06/meet-zimbabwes-fortune-charumbira-the-new-president-of-the-pan-african-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''incumbent'' |{{ZWE}} |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu== * {{official website|https://pap.au.int/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180424143436/http://www.fbwgroup.com/projects/cultural/panafricanparliament.html Pan-African Parliament Design Competition Entry] 8nz8tnuubzpves2qr61oo5kazdmkklt 0 102169 892145 711229 2026-08-06T15:50:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan kiyashin na Hola''' a shekara ta 1959 kisan kiyashi ne da sojojin turawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Ingila]] yan mulkin mallaka suka yi a lokacin [[tawayen Mau Mau]] a wani sansanin yan mulkin mallaka dake Hola na ƙasar Kenya.<ref>Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit (Vintage, 2003), p. 327.</ref> == Lamarin == An kafa sansanin Hola don ɗaukar fursunonin da aka ware a matsayin "hard-core." Ya zuwa watan Janairu 1959 sansanin yana da yawan fursunoni 506, waɗanda 127 daga cikinsu aka tsare a wani keɓewa "rufaffennsansani." Wannan sansani mai nisa an keɓe shi ga waɗanda aka tsare ba su da haɗin kai. Sau da yawa sukan ƙi, ko da an yi barazanar tilastawa, su shiga cikin "tsarin gyarawa" na 'yan mulkin mallaka ko yin aikin hannu ko yin biyayya ga umarnin 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kwamandan sansanin ya bayyana shirin da zai tilastawa 88 daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su sunkuyar da kansu. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1959, kwamandan sansanin ya aiwatar da wannan shirin - a sakamakon haka, 11 daga cikin fursunonin, masu gadi suka kwanta da su har lahira.<ref>Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt.(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN: 1993) p.142-143.</ref> Dukkan fursunonin 77 da suka tsira sun samu munanan raunuka na dindindin.<ref>[http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm Horrors of Hola detention camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041021223543/http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm |date=21 October 2004 }} 22 April 2004</ref> == Yunkurin rufewa da jami'an mulkin mallaka suka yi == Rahoton na farko da ya fito game da wannan lamari ya kasance a cikin ''ma'auni na Gabashin Afirka''. Labarin da ke shafin farko ya ruwaito cewa goma sun mutu a sansanin da ake tsare da su na Hola. Jaridar ta ambaci "bayani na hukuma" daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka: "Mutane kusan 100 ne da ke aikin tono layukan hako, sun mutu ne bayan da suka sha ruwa daga cikin keken ruwa wanda dukkanin mambobin jam'iyyar da masu gadi ke amfani da su."<ref name="t">{{Cite web |title=The Hola Scandal - TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892578-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101957/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892578-1,00.html |archive-date=2007-09-30 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.time.com}}</ref> An samu ƙarin bayani game da lamarin a cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan rahotannin farko. An gudanar da bincike kan mutanen da suka mutu, inda aka gano cewa fursunonin 11 ba su mutu ne da shan ruwa ba, amma sakamakon tashin hankali.<ref>East African Standard, 5 March 1959, p.1. This first report indicates that only 10 detainees died, but as other later reports said it was actually 11 who perished.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/papers/archive-blog/?blogId=Blog7a7e09f0-df55-4753-84c7-097b7f6d3a1bPosta2a2e95d-a7d5-4505-b9d7-f5cdb8918a27 |last= Wild |first= Rose |date= 4 April 2011 |title= No redeeming feature: ''The Times'' on the Mau Mau deaths cover-up |work= [[The Times]] |accessdate= 30 May 2012 |quote= The warders claimed that they had died 'after drinking water', and although clear evidence was found that they had been beaten to death, no individuals were ever prosecuted. }}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Likitan ya ce, "Sun mutu ne daga cunkoson huhu ko firgita da zubar jini sakamakon raunuka da dama da suka samu." Jami’in binciken ya ruwaito cewa, “Raunukan da dama na Mau Maus ya yi daidai da zargin da suke yi na cewa jami’an gadi sun yi wa fursunonin da ba su haɗin kai ba, bisa ga amincewar kwamandan. Wani rahoto a cikin bugu na Yuni 1959 na [[Time (magazine)|mujallar ''Time'']] mai suna "The Hola Scandal" ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, a ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1959, fursunoni 85 ne aka fita waje, aka umurce su da su yi aiki amma “da yawa daga cikin fursunonin sun faɗi ƙasa, sun ki yin aiki” kuma masu gadi suka yi musu duka. Lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen harin, a cewar mujallar, fursunoni 11 suna mutuwa, wasu 23 kuma suna buƙatar kulawa a asibiti. <ref name="t"/> Masanin tarihin Amurka Caroline Elkins ya rufe Kisan Kisa a cikin littafinta na 2005 ''mai suna Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya.'' A cewar Elkins, yawancin tarihin 'yan mulkin Birtaniya da na mulkin mallaka an rufe su ne a lokacin miƙa mulkin ƙasar Kenya, kuma an lalata wasu takardu da dama da gangan a lokacin miƙa mulki. Elkins, ta hanyar bin diddigin takardu na asali da kuma hirarraki da 'yan Kenya da suka tsira da ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka, ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da wani yanki na kurkukun Hola a matsayin sansanin horo na nesa don 'hard core' 'yan tawayen Mau Mau waɗanda suka ki yin watsi da rantsuwarsu ko alakarsu da yunkurin. An yi amfani da cin zarafi ta jiki da ta hankali don 'karye' fursunonin, don haka za a iya 'gyara' su fita daga bututun sansanin taro a mayar da su wuraren ajiyar Kikuyu. Da zarar an bayyana sakamakon binciken a bainar jama'a, 'yan adawa a majalisar sun buƙaci a yi muhawara. Ƙara ƙarar yaɗa labarai da kiraye-kirayen ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam a sansanonin ya haifar da raguwar tallafin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ke ba wa gwamnatin Kenya ta Mallaka, kuma ya haifar da ƙara kaimi ga 'yancin kai na Kenya. Tun a shekarar 2016, 'yan Kenya na neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta biya su fansa saboda azabtarwa a lokacin zanga-zangar Mau Mau.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Reckoning/dAORPs00NfYC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya |date=2005-12-27 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8050-8001-8 |page=344-353 |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kisan kiyashin ne gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta mayar wa garin Hola suna zuwa Galole domin a boye kisan kiyashin da aka yi. A cikin shekarar 1971, a wani yunkuri na farfaɗo da tunawa da kisan kiyashin, shugaba [[Jomo Kenyatta]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Galole ya koma ga sunansa na asali. Kenyatta ya ba da wannan umarni ne bayan ya gana da wata babbar tawaga daga kogin Tana. Tun daga nan aka sa masa suna Hola. Wasu daga cikin asusun na farko ba su ma ambaci wannan lamarin ba, wani ɓangare saboda yawancin asusun farko ko dai wallafe-wallafen gwamnatin Biritaniya ne- ko wallafe-wallafen mulkin mallaka ko kuma rubutun sakandare. Yawancin matani na biyu da aka buga a cikin shekaru goma na farko ko makamancin haka bayan Gaggawa sun kasance masu tausayi ga ra'ayin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mau Mau – Kuririkana - Gitene |url=http://rfrost.people.si.umich.edu/courses/ArchivesSem/papers/RobbieBolton.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091912/http://rfrost.people.si.umich.edu/courses/ArchivesSem/papers/RobbieBolton.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> == Martani da sakamako == [[Fayil:Monument_Hola_Massacre,_Kenya.jpg|thumb| Wannan mutum-mutumin yana girmama Mau Mau 11 da aka kwana har lahira a Hola]] Wannan mummunar tallar ta sanya matsin lamba ga majalisar dokokin Biritaniya da ta ɗauki matakin ceto martabar Burtaniya da ke kara taɓarɓarewa.<ref>[[The Daily Nation]] (15 April 2004) ''[http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-2.htm Kikuyu hammered on the Anvil.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224231143/http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-2.htm|date=24 December 2004}}''</ref> An rufe sansanonin tsare ‘yan mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin Kenya, kuma an sako fursunonin ba da jimawa ba. Daga nan ne aka yi ƙoƙarin samar da mafita don kiyaye muradun Birtaniyya a Afirka ba tare da amfani da karfin [[tuwo]] ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga gaggauta samun ‘yancin kai a duk faɗin ƙasashen Afirka da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.<ref>'Macmillan and the winds of change in Africa, 1957–60', Ritchie Ovendale, Historical Journal 38,2 (1995)</ref> A cikin littafin marubuci ɗan Burtaniya Graham Greene na 1960 A Burnt-Out Case, "Hola Camp" an jera shi tare da Sharpeville da [[Aljir|Algiers]] a matsayin wani shafi wanda ya ba da hujjar 'yan Afirka a cikin "dukkan yiwuwar yarda da zalunci na Turai." == Bayanan kula == * Kabukuru, Wanjohi. (1 Disamba 2003) ''[[New African|Sabon Afirka]]'', " [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002572591&er=deny Kenya: Kisan Hola]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} " Shafi na 34. * Clayton, Anthony. (1976) ''Al'amuran Afirka'', " [https://www.jstor.org/stable/721618 Maganar Ta'addanci a Kenya: Nazarin Ayyukan Sojoji a kan Mau Mau.] " Masu Bugawa na Transafrica.{{ISBN|0-89745-061-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-89745-061-2|Farashin 0-89745-061-2]] * Mburu, Stephen. (30 Afrilu 2000) ''The Daily Nation'', " [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/30042000/Comment/Special_Report2.html Yadda aka yi amfani da tsare mutane don karya mutane.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218101158/http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/30042000/Comment/Special_Report2.html |date=2007-02-18 }} Archived " * Nishimi, Hilda. (Spring 2006) ''Jaridar Sojoji da Nazarin Dabarun'', " [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150239/http://www.jmss.org/2006/2006spring/articles/MauMau.pdf Mau Mau da decolonization na Kenya.] "Mawallafi: Cibiyar Nazarin Soja da Dabarun, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kanada & Harkokin Harkokin Waje. Vol. 8, Fitowa ta 3. * Ojwndo Abuor, C. (1972), ''White Highlands No More'' . [[Nairobi]]: Pan African Researchers * Preston, Peter. (16 Janairu 2005) ''The Observer'' " [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,1391329,00.html Our Guantánamo.] " * Simpson, Brian. (Spring, 2002) ''Oxford Journal of Legal Studies'', " [https://ssrn.com/abstract=821657 Hukumar Devlin (1959): Mulkin mallaka, Gaggawa, da Dokar Shari'a.] " Shafi. 17. * Barbara. (15 Satumba 1999) Hartford Web Publishing ''[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/026.html Yadda Biritaniya ta murkushe tawayen 'Mau Mau'; Tarihin Sirrin Gidan Talabijin na Hudu—Mau Mau.]'' * ''Jaridar Daily Nation'' (24 Agusta 1971), ''Galole Ya Koma Hola'' . * ''The Daily Nation'' (22 Afrilu 2004) " [https://web.archive.org/web/20041021223543/http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm Tsoro na sansanin tsare Hola.] " * ''Jaridar Daily Nation'' (8 Afrilu 2004) " [http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-1.htm Hanyar wankan jini a Hola Camp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204035352/http://ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-1.htm |date=2021-12-04 }} " * "Macmillan da iskar canji a Afirka, 1957-60", Ritchie Ovendale, ''Jaridar Tarihi'' 38, 2 (1995) == Manazarta == bybylapnvjno069log0cpsh36drvo8o 0 105047 892356 736545 2026-08-06T20:00:20Z Baffa ali 47435 892356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} '''Gabriel Onyenwife''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Oyi / Ayamelum a Majalisar Wakilai. Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar a zaben shekarar 2015 a karkashin All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/gabriel-onyenwife |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2018-03-23 |title=Indelible footprints of 'Gabriel Onyenwife' in the Green chamber |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/indelible-footprints-gabriel-onyenwife-hallow-chamber/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> sana'ar sa ya kasance dan siyasa da lau ya . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 30ev1zo0251sc3y2cw5nuocyabr4dcj 0 106458 892262 791334 2026-08-06T17:12:28Z Audullo 43513 892262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fuskantar Gaskiya''''' fim ne da ya faru da gaske a zahirin rayuwa na Steve York game da [[Hukumar gaskiya|gaskiya da kwamitocin sulhu]] da yadda suke aiki. Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan wasu tsoffin kwamitocin da suka gabata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Peru]], [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]], da [[Moroko|Maroko]] . An kuma shirya wannan fim ɗin ne musamman don Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka (USIP) kuma ta haɗa da hira da mutane da dama da ke da hannu dumu-dumu a cikin [[Transitional justice|adalci na rikon kwarya]], tsarin da ya dace da fuskantar gadon laifuffukan da aka aikata a lokacin rikicin makamai, ciki har da Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] da Jose Ramos Horta wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya. Ciniyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka wato USIP ta tantance ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na [[Dokar Najeriya|Doka]] a Iraki, <ref>United States Institute of Peace, Rule of Law Program, Strengthening the Rule of Law in Iraq {{Cite web |title=Transitional Justice in Iraq |url=http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205122458/http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |archive-date=2010-12-05 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> inda take fatan samar da fahimta da haifar da tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a kan fa'idar tsarin hukumar gaskiya. Ta rarraba wasu faifan kaset na DVD kimanin 440 na nau'ikan fim ɗin na Larabci da Kurdawa na ƙasar Iraki. USIP ta kuma nuna fim ɗin a Nepal, inda ta shirya jerin tattaunawa daga ranar 10 zuwa 17 na watan Yuli shekara ta 2007 don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan adalci na rikon kwarya da wasu ƙasashe ke bi bayan rikici. Kowane zagaye ya haɗa da gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban don magance cin zarafi daya gudana a lokuta baya da suka shuɗe, gabatar da ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'', da kuma tattaunawa kan abubuwan da ake fatan samun adalcin rikon kwarya a Nepal. Jami'an USIP sun zanta don ganawa da kungiyoyin wakilai daga kungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda rikicin makami na shekaru da dama ya rutsa da su, kafafen yada labarai, da wakilan [[Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya|gwamnati]] da na siyasa. An gudanar da zaman ne a babban birnin kasar Nepal Kathmandu, da kuma gundumomin Banke, Bardiya, da Dang dake tsakiyar yankin yammacin kasar, yankin da ya fi fama da rikicin. <ref>United States Institute of Peace Peace Briefing {{Cite web |title=Global Legal Information Network |url=http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095435/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> Har ila yau, USIP ta yi amfani da fim din a taron ta na farar hula a ƙasar Sudan. An nuna fim ɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Fina-Finan Neman Gaba ɗaya <ref>Search for Common Ground Film Series at the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]], {{Cite web |title=Conflict resolution, prevention, and transformation: Search for Common Ground |url=http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129080038/http://sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |archive-date=2010-11-29 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Jami'ar Harvard ta nuna shi a cikin shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Tattaunawa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] g5qbzdbdpxtcn01cadz6eh7qttj0wwv 892263 892262 2026-08-06T17:12:50Z Audullo 43513 892263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fuskantar Gaskiya''''' fim ne da ya faru da gaske a zahirin rayuwa na Steve York game da [[Hukumar gaskiya|gaskiya da kwamitocin sulhu]] da yadda suke aiki. Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan wasu tsoffin kwamitocin da suka gabata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Peru]], [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]], da [[Moroko|Maroko]] . An kuma shirya wannan fim ɗin ne musamman don Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka (USIP) kuma ta haɗa da hira da mutane da dama da ke da hannu dumu-dumu a cikin [[Transitional justice|adalci na rikon kwarya]], tsarin da ya dace da fuskantar gadon laifuffukan da aka aikata a lokacin rikicin makamai, ciki har da Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] da Jose Ramos Horta wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya. Ciniyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka wato USIP ta tantance ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na [[Dokar Najeriya|Doka]] a Iraki, <ref>United States Institute of Peace, Rule of Law Program, Strengthening the Rule of Law in Iraq {{Cite web |title=Transitional Justice in Iraq |url=http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205122458/http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |archive-date=2010-12-05 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> inda take fatan samar da fahimta da haifar da tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a kan fa'idar tsarin hukumar gaskiya. Ta rarraba wasu faifan kaset na DVD kimanin 440 na nau'ikan fim ɗin na Larabci da Kurdawa na ƙasar Iraki. USIP ta kuma nuna fim ɗin a Nepal, inda ta shirya jerin tattaunawa daga ranar 10 zuwa 17 na watan Yuli shekara ta 2007 don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan adalci na rikon kwarya da wasu ƙasashe ke bi bayan rikici. Kowane zagaye ya haɗa da gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban don magance cin zarafi ɗaya gudana a lokuta baya da suka shuɗe, gabatar da ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'', da kuma tattaunawa kan abubuwan da ake fatan samun adalcin rikon kwarya a Nepal. Jami'an USIP sun zanta don ganawa da kungiyoyin wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda rikicin makami na shekaru da dama ya rutsa da su, kafafen yada labarai, da wakilan [[Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya|gwamnati]] da na siyasa. An gudanar da zaman ne a babban birnin kasar Nepal Kathmandu, da kuma gundumomin Banke, Bardiya, da Dang dake tsakiyar yankin yammacin kasar, yankin da ya fi fama da rikicin. <ref>United States Institute of Peace Peace Briefing {{Cite web |title=Global Legal Information Network |url=http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095435/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> Har ila yau, USIP ta yi amfani da fim din a taron ta na farar hula a ƙasar Sudan. An nuna fim ɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Fina-Finan Neman Gaba ɗaya <ref>Search for Common Ground Film Series at the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]], {{Cite web |title=Conflict resolution, prevention, and transformation: Search for Common Ground |url=http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129080038/http://sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |archive-date=2010-11-29 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Jami'ar Harvard ta nuna shi a cikin shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Tattaunawa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] pnqv4rsjo5520i1142uk4zii5cn5wbs 892264 892263 2026-08-06T17:13:09Z Audullo 43513 892264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fuskantar Gaskiya''''' fim ne da ya faru da gaske a zahirin rayuwa na Steve York game da [[Hukumar gaskiya|gaskiya da kwamitocin sulhu]] da yadda suke aiki. Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan wasu tsoffin kwamitocin da suka gabata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Peru]], [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]], da [[Moroko|Maroko]] . An kuma shirya wannan fim ɗin ne musamman don Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka (USIP) kuma ta haɗa da hira da mutane da dama da ke da hannu dumu-dumu a cikin [[Transitional justice|adalci na rikon kwarya]], tsarin da ya dace da fuskantar gadon laifuffukan da aka aikata a lokacin rikicin makamai, ciki har da Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] da Jose Ramos Horta wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya. Ciniyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka wato USIP ta tantance ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na [[Dokar Najeriya|Doka]] a Iraki, <ref>United States Institute of Peace, Rule of Law Program, Strengthening the Rule of Law in Iraq {{Cite web |title=Transitional Justice in Iraq |url=http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205122458/http://www.usip.org/programs/projects/transitional-justice-in-iraq |archive-date=2010-12-05 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> inda take fatan samar da fahimta da haifar da tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a kan fa'idar tsarin hukumar gaskiya. Ta rarraba wasu faifan kaset na DVD kimanin 440 na nau'ikan fim ɗin na Larabci da Kurdawa na ƙasar Iraki. USIP ta kuma nuna fim ɗin a Nepal, inda ta shirya jerin tattaunawa daga ranar 10 zuwa 17 na watan Yuli shekara ta 2007 don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan adalci na rikon kwarya da wasu ƙasashe ke bi bayan rikici. Kowane zagaye ya haɗa da gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban don magance cin zarafi ɗaya gudana a lokuta baya da suka shuɗe, gabatar da ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'', da kuma tattaunawa kan abubuwan da ake fatan samun adalcin rikon kwarya a Nepal. Jami'an USIP sun zanta don ganawa da kungiyoyin wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda rikicin makami na shekaru da dama ya rutsa da su, kafafen yada labarai, da wakilan [[Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya|gwamnati]] da na siyasa. An gudanar da zaman ne a babban birnin kasar Nepal Kathmandu, da kuma gundumomin Banke, Bardiya, da Dang dake tsakiyar yankin yammacin kasar, yankin da ya fi fama da rikicin. <ref>United States Institute of Peace Peace Briefing {{Cite web |title=Global Legal Information Network |url=http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095435/http://www.glin.gov/view.action?glinID=204294 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> Har ila yau, USIP ta yi amfani da fim din a taron ta na farar hula a ƙasar Sudan. An kuma nuna fim ɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Fina-Finan Neman Gaba ɗaya <ref>Search for Common Ground Film Series at the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]], {{Cite web |title=Conflict resolution, prevention, and transformation: Search for Common Ground |url=http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129080038/http://sfcg.org/programmes/filmfestival/united_nations.html |archive-date=2010-11-29 |access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Jami'ar Harvard ta nuna shi a cikin shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Tattaunawa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 7oiwiqn0pkrpylywxd7dzjmyawo2nux 0 107037 892464 700496 2026-08-07T05:32:50Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, jamhuriyar tarayya da jamhuriyar dimokaradiyyar Jamus sun zama wajibi su biya diyya ga gwamnatocin kasashen kawance, a cewar taron Potsdam. An wajabta wa sauran ƙasashen Axis biyan diyya na yaƙi bisa ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris, 1947. Ba a saka Ostiriya cikin ɗayan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. == Biyan kuɗi == A cewar Taron Yalta, ba za a biya bashin ga ƙasashen Allied da kuɗi ba (ko da yake ba a bi wannan doka a cikin yarjejeniyoyi na baya ba). Maimakon haka, yawancin darajar da aka canja sun kunshi kadarorin masana'antu na Jamus da kuma tilasta aiki ga Allies.<ref>Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 {{ISBN|963-9241-68-7}} P.244-249</ref> An kara bayyana bukatun Allied a lokacin taron Potsdam. Za a biya diyya kai tsaye ga masu cin nasara guda huɗu (Faransa, Ingila, Amurka, da Tarayyar Soviet); ga ƙasashen da ke cikin tasirin Soviet, Tarayyar Soviétique za ta ƙayyade rarraba ta. Don daidaita rarraba biyan kuɗi tsakanin ikon masu nasara, an kafa Majalisar Kula da Allied. A ƙarshe, Allies sun amince da biyan kuɗin Jamus a cikin siffofi masu zuwa: * Rushe masana'antar Jamus * Canja wurin duk kayan aikin masana'antu, injina da kayan aikin injin zuwa ga Allies * Canja wurin duk motocin titin jirgin ƙasa, locomotives da jiragen ruwa zuwa Allies * Kwace duk wani jarin Jamus da aka yi a ketare * Duk zinariya, azurfa da platinum a cikin bullion ko tsabar kudin da kowane mutum/ma'aikata ke riƙe a Jamus * Duk kudin waje * Duk takardun haƙƙin mallaka da bayanan bincike masu dacewa da aikace-aikacen soja da matakai * Bukatar samar da masana'antu na Jamus a halin yanzu da hakar albarkatu * Aikin tilastawa da jama'ar Jamus ke bayarwa Don sa ido a kan hakar da rarraba kudaden Jamusawa a yankin da suke kula da su, Ƙungiyoyin Yammacin Turai sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Haɗin Kai (IARA). Za a raba rabon diyya daga Jamus ta wani kaso da aka riga aka ƙayyade wanda masu nasara suka amince da shi. Matsalolin Jamusanci za a kasasu kashi biyu: A (dukkan nau'ikan ramawar Jamus ban da waɗanda ke cikin rukuni na B) da B (kayan masana'antu da babban kamfani, jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, da jigilar ruwa na cikin ƙasa).<ref name="iaratreaty">{{Cite web |title=Agreement on reparation from Germany, on the establishment of an Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and on the restitution of monetary gold. |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20555/volume-555-I-8105-English.pdf |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=treaties.un.org |publisher=[[Treaty series#United Nations|United Nations Treaty Series]]}}</ref> Kasashe masu zuwa sun sami fansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan IARA: {| class="wikitable" |+Rarrabawar gyaran Jamus ta Yammacin Turai<ref name="iaratreaty"/><ref name="usarchive">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=State Department and Foreign Affairs Records - RG 84: U.S. Delegation to the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-84-iara.html |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=archives.gov |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]}}</ref> !Kasar !% na Category A gyare-gyare !% na biyan kuɗi na rukuni na B |- |{{Flagu|Albania}} |0.05 |0.35 |- |{{Flagu|Australia}} |0.70 |0.95 |- |{{Flagu|Belgium}} |2.70 |4.50 |- |{{Flagu|Czechoslovakia}} |3.00 |4.30 |- |{{Flagu|Canada}} |3.50 |1.50 |- |{{Flagu|Denmark}} |0.25 |0.35 |- |Misira{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Egypt}} |0.05 |0.20 |- |{{Flagu|France}} |16.00 |22.80 |- |{{Flagu|Greece}} |2.70 |3.35 |- |Indiya{{Flagicon|British Raj}} |2.00 |2.90 |- |{{Flagu|Luxembourg}} |0.15 |0.40 |- |{{Flagu|Norway}} |1.30 |1.90 |- |{{Flagu|New Zealand}} |0.40 |0.60 |- |{{Flagu|Netherlands}} |3.90 |5.60 |- |{{Flagu|Union of South Africa}} |0.70 |0.10 |- |{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} |28.00 |27.80 |- |{{Flagu|United States of America}} |28.00 |11.80 |- |{{Flagu|Yugoslavia}} |6.60 |9.60 |} Za a cire daga ayyukan IARA ta hanyar buƙata daga Tarayyar Soviet. Abokan hulɗa sun amince a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Potsdam, cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta tattara kuma ta rarraba rabon [[Poland]] na biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, Tarayyar Soviet za ta cire rabonta na biyan kuɗi galibi daga yankin da ke cikin yankin zama. Gwamnatin Poland ta wucin gadi ta kammala Yarjejeniyar Maido da Poland da Soviet a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1945. Yarjejeniyar ta ware rabon Poland na kayan aikin Jamus, kayayyaki da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari Poland ta sami kashi 15% na jiragen ruwa na Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet ta samu. Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Poland da Soviet ne ke kula da isar da shi har zuwa 1953.{{Flagu|Poland}} === Canje-canje na yanki === [[Fayil:Curzon_line_en.svg|thumb|A lokacin Taron Tehran a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1943, Big Three sun amince da ka'idar yin amfani da Curzon Line lokacin da suke ƙayyade iyakar gabashin Poland, yayin da a mayar da Poland ta cancanci iyakar yamma tare da Oder.]] Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye yankunan Jamus gabas da Oder-Neisse, wanda ya kai ga korar Jamusawa miliyan 12 (daga Gabashin Prussia, Pomerania da Silesia). An shigar da waɗannan yankuna cikin Poland na gurguzu da Tarayyar Soviet bi da bi kuma aka sake tsugunar da mutanen waɗannan ƙasashe, yayin da ake jiran taron sulhu na ƙarshe da Jamus. Tun da ba a taɓa yin taron zaman lafiya ba, Jamus ta yi watsi da yankunan yadda ya kamata. A game da Poland, yankin da aka samu ya kasance diyya ga Yankin Gabas Poland (''Kresy''), wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta haɗa. Faransa ta mamaye yankin na Saar daga 1947 zuwa 1956, da nufin yin amfani da kwal da karafa da take hakowa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Faransa a matsayin diyya ga yakin. Faransa ta nemi a ƙarshe ta haɗa Saar da kuma yankin Ruhr gabaɗaya zuwa Faransa daidai, amma sauran ƙawayen sun ƙi hakan. Bayan sakamakon wani taron jama'a, Faransa ta yi murabus daga ikonta na yankin Saar a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1957. Netherlands ta nemi haɗa manyan sassan Yammacin Jamus a matsayin diyya ga WWII. Wadannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce galibi ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ne suka dakile kuma a ƙarshe kusan murabba'in kilomita 69 (27 sq mi) na ƙasar Jamus an haɗa su a cikin 1949. Kusan duk waɗannan yankuna an mayar da su zuwa Tarayyar Jamus a cikin 1957. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Holland da Jamus da aka yi a Hague a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1960 Jamus ta amince da kuɗin Jamus na 8 ga Jamus. a cikin diyyar dawowar.<ref name="hopf">{{Cite journal |last=Hopf |first=Simon |date=2003 |title=Alltag zwischen Mark und Gulden - der Selfkant unter niederländischer Auftragsverwaltung 1949 bis 1963 |trans-title=Between Mark and Gulden - Selfkant under Dutch administration 1949 - 1963 |url=http://www.brauweiler-kreis.de/wp-content/uploads/GiW/GiW2003_2/GiW_2003_2_HOPF_ALLTAG.pdf |journal=Geschichte Im Westen |language=de |publisher=Rheinland-Verlag GmbH |volume=18 |pages=136–154}}</ref><ref name="woelk">{{Cite journal |last=Woelk |first=Wolfgang |date=1995 |title=Das Grenzland von Nordrhein-Westfalen, die Traktatländereien und die niederländischen Grenzkorrekturen 1949 bis 1963 |trans-title=The border area of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Tract Lands and Dutch border corrections |url=https://repositorium.uni-muenster.de/document/miami/6091aba0-2f48-4d12-8c77-8f105badd812/jahrbuch_zns_1994-1995_5-6_85-103.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch / Zentrum für Niederlande-Studien |language=de |publisher=[[University of Muenster]] |volume=5/6 |pages=85–103 |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318005328/https://repositorium.uni-muenster.de/document/miami/6091aba0-2f48-4d12-8c77-8f105badd812/jahrbuch_zns_1994-1995_5-6_85-103.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Belgium da Luxembourg sun kuma nemi mamaye yankin Jamus a matsayin fansa ga WWII. Koyaya, ƙananan yankuna ne kawai aka mamaye sannan aka dawo da su bayan biyan diyya na Jamus.<ref name="hopf"/><ref name="woelk"/> === Rushe masana'antu === At the beginning of the occupation, the Allies dismantled the remnants of German industries. Plants and machinery were dismantled, the railroad system deconstructed and everything was transported to the Allies. The German merchant fleet and all other ships were handed over. Foreign stocks of about 2.5 billion dollars were confiscated. The remaining German industries had to give up a share of their production to the Allies. Large shipments of steel, coal, but also other industrial products were seized and transported out of the country.{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} Daga baya Yammacin Allies sun sauƙaƙa matsayinsu don goyon bayan Shirin Marshall, yayin da Gabashin Jamus ya ci gaba da isar da kayan masana'antu da albarkatun kasa ga Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa 1953.{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} === Rushe kayan aikin jirgin kasa === A cikin Yankin Soviet na Kasuwanci (daga baya Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus) kusan dukkanin layin dogo guda biyu an rage su zuwa hanya ɗaya tare da kayan da ake kaiwa Tarayyar Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vor 75 Jahren: Aufbau der Bahn nach Kriegsende &#124; MDR.DE |url=https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/eisenbahn-besatzungszonen-nach-kriegsende-100.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2015 |title=Die Stunde Null in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone (SBZ) |url=https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/blog/archive/die-stunde-null-der-sowjetischen-besatzungszone-sbz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2005 |title=Wirtschaftsentwicklung von 1945 bis 1949 &#124; BPB |url=https://m.bpb.de/izpb/10077/wirtschaftsentwicklung-von-1945-bis-1949}}</ref> Hakazalika an kuma rushe wutar lantarki ta jirgin kasa (mai iyakancewa) tare da sanannen ban da mafi yawan Berlin S-Bahn wanda ya riƙe kayan aikin Jirgin ƙasa na uku ga mafi yawanci. Hakazalika, a cikin Yankin Kasuwancin Faransa, an rushe mahimman layin dogo zuwa hanya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gäubahn: wechselvolle Historie, ungewisse Zukunft |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.schwaebischer-heimatbund-in-stuttgart-gaeubahn-wechselvolle-historie-ungewisse-zukunft.2ad4b5ee-8b18-4260-ab1d-c46b955526ae.html}}</ref> === Dukiyar hankali === Abokan hulɗa sun kwace takardun shaida na Jamus, haƙƙin mallaka da alamun kasuwanci da suka kai kimanin dala biliyan 10 (1948). {{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} === Aikin tilasta === An matsa wa miliyoyin Jamusawa aiki na tilas na shekaru da yawa don yin aiki ga Allies a sansanoni, [[hakar ma'adinai]], girbi ko masana'antu. === Kudin zama === Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, manyan kasashe hudu na kawance - Birtaniya, Amurka, Faransa, da Tarayyar Soviet - sun mamaye Jamus tare, tare da mulkin mallaka a hukumance a cikin 1950s. A wannan lokacin, Jamus ta ɗauki alhakin kashe kuɗaɗen aikin mamaya, wanda ya haura dala biliyan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2008-07-18 |title=Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-52 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/107189.htm |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Wadanda Holocaust suka shafa === Jamus ta kulla yarjejeniyoyi iri-iri da kasashen yammaci da gabashi da kuma taron da'awar yahudawa da majalisar dokokin yahudawa ta duniya domin biyan diyya ga wadanda harin Holocaust ya rutsa da su. Har zuwa 2005 an biya kusan Yuro biliyan 63 (daidai da kusan Euro biliyan 87.9 a cikin 2022) ga daidaikun mutane. An biya ƙarin biyan kuɗi daga kamfanonin Jamus waɗanda suka yi amfani da ma'aikatan tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Die Entschädigungszahlungen an jüdische Opfer des Nationalsozialismus |trans-title=Compensation payments to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust |url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/410502/23e348e9f5c6c046abd707258f284eae/wd-4-086-07-pdf-data.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=bundestag.de |publisher=[[Deutscher Bundestag|Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages]] |language=de}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == === Poland === A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1953, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Tarayyar Soviet wacce ke son 'yantar da Gabashin Jamus daga duk wani nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plucinska |first=Joanna |date=26 April 2019 |title=Germany owes Poland over $850 billion in WW2 reparations: senior lawmaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-germany-reparations-idUSKCN1S215R |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Reuters |quote=In 1953 Poland’s then-communist rulers relinquished all claims to war reparations under pressure from the Soviet Union, which wanted to free East Germany, also a Soviet satellite, from any liabilities.}}</ref> ta sanar da cewa za ta watsar da haƙƙinta na ci gaba da biyan diyya daga Gabashin Jamus a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954.<ref name="hailbronner">{{Cite journal |last=Hailbronner |first=Kay |title=Legal Aspects of the Unification of the Two German States |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-abstract/2/1/18/2756311 |journal=European Journal of International Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=32 |quote=When the Warsaw Treaty was signed, Poland and the Soviet Union had waived all claims for reparations against Germany as a whole by a declaration of 23 August 1953. This waiver was based upon the agreement at the Potsdam Conference that Polish claims for reparations were to be satisfied by the Soviet share for reparation payments. The declaration by the Polish Government stated that Germany had already paid substantial reparations and that the Polish Government therefore renounced all claims, in order to contribute to a peaceful solution of the German question. The waiver was explicitly confirmed in the negotiations between the two states on the Warsaw Treaty.}}</ref><ref name="ruchniewicz2">{{Cite web |last=Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |date=26 October 2017 |title=Die verspätete Rechnung. Zur polnischen Diskussion über Reparationszahlungen aus Deutschland |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118002607/http://www.zeitgeschichte-online.de:80/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |archive-date=18 January 2022 |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |quote=''On 19 October 2004, the Polish Council of Ministers issued a statement clarifying: "The Government of the Republic of Poland recognises as obligatory the declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of Poland on 19 October to abandon Polish reparations payments (...). The Declaration of 23 August 1953 was adopted in accordance with the constitutional order of the time, in compliance with international law laid down in the UN Charter.''}}</ref> A cikin bayanin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], mai kwanan wata 24 ga Nuwamba 1969, gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta Poland ta bukaci a dauki mataki daga kungiyar ba kawai don azabtar da masu aikata laifuka na yaki da wadanda suka aikata laifukan bil'adama ba har ma da kafa hanyoyin da rarraba diyya ga laifukan yaki da lalacewar da Jamus ta aikata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Nieznany dokument ONZ z 1969 r. "Wynika z niego wprost, że Polska nie zrzekła się reparacji" |url=https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/10078485/nieznany-dokument-onz-z-1969-r-wynika-z-niego-wprost-ze-polska-nie-zrzekla-sie-reparacji.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Wprost}}</ref> A cikin 1970, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Poland [[:pl:Józef Winiewicz|Józef Winiewicz]] ya tabbatar da watsi da haƙƙin biyan kuɗi a shekara ta 1953 yayin tattaunawar da ta kai ga Yarjejeniyar daidaitawa ta Nuwamba 1970, wanda Jamus ta Yamma ta amince da Oder-Neisse a matsayin iyakar ƙarshe tsakanin Poland da Gabashin Jamus. <ref name="hailbronner" /> <ref name="piatkowski">{{Cite web |last=Mateusz Piątkowski |date=9 September 2022 |title=The legal questions behind Poland's claim for war reparations from Germany |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/09/09/the-legal-questions-behind-polands-claim-for-war-reparations-from-germany/ |website=notesfrompoland.com |quote=In 1970, Poland and West Germany normalised their relationship in the Treaty of Warsaw. The Polish government confirmed the renouncement of reparations, while West Germany confirmed the Polish western border.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Sławomir Sierakowski]] |date=21 September 2022 |title=What's Behind Poland's Reparation Debate? |url=https://dgap.org/de/forschung/publikationen/whats-behind-polands-reparation-debate |website=dgap.org |publisher=[[German Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=Then, in December 1970, Poland reaffirmed its renunciation of reparations claims under a new agreement with West Germany, which recognized the Polish border on the Oder and Neisse Rivers – in what had been pre-war Germany.}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Poland (''Sejm'') ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke nuna cewa: "Sejm na Jamhuriyar Poland, da ke sane da rawar da gaskiyar tarihi da adalci na farko ke takawa a dangantakar Poland da Jamus ta yi ikirarin cewa Poland ba ta riga ta sami isasshen diyya da biyan kuɗi ba saboda mummunar lalacewa da asarar da ta haifar da mamayar Jamus, mamayar da kisan kare dangi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2004 |title=Uchwała Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 10 września 2004 r. w sprawie praw Polski do niemieckich reparacji wojennych oraz w sprawie bezprawnych roszczeń wobec Polski i obywateli polskich wysuwanych w Niemczech |url=https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/proc4.nsf/uchwaly/2140_u.htm |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> Bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta Amurka ta sake bayyana cewa Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyen Jamus ta 23 ga Yarjejeniyar Poland ta Tarayyar Poland ta amincewa, Yarjejeniyar, Yarjejeniya ta Tarayyen Tarayyar, Yarima, Yarjejeniwar Tarayyar ta Taray ta Tarayya, Yarjejeniyan Turai, Yarjejeniyarsa ta Tarayye, Yarjejeniyaa, Yarjejeniy, Yarjejeniyoyin Tarayyar Rasha, Yarjejeni ta Tarayyaki, Yarjejeniye, Yarima ta Tarayyarsa ta Tarayya ta Taraywar Tarayya ta Tarayya, Yarjejeniyaswar Taray ta Yarjejeniyar ta Tar. Länder-Analysen (<nowiki><i id=\"mwBAI\">Country Analytical Digests</i></nowiki>) (in German). <nowiki><b id=\"mwBAM\">227</b></nowiki> (227): 5. The Polish government clarified in a statement on 19 October 2004: \"The Declaration of 23 August 1953 was adopted in accordance with the constitutional order of the time, in compliance with international law established in the UN Charter\", a position that was confirmed in a written statement in August 2017 by then Deputy Foreign Minister Marek Magierowski in response to a parliamentary inquiry from the Sejm.</i></nowiki><nowiki></q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt129\" href=\"./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)\" id=\"mwBA0\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-garsztecki_33-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./World_War_II_reparations#cite_note-garsztecki-33 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref name="ruchniewicz2"/><ref name="ruchniewicz3">{{Cite web |last=Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |date=26 October 2017 |title=Die verspätete Rechnung. Zur polnischen Diskussion über Reparationszahlungen aus Deutschland |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118002607/http://www.zeitgeschichte-online.de:80/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |archive-date=18 January 2022 |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |quote=''(...) the 1953 Declaration constitutes a binding, unilateral legal act of the Polish state - a subject of international law.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Odpowiedź na zapytanie nr 3812 w sprawie strat poniesionych podczas II wojny światowej |url=https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm8.nsf/InterpelacjaTresc.xsp?key=0397DEDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903224718/http://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm8.nsf/InterpelacjaTresc.xsp?key=0397DEDF |archive-date=3 September 2017 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> Gwamnatin Jamus tana ɗaukar wannan matsayi. In the meantime, Poland and Germany concluded several treaties and agreements to compensate Polish persons who were victims of German aggression. In 1972, West Germany paid compensation to Poles that had survived pseudo-medical experiments during their imprisonment in various Nazi camps during the Second World War.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |year=1973 |title=On Behalf of Victims of Pseudo-Medical Experiments Red Cross Action |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross-1961-1997/article/on-behalf-of-victims-of-pseudomedical-experiments-red-cross-action/FADD8FADF4CD37A24B1746A8BD69FF07 |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |volume=13 |issue=142 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1017/S0020860400015576 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1975, the Gierek-Schmidt agreement was signed in Warsaw. It stipulated that 1.3 billion DM was to be paid to Poles who, during Nazi occupation, had paid into the German social security system but received no pension. In 1992, the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation was founded by the Polish and German governments, and as a result, Germany paid Polish sufferers approximately zl&nbsp;4.7 billion (equivalent to zl&nbsp;37.8 billion or US$7.97 billion in 2022{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}). Between 1992 and 2006, Germany and [[Austriya|Austria]] jointly paid compensation to surviving Polish, non-Jewish victims of slave labour in Nazi Germany and also to Polish orphans and children who had been subject to forced labour.<ref name="fpnp.pl">{{Cite web |title=Fundacja Polsko-Niemieckie Pojednanie &#124; Stiftung Polnisch-Deutsche Aussöhnung |url=http://www.fpnp.pl/wyplaty/robotnicy.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010194549/http://www.fpnp.pl/wyplaty/robotnicy.php |archive-date=2008-10-10 |website=www.fpnp.pl}}</ref> The Swiss Fund for the Victims of the Holocaust (which had obtained settlement money from banks in Switzerland) used some of its funds to pay compensation between 1998 and 2002 to Polish Jews and Romani who were victims of Nazi Germany.<ref name="fpnp.pl" /> Batun biyan diyya ya sake tashi a ƙarshen 2017 tare da maganganun da jami'an gwamnatin Poland suka yi daga Dokar da Adalci mai mulki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Poland ta dauki matsayin cewa ƙin Poland na 1953 ba shi da iyaka saboda ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin rinjayar Tarayyar Soviet.<ref name="ruchniewicz2"/> Przemysław Sobolewski, shugaban Ofishin Bincike na Sejm, ya ce Majalisar Ministoci Poland ce ta yanke shawarar siyasa ta 1953, duk da cewa a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, wanda ya fara aiki a 1952, Majalisar Gwamnatin Poland ce, wacce ke da ikon yin irin wannan yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Szef Biura Analiz Sejmowych: Polska i Niemcy nigdy po II wojnie światowej nie zawarły umowy ws. reparacji |url=https://plus.polskatimes.pl/szef-bas-polska-i-niemcy-nigdy-po-ii-wojnie-swiatowej-nie-zawarly-umowy-ws-reparacji/ar/c1-16818341 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Polska Times |quote=''The Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland of 1952 reserved issues concerning the conclusion and ratification of international agreements for the Council of State (a collegiate body performing the functions of the head of state), and not for the Council of Ministers.''}}</ref> A cewar Józef Menes daga Majalisar Cibiyar Rashin Yakin Poland, ba a gabatar da wata sanarwa ta diflomasiyya ga gwamnatin Jamus ta Gabas ba kuma cewa "Wataƙila taron Majalisar Ministoci na 23 ga Agusta 1953 bai faru ba" - yana ambaton dangantakar Kazimierz Mijal (shugaban ofishin Majalisar Ministocin daga 21 ga Nuwamba 1952 zuwa 1 ga Fabrairu 1956). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Członek Rady ISW: zrzeczenie się reparacji w 1953 r. — wątpliwe prawnie |url=https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1413791%2Cczlonek-rady-instytutu-strat-wojennych-zrzeczenie-sie-reparacji-w-1953 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Polska Agencia Prasowa |quote=''there is no diplomatic note to the government of the GDR, [and] there is no return note''}}</ref> A ranar cika shekaru 83 da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2022, an gabatar da rahoton gwamnatin Poland game da asarar yaki da lalacewar Poland tsakanin 1939 da 1945 a Royal Castle a Warsaw . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Sprawozdanie w przedmiocie strat i szkód wojennych Polski w latach 1939-1945 |url=https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/opinie8.nsf/nazwa/513_straty_PL/$file/513_straty_PL.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>Rahoton juzu'i uku ya kuma shafi batutuwan shari'a game da 1953 renunciation na ramuwa da Poland, kuma bisa ga rahoton binciken: "Sanarwar unilateral na Majalisar Ministoci na 23 Agusta 1953 game da renunciation na yaki ramuwa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki na 22 Yuli 1952 a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na 22 Yuli 1952 a cikin karfi da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. cancantar Majalisar Jiha, ba Majalisar Ministoci ba”. Har ila yau, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, bisa bayanan da majalisar ministocin ta yi a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1953, janyewar ta shafi Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Jamus ne kawai ba jamhuriyar Tarayya ba, kuma ba a taba aikewa da wata takardar diflomasiyya ba ga gwamnatin Jamus ta Gabas da ke sanar da ita matakin da Poland ta dauka a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Mularczyk: Nie ma dokumentu spełniającego formalne wymogi uchwały rządu z 1953 r. o zrzeczeniu się reparacji |url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Mularczyk-Nie-ma-dokumentu-spelniajacego-formalne-wymogi-uchwaly-rzadu-z-1953-r-o-zrzeczeniu-sie-reparacji-8400127.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Bankier.pl |quote=''"The report states that 'the alleged unilateral statement of the Council of Ministers of 23 August 1953 on the renunciation of war reparations by the People's Republic of Poland violated the constitution of 22 July 1952 in force at that time, because the matters of ratification and termination of international agreements belonged to the competence of the Council of State, not the Council of Ministers.'"'' and ''"In addition, the report notes that this statement was forced on the government of the Polish People's Republic by the USSR; moreover, according to the minutes of the Council of Ministers of 19 August 1953, the renunciation concerned only the German Democratic Republic."''}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2022 Sejm ta zartar da (418 for, 4 against, 15 abstentions) wani kuduri da ke cewa: "Jam'iyyar Poland ba ta taɓa yin watsi da ikirarin ta a kan jihar Jamus ba; Sejm na Jamhuriyar Poland ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Jamus da ta ɗauki alhakin siyasa, tarihi, shari'a, da kudi ga duk tasirin da ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Uchwała Sejmu ws. dochodzenia przez Polskę zadośćuczynienia za szkody spowodowane przez Niemcy w czasie II wojny światowej. |url=https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9.nsf/komunikat.xsp?documentId=320B5562E9925DBBC12588BD005B6276 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2022, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Poland Zbigniew Rau ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta diflomasiyya inda ya nemi gwamnatin Jamus ta gudanar da tsarin tattaunawa tsakanin Poland da Jamus, kuma a ranar 3 ga Oktoba ya gabatar da bayanin diflomasiyyar ga Ministan Harashen Waje na Jamus mai ziyara Annalena Baerbock . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Poland demands $1.3 trillion in World War II reparations from Germany |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/poland-demands-1-3-trillion-in-world-war-ii-reparations-from-germany |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Szef MSZ podpisał notę w sprawie reparacji |url=https://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/8560370,zbigniew-rau-nota-dyplomacja-reparacje.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Dziennik.pl |quote=''"The diplomatic note that I have just initialled will be forwarded to the Foreign Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany," Rau said. - It expresses the conviction of the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs that the parties should take immediate action aimed at a permanent, comprehensive and final, legal and material settlement of the issue of the consequences of the Aggression and German Occupation during the years 1939-1945."''}}</ref> A cewar gwamnatin Jamus, babu wata hujja ta doka don ƙarin biyan diyya.<ref name="politico-2021">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Leaders of Poland, Germany call for 'swift' solution to Warsaw's rule of law row with EU |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/scholz-morawiecki-poland-rule-of-law-conflict/ |website=Politico |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2023 mataimakin ministan harkokin waje na Poland Arkadiusz Mularczyk ya bayyana cewa "Ba mu amince da wannan matsayin Jamus ba, mun ƙi shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin cikakkiyar rashin tushe da kuskure. " kuma "jihar Jamus ba za ta iya rufe shari'ar da ba a taɓa buɗewa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mularczyk: Odrzucamy stanowisko Niemiec |url=https://www.tvp.info/65474263/polska-nie-uznaje-odmowy-niemiec-w-sprawie-reparacji-wojennych-mularczyk-bedzie-odpowiedz-w-formie-pisemnej}}</ref> === Girka === [[Fayil:Zwangsanleihe_Griechenland.jpg|thumb|Daga ''Akte R 27320'', shafi na 114 (dandalin siyasa na Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Tarayyar Jamus) ]] As a result of the Nazi German occupation, much of Greece was subjected to enormous destruction of its industry (80% of which was destroyed), infrastructure (28% destroyed), ports, roads, railways and bridges (90%), forests and other natural resources (25%)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallianatos |first=Evaggelos |title=The Math of Mass Starvation and Murder: Germany in Greece During World War II |url=https://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/24456-the-math-of-mass-starvation-and-murder-germany-in-greece-during-world-war-ii |access-date=2017-11-30 |website=Truthout |language=en-us |archive-date=2017-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210010423/http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/24456-the-math-of-mass-starvation-and-murder-germany-in-greece-during-world-war-ii |url-status=dead }}</ref>  and loss of civilian life (7.02–11.17% of its citizens).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council for Reparations from Germany, ''Black Book of the Occupation''(In Greek and German) Athens 2006 p. 1018-1019 |url=https://library.antibaro.gr/text/History/1940/Mavri_Vivlos_Katochis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721075719/https://library.antibaro.gr/text/History/1940/Mavri_Vivlos_Katochis.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> Other sources put the total number of deaths resulting from the Axis occupation at 273,000 to 747,000 Greeks, or 3.7-10.2% of the prewar population.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} The occupying Nazi regime forced Greece to pay the cost of the occupation in the country and requisite raw materials and food for the occupation forces, creating the conditions for the Great Famine. Furthermore, in 1942, the Greek Central Bank was forced by the occupying Nazi regime to lend 476 million Reichsmarks at 0% interest to Nazi Germany. Bayan yakin, Girka ta samu kaso daga cikin diyya da Jamus ta biya wa kasashen kawance a zaman wani bangare na tsare-tsare na yerjejeniya ta Paris na shekarar 1946 wadda hukumar kula da ramuwa ta kasashen kawancen ta aiwatar. Dalar Amurka biliyan 7.181 aka shirya wa Girka. Wannan adadin ya tashi matuka saboda karuwar kudaden diyya da kasashen kawance da Girka suka kwace daga karshe sun samu diyya ta kudi da kayayyakin masana'antu da kimanin dala miliyan 25.<ref name="bundestag">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Die "Deutsche Restschuld" gegenüber Griechenland |trans-title=The German (remaining) debt towards Greece |url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/707052/a9cf6050a75b667abf7972ac0837726e/WD-2-063-15-pdf-data.pdf |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=[[Deutscher Bundestag]] |language=de}}</ref> Girka ta sami ƙarin kaso na ramuwa daga sauran ikon Axis sakamakon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris daga 1947. Greece was a signatory of the London Agreement on German External Debts in 1953. The signatories agreed to postpone additional German debts until a final peace treaty with Germany would be made.<ref name="bundestag"/> In 1960, Germany concluded a treaty with the Greek government to compensate Greek victims of Nazi German terror which amounted to 115 Million German mark.<ref name="brunnbauer">{{Cite web |last=Ulf Brunnbauer |date=1 July 2015 |title=Aufrechnungen von Frustrationen. Griechische Reparationsforderungen an Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund der Schuldenkrise |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |language=de}}</ref> These payments were explicitly marked as payments to the victims and were not supposed to be a general reparation treaty.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}} Later Greek governments insist that this was only a down payment and further payments need to be made.<ref name="bundestag" /><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Nikos Christodoulakis}}</ref> In 1990, West Germany and East Germany signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ('Two Plus Four Agreement') with the former Allied countries of the United States, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], France, and the Soviet Union. This treaty was supposed to close all open questions regarding Germany and the aftermath of WWII and paved the way for German reunification. Germany considers this treaty as the final regulation which concludes the question of open reparations which had been made in previous treaties such as the London Debt Agreement.<ref name="bundestag"/> Greece rejects this notion and on 8 February 2015, the then-Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras demanded that Germany pay the "complete" reparations to Greece. In April 2015, Greece evaluated the war reparations to be the equivalent of 278.7 billion euros (equivalent to 389 billion euros in 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Spiegel: Τα 278 δισεκ. των αποζημιώσεων που ζητούν οι Έλληνες ίσως τελικά να είναι λίγα |trans-title=Spiegel: The 278 billion in compensation that the Greeks are asking for may not be enough after all |url=https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/spiegel-ta-278-disek-ton-apozimioseon-poy-zitoyn-oi-ellines-isos-telika-na-einai-liga |access-date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Lifo}}</ref><ref name="brunnbauer"/> While more German politicians and members of the Bundestag are calling on the federal government to compensate Greece financially for the effects of the Nazi occupation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Greece gains allies in Bundestag over WWII reparations dispute |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/news/greece-gains-allies-in-bundestag-over-wwii-reparations-dispute/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |publisher=EurActiv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=Greece's claims for war reparations should be resolved by int'l court: Bundestag |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/10/c_138215728.htm |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Xinhua |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711030400/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/10/c_138215728.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> the German government replied that the stipulations of the Two Plus Four treaty still stand and the issue was resolved in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Greece Nazi occupation: Athens asks Germany for 279bn euros |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32202768 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Isra'ila === West Germany paid reparations to [[Isra'ila|Israel]] for confiscated Jewish property under Nuremberg laws, forced labour and persecution. Payments to Israel until 1987 amounted to about 14 billion dollars,{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} equivalent to $36.5 billion in 2022.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} === Netherlands ===   Nan da nan bayan karshen yakin, Netherlands ta bukaci Guilders biliyan 25 a matsayin diyya a tsakanin sauran abubuwan yunwar hunturu na Dutch na 1944-1945. Amma ba da dadewa ba aka bi manufar sake fasalin kan iyakar Holland da Jamus da ke da dadewa da kuma mika wani babban yanki na Jamus ga 'yan Holand a matsayin ramuwar gayya. A cikin mafi girman tsarinsa, wannan shirin ya haɗa da haɗa garuruwa da kewayen Cologne, Aachen, Münster da Osnabrück. Bayan haka, gwamnatin Holland ta kwace tare da mamaye yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 69 (27 sq mi) na yankin kan iyaka daga Jamus mai kawance da ta mamaye a cikin 1949, kusan dukkansu an mayar da su Jamus ta Yamma a 1963 don musayar Deutschmark miliyan 280 da gwamnatin Jamus ta Tarayyar Jamus ta biya ga Dutch. === Yugoslavia === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jrxesb10pkt98g9orm8hn7c2tt2v8oz 0 107628 892443 720433 2026-08-07T03:11:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892443 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Lena Schilling''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001 a [[Vienna]]) 'yar gwagwarmayar yanayi ce ta Austriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bischofberger |first=Conny |date=2022-02-06 |title=Rettet man so das Weltklima, Frau Schilling? |url=https://www.krone.at/2620945 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Kronen Zeitung |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalthea - Radikale Wende |url=https://amalthea.at/produkt/radikale-wende/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ita ce babbar 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Green Party ta Austrian a zaben majalisar dokokin Turai na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=red |first=ORF at |date=2024-01-22 |title=EU-Wahl: Lena Schilling wird grüne Spitzenkandidatin |url=https://orf.at/stories/3346401/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=news.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Schilling tana karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai fafutukar yanayi a cikin ƙungiyar Jumma'a don Makomar . A cikin 2019, ta bayyana a taron kungiyar Austrian Association of Municipalities, tare da shugaban ƙasa da shugaban ƙasar Austria, da kuma shugaban Majalisar Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemeinden sind die Konstante in der Republik |url=https://kommunal.at/gemeinden-sind-die-konstante-der-republik |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=KOMMUNAL.AT |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp; She founded the organisation ''Jugendrat'' ("youth council"),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=Women in Protest: Wer ist Lena Schilling? |url=https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3012695/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=fm4.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp;which occupied the Vienna Lobautunnel construction site in protest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jugendrat droht: Wird Lobau-Tunnel gebaut, machen wir zweites Hainburg! |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20210516_OTS0003/jugendrat-droht-wird-lobau-tunnel-gebaut-machen-wir-zweites-hainburg |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=OTS.at |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=josef.gebhard |date=2021-06-05 |title=Warum eine 20-jährige Studentin die Lobau besetzen will |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/warum-eine-20-jaehrige-studentin-die-lobau-besetzen-will/401402919 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp;She is the spokesperson for the “Austrian Supply Chain Act Initiative” with Veronika Bohrn Mena and Daniela Brodesser. At the beginning of 2021, she was described on FM4 as “perhaps the most politically active young woman in the country.” <ref name=":0" />&nbsp;At the end of 2021, she took part in a panel discussion in the “Im Zentrum” series.<ref>{{Cite web |title="IM ZENTRUM": Wie teuer muss Klimaschutz sein? Was die Energiewende uns alle kosten wird |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20211001_OTS0220/im-zentrum-wie-teuer-muss-klimaschutz-sein-was-die-energiewende-uns-alle-kosten-wird |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=OTS.at |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2024, Werner Kogler ne ya zaba ta, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu Green Federal Party Congress ta tabbatar da ita a matsayin babbar 'yar takarar Austrian Greens don zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hofer |first=24 02 2024 um 17:50 von Elisabeth |date=2024-02-24 |title=Die Grünen gehen mit Schilling in die EU-Wahl – und mit Sartre |url=https://www.diepresse.com/18209943/die-gruenen-gehen-mit-schilling-in-die-eu-wahl-und-mit-sartre |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Die Presse |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grüne wählen Schilling mit 96,6 Prozent zur EU-Spitzenkandidatin |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000208908/schilling-stellt-sich-bei-bundeskongress-votum-der-gruenen |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunke |first=Christian |date=2024-01-22 |title=Lena Schilling: "Politik ist kein Spiel" |url=https://www.news.at/a/lena-schilling |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=news.at |language=de}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Schilling ta sauka zuwa matsayi na biyu na ƙarshe a cikin ƙididdigar amincewar 'yan siyasa na APA-OGM na Austria, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=Lena Schilling stürzt im Vertrauensindex ab |url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/c-politik/lena-schilling-stuerzt-im-vertrauensindex-ab_a6697925 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=meinbezirk.at |language=de}}</ref> bayan ya zama sananne cewa ta yi magana da abokan hulɗa game da barin Greens da sauyawa zuwa jam'iyyar Hagu bayan zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2024. Schilling ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grünen-Kandidatin Schilling überlegte, nach der EU-Wahl zu Linksfraktion zu wechseln |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000220916/gruenen-kandidatin-schilling-ueberlegte-nach-der-eu-wahl-zu-linksfraktion-zu-wechseln |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=derstandard.at |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Austria's Greens in shambles as EU election nears |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/austria-greens-eu-election-2024-lena-schilling-affair/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=politico.eu |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa Mayu 2024, Schilling ta bayyana ayyukanta na hukuma a matsayin marubucin da kuma malamin rawa. Kyautar MEP ta 2025 ta amince da Schilling a matsayin Gwarzon Matasa na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners 2025 |url=https://www.mepawards.eu/winners-2025/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=MEP Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701144501/https://www.mepawards.eu/winners-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rikici == Tun bayan wani rahoto daga jaridar Der Standard, Lena Schilling ta kasance a karkashin zargi game da mutuntakarta.<ref name="derstandard worum">{{Cite web |last=Katharina Mittelstaedt, Fabian Schmid |date=9 May 2024 |title=Worum es bei den Vorwürfen rund um Lena Schilling geht [What the accusations against Lena Schilling are all about] |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000219374/worum-es-bei-den-vorwuerfen-rund-um-lena-schilling-gehht |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=derstandard.at |publisher=STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft |language=German}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2024, Der Standard ta buga zarge-zarge da yawa a kan Schilling biyo bayan bincike mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lena Schillings EU-Kandidatur gerät in Turbulenzen |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000219202/lena-schillings-eu-kandidatur-geraet-in-turbulenzen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Fraktionswechsel?: Schilling bestreitet Vorwurf |url=https://orf.at/stories/3358372/}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa Schilling ya yi iƙirarin ƙarya cewa abokin tsohon abokinta ne ke da alhakin zubar da ciki saboda tashin hankali na gida. Lena Schilling ta sanya hannu kan umarnin kotu. A wani lamari, Schilling ya zargi wani dan jaridar talabijin da cin zarafin jima'i; binciken cikin gida ya karyata wannan. An ruwaito cewa Schilling ta kirkiro nata soyayya tare da ɗan jaridar talabijin Martin Thür . Lokacin da aka karyata wannan, ta zargi ɗan jarida da yin dangantaka da sauran mambobin Green Party. Bayan zaben Turai a watan Yunin 2024, Schilling a bayyane ya sanya hannu kan takarda, ya yarda cewa ba ta da dangantaka da Thür. A watan Yunin 2024 an gano cewa der Standard ya keta ka'idar girmamawa ta majalisun manema labarai na Austriya a cikin rahotonsu game da dan takarar a lokacin, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Safronova |first=Valeriya |date=20 December 2024 |title=At 23, Surviving Scandal to Take a Green Seat in the E.U. Parliament |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/20/world/europe/lena-schilling-austria-greens.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> yayin da tashar kanta ta dage cewa duk wata sanarwa da aka yi a cikin labarinsu game da Schilling ta dogara ne akan bincike mai ƙarfi kuma za ta tsaya a kotu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Presserat verurteilt "Der Standard" in der Causa Lena Schilling |url=https://kurier.at/kultur/medien/presserat-der-standard-lena-schilling-verurteilung-medien-politik/402918702}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 0ky3mbwzhrvt67w5dthmxucabh0t59t 0 108439 892300 676917 2026-08-06T18:05:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kudaden yanayi a Ghana''' ya hada da cakuɗaɗɗen kuɗaɗen gida da na ƙasashen duniya don [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita canjin yanayi]], [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] da [[Rashin jituwa da yanayi|juriya]] . == Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa == [[Ghana]] jam'iyya ce a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma ta sanya hannu tare da amincewa da [[yarjejeniyar Paris]] . A shekarar 2023, Ministan Kudi na Ghana, Ken Ofori Atta ya sanar da jama'a cewa ma'aikatar kudi na kafa wani bangare na bayar da kudaden yanayi don tallafawa kudaden yanayi a kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-11-15 |title=Ministry of Finance sets up Climate Financing Division |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/11/ministry-of-finance-sets-up-climate-financing-division/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> == Babban tallafin kuɗi == A cewar rahoton na UNFCCC na shekarar 2021, kudaden canjin yanayi na Ghana ya kai dala miliyan 830 tsakanin shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020. Babban tallafin kudi ya fito ne daga kungiyoyin jama'a. Cibiyoyin da ke tallafawa kuɗin sauyin yanayi a Ghana sun haɗa da [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Finance in Ghana |url=https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/climate-finance-in-ghana/#:~:text=Key%2520findings.%2520Public%2520actors%2520accounted%2520for%252087%25%2520of%2520climate%2520finance |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=CPI |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana a matsayinta na mambar kungiyar masu rajin kare yanayi (CVF) da kuma Vulnerable Twenty Group (V20), kungiyar kasashe 68 da ke fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi ita ma ta sa kaimi ga samar da tsarin hada-hadar kudi da ya dace don tunkarar matsalar kudin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-06-28 |title=Ghana pushes for fit-for-climate financial system from World Leaders |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/06/ghana-pushes-for-fit-for-climate-financial-system-from-world-leaders/#:~:text=Accra,%20June%2028,%20GNA%20%E2%80%93%20Ghana,%20the%20Chair%20of%20the |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Concludes Historic Tenure as Chair of the Climate Vulnerable Forum and Vulnerable Twenty Group of Finance Ministers {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.mofep.gov.gh/news-and-events/2024-09-27/ghana-concludes-historic-tenure-as-chair-of-the-climate-vulnerable-forum-and-vulnerable-twenty-group-of-finance-ministers#:~:text=This%20solidifies%20the%20CVF%20as%20an%20intergovernmental%20organization%20and%20enhances |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.mofep.gov.gh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Vulnerable Forum Declaration adopted - DARA |url=https://daraint.org/2011/11/14/2748/climate-vulnerable-forum-declaration-adopted/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091838/https://daraint.org/2011/11/14/2748/climate-vulnerable-forum-declaration-adopted/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasafin kudin cikin gida na kasar da kuma cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na ci gaban kasa da kasa su ma sun ba da gudummawar kudin yanayi a Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-11-15 |title=Ministry of Finance sets up Climate Financing Division |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/11/ministry-of-finance-sets-up-climate-financing-division/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 45qdaghzje79nn2qa42zniskqqzsm1q 0 108478 892301 878224 2026-08-06T18:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kudin yanayi''' a [[Najeriya]] ya haɗa da cakuda kudade na cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] da [[Rashin jituwa da yanayi|juriya]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Okpanachi: Green Climate Fund Will Aid Nigeria in Fight against Effects of Climate Change – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/24/okpanachi-green-climate-fund-will-aid-nigeria-in-fight-against-effects-of-climate-change/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adejoro |first=Lara |date=2023-11-22 |title=Nigeria may lose $460bn to climate change — Report |url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-may-lose-460bn-to-climate-change-report/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gudummawar da aka kaiyyadai a ƙasa == Najeriya jam'iyya ce ga [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi]] (UNFCCC) a cikin 1994 kuma ta tabbatar da [[Kyoto Protocol|Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] a cikin 2004. Gudummawar da kasar ta ƙuduri aniyar bayar ita ce rage hayaki na gajeren lokaci na Yanayi da [[Hydrofluorocarbon|Hydrofluorocarbons]] da kashi 47% nan da shekara ta 2030 a farashin da aka tsara na dala biliyan 542. == Babban tallafin kuɗi == Tsakanin 2012 da 2016, manyan kudaden yanayi na Gwamnatin Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasa tare da $ 4,800,000 da aka ware daga Asusun Zuba Jari na Yanayi, tallafin DFID da aka ware £ 17,000 kuma Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta ba da gudummawar $ 352,000 don tallafawa Kudin Yanayi a Najeriya. Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Bankin Ci Gaban Najeriya, an kuma ba shi izinin samun dama tsakanin dala miliyan 50 da dala miliyan 250 daga Asusun Yanayi na Green don tallafawa canjin yanayi <ref name=":1"/> : 167-168 Akwai kuma kudaden yanayi Henrich daga Boll Stiftung (HBS) tsakanin 2012 da 2016 a cikin jimlar Yuro 423,320. : 129 {{Rp|129}} == Bukatar kudade na gwamnati == Dangane da Rahoton Binciken Bukatar Bala'i (PDNA) a cikin 2012 ga UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun kudade sun haɗa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa tare da buƙatar gyara lalacewar dala biliyan 16.9. Har ila yau, ana buƙatar saka hannun jari kusan dala biliyan 177 don rage ƙalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa da tasirin gidan kore : 13-14 : 4{{Rp|4}} == Kudin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu == Baya ga kudade na gwamnati, akwai kudade daga C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group a cikin adadin $ 3,000,000, $ 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity da $ 2,000,000 daga Bankin Duniya :{{Rp|170}} == Context and Vulnerabilities == === Yanayin Aikin Gona da Gida === [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg|thumb|353x353px|Taswirar rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na Najeriya na lokacin 1980-2016]] Najeriya tana da jimlar yanki na 910,770 km², <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) - Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=NG |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> wanda kashi 77% ya sadaukar da shi ga amfanin gona (gami da ƙasar noma, amfanin gona na dindindin da makiyaya) <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Country profile – Nigeria |url=https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=NGA |publisher=FAO |access-date=2025-10-10 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011030604/https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=NGA |url-status=dead }}</ref>: 1 da 22% gandun daji sun rufe su tun daga shekarar 2020. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Natural Forest in Nigeria – Nigeria Deforestation Rates & Statistics |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Global Forest Watch}}</ref> A cewar Bankin Duniya, bangaren noma yana da alhakin 34% na samar da aiki a kasar.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Koyaya, lalacewar ƙasa tana shafar kusan kashi 33% na ƙasar noma, wanda canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa. : na bakwai&nbsp;{{Rp|VII}} Har yanzu bangaren noma yana da kusan kashi 23% na GDP na kasar bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya na 2021.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Canjin yanayin ruwan sama, karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada a arewacin kasar suna barazana ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa a Najeriya; kasar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci idan aka kwatanta da bukatar cikin gida. : 54 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria at a glance |url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=FAO in Nigeria}}</ref> Karin shigo da abinci na yau da kullun, kamar shinkafa, ya nuna wahalar biyan bukatun abinci na kasar. A cikin 2019, an gano cewa Najeriya ta cinye tan miliyan 7 na hatsi, amma kawai ta samar da tan miliyan 3.7 da kansu. Dangane da rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), ambaliyar, wacce ta fara a watan Yulin wannan shekarar, ta haifar da kimanin dala biliyan 16.9 a cikin lalacewa, yana nuna bukatar saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawa. : xx{{Rp|xx}} === Aikin Makamashi === [[Fayil:Nigeria_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke da taƙaitaccen ƙarfin hasken rana a Najeriya]] {{Pie chart|label1=[[Coal]]|value1=1.1|color1=powderblue|label2=[[Crude Oil]]|value2=32.2|color2=navy|label3=[[Natural Gas]]|value3=22.2|color3=aqua|label4=[[Hydroelectricity]]|value4=1.1|color4=khaki|label5=[[Biofuel|Biofuels and waste]]|value5=43.4|color5=lightgreen}} Sashin makamashi na Najeriya ya mamaye [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da sharar gida (43.4% na jimlar samar da makamashi), galibi itace da gawayi, wanda kashi 65% na gidaje ke amfani da shi don bukatun yau da kullun kamar dafa abinci.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Energy Mix – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Building a Shared Vision for the Clean Cooking Transition |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/04/01/building-shared-vision-clean-cooking-transition |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iskar gas (75%), yayin da hanyoyin [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|sabuntawa]] kamar su hydropower (1.1%) da hasken rana (0.3% a cikin 2022) suna wakiltar karamin ɓangaren makamashi.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Electricity – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}</ref> Duk da babban damar sabuntawa, Najeriya tana da MW 2,062 kawai na ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga cikin kimanin 14,120 MW. Ana kiyasta yiwuwar hasken rana har zuwa 210 GW, duk da haka ana amfani da kashi 1% kawai na yankin ƙasar a halin yanzu. <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Nchege |first=Johnson |last2=Okpalaoka |first2=Chijindu |date=1 December 2023 |title=Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123014635 |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=119 |page=548 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref> : 27 {{Rp|27}} Ikon wutar lantarki da aka shigar shine 12.5 GW, amma kawai 3,500 zuwa 5,000 MW yana samuwa saboda asarar watsawa da rarraba (28-40%). Duk da haka, bukatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya ta wuce iyakar ƙarfin grid, a kusan 17,556 MWh / h a cikin 2020, bisa ga bayanan hukuma. : 38 A cikin 2023, yawan samun wutar lantarki ya kasance 61.2%, tare da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin birane (89%) da yankunan karkara (kasa da 33%) a cikin mahallin inda gazawar wutar lantarki ta kai ga tattalin arziki kusan dala biliyan 29 a kowace shekara.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> === Yanayin Tattalin Arziki === An dauki Najeriya a matsayin tattalin arziki mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka, tare da GDP na dala biliyan 188.27 a 2023 da yawan mutane miliyan 233.3, amma GDP na kowane mutum shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin manyan tattalin arzikin Afirka goma saboda yawan jama'arta.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NGA |publisher=IMF}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=Real GDP per capita Comparison |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-per-capita |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=The World Factbook }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sashin kudi na kasar shine kasuwar banki ta uku mafi girma a Afirka, tare da bankunan kamar FBN Holdings, Access Bank, da Zenith Bank suna jagorantar matsayi na yanki. Kasuwancin kasuwa Najeriya (NGX) ya kai kusan dala biliyan 47 a watan Yunin 2025, tare da kamfanoni 148 da aka jera, kodayake babu wanda aka keɓe shi ne kawai ga makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref name=":29">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Nigerian Stock Exchange (NGX) Live |url=https://afx.kwayisi.org/ngx-live/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=afx.kwayisi.org }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=Listed Companies |url=https://ngxgroup.com/markets/listed-companies/ |publisher=Nigerian Exchange Limited}}</ref> Duk da yiwuwar, kudaden kore suna iyakance yayin da masu karfafa saka hannun jari ke ba da fifiko ga bangaren man fetur kamar yadda Najeriya ita ce babbar mai samar da mai fetur a Afirka. : 27 A cikin 2020, kasar ta kashe dala biliyan 71.3 a kan shigo da kayayyaki, wanda ya wuce fitarwa da dala biliyan 43.6, galibi saboda dogaro da man fetur mai da aka shigo da shi duk da ikon ingantaccen gida. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Leading Crude Oil Producer in Africa |url=https://nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916045542/https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin siyasa da na doka == Najeriya ta hade canjin yanayi cikin manufofinta ta hanyar takardu irin su "Shirin Canjin Makamashi na Najeriya" (2021) da "Manufofin Makamashi na Kasa" (2022), wadanda ke inganta manufofin makamashi da ake sabunta su da fadada kasuwar saka hannun jari mai dorewa.<ref>Country Profile: Nigeria (PDF) (Report). IEA. 2024</ref> Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2021 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, mai alhakin daidaita manufofin yanayi da kuma kula da asusun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa.<ref>"FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda". Federal Ministry of Finance. 4 April 2025.</ref> Don jawo hankalin zuba jari, gwamnati tana ba da abubuwan ƙarfafawa kamar harajin abinci, keɓancewar haraji, rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki, da yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs) waɗanda ke ba da izinin keɓance cikakken haraji da dawo da riba.<ref>"Regulatory landscape for solar power in Nigeria". IBA. 6 November 2024.</ref> Baƙi za su iya riƙe daidaito 100% a cikin ayyukan, dangane da rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) da kuma amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) da Hukumar Kula da Gasa da Kariya ta Tarayya (FCCPC).<ref>"Renewable energy project approvals in Nigeria". Lexology. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025.</ref><ref>Compendium of Investment Incentives in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission & Federal Inland Revenue Service. 2017</ref> Tun daga 2019, Kasuwancin Hannun Jari na Najeriya ya buƙaci rahoton ESG (muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa) ga kamfanoni da aka jera, kuma daga 2027, rahoton dorewa mai dacewa da ka'idojin IFRS S2 zai zama wajibi.<ref>Anyaogu, Isaac (22 March 2024). "Nigeria gives businesses four years to adopt eco‑friendly reporting standards". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Ka'idodin Banki Dorewa na Najeriya (NSBP) na buƙatar bankunan su haɗa abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa cikin yanke shawara da bayar da rahoton tasirin su a sarari.<ref>"Regulatory approach to sustainable banking". The Punch. 15 October 2023.</ref> === Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa === Najeriya ta kasance jam'iyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) tun 1994 kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a 2004. An gabatar da gudummawar farko ta kasa (NDC) a cikin 2015, tare da alƙawarin rage fitar da hayaki na ɗan gajeren lokaci na gurɓataccen yanayi da ƙarancin carbon carbon 2470% Dalar Amurka biliyan 542.<ref>Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.</ref><ref>Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.</ref> A cikin 2021, Najeriya ta buga sabunta NDC.<ref>Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.</ref> NDCs sun haɗa da maƙasudai don ƙara yawan kason makamashin da ake sabuntawa zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma cimma nasarar samun damar makamashi ta duniya nan da shekarar 2060. == Gudun Kuɗi na Yanayi == === Jama'a === A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016, akasarin kudaden da ake kashewa a Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasar, inda aka ware dalar Amurka miliyan 4.8 daga asusun zuba jari na yanayi, da tallafin DFID fam 17,000, da kuma dalar Amurka 352,000 daga cibiyar muhalli ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2024, Bankin Raya Haɓaka na Najeriya kuma an ba shi izinin shiga tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 50 da dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green don tallafawa matakan sauyin yanayi. €423,320.<ref>Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.</ref>:   129 Bisa ga rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) na UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun samar da kudade sun haɗa da magance ambaliyar ruwa da kuma buƙatar gyara barnar dalar Amurka biliyan 16.9. Bugu da kari, ana bukatar zuba jari na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 177 don magance kalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa, da iskar gas.<ref>2050 Long‑Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV‑2050) (PDF) (Report). Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 2021</ref>: 13–14.<ref>NIGERIA'S Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024</ref>: 4 A cikin 2024, gwamnati ta ware albarkatu ga Asusun Canjin Yanayi, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC), da IMF, don faɗaɗa kuɗaɗen kore.<ref>"Transcript of G24 October 22 Press Briefing" (PDF). IMF. 22 October 2024.</ref> A watan Afrilun 2025, Ministan Kudi kuma Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, Wale Edun, ya gana da Dr. Nkiruka Madueke, Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCCC), don tattauna batun kaddamar da asusun sauyin yanayi, da nufin tallafawa hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da kuma inganta harkokin kudi na kore.<ref>"FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda". Federal Ministry of Finance, Nigeria. 4 April 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> Koyaya, ba da fifikon saka hannun jarin burbushin mai da ƙyalli na iskar gas biliyan 7 a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5, yana iyakance ci gaba a cikin tsaftataccen makamashi.<ref>"Gas flaring: Reps to recover over $9 billion fines from oil companies". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>Ojijiagwo, Emeka; Oduoza, Chike F.; Emekwuru, Nwabueze (1 December 2016). "Economics of gas to wire technology applied in gas flare management". Engineering Science and Technology. 19 (4): 2109–2118. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2016.09.012. hdl:2436/620434.</ref> === Na sirri === Baya ga tallafin gwamnati, akwai kudade daga rukunin C40 na manyan garuruwa don jagorancin yanayi, dalar Amurka miliyan 3, dalar Amurka miliyan 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity, da dalar Amurka miliyan 2 daga bankin duniya. bayyanannun hayaki.<ref>"Financial institutions taking action". PCAF</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga wani bincike na 2022 mai suna Nigeria Green Tagging Banking Review, fannin banki yana ci gaba da ba da rance ga masana'antu masu amfani da carbon.<ref>"Unlocking Climate Finance in Nigeria with Green Banking". Green Policy Platform. 15 February 2022.</ref><ref>Green Bonds in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). NGBMDP (Nigeria Green Bond Market Development Programme). Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da lamuni na farko a Afirka wanda ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 29, wanda ya ba da gudummawar ayyukan makamashin hasken rana ga jami'o'i da al'ummomin da ba su da tushe. Tsakanin 2019 da 2021, an ba da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni huɗu da kore kore ɗaya mai daraja wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 38.02.<ref>Nigeria: Sovereign green bonds for climate action (PDF) (Report). Policy Development Facility Phase II. 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> === Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da Kudade na waje === Najeriya ta dogara kacokan kan tallafin waje don cimma manufofinta na yanayi na NDC. Kungiyoyi irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, Bankin Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Duniya ta Jamus (GIZ) suna cikin mahimman hanyoyin. A cikin 2023, Bankin Masana'antu na Najeriya ya haɗu da FSD Afirka don faɗaɗa kuɗin yanayi.[56] Koyaya, kusan kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen yanayin yanayin jama'a na duniya ana bayar da su ta hanyar bashi, yana ƙara nauyin kuɗin ƙasar.<ref>"Landscape of Climate Finance in Nigeria". Climate Policy Initiative. 4 October 2022.</ref><ref>"The Guardian view on Cop29: poor‑world discontent over a failure of rich countries to deliver". The Guardian. 24 November 2024</ref> == Manyan sassan sun amfana == === Makamashi === Canji zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa shine fifiko na ƙasa, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, kamar tashar Kainji (760MW), wanda aka ba da izini a 1968; da ayyukan hasken rana, gami da tsarin kashe grid da ƙananan grid.<ref>"Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 March 2017.</ref><ref>"Illuminating Nigeria: Grid and Off‑Grid Electricity". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 August 2024.</ref> A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan PPAs tare da masu haɓaka hasken rana 14, amma ayyukan sun tsaya cak saboda rage farashin abinci.<ref>Adeniyi, Fadekunayo; Isah, Abdulrasheed (1 October 2023). "Unlocking renewables amid rentierism: Market constraints to Nigeria's energy transition". Energy Research & Social Science. 104 103248. Bibcode:2023ERSS..10403248A. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103248. hdl:20.500.11850/632674. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref>Assessment of diversity within Nigeria power generation technologies (Report). Nigerian Journal of Technology. 2021. doi:10.1186/s13705-022-00379-9. PMC 9879844.</ref><ref>Nnodim, Okechukwu (28 December 2023). "Nigerians groan in darkness despite power sector privatisation, N7tn investments". The Punch. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> A cikin 2022, shigar da ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi shine 24.5%, tare da wutar lantarki mai wakiltar 96% na wannan jimlar.[18] A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsafta ya karu da fiye da 900% idan aka kwatanta da 2022, jimlar dalar Amurka miliyan 69.3, wanda yawancinsu daga haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu ne.<ref>"Climatescope 2024 Nigeria". Global Climatescope. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>Nkalo, Ukoima Kelvin (1 June 2025). "Nigeria's renewable energy sector: analysis of the present and future prospects". Solar Compass. 14 100123. Bibcode:2025SoCom..1400123N. doi:10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100123. ISSN 2772-9400.</ref> === Sufuri === Bangaren sufuri, wanda ke da keken keke (keke napap), ƙananan bas (danfos), da kuma babura (okadas), shine babban tushen gurɓacewar birni.<ref>Afolabi, Oluwaseyi Joseph; Akibo, Kehinde Oluwafunmilola (July 2020). "Urban Challenges and Informal Public Transport Services in Nigeria" (PDF). Review of International Comparative Management. 21 (3): 319‑331. doi:10.24818/RMCI.2020.3.319 (inactive 28 October 2025). Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> Kasuwar motocin lantarki (EV) na karuwa a cikin kasar, sakamakon damuwa game da gurbatar yanayi da tsadar mai.<ref>Akujor, Chidi E.; Uzowuru, Emmanuel E.; Abubakar, Sambo S.; Amakom, Chijioke M. (2022). "Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector in Nigeria". Environmental Health Insights. 16 11786302221125039. Bibcode:2022EnvHI..1611250A. doi:10.1177/11786302221125039. ISSN 1178-6302. PMC 9520152. <nowiki>PMID 36185498</nowiki>.</ref> Wasu tsare-tsare suna haɓaka karɓar EV ta hanyar tallafi da tashoshi na caji kyauta, kodayake cajin kayan aikin ya kasance iyakance.<ref>Farinloye, Temitope; Oluwatobi, Omotoye; Ugboma, Ogochukwu; Dickson, Olayemi Funmilayo; Uzondu, Chinebuli; Mogaji, Emmanuel (1 May 2024). "Driving the electric vehicle agenda in Nigeria: The challenges, prospects and opportunities". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 130 104182. Bibcode:2024TRPD..13004182F. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104182. ISSN 1361-9209. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>"ECN Commissions Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Station to Advance Clean Energy in Nigeria". Energy Commission of Nigeria. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> === Noma da Dazuzzuka === Kasar ta kuduri aniyar maido da kasa mai fadin hecta miliyan 4 nan da shekarar 2030 a karkashin shirin farfado da dazuzzukan Afirka (AFR100) da kuma cimma matsaya kan lalata kasa (LDN) a daidai wannan lokacin, tare da kashe jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 194.<ref>"The role of forests and wildlife in building resilience and recovery from crises and threats". FAO. August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref>: 5 [34:<ref>Final report of the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme (PDF) (Report). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. May 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref>]  === Abubuwan Gaba === Najeriya tana da fa'ida mai yawa da za a iya sabunta ta, tare da megawatt 14,120 a wutar lantarki kuma har zuwa 210 GW a cikin hasken rana,<ref>Nchege, Johnson; Okpalaoka, Chijindu (1 December 2023). "Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions". Renewable Energy. 119 119548: 548. Bibcode:2023REne..21919548N. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548. Retrieved 28 July 2025.</ref> amma rashin amfani ya ci gaba. Cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2023 da kuma ‘yantar da kasuwar canji ya karu da sha’awar masu zuba jari, amma rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari ya kasance cikas.<ref>Dzirutwe, Macdonald (5 February 2024). "Nigeria's latest devaluation may be 'turning point' in currency reform drive". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref><ref>"Bola Tinubu inauguration: Fuel subsidy removed in Nigeria". BBC News. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8i55bwrf0bwisdlziygf15uz42tuwfr 0 110490 892327 689151 2026-08-06T19:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli''' (ESA) Ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru na Burtaniya mai duba sharar gida da masana'antar da albarkatu ta Burtaniya.  Mambobin ESA sun haɗa da manyan kamfanonin sarrafa shara a [[Birtaniya Kamaru|Burtaniya]] kuma a buɗe suke ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu wajen sarrafa shara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting rid of Unwanted Waste |url=https://www.rubbishwaste.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-unwanted-junk.html |access-date=2023-09-21}}</ref> == Tushen == An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1968 ta hanyar shugabannin Masana'antar sharar gida ciki har da wadannan: * Tony Morgan, Purle Bros Ltd. * Don Pannell, A Pannell Ltd. * Malcolm Wood, Leigh Interests Ltd. * Colin Drinkwater, W W Drinkwater Ltd. * Anthony Shutes, Hales Containers Ltd. * Richard Biffa, Biffa Waste Services Ltd. * Tony Smith, Waste Management Ltd. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}} * Sam Hemmings, S Hemmings Bristol Ltd. * Harold Mould, Cleansing Service Group Ltd. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2007}} Darakta janar na yanzu shine Barry Dennis wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Kashewa, ƙungiyar ƙwararru don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.ciwm.co.uk/CIWM/About/Structureandpeople/PresidentialTeam.aspx |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.ciwm.co.uk |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719071129/http://www.ciwm.co.uk/CIWM/About/Structureandpeople/PresidentialTeam.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> phya06ge7l435y0phio27vmw7al9w1h 0 111160 892160 700097 2026-08-06T16:11:00Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892160 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da karamin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, 'yan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvo4njvcj5scdfwf4kj3x4s8buo0nnk 892161 892160 2026-08-06T16:11:16Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892161 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga shekarar 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da karamin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, 'yan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fxnkqwl62kpzepwu2xjl7vwqqwe3qub 892162 892161 2026-08-06T16:11:34Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892162 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga shekarar 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da karamin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, 'yan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ra4rz5634ge9voqp8p2dntea24m8kre 892163 892162 2026-08-06T16:11:59Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892163 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga shekarar 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da ƙaramin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An kuma ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, 'yan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7waq0i3lgwayj1ym2455ydmruyqja6 892165 892163 2026-08-06T16:12:27Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892165 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga shekarar 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da ƙaramin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An kuma ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a shekarar 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, 'yan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejvxf7hifhrs51kipgbb0x94o7t0euv 892166 892165 2026-08-06T16:12:52Z Salisu Murtala 44187 892166 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Whatipu''' [[bakin teku]] ne mai nisa a gabar yamma na Yankin Auckland a Arewacin Tsibirin [[New Zealand]] . An gudanar da yanƙin Whatipu a matsayin ajiyar kimiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Auckland tun daga shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Whatipu Scientific Reserve |url=http://www.piha.co.nz/whatipu-scientific-reserve/ |access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Hanyar zuwa ba a rufe ba. Zuwa kudu da Whatipu akwai tashar Manukau . Daga arewa sai [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]] . Whatipu yana a ƙarshen ƙarshen Waitākere Ranges. Yashi masu canzawa sun canza rairayin bakin teku sosai tun daga shekarar 1940s. Sama da murabba'in kilomita 6 an ƙara zuwa bakin teku tun daga lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsakanin shekaru miliyan 3 da 5 da suka gabata, dakarun tectonic tsakanin Pacific Plate da Australian Plate sun ɗaga Waitākere Ranges kuma sun rage Manukau Harbour . <ref name="West-Bruce" /> Manyan siffofi na Whatipu sun hada da Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock da Paratutae Island, wadanda suka kasance ragowar zamanin Miocene Waitākere Volcano . Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1960, kayan yashi sun fara tarawa a Whatipu, suna haifar da yashi mai nisan kilomita 1.5, inda tsire-tsire da wuraren ruwa masu kyau suka bunkasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=P |date=1977 |title=Progradation of Whatipu Beach 1844–1976 |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=33 |pages=84–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.1977.tb00857.x}}</ref><ref name="Blue">{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Brendon |last2=Kench |first2=Paul S |date=2017 |title=Multi-decadal shoreline change and beach connectivity in a high-energy sand system |journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=406–426 |bibcode=2017NZJMF..51..406B |doi=10.1080/00288330.2016.1259643 |issn=0028-8330 |s2cid=88564668}}</ref><ref name="West-Bruce" /> Yawancin kayan yashi an kafa su ne daga [[Paorae]], tsohuwar yashi mai laushi wanda ya rushe a karni na 18.<ref name="West-Bruce" />&nbsp; Yankin Whatipu galibi sa'a da yanayin halittu na bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye dunes na yashi da bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, da kuma nau'ikan masu haƙuri na saltspray kamar ''Urostemon kirkii'', taupata, ''Veronica obtusata'' da horokaka. Yankunan tsaunuka na Waitākere Ranges da ke gaba daga rairayin bakin teku suna mamaye gandun daji mai zafi na Puriri, tare da ƙaramin rukuni na mānuka-dominated band of Stormy Coastal Hill Ecosystem . <ref name="NativeWest">{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Native to the West: A Guide for Planting and Restoring the Nature of Waitakere City |url=https://www.lucas-associates.co.nz/assets/Guidelines/Native-To-The-West.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=[[Waitakere City Council]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Turai kafin == [[Fayil:Whatipu_Beach.jpg|thumb|Dubi arewa zuwa Karekare Beach]] An kuma ce sanannen mai tafiya [[Kupe]] ya ziyarci Whatipu yayin da yake bincika New Zealand. [[Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock]] a kudancin Whatipu an sanya musu suna bayan ziyararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown date |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1494/rec/3 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau |publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |at=MJ_8007}}</ref> A zamanin da suka gabata, [[Māori people|Māori]] ne suka yi amfani da yankin sosai, suna zaune a bakin tekun da kwarin kogi.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2">{{Cite journal |last=McKendry |first=Lisa |date=2017 |title=Māori Cordage from Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2}}</ref> Akwai koguna game da minti 20 na tafiya daga filin ajiye motoci, amma babu hanyar shiga daga koguna zuwa rairayin bakin teku. An yi amfani da waɗannan koguna da mafaka a matsayin mafaka a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.<ref name="PacificArchaeology2" /> An tattara ragowar kayan ado kamar tarkon kamun kifi, kwando, raguwar mayafi daga wuraren tarihi guda huɗu a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900: ɗaya a Whatipu da uku a [[Paratutae Island|Tsibirin Paratutae]] zuwa kudu maso gabas. == Tarihin Turai == [[Fayil:Whatipu_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Ginin da filin ajiye motoci a Whatipu]] Whatipu ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na sayan Hikurangi da Crown ta yi a 1853. Ƙabilar [[Te Kawerau ā Maki|Te Kawerau]] tana da wuraren ajiya da aka ware a Bethells Beach da [[Piha]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Orpheus</i></nowiki> ya fadi a cikin ƙofar Manukau Harbour a kudancin Whatipu a 1863 tare da asarar rayuka 189. Ya kasance babbar bala'in jigilar kayayyaki a tarihin New Zealand. Nicholas Gibbons, mai aiki da katako a St Johns, Newfoundland, ya zo New Zealand a shekarar 1853. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1854 sun sayi ƙasa a cikin Waitakeres kuma sun fara babban aikin niƙa katako a Whatipu da kuma yankin da zai kasance har zuwa shekarun 1870. An gina ma'adinin katako a Whatipu a 1867 don yin hidima ga kasuwancin kauri. An yi madatsar ruwa a lokacin da aka kafa ma'adinin.<ref name="Hayward1975">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=B. W. |author-link=Bruce Hayward |last2=Diamond |first2=J. T. |author-link2=J. T. Diamond |date=1975 |title=Kauri Dam Sites in the Waitakere Ranges |url=http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |journal=Tane |volume=6 |pages=105–120 |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201832/http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane-21/18%20Kauri%20Dam%20Sites%20in%20the%20Waitakere%20Ranges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina layin dogo zuwa ma'aikatar katako ta biyu mai nisan kilomita uku a arewa a 1870, kuma daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Piha]] da [[Anawhata]]. An rufe ma'adinan a 1886 lokacin da kauri ya ƙare. Yayinda ma'aunin katako ya kasance a buɗe, ma'aikatan ma'aikatar sun yi amfani da manyan koguna a yankin a matsayin sanannen wurin taro, kuma a farkon karni na 20 an yi amfani da kogon da ya fi girma don rawa, amma yashi tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin kogon kuma filin rawa yanzu an rufe shi da mita biyar na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland Beaches |url=http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015080455/http://www.jasons.co.nz/auckland/auckland-beaches |archive-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[Jasons Travel Media]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an yi amfani da Whatipu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda aka shigo da turare, ruhohi da taba zuwa New Zealand. An gina hanyar da ta haɗa Whatipu zuwa Auckland a cikin shekarun 1920. === Tarihin zamani da kuma kafofin watsa labarai === A shekara ta 2005, ƴan sanda sun gano gawar wani mutumin da ya ɓace shekaru hudu a Whatipu's Destruction Gully. An yi hasashen cewa mutumin ya yi hatsari yayin kamun kifi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . A shekara ta 2006, an nuna wurin a Ghost Hunt, wani shirin talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV.com |title=Ghost Hunt (NZ): Abandoned Psychiatric Hospital |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=CBS Entertainment |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211344/http://www.tv.com/shows/ghost-hunt-nz/abandoned-psychiatric-hospital-1342534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, an yi amfani da Whatipu don Wild Turkey Off-Road Half Marathon/15 km. Whatipu Beach Beacon hasumiya ce ta yankin.&nbsp; == Gidajen da aka sani == Whatipu yana da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Majalisar Auckland guda hudu. Wadannan sune: Whatipu Lodge, wani gida da ba a san sunansa ba, Whatipu Wharf, da kuma tambarin tunawa a Paratutai . == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Paratutae_Island_and_Whatipu_beach_from_Ōmanawanui_Trail.jpg|thumb|Paratutae Rock a hagu tare da rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu a bayansa]] Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Whatipu ba shi da sintiri. Yin iyo bazai kasance lafiya ba saboda tsagewa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin bakin teku a yammacin Auckland. Whatipu shine wurin farawa don Waƙoƙin Whatipu-Gibbons Track & Kura-Omanawanui Tracks, hanyar dawowa ta sa'o'i shida. Yana kaiwa kan tudu zuwa dama na carpark kuma an yi masa alama sosai. Yana biye da saman dutsen zuwa kwarin Paraaraha inda ya gangara zuwa rairayin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;&#x5B;</sup> wurin Paraaraha. Daga nan sai ya bi rairayin bakin teku zuwa Whatipu. Dutsen Paratutae a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da wahala kuma musamman haɗari don hawa ƙasa. Waƙoƙin Kura-Omanawanui su ne sauran fitattun fitattun fitattun fitattun wurare daga Whatipu. Yana bin Kura Track zuwa gabas tare da rafi ta cikin daji, sannan ya hau tudu zuwa Puriri Ridge da Titin Whatipu. Komawa ta hanyar Omanawanui, tudun juyawa a cikin buɗaɗɗen daji tare da ra'ayoyi a cikin tashar Manukau da kwarin Whatipu zuwa gabar yamma. Lokaci 4 hours. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pidp4xa94mayjy6afvhenrtcajefajh 0 113451 892473 886175 2026-08-07T05:39:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892473 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Cyclone Berit (wanda kuma ake kira Cyclone Xaver ta Jami'ar Free University of [[Berlin]]) [[Guguwar Idai|guguwar]] iska ce mai tsananin karfi ta Turai wacce ta tashi a matsayin raƙuman ruwa kusa da Ƙananan Antilles a tsakiyar Nuwamba 2011. Guguwar ta fara haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da dusar ƙanƙara a kan Arewacin Turai a ranar 24 da 25 ga Nuwamba. Scotland ta ga dusar kankara ta farko tun watan Maris, a farkon shekarar. Tsibirin Faroe kuma sun ba da rahoton iskar da ta kai kilomita 198 a cikin sa'a (55 m/s; 123 mph) da barna mai yawa. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Norway ta sanya wa guguwar suna 'Berit'. Wata guguwa mai suna Yoda, ta afka wa Scotland kwana guda bayan Xaver. An san guguwar Yoda da sunan Lille-Berit (Little-Berit) a Scandinavia, saboda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Norway ba ta fitar da ita da sunan hukuma ba..&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihin yanayi == Yankin da ba shi da matsin lamba ya kafa a kudancin Azores a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, kuma washegari, Jami'ar Berlin ta ba shi suna Xaver. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, guguwar ta wuce arewa maso gabashin Burtaniya da kudancin Tsibirin Faroe tare da matsin lamba na tsakiya na 980 millibars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=November 23 pressure map |url=http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20111123.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904051307/https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20111123.gif |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=25 November 2011 |publisher=FU-Berlin}}</ref> Xaver ya yi saurin ƙarfafawa a farkon sa'o'i na 24 ga Nuwamba, kuma ya haɓaka ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=November 24 pressure map |url=http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20111124.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050501/http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20111124.gif |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2011 |publisher=FU-Berlin}}</ref> A cikin sa'o'i na ƙarshe na 25 ga Nuwamba, Xaver ya fara raunana yayin da yake kusantar bakin tekun [[Norway]]. Ya ci gaba da motsawa zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas na 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, kuma ya ɓace a kan [[Rasha]] a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba.&nbsp; == Tasirin == [[Fayil:Cyclone_Berit_analysis_25_Nov_2011_0900z.png|thumb|Guguwar Xaver (Berit) ]] An samu barna mai yawa a tsibirin Faroe yayin da iskar gudun kilomita 184 a cikin sa'a (51 m/s; 114 mph). 'Yan sanda a tsibirin sun kafa dokar hana fita. An yi ta busa kwale-kwale da tarkace, tare da fargabar cewa mai yiwuwa ya yoyo daga wani jirgin ruwa da ya fado kan duwatsu. An kwashe mazauna wani gidan kula da tsofaffi a Trongisvágur a tsakiyar guguwa yayin da rufin ya tashi.. Guguwar ta kawo dusar ƙanƙara bisa tsaunuka da manyan raƙuman ruwa zuwa gabar tekun Scotland. Ofishin gamuwa da jama'a na Burtaniya ya ba da gargadi mai tsanani game da iska mai karfi da ruwan sama mai karfi a karshen watan Nuwamba. Wata mata ta mutu bayan da motarta ta shiga cikin wani loch a Harris a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba. An soke jiragen ruwan MacBrayne na Caledonia goma sha biyu daga Tsibirin Yamma. Dole ne ma'aikatan su matsa ƙasa da nisan mita 610 (2,000 ft) akan Ben Nevis yayin da iska mai ƙarfi ta tilasta ɗaga gondola rufe. An rufe makarantu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba saboda tsananin iska. The Forth, Skye, Tay, Erskine, Friarton da gadar Clackmannanshire suna da ƙuntatawa cikin sauri akan 25 ga Nuwamba.. SMHI ya ba da gargaɗin aji II ga Sweden, wanda ke nufin akwai haɗari ga jama'a. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, an tilasta Statoil rufe dandamali guda uku saboda manyan raƙuman ruwa. Ana sa ran igiyoyin ruwa za su kai mita 15 (49 ft) tare da gabar tekun Norway. A Stapnes, Norway mambobi 3 na ma'aikatan fim na Skumringslandet sun tashi zuwa cikin teku yayin da suke yin fim ɗin igiyar ruwa. Daya yayi nasarar komawa gaci, amma sauran basu samu ba. A Bergen kuma an kashe wani mutum bayan wata [[bishiya]] ta fado masa. An kuma fara zabtarewar kasa kusa da Myrdal, wanda ya haifar da cikas ga aikin jirgin kasan Oslo-Bergen. An kuma samu cikas mai tsanani ga ayyukan jiragen ruwa a tsakanin kasashen Scandinavia tare da dubban fasinjojin da suka makale..<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=Storm swept three out to sea |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/11/28/new-storm-sweeps-three-out-to-sea/ |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=newsinenglish.no}}</ref> A [[Ingila]] Hukumar Muhalli ta ba da gargadi game da guguwar guguwa don shafar Gabashin Gabas a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK put on flood alert as weather forecasters predict storm surge |url=http://www.clickgreen.org.uk/news/national-news/122846-uk-put-on-flood-alert-as-weather-forecasters-predict-storm-surge.html |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=click green |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129113914/http://www.clickgreen.org.uk/news/national-news/122846-uk-put-on-flood-alert-as-weather-forecasters-predict-storm-surge.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar garin Whitby ta cika da rahotanni na ambaliyar ruwa a kusa da bakin tekun Tyne, Humber da Norfolk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitby Flooded by North Sea Storm Surge |url=http://www.real-whitby.co.uk/whitby-flooded-by-north-sea-storm-surge |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=real-whitby |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028235605/http://www.real-whitby.co.uk/whitby-flooded-by-north-sea-storm-surge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An rubuta mafi girman ruwa a cikin shekaru 14 na aunawa a Hull, inda aka saukar da shingen Hull don kare birnin. Yankin hatimi mai launin toka a Donna Nook a Lincolnshire ya cika da ruwa a lokacin lokacin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danger warning as sea surge sweeps away coast's seals |url=http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/Danger-warning-sea-surge-sweeps-away-coast-s/story-13997432-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102172836/http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/Danger-warning-sea-surge-sweeps-away-coast-s/story-13997432-detail/story.html |archive-date=2 January 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Grimsby Telegraph}}</ref> A Estonia 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft) na katakon birch an kwashe daga jirgin ruwan Lithuania MS Alfalina mai tazarar kilomita 22 (14 mi) yamma da Saaremaa. Eesti Energia ta yi kiyasin cewa kwastomomi 6500 ne ba su da wutar lantarki a duk fadin kasar sakamakon guguwar, inda hatta bishiyar [[Kirsimeti]] da ke birnin Tallinn ke fama da iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=Berit's Winds Do Not Spare Estonia |url=http://news.err.ee/environment/4abae04a-d32f-4ad4-9562-617b3ed5c170 |access-date=9 February 2012 |publisher=err.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Berit's winds cause immense upheaval in Estonia |url=http://estonianfreepress.com/2011/11/berit%E2%80%99s-winds-cause-immense-upheaval-in-estonia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114155122/http://estonianfreepress.com/2011/11/berit%e2%80%99s-winds-cause-immense-upheaval-in-estonia/ |archive-date=14 January 2014 |access-date=9 February 2012 |publisher=Estonian Free Press}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9lx2975wyuz69q579sq840zq445hiq0 0 115025 892216 885915 2026-08-06T16:42:58Z Birgediya 44139 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365284197|Udoka Oyeka]]" 892216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 39qzi804uqpju507jemvb43ajyrdnn1 892217 892216 2026-08-06T16:43:50Z Birgediya 44139 892217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f9zxpn4a8t2kszds8sdyilme1conoc6 892218 892217 2026-08-06T16:44:06Z Birgediya 44139 892218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya kuma koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bc712j7xqn2p4rh7ryfwwgse0ltv73y 892219 892218 2026-08-06T16:44:36Z Birgediya 44139 892219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya kuma koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya kuma fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 22i4u4g7kapfj831otf3v1iv2ze5558 892220 892219 2026-08-06T16:44:57Z Birgediya 44139 892220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya kuma koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya kuma fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya kuma yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 72p82xpkaax4ow7jhdb29edidqrq9ta 892221 892220 2026-08-06T16:45:17Z Birgediya 44139 892221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Udoka Oyeka''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, darakta kuma furodusa ɗan asalin Nijeriya–Amurka. Shi ne ya shirya gajeren fim ɗin ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara a fannoni uku, ciki har da mafi kyawun gajeren fim a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Udoka a [[Dallas]], jihar Texas. Bayan shekara biyu da haihuwarsa, iyalinsa suka koma daga Amurka zuwa Nijeriya, inda asalin iyayensa ya fito. Mahaifinsa, Solomon Oyeka, injiniyan sinadarai ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Florence Oyeka, ma’aikaciyar gwamnati ce. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Lagos, Nijeriya, Udoka ya kuma koma Texas inda ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Texas da ke Arlington. Tun da sha’awarsa ta farko ita ce kiɗa, ya ɗauki darasin wasan kwaikwayo (theatre) a matsayin darasi na zaɓi, wanda daga nan ne sha’awarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da umarni ta bunƙasa.<ref name="aftt">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221141029/https://www.africafilmtt.com/udoka-oyeka |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=AFTT}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Texas da digiri a fannin Accounting, ya shiga '''Theresa Bell Actors Studio''' inda ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai.<ref name="NYAfrican">{{Cite web |title=Udoka Oyeka |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/udoka-oyeka/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=African Film Festival New York}}</ref> Ya riƙa tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma (community theatre).<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Sana’a == Udoka ya kuma fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ne ta hanyar fitowa a wasannin makaranta yayin da yake jami’a. Haka kuma, ya kuma yi shekaru biyu yana fitowa a wasannin kwaikwayo na al’umma domin samun kuɗin da zai tallafa wa kansa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="thisDay">{{Cite web |title=My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=This Day}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/20/my-parents-stopped-me-from-music-but-couldnt-stop-me-from-movies/ "My Parents Stopped Me from Music but Couldn't Stop Me from Movies"]. ''This Day''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowarsa Nijeriya, ya fitar da cikakken fim ɗinsa na farko, ''ZR-7: The Red House Seven'', a watan Agustan 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya fitar da gajeren fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Down and Out'', wanda aka tsayar da shi takara don lambar yabo ta '''Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''' a gasar '''Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards''' ta shekarar 2013.<ref name="netng">{{Cite web |title=Netng Special: The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Netng}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ya bayar da umarni ga fim ɗin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kansa mai taken ''Living Funeral'', wanda Pink Pearl Foundation ta shirya. An kuma tsayar da fim ɗin takara a fannoni takwas a gasar Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an tsayar da Udoka takara a rukunin '''Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tasowa na Shekara (Turanci)''' a gasar '''City People Movie Awards'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-03-13 |title=The Men and Women Behind Tinsel, Africa's Longest-Running TV Show |url=https://thenet.ng/netng-special-the-men-and-women-behind-tinsel-africas-longest-running-tv-show/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Fina-finai == === ''Fina-finai da ya bayar da umarni (Directing credits)'' === # ZR-7: Gidan Red House Bakwai (2011) # ''Sauka da Fitarwa'' (2012) # [[Living Funeral (fim)|''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' (2013)]] # ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) # ''Lasgidi Vice'' (2017) # [[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'']] (2019) # ''Saurari'' (2020) # Razz Guy (2021) # ''Farashin shigarwa'' (2021) === ''Fina-finai da ya fito a ciki (Acting credits)'' === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel (jerin talabijin)]] (2014, 1 episode) a matsayin Tsav'' * [[Gidi Up]] (Shirin TV na 2014) a matsayin mai ba da bashi * ''[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]] (2016) kamar yadda za a yi'' * ''Babu Kyakkyawan Juyawa'' (2015) a matsayin Dokta Gbenga Jakande * ''[[The Department(fim)|Ma'aikatar]]'' (2015) a matsayin James Okolo * [[The First Lady (fim)|''Uwargidan Shugaban kasa'']] (2015) a matsayin Michael * ''[[Lunch Time Heroes|Jarumai na lokacin rana]]'' (2015) * [[Sylvia (fim na 2018)|''Sylvia'']] (2018) a matsayin Obaro * Zuwa daga Insanity (2019) a matsayin Detective Toye == Lambobin Yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Yabo !Sashe !Aiki !Sakamako !Nassi |- |2013 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Sauka da Fitarwa'' | {{nominated}} |<ref name="news24">{{Cite web |title=AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Channel24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news24.com/channel/africamagic-awards-nominees-announced-20130130 "AfricaMagic Awards nominees announced"]. ''Channel24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |''Rayuwa ta jana'izar'' |{{nominated}} |<ref name="dailyPost">{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele, Osita Iheme, Nse Ikpe-Etim receive AMVCA nominations – See full list of nominees |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/02/25/funke-akindele-osita-iheme-nse-ikpe-etim-receive-amvca-nominations-see-full-list-nominees/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Daily Post}}</ref> |- |} == Karin nazari == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Career == Udoka ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a makaranta yayin da yake jami'a. A shekarar 2013, ya jagoranci wani fim mai suna "Living Funeral" wanda Gidauniyar Pink Pearl ta shirya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Mahaɗar waje == * Udoka OyekaaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyeka, Udoka}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a6vwyqcxapp5sqzaodgxulnxuhk1koy 0 115450 892425 709524 2026-08-06T23:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892425 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''gwamnatin Ireland ta 29''' (9 Maris 2011 - 6 Mayu 2016) ita ce gwamnatin Ireland wacce aka kafa bayan Babban zaben 2011 zuwa Dáil na 31 a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2011. gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ce ta Fine Gael da Jam'iyyar Labour karkashin jagorancin Enda Kenny a matsayin Taoiseach . Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour Eamon Gilmore ya yi aiki a matsayin Tánaiste, kuma daga 2014 zuwa 2016, sabon shugaban jam'iyya Joan Burton ya yi aiki da Tánaiste. Ya dauki 5, 1 daga nadin har zuwa murabus dinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukansa na ƙarin 57 har zuwa nadin gwamnatin da ta maye gurbinsa, yana ba da jimlar , kwanaki 58 a ofis. == Nominar Taoiseach == Dáil na 31 ya fara haduwa a ranar 9 ga Maris 2011. A cikin muhawara game da gabatarwa na Taoiseach, an gabatar da Shugaban Fine Gael Enda Kenny ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2011 |title=Nomination of Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2011-03-09/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090701/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2011-03-09/1/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> An dauki wannan shawarar tare da kuri'u 117 da aka amince da su da kuri'un 27 da aka yi adawa da su, mafi yawan kuri'un da aka jefa a cikin Dáil don amincewa da zabar dan takarar Taoiseach. Shugaba Mary McAleese ne ya nada Kenny a matsayin Taoiseach . <ref name="tapp">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2011 |title=Appointment of Taoiseach and Nomination of Members of Government – Dáil Éireann (32nd Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-09/10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812151119/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-09/10/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" |'''9 Maris 2011Nomination na Enda Kenny (FG) a matsayin Taoiseach<br />''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2011 |title=Nomination of Taoiseach – Votes – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2011-03-09/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090701/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2011-03-09/1/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> na Simon Harris da Ciara Conway ya ba da gudummawa Mafi rinjaye: 84/166<br /><br /> |- bgcolor="#D8D8D8" ! width="80px" |Zabe ! width="425px" |Jam'iyyun ! align="center" width="80px" |Zaɓuɓɓuka |- |Kuma '''Haka ne,'''="mw:Transclusion mw:File"><span>[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|class=mw-file-element|20x20px]]</span> |Fine Gael (76), Jam'iyyar Labour (37), Mai zaman kansa (5) |{{Composition bar|117|166}} |- |A'a |Sinn Féin (14), Mai zaman kansa (8), Mutanen Kafin Amfani (2), Jam'iyyar Socialist (2), Ma'aikata da Rashin Aiki (1) |{{Composition bar|27|166}} |- |Ba zaɓe ba |Fianna Fáil (20), Ceann Comhairle (1), Mai zaman kansa (1) |{{Composition bar|22|166}} |} == Ministocin gwamnati == [[Fayil:Irish_Cabinet_2013.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mambobin Gwamnatin Dáil ta 31]] Bayan nadin da shugaban kasa ya yi, Enda Kenny ya gabatar da mambobin gwamnati kuma Dáil ta amince da su.{{R|tapp}}<ref name="mapp">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2011 |title=Appointment of Ministers and Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-15/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124100935/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-15/4/ |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2011 |title=Enda Kenny reveals new Cabinet |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0309/politics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310061842/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0309/politics.html |archive-date=10 March 2011 |access-date=10 March 2011 |website=[[RTÉ News]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="80%" !Ofishin !Sunan !Kalmar nan ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |Taoiseach |Kenny |2011–2016| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Mai zane-zane | rowspan="2" |Eamon Gilmore | rowspan="2" |2011–2014| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)|rowspan=2}} |- |Ministan Harkokin Waje{{Efn|The Department of Foreign Affairs was renamed the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] on 2 June 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=246|name=Foreign Affairs (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=24 May 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |- |Ministan Kudi |Michael Noonan |2011–2016| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Ilimi da Kwarewa |Ruairi Quinn |2011–2014| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)|rowspan=2}} |- |Ministan Kudin Jama'a da Gyara{{Efn|The [[Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation|Department of Public Expenditure and Reform]] was established on 6 July 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=401|name=Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 2011 (Appointed Day) Order 2011 |date=5 July 2011|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>}} |Brendan Howlin | rowspan="3" |2011–2016 |- |Ministan Ayyuka, Kasuwanci da Innovation{{Efn|The Department of Enterprise, Trade and Innovation was renamed the [[Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment|Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation]] on 2 June 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=245|name=Enterprise, Trade and Innovation (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2014 |date=24 May 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Richard Bruton| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Kare Jama'a |Joan Burton| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan Fasaha, Tarihi da Gaeltacht{{Efn|The Department of Tourism, Culture and Sport was renamed the [[Department of Culture, Communications and Sport|Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht]] on 2 June 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=220|name=Tourism, Culture and Sport (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=10 May 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Jimmy Deenihan | rowspan="3" |2011–2014| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Sadarwa, Makamashi da albarkatun kasa |Pat Rabbitte| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan Muhalli, Al'umma da Karamar Hukumar{{Efn|The Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government was renamed the [[Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage|Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government]] on 2 May 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=193|name=Environment, Heritage and Local Government (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=19 April 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Phil Hogan | rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Fine Gael}};" | | rowspan="7" |Fine Gael |- |Ministan Shari'a da Daidaitawa{{Efn|The Department of Justice and Law Reform was renamed the [[Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration|Department of Justice and Equality]] on 2 April 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=138|name=Justice and Law Reform (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=29 March 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} | rowspan="2" |Alan Shatter | rowspan="2" |2011–2014 |- |Ministan Tsaro |- |Ministan Noma, Abinci da Ruwa{{Efn|The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food was renamed the [[Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine]] on 17 October 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=455|name=Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=8 September 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Simon Coveney |2011–2016 |- |Ministan Yara da Matasa{{Efn|The Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs was renamed the [[Department of Children, Disability and Equality|Department of Children and Youth Affairs]] on 2 June 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=214|name=Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011 |date=10 May 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Frances Fitzgerald | rowspan="3" |2011–2014 |- |Ministan Lafiya{{Efn|The Department of Health and Children was renamed the [[Department of Health (Ireland)|Department of Health]] on 4 June 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=219|name=Health (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011|date=10 May 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |James Reilly |- |Ministan sufuri, yawon bude ido da wasanni{{Efn|The Department of Transport was renamed the [[Department of Transport (Ireland)|Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport]] on 2 April 2011.<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2011|type=si|number=141|name=Transport (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011|date=29 March 2011|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>}} |Leo Varadkar |- | colspan="5" | === Canje-canje 8 ga Mayu 2014 === Bayan murabus din Alan Shatter a ranar 7 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2014 |title=Termination of Ministerial Appointment: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 840 No. 2 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-07/22/ |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Oireachtas |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225195033/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-07/22/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2014 |title=Nomination of Member of Government: Motion – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-08/15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812151117/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-08/15/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Oireachtas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2014 |title=Appointment of Ministers – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-13/19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923041336/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-05-13/19/ |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Oireachtas}}</ref> |- |Ministan Shari'a da Daidaitawa |Frances Fitzgerald |2014–2016 | rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Fine Gael}};" | | rowspan="3" |Fine Gael |- |Ministan Tsaro |Kenny Enda (aiki) |2014 |- |Ministan Yara da Matasa |Charles Flanagan |2014 |- | colspan="5" | === Canje-canje 11 Yuli 2014 === Bayan zaben Joan Burton a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour, Eamon Gilmore, Pat Rabbitte da Ruairi Quinn sun yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci. Phil Hogan ya yi murabus a lokacin da aka zaba shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=Nomination of Members of the Government: Motion – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-07-11/10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812151117/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-07-11/10/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Oireachtas}}</ref><ref name="15jul14">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=Appointment of Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-07-15/16/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205249/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-07-15/16/ |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=Oireachtas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=18 July 2014 |title=Resignation of Members of the Government; Appointment of Members of the Government/Assignment of Departments of State |url=https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/july/Ir180714.PDF |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2014 |issue=57 |pages=1078–1080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810082617/https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/july/Ir180714.PDF |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> |- |Mai zane-zane |Joan Burton | rowspan="10" |2014–2016| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan Tsaro |Simon Coveney| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Yara da Matasa |James Reilly| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Lafiya |Leo Varadkar| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Harkokin Waje da Kasuwanci |Charles Flanagan| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Sadarwa, Makamashi da albarkatun kasa |Alex White| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan Ilimi da Kwarewa |Jan O'Sullivan| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan Muhalli, Al'umma da Karamar Hukumar |Alan Kelly| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ministan sufuri, yawon bude ido da wasanni |Donohoe na Idin Ƙetarewa| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Ministan Fasaha, Tarihi da Gaeltacht |Heather Humphreys| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |} ; Canje-canje ga sassan {{Notelist}} == Babban Lauyan == A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, shugaban kasar ya nada Máire Whelan SC a matsayin Babban Lauyan kan zaben Taoiseach. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 March 2011 |title=Appointment of the Attorney General |url=https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/march/Ir220311.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2011 |issue=21 |pages=380 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901071907/https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/march/Ir220311.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> {{R|tapp}}{{R|mapp}} == Ministocin jihohi == A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta nada Paul Kehoe da Willie Penrose a kan zaben Taoiseach a matsayin Ministocin jihar wadanda za su halarci majalisar ministoci ba tare da kuri'a ba.{{R|tapp}} A ranar 10 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gwamnati a kan zaben Taoiseach ta nada wasu ministocin jihohi 13.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=Government appoints Ministers of State |url=http://www.merrionstreet.ie/index.php/2011/03/government-appoints-ministers-of-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015121456/http://www.merrionstreet.ie/index.php/2011/03/government-appoints-ministers-of-state/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=MerrionStreet.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 March 2011 |title=Appointment of Ministers of State |url=https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/march/Ir220311.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2011 |issue=23 |pages=402–403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901071907/https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/march/Ir220311.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2011 |title=Appointment of Ministers and Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-15/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124100935/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-03-15/4/ |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="85%" !Name !Department(s) !Responsibility !Term ! colspan="2" |Party |- |Paul Kehoe<br /><br />{{Nowrap|{{small|(In attendance at cabinet)}}}} |Taoiseach<br /><br />Defence |Government Chief Whip<br /><br />Defence |2011–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Willie Penrose<br /><br />{{Small|(In attendance at cabinet)}} |Environment, Community and Local Government |Housing and Planning |2011 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Dinny McGinley |Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht |Gaeltacht Affairs |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Róisín Shortall |Health |Primary care |2011–2012 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |John Perry |Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation |Small Business |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Michael Ring |Transport, Tourism and Sport |Tourism and Sport |2011–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Jan O'Sullivan |Foreign Affairs and Trade |Trade and Development |2011 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Kathleen Lynch |Justice and Equality<br /><br />Health |Disability, Equality and Mental Health |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Fergus O'Dowd |Environment, Community and Local Government<br /><br />Communications, Energy and Natural Resources |NewERA Project |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Brian Hayes |Public Expenditure and Reform<br /><br />Finance |Public Service Reform and the Office of Public Works |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Shane McEntee |Agriculture, Food and the Marine |Food, Horticulture and Food Safety |2011–2012 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Lucinda Creighton |Taoiseach<br /><br />Foreign Affairs and Trade |European Affairs |2011–2013 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Seán Sherlock |Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation<br /><br />Education and Skills |Research and Innovation |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ciarán Cannon |Education and Skills |Training and Skills |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Alan Kelly |Transport, Tourism and Sport |Public and Commuter Transport |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- | colspan="6" | === Changes on 20 December 2011 === Following the resignation of Willie Penrose on 15 November 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=18 November 2011 |title=Resignation of Minister of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/november/IR181111.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2011 |issue=92 |pages=1595 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116003933/http://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2011/november/IR181111.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=10 January 2012 |title=Appointment of Minister of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/january/Ir100112.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2012 |issue=3 |pages=64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901071532/https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/january/Ir100112.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> |- |Jan O'Sullivan<br /><br />{{Small|(In attendance at cabinet)}} |Environment, Community and Local Government |Housing and Planning |{{Nowrap|2011–2014}} | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Joe Costello |Foreign Affairs and Trade |Trade and Development |2011–2014 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- | colspan="6" | === Change on 2 October 2012 === Following the resignation of Róisín Shortall on 26 September 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=28 September 2012 |title=Resignation of Minister of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/september/Ir280912.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2012 |issue=78 |pages=1429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818083010/https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/september/Ir280912.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="shortresign">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=Resignation of Minister of State: Statement – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-09-27/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104429/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-09-27/2/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=9 October 2012 |title=Appointment of Minister of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/october/Ir091012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2012 |issue=81 |pages=1482 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818083011/https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2012/october/Ir091012.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Ministerial Appointment: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-10-02/16/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110065805/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-10-02/16/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> |- |Alex White |Health |Primary care |{{Nowrap|2012–2014}} | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- | colspan="6" | === Change on 5 June 2013 === Following the death of Shane McEntee on 21 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=14 June 2013 |title=Appointment of Ministers of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2013/june/Ir140613.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2013 |issue=48 |pages=752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818080611/https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2013/june/Ir140613.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=Appointment of Minister of State – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2013-06-11/19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104430/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2013-06-11/19/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> |- |Tom Hayes |Agriculture, Food and the Marine |Forestry, Horticulture, the Greyhound Industry and Food Safety |{{Nowrap|2013–2016}} | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- | colspan="6" | === Change on 12 July 2013 === Following the resignation of Lucinda Creighton on 11 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 July 2013 |title=Appointment of Minister of State; Resignation of Minister of State |url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2013/july/Ir260713.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2013 |issue=60 |pages=908 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116001723/http://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2013/july/Ir260713.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=Appointment of Minister of State: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2013-07-16/19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104428/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2013-07-16/19/ |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> |- |Paschal Donohoe |Taoiseach<br /><br />Foreign Affairs and Trade |European Affairs |{{Nowrap|2013–2014}} | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- | colspan="6" | === Changes on 11 July 2014 === Following the appointment of Jan O'Sullivan to cabinet and the demotion of Jimmy Deenihan from cabinet.{{R|15jul14}}<ref>{{Cite journal |date=5 August 2014 |title=Appointment of Ministers of State |url=https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/august/Ir050814.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2014 |issue=62 |pages=1172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116000405/http://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/august/Ir050814.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> |- |Ged Nash<br /><br />{{Small|(In attendance at cabinet)}} |Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation |Business and Employment |{{Nowrap|2014–2016}} | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Jimmy Deenihan |Taoiseach<br /><br />Foreign Affairs and Trade |Diaspora |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- | colspan="6" | === Changes on 15 July 2014 === Brian Hayes was elected as an MEP on 23 May. Dinny McGinley, John Perry, Fergus O'Dowd, Ciarán Cannon and Joe Costello resigned on the request of the party leaders to facilitate a wider reshuffle.{{R|15jul14}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=New Ministers of State Appointed |url=https://merrionstreet.ie/en/News-Room/News/government-decision-in-relation-to-ministers-of-state.60605.shortcut.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104430/https://merrionstreet.ie/en/News-Room/News/government-decision-in-relation-to-ministers-of-state.60605.shortcut.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=MerrionStreet.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=5 August 2014 |title=Appointment of Ministers of State |url=https://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/august/Ir050814.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Iris Oifigiúil |volume=2014 |issue=62 |pages=1172–1173 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116000405/http://irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2014/august/Ir050814.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> |- |Kathleen Lynch |Health |Primary Care, Mental Health and Disability |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Seán Sherlock |Foreign Affairs and Trade |Overseas Development Assistance, Trade Promotion and North/South Cooperation |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Damien English |Education and Skills<br /><br />Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation |Skills, Research and Innovation |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Joe McHugh |Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht<br /><br />{{Nowrap|Communications, Energy and Natural Resources<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=2014|type=si|number=585|name=Energy and Natural Resources (Delegation of Ministerial Functions) Order 2014|date=16 December 2014|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>}} |Gaeltacht Affairs and Natural Resources |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Paudie Coffey |Environment, Community and Local Government |Housing, Planning and Construction 2020 Strategy |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Simon Harris |Finance<br /><br />Public Expenditure and Reform<br /><br />Taoiseach |Office of Public Works, Public Procurement and International Banking |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |Kevin Humphreys |Social Protection |Employment, Community and Social Support |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Dara Murphy |Taoiseach<br /><br />Foreign Affairs and Trade<br /><br />Justice and Equality |European Affairs and Data Protection |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |- |{{Nowrap|[[Aodhán Ó Ríordáin]]}} |Justice and Equality<br /><br />Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht |New communities, culture and equality |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- |Ann Phelan |Agriculture, Food and the Marine<br /><br />Transport, Tourism and Sport |Rural economic development and rural transport |2014–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |- | colspan="6" | === Change on 22 April 2015 === Additional responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Appointment of Minister of State – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2015-04-23/20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023010646/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2015-04-23/20/ |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> |- |Aodhán Ó Ríordáin |Health |Drugs strategy |2015–2016 | {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |} == Kwamitin Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki == Majalisar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki ta kasance kwamitin majalisa na manyan ministoci da aka kafa don daidaita martani ga rikicin kudi na Irish da kuma ma'amala da gwamnati tare da ma'aikatan [[European Commission|Hukumar Tarayyar Turai]], [[European Central Bank|Babban Bankin Turai]] da [[International Monetary Fund|Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya]]. Mambobin ta sune Taoiseach, Tánaiste, Ministan Kudi, da Ministan Kudin Jama'a da Gyara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Management Council |url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/Cabinet_Committees/Economic_Management_Council_for_attachment_.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017114037/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/Cabinet_Committees/Economic_Management_Council_for_attachment_.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |publisher=[[Department of the Taoiseach]]}}</ref> [[Department of the Taoiseach|Ma'aikatar Taoiseach]] ce ta goyi bayan ta, karkashin jagorancin [[Dermot McCarthy]].{{R|it1224294304964}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Cabinet Committee Meetings |url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013092400058?opendocument#WRF02350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001060718/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013092400058?opendocument#WRF02350 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |website=Dáil debates |publisher=Oireachtas}}</ref> Brigid Laffan ya kwatanta shi da majalisar ministocin yaki. Jam'iyyun adawa sun ba da shawarar cewa Majalisar ta wakilci haɗari mai haɗari na iko. Bayan [[2016 Irish government formation|kafa gwamnati]] a 2016, [[Shane Ross]], memba mai shigowa na sabuwar [[30th Government of Ireland|Gwamnatin Ireland ta 30]], ya tabbatar a cikin Dáil cewa karamin kwamiti ba zai zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar gwamnati ba. Ross ya gaya wa Dáil a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2016: "Na yi tattaunawa da Taoiseach a daren da ya gabata. Ina magana da shi game da sake fasalin Dáil kuma na tambaye shi game da batun - batu na ƙarshe da na manta da tambaya game da shi a baya - wanda shine kawar da Majalisar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki. Na yi tunanin zai zama kamar ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa da muka wuce a cikin 'yan makonni da suka gabata. Ya gaya mini, cewa an buƙata don sake fasalin haka, cewa yanzu Dáil ya fice shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=Appointment of Taoiseach and Nomination of Members of Government: Motion (Continued) – Dáil Éireann (32nd Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-05-06/speech/258/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923041403/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-05-06/8/ |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Oireachtas |language=en}}</ref> == Kudin kasafin kuɗi == Ministan Kudi, Michael Noonan, da Ministan Kudin Jama'a da Gyara, Brendan Howlin, sun gabatar da kasafin kuɗi masu zuwa: * Kasafin kudin 2012, a ranar 5 da 6 ga Disamba 2011 * Kasafin Kudin 2013, a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2012 * Kasafin kudin 2014, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2013 * Kasafin kudin 2015, a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2014 * Kasafin kudin 2016, a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2015 == Motsi na amincewa == A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2012, Fianna Fáil TD Billy Kelleher ya gabatar da wani yunkuri na rashin amincewa da Ministan Lafiya, James Reilly . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=Confidence in the Minister for Health: Motion [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 774 No. 1 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-09-18/29/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023115707/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-09-18/29/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da muhawara saboda gudummawar da Róisín Shortall ya bayar a rana ta biyu ta muhawara, Ministan Jiha a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, wanda ya jefa kuri'a tare da gwamnati, amma bai ambaci ministan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2012 |title=Confidence in the Minister for Health: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 775 No. 1 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-09-19/speech/332/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan gyare-gyare, an yi muhawara game da wannan yunkuri na yaba da aikin ministan, kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar kuri'un 99 zuwa 50. Wadanda suka kada kuri'a a kan gwamnati sun hada da Tommy Broughan da Patrick Nulty, wadanda aka zaba a matsayin 'yan Jam'iyyar Labour, da Denis Naughten, wanda aka zaba a matsayinsa na Fine Gael TD kuma ya bar zanga-zanga a rufe ayyukan a Asibitin Jami'ar Roscommon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence in the Minister for Health: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – 19 September 2012 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2012-09-19/2/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124041055/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2012-09-19/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shortall ya yi murabus a matsayin ƙaramin minista kuma daga Jam'iyyar Labour a mako mai zuwa.<ref name="shortresign"/> A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Sinn Féin TD Pearse Doherty ya gabatar da wani yunkuri na rashin amincewa da gwamnati, yana mai bayyana cewa "ta kasa cika wajibai na yin yanke shawara da zaɓin siyasa wanda ke amfanar 'yan ƙasa na wannan Jiha".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Confidence in the Government: Motion [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 785 No. 5 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-12-11/47/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Brendan Howlin, Ministan Kudin Jama'a da Gyara, ya ba da shawarar gyare-gyare ta yadda yunkurin ya karanta, "Wannan Dáil Éireann yana da amincewa da Gwamnati yayin da yake magance rikicin tattalin arziki na yanzu a hanyar da ta dace, yayin da yake ba da fifiko ga farfadowar tattalin arziki da samar da aiki".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Confidence in the Government: Motion [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 785 No. 5 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-12-11/speech/714/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2012 |title=Confidence in the Government: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 786 No. 2 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-12-12/37/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124041024/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2012-12-12/37/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gudanar da yunkurin da aka yi gyare-gyare ta hanyar kuri'u 88 zuwa 51. Wadanda suka kada kuri'a a kan gwamnati sun hada da Róisín Shortall . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence in the Government: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – 12 December 2012 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2012-12-12/4/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2014, Fiann Fáil TD Niall Collins ya gabatar da wani yunkuri na rashin amincewa da Ministan Shari'a da Daidaitawa, Alan Shatter . Bayan gyare-gyare, an yi muhawara game da wannan yunkuri na yaba da aikin ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Confidence in the Minister for Justice and Equality and Minister for Defence: Motion [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 836 No. 3 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-04-01/37/ |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118112529/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-04-01/37/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, kuma an gudanar da gyare-gyaren da kuri'un 95 zuwa 51. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2014 |title=Confidence in the Minister for Justice and Equality and Minister for Defence: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 836 No. 4 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-04-02/33/ |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517163848/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-04-02/33/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence in the Minister for Justice and Equality; and Defence: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members] – 2 April 2014 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2014-04-02/3/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406155737/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2014-04-02/3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya kasance sama da wata daya kafin Shatter ya yi murabus a kan gabatar da Rahoton Guerin ga Taoiseach . A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Dáil ta yi muhawara game da amincewa da Taoiseach da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title=Confidence in Taoiseach and Government: Motion – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) – Vol. 861 No. 1 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-12-09/9/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817112020/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2014-12-09/9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taoiseach Enda Kenny ne ya gabatar da wannan motsi don mayar da martani ga motsi na rashin amincewa da Sinn Féin ta gabatar, wanda ke nufin "yan adawa da jama'a ga cajin ruwa na cikin gida da Irish Water".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=Notice of Motion |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/thisweek/motions-2014/m051214.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022061902/http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/thisweek/motions-2014/m051214.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2015 |access-date=16 December 2014 |website=Dáil motions |publisher=Oireachtas}}</ref> An gudanar da kuri'un amincewa da kuri'u 86 zuwa 55. Wadanda suka kada kuri'a sun hada da Lucinda Creighton, Peter Mathews da Billy Timmins, wadanda aka zaba a matsayin Fine Gael TDs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence in Taoiseach and Government: Motion – 9 December 2014 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/vote/dail/31/2014-12-09/3/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rushewa da murabus == A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2016, Taoiseach Enda Kenny ya nemi rushewar Dáil wanda shugaban ya ba shi, tare da sabon Dáil don haɗuwa a ranar 10 ga Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2016 |title=Advice to Dissolve Dáil: Announcement – Dáil Éireann (31st Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-02-03/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022094545/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-02-03/2/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=17 March 2020 |website=Oireachtas |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da babban zabe ne a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu. Dáil na 32 ya fara haduwa a ranar 10 ga Maris 2016. Enda Kenny, shugaban Fianna Fáil Micheál Martin, shugaban Sinn Féin Gerry Adams, da Richard Boyd Barrett na Anti-Austerity Alliance-People Before Profit an gabatar da su don gabatarwa a matsayin Taoiseach. Babu wani daga cikin matakai huɗu da ya yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Nomination of Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (32nd Dáil) |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-03-10/10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914200843/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2016-03-10/10/ |archive-date=14 September 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> Kenny ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus a matsayin Taoiseach amma a karkashin tanadin Mataki na 28.11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, gwamnati za ta ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukansu har sai an nada magajin su. Kenny ya ci gaba a wannan matsayi har zuwa 6 ga Mayu 2016, lokacin da aka sake zabarsa don nadin da shugaban kasa ya yi a matsayin Taoiseach kuma ya kafa Gwamnatin Ireland ta 30. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ef00jy0upu1aw50fb4mvqcigd36qf4 0 117347 892573 722528 2026-08-07T10:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Fasaha ta Obuasi''' babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati a Obuasi a [[Yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]] . Makarantar tana tsakanin garuruwa biyu, Gausu da Koffikrom . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Obuasi Senior High/Tech - |url=https://www.zaatu.com/listing/obuasi-senior-high-tech/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1965 a matsayin Makarantar Fasaha ta Sakandare ta Gwamnati, wacce wata cibiyar yara maza ce da ke ba da shirye-shiryen Kimiyya da Fasaha kawai, ta farko a irin ta a yankin arewacin Ghana. A cikin shekarar 1990, Makarantar Fasaha ta Sakandare ta Obuasi ta jama'a makarantar jima'i don taimakawa "mafi yawan ƴan mata a kimiyya" ta yakin neman zabe da gwamnatin Ghana ta yi. Makarantar a shekarar 2019 ta kai matakin daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar kacici-kacici ta Kimiyya da Lissafi ta kasa bayan ta doke St Francis Xavier Minor Seminary da Krobo Girls SHS. Makarantar ta zo ta farko da 44pts sannan St Francis tare da 18pts da Krobo da 16pts. Masters Kojo Daniel Eshun da Lawrence Adjei sun kasance masu fahariya a wannan ranar. Obuasi Senior High Technical School ya lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta Ashanti Regional Milo a 2005 da 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obuasi Senior High Technical School |url=https://searchgh.com/school/obuasi-senior-high-technical-school/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=SearchGH Business Directory |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210082629/https://searchgh.com/school/obuasi-senior-high-technical-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta Zonal Inter Colleges, sun yi nasara sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boadu, Kwame Asare |date=7 January 2014 |title=Obuasi Sec-Tech Old Students Support Alma Mater |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/education/15273-obuasi-sec-tech-old-students-support-alma-mater.html |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref> An ɗaliban makarantar sun ƙirƙiri 'kwanciyar hankali mara taɓawa' a yaƙin [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid-19 safety protocol receives boost; Obuasi SecTech designs touchless bin |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/covid-19-safety-protocol-receives-boost-obuasi-sectech-designs-touchless-bin/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce makaranta ta farko da ta ci nasara a ƙalubalen Sci-Tech Innovation Challenge, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2021 |title=Obuasi SHTS wins maiden Sci-Tech Innovation Challenge |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/obuasi-shts-wins-maiden-sci-tech-innovation-challenge/mb21te9 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-01 |title=Obuasi SHTS wins maiden Sci-Tech Innovation Challenge - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/obuasi-shts-wins-maiden-sci-tech-innovation-challenge/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2wnz2wrmi3xi1j4mvm8yi8lb1bsb5w1 0 117731 892304 887519 2026-08-06T18:21:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_development_in_Nigeria.svg|thumb|Rayuwa da aka haifa a Najeriya]] '''Kula da lafiya a [[Najeriya]]''' alhakin lokaci guda ne na matakai uku na gwamnati a kasar.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna da rawar da za su taka a cikin isar da kiwon lafiyar. Amfani da maganin gargajiya (TM) da kuma kari da madadin magani (CAM) ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="apps.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Medicinedocs(PDF) |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929084456/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Bayar da kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya sami ci gaba da lalacewa sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari daga gwamnatoci masu zuwa, don magance matsalolin da suka wanzu a cikin bangaren shekaru da yawa. Wannan kai tsaye yana tasiri ga yawan aiki na 'yan ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta hanyar fadadawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, kasar ta kasance a matsayi na 187 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya, a cikin kimanta matakin bin ka'idojin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya (UHC), saboda ƙananan jama'a suna da inshora na kiwon lafiya, yayin da har ma kasafin kudin gwamnati don ayyukan kiwon lafiya ba shi da mahimmanci. Biyan kuɗi na kiwon lafiya yana sa gidaje su kashe kuɗi mai yawa. Kudin masu zaman kansu akan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kudaden kiwon lafiya shine 74.85%. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa kashe kuɗin gwamnati don kiwon lafiya shine kawai kashi 5.03 na duk kuɗin da aka kashe akan kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daga cikin kashi da 'yan ƙasa suka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya (74.85%), kusan kashi 70% ana kashe su azaman kashewa daga aljihu don biyan kuɗi don samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya a duka gwamnati da wuraren masu zaman kansu. Yawancin sauran kuɗin da 'yan ƙasa ke kashewa akan lafiyarsu ana amfani da su wajen samun 'sauran ra'ayi'. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a Najeriya wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun likitoci a duniya. Amma ƙananan albashi da al'adun wuraren aiki marasa kyau sun tilasta daruruwan dubban su gudu zuwa Turai da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brain Drain: Nigeria now left with 55,000 doctors as 16,000 flee |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/676536-brain-drain-nigeria-now-left-with-55000-doctors-as-16000-emigrate-in-five-years-minister.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da girmansa da yawan jama'a, akwai ƙananan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ga kowane yanki fiye da yadda ake buƙata don samar da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya nye dukan ƙasar. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Turai da Amurka Ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya ta Najeriya tana aiki a cikin tsarin da aka tsara don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. An rarraba tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin matakan firamare, sakandare, da sakandare, kowannensu yana aiki daban-daban a cikin bangaren kiwon lafiya na kasar. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana kula da daidaitawa da tsara Ayyukan kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da samun dama, inganci, da inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levels of Healthcare |url=https://www.physio-pedia.com/Levels_of_Healthcare |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Physiopedia |language=en}}</ref> == Kayan kiwon Lafiya == Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya galibi yana iyakance ne ga daidaita al'amuran asibitocin koyarwa da jami'a, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Tarayya (kiwon lafiya na uku) yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke kula da manyan asibitoci daban-daban (kiwon lafiyar sakandare) kuma karamar hukuma tana mai da hankali kan dispensaries (kiwon Lafiya ta Farko), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Medical Centre Abeokuta: A Case Study in Hospital Management pp 1 |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21999635/Federal-Medical-Centre_-Abeokuta_HiA-Case-Study-in-Hospital-Management |access-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=docstoc}}</ref> waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ke tsarawa ta hanyar NPHCDA. Jimlar kudaden da aka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP shine 5.03, yayin da kashi na kudaden da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan kiwon lafiyar jiki kusan 1.5%. Alamar dogon lokaci game da ikon ƙasar don samar da abinci mai gina jiki da guje wa rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki shine yawan ci gaban samar da abinci ga kowane mutum; daga 1970 zuwa 1990, adadin Najeriya ya kasance 0.25%.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake karami ne, ƙimar da ta dace ga kowane mutum na iya zama saboda shigo da kayayyakin abinci na Najeriya. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2023, manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwon lafiya sun sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar sabuntawa ta bangaren kiwo ta dukkan masu ruwa da kansu, gami da gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi, masu ba da gudummawa, da abokan ci gaba, wanda aka fi sani da SWAp na farko a bangaren lafiya a Najeriya, wanda Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a Muhammad Pate ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=What Does Nigeria's Sector-Wide Approach Mean for the Health Sector? |url=https://nigeriahealthwatch.medium.com/what-does-nigerias-sector-wide-approach-mean-for-the-health-sector-ad12e774bb00}}</ref> A cikin 2024, gwamnatin Najeriya ta gudanar da tattaunawar ta farko ta kwata-kwata game da aikin bangaren kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da gwamnatocin ƙasa, da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwo. An shirya tattaunawar ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewar kasar don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya ta amfani da Shirin Sabuntawa na Sashen Lafiya da kuma Sashin Yankin Yankin, wanda Dokar Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2014 ta goyi bayan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2024-07-15 |title=Healthcare Reform: Nigerian govt holds first national performance dialogue for health sector |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/713864-healthcare-reform-nigerian-govt-holds-first-national-performance-dialogue-for-health-sector.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oluwadare |first=Tunrayo |last2=Adegbilero-Iwari |first2=Oluwaseun |last3=Fasoro |first3=Ayodeji |last4=Faeji |first4=Charles |date=March 2023 |title=Utilization of Primary Healthcare Centers by Residents of Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=227–236 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v33i2.7 |issn=2413-7170 |pmc=10358379 |pmid=37484180}}</ref> suna aiki a matsayin tushe na tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da kulawa ta rigakafi. Yawanci suna cikin yankunan karkara da yankunan birane don tabbatar da samun dama ga mutanen da ba su da sabis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS |url=https://hefamaa.lagosstate.gov.ng/registration/public-primary-health-centers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=HEFAMAA |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Shirye-shiryen rigakafi * Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara * Ilimi na kiwon lafiya da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a * Magani da cututtuka na yau da kullun da ƙananan raunuka * Ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da tsara iyali Hukumomin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ne ke gudanar da PHCs tare da tallafi daga gwamnatocin jihohi da tarayya, da kuma kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENTAREA, LAGOS STATE |url=https://nairaproject.com/projects/6031-the-role-of-local-government-in-primary-health-care-services-in-eti-osa-local-governmentarea-lagos-state.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=nairaproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146527 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=bibliotekanauki.pl}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Sakandare === Asibitoci na gabaɗaya sun fada ƙarƙashin rukunin wuraren kiwon lafiya na sakandare kuma suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin turawa don shari'o'in da ba za a iya magance su a PHCs ba. Wadannan asibitoci suna nan a cikin birane da yankunan birane, suna ba da kulawa ta musamman da ci gaba da shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Kula da lafiyar gaggawa * Ayyukan ganewar asali kamar gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje da hotuna * Hanyoyin tiyata * Magunguna na musamman a fannoni kamar ilimin yara, ilimin mata, da likitan ciki * Ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke kula da manyan asibitoci kuma galibi suna karɓar tallafin tarayya da tallafin fasaha. === Bayanan bayanai na kan layi na masu ba da kiwon lafiya === * Kungiyar hukuma da ke yin rajistar likitoci da likitocin hakora, Majalisar Likitoci da Likitoci ta Najeriya, ba ta da rajista ta kan layi. Suna ba da sabis don tabbatar da matsayin likita. * Majalisar likitoci ta Najeriya tana ba da damar bincika likitocin da aka tabbatar da su da kuma wuraren. * Medpages: Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rukuni da yanki. Bincike yana ba da damar gano masu samarwa ta suna ko ƙwarewa. === Inshorar Lafiya === A tarihi, ana iya amfani da inshorar kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ga 'yan lokuta: kulawar kiwon lafiya kyauta da aka bayar da kuma tallafawa ga dukkan' yan ƙasa, kulawar kiwo da gwamnati ta bayar ta hanyar tsarin inshorar kiwo na musamman ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke shiga kwangila tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, akwai mutane kalilan da suka fada cikin lokuta uku; tun daga shekarar 2015 ƙasa da 5% na 'yan Najeriya suna da inshorar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awosusi |first=Abiodun |last2=Folaranmi |first2=Temitope |last3=Yates |first3=Robert |date=1 September 2015 |title=Nigeria's new government and public financing for universal health coverage |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e514–e515 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00088-1 |pmid=26275321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Mayun 1999, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na yau da kullun . A tsarin doka kuma shirin ya shafi yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, nakasassu na dindindin da kuma fursunonin kurkuku. A cikin 2004, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ta ba da ƙarin ikon yin doka a cikin shirin tare da gyare-gyare masu kyau ga ainihin dokar 1999. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monye |first=Felicia N |date=September 2006 |title=An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria |journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=415–427 |doi=10.1080/03050710601074450 |s2cid=144728225}}</ref> Kashi 1.5 cikin 100 na ’yan Najeriya suna cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya na kasa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. A cikin 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Wakilai]] kan Ayyukan Kula da Lafiya a [[Abuja]], ya shirya zaman binciken kwanaki biyu; Inda Ministan Lafiya [[Isaac Folorunso Adewole|Isaac Folorunsho Adewole]] ya bayyana cewa kawo yanzu an kashe Naira biliyan 351 ga kungiyoyin kula da lafiya. ba tare da kwatankwacin sakamako ba. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2022 a cikin doka "don tabbatar da ɗaukar nauyin 'yan Najeriya matalauta miliyan 83 waɗanda ba za su iya biyan firam ɗin ba kamar yadda Hukumar Lancet ta Najeriya ta ba da shawarar".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-signs-national-health-insurance-authority-bill-into-law/ |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> Wannan dokar "ta soke Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, Cap N42, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya ta 2004".<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2024, Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIA) ta ba da sanarwar karuwar farashin kiwon lafiya, ta gabatar da karuwar kashi 60% a cikin capitation da kuma karkatar da kashi 40% a cikin kudaden Fee-For-Service (FFS), wanda aka ruwaito saboda hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiyar da kuma buƙatar kula da ingancin kulawa, koda kuwa gyare-gyaren na iya sanya nauyin kudi ga marasa lafiya da ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwunedu |first=Chioma |date=2024-07-05 |title=NHIA increases health insurance capitation by 60%, implements 40% fee for service hike in Nigeria |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/07/05/nhia-increases-health-insurance-capitation-by-60-implements-40-fee-for-service-hike-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai babbar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin makircin tare da HMOs kamar Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management da Zuma Health Trust. A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta bayar da rahoton jimlar N37billion ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya masu dacewa ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) don wuraren kula da kiwon lafiya na farko (PHC). Fiye da 'yan Najeriya miliyan daya ana tura su cikin talauci a kowace shekara saboda kudaden da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, a cewar Bankin Duniya na Human Capital Public Expenditure Review da Institutional Review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title='Over One Million Nigerians Are Pushed Into Poverty By Health-Related Expenses Yearly' – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/over-one-million-nigerians-are-pushed-into-poverty-by-health-related-expenses-yearly/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Yin tiyata a cikin kasusuwa === Sabon shirin bayar da gudummawar ƙashi, na biyu a Afirka, ya buɗe a cikin 2012. Tare da hadin gwiwar [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], tana tattara swabs na DNA daga mutanen da zasu iya so su taimaka wa mutumin da ke fama da cutar sankara, lymphoma, ko cututtukan sickle cell don samun mai ba da gudummawa mai dacewa don transplantation na ƙwayar ƙashi mai ceton rai. Yana fatan fadada don haɗawa da gudummawar jini a nan gaba.<ref name="McNeil" /> === Kula da cutar kansa === [[Fayil:Symptoms_of_cancer_metastasis.svg|thumb|Alamomin yaduwar cutar kansa]] Kula da cutar kansa a [[Najeriya]] yana kan hanya mai mahimmanci, yayin da kasar ke fuskantar karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cutar kansa tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu don yaki da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Care in Nigeria: A Call to Action |url=https://www.tchealthng.com/thought-pieces/cancer-care-in-nigeria-a-call-to-action |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=TC HEALTH}}</ref> Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 80,000 suna mutuwa daga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a kowace shekara kuma sama da 100,000 ana gano su da ciwon daji kowace shekara. Mutane da yawa suna mutuwa daga ciwon daji a Najeriya saboda ciwon daji da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa ba a ba su fifiko a cikin kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya na kasar. [dubious - tattauna] Akwai cibiyoyin radiotherapy guda bakwai kawai a Najeriya. Makomar kula da cutar kansa a Najeriya ta dogara da aikin hadin gwiwa, kara kudade, da kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a don tabbatar da ganowa da wuri da kuma samun magani ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Nigeria Makes Strides in Cancer Control, Views Decentralization of Services to Expand Access |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nigeria-makes-strides-in-cancer-control-views-decentralization-of-services-to-expand-access |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.iaea.org}}</ref>  Yawancin mutuwar da suka shafi cutar kansa a Najeriya za a iya danganta su da rashin ilimi game da wannan iyalin cututtuka.<ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U">{{Cite journal |last=Ngwa |first=Wilfred |last2=Ngoma |first2=Twalib |last3=Zietman |first3=Anthony |last4=Mayr |first4=Nina |last5=Elzawawy |first5=Ahmed |last6=Winningham |first6=Thomas A. |last7=Balogun |first7=Onyinye |last8=Enwerem-Bromson |first8=Nelly |last9=Ntizimira |first9=Christian |last10=Olopade |first10=Olufunmilayo I. |last11=Oluwole |first11=Doyin |last12=Odedina |first12=Folakemi |last13=Williams |first13=Makeda |last14=Flanigan |first14=John |last15=Asana |first15=Lydia |date=March 2016 |title=Closing the Cancer Divide Through Ubuntu: Information and Communication Technology-Powered Models for Global Radiation Oncology |journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=440–449 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.063 |pmc=4959435 |pmid=26867873}}</ref> Misali, ba a ba mata isasshen jagora don gano alamomi da alamun cutar kansar mama ba, kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiya ba su da ikon gano cutar kansar nono, koda bayan mata sun nemi gwaje-gwaje na likita.<ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=The age of information: Ensuring better health |url=https://spotlight.leeds.ac.uk/the-age-of-information-ensuring-better-health/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=spotlight.leeds.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rashin isasshen ilimi game da rigakafi da gano cutar kansa da wuri, tare da yanayin zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta shiru da kuma sanya mummunan raunin zamantakewa ga irin waɗannan cututtukan, ya haifar da sama da kashi 33% na mutuwar cutar kansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata da yawa da ke fama da ciwon nono sun cika bukatunsu ta hanyar kimiyya da ba kai tsaye ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na iya zama laifin mugayen ruhohi kuma mata da yawa sun zaɓi yin amfani da magani mai mahimmanci tare da daidaitaccen magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asuquo |first=Eme O. |last2=Absolom |first2=Kate |last3=Ebenso |first3=Bassey |last4=Allsop |first4=Mathew J. |date=May 2024 |title=Symptoms, concerns, and experiences of women living with and beyond breast cancer in Africa: A mixed-methods systematic review |journal=Psycho-Oncology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/pon.6342 |issn=1057-9249 |pmid=38747633 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U"/><ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk"/> ==== Nau'o'in ==== Ciwon daji muhimmiyar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a Najeriya, tare da ciwon nono, ciwon nono na mahaifa, [[Ciwon daji na prostate]], da ciwon hanta sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kamuwa da cutar kansa a Najeriya suna ƙaruwa, tare da dubban sabbin ganewar asali a kowace shekara. Rashin cikakken rikodin cutar kansa yana haifar da ƙalubale ga tattara bayanai daidai, amma kimantawa ya nuna cewa Najeriya tana ɗauke da ɗayan nauyin cutar kansa mafi girma a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jedy-Agba |first=Elima |last2=Curado |first2=Maria Paula |last3=Ogunbiyi |first3=Olufemi |last4=Oga |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Fabowale |first5=Toyin |last6=Igbinoba |first6=Festus |last7=Osubor |first7=Gloria |last8=Otu |first8=Theresa |last9=Kumai |first9=Henry |last10=Koechlin |first10=Alice |last11=Osinubi |first11=Patience |last12=Dakum |first12=Patrick |last13=Blattner |first13=William |last14=Adebamowo |first14=Clement A. |date=October 2012 |title=Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries |journal=Cancer Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=e271–278 |doi=10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.007 |issn=1877-783X |pmc=3438369 |pmid=22621842}}</ref> ==== Ƙalubalen ==== * Ƙayyadadden Infrastructure na Kiwon Lafiya: Najeriya ba ta da isasshen adadin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na musamman, tare da mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali a manyan biranen kamar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]], da [[Ibadan]]. Wannan rarrabawar birane ta sa ya zama da wahala sosai ga mutanen da ke yankunan karkara su sami damar samun isasshen kulawa da cutar kansa a kan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |last2=Alatise |first2=Olusegun Isaac |last3=O'Connell |first3=Kelli |last4=Ogunleye |first4=Samson Gbenga |last5=Aderounmu |first5=Adewale Abdulwasiu |last6=Samson |first6=Marquerite L. |last7=Wuraola |first7=Funmilola |last8=Olasehinde |first8=Olalekan |last9=Kingham |first9=T. Peter |last10=Du |first10=Mengmeng |date=2021-07-01 |title=Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/7/e040352 |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040352 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=8314695 |pmid=34312189}}</ref> Rashin kayan aikin oncology a cikin asibitoci na gabaɗaya yana ƙara tsananta halin da ake ciki, saboda marasa lafiya galibi suna buƙatar tafiya mai nisa don ganewar asali da magani. A wasu lokuta, jinkiri a cikin turawa da kuma tsawon lokacin jira a cibiyoyin da suka cika suna haifar da ci gaban cutar kafin magani ya fara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Ibrahim |last2=Dalglish |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Angell |first3=Blake |last4=Sanuade |first4=Olutobi |last5=Abimbola |first5=Seye |last6=Adamu |first6=Aishatu Lawal |last7=Adetifa |first7=Ifedayo M. O. |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Ogunlesi |first9=Afolabi Olaniyi |last10=Onwujekwe |first10=Obinna |last11=Owoaje |first11=Eme T. |last12=Okeke |first12=Iruka N. |last13=Adeyemo |first13=Adebowale |last14=Aliyu |first14=Gambo |last15=Aliyu |first15=Muktar H. |date=2022-03-19 |title=The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation |journal=Lancet |volume=399 |issue=10330 |pages=1155–1200 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=8943278 |pmid=35303470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyekwelu |first=Stephen |date=2024-11-07 |title=Nigeria's cancer crisis: A call for systemic change |url=https://businessday.ng/partner-content/article/nigerias-cancer-crisis-a-call-for-systemic-change/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> * Babban Farashin Magani: Maganin Ciwon daji yana da tsada sosai ga 'yan Najeriya da yawa. Kudin chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tiyata, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya sun wuce karfin kudi na yawancin marasa lafiya. Wannan batun ya kara da gaskiyar cewa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa na Najeriya (NHIS) ya rufe karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a, yana barin yawancin marasa lafiya na ciwon daji su biya daga aljihu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY – FINANCIAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE FOR ALL NIGERIANS |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ko dai sun watsar da magani a tsakiyar hanya saboda matsalolin kudi ko kuma sun koma ga wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mustapha |first=Muhammad Inuwa |last2=Ali-Gombe |first2=Musa |last3=Abdullahi |first3=Adamu |last4=Adenipekun |first4=Adeniyi |last5=Campbell |first5=Oladapo Babatunde |date=2020 |title=Financial Burden of Cancer on Patients Treated at a Tertiary Health Facility in South West Nigeria |journal=Journal of the West African College of Surgeons |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.4103/jwas.jwas_4_22 |issn=2276-6944 |pmc=9267039 |pmid=35814963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Late Diagnosis: Daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon cutar kansa mara kyau a Najeriya shine babban adadin binciken ƙarshen. Marasa lafiya da yawa suna neman kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da alamun suka zama masu tsanani, suna rage damar samun nasarar magani. Wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dalilai, gami da shirye-shiryen tantance cutar kansa marasa isasshen, rashin binciken kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun, imani na al'adu da addini, da tsoron cutar. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu ba da kiwon lafiya na farko ba su da horo don gano alamun cutar kansa na farko, wanda ke haifar da rashin ganewar asali ko jinkiri a cikin turawa ga kwararru. * Rashin likitocin kanjamau da kwararru: Najeriya tana fuskantar matsanancin karancin masu kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a fannin kanjamau. Adadin likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, likitoci, da ma'aikatan jinya na kanjamau suna ƙasa da rabo da aka ba da shawarar da ake buƙata don sarrafa yawan adadin cututtukan ciwon daji. Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka ƙware a kula da cutar kansa suna barin ƙasar don samun dama mafi kyau a ƙasashen waje, suna ƙara matsalar zubar da ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan karancin yana nufin cewa 'yan kwararru da ke akwai suna aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na jira da kuma rage ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya. * Ƙayyadadden Sanarwar Jama'a: Babban rabo na yawan mutanen Najeriya ba su da ilimi na asali game da ciwon daji, abubuwan haɗarinsa, alamun, da mahimmancin ganowa da wuri. Labarai da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da ciwon daji, kamar imanin cewa ikon ruhaniya ne ya haifar da shi ko kuma hukuncin kisa ne ba tare da magani ba, yana hana mutane neman taimakon likita. Bugu da ƙari, akwai iyakantaccen ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da gwamnati ke jagoranta game da rigakafin cutar kansa, kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ba su da yawa ko kuma sun dace. Wannan rashin wayar da kan jama'a yana haifar da ƙarancin tantancewa, zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya, da jinkiri wajen neman shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Cibiyar Kulawa ==== * [[Asibitin Ƙasa, Abuja|Asibitin Kasa na Abuja]]: Asibitin kasa na Abuja yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na Najeriya, sanye take da wuraren radiotherapy na zamani, rukunin chemotherapy, da kuma sashen ilimin kanjamau. Asibitin yana da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, gami da likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, da likitoci na kanjamau. Yana ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ta ciwon daji, gami da ganewar asali, magani, da kulawa mai laushi. Koyaya, saboda buƙata mai yawa, marasa lafiya galibi suna fuskantar lokutan jira na dogon lokaci don radiotherapy da sauran jiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Hospital Abuja |url=https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> * [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas]] (LUTH): Yana cikin Legas, LUTH yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa da ke da kayan aiki a Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana da sashin binciken ciwon daji wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta sakamakon maganin ciwon daji a Najeriya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, LUTH ta inganta wuraren radiotherapy, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin a cikin ƙasar tare da masu saurin aiki don ingantaccen maganin radiation. Duk da wadannan ci gaba, samun damar magani ya kasance kalubale saboda yawan mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre, Nigeria |url=https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.esmo.org |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104012/https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Asibitin Kwalejin, Ibadan|Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar (UCH), Ibadan]]: A matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, UCH Ibadan yana da sashen ilimin kanjamau wanda ke ba da bincike, chemotherapy, da sabis na radiotherapy. Asibitin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken ciwon daji da horo na likita. UCH ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don inganta ayyukan kula da cutar kansa, kodayake kula da kayan aiki da kudade sun kasance manyan kalubale. * [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABUTH), Zaria]]: ABUTH [[Zariya|Zaria]] wata babbar cibiyar bincike da magani ce a arewacin Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana ba da sabis ga yawancin jama'a daga yankin arewa, inda samun damar kula da cutar kansa na musamman yana da iyaka. Bukatar ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa da kara kudade don kula da kayan aiki babbar damuwa ce a ABUTH. * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Asaba: Cibiyar Kiwo ta Tarayya (FMC) Asaba ta haɗa maganin cutar kansa a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya, tana ba da maganin chemotherapy da sauran hanyoyin da suka shafi cutar kansa. Duk da yake ba su da kayan aiki kamar manyan asibitocin koyarwa, FMC Asaba tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kula da cutar kansa ga marasa lafiya a yankin Kudu maso Kudu na Najeriya. Kamar sauran cibiyoyin ciwon daji da yawa a kasar, yana fuskantar kalubale kamar rashin isasshen kudade, iyakancewar likitocin kanjamau, da wuraren magani na zamani. ==== Kungiyoyin ba da agaji da ke da hannu sosai a kula da cutar kansa ==== * CancerAware Nigeria - Yana mai da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da kuma tantancewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CancerAware Nigeria {{!}} cancer ngo nigeria {{!}} Lagos Nigeria |url=https://www.canceraware.org.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=canceraware}}</ref> * Project Pink Blue - Yana shiga cikin bayar da shawarwari game da cutar kansa, tallafin mai haƙuri, da tara kuɗi don magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Pink Blue – Stimulating Actions Against Cancer |url=https://projectpinkblue.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104013/https://projectpinkblue.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Runcie Chidebe and Project PINK BLUE |url=https://igcs.org/awards/runcie-chidebe-and-project-pink-blue/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=IGCS}}</ref> * '''Kungiyar Ciwon Cutar nono ta Najeriya (BRECAN) ''' - Kungiyar da ke jagorantar wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://brecan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BRECAN |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104014/https://brecan.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa === Yawancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ana bayar da su ne daga cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa na yanki 8 da sassan kula da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da makarantun kiwon lafiya da manyan jami'o'i 12. Wasu asibitoci na gabaɗaya suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Cibiyoyin da aka tsara sau da yawa suna fuskantar gasa daga masu ilimin ganye da cibiyoyin warkarwa na bangaskiya. Rabin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ma'aikatan zamantakewa shine 0.02 zuwa 100,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayonrinde |first=Oyedeji |last2=Gureje |first2=Oye |last3=Lawal |first3=Rahmaan |date=June 2004 |title=Psychiatric research in Nigeria: Bridging tradition and modernisation |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=536–538 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.6.536 |pmid=15172949 |s2cid=12541525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Batutuwa == Duk da tsarin kiwon lafiya, bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa waɗanda ke hana isar da sabis mai inganci. Wadannan ƙalubalen suna shafar mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, suna iyakance samun damar kulawa mai inganci da kuma kara damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a. === Tsarin magunguna === A cikin 1989 doka ta yi tasiri jerin mahimman magunguna. Dokar kuma tana nufin iyakance kera da shigo da magungunan jabu ko marasa inganci da kuma dakile tallan karya. Duk da haka, daga baya an gyara sashin kan magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ransome Kuti |first=O. |year=1992 |title=National Drug Policy in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=367–373 |doi=10.2307/3342734 |jstor=3342734 |s2cid=68197988}}</ref> A cikin 2005, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 16.7% na magungunan da ke cikin ƙasar jabun ne. A shekara ta 2012, wani sabon bincike ya tabbatar da cewa adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.4%, wanda kashi 19.6% na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro . A cikin 2014, ya fadi zuwa 3.6%. Kimanin Naira Biliyan 29 na jabun magungunan an lalata su tsakanin 2015 – 2017 Ingancin magani shine da farko ana sarrafa shi ta Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa. Hukumar ta kafa Sabis na Tabbatar da Wayar hannu. Wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga makarantar sakandare ta Regina Pacis a [[Onitsha]] sun kirkiro mafita mafi kyau ta fasaha, aikace-aikacen da ake kira FD Detector wanda ke amfani da fasahar barcode don tabbatar da sahihancin magani da kwanakin ƙarewa. Wannan ya ba su matsayi a cikin Technovation Challenge 2018. Yawancin manyan gazawar ka'idoji sun haifar da abin kunya na kasa da kasa: * A cikin 1993, fasinja na [[paracetamol]] syrup ya shiga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya a Oyo da [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]], sakamakon mutuwar yara 100. Shekara guda bayan bala'in, ana iya siyan batches dauke da gubar ethylene glycol, babban dalilin mutuwar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * A cikin 1996, yara 11 sun mutu bayan gwajin asibiti da Pfizer ya yi wanda ya shafi magungunan trovafloxacin da ceftriaxone yayin barkewar [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] . * A cikin 2008-2009, aƙalla yara 84 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurɓataccen maganin haƙora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=84 Nigerian children dead from tainted formula |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194943/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225/ |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |access-date=2015-11-30 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a, Farfesa Muhammad Pate, ya koka game da cin hanci da rashawa a bangaren kiwon lafiya da kasar gabaɗaya, kamar shari'ar da aka ba da abinci mai warkewa ga yara kuma an ba da rahoton lamarin ga 'yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odeniyi |first=Solomon |date=2024-07-18 |title=Corruption in Nigeria's health sector very deep — Minister |url=https://punchng.com/corruption-in-nigerias-health-sector-very-deep-minister/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Samun damar samun magunguna === Najeriya ta dogara sosai da shigo da magunguna da kuma shigo da sinadaran da ake buƙata don samar da magunguna na gida. A cikin 2023, kamfanonin magunguna GlaxoSmithKline da Sanofi sun dakatar da masana'antar magunguna ta cikin gida, suna ambaton ƙalubalen aiki daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=GSK, Sanofi Exit Nigerian Market Amid Lingering Foreign Exchange Crisis |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-sanofi-exit-nigerian-market-amid-lingering-foreign-exchange-crisis/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2024, a cikin rikodin shekaru 27 da suka fi girma na hauhawar farashin 28.92% da kuma raguwar darajar [[Naira]], farashin maganin rigakafi ya ga karuwar fiye da sau goma a farashin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran magunguna, irin su inhalers na asma da magungunan ciwon sukari, suma sun sha wahala sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Rashin daidaiton yanki === [[Fayil:Mali_woman_selling_herbal_medicines.jpg|thumb|Baƙon Mali Fulani yana sayar da Magungunan ganye a kasuwar Najeriya]] Kiwon lafiya a Najeriya yana da tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban na gida da na yanki waɗanda ke tasiri inganci ko adadin da ke cikin wuri ɗaya. Saboda <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">da</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ambata a baya, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya nuna bambancin sararin samaniya dangane da samuwa da ingancin kayan aiki dangane da buƙata. Duk da haka, wannan ya samo asali ne daga matakin shigar da jaha da ƙananan hukumomi da saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Har ila yau, [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Najeriya]] tana kashe kusan kashi 70% na kasafin kudinta a biranen da kusan kashi 50% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune. {{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Samun ingancin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya kasance ƙalubale, musamman ga mutanen karkara. Rashin hanyoyin sadarwa, nesa mai tsawo zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, da farashin sufuri sun hana 'yan Najeriya da yawa neman kulawar likita nan da nan. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba wuraren kiwon lafiya yana nufin cewa yayin da yankunan birane na iya samun asibitoci masu kyau, al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da ba su da kuɗi da kuma marasa ma'aikata. Rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a waɗannan yankuna ya kara tsananta matsalar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mace-mace daga yanayin da za'a iya hanawa da magani. An gabatar da shirye-shirye irin su asibitocin kiwon lafiya na hannu da shirye-aikacen telemedicine don inganta damar kiwon lafiya a yankuna masu nisa, amma aiwatarwa da yawa ya kasance iyakance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opinion |date=2024-11-24 |title=Making quality healthcare accessible to rural dwellers |url=https://punchng.com/making-quality-healthcare-accessible-to-rural-dwellers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Kalubale da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen manufofi na gaggawa, ƙara saka hannun jari na gwamnati, da haɗin gwiwar dabarun don inganta kudade, ababen more rayuwa, da riƙe ma'aikata. Ba tare da magance waɗannan mahimman batutuwa ba, cimma Universal Health Coverage (UHC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal health coverage (UHC) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc) |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Health Coverage |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> da inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya zai kasance aiki ne mai wahala ga ƙasar. === Hijira na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === [[Fayil:Nurses_in_Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Ci gaba da ƙwararrun masu kula da lafiya muhimmiyar manufa ce]] Bincike ya nuna raguwar kwakwalwa a bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya a cikin karuwar ƙaurawar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya - likitoci, likitocin magunguna, ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitoci da sauransu da yawa suna da wahalar shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. Yawancin sabbin likitoci, daga makarantun likita, kuma sun sami damar samun matsayi na gida, halin da ake ciki yana faruwa a kowace shekara. Matsalar ta ci gaba fiye da lokacin aikin gida ko horo, idan ya zo ga samun aikin da ya cancanta. Gabaɗaya babu isasshen matsayi na aiki don zagayawa. Kalubale na wannan a bayyane yake. Matsalar rarraba Sk, tare da 'yan ma'aikatan da ke akwai galibi a cikin birane, inda kusan dukkanin manyan wurare kamar Asibitoci na Janar da Asibitocin Koyarwa suke. Batutuwan da suka shafi wannan na iya haɗawa da yanayin siyasa, tare da wasu jihohi da ba sa son ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa daga wasu sassan ƙasar a matsayin aikin manufofi na gangan, sun fi son yin amfani da 'yan asalin su, ko, inda akwai gajeren lokaci, suna daukar ma'aikata ga baƙi galibi daga Arewacin Afirka a kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Okboh |first=Anthonia |date=28 January 2019 |title=Examining Nigeria's healthcare challenges |url=https://businessday.ng/why-nigeria-is-broke/article/examining-nigerias-healthcare-challenges/}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya ta tsara Manufofin Al'umma na Kasa don Lafiya kuma Majalisar Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Daga baya, an tsara shirin dabarun kiwon lafiya na 2008-2012 don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofin a dukkan matakai. Babban manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa isasshen adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu motsawa suna samuwa kuma an rarraba su daidai a duk faɗin ƙasar don tabbatar da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai inganci. Yanayin ya zama mafi muni. Yayin da zamanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba ya fara kuma burin 2030 ya fara mayar da hankali, kididdigar ba ta da tabbaci.<ref name=":2" /> Akwai likitocin Najeriya 4000 da ke aiki a Amurka da 8000 da ke aiki da Ingila.<ref name="Ehigiator">{{Cite web |last=Ehigiator |first=Sunday |date=2022-04-17 |title=Brain Drain Overstretching Health Workers, NMA Laments |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/17/brain-drain-overstretching-health-workers-nma-laments/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ci gaba da waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun an gano su a matsayin burin gaggawa. Rashin kwakwalwa ya yanke a duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya; dubban likitocin Najeriya da ma'aikatan jinya suna aiki a Burtaniya da Amurka.<ref name="Ehigiator" /> === Rashin isassun Kuɗi === [[Fayil:Kagarawal_Primary_Health_Centre_05.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kagarawal 05]] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen da ke tattare da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a Najeriya shine '''rashin isasshen kudade'''. Sashen kiwon lafiya koyaushe yana karɓar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi fiye da ma'auni na 15% da Abuja Declaration na 2001, inda ƙasashen Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suka yi alkawarin ƙara kuɗin da aka kashe a bangaren kiwon lafiya. A sakamakon haka, wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya ba su da albarkatun kuɗi don samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, sayen kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da kula da ababen more rayuwa. Dogaro da kudaden da aka kashe don tallafawa kiwon lafiya yana sanya nauyi mai nauyi ga mutane, musamman wadanda ke cikin ƙananan al'ummomin karkara. Kokarin irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) – NPHCDA |url=https://nphcda.gov.ng/bhcpf/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASIC HEALTH CARE PROVISION FUND – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/basic-health-care-provision-fund/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> suna da niyyar inganta kudaden kiwon lafiya, amma kalubalen aiwatarwa da rashin kula da kudade sun jinkirta ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=African Governments Falling Short on Healthcare Funding {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/26/african-governments-falling-short-healthcare-funding |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Sirri da kasuwanci na sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a === Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a a Najeriya ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen samuwa, masu sauƙin isa, kuma masu araha ga mutane da yawa da ke buƙatar waɗannan ayyukan. Binciken mafita ya haifar da ra'ayin mallakar da kasuwanci na ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Wannan ci gaban yana da matukar farin ciki da ra'ayin cewa zai kara gasa kuma ya haifar da rage farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma ya sa irin waɗannan ayyukan su fi araha ga matalauta.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, gardamar da ke adawa da shi ita ce cewa keɓancewa da kasuwanci a Najeriya za su zama madubi sai dai idan an yi gyare-gyare na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Chukwuma Chukwudumebi |last2=Omokhudu |first2=Odiwo Williams |last3=Anthony |first3=Kifordu Anyibuofu |date=1 September 2016 |title=The Impact of Privatization and Commercialization in Nigeria |url=https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjmis/article/view/419 |journal=International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=107–119}}</ref> === Marasa ababen more rayuwa === Yawancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da manyan asibitoci a Najeriya suna fama da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Rashin isasshen wutar lantarki, rashin tsabtace ruwa, da rashin kayan aikin bincike na aiki suna iyakance tasirin maganin likita. Wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya suna aiki ba tare da kayan more rayuwa ba kamar su '''ventilators, incubators, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aiki''', suna sa ya zama da wahala a magance gaggawa da samar da kulawa ta musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunyale |first=Kehinde |date=2024-12-17 |title=Report: Over 70% of public PHCs lack functional basic medical equipment |url=https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Dataphyte |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211155423/https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asibitoci masu girma a manyan birane kamar Legas, Abuja, da Kano galibi suna cike da kansu saboda gazawar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu don biyan bukatun masu haƙuri. Gwamnati ta fara shirye-shiryen farfadowa, amma ci gaba yana da jinkiri, kuma yankunan karkara sun kasance mafi yawan abin da ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-01-08 |title=Healing a Broken System: How lack of power, water, Japa degrades health sector |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/healing-a-broken-system-how-lack-of-power-water-japa-degrades-health-sector/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Magungunan gargajiya da na madadin == Kamar yadda rahotanni na baya-bayan nan suka nuna, ban da fa'idodi da yawa akwai kuma haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan maganin gargajiya / kari ko madadin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=How to develop traditional medicine in Nigeria, by experts |url=https://guardian.ng/features/how-to-develop-traditional-medicine-in-nigeria-by-experts/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake masu amfani a yau suna da damar yin amfani da magunguna da magunguna daban-daban na TM / CAM, sau da yawa ba su da isasshen bayani game da abin da za su bincika lokacin amfani da TM / CAM don kauce wa lahani mara amfani.<ref name="apps.who.int"/> Duk da yake maganin gargajiya yana da yawa don ba da gudummawa ga kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki, lahani mai yawa ya haifar da siyarwa ba tare da tsari ba da kuma amfani da maganin gargajiya / madadin magani da ganye a cikin ƙasar kuma ya jinkirta marasa lafiya neman kiwon lafiya na ƙwararru. == Ƙoƙarin gwamnati da gyare-gyare == Gwamnatin Najeriya, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa, ta dauki matakai da yawa don inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan sun hada da: === Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (NHIS) === '''Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS) ''' wani shiri ne na gwamnati wanda aka kafa don inganta samun damar kiwon lafiya da araha ga 'yan Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da shirin a cikin 1999 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, da nufin rage kuɗin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar shirin kiwon lafiya da aka riga aka biya. NHIS tana ba da ɗaukar hoto don sabis na kiwon lafiya daban-daban, gami da shawarwari, gwaje-gwaje na bincike, jiyya, da shigar asibiti. A cikin shekaru, an yi ƙoƙari don fadada NHIS don rufe ma'aikatan sashen da ba na al'ada ba, ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, da al'ummomin karkara ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' da kuma Group, Individual, da Family Social Health Insurance Programme (GIFSHIP). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alawode |first=Gafar |last2=Adewoyin |first2=Ayomide B. |last3=Abdulsalam |first3=Abdulmajeed O. |last4=Ilika |first4=Frances |last5=Chukwu |first5=Chidera |last6=Mohammed |first6=Zakariya |last7=Kurfi |first7=Abubakar |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Political Economy of the Design of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis for Prospective Action |journal=Health Systems & Reform |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2022.2124601 |issn=2328-8604 |pmid=36170653 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GROUP, INDIVIDUAL, AND FAMILY SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAMME (GIFSHIP) – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/service/land-insurance/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin shiga, da rashin ingancin gudanarwa sun iyakance isa da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sabunta Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don '''sake farfado da Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) ''', wanda ke aiki a matsayin farkon hanyar tuntuɓar kula da lafiya, musamman a yankunan karkara da wuraren da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan ƙoƙari yana daga cikin manyan dabarun '''Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kasa (NPHCDA) ''', wanda ke neman gyarawa da kuma samar da PHCs a duk faɗin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen irin su Saving One Million Lives (SOML) <ref>{{Cite web |title=404 Error - Page Not Found |url=https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> da kuma Manufar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare a karkashin Rufi Ɗaya (PHCUOR) suna da niyyar tabbatar da wadatar magunguna masu mahimmanci, inganta kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka isar da sabis a matakin ƙasa. Duk da wadannan kokarin, PHCs suna ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale, gami da rashin isasshen ma'aikata, rashin isassu kayan kiwon lafiya, da kuma karancin kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Primary Health Care Revitalization- Nigeria's Solution to Achieving Universal Health Coverage. {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/primary-health-care-revitalization-nigerias-solution-achieving-universal-health-coverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ore |first=Mosunmola |date=2022-03-25 |title=Nigerian Government restates commitment to revitalise primary healthcare services |url=https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407174847/https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs) a cikin Kiwon Lafiya === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPPs) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Definition, How They Work, and Examples |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/public-private-partnerships.asp |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> an kara inganta su a matsayin dabarun da za a rufe gibin da ke cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya. Ta hanyar PPPs, ana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankuna kamar kayan aikin asibiti, sayen kayan kiwon lafiya, da isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa sun shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gina da sarrafa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da '''Shirin Lafiya na Jihar Legas (LSHS) ''', wanda ke ba da damar masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suyi aiki a cikin tsarin inshorar kiwon lafiya na jihar, da kuma Kungiyar Lafiya ta Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (PHN), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.lashmaregulations.com.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=LASHMA - Lagos State Health Scheme |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya tsakanin uwa da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Sector Health Alliance of Nigeria – PSHAN |url=https://pshan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da yake PPPs sun inganta isar da sabis a wasu yankuna, damuwa ta kasance game da farashi, kula da tsari, da kuma samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya. === Samun ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === Najeriya ta fuskanci kalubale na ci gaba da karancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar zubar da kwakwalwa, inda masu sana'a ke ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe masu inganci da yanayin aiki da albashi mafi girma. Don magance wannan, gwamnati ta gabatar da shirye-shirye daban-daban da shirye-aikacen horo da nufin daukar ma'aikata da riƙe masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya. Shirye-shiryen irin su '''Shirin Sabis na Midwives (MSS) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abimbola |first=Seye |last2=Okoli |first2=Ugo |last3=Olubajo |first3=Olalekan |last4=Abdullahi |first4=Mohammed J. |last5=Pate |first5=Muhammad A. |date=2012 |title=The midwives service scheme in Nigeria |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=9 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3341343 |pmid=22563303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma National Health Workforce Registry <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Nigeria launches the National Health Workforce Country Profile towards achieving universal health coverage {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-launches-national-health-workforce-country-profile-towards-achieving-universal-health |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref> suna mai da hankali kan tura ƙwararrun ma'aikata zuwa yankunan da ba a kula da su ba da kuma bin diddigin rarraba ma'aikata. Wasu jihohi sun aiwatar da gyare-gyaren albashi, alawus na haɗari, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru na ci gaba don inganta yanayin aiki da hana ƙaura. Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar su albashi mara kyau, yanayin aiki mara kyau, da rashin gamsuwa da aiki suna ci gaba da fitar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje, suna shafar isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajoseh |first=Seun |last2=Langer |first2=Armin |last3=Amoniyan |first3=Oluwasegun |last4=Uyah |first4=Uduak-Abasi |date=2024-11-14 |title=Navigating brain drain: understanding public discourse on legislation to retain medical professionals in Nigeria |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=80 |doi=10.1186/s12992-024-01077-1 |issn=1744-8603 |pmc=11566287 |pmid=39543665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya|Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] clten1gj98d50ixlofue0lf35mjih3g 0 118257 892155 724383 2026-08-06T16:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofi Okyere-Agyekum''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar dokoki ta bakwai ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu wanda ke wakiltar Mazabar Fanteakwa ta Kudu a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] a kan tikitin Sabon Jam'iyyar Patriotic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=277 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428051448/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=277 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Okyere-Agyekum a ranar 8 ga Maris 1958. Ya fito ne daga Osino, wani gari a yankin Gabashin Ghana . <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Agyekum, Okyere Kofi |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5543 |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=www.ghanamps.com |archive-date=2024-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045354/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5543 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arzikin noma a shekarar 1981. <ref name="mps" /> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana kuma ya sami digiri na Master's of Business Administration a fannin kudi a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="mps" /> == Siyasa == Okyere-Agyekum memba ne na New Patriotic Party (NPP). A shekara ta 2012, ya yi takara don kujerar Fanteakwa ta Kudu a kan tikitin majalisar dokoki ta shida ta NPP na jamhuriya ta huɗu kuma ya lashe.<ref name="mps"/> Ya sake wakiltar mazabar a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai da ta takwas ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=120 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201195856/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=120 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref> === Zaben 2016 === Agyekum ya yi takara a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Fanteakwa ta Kudu a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party a lokacin Babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya ci nasara da kuri'u 11,274 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 60.79% na jimlar kuri'un. An zabe shi a kan Abigail Elorm Akwambea Mensah na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Godfried Mark Dankwah Nyarko na PPP, Danso Okra Daniel (IND) da Kwablah Isaac Tetteh na Jam'iyyar Jama'a. Sun samu kuri'u 5,726, kuri'u 1,256, kuri'un 223 da kuri'u 66 bi da bi, daidai da 30.88%, 6.77%, 1.20% da 0.36% na jimlar kuri'un bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Fanteakwa South Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301202427/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> ==== Zaben 2020 ==== An sake zabar Agyekum a matsayin memba na majalisa na Fanteakwa ta Kudu (mazabar majalisa ta Ghana) a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party a lokacin [[2020 Ghanaian general election|Babban zaben Ghana na 2020]]. Ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 10,565 wanda ke wakiltar 49.09% a kan Gyan Stephen Ayisi (IND) wanda ya samu kuri'u 5,775 wanda ya yi daidai da 26.83% kuma dan takarar majalisa na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa Richard Fred Kwashie Junior yana da kuri'un 5,181 wanda ke wakil da 24.07% na jimlar kuri'un.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Fanteakwa South Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004195518/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Fanteakwa South |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=120 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dgl3xnob9f1h4atscmw7xtpal087gjp 0 119127 892449 727580 2026-08-07T04:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Linda Andre''' (1959 - 2023) ta [[Kasancewar|kasance]] [[Psychiatric survivors movement|Mai fafutukar kare lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ta Amurka kuma marubuciya, tana [[zaune]] a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], wacce ta kasance darakta na Kwamitin Gaskiya a cikin [[Kwarwa|Kwarewar]] [[kwakwalwa]] (CTIP), [[Kungiyar Asiri|kungiyar]] da [[Marilyn Rice]] ta kafa a 1984 don [[Ƙarfafawa|ƙarfafa]] [[Hukumar Asibiti|Hukumar]] [[Abinci]] da [[Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) don tsara injunan maganin lantarki (ECT). <ref name="wood2">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=James |date=April 2010 |title=Linda Andre, Doctors of Deception: What They Don't Want You to Know About Shock Treatment (review) |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/23/1/218/1653713?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=218–219 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkp135 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Spaced en dash}} == Yunkurin adawa da ECT == Tun lokacin da ya karbi ECT a farkon [[Shekarun1980|shekarun]] 1980 yana da shekaru 25, Andre ya rubuta kuma yayi bincike don [[Taimako na farko na tunani|taimakawa]] wasu [[Wadanda aka tsare a zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini|wadanda]] suka tsira daga ECT su jimre da asarar [[Hankalin yanayi|hankalinsu]] da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da kuma sanar da jama'a game da [[Haɗarin Jama'a|haɗarin]] ECT. An yi hira da Linda ta hanyar ''20/20'', The Atlantic, ''[[New York Times]]'' da Washington Post. Lokacin da aka yi [[Hire|hira]] da ''Los [[Angeles]] [[Time 100|Times]]'' a [[shekara]] ta 2003, Andre ya yi sharhi game da binciken Burtaniya wanda ya gano cewa lokacin da marasa [[lafiya]] suka taimaka tsara ko gudanar da binciken ECT, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu amsa sun yi iƙirarin samun ECT mai taimako, amma [[Lokacin raguwa|lokacin]] da [[Likitocin Ƴancin Ɗan Adam na Isra'ila|likitoci]] suka tsara kuma suka gudanar da binciken, kashi uku cikin huɗu sun yi ilar samun ECT da ke da [[Amfanin malamai|amfani]]. "[[Wannan Moosa|Wannan]] shi ne abin da ke [[faruwa]] lokacin da kuka tambayi marasa lafiya abin da suke tunani, "in ji Andre, "...kun sami [[Labarin kasa|labarin]] daban-daban daga ɗayan likitocin [[kwakwalwa]] suke fada. " Ita da abokanta sun kafa Kwamitin Gaskiya a cikin Psychiatry tare da [yaushe?] [[sama]] da 500 tsoffin marasa lafiya na lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Linda Andre |url=http://www.narpa.org/bios/andre.linda |publisher=National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy |access-date=2025-10-26 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520162800/https://www.narpa.org/bios/andre.linda |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{When|date=March 2022}} A [[shekara]] ta 2009, an buga [[Littafin Masters|littafinta]], [[Doctrine of necessity|Doctors]] of Deception: What they don't want you to know about shock treatment. Da yake nazarin wannan aikin, James Wood, na Jami'ar [[Edinburgh]] ya [[Rubutu|rubuta]] a cikin mujallar Social History of Medicine, "[A] a cikin surori 17 da aka yi bincike sosai, Andre ya ba da [[Bambancin muhalli|bambanci]] mai amfani ga da'awar da aka yi a cikin waƙar Edward Shorter da David Healy na baya-bayan nan ga ECT da [[mutanen]] da suka [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimaka]] wajen ci gabanta (Edward Shorter daDavid Healy, Shock Therapy, 2007), kuma yana ba da [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]] [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|lalacewa]] ga [[Dukan|duka]] ECT da sana'ar [[Ilimin kare hakkin dan adam|ilimin]] halayyar zamani ta Amurka.<ref name="wood">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=James |date=April 2010 |title=Linda Andre, Doctors of Deception: What They Don't Want You to Know About Shock Treatment (review) |url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/23/1/218/1653713?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=218–219 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkp135 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * {{Cite journal |last=Andre |first=Linda |year=2001 |title=Memory loss: from polarization to reconciliation |journal=Journal of ECT |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=228–29 |doi=10.1097/00124509-200109000-00022 |pmid=11528324}} * {{Cite journal |last=Andre |first=Linda |year=2005 |title=ECT then and now |url=http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/56/4/490-a |url-status=dead |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=490–91 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.490-a |pmid=15812104 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425000755/http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/56/4/490-a |archive-date=2005-04-25}} *   * Andre, Linda (2023). Elektroschocks. In: Will Hall, ''Jenseits der Psychiatrie – Stimmen und Visionen des Wahnsinns im Madness Radio''. Berlin & Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing, pp.&nbsp;60–62. {{ISBN|978-3-910546-23-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-910546-23-3|<bdi>978-3-910546-23-3</bdi>]] (paperback), {{ISBN|978-3-910546-26-4}} (e-book) == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jy3w4k0lp47voezduy8hve0hcjal45l 0 120993 892457 822431 2026-08-07T05:18:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin sufuri na birnin New York cibiyar sadarwa ce ta hadadden tsarin ababen more rayuwa. Birnin New York, kasancewar birni mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, yana da tsarin sufuri wanda ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa mafi girma a duniya; Ramin abin hawa na farko a duniya da injina; da kuma hanyar tram ta iska. Birnin New York gida ne ga tsarin bas mai yawa a cikin kowane gundumomi biyar; tsarin jirgin ruwa na birni da na Jihar Staten; da yawan tasi masu rawaya da tasisin boro a duk fadin birnin. Motoci masu zaman kansu ba su da amfani idan aka kwatanta da sauran biranen da ke sauran Amurka. Tsarin filin jirgin sama na yankin birnin New York, wanda ya hada da John F. Kennedy International Airport da LaGuardia Airport a Queens da Newark Liberty Airport a Arewacin Jersey, Stewart Airport a Orange County, New York, da wasu ƙananan wurare, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Tashar jiragen ruwa na New York da [[New Jersey]], wanda ya hada da magudanan ruwa na yankin babban birnin New York, na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Amurka. Akwai tsarin layin dogo guda uku, tsarin saurin tafiya na PATH zuwa New Jersey, da jiragen ruwa daban-daban tsakanin Manhattan da New Jersey. Yawancin tsarin bas daban-daban suna aiki zuwa gundumar Westchester, gundumar Nassau, da New Jersey. Don motoci masu zaman kansu, tsarin manyan hanyoyin mota da wuraren shakatawa suna haɗa birnin New York tare da kewayenta. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[Fayil:Grid_1811.jpg|thumb|Shirin grid na 1807 na Manhattan]] [[Fayil:NYC_subway_map_small.png|thumb|Taswirar 2004 na tsarin jirgin kasa na fasinjoji na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]]] Tarihin tsarin sufuri na birnin New York ya fara ne da tashar jiragen ruwa na New [[Amsterdam]] na Holland. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kula da hanyoyi da dama; wasu an gina su ne a kan tsoffin hanyoyin Lenape, wasu kuma a matsayin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar "masu tafiya" zuwa garuruwan da ke kewaye da su, kuma wani ma a shekarar 1658 ya shirya shi daga umarnin Petrus Stuyvesant, a cewar Burrow, et al.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=et al.}}</ref> Karni na 19 ya kawo canje-canje ga tsarin jigilar tsarin: kafa grid na titin Manhattan ta hanyar Tsarin Kwamishinonin na 1811, da kuma wata hanyar da ba a taɓa ganin irin ta ba tsakanin biranen New York da Brooklyn na wancan lokacin ta hanyar gadar Brooklyn, a cikin 1883. Juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu ya canza birni a asali; ababen more rayuwa na tashar jiragen ruwa sun girma cikin sauri bayan kammala 1825 na Erie Canal wanda birnin New York ya zama mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai tsakanin duk Turai da cikin Amurka. An gabatar da manyan jiragen kasa da sufuri na karkashin kasa, wadanda aka fi sani da 'El Trains' da 'Tubways', tsakanin 1867 zuwa 1904. Motoci masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun sun kawo ƙarin canji a cikin birni a kusa da 1930, musamman Ramin Holland na 1927. Tare da samun mahimmancin motoci, haɓakar Robert Moses daga baya ya zama mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zamani na New York. Musa shi ne ya gina dukkan mil 416 (kilomita 669) na wurin shakatawa, da sauran muhimman hanyoyi, da manyan gadoji bakwai. === Amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a da mallakar mota === [[Fayil:USCommutePatternsTimeCommute.png|alt=Major US City Commute Patterns 2023|thumb|Kashi na ma'aikata da ke amfani da sufuri na jama'a don tafiyarsu da kuma matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ga manyan biranen [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], gami da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tun daga 2023]] Birnin New York ya bambanta da sauran biranen Amurka saboda ƙananan mallakar motoci da kuma amfani da Sufuri na jama'a. Birnin New York yana da, ya zuwa yanzu, mafi girman yawan amfani da sufuri na jama'a na kowane birni na Amurka, tare da kashi 55.6% na ma'aikatan da ke tafiya zuwa aiki ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2023. Kimanin daya daga cikin masu amfani da zirga-zirga a Amurka da kashi biyu bisa uku na mahayan jirgin kasa na kasar suna zaune a Birnin New York ko yankunan da ke kusa da ita. Koyaya, Birnin New York kuma yana da mafi tsawo matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ga masu tafiya (minti 42.5) tsakanin manyan biranen Amurka.<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau ACS 2023" /> New York ita ce birni ɗaya tilo a cikin Amurka inda fiye da rabin duk gidaje ba su mallaki mota ba (Rashin mallakar Manhattan ya fi girma, kusan kashi 75%; a ƙasa, ƙimar shine 8%). Koyaya, cikakken alkaluman mallakar mota har yanzu suna da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran birane: a cikin 2019, 55% na gidaje ba masu mota bane, wanda ke nuna cewa kashi 45% na gidaje sun mallaki mota. === Batutuwan muhalli da zamantakewa === [[Fayil:R160_interor_crowds.JPG|thumb|Jama'a a cikin Jirgin karkashin kasa na F a karshen mako da rana]] Matsakaicin babban adadin amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a na birnin New York ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi ƙarfin kuzari a cikin Amurka. Amfani da man fetur a cikin birni a yau yana kan matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa a cikin 1920s. Yawan amfani da zirga-zirga a birnin New York ya ceci galan biliyan 1.8 (6,800,000 m3) na mai a 2006 da dala biliyan 4.6 na farashin mai. New York ta ceci rabin duk man da aka ajiye ta hanyar wucewa a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya. Rage yawan man da aka yi amfani da shi ya nuna cewa tan miliyan 11.8 na carbon dioxide an kiyaye shi daga iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2008 |title=A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit |url=http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516180756/http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |access-date=April 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Public Interest Research Group}}</ref> Cibiyar Brookings ta kasance yankin metro na birnin New York a matsayin yankin metro na Amurka tare da mafi ƙarancin sawun carbon da ke da alaƙa da jigilar jama'a kuma a matsayin na huɗu mafi ƙasƙanci gaba ɗaya ta kowane mutum a cikin 2005 a cikin manyan yankuna 100 mafi girma na Amurka, wanda [[Honolulu]], [[Los Angeles]] da Portland suka fi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marilyn A. Brown |date=May 29, 2008 |title=Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America |url=http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085957/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski.aspx |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=January 7, 2015 |website=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> Tsarin sufuri na birni, da yawan jama'a da ya sa ya yiwu, suma suna da wasu tasirin. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Columbia sun bincika bayanai daga manya 13,102 a cikin gundumomi biyar na birnin kuma sun gano alaƙa tsakanin ginin da aka gina a New York da lafiyar jama'a. New Yorkers da ke zaune a cikin jama'a, wuraren abokantaka na masu tafiya a ƙasa suna da ƙarancin matakan jigon jiki (BMI) sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran 'yan New York. Halaye guda uku na yanayin birni - zama a wurare masu gauraye na zama da kasuwanci, zama kusa da tashar bas da tashar jirgin karkashin kasa da zama a wuraren da yawan jama'a - an gano suna da alaƙa da matakan BMI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Near Shops, Subways Linked to Lower BMI in New York City |url=http://www.emaxhealth.com/69/9642.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501115044/http://www.emaxhealth.com/69/9642.html |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2015 |publisher=Emaxhealth.com}}</ref> Duk da karfin makamashin da ake samu sakamakon yawan amfani da ababen hawa, ana ganin titunan birnin na da hadari ga masu tafiya a kafa da masu keke. Ya zuwa 2019, akwai a matsakaita 225,000 hadarurruka, 61,000 raunuka, da 200+ mutuwar saboda motoci a kowace shekara a birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuntzman |first=Gersh |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Think Cars Will Always Dominate Because 'New York's Not Holland'? Well, Neither Was Holland! |url=https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/07/18/think-cars-will-always-dominate-because-new-yorks-not-holland-well-neither-was-holland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104022732/https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/07/18/think-cars-will-always-dominate-because-new-yorks-not-holland-well-neither-was-holland/ |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=StreetsBlog NYC}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 75% na sararin titin birni an sadaukar da shi don motsa motoci da manyan motoci cikin sauri da ajiye waɗannan motocin, yayin da sauran kashi 25% na titin an bar su don masu tafiya a ƙasa, kekuna, da kantuna. === Tafiya === [[Fayil:Verrazano_bridge_NY.jpg|thumb|Ginin Verrazzano-Narrows ya mamaye The Narrows, yana haɗa Brooklyn da Staten Island.]] Daga cikin duk mutanen da suka yi tafiya zuwa aiki a Birnin New York a cikin 2021, 32% suna amfani da jirgin karkashin kasa, 30% tuki kadai, 12% suna ɗaukar bas, 10% tafiya zuwa aiki, 4% tafiya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, 5.6% mota, 3.1% suna amfani da taksi, 1.7% suna hawa keke zuwa aiki, da 0.4% tafiya ta jirgin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table B08406. Sex of Workers by Means of Transportation to Work for Workplace Geography – Universe: Workers 16 Years and Over |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B08406&g=160XX00US3651000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B08406 |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=2021 American Community Survey |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Kashi 54% na gidaje a Birnin New York ba su da mota, kuma sun dogara da sufuri na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table B08201. Household Size by Vehicles Available – Universe: Households |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_lang=en&_ts=170243153266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211183704/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_lang=en&_ts=170243153266 |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |website=2009 American Community Survey |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Yayin da al'adun mota suka fi yawa a yawancin biranen Amurka, ana amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a sosai a cikin birnin New York. Titin jirgin karkashin kasa sanannen wuri ne da 'yan siyasa ke haduwa da masu kada kuri'a a lokacin zabe sannan kuma babban wurin mawaka ne. Kowace mako, fiye da mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi 100 waɗanda suka fito daga na gargajiya zuwa Cajun, bluegrass, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da nau'ikan jazz, suna ba da wasanni sama da 150 na Canja wurin New York a ƙarƙashin shirin Music Under New York, 'yan dozin daga cikinsu suna cikin tsarin jirgin ƙasa. Mutane miliyan 3.7 ne suka yi aiki a Birnin New York; Manhattan ita ce babbar cibiyar daukar ma'aikata tare da kashi 56% na dukkan ayyukan.<ref name="census-commuting">{{Cite web |title=County-To-County Worker Flow Files |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180713/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=December 11, 2017 |website=Census 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Daga cikin wadanda ke aiki a Manhattan, kashi 30% na tafiya daga cikin Manhattan, yayin da 17% suka fito daga Queens, 16% daga Brooklyn, 8% daga Bronx, da 2.5% daga Staten Island. Wani 4.5% na tafiya zuwa Manhattan daga Nassau County da 2% daga Suffolk County a Long Island, yayin da 4% ke tafiya daga Westchester County. 5% na zirga-zirga daga yankunan Bergen da Hudson a cikin New Jersey. <ref name="census-commuting" /> Wasu matafiya sun fito daga gundumar Fairfield a [[Connecticut]]. Wasu 'yan New York suna juyawa zuwa bayan gari: 3% tafiya zuwa gundumar Nassau, 1.5% zuwa gundumar Westchester, 0.7% zuwa gundumar Hudson, 0.6% zuwa gundumar Bergen, 0.5% zuwa gundumar Suffolk, da ƙananan kaso zuwa wasu wurare a cikin babban birni.<ref name="census-commuting" /> A matsakaita, New Yorkers suna ciyar da sa'a 1 da mintuna 27 a kowace rana don yin balaguro tare da jigilar jama'a. Daga cikin waɗannan, 31% suna hawa sama da sa'o'i 2 kowace rana. Matsakaicin adadin lokacin da mutane ke jira a tasha ko tasha don jigilar jama'a shine mintuna 15, amma kashi 23% na mahayan suna jiran matsakaicin sama da mintuna 20. Matsakaicin tazarar mutane yawanci ke hawa a cikin tafiya ɗaya tare da jigilar jama'a shine kilomita 9.5 (5.9 mi). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} gcco4mgox0ep37xonulas4cdg7q5lty 0 121257 892514 739417 2026-08-07T06:55:00Z BnHamid 12586 892514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''juniper drupacea''''', '''Juniper na [[Siriya]]''', nau'in juniper ne na asalin yankin gabashin [[Bahar Rum]] daga kudancin [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] (dutse Parnon a cikin Peloponnese), kudancin [[Turkiyya]], yammacin Siriya, [[Lebanon]], da arewacin [[Isra'ila]], yana girma a kan wuraren duwatsu daga mita 800-1,700 (2,600-5,600 feet) a tsawo. Wannan nau'in shine kawai memba na ƙungiyar ''Juniperus''. ''Caryocedrus''. , <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Robert P. |last2=Schwarzbach |first2=Andrea E. |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=Phylogeny of ''Juniperus'' using nrDNA and four cpDNA regions |url=http://www.juniperus.org/uploads/2/2/6/3/22639912/304.pdf |journal=Phytologia |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=179–187 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> wanda wani lokacin ana gane shi a matsayin nau'in ''Arceuthos''. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uckele |first=Kathryn A. |last2=Adams |first2=Robert P. |last3=Schwarzbach |first3=Andrea E. |last4=Parchman |first4=Thomas L. |name-list-style=amp |date=2021 |title=Genome-wide RAD sequencing resolves the evolutionary history of serrate leaf ''Juniperus'' and reveals discordance with chloroplast phylogeny |url=https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=hbs_fac |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=156 |bibcode=2021MolPE.15607022U |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107022 |pmid=33242585 |s2cid=227182680 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yong |last2=Ferguson |first2=David Kay |last3=Liu |first3=Bing |last4=Mao |first4=Kang-Shan |last5=Gao |first5=Lian-Ming |last6=Zhang |first6=Shou-Zhou |last7=Wan |first7=Tao |last8=Rushforth |first8=Keith |last9=Zhang |first9=Zhi-Xiang |year=2022 |title=Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification |journal=Plant Diversity |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=340–350 |bibcode=2022PlDiv..44..340Y |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003 |pmc=9363647 |pmid=35967253}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Juniperus drupacea shine nau'in juniper mafi tsayi, yana samar da bishiyar juniper mai tsayi 10-25 (33-82 ft) tsayi, musamman har zuwa mita 40 (130 ft), kuma tare da gangar jikin har zuwa mita 1-2 (3.3-6.6 ft) mai kauri. Yana da ganye masu kama da allura a cikin guda uku; ganyen kore ne, milimita 5-25 (0.20-0.98 in) tsayi da faɗin 2–3 mm, tare da bandeji fari guda biyu na stomatal (wanda aka raba ta tsakiyar tsakiyar koren) a saman ciki. Yawancin lokaci dioecious ne, tare da tsire-tsire maza da mata daban. Cones iri sune mafi girma a cikin kowane juniper, kamar Berry amma mai wuya da bushewa, koren ripening a cikin kimanin watanni 25 zuwa duhu purple-launin ruwan kasa tare da kodadde blue waxy shafi; ba su da kyau zuwa sikeli, 20-27 millimeters (0.79-1.06 in) tsayi da diamita 20-25 mm, kuma suna da ma'auni shida ko tara a cikin 2-3 ma'auni, kowane ma'auni tare da ɗan ɗaga koli. Ma'aunin apical guda uku kowanne yana ɗauke da iri ɗaya, amma tare da tsaban guda uku an haɗa su cikin harsashi ɗaya mai kama da kwaya. Ana samar da mazugi na maza a gungu (ba kamar kowane juniper ba) na cones 5-20 tare, rawaya, tsayin 3-4 mm, kuma suna faɗi jim kaɗan bayan zubar da pollen su a farkon bazara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/JUcones.htm Arboretum na Villardebelle hotuna na cones & shots] * Conifers A ko'ina cikin Duniya: Juniperus drupacea - Juniper na Siriya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1c56imm70afz1l38amklqzblwrhi4jk 0 121487 892260 839690 2026-08-06T17:11:28Z Audullo 43513 892260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:EDay_logo.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar eDay]] eDay wani yunƙuri ne na New Zealand don gudanar da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a matsayin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the eDay New Zealand Trust |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday/about-the-eday-new-zealand-trust.html |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=eday.org.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPUTER ACCESS NZ TRUST |url=http://www.canz.org.nz/ |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=www.canz.org.nz |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412012132/http://canz.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> eDay wani yun dang ne na New Zealand don ware da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a cikin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ) == Tarihi == [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|eDay a Dunedin, 2008]] An fara gudanar da eDay a Wellington a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin matukin jirgi wanda Dell ya dauki nauyinsa, taron da aka saya a cikin tan 54 (119,000 lb) na tsoffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran kayan lantarki da ba za a iya lalata su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-17 |title=Bin your old PC on eDay |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10464621 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> A cikin 2007 an tsawaita shirin don rufe wurare 12, wanda ya haifar da zama yunƙurin ƙasa, tan 946 (2,086,000 lb) an tattara.<ref name="mfe-survey">{{Cite web |title=e-Waste Survey for eDay 2007 |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment |archive-date=2008-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016042620/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="whatis">{{Cite web |title=What is eDay? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> An gudanar da eDay 2008 a ranar 4 ga Oktoba kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa cibiyoyin 32. <ref name="stuff-todaystheday">{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=Today's the day to recycle computers |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4715644a6479.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=The Dominion Post, Fairfax New Zealand }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 an tattara kimanin tan 966 (2,130,000 a wurare 38 a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-12 |title=Kiwis recycle 966 tonnes of e-waste at eDay |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/82-kiwis-recycle-966-tonnes-of-e-waste-at-eday.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> == Manufar == An fara shirin ne don rage yawan sharar lantarki da ake zubar a cikin shara, bisa ga shaidar daga rahotanni cewa akwai kimanin na'urorin lantarki miliyan 16 da ake amfani da su a New Zealand kuma ana gabatar da sabbin na'urori miliyan 1 a kowace shekara, rahoton ya gano cewa ana zubar da mafi yawan waɗannan na'urbura a cikin shara maimakon sake amfani da su.<ref name="whatisewaste">{{Cite web |title=What is e-waste |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025219/http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> Wani rahoto daban ya gano cewa rabin makarantun New Zealand ba su sake amfani da kayan aiki ba kuma sun maye gurbin kayan aiki, sun zaɓi a maimakon haka su ajiye shi a cikin shara.<ref name="whatisewaste" /> Lokacin da aka zubar da su a cikin shara akwai yiwuwar sunadarai masu cutarwa a cikin kayan aikin lantarki, kamar su mercury, gubar da cadmium, gurɓata ruwan ƙasa da shiga cikin hulɗa da mutane ko dabbobi, guba a cikin sunadarai suna iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya, kamar tsarin juyayi da lalacewar kwakwalwa. <ref name="stuff-todaystheday"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr R E Horne |last2=J Gertsakis |title=A Literature Review on the Environmental and Health Impacts of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040334/http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-15 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake amfani da su, ana zubar da sunadarai cikin aminci kuma ana iya sake amfani da sassan da za su iya amfani da su.<ref name="whatisewaste" /> == Ƙaddamarwa == [[Fayil:EDay,_Christchurch,_2009.jpg|right|thumb|A Christchurch, an gudanar da taron 2009 a filin shakatawa na Canterbury.]] A ranar, ana kafa wuraren tattara abubuwan tuƙi kuma masu sa kai suna gudanar da kowace cibiya. Ana ƙarfafa kamfanoni, makarantu da jama'a da su zubar da tsofaffin kayan aikin kwamfuta, wayoyin hannu da kwalayen bugawa. Kazalika da tattara kayan, an kuma tsara shirin don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin sharar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=E-Day is time to ditch that old PC |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=TVNZ |archive-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519090822/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I get involved? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604064610/http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |archive-date=2008-06-04 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> == abo == An ba CANZ lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Zealand ta 2008 Green Ribbon Award don aikin al'umma da shiga tsakani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2008 Green Ribbon Awards winners |url=https://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208150242/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |archive-date=2013-02-08 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 CANZ ta lashe Kyautar Masana'antu ta Musamman a cikin Kyautar PricewaterhouseCoopers Hi-Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-05 |title=Prestigious Hi-Tech Awards applaud eDay for diverting toxic waste from our landfills |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/53-prestigious-hi-tech-awards-applaud-eday-for-diverting-toxic-waste-from-our-landfills.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Sake amfani da kwamfuta * Sharar lantarki a New Zealand * Jirgin keke na E == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == 1dijyqbbkr7mes3fb3qru7m19fa7er8 892261 892260 2026-08-06T17:11:57Z Audullo 43513 892261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:EDay_logo.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar eDay]] eDay wani yunƙuri ne na New Zealand don gudanar da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a matsayin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the eDay New Zealand Trust |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday/about-the-eday-new-zealand-trust.html |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=eday.org.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPUTER ACCESS NZ TRUST |url=http://www.canz.org.nz/ |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=www.canz.org.nz |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412012132/http://canz.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> eDay wani yun dang ne na New Zealand don ware da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a cikin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ) == Tarihi == [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|eDay a Dunedin, 2008]] An fara gudanar da eDay a Wellington a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin matukin jirgi wanda Dell ya ɗauki nauyinsa, taron da aka saya a cikin tan 54 (119,000 lb) na tsoffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran kayan lantarki da ba za a iya lalata su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-17 |title=Bin your old PC on eDay |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10464621 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> A cikin 2007 an tsawaita shirin don rufe wurare 12, wanda ya haifar da zama yunƙurin ƙasa, tan 946 (2,086,000 lb) an tattara.<ref name="mfe-survey">{{Cite web |title=e-Waste Survey for eDay 2007 |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment |archive-date=2008-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016042620/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="whatis">{{Cite web |title=What is eDay? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> An gudanar da eDay 2008 a ranar 4 ga Oktoba kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa cibiyoyin 32. <ref name="stuff-todaystheday">{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=Today's the day to recycle computers |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4715644a6479.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=The Dominion Post, Fairfax New Zealand }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 an tattara kimanin tan 966 (2,130,000 a wurare 38 a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-12 |title=Kiwis recycle 966 tonnes of e-waste at eDay |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/82-kiwis-recycle-966-tonnes-of-e-waste-at-eday.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> == Manufar == An kuma fara shirin ne don rage yawan sharar lantarki da ake zubar a cikin shara, bisa ga shaidar daga rahotanni cewa akwai kimanin na'urorin lantarki miliyan 16 da ake amfani da su a New Zealand kuma ana gabatar da sabbin na'urori miliyan 1 a kowace shekara, rahoton ya gano cewa ana zubar da mafi yawan waɗannan na'urbura a cikin shara maimakon sake amfani da su.<ref name="whatisewaste">{{Cite web |title=What is e-waste |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025219/http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> Wani rahoto daban ya gano cewa rabin makarantun New Zealand ba su sake amfani da kayan aiki ba kuma sun maye gurbin kayan aiki, sun zaɓi a maimakon haka su ajiye shi a cikin shara.<ref name="whatisewaste" /> Lokacin da aka zubar da su a cikin shara akwai yiwuwar sunadarai masu cutarwa a cikin kayan aikin lantarki, kamar su mercury, gubar da cadmium, gurɓata ruwan ƙasa da shiga cikin hulɗa da mutane ko dabbobi, guba a cikin sunadarai suna iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya, kamar tsarin juyayi da lalacewar kwakwalwa. <ref name="stuff-todaystheday"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr R E Horne |last2=J Gertsakis |title=A Literature Review on the Environmental and Health Impacts of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040334/http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-15 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake amfani da su, ana zubar da sunadarai cikin aminci kuma ana iya sake amfani da sassan da za su iya amfani da su.<ref name="whatisewaste" /> == Ƙaddamarwa == [[Fayil:EDay,_Christchurch,_2009.jpg|right|thumb|A Christchurch, an gudanar da taron 2009 a filin shakatawa na Canterbury.]] A ranar, ana kafa wuraren tattara abubuwan tuƙi kuma masu sa kai suna gudanar da kowace cibiya. Ana ƙarfafa kamfanoni, makarantu da jama'a da su zubar da tsofaffin kayan aikin kwamfuta, wayoyin hannu da kwalayen bugawa. Kazalika da tattara kayan, an kuma tsara shirin don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin sharar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=E-Day is time to ditch that old PC |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=TVNZ |archive-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519090822/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I get involved? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604064610/http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |archive-date=2008-06-04 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}</ref> == abo == An ba CANZ lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Zealand ta 2008 Green Ribbon Award don aikin al'umma da shiga tsakani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2008 Green Ribbon Awards winners |url=https://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208150242/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |archive-date=2013-02-08 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 CANZ ta lashe Kyautar Masana'antu ta Musamman a cikin Kyautar PricewaterhouseCoopers Hi-Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-05 |title=Prestigious Hi-Tech Awards applaud eDay for diverting toxic waste from our landfills |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/53-prestigious-hi-tech-awards-applaud-eday-for-diverting-toxic-waste-from-our-landfills.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Sake amfani da kwamfuta * Sharar lantarki a New Zealand * Jirgin keke na E == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == l332d7aucc2f7sm1whq4991bw0trgad 0 121632 892272 740707 2026-08-06T17:16:54Z Audullo 43513 892272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Candy_Red_Slab.png|alt=Red Cadillac convertible with front grill and elbows and tan leather seats|thumb|Candy ja slab mai iya canzawa tare da gwiwar hannu]]{{Databox}} Slab (wani lokaci a cikin duk manyan haruffa) ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ne don "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" wanda ke kwatanta motar al'ada, kiɗa da al'adun da ke kewaye da su wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun hip-hop wanda ya fito a yankin Houston . [1] [2] Waƙar Slab ta fito a cikin shekarar 1990s azaman nau'in kiɗan da ke haɗa yankakken kida da murɗaɗɗen kiɗan da aka canza ta hanyar sada zumunta ta kasuwanci (ko rediyo) maimakon haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa da aka fitar a lokacin. An ce ana yin kidan ne a cikin abin hawa mai tudu. Ma’anar “slow, m and bangin” shima yana bayyana kidan kamar yadda lokacinsa bai kai na wakar hip hop ba a lokacin (sannu a hankali), yawan sautin yana da girma yayin da ake kunna shi a cikin mota (karfi), kuma bugun yana yawanci bassy (bangin’). Waƙoƙin kiɗan slab galibi suna nuna tuƙi kamar a cikin Paul Wall 's Sittin' Sidewayz da Fat Pat 's Tops Down. Kalma ce ga motar da ke da fentin alewa mai haske da manyan ƙafafun chrome, a tsakanin sauran gyare-gyare. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}</ref> <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}</ref> Slabs sun fito a cikin 1980s [[Houston]] kuma sun ga mafi shahara a cikin 1990s da 2000s. <ref name="Gessner" /> Slabs suna daidai da al'adun rap na Texas, kuma direbobin Slabs yawanci suna kunna kiɗan rap mai ƙarfi kuma suna tuƙi a hankali don haka kalmar "Slab" (jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin'). <ref name="Gessner" /> Wani ra’ayi kuma shi ne, kalmar “slab” tana nufin ginshiƙan simintin da ke kan titi, kamar yadda ake fitar da wata mota ta al’ada a kan simintin ginin babbar hanyar Houston.” <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}</ref> <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa da mota, “hankali” kuma yana nufin yin amfani da nishaɗin lean ne wanda ke da “hanzarin tasiri” kuma yana haɓaka cikin al'ada. <ref name="Learn">{{Cite web |last=Eakin |first=Marah |date=March 26, 2013 |title=Learn all about the long, lean history of "sizzurp" with this 7-minute audio primer |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170018/http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2014 |publisher=A.V. Club}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin asali da juyin halitta na Al'adun Slab a Houston ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar mahimman ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: === Farkon shekarun 1980: fitowar al'adun slab === Al'adun Slab sun fara yin tasiri a yankunan [[Houston]] galibin Afirka Ba'amurke a farkon shekarun 1980. Masu sha'awar sha'awa sun fara keɓance motoci- galibi tsofaffin sedans na Amurka - ta hanyar ƙara fasali na musamman kamar "swangas" (ƙarashin waya) da ayyukan fenti. An yi imanin kalmar "slab" tana nufin "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" yanayin waɗannan motoci da aka gyara. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}</ref> === Tsakanin tsakiyar 1980s: hadewar al'adu === Yayin da 1980s ke ci gaba, Al'adun Slab ya zama mafi alaƙa da yanayin hip-hop na Houston. Masu zane-zane kamar DJ Screw sun fara yin salon “yankake da dunƙule”, wanda ke da saurin rage jinkiri da dabarun sake haɗawa, waɗanda ke jin daɗin tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan da ke da alaƙa da manyan motoci. Wannan haɗin kai tsakanin kiɗa da al'adun mota ya ƙarfafa ainihin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2024 |title=Slab culture: The vibrant car tradition of Houston's streets |url=https://defendernetwork.com/under-40/houston-slab-culture/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Defender Network}}</ref> === 1990s: Babban fitarwa da haɓakawa === A shekarun 1990s sun ga Al'adun Slab sun sami karɓuwa fiye da Houston. Masu fasaha na hip-hop na gida, ciki har da mambobi na Screwed Up Click, sun nuna shinge a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙi, suna kawo hankalin ƙasa ga motsi. Kyawawan al'adar sun yi tasiri ga yanayin salon sawa kuma sun zaburar da wasu salon gyare-gyaren mota a cikin Kudancin Amurka. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. Hagerty. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 2000s: Yarda da hukumomi === A cikin 2000s, Al'adun Slab sun fara samun karɓuwar cibiyoyi a matsayin wani muhimmin sashe na al'adun Houston. Abubuwan da suka faru kamar Houston SLAB Parade & Bikin Iyali sun yi bikin ƙirƙira da gudummawar al'umma, yayin da gidajen tarihi da jami'o'i suka rubuta tarihi da mahimmancin motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SLAB History · Houston SLAB Parade & Family Festival · University of Houston Libraries Exhibits |url=https://exhibits.lib.uh.edu/s/Houston-SLAB/page/SLAB-history |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=University of Houston Libraries}}</ref> === 2010s da bayan: ci gaba da juyin halitta === Shigar da 2010s, Al'adun Slab ya ci gaba da haɓakawa, yana daidaitawa da sababbin fasahar kera motoci da dandamali na dijital. Kafofin watsa labarun sun ba masu sha'awar sha'awa damar raba motocin da aka keɓance su tare da masu sauraron duniya, suna haɓaka ƙarin godiya ga al'ada. Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen, ainihin ƙimar al'umma, ƙirƙira, da ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiɗi sun kasance tsakiyar gadon Al'adun Slab na dindindin. Har yanzu ana nuna waɗannan motocin a cikin bidiyon kiɗa ta Houston rappers, kamar Kirko Bangz 's Cups Up Tops Down da Johnny Dang na OT na Mexico . == Abubuwa == Slabs suna da fentin "alewa" mai haske a cikin launuka masu launi, wanda ya bambanta da yawa na zamani masu launin toka, baƙar fata, da fararen motoci. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sau da yawa suna nuna tayoyin zinari da farin bango akan ƙafafun waya na chrome waɗanda za su iya fitowa kamar mazugi a kwance, ana kiransa "Swangas" ko "ƙwaƙwalwa." <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="McLaughlin" /> Hakanan za su iya nuna cibiyoyin wasan caca na tsakiya na "cartoonish", mafi tsayi shine {{Convert|24|in|cm|0}} . <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHorncastle2022">Horncastle, Rowan (2022-08-18). [https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture "All you need to know about SLAB car culture"]. ''Top Gear''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kayan da aka kwaikwayi na Nahiyar wanda ya haɗa da dabaran keɓewar gilashin fiberglass da “ƙarfin gwiwar hannu” ana yawan saka su a baya. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Blue_Chevy_slab.jpg|thumb|Blue Chevy slab tare da kaho sama]] Motocin da aka keɓance galibi samfuran Amurka ne kamar Cadillac, Chevrolet, Lincoln, da [[Buick]] . Yawancin motoci ne na baya kamar Cadillac DeVille ko tsohuwar Chevrolet Impalas . Ƙila slabs sun rage dakatarwa daga na'urorin lantarki . <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wasu Slabs koyaushe suna buɗe ko "buɗe" kututtukan da ke ɗauke da alamun neon, amplifiers, da lasifika. Tsarukan sauti masu ƙarfi tare da ɗumbin subwoofers na iya tarwatsa tagogin kantin farantin karfe. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Masu su kuma suna sanya saƙon al'ada a ƙarƙashin murfin akwati. <ref name="Hagerty" /> Slabs sun yi kama da ƙananan motoci na Californian, tare da motocin Amurka na baya, launuka masu haske, ƙananan dakatarwa, da haɗin gwiwa tare da hip-hop. Koyaya, manyan ƙafafun, yin amfani da wasu motoci na zamani lokaci-lokaci, da kuma "popping" akwati ya sa Slabs ya bambanta da masu ƙasa. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ƙirar motocin Slab yana ɗaukar ƙwazo daga motocin da ƴan fashi da makami ke tuƙa a cikin 1970s " Blaxploitation " fina-finai. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Gessner" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sr64t818j9zps4ycn5wcqfustsg73yr 892273 892272 2026-08-06T17:17:13Z Audullo 43513 892273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Candy_Red_Slab.png|alt=Red Cadillac convertible with front grill and elbows and tan leather seats|thumb|Candy ja slab mai iya canzawa tare da gwiwar hannu]]{{Databox}} Slab (wani lokaci a cikin duk manyan haruffa) ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ne don "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" wanda ke kwatanta motar al'ada, kiɗa da al'adun da ke kewaye da su wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun hip-hop wanda ya fito a yankin Houston . [1] [2] Waƙar Slab ta fito a cikin shekarar 1990s azaman nau'in kiɗan da ke haɗa yankakken kiɗa da murɗaɗɗen kiɗan da aka canza ta hanyar sada zumunta ta kasuwanci (ko rediyo) maimakon haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa da aka fitar a lokacin. An kuma ce ana yin kidan ne a cikin abin hawa mai tudu. Ma’anar “slow, m and bangin” shima yana bayyana kidan kamar yadda lokacinsa bai kai na wakar hip hop ba a lokacin (sannu a hankali), yawan sautin yana da girma yayin da ake kunna shi a cikin mota (karfi), kuma bugun yana yawanci bassy (bangin’). Waƙoƙin kiɗan slab galibi suna nuna tuƙi kamar a cikin Paul Wall 's Sittin' Sidewayz da Fat Pat 's Tops Down. Kalma ce ga motar da ke da fentin alewa mai haske da manyan ƙafafun chrome, a tsakanin sauran gyare-gyare. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}</ref> <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}</ref> Slabs sun fito a cikin 1980s [[Houston]] kuma sun ga mafi shahara a cikin 1990s da 2000s. <ref name="Gessner" /> Slabs suna daidai da al'adun rap na Texas, kuma direbobin Slabs yawanci suna kunna kiɗan rap mai ƙarfi kuma suna tuƙi a hankali don haka kalmar "Slab" (jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin'). <ref name="Gessner" /> Wani ra’ayi kuma shi ne, kalmar “slab” tana nufin ginshiƙan simintin da ke kan titi, kamar yadda ake fitar da wata mota ta al’ada a kan simintin ginin babbar hanyar Houston.” <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}</ref> <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa da mota, “hankali” kuma yana nufin yin amfani da nishaɗin lean ne wanda ke da “hanzarin tasiri” kuma yana haɓaka cikin al'ada. <ref name="Learn">{{Cite web |last=Eakin |first=Marah |date=March 26, 2013 |title=Learn all about the long, lean history of "sizzurp" with this 7-minute audio primer |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170018/http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2014 |publisher=A.V. Club}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin asali da juyin halitta na Al'adun Slab a Houston ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar mahimman ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: === Farkon shekarun 1980: fitowar al'adun slab === Al'adun Slab sun fara yin tasiri a yankunan [[Houston]] galibin Afirka Ba'amurke a farkon shekarun 1980. Masu sha'awar sha'awa sun fara keɓance motoci- galibi tsofaffin sedans na Amurka - ta hanyar ƙara fasali na musamman kamar "swangas" (ƙarashin waya) da ayyukan fenti. An yi imanin kalmar "slab" tana nufin "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" yanayin waɗannan motoci da aka gyara. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}</ref> === Tsakanin tsakiyar 1980s: hadewar al'adu === Yayin da 1980s ke ci gaba, Al'adun Slab ya zama mafi alaƙa da yanayin hip-hop na Houston. Masu zane-zane kamar DJ Screw sun fara yin salon “yankake da dunƙule”, wanda ke da saurin rage jinkiri da dabarun sake haɗawa, waɗanda ke jin daɗin tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan da ke da alaƙa da manyan motoci. Wannan haɗin kai tsakanin kiɗa da al'adun mota ya ƙarfafa ainihin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2024 |title=Slab culture: The vibrant car tradition of Houston's streets |url=https://defendernetwork.com/under-40/houston-slab-culture/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Defender Network}}</ref> === 1990s: Babban fitarwa da haɓakawa === A shekarun 1990s sun ga Al'adun Slab sun sami karɓuwa fiye da Houston. Masu fasaha na hip-hop na gida, ciki har da mambobi na Screwed Up Click, sun nuna shinge a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙi, suna kawo hankalin ƙasa ga motsi. Kyawawan al'adar sun yi tasiri ga yanayin salon sawa kuma sun zaburar da wasu salon gyare-gyaren mota a cikin Kudancin Amurka. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. Hagerty. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 2000s: Yarda da hukumomi === A cikin 2000s, Al'adun Slab sun fara samun karɓuwar cibiyoyi a matsayin wani muhimmin sashe na al'adun Houston. Abubuwan da suka faru kamar Houston SLAB Parade & Bikin Iyali sun yi bikin ƙirƙira da gudummawar al'umma, yayin da gidajen tarihi da jami'o'i suka rubuta tarihi da mahimmancin motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SLAB History · Houston SLAB Parade & Family Festival · University of Houston Libraries Exhibits |url=https://exhibits.lib.uh.edu/s/Houston-SLAB/page/SLAB-history |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=University of Houston Libraries}}</ref> === 2010s da bayan: ci gaba da juyin halitta === Shigar da 2010s, Al'adun Slab ya ci gaba da haɓakawa, yana daidaitawa da sababbin fasahar kera motoci da dandamali na dijital. Kafofin watsa labarun sun ba masu sha'awar sha'awa damar raba motocin da aka keɓance su tare da masu sauraron duniya, suna haɓaka ƙarin godiya ga al'ada. Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen, ainihin ƙimar al'umma, ƙirƙira, da ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiɗi sun kasance tsakiyar gadon Al'adun Slab na dindindin. Har yanzu ana nuna waɗannan motocin a cikin bidiyon kiɗa ta Houston rappers, kamar Kirko Bangz 's Cups Up Tops Down da Johnny Dang na OT na Mexico . == Abubuwa == Slabs suna da fentin "alewa" mai haske a cikin launuka masu launi, wanda ya bambanta da yawa na zamani masu launin toka, baƙar fata, da fararen motoci. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sau da yawa suna nuna tayoyin zinari da farin bango akan ƙafafun waya na chrome waɗanda za su iya fitowa kamar mazugi a kwance, ana kiransa "Swangas" ko "ƙwaƙwalwa." <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="McLaughlin" /> Hakanan za su iya nuna cibiyoyin wasan caca na tsakiya na "cartoonish", mafi tsayi shine {{Convert|24|in|cm|0}} . <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHorncastle2022">Horncastle, Rowan (2022-08-18). [https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture "All you need to know about SLAB car culture"]. ''Top Gear''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kayan da aka kwaikwayi na Nahiyar wanda ya haɗa da dabaran keɓewar gilashin fiberglass da “ƙarfin gwiwar hannu” ana yawan saka su a baya. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Blue_Chevy_slab.jpg|thumb|Blue Chevy slab tare da kaho sama]] Motocin da aka keɓance galibi samfuran Amurka ne kamar Cadillac, Chevrolet, Lincoln, da [[Buick]] . Yawancin motoci ne na baya kamar Cadillac DeVille ko tsohuwar Chevrolet Impalas . Ƙila slabs sun rage dakatarwa daga na'urorin lantarki . <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wasu Slabs koyaushe suna buɗe ko "buɗe" kututtukan da ke ɗauke da alamun neon, amplifiers, da lasifika. Tsarukan sauti masu ƙarfi tare da ɗumbin subwoofers na iya tarwatsa tagogin kantin farantin karfe. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Masu su kuma suna sanya saƙon al'ada a ƙarƙashin murfin akwati. <ref name="Hagerty" /> Slabs sun yi kama da ƙananan motoci na Californian, tare da motocin Amurka na baya, launuka masu haske, ƙananan dakatarwa, da haɗin gwiwa tare da hip-hop. Koyaya, manyan ƙafafun, yin amfani da wasu motoci na zamani lokaci-lokaci, da kuma "popping" akwati ya sa Slabs ya bambanta da masu ƙasa. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ƙirar motocin Slab yana ɗaukar ƙwazo daga motocin da ƴan fashi da makami ke tuƙa a cikin 1970s " Blaxploitation " fina-finai. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Gessner" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9i70fr5zg2lvuxpsm96pryasoleepji 892274 892273 2026-08-06T17:17:31Z Audullo 43513 892274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Candy_Red_Slab.png|alt=Red Cadillac convertible with front grill and elbows and tan leather seats|thumb|Candy ja slab mai iya canzawa tare da gwiwar hannu]]{{Databox}} Slab (wani lokaci a cikin duk manyan haruffa) ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ne don "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" wanda ke kwatanta motar al'ada, kiɗa da al'adun da ke kewaye da su wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun hip-hop wanda ya fito a yankin Houston . [1] [2] Waƙar Slab ta fito a cikin shekarar 1990s azaman nau'in kiɗan da ke haɗa yankakken kiɗa da murɗaɗɗen kiɗan da aka canza ta hanyar sada zumunta ta kasuwanci (ko rediyo) maimakon haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa da aka fitar a lokacin. An kuma ce ana yin kidan ne a cikin abin hawa mai tudu. Ma’anar “slow, m and bangin” shima yana bayyana kidan kamar yadda lokacinsa bai kai na wakar hip hop ba a lokacin (sannu a hankali), yawan sautin yana da girma yayin da ake kunna shi a cikin mota (karfi), kuma bugun yana yawanci bassy (bangin’). Waƙoƙin kiɗan slab galibi suna nuna tuƙi kamar a cikin Paul Wall 's Sittin' Sidewayz da Fat Pat 's Tops Down. Kalma ce ga motar da ke da fentin alewa mai haske da manyan ƙafafun chrome, a tsakanin sauran gyare-gyare. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}</ref> <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}</ref> Slabs sun fito a cikin 1980s [[Houston]] kuma sun ga mafi shahara a cikin 1990s da 2000s. <ref name="Gessner" /> Slabs suna daidai da al'adun rap na Texas, kuma direbobin Slabs yawanci suna kunna kiɗan rap mai ƙarfi kuma suna tuƙi a hankali don haka kalmar "Slab" (jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin'). <ref name="Gessner" /> Wani ra’ayi kuma shi ne, kalmar “slab” tana nufin ginshiƙan simintin da ke kan titi, kamar yadda ake fitar da wata mota ta al’ada a kan simintin ginin babbar hanyar Houston.” <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}</ref> <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa da mota, “hankali” kuma yana nufin yin amfani da nishaɗin lean ne wanda kuma ke da “hanzarin tasiri” kuma yana haɓaka cikin al'ada. <ref name="Learn">{{Cite web |last=Eakin |first=Marah |date=March 26, 2013 |title=Learn all about the long, lean history of "sizzurp" with this 7-minute audio primer |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170018/http://www.avclub.com/article/learn-all-about-the-long-lean-history-of-sizzurp-w-95448 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2014 |publisher=A.V. Club}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin asali da juyin halitta na Al'adun Slab a Houston ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar mahimman ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: === Farkon shekarun 1980: fitowar al'adun slab === Al'adun Slab sun fara yin tasiri a yankunan [[Houston]] galibin Afirka Ba'amurke a farkon shekarun 1980. Masu sha'awar sha'awa sun fara keɓance motoci- galibi tsofaffin sedans na Amurka - ta hanyar ƙara fasali na musamman kamar "swangas" (ƙarashin waya) da ayyukan fenti. An yi imanin kalmar "slab" tana nufin "jinkirin, ƙara, da bangin" yanayin waɗannan motoci da aka gyara. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}</ref> === Tsakanin tsakiyar 1980s: hadewar al'adu === Yayin da 1980s ke ci gaba, Al'adun Slab ya zama mafi alaƙa da yanayin hip-hop na Houston. Masu zane-zane kamar DJ Screw sun fara yin salon “yankake da dunƙule”, wanda ke da saurin rage jinkiri da dabarun sake haɗawa, waɗanda ke jin daɗin tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan da ke da alaƙa da manyan motoci. Wannan haɗin kai tsakanin kiɗa da al'adun mota ya ƙarfafa ainihin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2024 |title=Slab culture: The vibrant car tradition of Houston's streets |url=https://defendernetwork.com/under-40/houston-slab-culture/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Defender Network}}</ref> === 1990s: Babban fitarwa da haɓakawa === A shekarun 1990s sun ga Al'adun Slab sun sami karɓuwa fiye da Houston. Masu fasaha na hip-hop na gida, ciki har da mambobi na Screwed Up Click, sun nuna shinge a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙi, suna kawo hankalin ƙasa ga motsi. Kyawawan al'adar sun yi tasiri ga yanayin salon sawa kuma sun zaburar da wasu salon gyare-gyaren mota a cikin Kudancin Amurka. <ref name="hagerty.com">{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. Hagerty. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 2000s: Yarda da hukumomi === A cikin 2000s, Al'adun Slab sun fara samun karɓuwar cibiyoyi a matsayin wani muhimmin sashe na al'adun Houston. Abubuwan da suka faru kamar Houston SLAB Parade & Bikin Iyali sun yi bikin ƙirƙira da gudummawar al'umma, yayin da gidajen tarihi da jami'o'i suka rubuta tarihi da mahimmancin motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SLAB History · Houston SLAB Parade & Family Festival · University of Houston Libraries Exhibits |url=https://exhibits.lib.uh.edu/s/Houston-SLAB/page/SLAB-history |access-date=2025-03-15 |publisher=University of Houston Libraries}}</ref> === 2010s da bayan: ci gaba da juyin halitta === Shigar da 2010s, Al'adun Slab ya ci gaba da haɓakawa, yana daidaitawa da sababbin fasahar kera motoci da dandamali na dijital. Kafofin watsa labarun sun ba masu sha'awar sha'awa damar raba motocin da aka keɓance su tare da masu sauraron duniya, suna haɓaka ƙarin godiya ga al'ada. Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen, ainihin ƙimar al'umma, ƙirƙira, da ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiɗi sun kasance tsakiyar gadon Al'adun Slab na dindindin. Har yanzu ana nuna waɗannan motocin a cikin bidiyon kiɗa ta Houston rappers, kamar Kirko Bangz 's Cups Up Tops Down da Johnny Dang na OT na Mexico . == Abubuwa == Slabs suna da fentin "alewa" mai haske a cikin launuka masu launi, wanda ya bambanta da yawa na zamani masu launin toka, baƙar fata, da fararen motoci. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sau da yawa suna nuna tayoyin zinari da farin bango akan ƙafafun waya na chrome waɗanda za su iya fitowa kamar mazugi a kwance, ana kiransa "Swangas" ko "ƙwaƙwalwa." <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="McLaughlin" /> Hakanan za su iya nuna cibiyoyin wasan caca na tsakiya na "cartoonish", mafi tsayi shine {{Convert|24|in|cm|0}} . <ref name="Horncastle">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=Rowan |date=2022-08-18 |title=All you need to know about SLAB car culture |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Top Gear}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHorncastle2022">Horncastle, Rowan (2022-08-18). [https://www.topgear.com/car-news/big-reads/all-you-need-know-about-slab-car-culture "All you need to know about SLAB car culture"]. ''Top Gear''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kayan da aka kwaikwayi na Nahiyar wanda ya haɗa da dabaran keɓewar gilashin fiberglass da “ƙarfin gwiwar hannu” ana yawan saka su a baya. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Blue_Chevy_slab.jpg|thumb|Blue Chevy slab tare da kaho sama]] Motocin da aka keɓance galibi samfuran Amurka ne kamar Cadillac, Chevrolet, Lincoln, da [[Buick]] . Yawancin motoci ne na baya kamar Cadillac DeVille ko tsohuwar Chevrolet Impalas . Ƙila slabs sun rage dakatarwa daga na'urorin lantarki . <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Perez">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Samara |date=2020-05-25 |title=Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture |url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=KPRC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerez2020">Perez, Samara (2020-05-25). [https://www.click2houston.com/features/2020/05/25/made-in-texas-how-slabs-became-a-symbol-of-houstons-hip-hop-culture/ "Made in Texas: How Slabs became a symbol of Houston's hip hop culture"]. ''KPRC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wasu Slabs koyaushe suna buɗe ko "buɗe" kututtukan da ke ɗauke da alamun neon, amplifiers, da lasifika. Tsarukan sauti masu ƙarfi tare da ɗumbin subwoofers na iya tarwatsa tagogin kantin farantin karfe. <ref name="Hagerty">{{Cite web |last=Baruth |first=Jack |last2=Mehta |first2=Sajeev |date=2021-12-01 |title=Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hagerty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaruthMehta2021">Baruth, Jack; Mehta, Sajeev (2021-12-01). [https://www.hagerty.com/media/magazine-features/elbows-out-houston-birthed-the-slabs-a-car-culture-of-its-own/ "Elbows Out: Houston birthed the slabs, a car culture of its own"]. ''Hagerty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Masu su kuma suna sanya saƙon al'ada a ƙarƙashin murfin akwati. <ref name="Hagerty" /> Slabs sun yi kama da ƙananan motoci na Californian, tare da motocin Amurka na baya, launuka masu haske, ƙananan dakatarwa, da haɗin gwiwa tare da hip-hop. Koyaya, manyan ƙafafun, yin amfani da wasu motoci na zamani lokaci-lokaci, da kuma "popping" akwati ya sa Slabs ya bambanta da masu ƙasa. <ref name="Gessner">{{Cite web |last=Gessner |first=Daniel |title=The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Insider}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGessner">Gessner, Daniel. [https://www.businessinsider.com/slabs-swangas-custom-cars-houston-hip-hop-culture-2019-5 "The history behind 'slabs,' the custom cars with an important place in Houston's hip-hop community"]. ''Business Insider''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ƙirar motocin Slab yana ɗaukar ƙwazo daga motocin da ƴan fashi da makami ke tuƙa a cikin 1970s " Blaxploitation " fina-finai. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Eliott C. |date=2016-11-02 |title=Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2016-11-02). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/houston-slab-cars-music/index.html "Candy paint and elbows: Swangin' through Houston's slab scene"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Gessner" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q63h3o8qqzqwt35btgv3kwsnk0skwri 0 122246 892471 789521 2026-08-07T05:38:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Wata babbar mota a kan Bolaven Plateau, kudancin Laos, 2009.]] Sake sare dazuzzuka a Laos wani babban abin damuwa ne game da muhalli, tare da rasa yankin dazuzzukan Laos sakamakon sare dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Sare katako ba bisa ka'ida ba == A cikin 2020, an kama fiye da mita 2,600 na itacen da aka girbe ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma sama da tan 290 na haramtattun katako. Hukumomi sun duba masana'antar sarrafa itacen kuma sun gano 2,788 sun sabawa dokar gwamnati. Wasu masana'antu 1,636 da suka kasa aiki bisa ka'ida an rufe su. == Sha'awar kasuwanci a cikin gandun daji == Kayayyakin katako da aka yi niyya don shiga cikin Laos sun haɗa da ironwood, mahogany, pine, redwood, da teak-da sauran kayayyakin gandun daji—benzoin (gudu), gawayi, da sticklac. Dajin kuma ya kasance muhimmin tushen abincin daji, magungunan [[ganye]], da katako don gina gida har ma a cikin 1990s ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai kima na samfuran halitta don cin abinci na gida. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, noman katako na kasuwanci da yawa don kasuwancin ketare ya kawo cikas ga taron gargajiya na kayayyakin gandun daji a wurare da dama kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen [[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]] a duk fadin kasar. === Aikin noma === Kimanin manoma miliyan daya ne ke gudanar da aikin noma da kone-kone a shekarar 1990. Aikin noma yana lalata dazuzzuka sosai, domin ya hada da canjawa daga tsohon zuwa sabbin filayen gonaki don ba da damar gajiyar kasa ta farfado, tsarin da aka kiyasta yana bukatar akalla shekaru hudu zuwa shida. Yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi na adana katako mai mahimmanci don hakar kasuwanci ya haifar da matakan hana yanke-kona noma a duk faɗin ƙasar. Takaddamar da gwamnati ta yi na share dazuzzukan don noman sare-da-kone a ƙarshen 1980s, tare da ƙoƙarin sake tsugunar da ƙauyukan noma da kone-kone a hankali zuwa guraren ciyayi da suka dace da noman shinkafar paddy ya yi tasiri sosai a ƙauyukan tuddai. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Logging_on_Nam_Ngum_Lake-cropped.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Jirgin ruwa dauke da katako a tafkin Nam Ngum, 2011]] An yi amfani da albarkatun katako ta hanyar kasuwanci a kan ƙananan sikelin tun lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma yana da mahimmancin hanyar musayar waje. A cikin 1988 kayayyakin itace sun kai fiye da rabin duk abin da ake samu a waje. A cikin 1992 kayan katako da itace sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa zuwa ketare. A cikin shekarun 1950, [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] sun rufe kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin ƙasar [[Laos]]. A shekara ta 1992, bisa ga kimantawar gwamnati, gandun daji ya ragu da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku, zuwa kashi 47 cikin ɗari na jimlar yankin ƙasa. Ya zuwa 2021, manufofin gwamnati shine maido da gandun daji zuwa kashi 70 cikin 100 na ƙasar. Satar dazuzzuka ya karu a hankali a cikin shekarun 1980, a matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara na kusan kashi 1.2 cikin dari a farkon rabin shekaru goma a cewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) da sauran hukumomin sa ido. Wannan adadin yana wakiltar lalata kusan hekta 150,000 zuwa 160,000 a kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da sake dazuzzuka na shekara-shekara na kusan hecta 2,000. Gwamnati, duk da haka, ta ba da rahoton adadin sare itatuwa ya ninka wannan adadi. Sakamakon sare dazuzzuka daga share gandun daji don canza noma, cire katako don amfanin masana'antu da man fetur, da fitar da katako mai tsauri. Girman katako (roundwood) da aka cire don dalilai na masana'antu ya karu da kusan kashi 70 cikin dari tsakanin 1975-1977 da 1985-1987, zuwa kusan ³,000 m³. Koyaya, wannan ƙarar ta ragu da wannan da aka cire don dalilai na cikin gida (mai). Tsakanin 1980 da 1989, yawan katako da aka cire don man fetur ya karu da kusan kashi 25, zuwa kimanin miliyan ³.7 m³; an cire kimanin 100,000 m³ ne kawai don dalilai na masana'antu. A shekara ta 1991 waɗannan adadi sun karu zuwa kusan 3.9 miliyan m3 da 106,000 m3, bi da bi. Bayan bullo da Sabon Tsarin Tattalin Arziki, raba kula da gandun dazuzzuka ga kamfanonin gandun daji masu cin gashin kansu a matakin lardi ya karfafa karuwar amfani da gandun daji. A matakin tsakiya da na larduna, kamfanonin gandun daji masu cin gashin kansu ne ke da alhakin kula da gandun daji. === Shari'a === [[Fayil:Thailand.A2001334.0350.500m.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Wannan hoto ne na MODIS na 2001 na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A gabashin Thailand, yankin launin ruwan kasa da aka sare wanda ya mamaye tsakiyar hoton ya tsara iyakar ƙasar da Laos da Cambodia kuma shaida ce ta ci gaba da sare daji. Kashe gandun daji babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar yanki.]] Gwamnati ta yunƙura don daidaita manufofinta masu adawa da tsarin kula da gandun daji da kare muhalli. A cikin Janairu 1989, gwamnati ta sanya dokar hana shiga-da farko ta sanar a cikin Janairu 1988 a matsayin haramcin fitar da itacen da ba a sarrafa ba - ko da yake ana ba da keɓe bisa ga kowane hali. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan sanya haraji mai yawa na fitar da katako a kan katako da sauran kayayyakin itace, wanda aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren haraji na Yuni 1989. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1989, an sake ba da izinin katako, amma kawai bisa ga ƙididdigar da aka faɗaɗa ga kamfanonin gandun daji. Dangane da ƙuntatawa, samar da katako marasa tsari, duka katako ko katako sun ragu dan kadan a cikin 1989. Koyaya, a cewar [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya]], samarwa fiye da dawowa a shekara mai zuwa.<ref name="cs" /> An nuna tasirin hane-hane a fili a cikin kididdigar fitar da kayayyaki na shekarar 1989—fitar da katako da kayayyakin itace ya ragu da kashi 30 cikin dari daga shekarar da ta gabata. A shekara ta 1991, wata sabuwar doka ta hana duk wani nau'i na sare-tsaro har sai an samu sanarwa, da fatan shawo kan yawaitar sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma lalata muhalli. Koyaya, an sami ɗan tasiri mai amfani, kuma har yanzu sare itace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ya yaɗu. Shima safarar katako zuwa Thailand yana da mahimmanci. Firayim Minista [[Thongloun Sisoulith]] a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2016 ya ba da umarnin Firayim Ministan No. 15 wanda ya haramta fitar da kayayyakin katako da ba a gama ba ciki har da katako da katako. === Haɗin kai na soja ba bisa ka'ida ba === Yankin Luang Prabang Range, a kan iyaka tsakanin Laos da Thailand, ana zargin yana cike da shiga soja a Kasuwancin katako. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Dubi kuma == * Dabbobin daji na Laos == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Criminal Justice Response to wildlife and forest crime in Lao PDR |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/wildlife/Criminal_Justice_Responses_to_the_Illegal_Trade_in_Timber_in_South_East_Asia_v7.pdf |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |publisher=UNODC}} qd3wjqpdumjfamq1aibuue7irv5g8h3 0 122497 892350 815149 2026-08-06T19:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions (AfLIA)|abbreviation=AfLIA|type=[[International non-governmental organization]], [[Non-profit]]|headquarters=[[Accra]], [[Ghana]]|language=English, French, Portuguese}} Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Afirka da Ƙungiyoyin Watsa Labarai da Cibiyoyi ( AfLIA ), wanda aka fi sani da AfLIA, [1] kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta wacce ke da hedikwata a Accra, Ghana . [2] [3] Ƙungiyar ta yi rajista a ƙarƙashin dokokin Ghana a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta . Ana gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsarin mulki da dokokinsa . [4] A halin yanzu Cibiyar tana karkashin jagorancin Dr. Helena Asamoah-Hassan a matsayin Babban Darakta. [5] [6] == Tarihi == Gaskiya ce cewa ci gaba da rikice-rikice na ilimi, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar siyasa suna hana isar da laburare da sabis na bayanai a Afirka [1] yayin da rawar da tasirin sashen Laburaren Afirka da Kimiyya na Bayanai (LIS) da matsayinta a cikin ajanda na ci gaba an rage shi. [2][3] Halin da gwamnatoci da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki suka yi ya haifar da rashin kula da bangaren laburare da ke haifar da kalubale da dama da suka hada da; rage kasafin kudi da kuma rashin isassun kudade ga dakunan karatu. [1] Ganin cewa sau da yawa ana ba da shawarar ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ajandar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2030, AU Agenda 2063 da Ajandar ci gaba na ƙasa, akwai buƙatar ƙungiyar Labura ta Nahiyar don ɗaukar babban matakin bayar da shawarwari a madadin sashin LIS na Afirka. [2] Continental library associations serve as growth and high-level advocacy bodies for the library and information profession. They represent important platforms to discuss issues and further the cause of the library and information sector, at the continental level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Clare M. |date=2006-01-01 |title=Library associations in South Africa, 1930‐2005 |journal=Library Management |volume=27 |issue=1/2 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1108/01435120610647929 |issn=0143-5124}}</ref> In Africa, the idea of having such an Association had been nursed and widely discussed by many prominent African library and information professionals for many years but it was not until 2013 that one was finally created.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=AfLIA: paving the way for open access to a wealth of information |url=https://researchfeatures.com/2017/11/30/aflia-paving-the-way-for-open-access-to-a-wealth-of-information/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Research Features |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, an gudanar da taron ɗakin karatu na nahiyar don Afirka a Muldersdrift, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da taken; The Future of African Librarianship . Wannan shi ne taron farko na ɗakin karatu na Afirka kuma ya kawo a ƙarƙashin rufin sanannun ɗakin karatu na Afrika da masu sana'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=University of South Africa Library |date=13 May 2011 |title=African Library Summit 2011 Report |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/8781/10000901JB%202011%20African%20Summit%20Report%20NEW.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=UNISA Press @ Sunday Times Books LIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mbambo-Thata |first=Buhle |last2=Raubenheimer |first2=J |last3=Van der Linde |first3=G |date=11 May 2011 |title=The New African Librarian: Perspectives from the Continent: Selected Papers from the African Library Summit, Muldersdrift |url=http://unisapress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/07/07/the-future-of-libraries-in-africa-the-new-african-librarian-perspectives-from-the-continent/ |journal=UNISA Press, University of South Africa |access-date=12 December 2025 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021021856/http://unisapress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/07/07/the-future-of-libraries-in-africa-the-new-african-librarian-perspectives-from-the-continent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan gabatarwar da Dr. Helena Asamoah-Hassan ya yi a taron, an tattauna game da bukatar kafa kungiyar laburare ta Afirka a nahiyar da za ta samar da dandamali don tattauna batutuwa da kuma ci gaba da dalilin laburaren da sashin bayanai a Afirka. Bayan yarjejeniya, an ba da umurni ga Sashen Afirka na IFLA don kafa Kwamitin Bincike wanda aikinsa shine gudanar da binciken yiwuwar, tuntuɓar manyan masu ruwa da tsaki na LIS a nahiyar da kuma bayar da rahoton binciken ga Sashen IFLA Afirka. Kwamitin Bincike, kamar yadda aka ba da umarni, ya gabatar da rahotonsu ga Sashen Afirka na IFLA a lokacin Taron Tsakiyar Lokaci na Sashen Afirka a watan Fabrairun, 2013 a [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya]]. Sakamakon aikin da Kwamitin Bincike ya yi ya haɗa amma ba a iyakance shi ba; daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin AfLIA, shawarar sunan kungiyar, hangen nesa, Ofishin Jakadancin, Tsarin Mulki, membobin da ka'idojin membobin, kwamitocin da aka tsara da kungiyoyin aiki da kuma hanyoyin samar da kudade don ci gaba da kungiyar.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Asamoah-Hassan |first=H. R. |title=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions |url=https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/africa/publications/aflia.pdf |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, an yarda da shawarar kwamitin don kafa Laburaren Afirka da Ƙungiyoyin Bayanai da Cibiyoyin (AfLIA). Daga baya, an zaɓi kwamitin wucin gadi a taron Mid Term na Sashen IFLA Afirka don gudanar da harkokin kungiyar na tsawon shekaru biyu (2013-2015). Ana ɗaukar membobin Kwamitin wucin gadi a matsayin Majalisar Gudanarwa ta kafa kungiyar. Daga baya a wannan shekarar (5 ga Yulin 2013), an ƙaddamar da AfLIA a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗakin karatu ta Afirka a lokacin taron 2 na African Library Summit wanda [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] (UNISA) ta shirya a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick |first=Archie L |date=2014-10-30 |title=What's wrong with Africanization! |journal=Information Development |language=en-US |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=382–383 |doi=10.1177/0266666914552961 |issn=0266-6669 |s2cid=60584072 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Gudanarwa ta kafa ta fara matakai don shirya zaben farko na jami'ai da wakilai na kungiyar, wanda ya faru a cikin shekara ta 2015.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-20 |title=The future of African public libraries |url=https://bookaid.org/blog/2016/05/20/future-african-public-libraries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141454/https://bookaid.org/blog/2016/05/20/future-african-public-libraries/ |archive-date=2021-09-21 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Book Aid International |language=en-GB}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Kafa Majalisar Gudanarwa ta AfLIA (2013-2015) '''<ref name=":6"/> !Matsayi !Sunan |- |Shugaban kasa |Dokta Helena Asamoah-Hassan |- |Sakatare |Valentina Bannerman |- | colspan="2" |Wakilan Yankin |- |Afirka ta Tsakiya |Alim Garga |- |Gabashin Afirka |Jacinta sun kasance |- |Arewacin Afirka |Shawky Salem |- |Kudancin Afirka |Dokta John Tsebe |- |Yammacin Afirka |Marietou Diop |} A lokacin taron koli na 3 na African Library da kuma taron AfLIA na 1 da aka shirya a watan Yulin, 2015 a Accra, Ghana, AfLIA ta gudanar da taron farko na mambobi. A Babban Taron 2015, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar gyare-gyare don samun mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma babban darakta. An amince da wannan kuma an kaddamar da Majalisar Gudanarwa ta farko, wanda ya hada da, shugabannin sassan daban-daban. Kodayake an kafa kungiyar ne a watan Yulin 2013, an yi rajista a matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta (NGO) a karkashin dokokin Ghana a watan Oktoba 2014 tare da wurin zama na aiki a Accra, Ghana.<ref name=":6"/> == Kasancewa memba == [[Fayil:AfLIA_member_countries_(2019).png|thumb|  ]] AfLIA kungiya ce da aka fi nunawa ta hanyar membobin ma'aikata. Kasancewa memba yana buɗewa ga kowane kungiya, a [[Afirka]] da kuma diaspora, tare da sha'awar ɗakin karatu na Afirka da sashin bayanai. A halin yanzu, membobin sun haɗa da; Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Kasa, Litattafan Kasa, Littattafan Ilimi, Litattafuran Jama'a, Litattawan Al'umma, Litattan Makarantu, Ƙungiyar Litattafai ta Kasa, Cibiyoyin Bayanai da Bayanai, Cibiyoyi da Kasuwanci masu alaƙa da Bayanai da, Abokai na AfLIA / Litattafiyar, Litattoci da Cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ɗakunan karatu a Diaspora da Cibiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |title=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions (AfLIA) |url=https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/africa/publications/aflia.pdf |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=IFLA Publications}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Membership – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/membership/ |access-date=2020-05-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170105/https://web.aflia.net/membership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu, kungiyar tana da cibiyoyin mambobi 141 da ƙungiyoyi <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=SPARC Africa Announces New Partnership with AfLIA to Expand Reach |url=https://sparcopen.org/news/2021/sparc-africa-announces-new-partnership-with-aflia-to-expand-reach/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=SPARC |language=en-US}}</ref> da ke fadin dukkan yankuna biyar na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Regions of Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-regions-of-africa.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> kuma suna rufe 32 daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka 54. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar diaspora da cibiyoyin membobin duniya duk da haka, wannan rukunin membobin ya zama ƙasa da 2% na jimlar membobin.<ref name=":1"/>   A gefe guda, AfLIA kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Duniya da Cibiyoyin (IFLA) , wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke wakiltar bukatun mutanen da suka dogara da ɗakunan karatu da masu sana'a. == Gudanarwa == Ana gudanar da AfLIA a karkashin jagororin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Bye-Laws . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Governance Structure – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/about-aflia/governance-structure/ |access-date=2020-05-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165650/https://web.aflia.net/about-aflia/governance-structure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar tana karkashin jagorancin zababben Majalisar Gudanarwa, wanda ya kunshi Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Baitulmalin, Tsohon Shugaban kasa, wakilan yanki da shugabannin sassan da ke akwai, da Sakatariyar da Babban Darakta ke jagoranta. Babban Taron Shekara-shekara shine mafi girman shugabanci da yanke shawara na kungiyar. Mambobin Majalisar Gudanarwa suna da shekaru biyu kuma sabon Majalisar Gudanar da ke waje sau da yawa ya dace da Taron AfLIA na shekaru biyu da Taron Litattafan Afirka. Shugaban yanzu na Laburaren Afirka da Ƙungiyoyin Bayanai da Cibiyoyi shine Mista Alim Garga . Mista Garga ya maye gurbin Mista Mandla Ntombela a matsayin Shugaban AfLIA a watan Yulin 2021. <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=AU |date=20 May 2019 |title=Encouraging a reading culture in Africa; AUC and AfLIA sign MOU {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190520/encouraging-reading-culture-africa-auc-and-aflia-sign-mou |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=African Union |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170423/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190520/encouraging-reading-culture-africa-auc-and-aflia-sign-mou |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokta John Tsebe ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba na kungiyar daga 2015 zuwa 2019 kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa a matsayin tsohon shugaban kungiyar daga 2019-2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th International Summit of the Book Conference |url=http://www.bibalex.org/libraries/4summitbook/en/speakers/SpeakerDetails.aspx?ID=1030 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.bibalex.org}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Tun daga watan Yulin 2015, Dokta Helena Asamoah-Hassan ta kasance Babban Darakta na AfLIA . <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Research Features |date=1 November 2017 |title=AfLIA: paving the way for open access to a wealth of information |url=https://researchfeatures.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/TL-Helena-Asamoah-Hassan-AFLIA.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=Research Features Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Summit |url=https://www.bibalex.org/booksummit/About/SummitCommittee.aspx |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.bibalex.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AfLIA urges researchers to take advantage of open access articles – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/aflia-urges-researchers-to-take-advantage-of-open-access-articles/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Kwamitin Gudanarwa na AfLIA: 2019-2021'''<ref name=":2"/>''' ''' !Matsayi !Sunan !Kasar |- |Shugaban kasa |Mista Mandla Ntombela |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |Mataimakin Shugaban kasa |Mista Alim Garga |[[Kamaru]] |- |Babban Darakta |Dokta Helena Asamoah-Hassan |[[Ghana]] |- |Shugaban da ya gabata nan take |Dokta John Tsebe |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |Wakilin Afirka ta Tsakiya |Farfesa Rosemary Shafack |[[Kamaru]] |- |Wakilin Gabashin Afirka |Dokta Sarah Kaddu |[[Uganda]] |- |Wakilin Arewacin Afirka |Ms. Rania Shaarawy |[[Misra|Misira]] |- |Wakilin Kudancin Afirka |Ms. Elizabeth Matheus |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |- |Wakilin Yammacin Afirka |Dokta Chinwe Anunobi |[[Najeriya]] |- |Yammacin Afirka da ke magana da Faransanci |Mista Mandiaye Ndiaye |[[Senegal]] |- |Afirka mai magana da Portuguese |Mista Iaguba Djalo |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |- |Shugaban, Sashen Litattafan Kasa |Ms. Sarah Negumbo |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |- |Shugaban, Sashen Littattafan Ilimi |Ms. Nyarai Chibanda |[[Zimbabwe]] |- |Sashen Shugaban, Laburaren Jama'a da na Al'umma |Ms. Neemat Abdulrahim |[[Najeriya]] |- |Shugaban, Library Consortia |Ms. Cecile Coulibaly |[[Ivory Coast]] |- |Shugaban, Sashen Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Kasa |Ms. Comfort Asare |[[Ghana]] |- |Shugaban, Ilimi da Horarwa na Laburaren |Dokta Ayodele Alonge |[[Najeriya]] |- |Shugaban, Sashen Litattafan Majalisar |Ms. Chama Mfula |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- |Shugaban, Sashen Afirka na IFLA (wanda aka zaɓa) |Ms. Nthabiseng Kotsokoane |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |'Yan Afirka a Diaspora |Farfesa Ismail Abdullahi |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |- |Sakataren Majalisar |Ms. Doreen Appiah |[[Ghana]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin shugabannin AfLIA !Sunan !Matsayi |- |Dokta John Tsebe |2015 - 2019 |- |Mista Mandla Ntombela |2019 - 2021 |- |Mista Alim Garga |2021 - 2023 |- |Farfesa Rosemary Shafak |2023 - 2025 |} == Sashe na nau'in ɗakin karatu == A halin yanzu akwai sassan bakwai a cikin AfLIA. Mambobin sassan ne ke zabar shugabannin sassan a kowace shekara biyu. Shugabannin sassan sun zama mambobi na atomatik na Majalisar Gudanarwa. == Shirye-shiryen dabarun da ayyukan == Manufar hukuma, a cewar kungiyar ita ce "don karfafa ɗakin karatu da al'ummar bayanai don inganta tsarin ci gaban Afirka ta hanyar ayyuka masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke canza hanyoyin rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About AfLIA – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/about-aflia/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen kungiyar da ayyukan Sakatariyar ne ke gudanar da su tare da hadin gwiwar sassan da kwamitoci daban-daban (na ciki) da kuma abokan hulɗa. === Taron da Taron Zagaye === ==== Taron AfLIA da Taro na Laburare na Afirka ==== AfLIA tana gudanar da wannan taron ɗakin karatu a kowace shekara biyu. Sau da yawa ana kiran taron; taron AfLIA na nth da taron koli na ɗakin karatu na Afirka kuma galibi ana gudanar da shi tsakanin Mayu - Yuli a cikin kasashe membobin a cikin salon sauyawa. Taron da aka yi kwanan nan shi ne Taron AfLIA na 3 da Taron Laburaren Afirka na 5, an gudanar da shi daga 21-24 Mayu 2019 a Nairobi, Kenya. <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Jowaisas |first=Chris |date=20 May 2019 |title=TASCHA Researchers head to AfLIA Conference |url=https://tascha.uw.edu/2019/05/tascha-researchers-head-to-aflia-conference/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116213443/https://tascha.uw.edu/2019/05/tascha-researchers-head-to-aflia-conference/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=Technology & Social Change Group (TASCHA)}}</ref> Ana sa ran za a gudanar da taron na gaba, taron AfLIA na 4 da taron African Library na 6, a cikin 2019 a Accra, Ghana, a cewar kungiyar. Taron yawanci ya haɗa da ayyukan kamar bita da tarurruka na farko, takarda, hoton da gabatarwar magana, nune-nunen, kyaututtuka da zaman girmamawa, daren al'adu da sauran zaman ɓarkewa don Sashen Ƙungiyar don saduwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EIFL |date=1 May 2019 |title=3rd AfLIA Conference & 5th African Library Summit |url=https://www.eifl.net/events/3rd-aflia-conference-5th-african-library-summit |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=Electronic Information for Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=10 June 2019 |title=3rd AfLIA Conference and 5th African Library Summit – AfLIACon 2019 Recap |url=https://web.aflia.net/3rd-aflia-conference-and-5th-african-library-summit/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions}}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban Kenya, Mista [[William Ruto|William Samoei Ruto]], ya kasance baƙo na musamman na girmamawa a Al'adun Al'adu na taron 2019. <ref name=":7" /> Har ila yau, kungiyar tana gudanar da Babban Taron da Taron Majalisar Gudanarwa a lokacin waɗannan tarurruka. Taron AfLIA sananne ne saboda kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan tarurruka na kwararru da aka shirya a nahiyar, yawanci suna jawo ɗakin karatu da masu sana'a, gami da masu baje kolin galibi daga Afirka, da sauran sassan duniya. ==== Taron Laburaren Jama'a na Afirka ==== Taron Taron Laburaren Jama'a na Afirka shine taron nahiyar na shugabannin laburaren jama'a da masu tsara manufofi a Afirka. Ba kamar Taron AfLIA da Taron Litattafan Afirka ba wanda ke da niyya ga dukkan nau'ikan masu sana'a na LIS, ana shirya Taron Ltattafan Jama'a na Afirka tare da mai da hankali kan masu karatu da manajoji daga sararin ɗakin karatu na jama'a a duk faɗin Afirka. An gudanar da taron ne tare da kudade daga Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta hanyar Global Libraries Initiative, don zama dandamali don tattauna damar da za a samu don ƙirƙirar ɗakunan karatu na ƙarni na 21 waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci ga ci gaban al'ummomin Afirka, ƙasashe da nahiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-01 |title=Global Libraries |url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Global-Libraries |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.gatesfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=IFLA -- African Public Libraries Summit 2012 |url=https://www.ifla.org/events/african-public-libraries-summit-2012 |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.ifla.org}}</ref> Taron farko na Laburaren Jama'a na Afirka ya faru ne a [[Johannesburg]] a cikin 2012, wanda Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu ta shirya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weah |first=T. Michael |date=2012-01-01 |title=The African Public Library Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa, September 19‐21, 2012 |journal=Library Hi Tech News |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1108/07419051211294428 |issn=0741-9058}}</ref> <ref name=":9"/> Shaidar ta nuna cewa ba a shirya taron budurwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin AfLIA ba, saboda ba a kafa kungiyar ba kamar yadda a lokacin amma taron na biyu da na uku na Laburaron Jama'a da ya faru a Ezulwini, [[Eswatini]] (tsohon [[Eswatini|Swaziland]]), a cikin 2016 da [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin 2018 bi da bi, AfLIA ne ya shirya su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions Archives |url=https://bookaid.org/tag/african-library-information-associations-institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728170721/https://bookaid.org/tag/african-library-information-associations-institutions/ |archive-date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Book Aid International |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd African Public Libraries Summit {{!}} EIFL |url=https://www.eifl.net/events/2nd-african-public-libraries-summit |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.eifl.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd African Public Libraries Summit {{!}} EIFL |url=https://www.eifl.net/events/3rd-african-public-libraries-summit |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.eifl.net}}</ref> Tun lokacin da shirin Global Libraries ya zo kusa a ƙarshen 2018, ba a san lokacin da kuma inda za a gudanar da taron koli na African Public Library na gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peet |first=Lisa |title=Deborah Jacobs on the End of Gates Global Libraries and What Happens Next |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Deborah-Jacobs-on-the-End-of-Gates-Global-Libraries-and-What-Happens-Next |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Library Journal}}</ref> ==== Taron Roundtable na Ministocin Afirka da ke da alhakin Litattafan ==== A cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta fara wani dandamali na bayar da shawarwari wanda aka yi niyya don jaddada rawar da ɗakunan karatu ke takawa wajen samun ilimi da ci gaban ilimi da kuma bincika ci gaban da gwamnatocin Afirka suka yi ga bangaren ɗakin karatu. Har ila yau, taron yana nufin samar da jagoranci da jagora kan yadda gwamnatocin Afirka zasu iya haɗa ɗakunan karatu a cikin shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙasa da kuma kare rarraba albarkatu don cimma burinsu.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Arts and Culture hosts 3rd Public Library Summit and 2nd Ministerial Roundtable on Information Access, 3 to 6 Jul {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/ss/node/780706 |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Taron tebur na Ministocin Afirka da ke da alhakin ɗakunan karatu (wanda ake kira kawai Taron Ministocin Laburaren) yana da niyya da kuma lokacin kasancewar Ministocin Afrika da ko Ma'aikatu a ƙarƙashin ikon su isar da ɗakin karatu da sabis na bayanai ya faɗi, da kuma Daraktocin Litattafan Kasa ko Masu Litattafai na Kasa. Sau da yawa ana shirya taron ne a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatar gwamnati da ke kula da ɗakunan karatu, ta hanyar National Library ko kuma ba da izini ga ɗakin karatu na ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin, da kuma African Library and Information Associations and Institutions (AfLIA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerial Conference - Home |url=https://ghanalibrary.org/library/mrt2019/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=ghanalibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on the 3rd Roundtable Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Public Libraries in Africa – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/report-3rd-roundtable-meeting-of-ministers-responsible-for-public-libraries-in-africa/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu, an shirya Taron Ministocin Laburaren guda uku, wato 2017 da 2018.<ref name=":10"/> Taron Ministocin Laburaren kwanan nan ya faru ne a watan Oktoba 2019 a Accra, Ghana kuma taron ya samu wakilci daga Ministoci, Mataimakin Ministoci، wakilai ko wakilai da Daraktocin Laburaron Kasa daga kasashe 25 na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Ministers in charge of Public Libraries to meet in Accra for the 3rd Ministerial Roundtable Meeting on Information access – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/african-ministers-in-charge-of-public-libraries-to-meet-in-accra-for-the-3rd-ministerial-roundtable-meeting/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana hosts ministerial roundtable Confab |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-hosts-ministerial-roundtable-confab.html |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Library Authority {{!}} Article |url=https://ghanalibrary.org/article.php?cc=ebIuZB&chk= |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=ghanalibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANGOP |date=29 October 2019 |title=Angola at roundtable on public libraries in Ghana |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2019/9/44/Angola-roundtable-public-libraries-Ghana,8fd67f20-4a35-4221-95dc-e6873b6d2a39.html |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=Angola Press - ANGOP}}</ref> Wani babban ci gaba na taron Ministocin Laburare shi ne, Ministoci masu masaukin baki, wadanda ke kan gaba wajen shugabancin kwamitin ministocin, su fitar da wata takarda da Ministocin da ke halartar taron suka ba da izini bayan tattaunawarsu, wacce ke faruwa a cikin kyamara. Waɗannan sanarwar sun kasance masu nuni ga ci gaba da jajircewar Ministocin Afirka da ke da hannu wajen haɓaka fannin laburare a ƙasashensu. Taron Ministocin Laburare a cikin 2015 ya haifar da sanarwar [[Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=9 July 2019 |title=CAPETOWN DECLARATION |url=https://web.aflia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CAPE-TOWN-DECLARATION.pdf |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=IFLA |date=15 August 2015 |title=Cape Town Declaration (2015) |url=https://www.ifla.org/node/9767 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions}}</ref> Taron Ministocin Laburare a cikin 2018 ya haifar da sanarwar Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=16 July 2019 |title=Ministerial Roundtable on Information Access with regards to Africa Union Agenda 2063 and the Charter for African Cultural Rennaissance |url=https://web.aflia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Durban-Communique-ENG.-Final.pdf |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions}}</ref> Taron Ministocin Laburare a cikin 2019 ya haifar da sanarwar Accra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=11 May 2019 |title=3rd Ministerial Roundtable Conference on Information Access for African Ministers in Charge of Library Services - ACCRA DECLARATION |url=https://web.aflia.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Accra-Declaration.pdf |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=African Library and Information Associations and Institutions}}</ref> === Jagora da Ci gaba da Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban Kwararru === Jagora wani bangare ne na nasarar kowace kungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boga |first=Ilir |last2=Ensari |first2=Nurcan |date=2009 |title=The role of transformational leadership and organizational change on perceived organizational success. |journal=The Psychologist-Manager Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=235–251 |doi=10.1080/10887150903316248 |issn=1550-3461}}</ref> AfLIA tana aiwatar da manyan jagoranci guda uku da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru na ci gaba wato INELI-SSAf, AfLAc da IYALI. ==== Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya ta Masu Sabunta Laburaren (INELI) - SSAf ==== INELI wani shiri ne na ilmantarwa wanda aka fara tallafawa ta hanyar Bill da Melinda Gates Foundation ta hanyar Global Libraries Initiative. An kafa shirin ne don sauƙaƙe sauya ɗakunan karatu na jama'a zuwa injunan ci gaba ta hanyar tallafawa masu ɗakunan karatu masu zuwa don haɓaka sabbin ayyuka don amfanin al'ummominsu. AfLIA tana kula da aiwatar da shirin INELI na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbambo-Thata |first=Buhle |last2=Appiah |first2=Doreen |date=2017 |title=INELI-SSAf – "Bringing innovative libraries to Africa!" |url=http://library.ifla.org/2380/ |publisher=IFLA |language=en |type=Paper presented at: IFLA WLIC 2018 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Transform Libraries, Transform Societies in Session 153 - Poster Session. |access-date=2025-12-12 |archive-date=2021-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731112015/http://library.ifla.org/2380/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin ya jaddada inganta cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi na shugabannin ɗakin karatu masu tasowa a Afirka waɗanda suka haɓaka iliminsu, halayensu da ƙwarewar jagoranci ta hanyar yanayin ilmantarwa da cibiyar sadarwa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=2017 |title=INELI Sub-Saharan Africa Program |url=https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/africa/publications/ineli_sub.pdf |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions}}</ref> Shirin yana ba da darussan e-learning ta hanyar dandalin Moodle ga mahalarta.<ref name=":11" /> Bugu da kari, mahalarta sun taru don bitar horo a lokacin taron AfLIA kuma ana sa ran samun nasarar aiwatar da ayyukan al'umma kafin kammala karatun. An horar da ƙungiyoyi biyu har zuwa yanzu. An bayar da rahoton cewa an yi rajista a cikin 2016 kuma an wuce shi daga shirin a cikin 2018. Kungiyar farko ta kunshi mahalarta 32 daga kasashe 14 na Afirka.<ref name=":11"/> A cewar AfLIA, rukuni na biyu ya kunshi mahalarta 34 daga kasashe 10 na Afirka. ==== Kwalejin Jagorancin AfLIA - AfLAc ==== Wannan shirin yana ba da horo a cikin sabis don gina damar manajojin matsakaicin matsakaicin ɗakunan karatu don gudanar da ɗakunan karatu yadda ya kamata a wannan zamanin fasaha da bayanai. An haɓaka shirin AfLAc tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙungiyar Laburaren Jama'a (PLA) , Amurka, kuma an tsara shi a kan Kwalejin Jagorancin PLA . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shikuni |first=Katrina N. |date=2018 |title=AfLIA Leadership Academy (AfLAc) |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/296780e80c78e85e1eec6b9a1107e7af/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=646543 |journal=International Leads |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=17–18 |via=ProQuest}}</ref> Ana ba da horo ta hanyar haɗakar ilmantarwa, kuma an yi niyyar rufe gibin tsakanin gudanar da tarin kuma haɗa su, a gefe guda, zuwa al'ummomi kuma, a gefe ɗaya, yin ɗakunan karatu masu ƙarfi na al'ummomin, haɗakar da mutane, bayanai da ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AfLIA Leadership Academy (AfLAc) – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-leadership-academy-aflac/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kwalejin tana bawa shugabannin ɗakin karatu damar gano yadda za su iya ba da gudummawa wajen gina al'ummominsu, su kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin da ba na ɗakin karatu ba, da haɓaka cikakkun ayyuka waɗanda ke tasiri ga rayuwar yau da kullun na masu amfani da ɗakin karatu da al'ummomi.<ref name=":12"/> Baya ga horo na kan layi, mahalarta shirin suna taruwa lokaci-lokaci don bitar horo a lokacin taron farko na kungiyar kuma ana sa ran fara ayyukan al'umma, bisa ga matsalar da aka gano a cikin gida. Zuwa ƙarshen shirin, mahalarta sun fara shirin musayar ƙwararru zuwa Amurka ([[Chicago]] a cikin 2019 <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=22 July 2019 |title=AfLIA Leadership Academy (AfLAc) Cohort 1 embarks on a Professional Exchange Visit to Chicago |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflac-exchange-visit-to-chicago/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> da Nashville a cikin 2020 <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=17 February 2020 |title=AfLIA Leadership Academy Cohort 2 goes to PLA 2020 |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-leadership-academy-cohort-2-goes-to-pla-2020/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref>). Ƙungiyoyin AfLAc sun shiga ƙungiyar Kwalejin Jagorancin PLA don zaman horo na ƙarshe, sun fara ziyarar ɗakin karatu kuma sun shiga wasu zaman taron PLA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsh |first=Mary |date=3 April 2019 |title=PLA Debuts African Leadership Academy |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/pla-debuts-african-leadership-academy/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=American Libraries Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Bikin kammala karatu ga mahalarta Kwalejin Jagorancin AfLIA galibi ana gudanar da shi yayin shirin musayar. An horar da ƙungiyoyi biyu har zuwa yanzu kuma ana kiran ƙungiya ta uku, a cewar ƙungiyar.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":14"/> Kafin 2020, an yi niyya ga shirin AfLAc ga masu kula da ɗakin karatu na jama'a da na al'umma, duk da haka, an sake fasalin shirin kwanan nan don yin niyya ga masu kulawar ɗakin karatu na Afirka daga dukkan nau'ikan ɗakin karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=1 February 2020 |title=Call for Applications – AfLIA Leadership Academy Cohort 3 |url=https://web.aflia.net/call-for-applications-aflia-leadership-academy-cohort-3/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Shirin ga Matasan Laburaren Afirka masu kirkiro - IYALI ==== Wannan shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na gina iyawa ta AfLIA, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Duniya (IFLA), da Bayanan Lantarki don Litattafai (EIFL), amma EIFL ce ke sarrafawa.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=EIFL |title=Initiative for Young African Library Innovators (IYALI) |url=https://www.eifl.net/eifl-in-action/initiative-young-african-library-innovators-iyali |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Electronic Information for Libraries}}</ref> IYALI tana haɗa matasa masu ɗakin karatu tare da takwarorinsu a wasu wurare a Afirka, da kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, suna ba su damar koyo daga juna, faɗaɗa hangen nesa, samun sabbin ra'ayoyi da ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa don tallafa wa juna. Matsayin mutum a kan tsani na gudanarwa ba ma'auni ne don cancanta muddin mutum matashi ne. Koyaya, babu wani takamaiman ma'anar wanda ya cancanci zama matashi mai kula da ɗakin karatu. Babban manufar ita ce ta karfafa matasa da masu kula da ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Afirka tare da damar jagoranci don rungumar, saitawa da kuma cimma burin burin burbushin ayyukan ɗakin karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |title=The Initiative 'Young African Library Innovators' (IYALI) |url=https://web.aflia.net/the-initiative-young-african-library-innovators-iyali/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan ayyuka suna ba da gudummawa ga Ci gaba mai ɗorewa kuma suna ba masu ɗakunan karatu amincewa da hangen nesa don ci gaba da canza ayyukan ɗakunan karatu, tabbatar da cewa ɗakunan karatu a duk faɗin Afirka suna ci gaba da haɓaka don biyan bukatun mutum da al'umma.<ref name=":16"/><ref name=":15"/> === Gajerun darussan === '''''Darasi na Ci gaban Ilimi na Farko''''' Shirin da aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Neil Butcher & Associates horo ne na makonni 5 na kan layi wanda ke koya wa ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na jama'a da na al'umma yadda za su fitar da ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu ta hanyar fallasa yara a cikin al'ummominsu zuwa ɗakin karatu a matsayin mahalli masu wadata da karatu da kuma lokutan tarihi a matsayin windows na damar samun bugawa da wayar da kan jama'a a cikin harshen Ingilishi da yarensu. Abu mai mahimmanci, darasi ya gabatar da manufar da kuma aikin bude lasisi a matsayin hanyar kara yawan albarkatun karatu masu dacewa da shekaru a cikin harsunan uwa ta hanyar fassarar litattafan labaran da aka ba da lasisi. Wannan darasi yana gudana na makonni 5, kyauta ne kuma AfLIA ce ke sauƙaƙe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Role of African Librarians in Early Literacy: Report on an AfLIA Short Course {{!}} Education Links |url=https://www.edu-links.org/resources/role-african-librarians-early-literacy-report-aflia-short-course |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.edu-links.org |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092531/https://www.edu-links.org/resources/role-african-librarians-early-literacy-report-aflia-short-course |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Early Literacy Development Course for African Librarians Cohort 3 - Call for Participation |url=https://web.aflia.net/early-literacy-development-course-for-african-librarians-cohort-3-call-for-participation/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> '''''Hanyar buɗewa''''' Babban manufar wannan darasi shine samar da fahimtar da aka kafa game da bakan budewa a cikin bincike da ilimi ga ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na Afirka da bincike. Ana kuma koya wa mahalarta wannan darasi yadda za a ba da shawara don Budewa a cikin cibiyoyin su a yankuna masu dacewa misali, yadda za a inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da buɗewa, buɗe bayanai, buɗe lasisi, OERs da kuma jagorantar bayar da shawarwari ga manufofin hukuma da yiwuwar tallafi a waɗannan yankuna. Shirin da ke gudana na makonni 5 kyauta ne, wanda AfLIA ta sauƙaƙe kuma an haɓaka shi tare da haɗin gwiwar OER Africa of Saide . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saide |url=https://www.saide.org.za/article.php?id=150 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.saide.org.za |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100947/https://www.saide.org.za/article.php?id=150 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AfLIA Training Platform: Log in to the site |url=https://training.aflia.net/login/index.php |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=training.aflia.net}}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == AfLIA tana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi da yawa wasu daga cikinsu an jera su a ƙasa. * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]<ref name=":19"/> * Bibliotheca Alexandrina na Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bibliotheca Alexandrina |date=19 Jan 2017 |title=BA Signs Memorandum of Cooperation with AfLIA |url=https://www.bibalex.org/en/news/details?documentid=28346&keywords=aflia |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Bibalex.org |language=en}}</ref> * Cibiyar Nazarin Laburaren da Kwararrun Bayanai (CILIP) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagg |first=Sharon |date=5 February 2020 |title=Bilateral agreement between CILIP and the African Library and Information Association (AfLIA) |url=https://infolit.org.uk/bilateral-agreement-between-cilip-and-the-african-library-and-information-association-aflia/ |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Information Literacy Website |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[European Bureau of Library, Information and Documentation Associations (EBLIDA)|Ofishin Laburaren Turai, Bayanai da Ƙungiyoyin Bayanai (EBLIDA)]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AfLIA & EBLIDA - Memorandum of agreement - European Bureau of Library Information and Documentation Associations (EBLIDA) |url=http://www.eblida.org/news/memorandum-of-agreement.html |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=www.eblida.org |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021021643/http://www.eblida.org/news/memorandum-of-agreement.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Duniya da Cibiyoyin (IFLA) <ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoJustice |date=4 August 2017 |title=EIFL, AfLIA and IFLA Call for the Removal of a Commercial Availability Test on the Making of Accessible Format Copies in Malawi |url=http://infojustice.org/archives/38691 |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=infojustice.org}}</ref> * SAIDE da [[OER Afirka]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=31 Jan 2020 |title=AfLIA establishes a two-year partnership with Saide and OER Africa |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-establishes-new-partnership-with-the-south-african-institute-for-distance-education-saide/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Laburaren Jama'a (PLA) na Ƙungiyar Laburan Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsh |first=Mary |title=PLA collaborates on leadership training in Africa |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/latest-links/pla-collaborates-leadership-training-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728170722/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/latest-links/pla-collaborates-leadership-training-africa/ |archive-date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=American Libraries Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kungiyar Fasaha da Canjin Jama'a (TASCHA), Jami'ar Washington <ref name=":17"/> * Laburaren Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfLIA |date=11 February 2020 |title=African Librarians invited to contribute knowledge to Wikipedia, through a new Wikimedia / AfLIA partnership |url=https://web.aflia.net/african-librarians-invited-to-contribute-knowledge-to-wikipedia-through-a-new-wikimedia-aflia-partnership/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144552/https://web.aflia.net/african-librarians-invited-to-contribute-knowledge-to-wikipedia-through-a-new-wikimedia-aflia-partnership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title=AfLIA receives grant from Wikimedia Foundation |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-receives-grant-from-wikimedia-foundation/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016222414/https://web.aflia.net/aflia-receives-grant-from-wikimedia-foundation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Ilimin Ilimin Duniya (WIPO) <ref>{{Cite web |last=WIPO |title=Accredited Observers - International Non-Governmental Organizations |url=https://www.wipo.int/members/en/organizations.jsp?type=NGO_INT |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> * Kungiyar wallafe-wallafen ilimi da ilimi - SPARC Afirka <ref name=":18"/> * Neil Butcher da Associates (NBA) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=AfLIA partners with NBA to implement UNESCO OER Recommendations |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-partners-with-nba-to-implement-unesco-oer-recommendations/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=AfLIA partners with NBA for early literacy development project |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-partners-with-nba-for-early-literacy-development-project/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> * Gidauniyar William da Flora Hewlett<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=AfLIA receives funding to boost sensitization, capacity development and advocacy in inclusive openness in Africa. |url=https://web.aflia.net/aflia-receives-funding-to-boost-sensitization-capacity-development-and-advocacy-in-inclusive-openness-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * [https://web.aflia.net/statements-and-declarations-reports/ Bayanan AfLIA Bayyanawa da Sanarwa]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - sun haɗa da Bayanan game da Karatun Kasa da Kasa don Ci gaba; 'Yanci na Bayani; 'Yantar Samun Bayani da' Yancin Magana, Bayanan Cape Town, Bayanan Durban da Bayanan Accra, [https://eifl.net/system/files/resources/201708/malawi_marrakesh_statement.pdf EIFL, AfLIA & IFLA Haɗin gwiwa Kira ga Malawi don rungumar ruhun Yarjejeniyar Marrakesh] . * AfLIA Professional Reports - ya haɗa da wallafe-wallafen kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu na Afirka ke ba da gudummawa ga Agenda na Tarayyar Afirka 2063. == Ƙarin karantawa == Zaɓuɓɓukan wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa da rahotanni na fasaha tare da abokan tarayya. * Young, J. C., Lynch, R., Boakye-Achampong, S., Jowaisas, C., Sam, J., & Norlander, B. (2020). Bayanan ƙasa na sa kai a Kudancin Duniya: shingen ga aiwatar da ayyukan taswirar gida a duk faɗin Afirka. [Hasiya] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10184-6 * Lynch, R., Young, J. C., Jowaisas, C., Rothschild, C., Garrido, M., Sam, J., & Boakye-Achampong, S. (2020). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0266666920907118 Kalubale na bayanai don ɗakunan karatu na jama'a: Ra'ayoyin Afirka da mahallin zamantakewa na ilimi]. ''Ci gaban Bayanai'', 1-15. [[doi:10.1177/0266666920907118|https://doi.org/10.1177/02666920907118]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita. ''[https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43470 Ayyuka na farko na Ci gaban Laburaren Bayyanawa a Afirka]'' Project. Kungiyar Fasaha da Canjin Jama'a. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. https://web.aflia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/UNESCO-OER-Recommendation-Overview-for-librarians-_230802_093332.pdf == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Haɗin waje == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ikwmqx75frfbpeyy7wjii48gq9d5aay 0 122751 892143 745448 2026-08-06T15:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kisan Mackenzie Lueck''' ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2019. Lueck, dalibi mai shekaru 23 a Jami'ar Utah kuma ya ayyana kansa "ɗan sukari", wanda aka ruwaito ya ɓace <ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> kuma an ɗaure shi, ƙone shi, kuma an binne shi daga baya.<ref name="Slain Utah student Mackenzie Lueck's charred body was bound in shallow grave; suspect formally charged: DA">{{Cite web |last=Shapiro, Emily |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Slain Utah student Mackenzie Lueck's charred body was bound in shallow grave; suspect formally charged: DA |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/charges-filed-killing-university-utah-student-mackenzie-lueck/story?id=64243603 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Melendez, Pilar |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Body of Slain University of Utah Student Mackenzie Lueck Was Found Bound in Shallow Grave |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mackenzie-lueck-case-body-of-slain-university-of-utah-student-was-found-bound-in-shallow-grave |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> An kama Ayoola Ajayi, mai shekaru 31, kuma an tuhume shi da satar Lueck da kisan kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carissimo, Justin |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Man charged in death of Utah college student Mackenzie Lueck |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mackenzie-lueck-missing-university-of-utah-college-student-ayoola-ajayi-charged-murder-kidnapping-2019-06-29/ |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stauffer, McKenzie |date=July 22, 2019 |title=MacKenzie Lueck's accused killer to appear in court for second time |url=https://kutv.com/news/local/mackenzie-luecks-accused-killer-to-appear-in-court-for-second-time |publisher=[[KUTV]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, Ajayi ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin kisan Lueck kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku ba tare da salula ba.<ref name="GUILTY PLEA">{{Cite web |last=Harkins |first=Paighten |date=October 7, 2020 |title=Ayoola Ajayi pleads guilty to killing Mackenzie Lueck and the murder was planned before they met |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2020/10/07/ayoola-ajayi-pleads/ |website=sltrib.com}}</ref><ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY">{{Cite web |last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=October 7, 2020 |title=Man Pleads Guilty to Killing and Burning a Utah College Student |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/us/utah-murder-guilty-plea.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="ABC SENTENCE">{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Emily |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Man apologizes as he's sentenced to life in prison for Mackenzie Lueck slaying |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/man-apologizes-sentenced-life-prison-mackenzie-lueck-slaying/story?id=73792792 |website=abcnews.go.com}}</ref> == Mackenzie Lueck == An haifi Mackenzie Speth Lueck a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1996, kuma ta girma a garin El Segundo a cikin Los Angeles County, tare da ɗan'uwa ɗaya da ƙananan 'yan'Na biyu. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta El Segundo inda ta kasance a cikin ƙungiyar yin iyo kuma ta buga wasan polo na ruwa. Daga nan sai ta halarci Jami'ar Utah inda ta fi girma a fannin kinesiology da pre-nursing kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Chi Omega. Lueck ya yi aiki a wani kamfani na gwajin halittu na Salt Lake City <ref name="WHO WAS" /> kuma ya shirya yin aiki a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, yana magana da masu ba da shawara game da zuwa makarantar [[Ungozoma|jinya]] ko likita. Lueck ya shirya kammala karatunsa a watan Mayu 2020.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/> An haifi Lueck a cikin Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe . <ref name="WHO WAS">{{Cite web |last=Carlisle |first=Nate |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Who was MacKenzie Lueck? A mentor, a beach and animal lover and an empowered woman |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2019/06/29/who-was-mackenzie-lueck/ |website=sltrib.com}}</ref> Lueck ta yi aiki a matsayin "jarin sukari" watanni kafin kisan ta, tana ba da shawara ga jarirai masu son sukari kan amfani da aikace-aikace kamar Tinder don neman iyaye sukari. Ta yi alfahari da samun akalla irin wannan shirye-shirye biyu a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Ayoola Ajayi == Asalinsa daga Najeriya, an haifi Ayoola Ajayi a shekarar 1988. Ya riƙe katin kore wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki a Amurka. Ya taba karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Utah amma an hana shi daga harabar a shekarar 2012 saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da matsalolin visa da zargin cewa ya sace iPad. An ba Ajayi damar komawa harabar a shekarar 2015 bayan ya warware matsalolin da ya samu visa. Ya yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta amma bai kammala karatu ba. Ajayi ma'aikacin fasahar bayanai ne kuma ya kasance a takaice a cikin Sojojin Tsaro.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/><ref name="NBC GUILTY PLEA">{{Cite web |last=Whitehurst |first=Lindsay |date=2020-10-08 |title=Tech worker pleads guilty in death of Utah college student |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-e877a1931f7741b88ba8273ed3850d34 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A cewar masu gabatar da kara, shi da Lueck sun hadu a shekarar 2018 a shafin yanar gizon soyayya da ake kira Seeking Arrangement, wanda ke wakiltar kansa a matsayin dandamali don "mahaifin sukari" da "yara sukari" don saduwa. <ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY" /> <ref name="GUILTY PLEA"/><ref name="KSL GUILTY">{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=Annie |date=October 7, 2020 |title=Ayoola Ajayi admits he planned to murder Utah student Mackenzie Lueck before he even met her |url=https://www.ksl.com/article/50026688/ayoola-ajayi-admits-he-planned-to-murder-utah-student-mackenzie-lueck-before-he-even-met-her |website=ksl.com}}</ref> A cewar wani dan kwangila, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Ajayi ya nemi ya gina wani dakin sirri mai hana sauti a karkashin shinge na gaba tare da ƙugiyoyi masu tsawo a bango da kuma na'urar daukar hoto don shiga. Ajayi ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana so ya ɓoye barasa daga budurwarsa ta Mormon. Mai kwangila bai gamsu da bukatar ba kuma ya karyata shi.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/><ref name="DESERT NEWS CONTRACTOR">{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Amy |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Contractor says suspect in Mackenzie Lueck killing asked him to build a secret, soundproof room in the home in April |url=https://www.deseret.com/2019/6/28/20676740/contractor-says-suspect-in-mackenzie-lueck-killing-asked-him-to-build-a-secret-soundproof-room-in-th#contractor-brian-wolf-of-ogden-talks-on-friday-june-28-2019-about-how-ayoola-adisa-ajayi-wanted-wolf-to-build-a-soundproof-hidden-room-in-his-home-wolf-said-he-went-to-ajayis-home-in-early-april-to-discuss-the-project-but-felt-uncomfortable-about-the-request-and-turned-down-the-job-on-friday-ajayi-31-was-booked-into-the-salt-lake-county-jail-for-investigation-of-aggravated-murder-aggravated-kidnapping-desecration-of-a-human-body-and-obstruction-of-justice-in-the-death-of-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck |website=deseret.com}}</ref><ref name="LAW & CRIME GUILTY">{{Cite web |last=Naham |first=Matt |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Ayoola Ajayi Admits in Court That He Planned on Murdering Mackenzie Lueck After He Met Her Online |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/ayoola-ajayi-admits-to-murdering-mackenzie-lueck/ |website=lawandcrime.com}}</ref> Wani mai tsabta ya ce ta lura da kyamarori da yawa a gidan Ajayi, musamman a cikin babban ɗakin kwana.<ref name="LAW & CRIME GUILTY" /> Kafin ya kashe Lueck, Ajayi ya yi wa wata mace hari da ya sadu da ita a aikace-aikacen soyayya kuma ya gayyace ta zuwa gidansa.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/><ref name="NBC GUILTY PLEA"/><ref name="Other Charges">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jessica |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Man accused of killing Utah student MacKenzie Lueck will go to trial on separate sexual assault case |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2019/12/20/man-accused-killing-utah/ |website=sltrib.com}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2018, Ajayi ya gayyaci matar zuwa gidansa. Yayinda suke kallon talabijin a kan kujera ya fara "da karfi" sumbace wanda aka azabtar kuma yana ƙoƙarin taɓa ta da karfi. Lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙari ta tsere, Ajayi ta rataye ta kuma ta cinye ta aƙalla sau uku, ta haifar da "babban ciwo" kuma ta bar "harin rauni da cinyewa". A cewar Sashen 'yan sanda na Arewacin Park na Arewacin Logan, Utah, an kuma bincika Ajayi dangane da fyade da aka ruwaito a cikin 2014.<ref name="Other Charges" /> Wanda ake zargi da laifin bai gurfanar da shi ba.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY" /> Tsohuwar matarsa ta zargi Ajayi da barazanar sace wani kuma kashe ta, wanda ya sa ta yanke sadarwa da shi. Tsohuwar matar Ajayi ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa zai zama "mai tsananin tashin hankali" lokacin da ba ta yi abin da ya bukaci ba.<ref name="LAW & CRIME GUILTY"/> Ajayi ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna "Forge Identity" wanda ke nuna haruffa biyu da aka kashe kuma aka ƙone su. Littafin ya ƙunshi Ezekiel, mai gabatarwa, wanda a matsayin matashi "dole ne ya yanke shawara idan zai shiga cikin rukunin mai aikata laifuka, ko yaƙi don tserewa daga zalunci da ya kewaye rayuwarsa ta ƙuruciya. " An sayar da littafin a kan [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] kuma sunan marubucin ya kasance daidai da na Ajayi. Shafin Facebook tare da hotuna na Ajayi ya inganta littafin. Daga baya aka cire littafin daga Amazon.<ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/><ref name="LAW & CRIME GUILTY"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Kisan kai == A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2019, da sassafe, Lueck ya isa Filin jirgin saman Salt Lake City daga [[California]].<ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide">{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide |url=https://ksltv.com/417571/additional-details-released-with-formal-charges-in-lueck-homicide/ |website=KSL TV |access-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228002110/https://ksltv.com/417571/additional-details-released-with-formal-charges-in-lueck-homicide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani direban Lyft ya dauke ta kuma ya kai ta Hatch Park, inda ta amince da saduwa da Ajayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> A cewar lauyan Ajayi, Lueck ya sadu da shi a shafin yanar gizon soyayya a cikin 2018. Lueck da Ajayi sun amince da haduwa da zarar ta dawo daga California zuwa Utah.<ref name="GUILTY PLEA"/><ref name="KSL GUILTY"/> Lueck, wacce ta gaya wa direban cewa tana saduwa da aboki, an sauke ta da misalin karfe 3:00 na safe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Melendez, Pilar |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Body of Slain University of Utah Student Mackenzie Lueck Was Found Bound in Shallow Grave |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mackenzie-lueck-case-body-of-slain-university-of-utah-student-was-found-bound-in-shallow-grave |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref name="Salt Lake County District Attorney Reveals How Mackenzie Lueck Died">{{Cite web |last=Luperon |first=Alberto |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Salt Lake County District Attorney Reveals How Mackenzie Lueck Died |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/salt-lake-county-district-attorney-reveals-how-mackenzie-lueck-died/ |website=lawandcrime.com}}</ref> Ajayi ya shirya ya kashe Lueck kafin ya dauke ta, ya kashe bidiyon tsarin tsaro na gidansa don kauce wa yin rikodin kasancewarta a gidansa. Da zarar shi da Lueck sun kasance a gidansa a unguwar Fairpark, sai ya ɗaure hannayenta a bayanta tare da igiya da igiya kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya matse ta da hannunsa, ya ci gaba bayan Lueck ya gaya masa ya daina. Ajayi ya ce sai ya motsa Lueck ciki kuma ya maƙure ta da bel har sai da ta daina motsawa.{{Convert|5|cm}}<ref name="KSL GUILTY"/><ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide"/><ref name="STRIB SENTENCE">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jessica |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Ayoola Ajayi will spend the rest of his life in prison for killing MacKenzie Lueck |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2020/10/23/ayoola-ajayi-be-sentenced/ |website=sltrib.com}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Lueck ta sha wahala a gefen hagu na kanta. An kuma gano cewa ta rasa wani bangare na gashin kanta kuma tana da rami na 5 in) a cikin kwanyar ta.<ref name="Salt Lake County District Attorney Reveals How Mackenzie Lueck Died"/><ref name="Slain Utah student Mackenzie Lueck's charred body was bound in shallow grave; suspect formally charged: DA"/> Binciken gawa ya gano cewa rauni mai karfi a gefen hagu na kwanyar ta ya haifar da zubar da jini a kwakwalwa wanda ya kashe ta.<ref name="PRELIM">{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=Annie |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Hearing finally set 1 year after Salt Lake man is charged with murdering student Mackenzie Lueck |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/7/20/21331353/college-student-mackenzie-lueck-university-of-utah-murder-court-ayoola-ajayi-preliminary-hearing |website=deseret.com}}</ref> A cewar Lauyan Gundumar Sim Gill, shaidar ta nuna cewa Ajayi ya kashe Lueck don ganin abin da yake ji kamar kashewa.<ref name="STRIB SENTENCE"/> Bayan ya kashe Lueck, Ajayi ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya binne jikinta da wasu kayanta a bayan gidansa kuma ya jefa wasu kayanta cikin Kogin Urdun. Kashegari, ya ƙone gawarwakinta. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, bayan da' yan sanda suka zo gidan Ajayi don tambayarsa tambayoyi game da bacewar Lueck, Ajayi ya tono gawar Luecks kuma ya kai su Logan Canyon inda ya binne Lueck a cikin wani yanki mai itatuwa a cikin wani kabari mara zurfi.<ref name="GUILTY PLEA"/><ref name="NY TIMES GUILTY"/><ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide"/><ref name="STRIB SENTENCE"/> == Shari'ar aikata laifuka == A ranar 20 ga Yuni, mahaifin Lueck ya kira Sashen 'yan sanda na Salt Lake City don sanar da su cewa babu wanda ya ji daga gare ta tun lokacin da ta dawo [[Utah]].<ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide"/> A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, an kama wani mutumin Salt Lake City, wanda aka gano a matsayin Ayoola Ajayi, kuma an tuhume shi da satar mutane da kuma kisan Lueck, tare da lalata jikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> Masu Bincike sun gano cewa Lueck da Ajayi sun musayar saƙonnin rubutu da yawa a farkon safiyar 17 ga Yuni, <ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide" /> tare da rubutun Lueck na ƙarshe a gare shi yana da karfe 2:58 na safe.<ref name="Salt Lake County District Attorney Reveals How Mackenzie Lueck Died"/> Bayanan wayar salula sun sanya Lueck da Ajayi a cikin wurin shakatawa a karfe 2:59 na safe.<ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu gabatar da kara sun ce an sami hotunan Lueck a wayar Ajayi.<ref name="CNN GUILTY">{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Andy |date=October 7, 2020 |title=Man pleads guilty to aggravated murder of University of Utah student in exchange for life sentence |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/07/us/mackenzie-lueck-ayoola-ajayi-utah-murder-guilty-plea/index.html |website=cnn.com}}</ref> Binciken da ke kusa da dukiyar Ajayi ya samar da kayan Lueck da wasu daga cikin ragowarta. Musamman, wani sabon yanki da aka tono a cikin yadi ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ta ƙone, <ref name="Police continue to track digital evidence after arrest in the death of student Mackenzie Lueck2">{{Cite web |last=Sanches |first=Olivia |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Police continue to track digital evidence after arrest in the death of student Mackenzie Lueck |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/29/mackenzie-lueck-police-track-digital-evidence-utah-students-death/1607465001/ |website=usatoday.com}}</ref> ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta <ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide2">{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide |url=https://ksltv.com/417571/additional-details-released-with-formal-charges-in-lueck-homicide/ |website=KSL TV |access-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228002110/https://ksltv.com/417571/additional-details-released-with-formal-charges-in-lueck-homicide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda Utah State Crime Lab ya gano a matsayin na Lueck, <ref name="Police continue to track digital evidence after arrest in the death of student Mackenzie Lueck2" /> da ƙashi. Maƙwabta sun ba da rahoton cewa Ajayi yana da wuta a bayan garage a ranar 17 da 18 ga Yuni wanda ya haifar da "mummunan ƙanshi". Bugu da ƙari, an sami masana'anta da sauran abubuwa a cikin wata hanya da ke kusa. Masu bincike sun kuma bincika motar Ajayi wacce suka ba da rahoton cewa tana da ƙanshin gas sosai. A can, sun sami jan gas, mai kama da wanda ya saya a karfe 9:00 na safe 17 ga Yuni.<ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide2" /> Bayan an kama shi, Ajayi ya gaya wa lauyoyinsa inda aka binne Lueck. Lauyoyinsa sun yi aiki tare da masu gabatar da kara don gano jikin Lueck.<ref name="GUILTY PLEA"/> A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin yayin bincike, masu bincike sun sami [[Rashin jituwa (halayyar muhalli)|ƙasa mai wahala]] kwanan nan daga babban hanya a cikin wani yanki mai itatuwa.<ref name="Other Charges"/> A can, a cikin wani kabari mai zurfi, akwai jikin mutum da aka ƙone. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton cewa an gano jikin Lueck a Logan Canyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> Ofishin mai binciken likita ya tabbatar da cewa jikin na Lueck ne. A cewar Lauyan Gundumar Salt Lake County Sim Gill, bayanan wayar Ajayi sun sanya shi a Logan Canyon a ranar 25 ga Yuni, tsakanin 2:30 na yamma da 4:30 na yamma.<ref name="Additional Details Released With Formal Charges In Lueck Homicide"/> An fara shari'ar kisan Lueck ne a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, amma an jinkirta shi don masu gabatar da kara su sami karin lokaci don shiga cikin shaidu kuma su ba da shi ga Lauyoyin karewa Ajayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Givas, Nick |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Exclusive: Friend of missing 23-year-old Mackenzie Lueck speaks out about disappearance |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/exculsive-friend-of-missing-23-year-old-mackenzie-lueck-speaks-out-about-friends-disappearance |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> An shirya sauraron shari'a na kwana uku a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2020. <ref name="PRELIM"/> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2020, Ajayi ya yi ikirarin aikata kisan kai na farko da kuma cin zarafin jikin mutum na uku dangane da mutuwar Lueck. A musayar, masu gabatar da kara sun sauke tuhumar satar mutane da kuma hana adalci kuma sun cire yiwuwar hukuncin kisa. Lauyan Gundumar Sim Gill ya ce roƙon laifi ya ba da damar iyayen Lueck su fara samun rufewa da "ma'auni na adalci". <ref name="GUILTY PLEA"/> A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, Alkalin Gundumar na 3 Vernice Trease ya yanke wa Ajayi hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku ba tare da yiwuwar sallamawa ba.<ref name="NBC GUILTY PLEA"/><ref name="LAW & CRIME GUILTY"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Melendez, Pilar |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Body of Slain University of Utah Student Mackenzie Lueck Was Found Bound in Shallow Grave |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mackenzie-lueck-case-body-of-slain-university-of-utah-student-was-found-bound-in-shallow-grave |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref name="CNN GUILTY"/> Bugu da kari, an yanke wa Ajayi hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku saboda lalata jikin Lueck. Ya nemi gafara a kotu, kodayake Gill ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa bai yi imani da neman gafara na gaskiya ba. Iyayen Lueck sun ba da sanarwa, suna magana game da yadda ba za su taba ganin 'yarsu guda ɗaya ta yi aure kuma suna da yara ba.<ref name="ABC SENTENCE"/><ref name="STRIB SENTENCE"/> Mahaifin Lueck ya ce, "Yata Mackenzie Lueck budurwa ce mai dadi, mai ban mamaki tare da duniya a gabanta. Ita mutum ce mai kirki wanda ke kula da wasu. Yanzu, ba zan sami damar ganin fure a rayuwa ba. "Dan uwan Lueck bai iya farkawa ba. Ba zan taɓa gafarta wa abin da ya faru da ita ba. Ba za in taɓa gafartawa da dodon da ya kashe ta ba. Ba ni da rai a rayuwarta ba. Ba na ji fushi da na ji tsoro a cikin watanni 16 na ƙarshe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carissimo, Justin |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Man charged in death of Utah college student Mackenzie Lueck |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mackenzie-lueck-missing-university-of-utah-college-student-ayoola-ajayi-charged-murder-kidnapping-2019-06-29/ |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b4yczuqj5z084uyn51xyumpr18iwv88 0 122890 892582 786442 2026-08-07T11:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892582 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Mfantsipim''' makarantar sakandare ce ta yara maza a Cape Coast, [[Ghana]], wanda Ikilisiyar Methodist ta kafa a 1876 don inganta ci gaban ilimi, ɗabi'a, da ruhaniya a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] na lokacin. Sunan da aka kafa shi ne Wesleyan High School kuma shugaban farko shi ne James Picot, masanin Faransa, wanda ke da shekaru 18 kawai a lokacin da aka nada shi. Ana kiran Mfantsipim da lakabi da ''Makarantar'' saboda ta haifi wasu manyan makarantu kamar Kwalejin Prempeh . == Tarihi == An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa makarantar sakandare don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ilimi a [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] a 1865 amma ba a fahimta ba har zuwa 1876 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar sakandaren Wesleyan a Cape Coast tare da gudummawa daga 'yan kasuwa na gida da goyon bayan Methodist Missionary Society a [[Landan]]. Da farko an yi niyyar makarantar ta kasance a [[Accra]], saboda shawarar da Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yanke na motsa babban birnin Gold Coast daga Cape Coast zuwa Accra a shekara ta 1870. Koyaya, saboda tashin hankali na cikin gida da gaggawa don aiwatar da ra'ayin, an kafa shi a Cape Coast, kodayake akwai shirye-shiryen farko don daga baya motsa shi zuwa Accra, sake komawa wanda bai taɓa faruwa ba. A ranar 3 ga [[Afrilu]] 1876, an kafa makarantar a matsayin Wesleyan High School. === Tushen da Ci gaban Farko === An kafa Makarantar Mfantsipim a 1876 a matsayin Wesleyan High School a Cape Coast, da farko don horar da malamai tare da rajista na farko na dalibai 17. Tunanin kafa makarantar sakandare a Gold Coast ya samo asali ne daga 1865, amma ya ɗauki shekaru goma sha ɗaya don fahimtar wannan hangen nesa. An zaɓi wurin makarantar a cikin tashin hankali na gida da kuma buƙatar gaggawa don fara ma'aikatar, duk da shirye-shiryen farko na kafa ta a Accra.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> Shugaban makarantar na farko shi ne James Picot, wani matashi masanin Faransa, wanda ke da shekaru 18 kawai a lokacin da aka nada shi. Duk da ƙuruciyarsa da ƙarancin ƙwarewa, Picot ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon kwanakin makarantar.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> === Canjin suna da juyin halitta === A cikin 1905 wani digiri na makarantar, John Mensah Sarbah, ya kafa wata makarantar adawa mai suna ''M[[Mutanen Fante|Fants]]''; sunan ya samo asali ne daga "Mfantsefo-apem", <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> a zahiri yana nufin "dubban Fantes" amma a zahiri yana ma'anar "tattara rundunonin malamai don canji" da Fantes suka fara. A watan Yulin wannan shekarar, an haɗu da makarantun biyu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Cocin Methodist, suna riƙe da sunan Mfantsipim.<ref name="bagudu">Richard Bagudu (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVLmph0ZmxIC ''Judging Annan'']. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. {{ISBN|9781425960933}}, pp.&nbsp;22–23.</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, tsohon shugaban makarantar Mfantsipim, O. K. Monney, ya mutu bayan ya sha wahala daga ciwon daji na ɗan lokaci.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> === Canjin tarihi da fadadawa === Da farko an gina shi a kan filin Cape Coast Castle, daga baya aka tura Mfantsipim zuwa wurin da yake yanzu a Kwabotwe Hill a arewacin Cape Coast a cikin 1930. Wannan yunkuri ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki a fadada makarantar da ci gaba.<ref name="admis">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Mfantsipim School: History, Academic Excellence, and Admission Process |url=https://ghanadmission.com/mfantsipim-school/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204121412/https://ghanadmission.com/mfantsipim-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Al'adun ilimi da al'adu == Makarantar tana murna da abubuwan da suka faru a shekara-shekara kamar Ranar Magana da Kyauta, <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> wanda ya samo asali ne daga 1908, wanda Rev. W. T. Balmer ya fara. Waƙar yabo ta makaranta, Botae Pa, ta rera a abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ta ƙunshi tarihin makarantar, dabi'u, da burin.<ref name="admis"/><ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> === Kimiyya da Lissafi na Kasa Quiz 2025 === An shirya matakin ne don babban wasan karshe na Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Lissafi ta Kasa ta 2025 (NSMQ) a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2025, inda masu kare Mfantsipim School, masu cin nasara sau biyu Opoku Ware School, da Kwalejin St. Augustine za su fuskanci abin da ya yi alkawarin zama daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa a tarihin kwanan nan.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai ==   * Ernest Addison, gwamnan Bankin Ghana na yanzu * Paa Kwesi Amissah-Arthur, tsohon mataimakin shugaban [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] * [[Kofi Annan]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] * [[Kow Nkensen Arkaah]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] <ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> * Raphael Armattoe, masanin kimiyya, mai kishin kasa, marubuci <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * [[Albert Adu Boahen]], masanin kimiyya, masanin tarihi da siyasa <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]], shugaban siyasa, masanin kimiyya kuma Firayim Minista na Ghana (1969-1972) <ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> * Mohamed Ibn Chambas, tsohon shugaban hukumar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] * Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson, tsohon mataimakin shugaban [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] * Joe de Graft, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo; darektan farko na Ghana Drama Studio * [[J. E. Casely Hayford]], ɗan jarida kuma ɗan siyasa <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * [[Kobina Arku Korsah]], babban alƙali na farko na Ghana <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * John Mensah Sarbah, diflomasiyya, fitaccen lauya kuma shugaban siyasa a Gold Coast (yanzu [[Ghana]]) <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * [[Nana Kobina Nketsia V]], Babban Cif (Omanhen) na Essikado (British Sekondi) Yankin gargajiya a Yankin Yammacin Ghana <ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> * [[Alex Quaison-Sackey]], jami'in diflomasiyya, shugaban baƙar fata na farko na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniyashugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Kobina Sekyi, lauya, marubuci, mai kishin kasa <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * Tsatsu Tsikata, masanin kimiyya kuma lauya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsatsu Tsikata &#124; Who's Who in Ghana |url=https://whoswhoghana.app/legal-practitioners/tsatsu-tsikata/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |archive-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212222311/https://whoswhoghana.app/legal-practitioners/tsatsu-tsikata/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Arthur Wharton, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2014 |title=Arthur Wharton: the world's first black professional footballer in from Ghana |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/575218/arthur-wharton-the-worlds-first-black-professional-footbal.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Wadanda suka lashe gasar 1999 & 2014 2024 da 2025 na National Science and Maths Quiz <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> * Wadanda suka lashe gasar 2024 na National Science and Maths Quiz <ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2019 |title=Tears at Mfantsipim school amidst tight security |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tears-at-Mfantsipim-school-amidst-tight-security-781570 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Ghanaweb}}</ref> * Wanda ya lashe gasar Magana ta Kasa ta 2021 * Zakarun kwallon kwando na Sprite sau shida <ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132449/http://ghanaschools.info/listing/mfantsipim-secondary/ "Mfantsipim Senior Secondary School"]}}, Ghana Schools.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s2bb09sswzwpj3m4sbmy54n5hy2iq06 0 122963 892572 891422 2026-08-07T10:27:22Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362662865|Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]]" 892572 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Fidelis Uchenna Okoro''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 2021), wanda aka fi sani da Fidoko, mawaki ne na Najeriya, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, [[mawaƙi]] da kuma furodusa. A matsayinsa na memba na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu da tarin shayari, ya fitar da kundi uku, kuma ya samar da fina-finai huɗu. == Ilimi == Okoro ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=February 1996 |title=Notes on the Contributors |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Okike-321.pdf |journal=Okike: An African Journal of New Writing |issue=32 |pages=130}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reference to an independent source. (January 2025)">independent source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == === Ilimi === Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya a watan Mayu 1997.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}Ya kasance Babban malami a Sashen Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]]. Littafin Okoro na uku mai tsawo shi ne littafin The Rape of Regina (2002), wanda Cracking the Shell ya biyo baya (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umezurike |first=Gideon Uzoma |date=June 2017 |title=Redemptive Fantasy, Restoration and the Exigencies of Kleos and Nostos in F. U. Okoro's Cracking the Shell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317342262 |journal=The Muse |volume=45}}</ref> An sanya Cracking the Shell a cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar ANA / Jacaranda Prose ta 2009. Okoro ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, When the Bleeding Heart Breaks, a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tarin ya zama na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2006 ANA / Cadbury Poetry Prize . An buga tarin sa na biyu, Pimples and Dimples, a shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2012 ANA / Gabriel Okara Poetry Prize .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Waƙoƙi === Okoro ya fitar da kundi uku: One More Mile, Call on Me (2008), [1] da Baby Kpurunu m Ishi .''Jariri Kunupur m Ishi.'' === Fim din === Ashekara ta 2006, Okoro ta kafa Fidoko Films International . Tare da kamfanin, ya samar da fina-finai huɗu: Saved by Sin (2007), Peace of the Graveyard, Uzumagada: The Search for Inspiration, da Paradisico . [1][2]''Aljanna.'' Fidelis Okoro ya kasance mai ibada ga Shaidun Jehobah.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}Ya mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Zunubi ne ya ceci (2007) * ''Zaman Lafiya na Kabari'' * ''Uzumagada: Neman Wahayi'' * ''Aljanna'' == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   *   === Waƙoƙi === *   *   === Wasanni === * ''Hikimar Ostrich'' (1998) *   * ''Farfesa Zemzi na Ƙarshe'' (2005) * ''Quagmire'' (2010) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nwabuisi |first=Benjamin Abia |date=December 2020 |title=When the Shell Refuses to Crack: Ambiguity as Structural Conduit in Fidelis Okoro's ''Cracking the Shell'' |url=http://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/WHEN%20THE%20SHELL%20REFUSES%20TO%20CRACK.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ejesu |first=Onyemuche Anele |date=December 2020 |title=Ideology and Revolution in Twenty-First Century Nigerian Poetry: The Examples of Odio Odeimun and Fidelis Okoro |url=https://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/IDEOLOGY%20AND%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20TWENTY.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} == Haɗin waje == * Fidelis Uchenna Okorowallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] sukgmc7570bnb8tfx3hb4o5fu5gl35j 892579 892572 2026-08-07T11:07:07Z Mahuta 11340 892579 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}'''Fidelis Uchenna Okoro''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 2021), wanda aka fi sani da Fidoko, mawaki ne na Najeriya, marubuci, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, [[mawaƙi]] da kuma furodusa. A matsayinsa na memba na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], ya rubuta litattafai biyu, tarin shayari guda biyu, da wasanni biyar. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu da tarin shayari, ya fitar da kundi uku, kuma ya samar da fina-finai huɗu. == Ilimi == Okoro ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=February 1996 |title=Notes on the Contributors |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Okike-321.pdf |journal=Okike: An African Journal of New Writing |issue=32 |pages=130}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reference to an independent source. (January 2025)">independent source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == === Ilimi === Okoro ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa na Jami'ar Najeriya a watan Mayu 1997.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}Ya kasance Babban malami a Sashen Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]]. Littafin Okoro na uku mai tsawo shi ne littafin The Rape of Regina (2002), wanda Cracking the Shell ya biyo baya (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Umezurike |first=Gideon Uzoma |date=June 2017 |title=Redemptive Fantasy, Restoration and the Exigencies of Kleos and Nostos in F. U. Okoro's Cracking the Shell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317342262 |journal=The Muse |volume=45}}</ref> An sanya Cracking the Shell a cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar ANA / Jacaranda Prose ta 2009. Okoro ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, When the Bleeding Heart Breaks, a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tarin ya zama na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2006 ANA / Cadbury Poetry Prize . An buga tarin sa na biyu, Pimples and Dimples, a shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne na farko da ya zo na biyu a 2012 ANA / Gabriel Okara Poetry Prize .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Waƙoƙi === Okoro ya fitar da kundi uku: One More Mile, Call on Me (2008), [1] da Baby Kpurunu m Ishi .''Jariri Kunupur m Ishi.'' === Fim din === Ashekara ta 2006, Okoro ta kafa Fidoko Films International . Tare da kamfanin, ya samar da fina-finai huɗu: Saved by Sin (2007), Peace of the Graveyard, Uzumagada: The Search for Inspiration, da Paradisico . [1][2]''Aljanna.'' Fidelis Okoro ya kasance mai ibada ga Shaidun Jehobah.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}Ya mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Zunubi ne ya ceci (2007) * ''Zaman Lafiya na Kabari'' * ''Uzumagada: Neman Wahayi'' * ''Aljanna'' == Littattafai == === Littattafai === *   *   === Waƙoƙi === *   *   === Wasanni === * ''Hikimar Ostrich'' (1998) *   * ''Farfesa Zemzi na Ƙarshe'' (2005) * ''Quagmire'' (2010) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nwabuisi |first=Benjamin Abia |date=December 2020 |title=When the Shell Refuses to Crack: Ambiguity as Structural Conduit in Fidelis Okoro's ''Cracking the Shell'' |url=http://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/WHEN%20THE%20SHELL%20REFUSES%20TO%20CRACK.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ejesu |first=Onyemuche Anele |date=December 2020 |title=Ideology and Revolution in Twenty-First Century Nigerian Poetry: The Examples of Odio Odeimun and Fidelis Okoro |url=https://guofoundationonline.com.ng/ogbazuluobodo/admin/img/paper/IDEOLOGY%20AND%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20TWENTY.pdf |journal=Ogbazuluobodo: University of Nigeria Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}} == Haɗin waje == * Fidelis Uchenna Okorowallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] bq69uy2kces3751jfsqggddjg9lmlrl 0 123480 892508 748615 2026-08-07T06:46:19Z BnHamid 12586 892508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sian Samantha Blake (14 ga Satumba 1972 – 14 ko 15 ga Disamba 2015), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na dandamali Syan Blake, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya, wacce aka fi sani da rawar Frankie Pierre a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na EastEnders, wacce ta fito a shirye-shirye 56 tsakanin 1996 da 1997. Daga baya ta sami ƙananan mukamai a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, kafin ta yi ritaya don zama malamin harshen kurame da mai fassara.<ref>"Fears grow for former EastEnders actor missing with two sons". The Guardian. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</ref> An ruwaito cewa Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu sun ɓace a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015; makonni uku bayan haka aka gano gawarwakinsu a gidan Blake da ke Erith, London.<ref>"EastEnders' Sian Blake and her children confirmed dead". BBC News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016</ref> Abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, ya amsa laifin kisan gillar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a watan Oktoba 2016.[5] == Tsawon rayuwarta da aikinta == An haifi Blake a Walthamstow, London a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1972, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aiki ta Guildford.[6] Ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya uku, mahaifinta ɗan Jamaica ne.[7] Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin tana da shekaru shida, kuma mahaifinta ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha takwas. Ta ɗauki sunan Syan Blake a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai fama da cutar bulimia a shirin Kirsimeti na wannan shekarar na Casualty.[7] Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi ta waya a wani tiyatar likita, Blake ta sami matsayi mafi shahara: mawakiyar rai Frankie Pierre, wata jarumar da ta fito a EastEnders a shekarun 1996 da 1997. Da farko ta yi gwajin ƙaramin aikin jinya, amma an ƙarfafa ta ta yi gwajin aikin Frankie na dogon lokaci bayan ta burge furodusa. Da farko an sanya mata hannu kan kwangilar watanni shida, amma daga baya aka tsawaita kwangilarta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan labaran jarumar ya haɗa da soyayya da wani hali na yau da kullun wanda ya kawo ƙarshen aurensa a allon. Daga baya Blake ta ce ta bar shirin bayan ta sami wasiƙun ƙiyayya daga masu kallo waɗanda suka ga yana da wuya su raba gaskiya da almara.[8] Blake ta ci gaba da yin rawar gani a cikin Doctors, The Bill and Skins, da kuma fitowa ta biyu a cikin Casualty, kafin ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ci gaba da zama malamar harshen kurame, kuma mai fassara.[7][9] Baya ga talabijin da fina-finai, Blake ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da dama. Fim ɗinta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Joe Guy, Love's Labour's Lost, da Twelfth Night, yayin da daraktan daraktocin suka haɗa da Oxford Street a Soho Theatre da The Burial at the Almeida Theatre.[7] == Rayuwar kai == Blake ta zauna a Erith, London,[10] tare da abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, da 'ya'yansu maza biyu, Zachary da Amon, waɗanda ke da shekaru takwas da huɗu.[4] An gano cewa Blake tana da cutar jijiyoyi ta ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 bayan ta fara nuna alamun jijiyoyi a watan Satumba 2013.[2] == Bacewa da mutuwa == Blake da 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun ɓace a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2015.[3][11][12] A ranar 16 ga Disamba, wani ɗan uwa ya kai rahoton ɓacewarta ga 'Yan sandan Metropolitan. 'Yan sanda sun yi hira da abokin zamanta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, a wannan rana, kuma ya ɓace bayan kwana uku.[13] 'Yar uwarta ta ce Blake ta so ta kawo ƙarshen dangantakarta da Simpson-Kent "tun da daɗewa".[14] An gano motar Blake a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2016 a Bethnal Green.[13] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2016, 'yan sanda sun binciki gidan Blake suka sami gawawwaki uku a cikin lambun. Sun fara binciken kisan kai.[15] A ranar 7 ga Janairu, masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa an gano gawawwakin Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu, kuma sun ce kowannensu ya mutu sakamakon raunukan kai da wuya.[4] 'Yan sanda sun ce ana neman Simpson-Kent dangane da mutuwar; BBC ta ruwaito cewa ana kyautata zaton ya tafi Ghana a watan Disamba.[4] A ranar 9 ga Janairu, wani mai magana da yawun Scotland Yard ya ce 'yan sanda a Ghana sun kama Simpson-Kent,[16][17] bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa can a ranar 19 ga Disamba; an tsare shi na tsawon makonni biyu.[10] Lauyan Simpson-Kent, Mai Shari'a Srem-Sai, ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a sake shi daga gidan yari har sai an fara shari'ar mika shi ga hukuma. Dangane da tsarin shari'a, Srem-Sai ya ce "dole ne a sake shi har sai kun sami cikakken ikon tsare shi. Ba a ba shi cikakken hakkinsa ba, gami da damar samun lauya. Ana hana shi haƙƙinsa na yin shari'a mai adalci kuma har yanzu ana hana shi."[18] A ranar 26 ga Janairu, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a zaman sauraron ƙara a Accra, inda ya shaida wa kotun cewa zai koma Birtaniya da son ransa.[19] Simpson-Kent ya koma Birtaniya a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2016 kuma aka kama shi a Filin Jirgin Sama na Heathrow, bayan haka aka tuhume shi da kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu biyu.[20] A ranar 10 ga Yuni, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a Old Bailey inda ya amsa laifin kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu maza biyu.[21] A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2016, Mista Justice Singh ya yanke wa Simpson-Kent hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, ma'ana ba zai cancanci a yi masa afuwa ba kuma da wuya a sake shi daga gidan yari.[5] A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2016, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun miƙa kansu ga Hukumar Koke-koken 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta kan yadda suka tafiyar da binciken. Game da batun, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun ce "Yan sandan Metropolitan a yau, Laraba 6 ga Janairu, sun yi tayin neman afuwa ga wani mutum da ya aikata laifin.ga Hukumar Korafe-korafen 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta dangane da binciken Sian Blake wanda ya ɓace. Wani bita na farko ya nuna wasu matsaloli da ka iya tasowa game da yadda ake gudanar da bincike da tantance sakamakon binciken mutanen da suka ɓace. An sanar da Hukumar Ka'idojin Ƙwarewa a ranar Litinin, 4 ga Janairu, kuma tana aiki tare da ƙungiyar bincike don fahimtar cikakken lokacin hulɗar 'yan sanda da iyalin."[22] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2015]] ix3gx23s11ffhi2grh7k85stzjda47s 892509 892508 2026-08-07T06:47:56Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 892509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sian Samantha Blake (14 ga Satumba 1972<ref>{{cite news|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/F4tpdCwgXNZ-cbtSqBp2gS2aBSU/appointments|title=Companies House Appointments|publisher=Companies House|date=1 September 1999|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> – 14 ko 15 ga Disamba 2015<ref name="Sentencing remarks">{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/final-sentencing-remarks-r-v-simpson-kent.pdf|title=Sentencing remarks by Mr Justice Singh: R -v- Simpson-Kent|publisher=Judiciary of England and Wales|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na dandamali Syan Blake, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya, wacce aka fi sani da rawar Frankie Pierre a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na EastEnders, wacce ta fito a shirye-shirye 56 tsakanin 1996 da 1997. Daga baya ta sami ƙananan mukamai a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, kafin ta yi ritaya don zama malamin harshen kurame da mai fassara.<ref>"Fears grow for former EastEnders actor missing with two sons". The Guardian. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</ref> An ruwaito cewa Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu sun ɓace a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015; makonni uku bayan haka aka gano gawarwakinsu a gidan Blake da ke Erith, London.<ref>"EastEnders' Sian Blake and her children confirmed dead". BBC News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016</ref> Abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, ya amsa laifin kisan gillar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a watan Oktoba 2016.[5] == Tsawon rayuwarta da aikinta == An haifi Blake a Walthamstow, London a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1972, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aiki ta Guildford.[6] Ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya uku, mahaifinta ɗan Jamaica ne.[7] Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin tana da shekaru shida, kuma mahaifinta ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha takwas. Ta ɗauki sunan Syan Blake a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai fama da cutar bulimia a shirin Kirsimeti na wannan shekarar na Casualty.[7] Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi ta waya a wani tiyatar likita, Blake ta sami matsayi mafi shahara: mawakiyar rai Frankie Pierre, wata jarumar da ta fito a EastEnders a shekarun 1996 da 1997. Da farko ta yi gwajin ƙaramin aikin jinya, amma an ƙarfafa ta ta yi gwajin aikin Frankie na dogon lokaci bayan ta burge furodusa. Da farko an sanya mata hannu kan kwangilar watanni shida, amma daga baya aka tsawaita kwangilarta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan labaran jarumar ya haɗa da soyayya da wani hali na yau da kullun wanda ya kawo ƙarshen aurensa a allon. Daga baya Blake ta ce ta bar shirin bayan ta sami wasiƙun ƙiyayya daga masu kallo waɗanda suka ga yana da wuya su raba gaskiya da almara.[8] Blake ta ci gaba da yin rawar gani a cikin Doctors, The Bill and Skins, da kuma fitowa ta biyu a cikin Casualty, kafin ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ci gaba da zama malamar harshen kurame, kuma mai fassara.[7][9] Baya ga talabijin da fina-finai, Blake ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da dama. Fim ɗinta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Joe Guy, Love's Labour's Lost, da Twelfth Night, yayin da daraktan daraktocin suka haɗa da Oxford Street a Soho Theatre da The Burial at the Almeida Theatre.[7] == Rayuwar kai == Blake ta zauna a Erith, London,[10] tare da abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, da 'ya'yansu maza biyu, Zachary da Amon, waɗanda ke da shekaru takwas da huɗu.[4] An gano cewa Blake tana da cutar jijiyoyi ta ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 bayan ta fara nuna alamun jijiyoyi a watan Satumba 2013.[2] == Bacewa da mutuwa == Blake da 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun ɓace a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2015.[3][11][12] A ranar 16 ga Disamba, wani ɗan uwa ya kai rahoton ɓacewarta ga 'Yan sandan Metropolitan. 'Yan sanda sun yi hira da abokin zamanta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, a wannan rana, kuma ya ɓace bayan kwana uku.[13] 'Yar uwarta ta ce Blake ta so ta kawo ƙarshen dangantakarta da Simpson-Kent "tun da daɗewa".[14] An gano motar Blake a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2016 a Bethnal Green.[13] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2016, 'yan sanda sun binciki gidan Blake suka sami gawawwaki uku a cikin lambun. Sun fara binciken kisan kai.[15] A ranar 7 ga Janairu, masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa an gano gawawwakin Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu, kuma sun ce kowannensu ya mutu sakamakon raunukan kai da wuya.[4] 'Yan sanda sun ce ana neman Simpson-Kent dangane da mutuwar; BBC ta ruwaito cewa ana kyautata zaton ya tafi Ghana a watan Disamba.[4] A ranar 9 ga Janairu, wani mai magana da yawun Scotland Yard ya ce 'yan sanda a Ghana sun kama Simpson-Kent,[16][17] bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa can a ranar 19 ga Disamba; an tsare shi na tsawon makonni biyu.[10] Lauyan Simpson-Kent, Mai Shari'a Srem-Sai, ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a sake shi daga gidan yari har sai an fara shari'ar mika shi ga hukuma. Dangane da tsarin shari'a, Srem-Sai ya ce "dole ne a sake shi har sai kun sami cikakken ikon tsare shi. Ba a ba shi cikakken hakkinsa ba, gami da damar samun lauya. Ana hana shi haƙƙinsa na yin shari'a mai adalci kuma har yanzu ana hana shi."[18] A ranar 26 ga Janairu, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a zaman sauraron ƙara a Accra, inda ya shaida wa kotun cewa zai koma Birtaniya da son ransa.[19] Simpson-Kent ya koma Birtaniya a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2016 kuma aka kama shi a Filin Jirgin Sama na Heathrow, bayan haka aka tuhume shi da kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu biyu.[20] A ranar 10 ga Yuni, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a Old Bailey inda ya amsa laifin kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu maza biyu.[21] A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2016, Mista Justice Singh ya yanke wa Simpson-Kent hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, ma'ana ba zai cancanci a yi masa afuwa ba kuma da wuya a sake shi daga gidan yari.[5] A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2016, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun miƙa kansu ga Hukumar Koke-koken 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta kan yadda suka tafiyar da binciken. Game da batun, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun ce "Yan sandan Metropolitan a yau, Laraba 6 ga Janairu, sun yi tayin neman afuwa ga wani mutum da ya aikata laifin.ga Hukumar Korafe-korafen 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta dangane da binciken Sian Blake wanda ya ɓace. Wani bita na farko ya nuna wasu matsaloli da ka iya tasowa game da yadda ake gudanar da bincike da tantance sakamakon binciken mutanen da suka ɓace. An sanar da Hukumar Ka'idojin Ƙwarewa a ranar Litinin, 4 ga Janairu, kuma tana aiki tare da ƙungiyar bincike don fahimtar cikakken lokacin hulɗar 'yan sanda da iyalin."[22] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2015]] srfjtsdc5qlmvwjavy2yu3vcghpxjd1 892510 892509 2026-08-07T06:50:25Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 892510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sian Samantha Blake (14 ga Satumba 1972<ref>{{cite news|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/F4tpdCwgXNZ-cbtSqBp2gS2aBSU/appointments|title=Companies House Appointments|publisher=Companies House|date=1 September 1999|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> – 14 ko 15 ga Disamba 2015<ref name="Sentencing remarks">{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/final-sentencing-remarks-r-v-simpson-kent.pdf|title=Sentencing remarks by Mr Justice Singh: R -v- Simpson-Kent|publisher=Judiciary of England and Wales|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na dandamali Syan Blake, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya, wacce aka fi sani da rawar Frankie Pierre a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na EastEnders, wacce ta fito a shirye-shirye 56 tsakanin 1996 da 1997. Daga baya ta sami ƙananan mukamai a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, kafin ta yi ritaya don zama malamin harshen kurame da mai fassara.<ref>"Fears grow for former EastEnders actor missing with two sons". The Guardian. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</ref> An ruwaito cewa Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu sun ɓace a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015; makonni uku bayan haka aka gano gawarwakinsu a gidan Blake da ke Erith, London.<ref>"EastEnders' Sian Blake and her children confirmed dead". BBC News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016</ref> Abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, ya amsa laifin kisan gillar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a watan Oktoba 2016.<ref name="whole">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-37565626|title=Life sentence for ex-Easteners' actress Sian Blake killer|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=5 October 2016|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> == Tsawon rayuwarta da aikinta == An haifi Blake a Walthamstow, London a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1972, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon shirin fim ta Guildford.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sian Blake murder: Guildford School of Acting pays tribute to former student and EastEnders star |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/sian-blake-murder-guildford-school-10700286.amp |website=[[SurreyLive]] |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama daga cikin 'ya'ya uku, mahaifinta ɗan Jamaica ne.[7] Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin tana da shekaru shida, kuma mahaifinta ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha takwas. Ta ɗauki sunan Syan Blake a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai fama da cutar bulimia a shirin Kirsimeti na wannan shekarar na Casualty.[7] Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi ta waya a wani tiyatar likita, Blake ta sami matsayi mafi shahara: mawakiyar rai Frankie Pierre, wata jarumar da ta fito a EastEnders a shekarun 1996 da 1997. Da farko ta yi gwajin ƙaramin aikin jinya, amma an ƙarfafa ta ta yi gwajin aikin Frankie na dogon lokaci bayan ta burge furodusa. Da farko an sanya mata hannu kan kwangilar watanni shida, amma daga baya aka tsawaita kwangilarta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan labaran jarumar ya haɗa da soyayya da wani hali na yau da kullun wanda ya kawo ƙarshen aurensa a allon. Daga baya Blake ta ce ta bar shirin bayan ta sami wasiƙun ƙiyayya daga masu kallo waɗanda suka ga yana da wuya su raba gaskiya da almara.[8] Blake ta ci gaba da yin rawar gani a cikin Doctors, The Bill and Skins, da kuma fitowa ta biyu a cikin Casualty, kafin ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ci gaba da zama malamar harshen kurame, kuma mai fassara.[7][9] Baya ga talabijin da fina-finai, Blake ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da dama. Fim ɗinta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Joe Guy, Love's Labour's Lost, da Twelfth Night, yayin da daraktan daraktocin suka haɗa da Oxford Street a Soho Theatre da The Burial at the Almeida Theatre.[7] == Rayuwar kai == Blake ta zauna a Erith, London,[10] tare da abokin aikinta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, da 'ya'yansu maza biyu, Zachary da Amon, waɗanda ke da shekaru takwas da huɗu.[4] An gano cewa Blake tana da cutar jijiyoyi ta ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 bayan ta fara nuna alamun jijiyoyi a watan Satumba 2013.[2] == Bacewa da mutuwa == Blake da 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun ɓace a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2015.[3][11][12] A ranar 16 ga Disamba, wani ɗan uwa ya kai rahoton ɓacewarta ga 'Yan sandan Metropolitan. 'Yan sanda sun yi hira da abokin zamanta, Arthur Simpson-Kent, a wannan rana, kuma ya ɓace bayan kwana uku.[13] 'Yar uwarta ta ce Blake ta so ta kawo ƙarshen dangantakarta da Simpson-Kent "tun da daɗewa".[14] An gano motar Blake a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2016 a Bethnal Green.[13] A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2016, 'yan sanda sun binciki gidan Blake suka sami gawawwaki uku a cikin lambun. Sun fara binciken kisan kai.[15] A ranar 7 ga Janairu, masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa an gano gawawwakin Blake da 'ya'yanta biyu, kuma sun ce kowannensu ya mutu sakamakon raunukan kai da wuya.[4] 'Yan sanda sun ce ana neman Simpson-Kent dangane da mutuwar; BBC ta ruwaito cewa ana kyautata zaton ya tafi Ghana a watan Disamba.[4] A ranar 9 ga Janairu, wani mai magana da yawun Scotland Yard ya ce 'yan sanda a Ghana sun kama Simpson-Kent,[16][17] bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa can a ranar 19 ga Disamba; an tsare shi na tsawon makonni biyu.[10] Lauyan Simpson-Kent, Mai Shari'a Srem-Sai, ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a sake shi daga gidan yari har sai an fara shari'ar mika shi ga hukuma. Dangane da tsarin shari'a, Srem-Sai ya ce "dole ne a sake shi har sai kun sami cikakken ikon tsare shi. Ba a ba shi cikakken hakkinsa ba, gami da damar samun lauya. Ana hana shi haƙƙinsa na yin shari'a mai adalci kuma har yanzu ana hana shi."[18] A ranar 26 ga Janairu, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a zaman sauraron ƙara a Accra, inda ya shaida wa kotun cewa zai koma Birtaniya da son ransa.[19] Simpson-Kent ya koma Birtaniya a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2016 kuma aka kama shi a Filin Jirgin Sama na Heathrow, bayan haka aka tuhume shi da kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu biyu.[20] A ranar 10 ga Yuni, Simpson-Kent ya bayyana a Old Bailey inda ya amsa laifin kisan Blake da 'ya'yansu maza biyu.[21] A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2016, Mista Justice Singh ya yanke wa Simpson-Kent hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, ma'ana ba zai cancanci a yi masa afuwa ba kuma da wuya a sake shi daga gidan yari.[5] A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2016, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun miƙa kansu ga Hukumar Koke-koken 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta kan yadda suka tafiyar da binciken. Game da batun, 'Yan sandan Metropolitan sun ce "Yan sandan Metropolitan a yau, Laraba 6 ga Janairu, sun yi tayin neman afuwa ga wani mutum da ya aikata laifin.ga Hukumar Korafe-korafen 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta dangane da binciken Sian Blake wanda ya ɓace. Wani bita na farko ya nuna wasu matsaloli da ka iya tasowa game da yadda ake gudanar da bincike da tantance sakamakon binciken mutanen da suka ɓace. An sanar da Hukumar Ka'idojin Ƙwarewa a ranar Litinin, 4 ga Janairu, kuma tana aiki tare da ƙungiyar bincike don fahimtar cikakken lokacin hulɗar 'yan sanda da iyalin."[22] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2015]] 4jqzdcrxqmqo3dujo9mp0fmhagd8f7t 0 123518 892201 770612 2026-08-06T16:33:36Z Birgediya 44139 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350747781|Onyeka Igwe]]" 892201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya fada The Aba Women's Riots na 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gh2neb77qnvhfimmn1y4zo6pwnswfrc 892202 892201 2026-08-06T16:34:42Z Birgediya 44139 892202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya fada The Aba Women's Riots na 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ahgjkc0pyic6owq1beqxcfum8mz039 892203 892202 2026-08-06T16:35:04Z Birgediya 44139 892203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya fada The Aba Women's Riots na 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 001b0i1354yr0r9udncqhmbmo6jasot 892204 892203 2026-08-06T16:35:14Z Birgediya 44139 892204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya fada The Aba Women's Riots na 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7fmsmmxmuh4lfk31q1c31fesxbuexbp 892205 892204 2026-08-06T16:35:32Z Birgediya 44139 892205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya fada The Aba Women's Riots na 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 02z8fhqr84s4hg6lp2jhy002zhn4173 892206 892205 2026-08-06T16:36:02Z Birgediya 44139 892206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f6c0wasjac19kkhi99u10k9kat8kv2y 892207 892206 2026-08-06T16:36:16Z Birgediya 44139 892207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3g89zfbw422bormu8ae58uc1upqfh41 892208 892207 2026-08-06T16:36:33Z Birgediya 44139 892208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 557kaa0krhducvif6b1xmmh8c2r1r1y 892209 892208 2026-08-06T16:36:52Z Birgediya 44139 892209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6fef4yfe7pgx9rg83jr4p6ko6x8lub9 892210 892209 2026-08-06T16:37:07Z Birgediya 44139 892210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t5tise8mmk7bo3nq76729x52husmjmv 0 123574 892459 802119 2026-08-07T05:22:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dajin Tururuwa''' ( Chinese ) wani shiri ne na dasa bishiyoyi wanda Ant Financial Services Group, wani kamfani mai alaƙa da Alibaba, ya ƙaddamar a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ant Forest |url=https://www.tnc.org.hk/en-hk/what-we-do/our-priorities/ant-forest/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Nature Conservancy Hong Kong |language=en-hk}}</ref> Yana ƙarfafa masu amfani da su rage hayakin carbon ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi lokacin da masu amfani da su ke yin ayyukan da ke rage hayakin carbon. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2022, masu amfani sama da miliyan 650 sun shiga cikin salon rayuwa mai laushi, mai ƙarancin carbon ta hanyar shirin 'Ant Forest', gaba ɗaya rage hayakin carbon da samar da tan sama da miliyan 26 na 'kore'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ant Forest |url=https://www.tnc.org.hk/en-hk/what-we-do/our-priorities/ant-forest/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Nature Conservancy Hong Kong |language=en-hk}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Wasannin Asiya na Hangzhou, tare da hadin gwiwar "Foracin Ant," ya fara kamfen ɗin "Kowane Mutum Yana ba da gudummawa 1 Kilogram don tallafawa tsaka-tsaki na Carbon a Wasannin Asiya". Wannan shirin ya shafi mahalarta sama da miliyan 100 kuma an san shi a matsayin "Mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekara" ta Guinness World Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ant Forest |url=https://www.tnc.org.hk/en-hk/what-we-do/our-priorities/ant-forest/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Nature Conservancy Hong Kong |language=en-hk}}</ref> == Tarihi == Duniya tana fuskantar manyan matsalolin muhalli. Yayin da matsin muhalli ke ƙaruwa, tsarin halittu na duniya yana da mummunar lalacewa. Yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]] ta amince da yanayin hadin gwiwa na ƙalubalen tarihi na rage hayakin carbon. A matsayin muhimmiyar karfin tattalin arziki a duniya, kasar Sin ma tana fuskantar manyan kalubale. A cikin aiwatar da sauyawa zuwa salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon, amfani da fasahar dijital a bangaren kudi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma an sami ci gaba, amma har yanzu kudaden kore suna da babban damar ci gaba. Ci gaban sabbin fasahohin dijital da kirkire-kirkire na siffofi suna jan hankalin karin 'yan ƙasa don shiga kai tsaye a cikin kudaden kore. A wannan yanayin, a watan Agustan 2016, Ant Financial ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Ant Forest.<ref name="wedocs.unep.org">{{Cite web |title=Scaling Citizen Action on Climate ANT Financial's Efforts Towards a Digital Finance Solution |url=http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22279/citizen_action_climate_EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Manufar aikin gandun daji shine canza makamashi mai kama da ita zuwa bishiyoyi na ainihi. Ant Forest yana aiki tare da cibiyoyi kamar [[Beijing]] Environment Exchange da The Nature Conservancy don lissafin ƙimar rage fitar da carbon da kuma satar carbon. Da farko, Ant Forest ya rufe yanayi tara a lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, wanda tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa zuwa sama da 40. Wadannan sun hada da manyan nau'o'i biyar: sufuri mai kore, biyan kuɗi na kan layi (don rage tafiye-tafiye), sake amfani, rage amfani da takarda da filastik, da kiyaye makamashi da inganci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=碳账户如何助力实现双碳目标？蚂蚁森林的“解题思路” |url=https://www.bkeconomy.com/detail-165874309014470.html |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.bkeconomy.com}}</ref> Gyara "guje wa hayakin carbon" a ƙasa da tsarin hayakin carbon da aka tsara a cikin makamashi mai kama da juna wanda aka adana a cikin asusun Ant Forest na mutum, inda makamashi na kama da juna ke tarawa a cikin wani adadin kuma ana iya musayar shi a kan layi don nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban ko wuraren kariya, sannan Ant Financial yana aiki tare da abokan hulɗarsa na muhalli don dasa itace na ainihi a cikin hamada.<ref name="wedocs.unep.org"/> Ant Forest yana aiwatar da ayyukan muhalli ta hanyar gudummawar kamfanoni ga kungiyoyin agaji, kiyaye alaƙar motsin rai tare da masu amfani ta hanyar ci gaba da sabuntawa, bayyane, da ayyukan da za a iya fahimta. Bishiyoyi iri-iri da aka dasa sun fadada daga farkon itacen saxaul zuwa fiye da nau'o'i goma, gami da poplar, willow, da pine. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen Ant Forest ba a iyakance su ga gandun daji ba amma a hankali sun faɗaɗa zuwa maido da muhalli na ƙasa da na ruwa da ilimin muhalli.<ref name=":0"/> Masu amfani za su iya ganin bishiyoyin da suka dasa ta hanyar taswirar tauraron dan adam. A cewar Gong Zhang, tsohon masanin kimiyya na NASA kuma wanda ya kafa GAGO Inc., ya kamata ya zama da wahala a ga tsire-tsire saboda ƙarancin ƙudurin tauraron dan adam, amma an dasa miliyoyin tsire-shire don mu iya ganin canje-canjen da suka kawo duniya.<ref name="Sun">{{Cite web |title=蚂蚁森林宣布开放计划碳账户平台跨界成"公益孵化器"-中新网 |url=http://www.chinanews.com/business/2017/09-06/8323956.shtml |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=www.chinanews.com |publisher=Chinanews}}</ref> Alipay na fatan nomawa da ƙarfafa masu amfani su manne wa salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon ta wannan hanyar. A watan Mayu 2017, aikace-aikacen ya kai masu amfani da miliyan 200.<ref name="YTS">{{Cite web |title=Ant Financial App Reduces Carbon Footprint of 200 million Chinese Consumers - UN Environment Inquiry |url=http://unepinquiry.org/news/ant-financial-app-reduces-carbon-footprint-of-200-million-chinese-consumers/ |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=UN Environment Inquiry |publisher=UNEP |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325011457/http://unepinquiry.org/news/ant-financial-app-reduces-carbon-footprint-of-200-million-chinese-consumers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, Ant Forest ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin agaji sama da 20 kuma ya dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 475.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=支持22个省份生态建设：蚂蚁集团通过“蚂蚁森林”累计协议捐资超34亿元 |url=https://www.antgroup.com/news-media/press-releases/1693215256000 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.antgroup.com}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin gina wuraren ajiyar halitta 31 kuma ya ci gaba da tallafawa ayyukan muhalli a larduna 22. Shirye-shiryen agaji daban-daban na Ant Forest sun samar da damar samun kudin shiga sama da miliyan 3.7 ta hanyar dasa, kiyayewa, da ayyukan sintiri.<ref name=":1" /> == Ci gaba == A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2017, Ant Forest ta fitar da wani shiri da ake kira "Planet Blue" a taron "Bluer Sky" na ayyukan amfanin jama'a. Wannan shirin zai buɗe damar samfurin da dandalin fasaha ga dukan al'umma kuma ya bukaci kowa da kowa ya shiga cikin makomar kore. Wannan aikin yana ƙoƙari ya canza kansa zuwa mai kula da sababbin ayyukan agaji na zamantakewa. Shugaba na Ant Financial Services Group Xiandong Jin ya ce:" Ayyukan amfanin jama'a suna kusa da mu. Ikon fasahar Intanet na hannu yana samuwa ga kowa kuma yana sa ayyukan kowa ya yiwu. Fasaha ita ce mafi girman jin daɗin jama'a na wannan zamanin". Ya kuma nuna cewa Intanet ta hannu tana bawa mutane damar fassara halayensu na yau da kullun zuwa makamashi mai kore, yayin da amfani da fasahar kamar tauraron dan adam mai zurfi da fasahar fasaha ta wucin gadi na iya taimakawa kungiyoyi masu amfani da su don sarrafa yanayin gandun daji da kyau da kuma yin fa'idodin jama'a da gaske da kuma bayyane. Sabon shirin Ant Forest zai karfafa ƙarin damar yin amfani da yanayin low-carbon kuma yana jiran NPO, [[Government agencies|Hukumomin gwamnati]], kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da sauran abokan tarayya don shiga cikin wannan sabon abu na amfanin jama'a.<ref name="Yiting2">{{Cite web |title="蚂蚁森林"开启"找树"计划 力推阿里巴巴"人人行动"的公益理念-中青在线 |url=http://news.cyol.com/content/2017-09/07/content_16476557.htm |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=news.cyol.com |publisher=China youth Daily }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cewar Wang Zu, manajan samfurin Ant Financial Services Group, shirin ya fi neman bishiyoyi da adanawa da haɗin alamomi, hangen nesa ne na cimma bude dukkan masana'antar masana'antu, wanda zai iya haɗa dukkan wuraren kore da albarkatu tare da ayyukan kowa a kan dandalin.<ref name="Yiting">{{Cite web |title="蚂蚁森林"开启"找树"计划 力推阿里巴巴"人人行动"的公益理念-中青在线 |url=http://news.cyol.com/content/2017-09/07/content_16476557.htm |access-date=9 March 2018 |website=news.cyol.com |publisher=China youth Daily |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317054053/http://news.cyol.com/content/2017-09/07/content_16476557.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2023, an kafa 'Ant Forest Ecological Green Development Foundation'. Matsayin ayyukan wannan tushe ya haɗa da tallafawa ayyukan kiyaye muhalli da sabuntawa, tallafawa ilimin muhalli le binciken manufofin muhalli, taimakawa wasu ayyukan agaji na muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ant Forest |url=https://www.tnc.org.hk/en-hk/what-we-do/our-priorities/ant-forest/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Nature Conservancy Hong Kong |language=en-hk}}</ref> == Haɗin kai == A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2017, Ant Financial da Shirin Muhalli na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNEP) sun ƙaddamar da kawancen kuɗi na dijital na farko a duniya a lokacin taron tattalin arziki na duniya na Davos, da nufin amfani da fasahar dijital don haɓaka kuɗaɗen da ke magance ƙalubalen muhalli na duniya. Haɗin gwiwar ya kasance haɗin gwiwa na farko da UNEP ta yi da wani kamfanin China tun lokacin da aka kafa shi shekaru 45 da suka gabata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ƙungiyar Kuɗin Dijital Mai Dorewa (The Green Digital Finance Alliance) an yi mata rijista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Geneva kuma tana mai da hankali kan ilimi da shawarwari kan manufofi da kuma amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta duniya ta masu ruwa da tsaki don yin gwaje-gwaje da ƙalubale masu sauri da mafi girma don magance yuwuwar kuɗaɗen dijital da sabbin dabarun kasuwanci da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar fintech don sake fasalin tsarin kuɗi ta hanyoyin da za su daidaita shi da buƙatun ci gaba mai ɗorewa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 44lthwl2v0dggev65ckk72mje8083cu 0 123597 892456 836505 2026-08-07T05:18:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Logo_Kementerian_Komunikasi_dan_Digital_Republik_Indonesia_(2024_full_version).svg|thumb|200x200px|Alamar yanzu a cikin harshen Indonesian]] [[Fayil:Logo_Departemen_Penerangan_Republik_Indonesia.png|thumb|201x201px|"The Ever-Burning Fire", tsohuwar alama ce ta Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Jamhuriyar Indonesia]] '''Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Harkokin Dijital''' ('''MCDA'''; Indonesian: Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital; an taƙaita shi a matsayin '''Komdigi''') ma'aikatare ce ta gwamnatin [[Indonesiya]] wacce ke da alhakin sadarwa ta dijital, harkokin bayanai da kuma tantance intanet. Ma'aikatar ta ba da rahoto ga shugaban kasa kuma a halin yanzu Meutya Hafid, Ministan Sadarwa da Harkokin Dijital ne ke jagoranta. Shugaba Megawati Sukarnoputri ne ya kafa ma'aikatar ta yanzu a shekara ta 2001 bayan wanda ya riga shi, Sashen Bayanai (Indonesian) ya soke shi a shekarar 1999. An halicci Deppen kanta a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 1945, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |others=PDSI KOMINFO |title=Sejarah |url=https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/457/sejarah/0/page |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Website Resmi Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika RI |language=id |archive-date=2021-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803044540/https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/457/sejarah/0/page |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == [[Fayil:Logo Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia (2007).svg|thumb|Tsohon tambarin a matsayin Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi daga 2007 har zuwa 2024]] Ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa No. 174/2024 kuma kamar yadda aka fadada ta Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Infrastructure da Dokar Ci gaban Yankin No. 1/2025, an tsara Ma'aikatu kamar haka: * Ofishin Ministan * Ofishin Mataimakin Minista na Farko * Ofishin Mataimakin Minista na Biyu * Kwamitin Masana Babban Masanin ga Ministan Shari'a Babban Masanin Ga Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu Babban Masanin Gida ga Ministan Sadarwa da Media Babban Masanin Gabatarwa ga Ministan Harshen Fasaha ** Babban Masanin ga Ministan Shari'a ** Babban Masanin ga Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu ** Babban Masanin ga Ministan Sadarwa da Kafofin Watsa Labarai ** Babban Masanin ga Ministan Harkokin Fasaha * Babban Sakatariyar Ofishin Babban Sakatare Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Ofishin Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam da Kwadago Ofishin Harkokin Shari'a Ofishin Harshen Jama'a Ofishinan Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Jama'a (wanda ke da alaƙa da Babban Sakataren) Cibiyar Bayanai da Bayanai Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya Cibiyar Shirye-harkokin Siyasa Sakatari na Hukumar watsa shirye-shiryen Indonesiya Sakatariyancin Majalisar Labarai ta Indonesiya Babban ** Ofishin Babban Sakatare ** Ofishin Shirye-shiryen ** Ofishin Ma'aikata da Ƙungiya ** Ofishin Kudi da Gidajen Jiha ** Ofishin Harkokin Shari'a ** Ofishin Harkokin Jama'a ** Ofishin Sadarwar Jama'a ** Cibiyoyin (wanda ke da alaƙa da Babban Sakatariyar) Cibiyar Bayanai da Bayanai Cibiyar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya Cibiyar Siyasa ta dabarun Sakatari na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Indonesiya Sakatariyan Majalisar Labarai na Hukumar Bayanai ta Indonesiya *** Cibiyar Bayanai da Infrastructures *** Cibiyar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya *** Cibiyar Siyasa ta Dabarun *** Sakatariyar Hukumar watsa shirye-shiryen Indonesiya ta Tsakiya *** Sakatariyar Majalisar LabaraiKwamitin yada labarai *** Sakatariyar Hukumar Bayanai ta Tsakiya ta Indonesia * Babban Darakta na Infrastructures na Dijital (Darakta Janar I) DG I Sakatariyar Daraktawar Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Gudanar da Infrastructure na Dijital Daraktayar Gudanar da Spectra, Rediyo Frequencies, Satellites Orbit, da Digital Infrastruction Stand Director of Digital Infrase Directorate of Digital Infraction Acceleration Ponti Man Man Man Mankuluuluuluulu, International Infrase Management, Yung Mak Mak Mak Maklo Testing (wanda, Indonic Testing, Indonic, Indonic Management, Inducate, Induced, Inducated Management, Indonic Control, Inducing, Inducating, Inducation, Inducte, Inductrase, Inducar, Inducad, Inducase, Indonic Spectrum, Inducator, Inducare, Inducto, Inducato, Induct, Inducta, Inducite, Inducnet, Inducer, Induceto, Inducardi, Inducati, Inducdi, Inducteri, Inducara, Ind ** DG I Sakatariyar ** Daraktan dabarun da manufofi don ababen more rayuwa na dijital ** Daraktan Gudanarwa na Spectra, Rediyo Frequencies, Satellites Orbit, da Digital Infrastructure Standards ** Daraktan Ayyukan Infrastructure na Dijital ** Daraktan Gudanar da Infrastructure na Dijital ** Daraktan Kula da Infrastructure na Dijital ** Cibiyar Nazarin Na'urorin Sadarwa ta Indonesiya (wanda aka fi sani da Gidan gwajin dijital na Indonesiya) ** Cibiyoyin Kula da Rediyo na Class I (wanda ke [[Jakarta]], Tangerang, Medan, Pekanbaru, Palembang, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Kupang, Samarinda, da Makassar) ** Cibiyoyin Kula da Rediyo na Class II (wanda ke Batam, Pontianak, Manado, Jayapura, Merauke, Padang, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Mataram, da Palu) ** Tashoshin Kula da Rediyo (wanda ke Pangkal Pinang, Gorontalo, Mamuju, Manokwari, da Tanjung Selor) ** Hukumar Sadarwa da Samun Bayanai (Kungiyar da ke Kulawa) Daraktan albarkatu da Gudanarwa Daraktan Kudi Daraktan Ayyukan IT don Kasuwanci Daraktan Ayyuka na IT don Jama'a da Gwamnati Daraktan Infrastructure Sashin Bincike na Cikin Gida *** Daraktan albarkatu da Gudanarwa *** Daraktan Kudi *** Daraktan Ayyukan IT don Kasuwanci *** Daraktan Ayyukan IT na Jama'a da Gwamnati *** Daraktan Infrastructure *** Rukunin Bincike na Cikin Gida * Daraktan Janar na Fasahar Gudanar da Dijital (Darakta Janar II) Sakatariyar DG II Daraktan Shirye-shiryen da Siyasa don Gudanar da Fasahar Dijital Daraktan Gudanar da Sabuntawa Daraktan Aikace-aikacen Gudanar da Digital Daraktan Gudadar da Fasalar Gudanar da Digitawa ta Yankin ** Sakatariyar DG II ** Daraktan dabarun da manufofi don Fasahar Gudanar da Dijital ** Daraktan Infrastructure na Gudanar da Dijital ** Daraktan Aikace-aikacen Gudanar da Dijital ** Daraktan Gudanar da Fasahar Gudanar da Dijital na Yankin * Daraktan Janar na Digital Ecosystems (Directorate Janar III) DG III Sakatariyar Daraktan Ci gaban Digital Ecosystem Directorate of Artificial Intelligence and Novel Technologies Ecosystem Directorate of Postal Services and Broadcasting Directorate of Digital Ecossystem Services Directorate of digital Ecosystem Control ** Sakatariyar DG III ** Daraktan Ci gaban Yanayi na Dijital ** Daraktan Ilimin Artificial da Fasahar Fasahar Ecosystem ** Daraktan Ayyukan gidan waya da watsa shirye-shirye ** Daraktan Ayyukan Yanayi na Dijital ** Daraktan Kula da Yanayi na Dijital * Daraktan Janar na Kula da Yanayi na Dijital (Directorate Janar IV) DG IV Sakatariyar Daraktan Shirye-shiryen da Siyasa don Kula da Yanayin Dijital Daraktan Tabbatar da Kasuwancin Lantarki Daraktan Kula da Bincike na Dijital Darektan Kula da Yanar Gizo na Dijital ** Sakatariyar DG IV ** Daraktan dabarun da manufofi don Kula da Yanayi na Dijital ** Daraktan Tabbatarwa da Kula da Ma'amaloli na Lantarki ** Daraktan Binciken Dijital ** Daraktan Kula da Yanayi na Dijital * Babban Darakta na Sadarwar Jama'a da Harkokin Watsa Labarai (Darakta Janar V) DG V Sakatariyar Darakta ta Bayanai na Jama'a Daraktayar Sadarwar jama'a Dakarta ta Sadarwar Sadarwar Cibiyoyin Sadarwa da Daraktawar Sadarwa ta Sadarwa ** DG V Sakatariyar ** Daraktan Bayanan Jama'a ** Daraktan Sadarwar Jama'a ** Daraktan Sadarwar Sadarwa da Hulɗa da Jama'a ** Daraktan Media Ecosystem * Sufeto Janar Sufeto Janara Sakatariyar Sufeto I Sufeto II Sufeto III Sufeto IV ** Babban Sakatariyar Sufeto ** Sufeto I ** Sufeto na II ** Sufeto na III ** Sufeto na IV * Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Harkokin Dijital Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Dan Adam Ci gaban Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai Sakatariyar Cibiyar Ecosystem da Harkokin Jama'a Ci gaban Saduwa da Harkokin Digital Cibiyar Ci gaban Kwarewa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kwarewa ta Kwarewa "MMTC" Kwalejin Multimedia Cibiyar Indonesian Ci gaban Kayan Dan Adam da Bincike a Sadarwa, Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewar Dan Adam da Cibiyar Nazaran Indonesian Ci Gaban Sadarwa ta Indonesian Cibiyar Nazari da Ci Gaban Bayanai da Ci Gabanin Sadarwa a Sadarwar Dan Adam, Ci Gaban Indonesian, Ci Gabanin Bayanai da Bayanai, Ci Gabansa da Ci Gabansa, Ci Gabanan Dan Adam da Bayanai da Siyar Indonesian Ci gaba da Ci Gabanan Jama'a a Sadarwan Dan Adam, Indonesian Ci Cibiyar Nazaren Sadarwa ** Hukumar Kula da Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Sakatariyar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai ** Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi da Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam don Sadarwa da Harkokin Dijital ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Kwarewa ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Littattafan Dijital ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Apparatuses don Cibiyar Ci Gaban Talent ** Kwalejin Multimedia ta "MMTC" ** Cibiyar Indonesiya don Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Medan ** Cibiyar Indonesiya don Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Makassar ** Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Jakarta ** Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Bandung ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Yogyakarta ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Manado ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Banjarmasin ** Cibiyar Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam ta Indonesiya da Bincike a Sadarwa da Bayanai, Surabaya ** Cibiyar Horar da ICT ta Indonesia, Cikarang == Rashin amincewa == Ana yawan sukar ma'aikatar saboda takunkumin da aka sanya mata, yayin da take toshe shafukan yanar gizo "don kare 'yan ƙasarta daga yaudara"{{Sic}} . A shekarar 2020, Darakta Janar na Ma'aikatar Semuel Abrijani Pangerapan da Johnny G. Plate sun gabatar da wata doka da ta bukaci kamfanonin ƙasashen waje su yi rijista a ƙarƙashin jerin Masu Gudanar da Tsarin Lantarki wanda zai iya bai wa gwamnati damar samun bayanan sirri na ɗan ƙasa kuma ya yi barazanar toshe hanyar shiga daga ƙasar idan kamfanin bai yi rijista ba. An sake duba dokar kuma an amince da ita a shekarar 2021. A watan Yulin 2022, an aiwatar da haramcin ga wasu shahararrun gidajen yanar gizo kamar PayPal, Epic Games, Steam, Origin, da [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]], da kuma wasanni kamar ''Counter-Strike: Global Offensive'' da ''Dota 2'' saboda ba su yi rijista ba a ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar ma'aikatar. Za a sake ba da damar shiga PayPal, Steam, CSGO, Dota 2, da Yahoo nan da 2 ga Agusta 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 July 2022 |title=Kominfo Pastikan 8 Platform Digital Telah Diblokir: Steam, Epic Games hingga Paypal |url=https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/5028040/kominfo-pastikan-8-platform-digital-telah-diblokir-steam-epic-games-hingga-paypal |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Liputan6 |language=id}}</ref> == Manazarta == ez825pt7kqo9dt25idzf1uzk21ox0ej 0 124582 892476 803056 2026-08-07T05:41:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Makarantar Zabaan don Harsuna makarantar harshe ce da ke Delhi da [[Mumbai]] tana ba da azuzuwan kan yarukan Indo-Aryan. Azuzuwan da aka bayar sun haɗa da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], <ref>Rana, Preetika (8 July 2013). "Namaste USA! Hindi Lessons a Hit Abroad". ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</ref> [[Urdu]], <ref>Mahajan, Esha (11 May 2012). "Learn Urdu free of cost". ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 9 August2016.</ref> Sanskrit, <ref>Rau, Rewati (3 July 2013), "Mind Your Language", ''India Today'', retrieved 9 August 2016</ref>da Pashto.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160810065638/http://www.anandfoundation.com/comments/language-and-linguists/hewad-shalamkhel-khan,-a-native-from-afghanistan-teaching-pashto-in-delhi-by-shehnaz/52</ref> Hakanan akwai wasu ɗaukar hoto na Dari, Farisa, Larabci, da Braj Bhasha.<ref>Richa, Wadhera (24 October 2013), ''Speaking of Languages - Zabaan'', Little Black Book, retrieved 9 August 2016</ref> ==Tarihi== Makarantar Zabaan don Harsuna makarantar harshe ce da ke Delhi da Mumbai tana ba da azuzuwan kan yarukan Indo-Aryan. Azuzuwan da aka bayar sun haɗa da Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, da Pashto.Hakanan akwai wasu ɗaukar hoto na Dari, Farisa, Larabci, da Braj Bhasha. Sun ga akwai buƙatar cibiyar koyar da harshe mai inganci a New Delhi don kula da baƙi da ke zaune a can don aiki.Manufar kasuwanci ta farko ita ce ba da koyarwar yaren Hindi kaɗai wanda ya fara da ɗalibai 25. Bayan wani lokaci cibiyar ta fara ba da darussa a Urdu, Sanskrit, da Pashto.Makarantar tana ba da darussa kan karatu da rubuta Nastaliq, haruffan Urdu.Sha'awar Urdu ya dace da buƙatun haɓaka don fahimtar amfani da Urdu a Bollywood da kuma jin daɗin waƙar Urdu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Makarantu]] qle4a3g22ctha3o0yq1s4oc053qk2pc 0 125271 892133 753761 2026-08-06T13:25:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kegashbek Shamshievich Orunbayev''' (Kyrgyz; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 1962), wanda aka fi sani da The Ivolginsky Ripper (Russian), ɗan [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]-Russian ne Mai kisan gilla, mai fyade, necrophile kuma mai cin nama wanda ya [[Rasha]] mata shida a Altai Krai da [[Buryatia]] tsakanin 1991 da 2012, yana cin zarafin gawawwakinsu daga baya. An same shi da laifin wadannan kisan kai, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, wanda yake aiki a gidan yarin Black Dolphin . <ref name="se">{{Cite web |last=Alexey Fishev |date=December 4, 2013 |title=Buryatia Supreme Court sentenced serial killer to life imprisonment |url=https://arigus.tv/news/item/61369/ |publisher=Arigus.tv |language=Russian}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Akwai karancin bayanai game da rayuwar farko ta Orunbayev. An san cewa an haife shi a Kirghiz SSR a 1962, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Rasha a farkon shekarun 1990. <ref name="de">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2012 |title=Dangerous criminal suspected of murder and dismemberment of a woman was detained in Buryatia |url=https://arigus.tv/news/item/22333/ |publisher=Arigus.tv |language=Russian}}</ref> Kisan da aka sani na farko ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1991 a Novoaltaysk, Altai Krai, inda ya zauna a gidan haya tare da mai gidansa mai shekaru 76. Wata dare, yayin cin abincin dare tare da ita, Orunbayev ya ba da damar yin jima'i da ita, amma ta ki. Daga fushi, ya buge ta har ya mutu da ƙarshen gatari kuma ya yi wa gawar fyade.<ref name="conf2">{{Cite web |last=Maria Grigorieva |date=November 7, 2022 |title=«Иволгинский потрошитель» признался в убийстве и изнасиловании 76-летней пенсионерки |trans-title="Ivolginsky Ripper" confessed to the murder and rape of a 76-year-old pensioner |url=https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2022/11/07/18976621.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230130213446/https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2022/11/07/18976621.shtml |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |website=Gazeta.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Kashegari, ya zuba gidan da man fetur kuma ya ƙone shi da wuta, ya lalata mafi yawansu. An gano jikin wanda aka azabtar bayan an kashe gobarar kuma an tabbatar da cewa an kashe ta, amma laifin ya kasance mai sanyi har zuwa Nuwamba 2022, lokacin da Orunbayev ya furta cewa shi ne mai kisan.<ref name="conf2" /> Tsakanin wannan lokacin da 1997, an san cewa ya aikata kisan kai biyu, wanda ya yi shekaru da yawa a kurkuku. Duk da yake babu wani abu da aka sani game da na farko, gami da wurin da kwanan wata, na biyu ya faru ne a shekarar 1997, a Nizhnyaya Ivolga, wanda ya yi shekaru 8 a kurkuku.<ref name="se"/> A shekara ta 2006, an sake shi kuma ya koma Buryatia. Kamar yadda ba shi da wani irin kudin shiga, ya zauna tare da sanannun mutane a cikin ƙauyuka daban-daban a kusa da yankin, ya tsira ta hanyar yin ayyuka marasa kyau.<ref name="de"/> Bayan ya kwanta kusan shekara guda, a watan Yulin 2007, ya sadu da wata yarinya a titunan Ulan-Ude. <ref name="fa">{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2013 |title=Serial killer faces trial in Buryatia |url=https://tuday.ru/news/crime/1878769 |publisher=tuday.ru |language=Russian |access-date=December 28, 2025 |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106203427/https://tuday.ru/news/crime/1878769 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan sun san juna, ma'aurata sun kama taksi zuwa ƙauyen Myasokombinat, inda suka zauna don sha barasa a bakin Kogin Uda. A cikin maye, ya ba da damar yin jima'i da yarinyar, amma ta ki amincewa da ci gabansa. Da fushi, Orunbayev ya maƙure ta har ta mutu sannan ya yi jima'i da jikin, ya bar shi a bakin kogi. Kashegari, ya koma wurin aikata laifuka, ya kwashe ragowar sannan ya zubar da su cikin kogi. Ba a taɓa samun su ba, kuma ba a san ainihin wanda aka azabtar ba.<ref name="fa" /> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, babu wasu kisan kai ko laifuka da aka rubuta wanda za'a iya danganta shi da Kegashbek. Ya yi aiki a cikin kasuwancin gine-gine da gyare-gyare, yana samun kuɗi galibi ta kwangila masu zaman kansu. Bayan kammala irin wannan aikin a watan Yulin 2012, ya yi hayar ɗaki a Otal din Khutorok a Ulan-Ude, inda ya sha barasa na sa'o'i da yawa. A yammacin ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, ya fita neman wata matsala ta yau da kullun, ya haɗu da wata mace da ya gayyace ta zuwa dakin otal dinsa don sha.<ref name="fa"/> Bayan wani lokaci, Orunbayev ya fara tunanin cewa matar ta sace kuɗin sa. Da fushi, ya maƙure ta da takalmin takalma kuma ya ɓoye jikin a ƙarƙashin gado, yana zuwa sayen wuka daga kasuwar da ke kusa wanda zai raba shi. Koyaya, kusan rabin hanyar dawowa, ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya gudu a maimakon haka. Daga baya, ya sami kuɗin "ya ɓace" a cikin aljihunsa. Daga bisani hukumomi sun gano jikin matar, wadanda suka fara bincike don kama mai kisan ta.<ref name="fa" /> Bayan kisan karshe, ya bar Ulan-Ude kuma ya zauna a Gundumar Ivolginsky, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci. A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, ya yanke shawarar ziyartar wata mace mai shekaru 53 da ke zaune a Nyzhnyaya Ivolga, wacce a baya ya yi gyare-gyare.[1] Bayan ɗan gajeren tattaunawa, ya ba da shawarar yin jima'i da ita, amma an harbe shi da sauri. Da fushi, Orunbayev ya fara bugawa da kiɗa a kan matar, ya buge ta har ya mutu. Bayan ya kashe wanda aka kashe, Kegashbek ya ja gawar zuwa wani gini da aka watsar da shi a kusa, inda ya yi jima'i da gawar ta, wanda sai ya cire shi kuma ya raba shi.[2] Lokacin da ya gama da mummunar aikinsa, sai ya ciyar da ciki na wanda aka azabtar ga kare makwabcinsa, ya bar ƙauyen ya koma Ulan-Ude.[1] A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar binciken ta tattara isasshen shaida don kamawa, kuma ta aika da ƙungiyar jami'ai, waɗanda suka tsare Orunbayev bayan kwana huɗu a kan gada, lokacin da yake shirin ƙetare zuwa Gundumar Tarbagataysky.[2] A lokacin binciken, an gano hukuncin kisan kai na Orunbayev na baya, kuma daga baya shi da kansa ya furta kisan kai biyu da ya aikata bayan an sake shi. Ya yarda cewa an yi kowane kisan yayin da yake maye, kuma bayan an hana shi jima'i.<ref name="ne">{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2013 |title=A necrophilic killer from Buryatia will die behind bars |url=https://info.sibnet.ru/article/363740/ |publisher=Sibnet.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> Ya kuma yarda cewa ya ajiye wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa, wanda zai cinyewa.<ref name="se"/> An umarce shi da ya yi gwajin kwakwalwa, wanda likitoci suka tabbatar da cewa yana da hankali, amma yana da halaye masu banƙyama kuma yana fama da rikicewar lalata, wanda ya haifar da mummunan yanayin kashe-kashen da ya yi.<ref name="se" /> Saboda tsananin laifukansa, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, wanda yake aiki a gidan yarin Black Dolphin a Orenburg.<ref name="ne" /> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Orunbayev ya furta kisan gillar da aka yi a waje da Buryatia kuma mafi tsufa da ke da alaƙa da shi har zuwa yau. Bayan an nuna ikirarinsa ya dace da shari'ar sanyi, an yanke masa hukunci bayan gajeren shari'a kuma an ba shi wani hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="conf2"/> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu kisan gilla na Rasha == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] pbe4byjcyjheow4ow730mrpdv327lxp 0 126684 892581 786441 2026-08-07T11:16:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lester B. Pearson High School babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a da ke [[Calgary]], Alberta, [[Kanada]] wacce Hukumar Ilimi ta Calgary ke gudanarwa. An sanya sunan makarantar ne ga Nobel Laureate da Firayim Minista na Kanada Lester B. Pearson . The school has offered the French Immersion program since 2003 and in the following year of September 2004, Lester B. Pearson became a fully accredited International Baccalaureate World School <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Board of Education |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |access-date=2018-04-15 |website=schools.cbe.ab.ca |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012620/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lester B. Pearson High School is one of the five schools in [[Calgary]] to be offering the International Baccalaureate Programme in [[Turanci|English]], the school also offers opportunities to earn a combination of French Immersion and IB course certificates. == Wurin da yake == Makarantar Lester B. Pearson tana cikin Calgary_Northeast" id="mwOw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Calgary Northeast">Arewa maso gabashin Calgary kuma tana hidimtawa al'ummomin Pineridge, Rundle, Temple, Whitehorn, da Monterey Park. Makarantun sakandare na Junior zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Lester B. Pearson sune Annie Gale, Clarence Sansom, da Dokta Gordon Higgins . Pearson kuma ita ce makarantar sakandare ta gaba ga dukkan daliban Faransanci da Baccalaureate na kasa da kasa a gabashin Deerfoot Trail da arewacin Peigan Trail. Makarantar ciyarwa don shirin Immersion na Faransa ita ce Bob Edwards Junior High School . Daliban Baccalaureate na kasa da kasa za su zo Pearson daga dukkan makarantun sakandare goma da ke yankin III na Calgary. Pearson kuma an haɗa shi da Cibiyar Wasanni ta Village Square ta hanyar Hanyar sama. Ba a amfani da hanyar ba saboda aminci da dalilai na shari'a tsakanin Hukumar Ilimi ta Calgary da [[Calgary|Birnin Calgary]] . Cibiyar Wasanni ta Village Square ta haɗa da ayyuka kamar ɗakin karatu na jama'a, tafkin ruwa, dakin motsa jiki, da kuma damar sa kai da yawa. == Tarihi == An buɗe makarantar a cikin 1990 zane da ƙira don ƙarni na 21. An tsara ginin ne don samar da kyakkyawan Yanayin ilmantarwa tare da wurare daban-daban na koyarwa da ilmantarwa waɗanda ke ba da mutum, ƙaramin rukuni da aikin aji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Board of Education |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |access-date=2018-04-15 |website=schools.cbe.ab.ca |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012620/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makarantar tana da cikakkiyar hanyar sadarwa tare da tashoshin aiki sama da 350 ciki har da [[Komfuta|kwamfutoci]] 60 a Cibiyar watsa labarai ta John Rollins / Laburaren. L.B. Pearson yana da [[gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] mai kujeru 250, ɗakin kiɗa na sauti, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta 5, ɗakin koyar da kicin / cafeteria, dakunan motsa jiki 2, da kuma ɗakunan ajiya 64, dakunan gwage-gwaje, da shaguna. Makarantar tana da dalibai sama da shekarar 1591 da suka yi rajista a shekarar makaranta ta 2020-2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-03 |title=Welcome to IB! |url=http://pearsonpatriots.com/ib-overview/ |access-date=2018-04-15 |work=Welcome to the Home of the Patriots! |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191133/http://pearsonpatriots.com/ib-overview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1990, Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Masu Gudanar da Makarantu ta Amurka sun amince da gine-ginen Lester B. Pearson, Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Board of Education |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |access-date=2018-04-15 |website=schools.cbe.ab.ca |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012620/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Falsafa == [[Fayil:Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_1.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Ra'ayi na gefen baya na makarantar.]] Lester B. Pearson High School memba ne na al'ummar manyan Makarantun sakandare na [[Calgary]] kuma suna raba tare da su burin Hukumar Ilimi ta Calgary na "Ilimi 'Yan ƙasa na Gobe A Yau". == Shirye-shiryen == [[File:Lester_B_Pearson_High_School_Calgary_new_logo.png|thumb|140x140px|Alamar makarantar sakandare ta Lester B. Pearson.]] [[Fayil:Pearson.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Ra'ayi na baya na makarantar]] Lester B. Pearson High School tana ba da shirye-shirye iri-iri; waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya * [http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b682/access.htm ACCESS (Halin, Al'umma, Kwarewa, Abubuwan Tsarin Ilimi, Kwarewar Jama'a)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130164921/https://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b682/access.htm |date=2024-11-30 }} * Rufewar Faransanci * Shirin Koyon da aka daidaita (ALP) An adana shi 2018-04-15 a * Koyon [[Turanci|Harshen Turanci]] * Darussan Makarantar bazara * Ayyuka da Nazarin [[Fasaha|Fasahar]] * Shirin Biyu a cikin Kwararru AbinciAbinci na Kwararru * Kyakkyawan Ayyuka * [[Ilimi]] da Amfani da AyyukaAmfani da aiki * Ilimi na waje - Kwarewar Aiki da Shirin Koyon Rijistar Bugu da ƙari, makarantar tana cikin ƙungiyar Action for Bright Children Society . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Board of Education |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |access-date=2018-04-15 |website=schools.cbe.ab.ca |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012620/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sashen Musamman == An gina wasu darussan ne a kan tsarin da ke ba wa ɗalibai sassauci wajen zaɓar batutuwa da ayyukan. An tsara ginin don samar da wurare daban-daban na koyarwa da ilmantarwa waɗanda ke samar da mutum, ƙaramin rukuni da aikin aji. Dalibai a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na iya zaɓar shiga shirin koyo. [[Fayil:Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_9.jpg|right|thumb|333x333px|Alamar makarantar (tun lokacin da aka maye gurbin ta) a gefen hagu na ginin tare da taken "Celebrating Pearson Pride"]] [[Fayil:Lester_B._Pearson_High_School_10.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Ra'ayi na gefen kudu maso yammacin makarantar]] == Wasanni == Makarantar Lester B. Pearson ta yi gasa a karkashin hukumar kula da kungiyar Calgary Senior High School Athletic Association (CSHSAA) da kuma kungiyar Alberta Schools Athletic League (ASAA). Pearson yana ba da dama iri-iri ga ɗalibai su shiga cikin shirin wasanni - a matsayin ɗan wasa, mai koyarwa, ƙaramin jami'i ko manajan. {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Matsayi !Yara maza da / ko mata |- |Ruwa |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Kwallon volleyball |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Badminton |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Yin iyo |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Ƙungiyar Rugby |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |- |Hockey na filin wasa |10–12 |'Yan mata |- |Gwagwarmaya |10–12 |Yara maza da mata |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Manmeet Bhullar - tsohon dan siyasar Kanada kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta * Melissa O'Neil - Wanda ya lashe Canadian Idol (Season 3) , gasar waka ta TV a kan CTV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary Board of Education |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |access-date=2018-04-15 |website=schools.cbe.ab.ca |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012620/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b865/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rookie, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Robbie Sihota - tsohon dan wasan kwando == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7q7hnqcmp2dudh0gwjefcyatkm77mhu 0 128252 892469 766824 2026-08-07T05:37:21Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892469 wikitext text/x-wiki Morteza Niknejad (Persian) ya kasance Dan [[Iran]] Shia Twelver [1] wanda ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar hadin kan Musulunci. [2] [3][4][5] An haifi Niknejad a shekara ta 1942 a kudancin [[Tehran]] a cikin iyalin addini; shi ma mutum ne na addini tun yana saurayi. Morteza ya wuce makarantar firamare, kuma daga baya ya fara aiki a kasuwa - a matsayin mai siyar da Galesh.[6] Niknejad[1][2][3] got acquainted with Reza Saffar-Harandi and Mohammad Bokharaei, and together the three got familiar with Islamic Coalition Party. He was a practical supporter of Mohammad-Bokharaei in the assassination of Hassan Ali Mansur, the prime minister of the Shah. Afterwards, he was arrested, and later executed by the regime of the Shah on 16 June 1965[4] along with his three colleagues, namely: Mohammad Bokharaei, Sadeq Amani and Reza Saffar-Harandi, who were charged with "participation in the assassinating of Hassan Ali Mansur".[5] == Dubi kuma == * Fada'iyan-e Islama * Jam'iyyar hadin kan Musulunci * Navvab Safavi * Mohammad Bokharaei == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 09tquhgw24td2lslnzlwfisnce0nt2r 0 128949 892423 763946 2026-08-06T21:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kirista ta Pedare''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, ta firamare, ta tsakiya da ta sakandare a Golden Grove, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Makarantar ta ƙunshi karɓar baƙi zuwa aji na 5, ta sakandare daga shekaru 6 zuwa 9, da kuma ta sakandare daga shekaru 10 zuwa 12. Wannan makaranta memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Makarantun Masu Zaman Kansu na Kudancin Ostiraliya, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun Anglican, Hukumar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ikilisiya ta Uniting, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun Ƙarami na Ostiraliya da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Kiristoci na Kudancin Ostiraliya.<ref name="WhoWeAre">{{Cite web |title=Pedare Christian College – Who we are |url=http://www.pedarecc.sa.edu.au/about/who_we_are.html |access-date=14 December 2008 |publisher=Pedare Christian College |archive-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204133921/http://www.pedarecc.sa.edu.au/about/who_we_are.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harabar gonar Surrey Farm tana da wurare da Kwalejin Gleeson da Makarantar Sakandare ta Golden Grove, wanda hakan ke haifar da tsawaita manhaja da ƙarin albarkatu. Kwamitin kwalejin Pedare Christian College yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi membobin da aka zaɓa daga al'ummar kwalejin, da wakilai daga cocin Anglican da Uniting.<ref name="WhoWeAre"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=College Board |url=http://www.pedarecc.sa.edu.au/about/# |access-date=5 November 2019 |publisher=Pedare Christian College}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sunan "Pedare" ya samo asali ne daga gonar inabi da ke kan titin Ladywood, Modbury Heights, mallakar Leonard Tolley. An kafa ta ne daga sunayen 'ya'yansa maza, Peter, David, da Reginald. Da farko, harabar haɗin gwiwa za ta kasance a wannan wurin amma an yanke shawarar akasin haka; wannan wurin ya zama Makarantar Heights.<ref name="OurHeritage">{{Cite web |title=Pedare Christian College – Our Heritage |url=http://www.pedarecc.sa.edu.au/about/our_heritage.html |access-date=14 December 2008 |publisher=Pedare Christian College |archive-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204133952/http://www.pedarecc.sa.edu.au/about/our_heritage.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan wurin yanzu shine Makarantar Heights. Wadanda suka kafa makarantar sun yanke shawarar amfani da sunan "Pedare" don gane tsoffin majagaba. Sunayen al'ummomi, ko gidaje guda biyar, na makarantar suma sun fito ne daga yankunan da ke kewaye. Eldergreen, daga Elder Green Farm, Brooklyn, daga Brooklyn Villa Farm, Greenwith, daga Greenwith Farm, Surrey, daga Surrey Farm da Hillcott, daga Hillcott Farm.<ref name="OurHeritage"/> Makarantar tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi membobi daga cocin Uniting da Anglican, da kuma ma'aikatan makaranta. A shekarar 1984, Delfin Management Services suna haɓaka filaye a Golden Grove, tare da Urban Land Trust. Sun fito da ra'ayin gina makarantar haɗin gwiwa, kuma sun tuntuɓi kwamitin tsara gidauniyar Pedare don ganin ko suna son shiga wannan shirin, suna cewa makarantu biyu na haɗin gwiwa za su kasance Kwalejin Katolika, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati. Pedare ya amince. Kwalejin Pedare Christian College ta yi ranar farko ta makaranta a hukumance a shekarar 1986. Akwai ɗalibai 900, waɗanda suka bazu a cikin Shekaru 7 da 8. Zuwa 1990, Pedare ta sami rajista a duk matakan Makarantar Sakandare, daga Shekaru 8 zuwa 12. A shekarar 1991, hukumar makarantar ta yanke shawarar kafa makarantar Firamare, kuma ta same ta a kusa da Bicentennial Drive.[1] == Manazarta == 1u8p0inqqsx9jgxhzh339pqkq6n6jp5 0 130675 892424 815222 2026-08-06T22:08:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Sakandare ta Brisbane Water''' makaranta ce ta kwana biyu da gwamnati ke daukar nauyin karatun jami'a , wacce ke bakin Tekun Tsakiya na New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Harabar Makarantar Sakandare ta kwalejin tana cikin Umina Beach, tana kula da ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 9 ; kuma harabar babbar kwalejin tana cikin Woy Woy, tana kula da ɗalibai daga Aji 10 zuwa Aji 12. == Tarihi == Kwalejin Sakandare ta Brisbane Water babbar makaranta ce ta gwamnati wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2002 ta hanyar haɗakar Makarantar Sakandare ta Umina da Makarantar Sakandare ta Woy Woy. Duk tsoffin makarantun sakandare guda biyu yanzu sun ƙunshi cibiyoyin Kwalejin Sakandare guda biyu. Harabar Umina, wacce ke kan titin Veron, a bakin teku ta Umina, tana kula da ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare daga shekara ta 7 zuwa 9, sannan Harabar Woy Woy, wacce ke kan titin Edward, Woy Woy, tana kula da ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare daga shekara ta 10 zuwa 12.[1] == Kayan aiki == Tun daga shekarar 2011, harabar Umina ta kafa wani aji na musamman na Creative and Performing Arts na tsawon shekaru 7 da 8 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da sabunta shirin CAPA. Kwalejin ta ci gaba da jin daɗin nasarori a fannin Arts, kuma tana yawan shiga cikin shirye-shiryen Arts kamar Central Vision, <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Welcome |url=http://www.brwatercol-m.schools.nsw.edu.au/welcome.htm |website=Brisbane Water Secondary College |publisher=[[Department of Education (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]] |access-date=2026-01-05 |archive-date=2011-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216124242/http://www.brwatercol-m.schools.nsw.edu.au/welcome.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Schools Spectacular, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools Spectacular – Participating schools – Combined Dance |url=http://www.schoolsspectacular.com.au/participating-2012-dance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411142118/http://www.schoolsspectacular.com.au/participating-2012-dance |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> Starstruck <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Brisbane Water Secondary College Umina Campus |url=https://umina-h.schools.nsw.gov.au/news/star-struck}}</ref> da kuma aikin rikodin Kool Skools, wanda harabar ta lashe rikodin sau huɗu tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kool Skools Recording Project |url=http://www.koolskools.com.au/awards/previous_winners/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun gwamnati a New South Wales: A–F * Ilimi a Ostiraliya == Makarantar == 8ni59c4x9kyhygrhamueig0zz8e3abu 0 130681 892422 799357 2026-08-06T21:34:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kirista ta Green Point''' [[Makarantar Firamare|makaranta]] ce mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta da alaƙa da addinin Kirista, wacce ke Green Point, New South Wales a bakin tekun Tsakiyar New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Makarantar tana ba da ilimin addini da na gabaɗaya ga kimanin ɗalibai 1,100 daga Kindergarten zuwa Aji na 12. == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1982 ta Cocin Baptist na Green Point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.gpcc.nsw.edu.au/why-gpcc/history/ |publisher=Green Point Christian College |access-date=2026-01-05 |archive-date=2020-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313104124/http://www.gpcc.nsw.edu.au/why-gpcc/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban makarantar shine Mr. Phillip Nash. == Fitattun ɗalibai == * Daniel Webber{{Spaced en dash}}Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Nicola McDermott Ɗan Wasan Olympics == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun da ba na gwamnati ba a New South Wales == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Makarantu]] iecgnysv2jw8od6ek6l7d79vlxnp9wr 0 131871 892427 815347 2026-08-07T00:05:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kyautar Girmamawa ta 'Yan Kasa''' ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da [[Government of Singapore|Gwamnatin Singapore]] ta bai wa 'yan ƙasashen waje tun daga shekarar 2003, don gane da kuma yaba da gudummawar da 'yan ƙasashen waje suka bayar ga Singapore da mutanenta. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary reply by SM Teo Chee Hean on creating honorary citizenship for those who have invested in Singapore and created quality jobs for Singaporeans |url=https://www.strategygroup.gov.sg/media-centre/parliamentary-replies/parliamentary-reply-by-SM-Teo-Chee-Hean-on-creating-honorary-citizenship-for-those-who-have-invested-in-Singapore-and-created-quality-jobs-for-Singaporeans |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.strategygroup.gov.sg |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222114121/https://www.strategygroup.gov.sg/media-centre/parliamentary-replies/parliamentary-reply-by-sm-teo-chee-hean-on-creating-honorary-citizenship-for-those-who-have-invested-in-singapore-and-created-quality-jobs-for-singaporeans |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani == An fara gabatar da '''kyautar girmamawa ta 'yan ƙasa''' a shekarar 2003, ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ga baƙi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2003 |title=Singapore honours contributions of top global talent with inaugural Honorary Citizen award |url=https://www.a-star.edu.sg/News-and-Events/News/Press-Releases/ID/302 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222055017/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3A18Ubnt2KVesJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.a-star.edu.sg%2FNews-and-Events%2FNews%2FPress-Releases%2FID%2F302+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=A*STAR}}</ref> Ana ba da taken '''girmamawa ta ɗan ƙasa''' har abada. Sauran kyaututtukan ƙasa da ake bayarwa ga 'yan ƙasashen waje sun haɗa da kyautar Tauraron Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Distinguished Friends of Singapore) da kyautar Lambar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Friends of Singapore). Kyautar ba ta yi daidai da zama ɗan ƙasa ba. Saboda haka, haƙƙoƙi da wajibai na 'yan ƙasar Singapore da ba na yau da kullun ba, kamar haƙƙin zaɓe da kuma buƙatar cika hidimar ƙasa (NS), ba su shafi 'yan ƙasa masu daraja ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba a bai wa masu karɓar tallafi da tallafi da 'yan ƙasar Singapore ke da haƙƙin samu ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary reply by SM Teo Chee Hean on creating honorary citizenship for those who have invested in Singapore and created quality jobs for Singaporeans |url=https://www.strategygroup.gov.sg/media-centre/parliamentary-replies/parliamentary-reply-by-SM-Teo-Chee-Hean-on-creating-honorary-citizenship-for-those-who-have-invested-in-Singapore-and-created-quality-jobs-for-Singaporeans |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.strategygroup.gov.sg |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222114121/https://www.strategygroup.gov.sg/media-centre/parliamentary-replies/parliamentary-reply-by-sm-teo-chee-hean-on-creating-honorary-citizenship-for-those-who-have-invested-in-singapore-and-created-quality-jobs-for-singaporeans |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gata ga waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar sun haɗa da 'yancin zama da aiki a Singapore don kansu da kuma 'yan uwansu da ke ƙarƙashinsu, da kuma siyan kadarori idan sun yanke shawarar zama a Singapore. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Citizen Award (Singapore) |url=http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b20198528 |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=Wellcome Library |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin zaɓe wanda [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata]] ke gudanarwa, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan jami'an gwamnati za su karɓi sunayen 'yan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka yi ayyuka masu yawa da mahimmanci ga Singapore da mutanenta, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai a fannoni kamar kasuwanci, kimiyya da fasaha, sadarwa ta bayanai, ilimi, lafiya, fasaha da al'adu, wasanni, yawon buɗe ido, ayyukan al'umma ko tsaro. [[Cabinet of Singapore|Majalisar Ministocin Singapore]] za ta amince da zaɓen ƙarshe. Za a ba wa waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar a shekara mai zuwa bayan zaɓensu. Ana gabatar da kyaututtukan a wani biki na musamman da [[President of Singapore|Shugaban Singapore]] ya yi a [[The Istana|Istana]] . {{As of|2025|}}, there are 22 recipients being conferred with the title. == Masu girmamawa == {| class="wikitable" |+List of recipients<ref>{{cite news |last=Shing Huei |first=Peh |date=2005-12-29 |title=Two global talents to get Honorary Citizen Award; they will be honoured for contributions to S'pore's R&D and electronics sectors |work=Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> !Year of conferment !Recipient !Nationality !Recognition !Additional Ref. |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |[[Sydney Brenner]] |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions in establishing Singapore as a biomedical hub |<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Singapore honours contributions of Dr Sydney Brenner and Mr Pasquale Pistorio with inaugural Honorary Citizen award |url=http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2003/20031022-SingaporeHonoursContributionsOfTopGlobalTalentWithInauguralHonoraryCitizenAward.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216090259/http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2003/20031022-SingaporeHonoursContributionsOfTopGlobalTalentWithInauguralHonoraryCitizenAward.html |archive-date=16 December 2007}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2004 |title=Singapore honours contributions from top global talent with prestigious Honorary Citizen Award |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/2004100499-MOM.pdf}}</ref> |- |Pasquale Pistorio |{{Flag|Italy}} |contributions in establishing Singapore as a microelectronics hub |<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |Sir Richard Sykes |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions to the development of Singapore as an international biomedical sciences hub |<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Singapore honours contributions from LSir Richard B Sykes and C van Wachem with prestigious Honorary Citizen Award |url=http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2004/20041004-SingaporeHonoursContributionsFromTopGlobalTalent.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020145952/http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2004/20041004-SingaporeHonoursContributionsFromTopGlobalTalent.html |archive-date=20 October 2007}}</ref> |- |Lodewijk Christiaan van Wachem |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |contributions in positioning Singapore as a compelling global hub for business and investment |<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |Tsutomu Kanai |{{Flag|Japan}} |contributions to the development of Singapore |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2005 |title=SINGAPORE CONFERS PRESTIGIOUS HONORARY CITIZEN AWARD ON DR TSUTOMU KANAI AND DR ROBERT A BROWN |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20051228997.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Singapore Confers Prestigious Honorary Citizen Award on Dr Tsutomu Kanai and Dr Robert A Brown |url=http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2005/20051228_SingaporeconfersprestigiousHonoraryCitizenAward.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428012204/http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2005/20051228_SingaporeconfersprestigiousHonoraryCitizenAward.html |archive-date=28 April 2007}}</ref> |- |Robert A. Brown |{{Flag|United States}} |contributions to the Singapore Government |<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |Lee Raymond |{{Flag|United States}} | rowspan="2" |contributions to the development of Singapore economy |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Singapore Confers Prestigious Honorary Citizen Award on Mr Lee R. Raymond and Dr Heinrich Von Pierer |url=http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2007/20070301-Singapore_Confers_Prestigious_Honorary_Citizen_Award.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102061335/http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2007/20070301-Singapore_Confers_Prestigious_Honorary_Citizen_Award.html |archive-date=2 November 2007}}</ref> |- |Heinrich von Pierer |{{Flag|Germany}} |<ref name=":7" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |[[Ratan Tata]] |{{Flag|India}} |contribution to the growth of high-tech sectors in Singapore |<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Singapore Confers Prestigious Honorary Citizen Award on Mr Ratan N. Tata and Tan Sri Frank Tsao |url=http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2008/20080829-HCA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915014313/http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/press_room/press_releases/2008/20080829-HCA.html |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Citizen Award (Singapore) |url=http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b20198528 |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=Wellcome Library |language=en}}</ref> |- |Tan Sri Frank Tsao |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |pivotal role in shaping the growth of the maritime industry and in promoting maritime education and research |<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Shing Huei |first=Peh |date=2005-12-29 |title=Two global talents to get Honorary Citizen Award; they will be honoured for contributions to S'pore's R&D and electronics sectors |work=Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> |- |2010 |Jeroen van der Veer |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |contributions to Singapore economy through Shell |<ref>{{cite news |last=Shing Huei |first=Peh |date=2005-12-29 |title=Two global talents to get Honorary Citizen Award; they will be honoured for contributions to S'pore's R&D and electronics sectors |work=Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> |- |2011 |Professor Edward Holmes |{{Flag|United States}} |leadership in building up translational and clinical research infrastructure in Singapore |<ref>{{Cite web |title=US researcher is Honorary Citizen |url=https://www.asiaone.com/print/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110405-271804.html |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.asiaone.com}}</ref> |- |2012 |Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions to Singapore's higher education, science and technology landscape as well as energy policy since 1997 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Lord Ronald Oxburgh Conferred Prestigious Honorary Citizen Award |url=https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2012/lord-ronald-oxburgh-conferred-prestigious-honorary-citizen-award |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=Ministry of Manpower Singapore |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2014 |Hiromasa Yonekura |{{Flag|Japan}} |contributions to the growth of the chemicals industry |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chia |first=Yan Min |date=2014-02-14 |title=National Day awards presented to six who have made significant contributions to S'pore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/national-day-awards-presented-to-six-who-have-made-significant-contributions-to-spore |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Sir George Radda |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions to biomedical sciences industry |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Khew |first=Carolyn |date=2015-10-22 |title=Two foreigners made Honorary Citizens of S'pore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/two-foreigners-made-honorary-citizens-of-spore |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> |- |Joan Bray Rose |{{Flag|United States}} |contributions towards establishing NEWater as a supplementary water source |<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=SINGAPORE CONFERS PRESTIGIOUS HONORARY CITIZEN AWARD ON PROFESSOR SIR GEORGE RADDA AND DR JOAN B. ROSE |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20151028001/joint_media_release_honorary_citizen_award_2015-21_oct_2015_dilys.pdf}}</ref> |- |2016 |Tadataka Yamada |{{Flag|United States}} |contributions to biomedical sciences industry |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2016 |title=Tadataka Yamada Made Honorary Citizen of Singapore |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/11/topnews/tachi-yamada-singapore-honorary-citizen/}}</ref> |- |2017 |Ulrich Werner Suter |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |contributions to developing Singapore into a vibrant and well-known research and development hub |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yong |first=Charissa |date=2017-08-14 |title=Swiss materials science expert made honorary citizen for contributions to Singapore R&D |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/swiss-materials-science-expert-made-honorary-citizen-for-contributions-to-singapore-rd |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> |- |2018 |Sir Andrew Philip Witty |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions to Singapore's economic development, and the growth of biomedical sciences industry |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Singapore Confers Honorary Citizen Award on Sir Andrew Witty |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20180626001/Investiture%20of%20The%20Honorary%20Citizen%20Award%20-%20Media%20Release.pdf}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Sir John O'Reilly |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |contributions to engineering research and development |<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Begum |first=Shabana |date=2019-04-27 |title=Doctor, A*Star engineer named honorary citizens |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/doctor-astar-engineer-named-honorary-citizens |access-date=2020-02-21 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> |- |Victor Dzau |{{Flag|United States}} |contributions to postgraduate medical education |<ref name=":10" /> |- |2023 |William Chin |{{Flag|United States}} |contributions to science, medicine and drug discovery/development |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Confers Honorary Citizen Award On A*STAR Board Member |url=https://www.a-star.edu.sg/News/astarNews/news/press-releases/singapore-confers-honorary-citizen-award-on-astar-board-member |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=00. A*STAR HQ Corporate Website |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2025 |Tarun Das |{{Flag|India}} |contributions to strengthening the economic partnership between India and Singapore | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p80kj3m0g17kpw7k3qdcqinebfj2wpx 0 133043 892444 773394 2026-08-07T03:14:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leo Suter''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1993) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila.<ref name="Candid magazin">{{Cite web |last=Exton |first=Sophie |date=2017-10-09 |title=Exclusive: An Interview With Leo Suter |url=https://candidmagazine.com/interview-actor-leo-suter/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=The Candid Magazine}}</ref> An fi saninsa da wasa da Harald Sigurdsson a cikin jerin [[Netflix]] ''Vikings: Valhalla'' (2022-2024). Sauran kyaututtuka sun hada da Bad Education (2012), ''Victoria'' (2017), Ransom (2017), Clique (2018), Beecham House (2019), ''Sanditon'' (2019), Intelligence (2020), The Liberator (2020). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Suter a [[Landan]], ɗan mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai Tim Suter da kuma 'yar kasuwa [[Helen Alexander (mace mai kasuwanci)|Dame Helen Alexander]], daga baya shugabar [[UBM plc]] kuma shugabar [[University of Southampton|Jami'ar Southampton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Colet Court, St Paul's School, da New College, Oxford, inda ya karanta Kimiyya ta Dan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Drama celebrate continued success this academic year |url=https://www.stpaulsschool.org.uk/drama-celebrate-continued-success-this-academic-year/ |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=St Paul’s School |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2018 |title=The Actor Who Plays Jack In 'Clique,' Leo Suter, Has Been In Some Pretty Big Productions |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-actor-who-plays-jack-in-clique-leo-suter-has-been-in-some-pretty-big-productions-13111418 |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Suter ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo yayin da yake karatu a makaranta yana da shekara goma sha ɗaya. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko bayan ya yi wasan karshe a makarantarsa.<ref name="Candid magazin"/> Matsayinsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Patsy a cikin The ''Winterling'' na Oxford Playhouse, Subtle a cikin The Alchemist na Arcola Theatre, da Mercutio a cikin ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Southwark Playhouse . <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga 2022 zuwa 2024, Suter ya fito a matsayin Harald Sigurdsson a cikin jerin [[Netflix]] ''Vikings: Valhalla'' (2022-2024), wanda Jeb Stuart ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ya fito a matsayin DI Tommy ''Lynley'' a cikin [[BBC]] reboot Lynley . <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> An fara jerin ne a kan Britbox, kafin a watsa shi a kan BBC One a watan Janairun 2026. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2013 |''Zagaye da Zagayewar Aljanna'' |Mai kula da lambu | |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Maleficent'' |Matashi |Ba a san shi ba |{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} |- |2016 |''Ya fadi'' |Trevor Beckman | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Zan same ka'' |Robert Pulaski | |<ref name="nuit magazine">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Ian |title=Leo Suter |url=http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/leo-suter/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=Nuit Magazine |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207225953/http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/leo-suter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2025 |''Karma na Kirsimeti'' |Bob Crachit | | |- |2026 |''Fuskar Tsoro'' |Richard York |Bayan samarwa | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2012 |''Rashin Ilimi'' |Ɗalibi na Posh | |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Victoria'' |Edward Drummond |Abubuwa 8 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> |- |''Fuskar'' |Simon Holman |Fim: "The Castle" | |- |2018 |''Dannawa'' |Jack Yorke |Abubuwa 6 | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Gidan Beecham'' |Daniel Beecham |Abubuwa 6 | |- |''Sanditon'' |Matashi Stringer |Abubuwa 8 | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ilimi'' |Tom Austin |Kashi na #1.4 | |- |''Mai Ceto'' |Kyaftin Bill Lauder |Kashi: "Maƙiya" | |- |2022–2024 |''Vikings: Valhalla'' |Harald Hardrada |3 Jerin |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Drama celebrate continued success this academic year |url=https://www.stpaulsschool.org.uk/drama-celebrate-continued-success-this-academic-year/ |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=St Paul’s School |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Lynley'' |DI Tommy Lynley |1 Jerin |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2018 |title=The Actor Who Plays Jack In 'Clique,' Leo Suter, Has Been In Some Pretty Big Productions |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-actor-who-plays-jack-in-clique-leo-suter-has-been-in-some-pretty-big-productions-13111418 |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Leo Sutera kanInstagram * {{IMDb name|5327318}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 2vq1vfrvqu19iuyhgpn22kvr9e7lzge 0 133207 892513 773735 2026-08-07T06:53:10Z BnHamid 12586 892513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Cornell_Health,_Cornell_University.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Cibiyar Skorton don Shirye-shiryen Lafiya a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]]]] Lafiyar kwaleji sakamako ne da ake so wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar tarin ayyuka, shirye-shirye da manufofi da aka tsara don haɓaka lafiya da walwalar mutanen da suka yi rajista a cikin cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi, yayin da kuma magance da inganta lafiyar jama'a da lafiyar al'umma. Kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a duk duniya suna amfani da haɓaka lafiya da kula da lafiya a matsayin hanyoyin cimma manyan alamun aiki a cikin lafiyar kwaleji. Iri-iri na ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kowace cibiya ke bayarwa sun kama daga tashoshin taimakon farko da ke ɗaukar ma'aikaciyar jinya ɗaya zuwa manyan asibitocin kiwon lafiya masu ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa tare da ɗaruruwan ma'aikata. [1] Waɗannan ayyuka, shirye-shirye da manufofi suna buƙatar ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban, ayyukan kiwon lafiya kaɗai sun haɗa da likitoci, mataimakan likitoci , masu gudanarwa, ma'aikatan jinya, masu aikin jinya, ƙwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa, masu koyar da lafiya, masu horar da 'yan wasa, masu abinci mai gina jiki da masu gina jiki, da masu harhada magunguna . Wasu daga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya sun haɗu da masu tausa da sauran ƙwararrun kula da lafiya na gabaɗaya. [1] Duk da yake a halin yanzu suna canzawa, yawancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwaleji an kafa su azaman cibiyoyin kuɗi ko sassan sabis maimakon a matsayin sassan sassan ilimi ko kamfanonin isar da kiwon lafiya. [2] Yawan ƙaruwar lafiyar jami'a sau da yawa yakan buƙaci cikakken kula da muhalli, daidaita albarkatu, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hukumomi don magance mummunan tasirin lafiya daga matsalar shan barasa da sauran shan muggan kwayoyi, cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da rikice-rikicen damuwa gabaɗaya, cin zarafin jima'i da wariya da sauransu. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zimmer CG, Hill MH, Sonnad SR |date=May 2003 |title=A scope-of-practice survey leading to the development of standards of practice for health promotion in higher education |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=247–54 |doi=10.1080/07448480309596357 |pmid=14510027 |s2cid=37018256}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Education/Health Promotion |url=https://www.acha.org/ACHA/Resources/Topics/Health_Promotion.aspx |access-date=2018-11-05 |website=acha.org |publisher=Advanced Solutions International, Inc.}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarun kirkire-kirkire don magance matsalolin ɗabi'a tsakanin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare na ci gaba da haifar da ƙalubale ga cibiyoyi a duk duniya. == Damuwar lafiyar ɗaliban kwaleji da jami'a ta zama ruwan dare gama gari == [[Fayil:Whitaker_College_(E25)_and_Health_Services_(E23)_-_MIT,_Cambridge,_MA_-_DSC05568.jpg|thumb|Ginin E23 (dama) a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts yana ɗauke da ayyukan kiwon lafiya.]] 67cce2s1bs4l2jnsiafjtcs4fr0ft3k 0 133491 892507 774276 2026-08-07T06:45:39Z BnHamid 12586 892507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abū al-'Abbās Ahmad ibn Muhammad at-Tijāniyy''' ko '''Ahmed Tijani''' (Arabic), ya kasance Sharif na Aljeriya wanda ya kafa [[Tijaniyyah]] tariqa (Sufi order).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=H. A. R. Gibb}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Tijani a shekara ta 1735 a Aïn Madhi, ɗan Muhammad al-Mukhtar . {{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} Ya gano zuriyarsa bisa ga al'adar Berber, zuwa kabilar mahaifiyarsa, [[Tijaniyyah|Tijania]] . Lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha shida, Tijani ya rasa iyayensa biyu sakamakon annoba. A lokacin ya riga ya yi aure. Ya koyi [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] a karkashin jagorancin Mohammed Ba'afiyya a Aïn Madhi kuma ya yi nazarin ayyukan shari'ar Musulunci na Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi waɗanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin al'adun [[Malikiyya|Malikite]].{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} Ya kuma yi nazarin littafin Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī na Risala ila al-sufiyya . A shekara ta 1757, Tijani ya bar ƙauyensa zuwa Fez. Yayinda yake can, ya shiga ƙungiyoyin Sufi guda uku, [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyya]], Nasiriyya, da tariqa na Ahmad al-Habib b. Muhammed . {{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} A Fez, ya sadu da mai gani wanda ya gaya masa cewa zai sami wahayi na ruhaniya (mahaifi). Bayan haka, ya bar Fez don koyarwa a al-Abiad, ya kwashe shekaru biyar a ƙauyen. A shekara ta 1772, ya fara tafiya zuwa Makka don hajji da neman hanyar rayuwa ta Sufi. A lokacin tafiyarsa, an fara shi cikin tsarin Khalwati a Azwawi . Daga baya ya koyar da shekara guda a [[Tunis]] inda ya sami nasara.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} Ya bar Tunis zuwa Misira inda ya sadu da [[Mahmud al-Kurdi]] na tsarin Khalwati a Alkahira. Tijani ya isa Makka a ƙarshen 1773 kuma ya yi bukukuwan hajj. A cikin neman hanyar rayuwa ta Sufi, ya sadu da Sheikh Ahmad Abdullah El Hindi, wanda ba ya ganin mutane sai dai bawansa. Ya kuma sadu da Abd-karim al-Sammman, wanda ya kafa reshen Sammaniyya na Khalwati . Al-Samman ya gaya wa Tijani cewa zai zama babban qutb (tsaki) ko masanin a cikin umarnin Sufi a yankin.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} Tijani ya bar Makka ya koma Alkahira inda ya sami albarkar al-Kurdi don yin wa'azi da tsarin Khalwatiyya. Daga Alkahira ya zauna a [[Tlemcen]] na shekaru biyu. [[Fayil:Boussemghoune.jpg|thumb|Oasis na Boussemghoun a Aljeriya, inda al-Tijani ya kafa tariqa a shekara ta 1781]] Tijani daga baya ya zauna a Boussemghoun, wani oasis mai nisan kilomita saba'in da biyar a kudancin El Bayadh. A Samghun ne Tijani ya sami wahayi daga annabin wanda ya gaya masa ya fara sabon tsarin Sufi. Ya bar alakarsa ta baya tare da wasu umarnin Sufi kuma ya yi ikirarin umarnin Allah daga annabi Muhammadu.[1] Don haka, shekara ta 1781 ta nuna farkon tsarin Tijaniyya.[1] Ba da daɗewa ba umarnin Tijani ya sami jan hankali a yankunan hamada da ke kewaye da Abi Samghun. Shaykh Tijani ya zauna a Abi Samghun kusan shekaru goma sha biyar. A shekara ta 1796 ya tafi Fez. [[Fayil:Zaouiya_Tidjaniya_de_Fès_-_tombe.jpg|thumb|Dutsen kabarin Ahmad al-Tijani a cikin Zawiya Complex a Fez, Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]]]] A Fez, [[Slimane na Moroko|Mawlay Sulayman]], Sultan na Maroko ya karɓi Tijani sosai. Kodayake Sulayman ba ya son wasu umarnin Sufi, ya ba Tijani gida kuma ya nada shi a matsayin memba na majalisarsa.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} Da farko, Tijani ya zaɓi masallacin Mawlay Idris don yin addu'a amma ya yi al'adun Tijani a gidansa. Tijani daga baya ya gina nasa [[zawiya]]. A Fez, ya aika da amintaccen mataimakansa don yada maganar umarninsa. An tura amintaccen mataimakan kamar Abu Hafs 'Abdul-Rahman zuwa Oran da Algiers da Abdul-Salam al-Waghiri zuwa Constantine, Algeria. An nada wasu muqaddams daga cikin masu ilimi ciki har da Muhammad Fuwadir al-Abdallawi a cikin gundumar Jarid ta Tunisia da Muhammed al-Hafiz a Mauritania . {{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1965}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7mzdirbyjb9eqjhn2bsi6gqhzylvdnl 0 134809 892504 776727 2026-08-07T06:44:33Z BnHamid 12586 892504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yehouda Leon Chaki (11 ga Disamba, 1938 - 4 ga Satumba, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ke zaune a Montreal, Quebec. An fi saninsa da launuka masu launi da shimfidar wurare, ya fara nunawa a 1959 kuma a yau ana iya samun aikinsa a cikin tarin jama'a da kamfanoni da gidajen tarihi da yawa a duniya ciki har da Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Beaverbrook Art Gallery, Eretz Israel Museum da Philadelphia Museum. [1] – == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Chaki_with_mi_makir.jpg|left|thumb|199x199px|Chaki tare da "Mi Makir nuni"]] An haifi Yehouda Chaki a [[Athens]], Girka, ɗan iyayen Yahudawa na Sephardic. Yaronsa na farko ya kasance alama ce ta Holocaust . Chaki da iyayensa sun shafe shekaru biyar suna zaune a asirce a gidan wani iyali na Kirista a Athens kafin su iya komawa Isra'ila tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa.<ref name="bb">{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Bill |title=Article |url=https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/brownstein-chaki-was-one-of-canadas-most-prominent-and-prolific-artists |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=/montrealgazette.com |publisher=Montreal Gazette, 2023}}</ref> Wannan taron ya yi wahayi zuwa ga yawancin ayyukansa ciki har da zanen 1968 wanda aka rataye a Jami'ar Concordia mai taken "Express Train from Salonika to Auschwitz" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Government of Canada, Canadian Heritage, Canadian Heritage Information |title=Artefacts Canada - Humanities |url=http://www.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/artefacts-eng.jsp?emu=en.artefacts:/ws/human/user/www/Record;jsessionid=E7888D7C613C332A54C961C59D19BB5E&w=NATIVE('INSNAME+EQ+''GALERIE+LEONARD+&+BINA+ELLEN,+UNIVERSITE+CONCORDIA+//+LEONARD+&+BINA+ELLEN+ART+GALLERY,+CONCORDIA+UN''+AND+IMAGE=''X''+')&upp=0&m=34 |access-date=2017-03-13 |website=www.rcip-chin.gc.ca |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref> wanda ke nuna jigilar Yahudawa zuwa sansanonin taro a lokacin Holocaust <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Destruction of the Jews in Greece |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/greekjewry.html |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=www.holocaustresearchproject.org}}</ref> da kuma shigarwar Mi Makir ta 1999 wanda aka bayyana a cikin littafin "Mi Makir: Binciken da ya ɓace". Wannan nune-nunen ya nuna bango cike da hotuna masu duhu na wadanda aka kashe a Holocaust kowannensu yana ɗauke da lamba a saman kusurwar hagu, da kuma babban tarin littattafan da aka ƙone a ƙasa. Chaki ya zauna a Holon, kusa da Tel Aviv, daga 1945 zuwa 1960. A duk lokacin da yake matashi, ya yi karatun zane, zane da buga takardu a karkashin Joseph Schwartzman kuma a lokacin da yake matasa ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Avni don yin karatu tare da Avigdor Stematsky, Moshe Mokady da Yehezchel Streichman . Bayan aikin soja na tilas, ya koma [[Faris|Paris]] don kammala karatunsa a Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts yayin da yake aiki ga mai zane Yaacov Agam . A Paris, Chaki ya sadu da [[Montréal|Montreal]] Grace Aronoff wanda dalibi ne a Sorbonne . Ma'auratan sun yi aure a Montreal, Kanada a shekarar 1962.<ref name="gwest">{{Cite web |title=Article |url=https://www.gallerieswest.ca/news/Yehouda-Chaki |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=www.gallerieswest.ca |publisher=Galleries West Magazine}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Lisa, ta auri Alan Post da [[:fr:Adam Chaki|Adam Chaki]], ta auri Lisa Noto. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Four_Seasons_1208_(A,B,C,D)_copy.jpg|thumb|310x310px|2012 mai quadtych a kan zane na Yehouda Chaki]] [[Fayil:The_Four_Seasons_by_Yehouda_Chaki.jpg|left|thumb|349x349px|1988 "The Four Seasons" mai a kan zane na Yehouda Chaki mallakar Babban Bankin Kanada]] Chaki ya nuna a kai a kai yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki daga ɗakinsa a Montreal. Daga 1967 zuwa 1989, shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Painting da Drawing a Sashen Fine Arts a Cibiyar Saidye Bronfman ta Montreal. <ref name="bb">{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Bill |title=Article |url=https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/brownstein-chaki-was-one-of-canadas-most-prominent-and-prolific-artists |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=/montrealgazette.com |publisher=Montreal Gazette, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrownstein">Brownstein, Bill. [https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/brownstein-chaki-was-one-of-canadas-most-prominent-and-prolific-artists "Article"]. ''/montrealgazette.com''. Montreal Gazette, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ayyukan Yehouda Chaki suna wakiltar manyan tashoshin biyu, Odon Wagner Gallery a Toronto, da kuma Gallery Jones a Vancouver. Ya kammala kwamitoci da yawa ga masu tallafawa fasaha daban-daban. A shekara ta 1987 Ikilisiyar Shaar Hashomayim ta ba da izini ga Chaki don tsara babban zane don girmama bikin cika shekaru 145 na majami'ar, a shekara ta 1988 ya zana The Four Seasons wanda ke rataye a Place Ville-Marie don Babban Bankin Kanada, a shekara ta 2000 Chaki ya tsara windows ɗin gilashi <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Destruction of the Jews in Greece |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/greekjewry.html |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=www.holocaustresearchproject.org}}</ref> don Ikilisiyar Adath Isra'ila ta Montreal, kuma a shekara ta 2001 Salvatore Guerrera ya ba da wani aiki a gilashi <ref>{{Cite thesis}}</ref> don Jami'ar Concordia. An kuma san Chaki da kirkirar mutum-mutumi na tagulla da aka gabatar wa wadanda suka lashe kyautar fiction ta Kanada, Kyautar Giller, daga 1994 zuwa 2004. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A cikin shekaru an sake nazarin aikinsa a cikin mujallu na fasaha kamar ARTnews da Vie des Arts <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> kuma masu sukar fasaha kamar J. Russell Harper sun goyi bayan su a cikin "Chaki: Paintings na baya-bayan nan" wanda Galerie Dresdnere ta buga a 1982. Chaki kuma shine batun littafin "Chaki: Harshe na Passion," wanda Buschlen Mowatt Fine Arts ya buga a 1994 tare da rubutun Barrie Mowatt, Leo Rosshandler da Herbert Aronoff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Destruction of the Jews in Greece |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/greekjewry.html |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=www.holocaustresearchproject.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nuna shi a [http://www.juifsdici.ca/ shafin yanar gizon] Federation CJA wanda ke murna da Yahudawa waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Quebec, al'adu, da al'umma. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cfezdjjze8qh6il9ug1ylq0kq62rz6o 0 134928 892484 776995 2026-08-07T06:29:11Z BnHamid 12586 892484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Masatoshi Naitō (内藤 正敏, Naitō Masatoshi; 18 April 1938 – 9 July 2025) was a Japanese photographer.<ref name="jiji">[https://www.jiji.com/sp/article?k=2025071100763&g=soc 写真家の内藤正敏さん死去] {{In lang|ja}}. jiji.com.</ref> His work is held in the collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York.<ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=Masatoshi Naitoh |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/artists/4208 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Naitō a Tokyo a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1938. <ref>{{In lang|ja}} Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, editor. {{nihongo|''328 Outstanding Japanese Photographers''|『日本写真家事典』|''Nihon shashinka jiten''}}. Kyoto: Tankōsha, 2000. {{ISBN|4-473-01750-8}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Waseda a fannin kimiyyar aikace-aikace kuma ya yi horo a matsayin masanin kimiyya na bincike. == Rayuwa da aiki == Sha'awarsa ga al'adun gargajiya na Japan ta sa ya fara aikin daukar hoto. Aikinsa kan al'adun gargajiya na yankin Tōhoku ya zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a cikin jerin shirye-shiryensa na shekarun 1970: Ba Bakuhatsu (Fashewar Kaka). Tun farkon aikinsa, Naitō ya ɗauki hotunan gawarwakin firistocin Buddha waɗanda suka mutu suna azumi don ceton manoma masu yunwa a Dewa Sanzan sannan ya fara yin hotuna waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan addinan gargajiya da ƙabilar Tōhoku. A cikin wannan aikin (1968-1970), Naitō ya nuna itako, mata masu sihiri waɗanda ke kiran ruhohin matattu. Addinin mata ya kasance yaɗuwa a Japan; a yau ya takaita ga wannan yanki inda har yanzu ake yin ɓangarorin addinin Gabas masu ban mamaki. Waɗannan mata masu sihiri waɗanda Naitō ya ɗauki hotonsu da kyau suna bikin mutuwa. Suna makokin matattu ta hanyar yin al'adu da rawa duk dare don tayar da ruhin mamacin. Waɗannan mata suna da farin ciki kuma suna bikin mutuwa ba rayuwa ba. Naitō ya girmama wannan tsohuwar al'ada tare da haskensa mai haske, yana haskaka halayen da yake nunawa a cikin zane. Kamar yadda ya lura: "Ƙwarin mata yana fitowa daga duniya. Suna rungumar komai kamar alloli kuma taken Ba Bakuhatsu (Fashewar Kaka) ya zo mini a hankali." ''Tōno Monogatari'' (1983) ya mayar da hankali kan wani batu makamancin haka a garin Tōno, a yankin Iwate . Taken ya yi daidai da wani littafi mai suna Yanagita Kunio wanda aka buga a shekarar 1910. Hotunan Naitō sun ba mutane da abubuwa kama da na sihiri. Yana haɗa tatsuniyoyi na da zuwa labaran daukar hoto na zamani. Naitō ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2025, yana da shekaru 87. <ref name="jiji">[https://www.jiji.com/sp/article?k=2025071100763&g=soc 写真家の内藤正敏さん死去] {{In lang|ja}}. jiji.com.</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Miira shinko no kenkyū'' = Nazarin Addinin Mummy. Daiwa Shobo, 1974. * ''Dewa Sanzan dan Shugen'' . Kosai, 1982. * ''Tono Monogatari'' . Shuni-sha, 1983. * ''Tohoku no sei to sen'' = Tōhoku Tsarkakku da Ƙira. Jami'ar Hosei Press, 2007. == Kyaututtuka == * 1966: Sabuwar Kyautar Mawaka daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Hotuna ta Japan * 1982: kyauta ta biyu, Kyautar Domon Ken don littafinsa ''Dewa Sanzan da Shugen'' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 0foxzb53gqyki4ks4bvx5elv0ykl5n3 0 134956 892487 777031 2026-08-07T06:30:43Z BnHamid 12586 892487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Helenawa na Caucasus (Girkanci: ko kuma mafi yawanci {{Lang|el|Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες}}, [[Turkiyya]]: ), wanda aka fi sani da Helenawa na Transcaucasia da [[Rasha]] Ƙananan, su ne kabilun Helenawa na Arewacin Caucasus da Transcaucasian a cikin abin da ke yanzu kudu maso yammacin Rasha, [[Georgia]], da arewa maso gabashin Turkiyya. Wadannan musamman sun hada da Helenawa na Pontic, kodayake a yau sun mamaye yanki mai faɗi ciki har da arewacin Caucasus na Rasha, da tsoffin lardunan Caucasus ta Rasha na Batum Oblast da Kars Oblast (wanda ake kira Rasha Asia Minor), yanzu a arewa maso gabashin Turkiyya da [[Adjara]] a Georgia. Mutanen Girka sun yi ƙaura zuwa waɗannan yankuna tun kafin zamanin Kirista / Byzantine. 'Yan kasuwa, malaman Orthodox / malamai, 'yan gudun hijira, ma'aikata, da waɗanda suka goyi bayan ɓangaren da ba daidai ba a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na siyasa a cikin Classical / Hellenistic da Late Roman / Byzantine, an wakilta su musamman tsakanin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun Fasali shine Bishop Cyrus na Iskandariya na ƙarni na 7, asalinsa daga Phasis a Georgia ta yanzu. Mazauna Girka a cikin Caucasus gabaɗaya sun zama sun haɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman a Georgia, inda Girkawa na Byzantine suka raba bangaskiyar Orthodox da al'adun Kirista tare da' yan asalin ƙasar.[2] [[Fayil:Caucasus_Greek_Major_in_the_Russian_Imperial_Army,_Christos_Adamidis_from_Muzarat,_Ardahan_district..JPG|thumb|Jami'in Girka na Caucasus daga Mouzarat (yanzu Çakırüzüm Palmerü), gundumar Ardahan, tsohon lardin Caucasus na kudancin Rasha na Kars Oblast]] == Farkon zamanin yau == Don ƙara rikitar da al'amuran, da yawa da ake kira "Turks na Ottoman" waɗanda suka zauna a Georgia da Kudancin Caucasus biyo bayan yakin Lala Mustafa Pasha na Caucasian na shekarun 1570s a zahiri Helenawa ne na Pontic daga arewa maso gabashin Anatolia waɗanda suka karɓi Islama da harshen Turkiyya don dalilai na hukuma amma sun ci gaba da amfani da Girkanci na Pontic a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, tare da wani shahararren misali na Musulmi na Ottoman Georgian na asalin Girkanci na asalin Pontic shine Resid Mehmed Pasha. Wadannan Musulmai na Girka waɗanda suka bi addinin Islama a Georgia kuma ko dai daga ƙarshe sun haɗu da yawan Musulmai masu magana da Turkiyya na kudancin Georgia yawanci ana bayyana su a matsayin Meskhetian Turks, sun koma sassa na gabashin Anatolia kamar Kars bayan mamayewar Rasha na Georgia a 1801, ko kuma sun koma ga Orthodox na Girka bayan mamayewa kuma sun sake shiga cikin yawan Orthodox na Girkanci na ƙasar. A ƙarshe, bisa ga shaidar tarihi da ke akwai mun san cewa dubban Helenawa na Pontic daga arewa maso gabashin Anatolia na Ottoman kuma musamman yankin Gümüşhane (Greek Argyroupolis) na Pontic Alps an san su da zuwa Georgia a cikin 1763 a kan gayyatar da Sarki Heraclius II na Georgia don haɓaka azurfa da jagoranci hakar ma'adinai a Akhtala da Alaverdi (a cikin Armenia ta yanzu). Yawancin zuriyarsu sun tsira a gundumar Marneuli ta Georgia da yankin Akhtala na Armenia, kodayake mafi yawansu sun yi hijira zuwa Girka, kuma musamman Thessaloniki (TaSalonika) a Girka Makidoniya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. == Harshe == Yawancin Helenawa na Caucasus waɗanda suka zauna a Georgia sun zama ana kiransu Urums (daga kalmar Turkiyya don '[Byzantine] Romawa') kuma suna magana da Yaren Turkiyya tare da babban cakuda na Pontic Greek, Georgian, da Armenian ƙamus. A cewar labarin Girkanci na gida, bayan murkushe tawaye da suka yi wa mulkin Ottoman, Sultan Selim I ya ba wa waɗannan Helenawa masu magana da Turkiyya amma Krista Orthodox Caucasus zaɓi ko dai su yarda da Islama amma su ci gaba da amfani da yarensu na Girkanci, ko kuma su yi amfani da harshen Turkiyya amma su riƙe bangaskiyar Orthodox ta Kirista. Selim na kasance a yankin Trebizond kafin ya zama Sultan a 1512, tunda shi da kansa ya kasance wani ɓangare na asalin Girkanci na Pontic a gefen mahaifiyarsa Gülbahar Hatun . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 01ihj0htx7dehixhl8ne93jmondv0mj 0 135965 892496 778841 2026-08-07T06:36:58Z BnHamid 12586 892496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taron Calais''' ya faru ne a birnin Faransa a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1915. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu na siyasa na Anglo-Faransa a Calais a wannan shekarar, bayan wani taro kan dabarun yaki a watan Yuli. Taron Disamba ya fi mayar da hankali kan batun ko ci gaba da yaki a kan Salonika Front. Birtaniya, a karkashin Firayim Minista H. H. Asquith, Sakataren Harkokin Waje Edward Grey da Sakataren Gwamnatin Yakin Lord Kitchener sun goyi bayan kwashewar gaba bayan asarar Serbia ga mamayar Bulgaria, Faransanci a karkashin Firim Minista Aristide Briand, sun goyi bayyane ci gaba da kokarin. A taron, Birtaniya ta shawo kan Briand ya yarda da kwashewa amma, a cikin fushin siyasa, ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya canza rikodin taron don cire yardarsa. Har ila yau, yanke shawara ba ta da mashahuri a Burtaniya, tare da Ministan makamai David Lloyd George yana barazanar yin murabus daga gwamnati idan aka ci gaba da kwashewa. Tsoron faduwar gwamnatin Faransa, Asquith ya aika da Kitchener da Grey zuwa Paris don tattauna batun. Ma'aurata sun amince cewa Birtaniya za ta goyi bayan ci gaba da Salonika wanda aka ƙarfafa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin a ƙarshen 1918. == Tarihi ==   An gudanar da Taron Calais na farko a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1915 a matsayin ƙoƙari na inganta yanke shawara kan dabarun [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] tsakanin gwamnatocin Faransa da Burtaniya. Taron shine taron farko na fuska da fuska tsakanin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya H. H. Asquith da takwaransa na Faransa René Viviani . Ya kasance ɗan rikici kuma ya ƙare a cikin rashin fahimta game da dabarun da aka amince da su, tare da Burtaniya da ke son karuwar ƙoƙari a cikin yakin Gallipoli kuma Faransanci sabuntawa a kan Yammacin Gabas. Tun daga wannan taron Viviani ya yi murabus kuma Aristide Briand ya maye gurbinsa. An kuma bude sabon fagen fada, gaban Salonika, wanda aka nufa don tallafawa Serbia a kan harin Jamus da Austriya. Manufar siyasa ta wannan gaba ta zama mara amfani bayan shiga tsakani na Bulgaria a gefen Tsakiyar Tsakiya da kuma mamayar Serbia. Wani burin na biyu, don jawo Girka ga Allies, ya rushe ta hanyar adawa daga sarkinsu Constantine.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal |last=Dutton |first=D. J. |date=1978 |title=The Calais Conference of December 1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=143–156 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X0000039X |issn=0018-246X |jstor=2638452 |s2cid=155396173 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 144 {{Rp|144}} Babban kwamandan sojojin Faransa Joseph Joffre ya yi adawa da ci gaba da gaban Salonika amma an buƙaci a fili don tallafawa shi saboda batun muhimmancin siyasa ne ga gwamnatin Briand. Sakataren harkokin waje na Burtaniya Edward Grey da Sakataren Gwamnati na yaki Lord Kitchener dukansu sun goyi bayan kwashe sojojin Allied daga gaba da sake mayar da hankali ga kokarin wasu wurare.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal |last=Dutton |first=D. J. |date=1978 |title=The Calais Conference of December 1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=143–156 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X0000039X |issn=0018-246X |jstor=2638452 |s2cid=155396173 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDutton1978">Dutton, D. J. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 "The Calais Conference of December 1915"]</span>. ''The Historical Journal''. '''21''' (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>156. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000039X|10.1017/S0018246X0000039X]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X 0018-246X]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 2638452]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155396173 155396173].</cite></ref> : 144 {{Rp|144}} Gwamnatin Briand ta ki yarda da kwashewa kuma ta nemi ƙarfafawar Burtaniya don fadada gaban Salonika.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal |last=Dutton |first=D. J. |date=1978 |title=The Calais Conference of December 1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=143–156 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X0000039X |issn=0018-246X |jstor=2638452 |s2cid=155396173 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDutton1978">Dutton, D. J. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 "The Calais Conference of December 1915"]</span>. ''The Historical Journal''. '''21''' (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>156. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000039X|10.1017/S0018246X0000039X]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X 0018-246X]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638452 2638452]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155396173 155396173].</cite></ref> :{{Rp|144}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;144&#x200A; A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba Kitchener ya sanar da majalisar ministocin Burtaniya cewa ya yi la'akari da kwashewar ba za a iya gujewa ba ko kuma duk sojojin Burtaniya suna cikin haɗarin rasawa. Ya yi barazanar yin murabus idan bai faru ba kuma an rinjayi majalisar ministocin ta goyi bayan matsayin Kitchener.<ref name="jstor" /> : 146  == Taro ==   An gudanar da taron siyasa don tattauna dabarun yaki a Calais a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1915. [1] Manyan wakilan siyasa sune Asquith da Briand kuma Kitchener ne ya jagoranci taron.[2] Taron ya zo ne a lokacin da sojojin Allied a duk bangarorin suka tsaya, ba tare da samun nasara ba. Babban batun tattaunawa shine na gaban Salonika.[3] : :143">: 143  ya yi magana don ci gaba da kokarin a Salonika da Kitchener kuma Asquith ya yi magana game da shi. Kitchener ya sake maimaita barazanarsa na yin murabus kuma an rinjayi Faransanci su yarda da matsayin Burtaniya kuma sun yarda da kwashe gaba, kodayake Briand ya ci gaba da dagewa cewa wannan kuskure ne.[3] : 149  == Sakamakon haka == Kamar yadda yake a taron farko, taron Disamba na Calais ya biyo bayan taron shugabannin sojan Burtaniya da Faransa a Grand Quartier Général na sojojin Faransa a Chantilly. An cimma yarjejeniya a wannan taron don daidaita hare-haren Allied don hana Jamusawa samun lokaci don motsa ƙarfafawa tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke fuskantar barazana na layin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9v1pulm70kayy69heicnksklmbufmw4 0 136728 892493 780113 2026-08-07T06:34:58Z BnHamid 12586 892493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Huey''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a ƙungiyar Texas Longhorns . Ya kasance memba na Seattle Seahawks, San Diego Chargers, Arizona Rattlers, Washington Redskins da Atlanta Falcons . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Huey ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare a Kilgore High School da ke Kilgore, Texas . Kamfanin Associated Press da ƙungiyar marubutan wasanni ta Texas sun naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar 4A all-state a matsayin ɗalibi na farko. An kuma naɗa Huey a matsayin ɗan wasa na shekara na dukkan gundumomi, dukkan yankuna, da kuma gundumar 12-4A Lineman of the Year a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. Ya fara buga ƙwallon Amurka ta All-American Bowl ta 2007. == Aikin kwaleji == Huey ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar Texas Longhorns daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Ya buga wasanni 13 a matsayin mai tsaron gida da kuma a ƙungiyoyi na musamman a matsayin ɗan fari. Ya buga wasanni 13 a shekararsa ta biyu, inda ya fara wasa uku. Huey ya buga wasanni 13 a shekararsa ta farko, inda ya fara wasa tara. Ya fara wasanni takwas a mai tsaron gida na hagu a shekararsa ta ƙarshe kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar Academic All-Big 12. Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa huɗu na ƙungiyar a shekarar. <ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=MICHAEL HUEY - 2010 FOOTBALL |url=http://www.texassports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3458 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165558/http://www.texassports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3458 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=texassports.com}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == {{NFL predraft}}An sanya hannu kan Huey a hannun Seattle Seahawks na NFL a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2011 bayan an cire shi daga cikin jerin 'yan wasan NFL na 2011. <ref name="B">{{Cite web |title=Michael Huey |url=http://www.kffl.com/player/25058/nfl/news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203160336/http://www.kffl.com/player/25058/nfl/news |archive-date=December 3, 2014 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=kffl.com}}</ref> Seahawks ya sake shi a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2011. <ref name="C">{{Cite web |title=MICHAEL HUEY |url=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/michael-huey-player-transactions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608182024/http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/michael-huey-player-transactions |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2015 |website=foxsports.com}}</ref> An sanya wa Huey hannu ne a hannun Arizona Rattlers na Arena Football League a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> Ya fara wasanni 14 a matsayin sabon ɗan wasa kuma an nada shi a matsayin First-team All-Arena a 2012. Rattlers sun doke Philadelphia Soul 72–54 don lashe ArenaBowl XXV a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2012. Rattlers ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2012 |title=FIRST TEAM ALL ARENA OFFENSIVE LINEMAN RETURNS TO THE ARIZONA RATTLERS |url=https://azrattlers.com/first-team-all-arena-offensive-lineman-returns-to-the-arizona-rattlers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165608/https://azrattlers.com/first-team-all-arena-offensive-lineman-returns-to-the-arizona-rattlers/ |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azrattlers.com}}</ref> An nada Huey a matsayin na biyu a All-Arena a 2013, inda ya fara wasanni 17. Rattlers sun doke Philadelphia Soul 48–39 a ArenaBowl XXVI a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2013, don lashe gasar zakarun ArenaBowl ta biyu a jere. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a All-Arena a karo na biyu a shekarar 2014 yayin da Rattlers suka doke Cleveland Gladiators da ci 72–32 a ArenaBowl XXVII a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2014, don lashe gasar zakarun gasar ta uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Huey |url=http://www.arenafootball.com/sports/a-footbl/aflrtl/mtt/michael_huey_829708.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013103/http://www.arenafootball.com/sports/a-footbl/aflrtl/mtt/michael_huey_829708.html |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=arenafootball.com}}</ref> Huey kuma ya samu nasara sau tara saboda taɓawa uku a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Baby Huey' Michael Huey |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Michael_Huey-12218/ |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=arenafan.com}}</ref> An kunna Huey a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Transactions |url=http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Arizona_Rattlers-21/transactions/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608181933/http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Arizona_Rattlers-21/transactions/ |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |publisher=arenafan.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 09d039pvy3novdltpvsg28aqs1edtgb 892494 892493 2026-08-07T06:35:14Z BnHamid 12586 892494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Huey''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a ƙungiyar Texas Longhorns . Ya kasance memba na Seattle Seahawks, San Diego Chargers, Arizona Rattlers, Washington Redskins da Atlanta Falcons . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Huey ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare a Kilgore High School da ke Kilgore, Texas . Kamfanin Associated Press da ƙungiyar marubutan wasanni ta Texas sun naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar 4A all-state a matsayin ɗalibi na farko. An kuma naɗa Huey a matsayin ɗan wasa na shekara na dukkan gundumomi, dukkan yankuna, da kuma gundumar 12-4A Lineman of the Year a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. Ya fara buga ƙwallon Amurka ta All-American Bowl ta 2007. == Aikin kwaleji == Huey ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar Texas Longhorns daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Ya buga wasanni 13 a matsayin mai tsaron gida da kuma a ƙungiyoyi na musamman a matsayin ɗan fari. Ya buga wasanni 13 a shekararsa ta biyu, inda ya fara wasa uku. Huey ya buga wasanni 13 a shekararsa ta farko, inda ya fara wasa tara. Ya fara wasanni takwas a mai tsaron gida na hagu a shekararsa ta ƙarshe kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar Academic All-Big 12. Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa huɗu na ƙungiyar a shekarar. <ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=MICHAEL HUEY - 2010 FOOTBALL |url=http://www.texassports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3458 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165558/http://www.texassports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3458 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=texassports.com}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == {{NFL predraft}}An sanya hannu kan Huey a hannun Seattle Seahawks na NFL a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2011 bayan an cire shi daga cikin jerin 'yan wasan NFL na 2011. <ref name="B">{{Cite web |title=Michael Huey |url=http://www.kffl.com/player/25058/nfl/news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203160336/http://www.kffl.com/player/25058/nfl/news |archive-date=December 3, 2014 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=kffl.com}}</ref> Seahawks ya sake shi a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2011. <ref name="C">{{Cite web |title=MICHAEL HUEY |url=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/michael-huey-player-transactions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608182024/http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/michael-huey-player-transactions |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2015 |website=foxsports.com}}</ref> An sanya wa Huey hannu ne a hannun Arizona Rattlers na Arena Football League a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> Ya fara wasanni 14 a matsayin sabon ɗan wasa kuma an nada shi a matsayin First-team All-Arena a 2012. Rattlers sun doke Philadelphia Soul 72–54 don lashe ArenaBowl XXV a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2012. Rattlers ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obert, Richard |date=May 18, 2012 |title=Arizona Rattlers lineman Michael Huey may be too good to last in Arena Football League |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165559/http://archive.azcentral.com/sports/rattlers/articles/2012/05/17/20120517arizona-rattlers-lineman-michael-huey-may-too-good.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2012 |title=FIRST TEAM ALL ARENA OFFENSIVE LINEMAN RETURNS TO THE ARIZONA RATTLERS |url=https://azrattlers.com/first-team-all-arena-offensive-lineman-returns-to-the-arizona-rattlers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165608/https://azrattlers.com/first-team-all-arena-offensive-lineman-returns-to-the-arizona-rattlers/ |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=azrattlers.com}}</ref> An nada Huey a matsayin na biyu a All-Arena a 2013, inda ya fara wasanni 17. Rattlers sun doke Philadelphia Soul 48–39 a ArenaBowl XXVI a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2013, don lashe gasar zakarun ArenaBowl ta biyu a jere. An nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a All-Arena a karo na biyu a shekarar 2014 yayin da Rattlers suka doke Cleveland Gladiators da ci 72–32 a ArenaBowl XXVII a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2014, don lashe gasar zakarun gasar ta uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Huey |url=http://www.arenafootball.com/sports/a-footbl/aflrtl/mtt/michael_huey_829708.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013103/http://www.arenafootball.com/sports/a-footbl/aflrtl/mtt/michael_huey_829708.html |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=arenafootball.com}}</ref> Huey kuma ya samu nasara sau tara saboda taɓawa uku a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Baby Huey' Michael Huey |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Michael_Huey-12218/ |access-date=August 31, 2014 |publisher=arenafan.com}}</ref> An kunna Huey a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Transactions |url=http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Arizona_Rattlers-21/transactions/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608181933/http://www.arenafan.com/teams/Arizona_Rattlers-21/transactions/ |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |publisher=arenafan.com}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8iz81310nj7wsvw3xxrjdx9r0y5dvaz 0 136865 892440 780334 2026-08-07T02:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lawrence Arthur Bossidy''' (Maris 5, 1935 - Yuli 22, 2025) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma marubuci ɗan Amurka. Ya kasance Shugaba na AlliedSignal (daga baya Honeywell ) a shekarun 1990. Kafin haka, ya shafe sama da shekaru 30 yana aiki a matsayin shugabanni a General Electric . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bossidy a Pittsfield, Massachusetts, a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1935, <ref> name="PCOLNndb">{{Cite web |title=Larry Bossidy |url=https://www.nndb.com/people/493/000053334/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=www.nndb.com}}</ref> kuma yana da ɗan'uwa tagwaye, Tom Bossidy. <ref> name="PCOLAgenda" </ref> Bossidy ya yi aiki a shagon takalma na iyali tun yana ƙarami, yana da burin zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Major League, kuma ya taɓa yin aikin bazara yana buga ƙwallon baseball ga ƙungiyar lig ta kwaleji a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. <ref> name="PCOLAgenda" </ref> Lokacin da Bossidy yake ɗalibi na sakandare, yana da ƙwallon sauri ta 95+ a awa ɗaya, kuma wani ɗan leƙen asiri ya ba shi kwangilar dala $40,000 don buga ƙwallon wa Detroit Tigers . <ref> name="PCOLAgenda" </ref> Duk da haka, lokacin da ɗan leƙen asiri ya zo gidan Bossidy da ceki, mahaifiyarsa ba ta bar shi ya shiga ba, ta nace cewa Bossidy zai kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Colgate . <ref>name="PCOLChiefExecutive" </ref> Yayin da yake Colgate, ya taimaka musu su kai ga gasar World Series ta Kwalejin 1955; a shekarar 2009, an shigar da Bossidy cikin zauren wasanni na shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Larry Bossidy (2009) - HALL OF HONOR |url=https://gocolgateraiders.com/hof.aspx?hof=192 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=Colgate University Athletics |language=en |archive-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014333/https://gocolgateraiders.com/hof.aspx?hof=192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bossidy ya kammala karatunsa daga Colgate a shekarar 1957 da digirin BA a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref> name="PCOLNndb">{{Cite web |title=Larry Bossidy |url=https://www.nndb.com/people/493/000053334/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=www.nndb.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nndb.com/people/493/000053334/ "Larry Bossidy"]. ''www.nndb.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya kasance memba na reshen Mu na Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity a Colgate. Daga baya aka ba Bossidy digirin digirgir na wasiƙun ɗan adam daga Colgate. == Aiki tare da General Electric == Bossidy ya shiga kamfanin General Electric a shekarar 1957. <ref> name="PCOLNyu">{{Cite web |title=New York University. "Larry Bossidy Tells NYU Stern Students to Take Risks" |url=http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/events/ceo.cfm?doc_id=3241 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903162627/http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/events/ceo.cfm?doc_id=3241 |archive-date=2006-09-03 |access-date=2007-11-14}}</ref> Bossidy ya fara aiki a shirin horar da harkokin kuɗi na kamfanin General Electric. <ref> name="PCOLNyu" </ref> Ya zauna tare da kamfanin General Electric na tsawon shekaru 34 masu zuwa, inda ya samu mukamai da dama ciki har da babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin General Electric Credit Corporation daga 1979 zuwa 1981, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma shugaban sashen ayyuka da kayan aiki na kamfanin GE daga 1981 zuwa 1984, da kuma mataimakin shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin General Electric daga 1984 zuwa 1991. === Shugaban Kamfanin General Electric Credit Corporation === Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa a General Electric shine babban jami'in gudanarwa na Kamfanin General Electric Credit Corporation daga 1979 zuwa 1981. A lokacin da yake shugaban kamfanin, reshen da aka kafa a 1943, ya zo nasa. <ref> name="PCOLAnswers" </ref> Tsakanin 1979 da 1984, kadarorinsa sun ninka zuwa dala biliyan 16 saboda faɗaɗa hayar da sayar da manyan kayayyaki na masana'antu, kayayyaki, gidaje, da inshora. <ref> name="PCOLAnswers" </ref> Ayyukan hayar sun kuma samar da mafaka ga harajin General Electric daga raguwar kayan aikin da GE ta ƙirƙira wanda kamfanin bashi ya yi hayar a lokacin. Dennis Dammerman ya yi aiki a Bossidy a GE Credit kuma ya tuna cewa Bossidy "zai iya zama mai hayaniya kuma ɗan tayar da hankali ga marasa tsaro. Ya ƙalubalanci komai. Idan ba za ku iya goyon bayan abin da kuka faɗa ba, ku yi hankali. Amma kuma yana ƙalubalanci kansa." <ref> name="PCOLChiefExecutive" </ref> === Hulɗa da Shugaban Kamfanin GE, Jack Welch === Bossidy yana da dogon dangantaka ta kasuwanci da shugaban kamfanin General Electric, Jack Welch, wanda ya fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 lokacin da Bossidy ya zo duba sashen robobi na GE inda Welch ya yi aiki a lokacin. Daga baya Bossidy ya yi aiki da Welch lokacin da Welch ya zama shugaban kamfanin General Electric. <ref name="PCOLChiefExecutive" /> "Larry mutum ne mai tunani mai sauri, wanda ke ƙarfafa wa wasu da ke kewaye da shi kuzari. Idan ya sami ra'ayi, yana haskaka ɗaki," in ji Welch. <ref name="PCOLChiefExecutive" /> "Yana da ƙarfin tunani da kuma hangen nesa mai faɗi wanda ake buƙata don jagoranci da kuma samar da sakamako." <ref name="PCOLChiefExecutive" /> Kafin ya shiga AlliedSignal, Bossidy babban jami'i ne a GE. Yana da kusanci sosai da shugaban kamfanin GE, Jack Welch, amma ya tafi Allied Signal saboda shekarunsa sun yi kama da na Welch da ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi ba (GE tana da shekarun ritaya na shekaru 65 ga shugabannin kamfanin, don haka ba za a yi la'akari da wanda bai kai shekara goma ba a lokacin da aka canza shugaban kamfanin). == Aiki a AlliedSignal == Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, Bossidy ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na AlliedSignal Corporation . Ya zama Shugaban Kamfanin Honeywell lokacin da AlliedSignal ya same shi a 1999. Allied Signal, sananne a masana'antar sararin samaniya, sufurin jiragen sama, da sojoji, ya karɓi sunan Honeywell, saboda bambancin kayayyakin Honeywell ya samar da shahara a kasuwar masu amfani. Bossidy ya yi ritaya a watan Afrilun 2000, sannan ya dawo a watan Yulin 2001, bayan ƙoƙarin da Janar Electric ya yi na mallakar Honeywell bai yi nasara ba; ya sake yin ritaya daga Honeywell a 2002. Bossidy ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Kasuwanci a 1997 da 1998. A shekara ta 2002, ya yi aiki tare da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci Ram Charan, littafin da ya fi sayarwa, ''Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done'', da kuma wani littafi na gaba a 2004. Bossidy ya kasance darakta a kamfanin harhada magunguna na Merck daga 1992 zuwa Afrilu 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Larry Bossidy (2009) - HALL OF HONOR |url=https://gocolgateraiders.com/hof.aspx?hof=192 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=Colgate University Athletics |language=en |archive-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014333/https://gocolgateraiders.com/hof.aspx?hof=192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Bossidy ya auri Nancy Jo Rodhouse a shekarar 1956; ta rasu a shekarar 2023. <ref name="nytimes" /> <ref name="PCOLNndb">{{Cite web |title=Larry Bossidy |url=https://www.nndb.com/people/493/000053334/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=www.nndb.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nndb.com/people/493/000053334/ "Larry Bossidy"]. ''www.nndb.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iyalan Bossidy suna da 'ya'ya mata shida da 'ya'ya maza uku <ref name="PCOLNndb" /> da jikoki talatin da daya. Bossidy yana zaune a Ridgefield, Connecticut, kuma yana da gidan hunturu a Palm Beach, Florida . <ref name="PCOLAgenda" /> Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Ridgefield, Connecticut a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2025, yana da shekaru 90. <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web |last=Risen |first=Clay |date=August 6, 2025 |title=Lawrence A. Bossidy, Who Led a Major Corporate Turnaround, Dies at 90 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/06/business/lawrence-a-bossidy-dead.html |access-date=August 6, 2025 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *   *   == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rw299l4jr1jcz5jqw48e7f4l2p030tl 0 137186 892488 781021 2026-08-07T06:31:13Z BnHamid 12586 892488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|z|ən|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Eisenstein}}</ref> {{lang-rus|Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн|Sergey Mikhaylovich Eyzenshteyn|sʲɪrˈɡʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ ɪjzʲɪnˈʂtɛjn}}; {{lcfirst:{{family name explanation|Mikhailovich|Eisenstein|lang=Eastern Slavic}}}}}} ( 22 January [ {{Spaced en dash}}A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1948) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Tarayyar Soviet, marubucin allo, editan fina-finai kuma masanin ka'idar fina-finai . An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci, kuma ya kasance majagaba a ka'idar da kuma aikin yin fina-finai . An san shi musamman saboda fina-finansa marasa sauti ''Strike'' (1925), ''Battleship Potemkin'' (1925) da ''Oktoba'' (1928), da kuma fina-finan tarihi irin su ''Alexander Nevsky'' (1938) da ''Ivan the Terrible'' (1945/1958). A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a kowace shekara, mujallar ''Sight and Sound'' ta sanya wa ''Battleship Potemkin'' sunan fim na 54 mafi girma a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:Mikhail-einsenstein-0713-01.jpg|right|thumb|Matashin Eisenstein tare da iyayensa Mikhail da Julia Eisenstein]] An haifi Sergei Eisenstein a ranar 22 January [ a [[Riga]], a cikin Gwamna Livonia, Daular Rasha (Latvia ta yanzu), <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> zuwa dangin matsakaicin aji. Iyalinsa suna ƙaura akai-akai a farkon shekarunsa, kamar yadda Eisenstein ya ci gaba da yi a tsawon rayuwarsa. An haifi mahaifinsa, mai zane Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, a cikin Gwamnar Kiev, ga uba [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] ɗan kasuwa, Osip, da kuma uwa 'yar Sweden . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Mahaifin Sergei Eisenstein ya koma Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, ta fito daga dangin Orthodox na Rasha . Ita 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa ce mai arziki. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Julia ta bar Riga a shekarar juyin juya halin Rasha ta 1905, ta tafi da Sergei zuwa [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Ɗanta yakan dawo wani lokaci don ganin mahaifinsa, wanda ya haɗu da su a kusa da 1910. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> Saki ya biyo baya, kuma Julia ta bar iyalin ta zauna a Faransa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Eisenstein ta girma a matsayin Kiristan Orthodox amma daga baya ta zama mai rashin yarda da Allah. Daga cikin fina-finan da suka yi tasiri ga Eisenstein tun tana ƙarama akwai ''The Consequences of Feminism'' (1906) ta hannun mai shirya fina-finai mace ta farko Alice Guy-Blaché . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato don tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ilimi == A Cibiyar Injiniyan Farar Hula [[Saint-Petersburg|ta Petrograd]], Eisenstein ya yi karatun gine-gine da injiniyanci, sana'ar mahaifinsa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A shekarar 1918, ya bar makaranta ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama don shiga Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha, kodayake mahaifinsa Mikhail ya goyi bayan akasin haka. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Wannan ya kawo mahaifinsa zuwa Jamus bayan shan kaye a hannun sojojin da ke adawa da Bolshevik, kuma Sergei ya koma Petrograd, Vologda, da Dvinsk . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> A shekarar 1920, an mayar da Sergei zuwa matsayin kwamandan sojoji a [[Miniska|Minsk]], bayan nasarar bayar da farfaganda ga Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba . A wannan lokacin, an fallasa shi ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kabuki kuma ya yi karatun [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]], yana koyon haruffan kanji 300, waɗanda ya ambata a matsayin tasiri ga ci gaban hotunansa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Daga wasan kwaikwayo zuwa sinima === [[Fayil:Sadanji_Ichikawa_II_and_Sergei_Eisenstein.jpg|thumb|Tare da jarumin kabuki na Japan Sadanji Ichikawa II, Moscow, 1928]] Eisenstein ya koma Moscow a shekarar 1920 kuma ya fara aikinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana aiki a Proletkult, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> wata cibiyar fasaha ta Soviet mai gwaji wacce ke da burin canza fasalin fasaha da ke akwai da kuma ƙirƙirar salon aiki mai juyi. Ayyukansa a can sun haɗa da ''Gas Masks'', ''Listen Moscow'', da ''Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane ga Vsevolod Meyerhold . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Eisenstein ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai nazari a cikin 1923 <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> ta hanyar rubuta "The Montage of Attractions" don mujallar fasaha ''ta LEF'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Glumov's Diary'' (don samar da wasan kwaikwayo ''mai suna Wise Man'' ), shi ma an yi shi a wannan shekarar tare da [[Dziga Vertov]] da farko a matsayin malami. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Strike (Stachka, 1925) shine fim ɗin Eisenstein na farko mai cikakken tsayi. Battleship Potemkin (wanda kuma aka yi a 1925) ya sami yabo sosai a duk duniya. Galibi saboda wannan shahararriyar ƙasa da ƙasa, ya sami damar jagorantar Oktoba: Ten Days That Shook the World, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru goma na juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917. Yayin da masu suka a wajen Soviet Rasha suka yaba da aikinsa, mayar da hankali kan Eisenstein a fina-finai kan batutuwan tsarin kamar kusurwoyin kyamara, motsin jama'a, da kuma waƙoƙin da aka yi, ya jawo masa da sauran masu ra'ayi irin su Vsevolod Pudovkin da Alexander Dovzhenko daga ƙungiyar fina-finan Soviet. Duk da haka, Eisenstein bai sake iya daina barkwancinsa mai ban dariya ba. Wannan ya tilasta masa fitar da labaran jama'a na sukar kai da alƙawarin gyara hangen nesansa na sinima don bin ƙa'idodin da ke ƙaruwa na gaskiyar gurguzu . === Tafiya zuwa yammacin Turai === A lokacin kaka na shekarar 1928, yayin da har yanzu ake ci gaba da ''suka'' a wurare da dama na Tarayyar Soviet, Eisenstein ya bar Tarayyar Soviet don yawon shakatawa a Turai, tare da abokin aikinsa na fim na tsawon lokaci Grigori Aleksandrov da mai shirya fina-finai Eduard Tisse . A hukumance, tafiyar ta kasance don bai wa mutanen uku damar koyo game da hotunan sauti da kuma gabatar da kansu a matsayin masu fasaha na Soviet kai tsaye ga Yammacin 'yan jari hujja. Ga Eisenstein, duk da haka, dama ce ta ganin shimfidar wurare da al'adu a wajen Tarayyar Soviet. Ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana yawon shakatawa da lacca a [[Berlin]], Zürich, London, da Paris. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A shekarar 1929, a Switzerland, Eisenstein ya kula da wani shirin gaskiya na ilimi game [[Zubar da ciki|da zubar da ciki]] wanda Tisse ya jagoranta, mai suna ''Frauennot - Frauenglück'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Duk da haka, ba a kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin ba a cikin watanni 3-4 da aka amince da su a kwangilar Eisenstein, kuma Asusun ya ƙare kuɗi; kuma rashin zuwansa na dogon lokaci daga Tarayyar Soviet ya sa [[Joseph Stalin]] ya aika wa Sinclair saƙon waya yana nuna damuwar cewa Eisenstein ya zama ɗan guduwa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, Eisenstein ya ɗora wa ƙanin Mary Sinclair, Hunter Kimbrough, wanda aka aika don yin aiki a matsayin mai shirya fim, alhakin matsalolin fim ɗin. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Eisenstein yana fatan matsa wa Sinclairs lamba su haɗa kansu tsakaninsa da Stalin don Eisenstein ya kammala fim ɗin ta hanyarsa. Ba tare da samun ƙarin kuɗi ba, kuma ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Soviet da mafi yawan 'yan Trust, Sinclair ya dakatar da aikin kuma ya umarci Kimbrough da ya koma Amurka da sauran faifan fim ɗin da kuma Soviets uku don ganin abin da za su iya yi da fim ɗin da aka riga aka ɗauka; kiyasin girman wannan zangon daga ƙafa 170,000 na layi tare da ''Soldadera'' ba tare da an yi fim ɗin ba, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> zuwa ƙafa 250,000 na layi. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Don ɗaukar fim ɗin "littafin" ''Soldadera'' da ba a kammala ba, ba tare da an kashe kuɗi ba, Eisenstein ya sami sojoji 500, bindigogi 10,000, da bindigogi 50 daga rundunar sojojin Mexico. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] 6r824b2x0zcgi67pl3ioaceut64oj60 892489 892488 2026-08-07T06:31:42Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 892489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|z|ən|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Eisenstein}}</ref> {{lang-rus|Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн|Sergey Mikhaylovich Eyzenshteyn|sʲɪrˈɡʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ ɪjzʲɪnˈʂtɛjn}}; {{lcfirst:{{family name explanation|Mikhailovich|Eisenstein|lang=Eastern Slavic}}}}}} ( 22 January [ {{Spaced en dash}}A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1948) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Tarayyar Soviet, marubucin allo, editan fina-finai kuma masanin ka'idar fina-finai . An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci, kuma ya kasance majagaba a ka'idar da kuma aikin yin fina-finai . An san shi musamman saboda fina-finansa marasa sauti ''Strike'' (1925), ''Battleship Potemkin'' (1925) da ''Oktoba'' (1928), da kuma fina-finan tarihi irin su ''Alexander Nevsky'' (1938) da ''Ivan the Terrible'' (1945/1958). A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a kowace shekara, mujallar ''Sight and Sound'' ta sanya wa ''Battleship Potemkin'' sunan fim na 54 mafi girma a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:Mikhail-einsenstein-0713-01.jpg|right|thumb|Matashin Eisenstein tare da iyayensa Mikhail da Julia Eisenstein]] An haifi Sergei Eisenstein a ranar 22 January [ a [[Riga]], a cikin Gwamna Livonia, Daular Rasha (Latvia ta yanzu), <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> zuwa dangin matsakaicin aji. Iyalinsa suna ƙaura akai-akai a farkon shekarunsa, kamar yadda Eisenstein ya ci gaba da yi a tsawon rayuwarsa. An haifi mahaifinsa, mai zane Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, a cikin Gwamnar Kiev, ga uba [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] ɗan kasuwa, Osip, da kuma uwa 'yar Sweden . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Mahaifin Sergei Eisenstein ya koma Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, ta fito daga dangin Orthodox na Rasha . Ita 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa ce mai arziki. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Julia ta bar Riga a shekarar juyin juya halin Rasha ta 1905, ta tafi da Sergei zuwa [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Ɗanta yakan dawo wani lokaci don ganin mahaifinsa, wanda ya haɗu da su a kusa da 1910. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> Saki ya biyo baya, kuma Julia ta bar iyalin ta zauna a Faransa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Eisenstein ta girma a matsayin Kiristan Orthodox amma daga baya ta zama mai rashin yarda da Allah. Daga cikin fina-finan da suka yi tasiri ga Eisenstein tun tana ƙarama akwai ''The Consequences of Feminism'' (1906) ta hannun mai shirya fina-finai mace ta farko Alice Guy-Blaché . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato don tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ilimi == A Cibiyar Injiniyan Farar Hula [[Saint-Petersburg|ta Petrograd]], Eisenstein ya yi karatun gine-gine da injiniyanci, sana'ar mahaifinsa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A shekarar 1918, ya bar makaranta ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama don shiga Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha, kodayake mahaifinsa Mikhail ya goyi bayan akasin haka. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Wannan ya kawo mahaifinsa zuwa Jamus bayan shan kaye a hannun sojojin da ke adawa da Bolshevik, kuma Sergei ya koma Petrograd, Vologda, da Dvinsk . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> A shekarar 1920, an mayar da Sergei zuwa matsayin kwamandan sojoji a [[Miniska|Minsk]], bayan nasarar bayar da farfaganda ga Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba . A wannan lokacin, an fallasa shi ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kabuki kuma ya yi karatun [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]], yana koyon haruffan kanji 300, waɗanda ya ambata a matsayin tasiri ga ci gaban hotunansa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Daga wasan kwaikwayo zuwa sinima === [[Fayil:Sadanji_Ichikawa_II_and_Sergei_Eisenstein.jpg|thumb|Tare da jarumin kabuki na Japan Sadanji Ichikawa II, Moscow, 1928]] Eisenstein ya koma Moscow a shekarar 1920 kuma ya fara aikinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana aiki a Proletkult, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> wata cibiyar fasaha ta Soviet mai gwaji wacce ke da burin canza fasalin fasaha da ke akwai da kuma ƙirƙirar salon aiki mai juyi. Ayyukansa a can sun haɗa da ''Gas Masks'', ''Listen Moscow'', da ''Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane ga Vsevolod Meyerhold . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Eisenstein ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai nazari a cikin 1923 <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> ta hanyar rubuta "The Montage of Attractions" don mujallar fasaha ''ta LEF'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Glumov's Diary'' (don samar da wasan kwaikwayo ''mai suna Wise Man'' ), shi ma an yi shi a wannan shekarar tare da [[Dziga Vertov]] da farko a matsayin malami. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Strike (Stachka, 1925) shine fim ɗin Eisenstein na farko mai cikakken tsayi. Battleship Potemkin (wanda kuma aka yi a 1925) ya sami yabo sosai a duk duniya. Galibi saboda wannan shahararriyar ƙasa da ƙasa, ya sami damar jagorantar Oktoba: Ten Days That Shook the World, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru goma na juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917. Yayin da masu suka a wajen Soviet Rasha suka yaba da aikinsa, mayar da hankali kan Eisenstein a fina-finai kan batutuwan tsarin kamar kusurwoyin kyamara, motsin jama'a, da kuma waƙoƙin da aka yi, ya jawo masa da sauran masu ra'ayi irin su Vsevolod Pudovkin da Alexander Dovzhenko daga ƙungiyar fina-finan Soviet. Duk da haka, Eisenstein bai sake iya daina barkwancinsa mai ban dariya ba. Wannan ya tilasta masa fitar da labaran jama'a na sukar kai da alƙawarin gyara hangen nesansa na sinima don bin ƙa'idodin da ke ƙaruwa na gaskiyar gurguzu . === Tafiya zuwa yammacin Turai === A lokacin kaka na shekarar 1928, yayin da har yanzu ake ci gaba da ''suka'' a wurare da dama na Tarayyar Soviet, Eisenstein ya bar Tarayyar Soviet don yawon shakatawa a Turai, tare da abokin aikinsa na fim na tsawon lokaci Grigori Aleksandrov da mai shirya fina-finai Eduard Tisse . A hukumance, tafiyar ta kasance don bai wa mutanen uku damar koyo game da hotunan sauti da kuma gabatar da kansu a matsayin masu fasaha na Soviet kai tsaye ga Yammacin 'yan jari hujja. Ga Eisenstein, duk da haka, dama ce ta ganin shimfidar wurare da al'adu a wajen Tarayyar Soviet. Ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana yawon shakatawa da lacca a [[Berlin]], Zürich, London, da Paris. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A shekarar 1929, a Switzerland, Eisenstein ya kula da wani shirin gaskiya na ilimi game [[Zubar da ciki|da zubar da ciki]] wanda Tisse ya jagoranta, mai suna ''Frauennot - Frauenglück'' . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> Duk da haka, ba a kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin ba a cikin watanni 3-4 da aka amince da su a kwangilar Eisenstein, kuma Asusun ya ƙare kuɗi; kuma rashin zuwansa na dogon lokaci daga Tarayyar Soviet ya sa [[Joseph Stalin]] ya aika wa Sinclair saƙon waya yana nuna damuwar cewa Eisenstein ya zama ɗan guduwa. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Seton|1952}}.</ref> A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, Eisenstein ya ɗora wa ƙanin Mary Sinclair, Hunter Kimbrough, wanda aka aika don yin aiki a matsayin mai shirya fim, alhakin matsalolin fim ɗin. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Eisenstein yana fatan matsa wa Sinclairs lamba su haɗa kansu tsakaninsa da Stalin don Eisenstein ya kammala fim ɗin ta hanyarsa. Ba tare da samun ƙarin kuɗi ba, kuma ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Soviet da mafi yawan 'yan Trust, Sinclair ya dakatar da aikin kuma ya umarci Kimbrough da ya koma Amurka da sauran faifan fim ɗin da kuma Soviets uku don ganin abin da za su iya yi da fim ɗin da aka riga aka ɗauka; kiyasin girman wannan zangon daga ƙafa 170,000 na layi tare da ''Soldadera'' ba tare da an yi fim ɗin ba, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eisenstein|1972}}.</ref> zuwa ƙafa 250,000 na layi. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geduld|Gottesman|1970}}.</ref> Don ɗaukar fim ɗin "littafin" ''Soldadera'' da ba a kammala ba, ba tare da an kashe kuɗi ba, Eisenstein ya sami sojoji 500, bindigogi 10,000, da bindigogi 50 daga rundunar sojojin Mexico. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] bk1qjxba47uk1zxqvwsbct4oltuxqcu 0 137554 892499 781743 2026-08-07T06:38:49Z BnHamid 12586 892499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael S. Roufogalis''' (Girkanci), wanda aka fi sani da '''Michalis Roufogalis''', 1921 - 24 ga Fabrairu 2000) ya kasance jami'in Sojojin Girka kuma babban memba na gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta 1967-1974. An haife shi a Akrata kuma ya girma a Patras.{{Spaced en dash}} Asalinsa jami'in ne a cikin Sojojin Girka, a karkashin junta an nada shi shugaban Hukumar leken asiri ta Girka (KYP). [1] A shekara ta 1968, shi da hukumar sa a asirce sun ba da kuɗin yakin neman zaben Richard Nixon. Bayan Maido da dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1974, an kama shi, an yi masa shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukunci a lokacin shari'ar Junta na Girka. An sake shi daga kurkuku a shekarar 1992, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2000. Matarsa, Della Roufogalis, sanannen samfurin kayan gargajiya ne na Girka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] isu7enzcm4i47goqoir57u2wqrjtj6t 892500 892499 2026-08-07T06:41:08Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 892500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael S. Roufogalis''' ( 1921 - 24 ga Fabrairu 2000) wanda aka fi sani da '''Michalis Roufogalis'''. Jami'in Sojojin Girka ne kuma babban memba na gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta 1967-1974. An haife shi a Akrata kuma ya girma a Patras. Asalinsa jami'in ne a cikin Sojojin Girka, a karkashin junta an nada shi shugaban Hukumar leken asiri ta Girka (KYP).<ref>Παύλος Μπακογιάννης, έρευνα για την ΚΥΠ, δημοσιεύθηκε στο Βήμα από 12 ως 28 Ιουνίου 1977</ref> A shekara ta 1968, shi da hukumar sa a asirce sun ba da kuɗin yakin neman zaben Richard Nixon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Trial_of_Henry_Kissinger.html?id=pBBBEH0OEoUC |title=The Trial of Henry Kissinger |date=2001 |publisher=Verso |isbn=9781859846315 |language=en |chapter=9: A " WET JOB " IN WASHINGTON?}}</ref> Bayan Maido da dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1974, an kama shi, an yi masa shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukunci a lokacin shari'ar Junta na Girka. An sake shi daga kurkuku a shekarar 1992, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2000. Matarsa, Della Roufogalis, sanannen samfurin kayan gargajiya ne na Girka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ivt5mzp70wvps2j10h3vdniwygrqdpx 0 137899 892139 827905 2026-08-06T14:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kie Kitano (北乃 きい, Kitano Kii; an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1991) <ref name="basicprofile">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:北乃きい（女優）のプロフィール |url=http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/talent/7/w06-0041.html |access-date=November 7, 2008 |publisher=Yahoo! Japan |language=Japanese |archive-date=December 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223204657/http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/talent/7/w06-0041.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan. == Ayyuka == An haifi Kitano ne a yankin Kanagawa, kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu daraja Miss Magazine . A shekara ta 2005, Kitano ta lashe kyautar Miss Magazine, [1] ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta (shekara 14) don karɓar wannan kyautar. A shekara ta 2007, an zabi Kitano a karo na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Life . Don nuna halayenta yadda ya kamata, Kitano ta adana kuma ta sayi kowane kundin manga wanda wasan kwaikwayon ya dogara. Tare da Happy Dining Table, ta lashe lambar yabo ta 31 ta Japan Academy a cikin sabon Actor category.[2][3] A watan Fabrairun 2008, ta kuma lashe bikin fina-finai na 29 na Yokohama tare da wannan fim din.[3] Bayan ta yi aiki a Life da Kofuku no Shokutaku, an zaba ta don bayyana a cikin bidiyon gabatarwa don ɗayan da Little ya fitar a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2007. Tsakanin Disamba 2007 da Janairu 2008, an zaba ta a matsayin manajan murna na uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta makarantar sakandare ta Japan, bayan Maki Horikita da Yui Aragaki . An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Mataimakin Mataimakin a bikin fina-finai na Milano a shekarar 2014 saboda kyawawan halayenta na mataimakin mai samar da kiɗa a cikin "The Tenor Lirico Spinto . " == Hotunan fina-finai == === Wasanni === * ''14 Sai no Haha'' (2006) <ref name="basicprofile"/> * ''Junjo Kirari'' (2006) <ref name="basicprofile" /> * ''Rayuwa'' (2007) <ref name="basicprofile" /> * ''Taiyo zuwa Umi no Kyoshitsu'' (2008) * ''Nagareboshi'' (2010) * Kuna Kame's Cicada (2010) * ''Wurin wanka ba tare da Kamisama ba'' (2011) * Makarantar (2011) * Cleopatra Ladies -Ƙaunar Har abada don Kyau (2012) * ''Gintama Mitsuba Arc'' (2017), Mitsuba * ''Konuka Ame'' (2017), Osumi * ''Natsuzora'' (2019) * ''Ƙone Gidan'' (2023), Kurea <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflixシリーズ「御手洗家、炎上する」新キャストに工藤阿須加、中川大志、恒松祐里ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602065625/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Fim din === * ''Yubisaki kara Sekai wo'' (2006) <ref name="basicprofile"/> * ''Tebur mai Farin Ciki'' (2007) - mai gabatarwa <ref name="basicprofile" /> * Speed Master (2007) <ref name="basicprofile" /> * ''Spider-Man 3'' (2007) - Mary Jane Watson (murya ga Kirsten Dunst) * ''GeGeGe no Kitaro Sennen Noroi Uta'' (2008) a matsayin Kaede Hiramoto <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflixシリーズ「御手洗家、炎上する」新キャストに工藤阿須加、中川大志、恒松祐里ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602065625/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Love Fight (2008) - mai gabatarwa <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:腹筋割れとるで～！北乃きいがボクシング特訓でムキムキ変身 |url=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200804/gt2008040310.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404134237/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/top/gt200804/gt2008040310.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=April 4, 2008 |access-date=April 2, 2008 |publisher=Sankei Sports |language=Japanese}}</ref> * Postman (2008) <ref name="basicprofile" /> * Half Way (2009) * Pokémon: Arceus da Jewel of Life - Sheena (murya, 2009) * ''Bandage'' (2010) * ''Bushido Goma sha shida'' (2010) * ''Labarin Tokyo'' (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autobiographical Tokyo Story Comic To Become A Live Action Movie |url=http://japanverse.com/2013/03/autobiographical-tokyo-story-comic-to-become-a-live-action-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411043828/http://japanverse.com/2013/03/autobiographical-tokyo-story-comic-to-become-a-live-action-movie/ |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |publisher=Japanverse}}</ref> * ''Jōkyō Monogatari'' (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2013 |title=Rieko Saibara's Jōkyō Monogatari Manga Gets Live-Action Film |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-22/rieko-saibara-jokyo-monogatari-manga-gets-live-action-film |access-date=March 27, 2013 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> * ''Tenor Lirico Spinto'' (2014) * ''Ba ni da Abokai da yawa'' (2014) * Malami da Barkace (2015) * Tap The Last Show (2017) * Sengoku Girl da Kendō Boy (2020) * ''Oshorin'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「おしょりん」制作開始を発表 福井の眼鏡産業黎明期描く |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20220127/k00/00m/040/156000c |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=Mainichi Shimbun}}</ref> * Teppen no Ken (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=北乃きい＆本郷奏多が剣道映画「てっぺんの剣」でW主演、ロケ地・大分で先行公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/584695 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803004604/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/584695 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Littattafan hoto === * ''Mataki na Farko'' (2007) <ref name="basicprofile"/> * Kitano Moyō (2008) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflixシリーズ「御手洗家、炎上する」新キャストに工藤阿須加、中川大志、恒松祐里ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602065625/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Bidiyo na talla === * "Zan iya Ganin A bayyane Yanzu" na Beat Crusaders (2005) * "Pink Candy - fim din-" na Kotaro Oshio (2007) * "Yume no Sei" (夢の 生) by Little (2007) * "Kibō no Uta/Kaze" (soyayyaの__ilo____ilo____ilo__/風) by Funky Monkey Babys (2008) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflixシリーズ「御手洗家、炎上する」新キャストに工藤阿須加、中川大志、恒松祐里ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602065625/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/524092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3skq7h6w1nqla2zr15w0uv48qmbvv5p 0 138008 892472 782579 2026-08-07T05:38:57Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nightmare ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta [[Japan]] da aka kafa a [[Sendai]], Tōhoku, a cikin 2000. Ya kunshi Yomi (shugaban murya), Sakito (shugaban guitar, goyon bayan murya), Hitsugi (rhythm guitar), Ni~ya (bass, goyon bayan sauti) da Ruka (drums, percussion) don mafi yawan rayuwarsu. Sun sami nasara ta yau da kullun tare da hada waƙoƙinsu "The World" da "Alumina" a cikin Death Note anime kuma ana ɗaukar su babban aiki a cikin yanayin [[visual kei]].<ref name="Shoxx Vol 170">{{Cite journal |date=April 2007 |title=Nightmare the WORLD Ruler |url=http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=223&Itemid=516 |journal=SHOXX |publisher=Ongaku Senkasha |volume=170 |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124173806/http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=223&Itemid=516 |archive-date=24 January 2009 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafawa da Ultimate Circus (2000-2003) === Sakito da Hitsugi ne suka kafa mafarki mai ban tsoro a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2000 <ref name="barks">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2004 |title=Nightmare Biography |url=http://www.barks.jp/artist/?id=1000000089 |access-date=16 November 2012 |language=ja}}</ref> yayin da yawancin mambobin ke makarantar sakandare. <ref name="CD Japan">{{Cite web |title=Nightmare Special Feature |url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/jpop/essentials/nightmare/index.html |access-date=11 November 2012 |website=Cdjapan.co.jp}}</ref> Hitsugi ne ya ba da shawarar sunan ƙungiyar, yana mai cewa yana son sunan ƙungiyar da zai tsoratar da mutane su dace da salon su na gani. Ba da daɗewa ba, Sakito ya gayyaci Ni~ya, Hitsugi ya gayyace Yomi, kuma Zannin ya shiga bayan ya ji abokan karatunsa suna kafa ƙungiyar. Dukansu sun sami rinjaye daga ko dai X Japan ko Luna Sea, saboda haka sun fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar murfin, kafin su fara rubuta nasu kayan.<ref name="Shoxx 176">{{Cite journal |date=October 2007 |title=Nightmare Interview |url=http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=238&Itemid=516 |journal=SHOXX |publisher=Ongaku Senkasha |volume=176 |pages=39–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903031127/http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=238&Itemid=516 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> Kamar dai yadda ƙungiyar ta fara samun karbuwa a gidaje masu rai da ƙananan kide-kide a Yankin Sendai, Zannin ya bar ƙungiyar saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. A ƙarshe, Ruka (tsohon Luinspear) ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin memba mai tallafawa da farko, amma ya zama mai bugawa na dindindin bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci. Tun lokacin da Ruka ta shiga Nightmare a hukumance, jerin su ba su canza ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fara gajeren yawon shakatawa a yankin tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin tallafi. A shekara ta 2003, Nightmare ta sanya hannu tare da Nippon Crown kuma ta fitar da wakarsu ta farko "Believe". Watanni uku bayan farawarsu, sun saki guda uku na A-gefe, "Akane / Hate / Over", a karo na farko ga kowane rukuni don saki kowane guda tare da waƙoƙi uku na A. An yi amfani da waƙar Nightmare "Over" a matsayin ƙarshen taken don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na anime ''Croket!''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Over / ナイトメア / コロッケ！の歌詞ページ - アニソン！無料アニメ歌詞閲覧サイト |url=http://animesongz.com/lyric/855/4858 |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ナイトメア：NIGHTMARE |url=https://www.nightmare-web.com/ |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=Nightmare-web.com}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, sun fito da kundi na farko, Ultimate Circus kuma sun tafi rangadin su na farko. === Livid da Anima (2004-2006) === A shekara ta 2004 Nightmare ta fitar da waƙoƙi uku; "Varuna", "[[Tokyo]] Shounen", da "Cyan", da kuma wani cikakken kundi, Livid . Nightmare ya sake zagayawa a Japan a karkashin sunan Tour CPU 2004. Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2006, Nightmare ya ci gaba da aiki, ya saki karin waƙoƙi da kundi na uku a shekara ta 2006, Anima, wanda yawon shakatawa na tallafi, [Anima]lism, ya sayar gaba ɗaya. A shekara ta 2006 sun yi rikodin Rayuwa a NHK Hall mai taken Gianism Tsu . Tare da kundi uku da yawon shakatawa da yawa a ƙarƙashin belinsu, Nightmare ya fitar da jerin kundin "mafi girma". === ''Mai mulkin Duniya'' da Killer Show (2007-2008) === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Nightmare ta fitar da "The World/Alumina", na farko da za a saki a karkashin sabon lakabin su, VAP . An yi amfani da waɗannan waƙoƙi guda biyu a matsayin jigogi na farko da na ƙarshe bi da bi na abubuwan da suka faru na farko goma sha tara na sauyawar Death Note anime.<ref name="barks">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2004 |title=Nightmare Biography |url=http://www.barks.jp/artist/?id=1000000089 |access-date=16 November 2012 |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, sun fitar da kundi na huɗu, "The World Ruler" kuma sun zagaya watanni uku a kusa da Japan. Sun fito da wakarsu ta gaba, "Raison d'Etre", kusan wata daya bayan kammala rangadin su (wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman waƙar buɗewa don wasan kwaikwayo na ''Claymore''). <ref name="SHOXX 173">{{Cite journal |date=July 2007 |title=Nightmare "Raison d'etre" |url=http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=516 |journal=SHOXX |publisher=Ongaku Senkasha |volume=173 |pages=58–59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207115832/http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=516 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, sun yi wani taron kide-kide na kwana uku mai taken "The World Ruler Encore . A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2007, sun yi a ''Nippon Budokan'' a karon farko. An kira kide-kide Kyokuto Symphony ~The Five Stars Night~ kuma an sayar da tikiti a cikin makonni biyu. Sun sake fitowa da wasu waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Konoha" a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2007 <ref name="Shoxx 178">{{Cite journal |date=December 2007 |title=Nightmare Interview |url=http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=516 |journal=SHOXX |publisher=Ongaku Senkasha |volume=178 |pages=38–57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204032236/http://www.jhouserock.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=516 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> da kuma "Dirty", (wanda shine taken buɗewa na ''Majin Tantei Nougami Neuro'') wanda aka saki a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba. Sun ƙare 2007 tare da Dirty Influence Tour a cikin biranen da aka zaɓa a Japan a watan Disamba. 2008 ya fara ne tare da sakin wasu kundi biyu. Na farko, ''Nightmare 2003-2005 Single Collection'', an sake shi a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar lakabin su, Nippon Crown kuma shine sabon sashi na manyan abubuwan da suka faru. Na biyu, ''Kyokuto Symphony ~The Five Stars Night~ @Budokan'', shi ne kundi na farko na rayuwa, wanda aka rubuta a lokacin yawon shakatawa a shekarar da ta gabata. A watan Maris, sun zagaya tare da 2008 Zepp Tour Six Point Killer Show kuma sun saki guda daya mai taken "White Room". White Room yana samuwa ne kawai a matsayin iyakantaccen sauke intanet. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2008, sun fitar da kundi na biyar na asali mai taken "Killer Show", kundi na uku da aka saki a wannan shekarar. Bayan sakin, sun zagaya Japan. An sake wani waka, "Lost in Blue" a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An yi amfani da shi azaman waƙar buɗewa ga wasan kwaikwayo na ''Mōryō no Hako'' kuma an yi amfani da wani daga cikin waƙoƙinsu, "Naked Love", a matsayin taken ƙarshe. An kuma saki wannan a matsayin guda a ranar 3 ga Disamba. === Kundin studio === * Ultimate Circus (25 ga Disamba, 2003) * ''Rayuwa'' (25 ga Nuwamba, 2004) * Anima (22 ga Fabrairu, 2006) * ''Mai mulkin Duniya'' (Fabrairu 28, 2007) * Killer Show (Mayu 21, 2008) * Majestical Parade (Mayu 13, 2009) * ''Mafarki mai ban tsoro'' (23 ga Nuwamba, 2011) * ''Zubar da hankali'' (Janairu 30, 2013) * ''Don Kasancewa ko Ba Za Ta Kasancewa ba'' (Maris 19, 2014) * ''Carpe Diem'' (Maris 25, 2015) * ''Nox:Lux'' (Maris 16, 2022) == Tafiya == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small" |'''''Shekara''''' |'''''Taken''''' |- |'''2004''' |CPU ta yawon shakatawa 2004 |- |'''2006''' |[Anima]lism |- | rowspan="2" |'''2007''' |Yawon shakatawa na Mai Mulki na Duniya |- |Tafiya mai banƙyama |- |'''2008''' |2008 Zepp Tour Six Point Killer Show |- | rowspan="2" |'''2009''' |Nightmare Live House Tour 2009 Parade of Nine |- |Yawon shakatawa na mafarki na 2009 Parade ~ Farawa na [X] Hauwa'u~. |- | rowspan="3" |'''2010''' |Bukatar Gianizm yawon shakatawa |- |Dokar Musamman ta 10th Anniversary. Vol.2: Re: Farawa na Tell (Duk) ism |- |Dokar Musamman ta 10th Anniversary. Vol.3 Tarihi ~ Mafi Girma ~. |- | rowspan="3" |'''2011''' |Lokaci ya koma Zero |- |Zeppelin |- |Yawon shakatawa na mafarki na 2011-2012 Gaskiya mai ban tsoro |- | rowspan="4" |'''2012''' |Yin kwaikwayon Abin da Ya gabata |- |Nightmare Premium Live a Shinkiba Studio Coast |- |Kuskuren Haihuwar Halitta Nightmare vs. Baroque |- |Yawon shakatawa na Nightmare 2012 na karshe 'Deus ex Machina' |- | rowspan="1" |'''2013''' |kyakkyawa SCUMS a Nakano Sun Plaza |- |'''2025''' |Yawon shakatawa na Turai na 'WORLD' 2025 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c0ypeap9yeqwm9myxbld4ap2npvhtlf 0 138021 892537 782593 2026-08-07T09:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ram Rider shi ne mai samar da kiɗa na Japan, mawaƙi, remixer, [[DJ]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Ya girma yana sauraron YMO, EW&F, da sauransu a ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya gano TM NETWORK lokacin da yake makarantar firamare. Yana da sha'awar synthesizers. Lokacin da ya shiga makarantar sakandare, ya sayi MSX da synthesizer kuma ya fara rubuta kiɗa. Ayyuka daban-daban na cikin gida da na duniya sun rinjaye shi, gami da Takkyu Ishino da Teitowa . Masu zane-zane na Japan sun burge ni sosai. Bayan ya shiga makarantar sakandare, ya fara DJing, kuma aikin remix na Dub Master ya kafa DaBLADE RECORDS don saki CDs ya rinjaye shi. Sau da yawa DJs da remixes a matsayin RAM RIDER, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan ELT da Ayumi Hamasaki a matsayin remixer. A shekara ta 2002, ya bayyana a bikin kiɗa na New York Tokyo a New York, inda ya yi DJ tare da Yukihiro Fukutomi, wanda yake sha'awarsa, da sauransu. A halin yanzu, waƙarsa galibi tana mai da hankali kan gida, disco, da techno. Yana amfani da tasirin tacewa don ƙirƙirar sautuna masu kama da na DaftPunk, kuma yana ba da remixes da kiɗa. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, ya ɗauki murya da kansa kuma yana tare da membobin tallafi. A halin yanzu yana yin rayuwa. == Bayanan da aka yi == 1996 * An saki 1st "fake compilation A" a kan CD. Abubuwa 500. 1997 === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" !Taken !Ranar fitarwa !Oricon <ref>RAM RIDER has not disclosed his legal name. Some websites state that RAM RIDER and 矢崎俊輔 (Shunsuke Yasaki) are the same person, but they are different individuals with different hometowns and alma maters.</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! colspan="3" |Indiya |- |"Music" (MUSIC) |{{Start date|2004|3|16}} | align="center" |145 |- |"Sweet Dance" (Yana da kyau) |{{Start date|2004|11|17}} | align="center" |119 |- ! colspan="3" |Babban |- |"Yume de Aeru yo" (Yana da kuma) |{{Start date|2005|6|29}} | align="center" |109 |- |"Bedroom Disco" (Masu cin gashin kansu) |{{Start date|2005|9|14}} | align="center" |90 |- |"Hello" (HELLO) |{{Start date|2005|11|16}} | align="center" |138 |- |"Tabi e Deyō / Any Colors" (Tafiya da yawa / Ƙwararrun) |{{Start date|2006|7|5}} | align="center" |112 |- |"Ram Rider EP" (RAM RIDER EP) <ref>[http://www.discogs.com/artist/118100-Ram-Rider Discogs]</ref> * vinyl guda |{{Start date|2008|5|7}} | align="center" | |- |"Hanamizuki" (ハナミズキ) * dijital guda ɗaya |{{Start date|2012|12|5}} | align="center" | |} == Albums == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" !Taken !Ranar fitarwa !Oricon <ref>RAM RIDER has not disclosed his legal name. Some websites state that RAM RIDER and 矢崎俊輔 (Shunsuke Yasaki) are the same person, but they are different individuals with different hometowns and alma maters.</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |Portable Disco (Yana da za a iya amfani da shi) |{{Start date|2005|11|30}} | align="center" |52 |- |Portable Disco 8-bit edition (Bayanan Bayani na 8bit) |{{Start date|2006|4|26}} | align="center" | - |- |Kimi ga Suki + Remix Tumes (き Frederすき+Remix Tunes) |{{Start date|2007|4|11}} | align="center" |120 |- |Space Program [Star] Compiled by Ram Rider  (shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya [STAR] wanda RAM RIDER ya tattara) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpopasia.com/celebrity/ramrider/lyrics/audio-galaxy-ram-rider-strikes-back::19570.html |title=jpopasia |access-date=2026-01-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233739/http://www.jpopasia.com/celebrity/ramrider/lyrics/audio-galaxy-ram-rider-strikes-back::19570.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Start date|2009|3|4}} | align="center" | - |- |Future Memories (Memories na gaba) <ref>RAM RIDER has not disclosed his legal name. Some websites state that RAM RIDER and 矢崎俊輔 (Shunsuke Yasaki) are the same person, but they are different individuals with different hometowns and alma maters.</ref> * wanda aka saki a karkashin sunan ƙungiyar Private Planet (PRIVATE PLANET) |{{Start date|2009|3|4}} | align="center" | - |- |Audio Galaxy – Ram Rider vs. Stars!!!  (AUDIO GALAXY - RAM RIDER vs STARS !!!) | rowspan="2" |{{Start date|2012|4|11}} | align="center" |49 |- |Audio Galaxy – Ram Rider Strikes Back!!!  (AUDIO GALAXY - RAM RIDER STRIKES BACK !!!) | align="center" | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s3xpc6oics3hh06de7d7o40mjwv3gq6 0 138408 892521 783292 2026-08-07T08:00:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892521 wikitext text/x-wiki Makoto Tonami (戸並 誠, Tonami Makoto; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da '''''Mc Akasaka''''' (マック赤坂, Mac Akasaka), ɗan kasuwa ne na Japan, ɗan siyasa da mai ritaya kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya kuma tsohon ɗan takarar dindindin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a [[Nagoya]], ya girma a cikin iyali mai gwagwarmaya, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Kyoto . Ya shafe shekaru 25 a matsayin zartarwa a kamfanin kasuwanci na Itochu, inda ya gina kasuwancin kasuwancin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙasa kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya da wuri tare da kunshin raba yen miliyan 120. <ref name="sankei" /> Ya shiga siyasa bayan ya yi ritaya. Yanzu yana kula da Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Murmushi a Akasaka, Tokyo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=朝日新聞デジタル：〈都知事選候補者〉マック赤坂氏 - ニュース |url=http://www.asahi.com/news/intro/TKY201211290320.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101456/http://www.asahi.com/news/intro/TKY201211290320.html |archive-date=2013-12-26 |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> Akasaka ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da dukiyar kansa na biliyoyin yen, wanda yake amfani da shi don rufe farashin kamfen dinsa na siyasa. Ya yi takara a ofisoshin siyasa daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Minato City (2007), Majalisar Wakilai (2007, 2009, da 2010), Gwamna na Tokyo (2007, 2011, 2012, 2014 da 2016), Gwamna da Osaka Prefecture (2011), Gwamna na Niigata Prefecture (2012) da kuma Magajin garin Osaka City (2014), yana takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Smile Party. A cikin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ya zama sananne ga jawabai masu ban sha'awa, sau da yawa a cikin tufafi, da kuma shirya kide-kide na gaggawa a wuraren jama'a kamar tsakiyar Shibuya. Tattaunawar jawabinsa na zabe, inda ya jaddada muhimmancin murmushi yayin da yake sanye da kayan ado masu ban mamaki kamar Superman ko baƙon sararin samaniya, ya zama sananne a [[YouTube]] da sauran shafukan bidiyo. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kai shekara ta 2012 ya kai kusan yen miliyan 30 zuwa 30; ya yi takarar gwamna na Tokyo kawai ya kai kusan Yen miliyan 5 duk da cewa ya zaɓi kada ya buga hotunan zabe.[1] Akasaka ya yi la'akari da kasancewa daga Zaben gwamna na Tokyo a shekarar 2014, yayin da ribar da ya samu daga kasuwancin da ba a saba gani ba ta ragu, kuma bai yarda ya gaba da takardar shaidar yen miliyan 3 da ake buƙata don gudu ba. Daga karshe ya sanar da cewa zai gudu bayan da ya yi tsokaci a kan Twitter yana roƙonsa ya yi hakan. Ya rubuta: "Akwai magoya bayan Mac a duk duniya, ba kawai tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a na Tokyo ba, har ma a Hollywood da Lausanne. Suna jiran bidiyon zabe na. "[2] Akasaka ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Gundumar Minato a shekarar 2019, zabensa na 14; Akasaka ya dauki wannan a matsayin yunkurinsa na karshe a zaben. Ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen wa'adinsa a 2023 saboda rashin lafiya. == Batutuwan Shari'a == An tuhumi Tonami da Cin hanci da rashawa a shekara ta 2010 a kan zargin cewa ya ɓoye yen miliyan 234 a cikin kudin shiga a tsawon shekaru uku, kuma ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=朝日新聞デジタル：〈都知事選候補者〉マック赤坂氏 - ニュース |url=http://www.asahi.com/news/intro/TKY201211290320.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101456/http://www.asahi.com/news/intro/TKY201211290320.html |archive-date=2013-12-26 |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 2013 |title=マック赤坂氏"引退"激白！ 参院選「５万票を下回ったら…」 |url=http://www.zakzak.co.jp/society/politics/news/20130713/plt1307131456005-n1.htm |access-date=6 January 2014 |quote=──法定得票数を獲得できなければ供託金３００万円を没収される 「個人資産はレアアースの貿易でもうけて数十億円ある。大丈夫です」 |newspaper=ZAKZAK |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009201439/http://www.zakzak.co.jp/society/politics/news/20130713/plt1307131456005-n1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ymlcs6mbg7uhvtc7gk6k8hwwkp8ktx 0 139293 892481 788726 2026-08-07T05:43:48Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 892481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsohon Ginin Kotun Koli Singapore''' (a Malay: Tsohon Ginin Kotun Koli ta Singapore; a Malay: Bangunan Mahkamah Agung Lama; a Sinanci: 最高法院大厦) shi ne tsohon ginin da Kotun Koli ta Singapore ke amfani da shi a da. Kotun ta koma sabon gini inda ta fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2005. An buɗe tsohon ginin a shekarar 1939, kuma shi ne ginin ƙarshe da aka gina da salo na gine-ginen classical architecture a tsohuwar ƙasar mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tare da Tsohon Ginin City Hall, an sauya amfani da tsohon ginin kotun zuwa National Gallery Singapore. Wannan katafaren ginin tarihi ya buɗe wa jama’a a shekarar 2015. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Old_Supreme_Court_Building,_Singapore,_photographed_February_1969_×_July_1971.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin Kotun Koli {{Circa}} 1970.]] A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1937, Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas, Gwamna na Straits Settlements <ref name="asiaexplorers.com">{{Cite web |title=AsiaExplorers - Visit, Discover & Enjoy Asia! |url=http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328052718/http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=www.asiaexplorers.com}}</ref> ya kafa asalin ginin Kotun Koli. (A lokacin shine mafi girman dutse na tushe a duk ƙasar Malaya.) An binne shi a ƙarƙashin dutse wani lokaci ne wanda ke dauke da jaridu shida na Singaporean da aka rubuta a ranar 31 ga Maris 1937, da kuma wasu tsabar kudi na Straits Settlements. Ba za a dawo da kwayar ba har zuwa shekara ta 3000.<ref name="asiaexplorers.com" /> Sir Shenton Thomas ya ayyana ginin Kotun Koli a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1939 kuma ya mika shi ga Babban Alkalin, Sir Percy McElwaine, a wannan rana. <ref name="asiaexplorers.com">{{Cite web |title=AsiaExplorers - Visit, Discover & Enjoy Asia! |url=http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328052718/http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=www.asiaexplorers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150328052718/http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm "AsiaExplorers - Visit, Discover & Enjoy Asia!"]. ''www.asiaexplorers.com''. Archived from [http://www.asiaexplorers.com/singapore/oldsupremecourt.htm the original] on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1946, bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], ginin ya kasance wurin gwajin aikata laifukan yaki na mambobin Sojojin Imperial na [[Japan]] don ayyukan a Singapore a lokacin yakin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singapore |first=National Library Board |title=Former Supreme Court building - Infopedia |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_774_2005-01-10.html |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> Bayan kotun ta koma sabon gini, Ginin Tsohon Kotun Koli, tare da Gidan Gidan Gida na kusa, an canza shi zuwa amfani a matsayin National Gallery Singapore, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 2015. == Gine-gine da zane == [[Fayil:Singapore_old_Supreme_Court.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Dome na tsohuwar Kotun Koli da dare (2011) ]] [[Fayil:AllegoryofJustice-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg|thumb|246x246px|Misali na adalci yana bayyane a ƙarƙashin rufin]] Tsohon Kotun Koli ta Singapore Frank Dorrington Ward ne ya tsara shi kuma United Engineers ne suka gina shi. An gina shi a gaban filin Padang tsakanin 1937 da 1939. == Dubi kuma ==   * Kotun Koli, Singapore * Tashar MRT ta City Hall == Bayani == * .  * [http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39#C4 Tarihin Kotun Koli] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1z7iyx37dgypxni0w0kjn8u9dbkx4sc 0 139827 892135 796375 2026-08-06T13:49:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kepler 6B''''' (Spanish: )<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/dam/jcr:a7f684de-46a6-499f-b6a5-6ad550db45df/icaa-justspainted-summerfall23-opt120.pdf|title=Just Spainted. New Spanish Films Summer / Fall 2023|access-date=18 June 2023|chapter=Kepler 6B [Kepler Sexto B]|page=82|year=2023|publisher=[[ICAA (Spain)|ICAA]]}}</ref> fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Mutanen Espanya-Faransanci na 2023 wanda Alejandro Suárez Lozano ya jagoranta (a cikin sa na farko na darektan) wanda taurari Karra Elejalde da Daniela Pezzotti suka jagoranta. == Labarin Fim == Makircin ya biyo bayan ganawar Zai (yarinya da ke fama da cin zarafin mahaifinta) da Jonás (wani tsoho da ya yi imani da cewa shi ɗan saman jannati ne da ke zaune a cikin jirgin taurari da aka rataye a Duniyar da ke nesa).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.com/meristation/reportajes/kepler-sexto-b-un-entranable-quijote-espacial-en-la-era-moderna-r/|website=Meristation|via=[[As (newspaper)|As]]|date=15 June 2023|first=Borja|last=Ruete|title=Kepler Sexto B, un entrañable Quijote espacial en la era moderna|access-date=7 February 2026|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104093656/https://as.com/meristation/reportajes/kepler-sexto-b-un-entranable-quijote-espacial-en-la-era-moderna-r/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yan Wasan Fim == * [[Karra Elejalde]] as Jonás<ref name="filmax">{{Cite web|website=Filmax|url=https://www.filmax.com/distribucion/kepler.247|access-date=18 June 2023|title=Kepler Sexto B}}</ref> * Daniela Pezzotti as Zai<ref name="filmax" /> * [[:es: Jorge Bosch|Jorge Bosch]] as Paco<ref name="filmax" /> * Vicente Vergara as Manolo<ref name="filmax" /> * [[Mariana Cordero]] as Mariana<ref name="filmax" /> * [[Pablo Molinero]] as Pedro<ref name="filmax" /> * [[Juli Mira]] as Raimundo<ref name="filmax" /> * Amina Leony as Zulema<ref name="filmax" /> * Jacqueline Corado as Dolores<ref name="filmax" /> * [[:ca: Pep Ricart|Pep Ricart]] as Faustino<ref name="filmax" /> * [[:es: Ramiro Blas|Ramiro Blas]] as jefe de policía<ref name="filmax" /> * Jaime Rodríguez as Súper<ref name="filmax" /> == Fitarwa == Fim din ya fito ne daga Turanga Films, Pincheforn Producciones da Kepler Sexto B AIE tare da Quexito Films da Noodles Production, tare da goyon baya daga ICAA da IVC da kuma shiga TVE, À Punt Mèdia, Crea SGR da ICO.<ref name="ep">{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-alejandro-suarez-dirige-kepler-sexto-quiero-espectador-tenga-viaje-espacial-emocional-20230613145047.html|website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|title=Alejandro Suárez dirige 'Kepler Sexto B': "Quiero que el espectador tenga un viaje espacial y emocional"|date=13 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4947775/0/karra-elejalde-rueda-en-localizaciones-valencianas-la-fabula-social-kepler-sexto-b/|website=[[20minutos.es]]|date=22 January 2022|title=Karra Elejalde rueda en localizaciones valencianas la "fábula social" 'Kepler Sexto B'}}</ref>An haska shi a wurare na Yankin Valencia, gami da Castellón, La Vall d'Uixó, Valencia, da Torrent.<ref name="ep" /> == Saki == Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na 26 na Málaga a ranar 13 ga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://festivaldemalaga.es/actualidad/ver-noticia/?id=2053|website=[[Málaga Film Festival|festivaldemalaga.com]]|date=13 March 2023|title=Karra Elejalde se adentra en un mundo de fantasía y surrealismo a través de 'Kepler, sexto B'}}</ref> Filmax ne ya rarraba shi, an sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a Spain a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2023. == Karɓuwa == Sergio F. Pinilla na Cinemanía ya kimanta ''Fim din'' 31⁄2 daga cikin taurari 5, yana jaddada shi " almara da sararin samaniya tare da Karra [Elejalde] yana nuna baiwarsa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/criticas/kepler-sexto-b-karra-elejalde-critica-reparto-estreno-5137059/|website=[[Cinemanía]]|via=[[20minutos.es]]|first=Sergio F.|last=Pinilla|title='Kepler Sexto B': Karra Elejalde se convierte en Un Quijote espacial en medio de la crisis|date=12 June 2023}}</ref> Juan Pando na Fotogramas ya kimanta fim din 3 daga cikin taurari 5, yana nuna halin da ba a saba gani ba na tayin, yayin da yake nuna wasu haruffa suna "tsarkake ra'ayi" a matsayin mummunan batu.<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[Fotogramas]]|first=Juan|last=Pando|title=Crítica de 'Kepler Sexto B', una tierna historia de fantasía y ciencia ficción con Karra Elejalde|date=16 June 2023|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/peliculas-criticas/a44217555/kepler-sexto-b-critica-pelicula/}}</ref> Ekaitz Ortega na HobbyConsolas ya kimanta fim din da maki 65 ('ana yarda'), yana rarraba jagororin biyu da kuma labarin tashin hankali tsakanin gaskiya da tunanin a matsayin mafi kyawun abubuwa game da fim din.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/critica-kepler-sexto-b-pelicula-ciencia-ficcion-karra-elejalde-daniela-pezzotti-1257638|website=[[HobbyConsolas]]|first=Ekaitz|last=Ortega|date=16 June 2023|title=Crítica de Kepler Sexto B, un Quijote de ciencia ficción y andar por casa}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == {|- | rowspan = "15" | {{center|2023}} || rowspan = "15" | 6th [[Berlanga Awards]] || colspan = "2" | Best Film || {{won}} || rowspan = "15" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/cultura/2023/11/08/son-nominaciones-premios-berlanga-94359808.html|website=[[Levante-EMV]]|title=Estas son todas las nominaciones a los Premios Berlanga|date=8 November 2023|first=María|last=Bas|publisher=[[Prensa Ibérica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2023/11/12/kepler-sexto-b-de-alejandro-suarez-y-olvido-de-ines-paris-triunfan-en-los-premios-berlanga-2023-radio-valencia/|website=[[Cadena SER]]|date=12 November 2023|title='Kepler Sexto B', de Alejandro Suárez, y 'Olvido', de Inés París, triunfan en los Premios Berlanga 2023}}</ref> |- | Best Director || Alejandro Suárez || {{nom}} |- | Best Screenplay || Alejandro Suárez, Grete Lee-Man Suárez || {{won}} |- | Best Actor || Karra Elejalde || {{won}} |- | rowspan = "2" | Best Supporting Actor || Juli Mira || {{nom}} |- | Pablo Molinero || {{won}} |- | Best Editing and Post-Production || Carmen García, Audrey Bourdiol || {{nom}} |- | Best Cinematography and Lighting || Pablo Bürmann || {{won}} |- | Best Art Direction || Maje Tarazona || {{won}} |- | Best Production Supervision || Cristian Guijarro || {{nom}} |- | Best Costume Design || Raquel Porter || {{nom}} |- | Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Amparo Sánchez, Ane Martínez || {{nom}} |- | Best Sound || Nicolás Mas || {{nom}} |- | Best Original Score || Vanessa Garde || {{won}} |- | colspan = "2" | Youth Award || {{won}} |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Mutanen Espanya na 2023 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|17503424}} [[Category:Fim]] s40cy20qzvavhgtfnebvlqviiglt5n4 0 140555 892506 841927 2026-08-07T06:45:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynsey Addario''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar jaridar daukar hoto ce ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AleGlaviano |date=23 December 2015 |title=Lynsey Addario |url=https://www.vogue.it/en/photography/interviews/2015/12/23/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Vogue Italia |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412181112/https://www.vogue.it/en/photography/interviews/2015/12/23/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna mai da hankali kan rikice-rikice da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam, musamman rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-06 |title=Lynsey Addario - MacArthur Foundation |url=http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5457999/k.92D9/Lynsey_Addario.htm |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Macfound.org |archive-date=2011-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213040/http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5457999/k.92D9/Lynsey_Addario.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, ta sami lambar yabo ta Jarumtaka a Aikin Jarida daga Gidauniyar Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Mata ta Duniya (IWMF). == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Lynsey Addario kuma ta girma a Westport, Connecticut, ga iyayenta Camille da Phillip Addario, dukkansu masu gyaran gashi 'yan Italiya ne, kuma 'yan Amurka. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Staples, a Westport a shekarar 1991 da kuma daga Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison a shekarar 1995. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario {{!}} 06880 |url=https://06880danwoog.com/tag/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2019-03-03 |language=en}}</ref> Tana kuma da digirin girmamawa guda biyu na digirin digirgir, ɗaya daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison a fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ɗayan kuma daga Kwalejin Bates da ke Maine. Addario ta fara ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar sana'a tare da ''Buenos Aires Herald'' a Argentina <ref name="macarthur">{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2018 |title=Photojournalist Lynsey Addario Wins $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship |url=http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927054430/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |publisher=[[National Press Photographers Association]] |quote=Addario, 35 [as of September 2009], based in Istanbul....}}</ref> a shekarar 1996, kamar yadda ta ce, "babu wani horo na daukar hoto a baya". A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ta koma Amurka ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa ga Associated Press a birnin New York, amma sai ta koma Kudancin Amurka ƙasa da shekara ɗaya bayan haka. Ta mai da hankali kan [[Cuba]] da tasirin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] a kan jama'a, Addario ta yi suna. Ta ƙaura zuwa Indiya bayan 'yan shekaru don ɗaukar hoto ga Associated Press, ta bar Amurka. A lokacin da yake zaune a Indiya, Addario ta yi tafiya ta Nepal, Afghanistan, da Pakistan, tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan [[Taimako na jin kai|jin kai]] da na mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gezari |first=Vanessa, M. |date=Winter 2015 |title=The View from Here |journal=Columbia Journalism Review |volume=53 |pages=55–59 |via=EBSCO HOST}}</ref> Bayan [[September 11 attacks|hare-haren da aka kai]] a Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya a shekarar 2001, Addario ta yanke shawarar daukar hotunan Afghanistan da Pakistan a karkashin [[Taliban]] . A shekarun 2003 da 2004, Addario ta ɗauki hoton yakin Iraki a Baghdad don ''jaridar The New York Times'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saffron |first=Jen |date=Winter 2014 |title=Women of Vision: National Geographic Photographers on Assignment |journal=Afterimage |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1525/aft.2014.41.4.30 |via=Ebsco Host}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ta yi rahoton rikice-rikice a Afghanistan, Iraki, Darfur, Jamhuriyar Congo, Haiti, da Ukraine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2010 |title=Lynsey Addario Speaks About Haiti |url=http://prisonphotography.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/lynsey-addario-speaks-about-haiti/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Prison Photography}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Helene Maree |date=2016 |title=Lessening the Construction of Otherness |journal=Journalism Practice |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=476–491 |doi=10.1080/17512786.2015.1120164 |s2cid=147112841 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Ta yi labaran da suka shafi Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-09-11 |title=Lynsey Addario |url=http://congowomen.org/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=CongoWomen}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2004 ta mayar da hankalinta ga Afirka, tana mai da hankali kan Chadi da Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-09 |title=Moving Walls 11 &#124; Documentary Photography Project &#124; Open Society Foundations |url=http://www.soros.org/initiatives/photography/movingwalls/11#addario |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611112116/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/photography/movingwalls/11#addario |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Soros.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blog Archive » Lynsey Addario/Vii Network |url=http://www.darfurdarfur.org/main/archives/2007/07/09/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Darfur/Darfur}}</ref> Ta ɗauki hoto don ''The Atlantic'', ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''Mujallar New York Times'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''Newsweek'', da ''National Geographic'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewfic El-Sawy |date=2007-09-10 |title=Lynsey Addario: Darfur |url=https://thetravelphotographer.blogspot.com/2007/09/lynsey-addario-darfur.html |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=The Travel Photographer}}</ref> A Pakistan a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2009, Addario ta shiga hatsarin mota yayin da take dawowa Islamabad daga wani aiki da aka yi mata a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira . Kashin wuyanta ya karye, wani dan jarida ya ji rauni, sannan direban ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=J.W. Atkins |title=Worth a look: Lynsey Addario "On Assignment: Taking Time Out to Heal" |url=http://www.dvafoto.com/2009/05/worth-a-look-lynsey-addario-on-assignment-taking-time-out-to-heal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010044718/http://www.dvafoto.com/2009/05/worth-a-look-lynsey-addario-on-assignment-taking-time-out-to-heal/ |archive-date=2016-10-10 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=dvafoto}}</ref> Addario tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridar ''New York Times'' huɗu da suka ɓace a Libya daga 16-21 ga Maris, 2011. ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ruwaito a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011 cewa Libya ta amince ta 'yantar da ita da abokan aikinta uku: Anthony Shadid, Stephen Farrell da Tyler Hicks . [[Libya (1969-2011)|Gwamnatin Libya]] ta saki 'yan jaridar huɗu a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2011. Ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi mata barazanar kisa kuma an yi ta kama ta akai-akai a lokacin da take tsare da sojojin Libya. A watan Nuwamba na 2011, jaridar New York Times ta rubuta wa gwamnatin Isra'ila takardar korafi a madadin Addario, bayan zargin cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Erez Crossing sun yi mata bincike a kan tsirara kuma sun yi mata ba'a tare da tilasta mata yin amfani da na'urar daukar hoton X-ray sau uku duk da sanin cewa tana da juna biyu. Addario ta ruwaito cewa "ba a taba yi mata irin wannan zaluncin ba." Daga baya ma'aikatar tsaron Isra'ila ta ba da hakuri ga Addario da kuma jaridar New York Times . Babban baje kolin 'A Afghanistan' a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Nobel da ke Oslo, Norway ya nuna hotunan matan Afghanistan tare da hotunan Tim Hetherington daga sojojin Amurka a kwarin Korangal . Ayyukan Addario sun haɗa da shirin fim mai suna "Neman Gida" wanda aka shirya tsawon shekara guda yana bin diddigin iyalai uku 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya da jarirai marasa ƙasarsu tsawon shekara guda yayin da suke jiran mafaka a Turai don ''Lokaci,'' ''The Changing Face of Saudi Women'' for ''National Geographic'' da "The Displaced" don ''The New York Times Magazine,'' wani rahoto da ke nuna rayuwar yara uku da aka kora daga yaƙi a Siriya, Ukraine, da Sudan ta Kudu. Addario ta shafe shekaru huɗu tana rubuta halin da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya ke ciki a Jordan, Lebanon, Turkiyya, da Iraq don ''The New York Times,'' kuma ta yi rahoton yakin basasa a Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma [[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwar Mata]] a [[Assam]], Indiya, da Sierra Leone don ''Lokaci.'' A shekarar 2015, Addario ta buga littafin tarihinta ''mai suna "Abin da Nake Yi: Rayuwar Mai Daukar Hoto ta Soyayya da Yaƙi"'' kuma Warner Bros ta sayi haƙƙin fim bisa ga tarihin rayuwar, wanda Steven Spielberg zai jagoranta kuma [[Jennifer Lawrence]] za ta fito a matsayin Addario. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2015-03-02 |title=Jennifer Lawrence, Steven Spielberg & Warner Bros Land War Photog Memoir 'It's What I Do' |url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/steven-spielberg-jennifer-lawrence-warner-bros-its-what-i-do-lynsey-addario-war-photographer-1201384706/ |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da littafin daukar hoto a watan Oktoban 2018 mai taken "Na Soyayya da Yaƙi." A watan Maris na 2022, Addario ta yi rahoto game da yakin Rasha a Ukraine a madadin jaridar ''New York Times'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addario |first=Lynsey |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |date=March 6, 2022 |title=Ukrainian Family's Dash for Safety Ends in Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/europe/ukrainian-family-killed-war.html |access-date=March 10, 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Yayin da take bayar da rahoto daga Irpin da ke kusa da Kyiv, Addario ta dauki hoton wani harin roka da Rasha ta kai kan kwashe fararen hula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title='This is a war crime': Photographer defends taking image of dead Ukrainian family |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/lynsey-addario-ukraine-photo-war-b2036872.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Andriy Dubchak, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa na ''jaridar New York Times'' shi ma ya dauki bidiyon lamarin. Sun shaida yadda sojojin Rasha suka daidaita harba rokarsu kai tsaye kan fararen hula sannan wani turmi ya fashe kimanin mita 20 daga 'yan jaridar. Nan take bayan haka, Addario ta dauki hoton wasu mutane hudu da abin ya shafa. An kashe wata uwa da yara biyu kuma wani mutum da ke tare da su ya ji rauni mai tsanani kuma daga baya ya mutu. Ta ce hoton yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi "domin [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifin yaki]] ne. Kuma yana faruwa." <ref name="Boston" /> An buga hoton a shafin farko na jaridar a ranar 7 ga Maris. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, an gano matar da aka kashe, kuma 'ya'yanta da suka mutu sune ɗanta mai shekaru 18 da 'yarta mai shekaru 9. An kuma kashe wani mai aikin sa kai a wata ƙungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa iyalin. Matar ma'aikaciya ce a SE Ranking, wani kamfanin software da ke da ofisoshi a London da California. == Tasirin da ke kan wakilcin jinsi ta hanyar daukar hoto rikicin da ya faru == Addario ta nuna wakilcin jinsi ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan rikici a duk tsawon aikinta. Ta fi ɗaukar hotunan rayuwar mata da yara na yau da kullun, galibi a lokutan rikici. <ref name="yale">{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario {{!}} Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/centers-workshops/gruber-program-global-justice-and-womens-rights/gruber-lectures/lynsey-addario |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=law.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi haɗari, masu ƙarfi, da kuma masu kawo cece-kuce da Addario ta tattauna su ne lokacin da take rubuta rayuwar mata a Afghanistan. Addario ta nuna mace-macen mata a lokacin haihuwa, shigar mata cikin zaɓe, wahalar da mata ke sha wajen shawo kan mummunan aure, da kuma zanga-zangar mata ta hanyar ƙona kansu. <ref name="yale" /> Shirin Addario ''mai mintuna 29,'' ya nuna yadda yaƙi ke kashe mutane. Ta kuma yi bincike kan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, inda ta rubuta wasu abubuwan da suka faru na gaske da na asali na mata matasa da ke fuskantar ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari. Saboda hotunan Addario da ke kewaye da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu, kamfanin Merck ya fara bayar da gudummawa da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya. <ref name="yale"/> Kwanan nan, Addario ta ɗauki hotunan yaƙi a Ukraine, inda ta ba da labarin mata da yara da ke tserewa daga lokacin yaƙi. == Iyali == Addario ya auri Paul de Bendern, wani ɗan jarida da ke aiki da Reuters, a watan Yulin 2009. <ref>[http://registry.weddingchannel.com/coupledir/20097/A/O576158594/LYNSEY_ADDARIO_AND_PAUL_DEBENDERN.htm]{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Lynsey Addario took one of Ukraine's most haunting photos. Now, she shares how her work helps her 'deal with trauma.' |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/lynsey-addario-ukraine-photos-motherhood-173105384.html}}</ref> == Littattafai daga Addario == * ''Abin da nake yi kenan: Rayuwar Mai Daukar Hoto ta Soyayya da Yaƙi.'' New York: Penguin, 2015. . * ''Na Soyayya da Yaƙi.'' New York: Penguin, 2018. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780525560029|<bdi>9780525560029</bdi>]] . == Kyaututtuka == * 2002: Kyautar Infinity daga Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario &#124; Foundry Photojournalism Workshop |url=http://www.foundryphotoworkshop.org/2010/01/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131073501/http://www.foundryphotoworkshop.org/2010/01/lynsey-addario/ |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.foundryphotoworkshop.org}}</ref> * 2008: Getty Images Grant don daukar hoto na edita don aikinta a Darfur. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * 2009: Ƙungiyar MacArthur daga Gidauniyar John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2009 |title=Photojournalist Lynsey Addario Wins $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship |url=http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927054430/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-date=2009-09-27 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Nppa.org}}</ref> * 2009: Kyautar Pulitzer don Rahoton Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda wani ɓangare na aikinta a Waziristan ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2008 |title=The Pulitzer Prizes &#124; Right at the Edge |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8322 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Pulitzer.org |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180301/https://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8322 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2015: ''Mujallar Hotuna ta Amurka'' ta sanya Addario a matsayin daya daga cikin masu daukar hoto biyar mafi tasiri a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, inda ta rubuta cewa "Addario ta canza yadda muke ganin rikice-rikicen duniya." * 2017: Kyautar Golden Plate daga Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario Biography and Interview |url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/#biography |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref> * 2018: An zaɓi Emmy Award don 'Finding Home', tare da wasu mutane, don ''Time'' <ref>{{Cite web |title='Finding Home' Earns Emmy Award Nomination |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/finding-home-earns-emmy-award-nomination |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pulitzer Center}}</ref> * 2019: Digirin girmamawa daga ''Jami'ar York'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary graduates for 2019 announced |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2019/events/honorary-graduates-for-summer-2019-announced/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref> * 2020: Shigar da ɗalibai zuwa Ɗakin Ɗaukar Hotuna na Duniya na Shahararru da Gidan Tarihi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario |url=https://iphf.org/inductees/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728082751/https://iphf.org/inductees/lynsey-addario/ |archive-date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=International Photography Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021: Na Farko, Mai Daukar Hoto na Mujallar Shekara, Mafi Kyawun Wadanda Suka Yi Nasara a Aikin Jarida, Ƙungiyar Masu Daukar Hoto ta 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasa (NPPA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Best of Photojournalism Winners |url=https://nppa.org/news/17 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=NPPA}}</ref> * 2022, Kyautar Jarumtaka a Aikin Jarida, Gidauniyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Mata ta Duniya (IWMF). * 2023: Kyautar George Polk a fannin daukar hoto ga 'yan jarida saboda hoton da aka kashe a dangin da suka tsere daga Ukraine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=George Polk Awards &#124; Long Island University |url=https://liu.edu/polk}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j300p5mf8zi43hbyxld0zo71950gam1 0 141260 892452 828214 2026-08-07T04:45:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lisa Dyson''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar lissafi ce 'yar Amurka, kuma 'yar kasuwa, wacce ta kafa kuma Shugabar Kamfanin Air Protein, wani kamfanin fasahar abinci da ke 'sake ƙirƙiro yadda ake samar da abinci ta amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin iska'. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta amince da su, Air Protein tana da niyyar taimakawa wajen ciyar da mutane biliyan 10 cikin abinci mai gina jiki mai dorewa nan da shekarar 2050. Tarihin Dyson ya haɗa da nasarorin kasuwanci da kimiyya iri-iri, wanda ya haifar da tara sama da dala $100.{{Spaces}}miliyan a cikin kamfanoni biyu da ta kafa tare da John Reed. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga MIT kuma ta gudanar da bincike a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Lawrence National Laboratory, Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar California San Francisco, da Jami'ar Princeton. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kula da dabarun a Boston Consulting Group don kamfanonin Fortune 500, tana gano mafita a fannoni na aiki, sarrafa farashi, faɗaɗa kasuwa, da haɗakar bayan haɗewa. A shekarar 2016, ƙwarewarta ta jawo hankalin masu sauraro na duniya yayin da ta ɗauki matakin TED don tattauna yadda fasahar Space Age da aka manta za ta iya canza yadda muke noma abinci, ta kai sama da 1.5.{{Spaces}}mutane miliyan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_dyson_a_forgotten_space_age_technology_could_change_how_we_grow_food?subtitle=en}}</ref> Lisa ta sami kyaututtuka da yabo da dama, ciki har da sanya ta a cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi kirkire-kirkire daga Fast Company 2017, ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata 100 da suka kafa Inc Magazine 2019, da kuma wani sabon salo na Bloomberg's New Economy Catalyst na 2024. Daga cikin karramawar da kamfanonin da ta kafa tare suka samu sun haɗa da kyautar shirin masana'antu na DoD Distributed Bioindustrial na 2024, kamfanin 2024 America's #1 FoodTech daga TIME da Statista, da kuma World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer na 2020. Dyson kuma shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Kiverdi, wani kamfanin fasahar kere-kere wanda ke da manufar samar da tattalin arziki mai zagaye da kuma sauya makomar samarwa ta hanyar samar da kayan amfanin yau da kullun (misali, robobi masu lalacewa, hydrocarbons, zare) daga carbon dioxide. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Dyson ta girma a Kudancin California kuma ta kammala digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Brandeis a shekarar 1997. Bayan ta haɗu da wasu farfesoshin kimiyyar lissafi a Brandeis, ta ƙara sha'awar bin diddigin binciken kimiyyar lissafi. Ta kasance ƙwararren malami a Kwalejin Imperial ta Landan a shekarar 1998, inda ta yi karatun ka'idar fannin kwantum kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Harnessing the Power of Waste {{!}} Brandeis Magazine |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/magazine/2015/spring/inquiry/dyson.html |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=Brandeis Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Dyson ta sami digirin digirgir na uku a Cibiyar MIT don Ilimin Lissafi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a shekara ta 2004, inda ta yi aiki tare da Leonard Susskind kan nauyin nauyi na quantum, dangantakar gabaɗaya, da ka'idar kirtani . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=PhD Alumna Lisa Dyson Founder and CEO of Kiverdi {{!}} Office of Graduate Education |url=https://oge.mit.edu/2011/10/dyson-ceo-kiverdi/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027033922/https://oge.mit.edu/2011/10/dyson-ceo-kiverdi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Susskind da Matthew Kleban kan matsalar kwakwalwa ta Boltzmann, inda ta buga a kan batun a cikin ''Mujallar Kimiyyar Makamashi Mai Girma'' a shekara ta 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Lisa |last2=Kleban |first2=Matthew |last3=Susskind |first3=Leonard |date=2002 |title=Disturbing Implications of a Cosmological Constant |url=http://stacks.iop.org/1126-6708/2002/i=10/a=011 |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |language=en |volume=2002 |issue=10 |pages=011 |arxiv=hep-th/0208013 |bibcode=2002JHEP...10..011D |doi=10.1088/1126-6708/2002/10/011 |issn=1126-6708 |s2cid=2344440}}</ref> Ita ce mace bakar fata ta huɗu da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Prescod-Weinstein |first=Chanda |date=2015-05-24 |title=The Five Black Women PhDs of Theoretical High Energy Physics |url=https://medium.com/@chanda/the-five-black-women-phds-of-theoretical-high-energy-physics-7a18ccc18d8a |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=Medium}}</ref> Don takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta, Dyson ta gudanar da wani bincike da ke bayyana yadda za a iya amfani da ka'idar kirtani don yin magana game da dangantakar gabaɗaya da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi kamar su kaɗaici, tafiyar lokaci, da kuma haɗin kai na sararin samaniya. Misali, a cikin nazarin tafiyar lokaci, ta bayyana yadda dangantakar gabaɗaya ke ba da damar tafiyar lokaci, amma irin wannan lamari zai gabatar da geometries waɗanda suka karya dalili, wata doka ta zahiri. Duk da haka, ta bayyana cewa akwai yankuna masu keta dalili waɗanda za su ba da damar tafiyar lokaci amma ba za a iya gina su ba saboda tasirin da ke cikin ka'idar kirtani. A takaice, aikin Dyson ya magance alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙa'idodin kimiyyar lissafi na asali da sakamakon ka'idar da ke tasowa daga ka'idar kirtani. == Sana'a == Dyson ya gudanar da bincike a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ƙasa na Lawrence Berkeley, [[Jami'ar Stanford]], Jami'ar California San Francisco, da Jami'ar Princeton . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa a Boston Consulting Group, inda ta shawarci kamfanoni na ƙasashe da yawa kan dabarun da suka dace don gudanar da kasuwancinsu. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.kiverdi.com/about |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Kiverdi, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a masana'antar sinadarai, makamashi, sufuri, tafiye-tafiye, motoci, marufi, da sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Circular - Closing the loop: how a forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow our food - Mediachange - Casestudyourself! |url=http://mediachange.info/Circular_Economy/space-nasa-technology-change-how-we-grow-food |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=mediachange.info |language=en |archive-date=2018-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093248/http://mediachange.info/Circular_Economy/space-nasa-technology-change-how-we-grow-food |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> A shekarar 2005, Dyson ta yi aikin sa kai a New Orleans bayan guguwar Katrina, wata irin kwarewa da ta ambata daga baya a matsayin mai tasiri a shawararta ta mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar fasaha don hanyoyin rayuwa masu dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lev-Ram |first=Michal |title=Meet Lisa Dyson, who looked to the space program for new ways to create nutritional food |url=https://fortune.com/2023/08/10/lisa-dyson-founders-forum-2023/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, tare da John Reed, ta fara aiki a fannin fasahar yanayi. A shekarar 2011, sun tara jarin iri daga Primera Capital don Kiverdi, wani kamfanin fasahar kere-kere da suka kafa wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don mayar da carbon dioxide da sharar da ke da wadataccen carbon, kamar itace da ragowar noma, zuwa madadin mai, maye gurbin furotin, mai, da kayan da za a iya lalata su don amfani kamar abinci da noma. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Adele |date=2019-11-12 |title=The newest fake meat is made from thin air |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90428522/the-newest-fake-meat-is-made-from-thin-air |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}</ref> Fasahar fasaha ce ta sararin samaniya da ta dogara da ra'ayoyin NASA a shekarun 1960 da 1970, don 'yan sama jannati su yi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira hydrogenotrophs don canza carbon dioxide a cikin numfashin da aka fitar zuwa abubuwan gina jiki. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Greathouse |first=John |title=Here's How Lisa Dyson's Startup Is Reducing World Hunger AND Combating Climate Change |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johngreathouse/2020/03/10/heres-how-lisa-dysons-startup-is-reducing-world-hunger-and-combating-climate-change/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Sun fara haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajenta, suna aiki tare da masana'antun don haɓaka fasaharsu. A shekarar 2011 sun sami tallafin farko daga Hukumar Makamashi ta California kuma daga baya sun sami tallafi daga [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] kuma sun haɗu da masana'antun masana'antu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Food for thought: How to feed the world with old school NASA tricks – fruitworldmedia |url=https://fruitworldmedia.com/index.php/featured/food-thought-feed-world-old-school-nasa-tricks/ |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=fruitworldmedia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093820/https://fruitworldmedia.com/index.php/featured/food-thought-feed-world-old-school-nasa-tricks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kiverdi yanzu tana da haƙƙoƙi sama da 40 da aka ba ko kuma ana jiran ta. <ref name=":8"/> Dyson da Reed sun ci gaba da ƙirƙirar Air Protein, wanda aka kafa don mai da hankali kan samar da abinci mai ɗorewa. <ref name=":10" /> <ref name=":7" /> Dyson yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Air Protein, wanda aka kimanta shi sama da $100.{{Spaces}}miliyan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable food, from thin air |url=https://www.jpmorganchase.com/newsroom/stories/sustainable-food-from-thin-air |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.jpmorganchase.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319030914/https://www.jpmorganchase.com/newsroom/stories/sustainable-food-from-thin-air |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kafofin watsa labarai da kuma bayyanan magana == Ta gabatar da jawabai da dama na TED, ciki har da "Mayar da _CO2 zuwa Mai" a TEDxFulbright a watan Mayu na 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2014 |title=Turning CO2 into oil: Lisa Dyson at TEDxFulbright |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAy6r7dRjoY |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> da kuma "Fasahar Zamanin Sararin Samaniya da Aka Manta Za Ta Iya Canza Yadda Muke Noma Abinci" a watan Yuli na 2016, wanda aka kalla sau sama da miliyan daya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/lisa_dyson_a_forgotten_space_age_technology_could_change_how_we_grow_food}}</ref> Ta yi magana game da sake amfani da carbon, kuma ta bayyana a shirin PBS na Nova "Decoding the Weather Machine" a watan Afrilu na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=Decoding the Weather Machine |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/decoding-the-weather-machine |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Man Fetur Mai Dorewa ta 2012 don "Jagora a Masana'antar Sinadarai Masu Bayar da Halittu", Kasuwannin Man Fetur na Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-14 |title=Kiverdi, Inc. Wins Top Honors For Its Innovative Approach to Producing Sustainable Chemicals From Carbon-rich Waste - Bio-based News - |url=http://news.bio-based.eu/kiverdi-inc-wins-top-honors-for-its-innovative-approach-to-producing-sustainable-chemicals-from-carbon-rich-waste/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Bio-based News |language=en}}</ref> * Tallafin dala $750,000 na shekarar 2012 don Bincike, Nunin Kwaikwayo, da Ci gaba saboda "ƙoƙarinsa na haɓaka amfani mai amfani da carbon dioxide" kuma an zaɓe shi ta hanyar bita mai gasa a matsayin mai amfani da masana'antu a Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, Hukumar Makamashi ta California * 2013 "40 Under 40", ''San Francisco Business Times'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2013 |title=Lisa Dyson:CEO, Kiverdi Inc. |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/03/01/lisa-dyson-ceo-kiverdi-inc.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwanci ta 2014, Shirin Ilimi da Ƙarfafa Makamashi Mai Tsabta na Amurka (C3E) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Dyson: Entrepreneurship Award Winner |url=https://c3eawards.org/lisa-dyson/ |access-date=2018-04-30 |website=c3eawards.org |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2015 "Ɗaya daga cikin Mata Mafi Tasiri a Yankin Bay", ''San Francisco Business Times'' * 2016 "Ɗaya daga cikin Mata Mafi Tasiri a Yankin Bay", ''San Francisco Business Times''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} * 2017 Ɗaya daga cikin Mutane Mafi Ƙirƙira a Kasuwanci, Kamfanin Sauri * Kyautar Mata a Kimiyyar Halitta ta 2018, "wadda ke girmama wata fitacciyar mace mai kirkire-kirkire a fannin STEM, wacce gudummawarta a kimiyya ta yi tasiri mai kyau ga duniya", Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta a Jami'ar Drexel <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Academy of Natural Science at Drexel University |date=2018-04-02 |title=WINS Marks 35 Years of Making a Difference |url=https://ansp.org/about/press-room/releases/2018/April/wins-35/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=ansp.org |language=en}}</ref> * Mujallar Mata 100 da Suka Kafa, ''Inc.'' ta 2019 <ref name="k025">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Lisa Dyson is on Inc.'s 2019 Female Founders 100 list |url=https://www.inc.com/profile/lisa-dyson |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Inc.com}}</ref> * Jarumin Tunani na Mata na Shekarar 2021, Kyautar Stevie ga Mata a Kasuwanci <ref name="t748">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Female Thought Leader of the Year |url=https://stevieawards.com/women/air-protein-female-thought-leader-year-consumer-products |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Stevie Awards}}</ref> * Mace Mafi Kirkirar Shekara ta 2021 - Fasaha, Kyaututtukan Stevie ga Mata a Kasuwanci <ref name="q356">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Most Innovative Woman of the Year |url=https://stevieawards.com/women/air-protein-most-innovative-woman-year-technology |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Stevie Awards}}</ref> * Mata Masu Tasiri a Kasuwancin Yankin Bay na 2022, ''San Francisco Business Times'' <ref name="t742">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=Influential Women 2022: Lisa Dyson of Air Protein |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2022/10/07/lisa-dyson-air-protein.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=San Francisco Business Times}}</ref> * 2023 Power 100, ''San Francisco Business Times'' <ref name="w952">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=San Francisco Bay Area Power 100: The business people you need to know |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2023/02/03/introducing-the-san-francisco-bay-area-power-100.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=San Francisco Business Times}}</ref> * 2023 Lewis Latimer Fellow, The Edison Awards <ref name="e674">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Edison Awards Announces 2023 Lewis Latimer Fellows |url=https://edisonawards.com/edison-awards-announces-2023-lewis-latimer-fellows/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Edison Awards}}</ref> * Littafin Girmamawa Mai Tasiri Har Abada, ''San Francisco Business Times'' <ref name="f414">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Dyson |url=https://c3e.org/lisa-dyson#:~:text=Among%20recent%20accolades%2C%20Fast%20Company,Bay%20Area%E2%80%9D%20for%20two%20years. |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Clean Energy Education & Empowerment (C3E) Initiative}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Patent: Tsarin injiniyan kitse mai kitse na masana'antu don gyara kitse mai. Haƙƙin mallakar Amurka US20130089899A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130089899A1/en * Patent: Injin Injiniyan _CO2 - Gyara Ƙananan Kwayoyin Halitta Masu Samar da Kayayyakin da Suka Tushen Carbon da Hanyoyin Amfani da Su. Amurka ta mallaka US20150017694A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150017694A1/en https://t.me/@lisadyson_com == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rsnb5kzlec93y2yb51btghlnsjlva5n 0 142587 892455 801885 2026-08-07T05:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura Marie Keough McEvoy''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1987) 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya wacce ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Darlington tun daga shekarar 2024 . A halin yanzu McEvoy yana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar ci gaban ma'aikata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Geraldine |date=2024-12-04 |title=Make voters feel richer or lose like the Democrats, Keir Starmer told |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/keir-starmer-democrats-harris-defeat-rxx6nw953 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta dukkan jam'iyyu kan dabarun masana'antu kuma sakataren majalisar dokoki ne na Sakataren Harkokin Al'adu, Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Wasanni . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=List of parliamentary private secretaries |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/list-of-parliamentary-private-secretaries-pps-november-2025 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi McEvoy a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1987. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin jinya ne mai kula da marasa lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2nd Reading in the House of Commons |url=https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/lola-mcevoy/bill/2024-26/terminallyilladultsendoflife |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Parallel Parliament |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a asibitin North Tees, mahaifiyarta kuma malamar makaranta ce a Kwalejin Carmel, Darlington . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Darlington General Election 2024: Q&A with Labour candidate Lola McEvoy |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/24412400.darlington-mp-candidates-q-labours-lola-mcevoy/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Northern Echo |language=en}}</ref> McEvoy ta girma ne a titin North Road da ke Darlington kuma ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar yara ta George Dent, makarantar firamare ta St Augustine da kuma kwalejin Carmel. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Alexa |date=2012-11-21 |title=Back from the Obama campaign trail |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/darlington/10061760.back-obama-campaign-trail/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Northern Echo |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-04-19 |title=QE Politics Students Meet Darlington's Labour Candidate |url=https://qeliz.inicioacademies.org.uk/qe-politics-students-meet-darlingtons-labour-candidate/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College |language=en}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na shida na Sarauniya Elizabeth kafin ta kammala digiri na biyu na Fasaha (MA) a fannin Jarida ta Multimedia a Jami'ar Newcastle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lola McEvoy MP |url=https://policymogul.com/stakeholders/16307/lola-mcevoy |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Policy Mogul}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Contributor: Lola McEvoy |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/lola-mcevoy |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> McEvoy ta fara aikinta a shekarar 2010 tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisar dokoki ga Jenny Chapman, tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Darlington. Ta kuma yi aikin sa kai a yakin neman sake tsayawa takarar Shugaba Barack Obama a shekarar 2012. [1] Aikin McEvoy na farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan fafutukar neman albashi mai kyau, adalci a wurin aiki da kuma inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikata a ƙungiyoyi kamar Gidauniyar Living Wage da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta GMB . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan-Duggal |first=Ben |date=2024-07-05 |title=Darlington general election result: meet new MP Lola McEvoy |url=https://labourlist.org/2024/07/darlington-general-election-result-lola-mcevoy/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB}}</ref> A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], McEvoy ta sami alkawurra daga manyan kamfanoni da dama don inganta sharuɗɗan albashin ma'aikata. Ta kuma goyi bayan ƙoƙarin fallasa iyakokin albashin marasa lafiya na doka kuma ta yi kamfen don samun daidaito ga ma'aikatan NHS da ke aiki a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga zaɓuɓɓuka masu wahala da yawa da ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi ke fuskanta tsakanin lafiya da asarar kuɗin shiga a lokacin rikicin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-21 |title=Carers asked to move into care homes for 'weeks' for no extra pay to tackle coronavirus |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-04-21/itv-news-exclusive-carers-being-asked-to-move-into-care-homes-to-tackle-covid-19-coronavirus |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ITV News |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == [[Fayil:Lola_McEvoy_constituency_office,_Houndgate,_Darlington_(21st_November_2025).jpg|left|thumb|Ofishin mazabar a Darlington]] A babban zaɓen 2017, McEvoy ta tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour na Penrith da The Border, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Rory Stewart da kashi 26.2% na ƙuri'un. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Hollie |date=2024-02-13 |title=Who are Teesside's would-be Labour MPs? |url=https://northeastbylines.co.uk/news/politics/who-are-teessides-would-be-labour-mps/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=North East Bylines |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta samu ƙaruwar kashi 11.8%. Kafin babban zaɓen 2024, an zaɓi McEvoy a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Labour a Darlington . An zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa da kashi 39.2% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa da kuma rinjayen 2,298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5ve6hik17vxlzriyob5rut19dilojkv 0 143987 892147 805646 2026-08-06T15:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kitty_Kiernan.jpg|right|thumb|333x333px|Kitty Kiernan]] '''Catherine Brigid Cronin''' ( née Kiernan ; 26 Janairu 1893 - 25 Yuli 1945) mace ce 'yar Ireland wacce aka fi sani da amaryar shugaban juyin juya halin Ireland kuma Shugaban Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi, Michael Collins . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Catherine Bridget "Kitty" Kiernan a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1892 a Granard, County Longford ga Peter Kiernan da Bridget a matsayin Dawson. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Irish Genealogy |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1893/02313/1866958.pdf |website=civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Loreto Convent, County Wicklow . Hers iyali ne na 'yan kasuwa masu jin daɗi tare da 'yan'uwa mata biyar da ɗan'uwa ɗaya. Iyayenta sun ji daɗin aure mai daɗi, kuma rayuwa a gidan Kiernan ta kasance mai daɗi har sai da Kitty ta kai shekarunta na samartaka. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1907, 'yar'uwarta, Elizabeth Mary (tagwaye), ta mutu tana da shekaru goma sha takwas sakamakon cutar tarin fuka ta huhu, <ref name="auto" /> yayin da 'yar'uwar Elizabeth, Rose, ta yi kama da ta mutu a wannan shekarar a Davos, Switzerland; <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igp-web.com/IGPArchives/ire/longford/photos/tombstones/1headstones/granard-old.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311054456/http://www.igp-web.com/IGPArchives/ire/longford/photos/tombstones/1headstones/granard-old.txt |archive-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> wanda ya yi daidai da cutar tarin fuka a matsayin sanadin mutuwa. Mahaifiyarta Bridget ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1908, sakamakon cutar tarin fuka, <ref name="auto" /> yayin da mahaifinta, Peter, ya mutu kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1909, sakamakon cutar huhu. <ref name="auto" /> Iyalan Kiernan sun mallaki Otal ɗin Greville Arms da ke garin, da kuma shagon kayan abinci, shagon kayan aiki, wurin katako da kasuwancin kasuwanci da kuma mashaya. A kusurwar otal ɗin, suna da gidan burodi wanda ke samar wa garin da kuma yawancin ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi. Duk iyalin suna aiki a wurare daban-daban. == Alaƙa da Michael Collins == [[Fayil:Kitty_Kiernan_at_Collins'_funeral.jpg|right|thumb|Kitty Kiernan a jana'izar Collins]] Michael Collins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka kafa ƙasar Ireland mai zaman kanta, ɗan uwansa Gearóid O'Sullivan ne ya gabatar da shi ga 'yan'uwan Kiernan masu rai, waɗanda suka riga suka fara soyayya da Maud Kiernan. Da farko Collins ya yi sha'awar Helen Kiernan mai ban sha'awa, amma ta riga ta yi aure da wani. Daga nan sai ya mayar da sha'awarsa ga Kitty, wadda ta riga ta jawo hankalin abokin Collins Harry Boland . Duk da haka, Collins ne Kitty ta yi aure da shi, tare da shirin auren Collins a wani biki na biyu a watan Nuwamba na 1922 don haɗa da auren Maud da Gearóid. Kisan Collins watanni huɗu da suka gabata ya haifar da yin aure ɗaya. == Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa == A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1925, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marriage |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/marriage_returns/marriages_1925/09140/5305652.pdf |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> Kitty ta auri Felix Cronin, wanda shi ne Janar na Quartermaster a rundunar sojojin Ireland . Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, ɗansu na fari, Felix Junior (wanda ya rasu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1999), da ɗansu na biyu, Michael Collins Cronin (wanda ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1929, wanda ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Janairu 2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=Death notice |url=https://notices.irishtimes.com/58031946 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=Irish Times }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael O'Regan |date=28 February 2021 |title=Michael Cronin – last surviving son of Kitty Kiernan was keen sportsman and loyal friend: An Appreciation |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/michael-cronin-last-surviving-son-of-kitty-kiernan-was-keen-sportsman-and-loyal-friend-1.4497346 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Irish Times}}</ref> Kitty ta mutu tana da shekaru 52, sakamakon zubar jini a kwakwalwa a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1945, <ref name="auto"/> kuma kabarinta yana kusa da na Collins. Felix Cronin ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1961 <ref name="auto" /> yayin da yake wasan golf a Woodbrook Golf Club kuma an binne shi a Glasnevin. An binne Felix Junior da ɗansa Rex (wanda ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1986, yana da shekaru 23) tare da iyayensa Kitty da Felix a Makabartar Glasnevin . Tun daga ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2024, an binne Michael Collins Cronin a filin iyalin da ke Glasnevin. == Cutar Bright == Misali, majiyoyi da dama, wani rubutu na 1996 daga Jaridar Irish Times mai taken "Life bayan Mick", [1] ya bayyana cewa Kitty Kiernan tare da wasu 'yan uwanta sun mutu sakamakon cutar Bright ; abin da za a kira shi a yau a matsayin cutar nephritis mai tsanani. 'Yan uwanta mata Maud (2 Oktoba 1895–28 Oktoba 1940 [2] ) waɗanda suka auri Gearóid O'Sullivan a ranar 18 Oktoba 1922 [2] da Helena Josephine (22 Satumba 1894 [2] –28 Mayu 1940) [3] waɗanda suka auri lauya Paul McGovern a ranar 5 Oktoba 1921 [2] dukkansu suna da cutar nephritis mai tsanani a matsayin musabbabin mutuwarsu. Duk da cewa an yi wa Kitty rijistar mutuwar a matsayin zubar jini a kwakwalwa, amma ana ganin cewa ta sha fama da rashin lafiya tsawon shekaru da dama kafin mutuwarta. == Manazarta == 497ezllflc1rhprtbuqu3f5pjcmexqn 0 144103 892477 828197 2026-08-07T05:41:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leslie Mary de Barra''' (née Price; 9 ga Janairu 1893 - 9 ga Afrilu 1984) ' yar asalin ƙasar Ireland ce kuma 'yar jam'iyyar Republican mai fafutuka a lokacin tashin Ista na 1916, Yaƙin 'Yanci da Yaƙin Basasa, ta zama Darakta a Cumann na mBan . Ta ci gaba da zama shugaba kuma Shugabar Red Cross ta Ireland . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Leslie Mary Price a Dublin a shekarar 1893 ga Michael da Mary Price. Mahaifinta maƙeri ne kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yara shida. Tana son zama malamar makaranta kuma a shekarar 1911 ta zama Monitress, wata hanya da 'yan mata ke amfani da ita wajen shiga aikin koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census return for Murtagh Road, Dublin |publisher=National Archives of Ireland}}</ref> 'Yan'uwanta biyu sun shiga cikin ' Yan Agajin Irish kuma ita mamba ce ta Cumann na mBan . Kafin tashin, tare da rudani game da umarni da rashin bayanai, ta ce "ba ta yi tambaya ba" domin, duk abin da ke faruwa, sau da yawa akwai abubuwan da ba su dace ba a gidanta. Amma duk suna jiran umarnin tattara jama'a don tashin Ista. == Tashin Ista == Matsayin De Barra a lokacin tawayen jamhuriya a Ireland, Easter 1916, shine ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aika saƙo da harsasai tsakanin babban hedikwatar da ke Ofishin Wasiku da sauran mukamai. Ta yi rawar gani sosai a lokacin Tashi kuma ta sami girmamawa daga 'yan Republican na Ireland da yawa. Bisa umarnin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin masu tasowa - Seán Mac Diarmada, de Barra (Price) da ɗan'uwanta memba na Cumann na mBan Bríd Dixon an ɗaukaka su a fagen daga kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin Jami'ai. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> de Barra daga baya ya yarda cewa aikin yana da wahala. An tura ta aiki a GPO da kuma a Bankin Hibernian. A lokacin da take banki ne ta kusa mutuwa, tana tsaye kusa da Kyaftin Thomas Weafer yayin da aka harbe shi. Wani soja da ya je taimaka masa shi ma an harbe shi. De Barra da kyar ta sami lokacin kama Kyaftin Weafer kafin ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Kildare woman in the GPO |url=http://www.kildare.ie/ehistory/index.php/eva-bourke-a-kildare-woman-in-the-gpo/ |publisher=Kildare history}}</ref> Ita ce mutumin da aka aika don ɗaukar firist ga sojojin da ke mutuwa da waɗanda suka ji rauni a ranar Alhamis. Da yammacin Juma'a, de Barra ya shiga cikin rundunar 'yan sanda kuma yana tare da ƙungiyar da aka kwashe tare da Louise Gavan Duffy . Da suka isa asibiti da ke kan titin Jervis, sai ta rabu da Duffy ta nufi masana'antar Jacob don ganin yadda 'yan tawayen ke ci gaba da kai hari a can. An kuma kama ta aka tsare ta a tashar Broadstone amma an sake ta da sauri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The GPO |url=http://www.irishmedals.org/the-g-p-o-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316051134/http://www.irishmedals.org/the-g-p-o-.html |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2016 |publisher=Irish Medals}}</ref> == Bayan Tashin Hankali == A shekarar 1918, de Barra ta wakilci West Cork a taron Cumann na mBan kuma ta zama memba a kwamitin zartarwa. Ta bar aikin koyarwa don mayar da hankali sosai kan ƙungiyar da ƙungiyar Republican ta buƙata a shekarar 1918. Ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar ta jirgin ƙasa da keke don sa mata su shiga rassan Cumann na gida su shiga cikin ayyukan da ƙungiyar ke buƙata. Hukumar GHQ ta IRA ta ba ta aikin kafa takamaiman layukan sadarwa tsakanin Dublin da umarnin Lardin. A cikin shekarar, ƙungiyar ta girma daga rassa 17 zuwa sama da 600. Ta kasance Daraktan ƙungiyar a lokacin har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. De Barra ta auri Tom Barry a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1921, a Cork a lokacin Truce a lokacin da aka shirya yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish . A wurin bikin auren akwai maza waɗanda daga baya suka kasance a ɓangarori daban-daban. Dukansu Éamon de Valera da Michael Collins baƙi ne. Mijinta ya kasance mai adawa da Yarjejeniyar duk da cewa ya kasance abokai da Collins. Duk da cewa mijinta ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ne mai ƙarfi kuma babban jigo a Yaƙin 'Yanci na Irish da Yaƙin Basasa na Irish, yayin da take aiki a GPO a Dublin a lokacin tashin hankalin, yana [[Mesopotamia]] yana hidimar Sojojin Burtaniya a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legacy of Cumann na mban |url=http://republican-news.org/current/news/2014/04/the_legacy_of_cumann_na_mban.html#.VvQFpFWLTnD}}</ref> == Aikin jin kai == A shekarun baya de Barra ta kasance ginshiki ga kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Ireland . Da farko ta shiga cikin shirin kula da yaran da suka rasa marayu sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu. [1] Ta wakilci kungiyar agaji ta Irish Red Cross a tarurrukan da aka gudanar a Toronto, Oslo, Monaco, New Delhi, Geneva, Vienna, The Hague, [[Athens]], [[Istanbul]], Prague. Ita da mijinta sun kula da 'yan gudun hijira daga Czechoslovakia da Poland. [2] [3] Ta hanyar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta sami damar tabbatar da matsayin 'yan Irish da 'yan [[Ispaniya|Spain]] suka rike a lokacin yakin basasar Spain, a hukumance Ireland ta kasance tsaka tsaki kuma ba za ta iya shiga ba. [4] de Barra ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar agaji ta Irish Red Cross daga 1950 zuwa 1973. [5] De Barra ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar Inshorar Lafiya ta Sa-kai a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. <ref name="President">{{Cite web |title=Speech by President Michael D Higgins to commemorate the role of women |url=http://www.president.ie/en/media-library/speeches/speech-by-president-michael-d.-higgins-to-commemorate-the-role-of-women-in |publisher=President of Ireland Site}}</ref> A shekarar 1962, tare da Red Cross de Barra, ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin "'Yanci daga yunwa" a Ireland wanda daga baya ya zama ƙungiyar Gorta . De Barra shi ma ya kasance shugaban Gorta. <ref name="President"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=1962 Launching of Freedom from Hunger Campaign |url=http://irishphotoarchive.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/1962-Launching-of-Freedom-from-Hunger-Campaign/G0000.0KYCusKwn4/I0000x4.mNhV02qI/C0000XlyBdAqEurI |publisher=Irish Photo Archive |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2017-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113321/http://irishphotoarchive.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/1962-Launching-of-Freedom-from-Hunger-Campaign/G0000.0KYCusKwn4/I0000x4.mNhV02qI/C0000XlyBdAqEurI |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1956 aka buɗe wani abin tunawa da 1916 a Limerick. Albert Power ne ya tsara shi, kuma aka gudanar da bikin tunawa da tashin matattu a watan Mayu na 1956, sannan de Barra ya buɗe abin tunawa. <ref name="Commons">{{Cite web |title=1916 Memorial |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1916_Memorial}}</ref> A shekarar 1963, an ba de Barra digirin girmamawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin tare da Éamon de Valera da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 1963 |title=Frederick C. Lindvall, William McCausland Stewart, Rev. Paul Henry SJ, Michael Tierney, Seán MacEntee, Éamon de Valera, Leslie de Barra and Emmanuel C. Amoroso at the presentation of honorary degrees, Iveagh House, Dublin |url=https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:34720 |publisher=University COllege Dublin |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918124105/https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:34720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1971 ta kasance cikin jerin shirye-shirye don waiwaya kan abubuwan da suka haifar da 'Yancin Irish kuma Raidió Teilifís Éireann ne ya watsa labarinta <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 1971 |title=Women of the Revolution: Leslie de Barra of Cumann na mBan |url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/2014/0409/607504-remembering-leslie-de-barra-of-cumann-na-mban/ |publisher=RTÉ}}</ref> A shekarar 1979 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Henry Dunant wacce ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Henry Dunant Medal Winners and their National Societies |url=http://standcom.ch/past-winners/ |publisher=Standing commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent}}</ref> De Barra da mijinta sun zauna a Cork, a kan titin St Patrick tun daga shekarun 1940 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1980. Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1984 a Cork kuma an binne ta tare da mijinta a St Finbarr's. Ana tunawa da ita a yau a gasar Leslie Bean de Barra Trophy da aka ba wa Mai Kula da Yankin Cork na Shekara. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nxm35ckp53mh6fppr4kpszw0la331ss 0 144871 892431 828136 2026-08-07T00:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lady Howard Mabuza''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Swazi. Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Eswatini a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Horarwa daga shekarun 2019 zuwa 2023. A matsayinta na ministar ilimi, ta yi fafutukar ganin an bai wa mata ilimi da kuma wakilcin mata a gwamnati. == Aiki == An zaɓi Mabuza a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Eswatini a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-12 |title=AN OPEN LETTER TO LADY HOWARD-MABUZA |url=http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=7874 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=new.observer.org.sz }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta yi magana game da muhimmancin ilimin mata da ingantaccen ilmantarwa da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da rigakafin cutar kanjamau, rigakafin ɗaukar ciki tsakanin matasa, inganta lafiya, rage talauci, samar da ayyukan yi, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Incentives for Education Help Eswatini Improve HIV Prevention Among Young Women |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/07/23/financial-incentives-for-education-help-eswatini-improve-hiv-prevention-among-young-women |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Eswatini, Mabuza ta matsa wa gwamnati lamba ta ɗauki ƙarin malamai 900 don taimakawa makarantu su sake buɗe wa bayan dokar kulle da aka sanya a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Eswatini: Move to Hire 900 Teachers to Reopen Swaziland Schools After Coronavirus Lockdown |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202104010224.html |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> Ta karfafa wa dalibai da malamai gwiwa su sami [[Rigakafin Covid-19|allurar rigakafin COVID-19]] domin makarantu su sake buɗe wa da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan da suka shafi karatu a jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaccines save Eswatini's education system |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/vaccines-save-eswatinis-education-system |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}</ref> Ta gode wa Ofishin Jakadancin Qatar da ke Eswatini saboda bayar da taimako ga ɗalibai a lokacin annobar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar Embassy Delivers Medical Aid, Materials to Kingdom of Eswatini |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar/latest-articles/latest-news/details/1442/01/15/qatar-embassy-delivers-medical-aid-materials-to-kingdom-of-eswatini |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=mofa.gov.qa}}</ref> Ta ziyarci Makarantar Ndunayithini, Makarantar Sakandare ta Mahamba, Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya ta Ngwane, Makarantar Sakandare ta Mavula, da Makarantar Longolotjeni a watan Agusta a 2021 bayan da masu lalata makarantu da masu kone-kone suka lalata su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=EDN_Reporter |date=2021-08-26 |title=Lady Action |url=https://swazidailynews.com/2021/08/26/lady-action/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Eswatini Daily News |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706025410/https://swazidailynews.com/2021/08/26/lady-action/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoba a 2021, Mabuza ta yi Allah wadai da zanga-zangar ɗalibai da kuma yajin aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya buƙaci a saki 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka tsare. <ref name="diplomat">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Diplomat |date=2021-10-11 |title=Eswatini roiled by protests |url=https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2021/10/11/eswatini-roiled-by-protests/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Diplomat magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Yajin aikin ya haifar da rufe makarantu goma sha shida har abada. <ref name="diplomat" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NSIBANDE |first=ANDILE |date=2021-10-11 |title=LUBULINI HIGH PUPILS PELT PARENTS, COPS WITH STONES |url=http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=16972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706025405/http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=16972 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=new.observer.org.sz}}</ref> Tare da Firayim Ministan Eswatini Cleopas Sipho Dlamini, ta yi wa malamai gargaɗi kan nuna goyon baya ga ƙungiyar ɗalibai ko shiga cikin zanga-zangar. <ref name="diplomat" /> Ta sanar da sake buɗe makarantu a watan Nuwamba a 2021. A watan Nuwamba a 2021, Mabuza ta ƙaddamar da manufar "babu aiki, babu albashi" ga malamai waɗanda suka tashi daga aiki ba tare da wani bayani ba. <ref name="observer">{{Cite web |last=Kunene |first=Nonduduzo |date=2021-11-22 |title=NO WORK, NO PAY FOR TEACHERS - MINISTER |url=http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=17227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706025406/http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=17227 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=new.observer.org.sz}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2022, Mabuza ta shirya wani taron tattaunawa na teburi ga masu tsara manufofi, abokan hulɗar ci gaba, da shugabannin masana'antu a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ƙasa na Eswatini don Babban Taron Ilimi Mai Sauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eswatini hosts high level roundtable to prepare for Transforming Education Summit {{!}} United Nations in Eswatini |url=https://eswatini.un.org/en/194338-eswatini-hosts-high-level-roundtable-prepare-transforming-education-summit,%20https://eswatini.un.org/en/194338-eswatini-hosts-high-level-roundtable-prepare-transforming-education-summit |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=eswatini.un.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:梁大使洪昇與史國教育暨訓練部長Lady_Howard_Mabuza主持史瓦帝尼技術學院中華民國（臺灣）獎學金捐贈儀式_02.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Mabuza (na farko a hagu daga tsakiya) yana jagorantar bikin bayar da tallafin karatu na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Eswatini ga Taiwan a shekarar 2022]] A matsayinta na ministar ilimi, ta yi fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙin Ilimi|haƙƙin ilimin]] iyaye mata marasa aure da kuma waɗanda ba su yi aure ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DPM's office and partners commemorate Day of the African Child (DAC) with learners {{!}} UNICEF Eswatini |url=https://www.unicef.org/eswatini/stories/dpms-office-and-partners-commemorate-day-african-child-dac-learners |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Mabuza ta haɗu da Jami'in Kula da Mazauna Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], da kuma Eswatini Network Campaign for Education for All don ƙaddamar da wani shiri na tsare-tsare da tsare-tsaren kula da mata masu juna biyu da wuri da kuma ba da niyya ba a watan Mayu a 2023. Ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na sake tsayawa takara ga [[Phileomon Mkhatjwa]] a watan Agusta a 2023. <ref name="swaziland2">{{Cite web |last=Khulekani Maseko |first=Colani |date=2023-08-27 |title=Education Minister Lady-Howard Mabuza loses Primary Elections at Mafutseni, Phileomon Mkhatjwa wins. |url=https://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=5048 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.swazilandnews.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkambule |first=Mfanukhona |date=2023-09-10 |title=AFTER LOSING ELECTIONS: E1.9M FOR MOSES, E1.3M FOR LADY MABUZA |url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/141796-after-losing-elections-e1-9m-for-moses-e1-3m-for-lady-mabuza.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.times.co.sz |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706025405/http://www.times.co.sz/news/141796-after-losing-elections-e1-9m-for-moses-e1-3m-for-lady-mabuza.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumba a 2023, Mabuza ta halarci bikin kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin [[Ƙarfafa matasa|horar]] da matasa a cibiyar horar da masana'antu ta Manzini, wanda shirin ci gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya shirya a gidan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke [[Mbabane]]. <ref name="swaziland">{{Cite web |last=Khulekani Maseko |first=Colani |date=2024-09-14 |title=Out-going Ministers Lady-Howard Mabuza, Harris Bulunga and AG Sifiso Khumalo grace UNDP Youth Empowerment Graduation Ceremony. |url=https://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=5173 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.swazilandnews.co.za}}</ref> Ta yi magana game da [[Cin zarafin mata|cin zarafin mata da aka yi]] a Eswatini a watan Nuwamba a 2023 kuma ta yi kira ga majalisar dokoki da ta magance shi a matsayin matsala ta ƙasa. <ref name="press">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=It's very hard former minister Lady Howard Mabuza |url=https://www.pressreader.com/eswatini/eswatini-daily-news-9y77/20231124/281582360376326 |access-date=2024-07-06 |via=PressReader}}</ref> Mabuza ta kuma yi magana game da ƙarfafa mata da kuma ƙara wa mata wakilci a gwamnati. <ref name="press" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8cryvelzry2k8pe9ns3qs6nah0nv13l 0 145450 892439 841687 2026-08-07T02:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi '''Laura Beltz Wright''' (1909–1996), Inupiaq, a Candle, Alaska. Daga 1942 zuwa 1947, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 23 membobin Rundunar Tsaron Yankin Alaska (ATG) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-26 |title=Alaska Natives honored for protecting territory during WWII |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/native-alaskans-who-protected-alaska-in-wwii-to-be-honored/ |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> waɗanda suka ɗauki 'Yan Asalin Alaska a matsayin masu sa kai don yin sintiri idan Japan ta mamaye su. A matsayinta na mai zaman kanta a ATG, an fi saninta da mai harbi mai kaifi, kuma tana isar da wasiku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Learn about Native Women's Military Service as National Native American Veterans Memorial Opens |url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/news/2020/11/learn-about-native-womens-military-service-national-native-american-veterans-memorial |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=Because of Her Story |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084714/https://womenshistory.si.edu/news/2020/11/learn-about-native-womens-military-service-national-native-american-veterans-memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya a rayuwa, Beltz Wright ya shahara da tsara wuraren shakatawa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Women Warriors: Fighting on Many Fronts for the Right to Serve |url=https://www.americanindianmagazine.org/story/women-warriors-fighting-many-fronts-right-serve |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=American Indian magazine, National Museum of the American Indian |language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == Beltz Wright ta kasance wani ɓangare na Rundunar Tsaron Yankin Alaska (ATG) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, waɗanda ke sintiri a bakin teku don samar da bayanan sirri game da duk wani aikin abokan gaba da ke kusa kuma sun ceci duk wani jirgin sama da ya faɗi. [1] Duk da cewa yawancin mata galibi ma'aikatan jinya ne, Beltz Wright ta fita daga al'adun gargajiya kuma ta kasance mai harbi da ƙarfi. [1] Baya ga lokacinta tare da ATG, Beltz Wright ta kuma aika wasiƙu ta hanyar ƙungiyar kare, wasan tsere kan kankara da/ko sled. [2] == Zane == An san Beltz Wright da tsara wuraren shakatawa na Alaska daga baya a rayuwa. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da ta fara tsara wuraren shakatawa, ta sami takardar izinin mallakar wani wurin shakatawa mai launin velvet mai suna "Wright Alaskan Parky, wurin shakatawa na hunturu na asali." <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Obituaries of Alaska's Pioneers |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/ak/obituaries/pioneers/akpionu_z.txt |access-date=2026-03-15 |archive-date=2025-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904044536/http://files.usgwarchives.net/ak/obituaries/pioneers/akpionu_z.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidajen shakatawa sun haɗa da ƙirar gargajiya ta 'yan asalin Alaska a cikinsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wasu daga cikin wuraren shakatawarta suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Smithsonian na American Indian . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parka |url=https://collections.si.edu/search/record/edanmdm:NMAI_412478?q=%22Laura+Wright+%28Laura+Belle+Beltz+Hagberg+Wright%29%2C+Inupiaq+%28Alaskan+Inupiat+Eskimo%29%2C+1908-1996%22 |website=Smithsonian Collection Search}}</ref> Shahararrun abokan cinikinta waɗanda suka sanya wuraren shakatawarta sun haɗa da Elvis Presley, [[Willie Nelson]], Ricky Nelson, Shirley Jones da Burl Ives . <ref name=":4" /> Jikarta, Sheila Ezelle, ta sayi Laura Wright Alaskan Parkys a shekarar 1985 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Wright Alaskan Parkys |url=https://www.ciri.com/sh_businesses/laura-wright-alaskan-parkys/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=CIRI |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu tana da kuma gudanar da shago a Anchorage, Alaska. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Shiri |date=2020-09-02 |title=Kuspuks and Parkys: Symbols of Alaskan Identity {{!}} INDIE ALASKA |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/09/02/kuspuks-and-parkys/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Alaska Public Media |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ganewa == Sai a shekara ta 2000 ne membobin ATG suka sami matsayin tsoffin sojoji. A shekara ta 2017 iyalan Beltz Wright suka karɓi takardar sallama daga aiki daga gwamnati. <ref name=":3"/> A shekara ta 2020, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da Beltz Wright saboda nasarorin da ta samu da gudummawar da ta bayar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu don karya shingen jinsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Senate Honors Successes of Indigenous Women |url=https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2020/05/20/senate-honors-successes-of-indigenous-women/ |website=The Cordova Times}}</ref> A cikin littafin tarihin mutuwarta, an ambaci cewa an saka ta a cikin Who's Who of American Women a shekara ta 1967 kuma an zaɓe ta don kyautar Alaska Mother of the Year a shekara ta 1968. <ref name=":4"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1926, Laura Beltz ta auri John Allan Hagberg kuma sun yi aiki a ma'adinan zinare tare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Laura Beltz Wright |url=https://www.newspaper.indianlife.org/story/2013/09/15/perspectives/laura-beltz-wright/375.html |website=Indian Life |access-date=2026-03-15 |archive-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115060211/https://www.newspaper.indianlife.org/story/2013/09/15/perspectives/laura-beltz-wright/375.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare, sun haifi 'ya'ya shida. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Laura Belle Beltz Hagberg Wright |url=http://www.alaskaweb.org/obits/wrightlbbh.html |website=AlaskaWeb.org}}</ref> Bayan Hagberg ya mutu a shekarar 1948, ta auri Dallas A. Wright a shekarar 1951. <ref name=":2" /> Wright ta mutu a shekarar 1981. A wannan lokacin, Beltz Wright ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ungozoma a al'ummarta. <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] comf6voc0t05v2vyvxcffydc7u8893r 0 150182 892497 833161 2026-08-07T06:37:58Z BnHamid 12586 892497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lens - Nice (23-01-2021) 36 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] '''Khéphren Thuram-Ulien''' (an haife shi ranar 26 ga Maris, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan tsakiya masu ƙarfi da fasaha a ƙwallon ƙafar Turai saboda haɗa ƙarfin jiki, iya rike ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari da kare gida. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Thuram a garin Reggio Emilia na ƙasar Italiya lokacin da mahaifinsa, tsohon shahararren ɗan wasan Faransa [[Lilian Thuram]], yake taka leda a kungiyar Parma. Ya taso ne a cikin iyali mai cike da tarihi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, domin yayansa [[Marcus Thuram]] shima ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne da ke taka wa Faransa da Inter Milan leda. Sunan “Khéphren” ya samo asali ne daga sunan wani tsohon sarkin Masar na tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram - Personal life|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen buga ƙwallo, abin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Clairefontaine, wacce ta shahara wajen fitar da manyan 'yan wasan Faransa. Daga nan ne ya fara samun ci gaba a fagen fasaha da dabarun wasa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/khephren-thuram-is-a-juventus-player|title=Khephren Thuram is a Juventus player!|website=Juventus}}</ref> == Aikin kungiya == === Monaco === Thuram ya fara taka leda a makarantar matasa ta Monaco bayan ya bar Boulogne-Billancourt. Ya fara buga wasan ƙwararru na farko a kungiyar Monaco a gasar UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2018 lokacin da suka kara da Atlético Madrid. Duk da cewa bai samu damar buga wasanni da yawa ba a Monaco, ya nuna bajinta da karfin jiki da ya sa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram - Club career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Nice === A shekarar 2019 Thuram ya koma kungiyar Nice bayan karewar kwangilarsa da Monaco. Wannan mataki ya kasance babbar dama a gare shi domin ya samu yawan lokacin buga wasa. Ya fara nuna bajintarsa a Ligue 1 inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiyar fili ta fuskar kare gida da kuma taimakawa kai hari. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram - Nice career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Nice, Thuram ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan tsakiya a Faransa. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar kaiwa wasan ƙarshe na Coupe de France a shekarar 2022, kuma ya kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi yawan buga wasa a kungiyar. Salon wasansa mai haɗa kuzari, iya cin ƙwallo da kuma tsaron gida ya sa aka fara danganta shi da manyan kungiyoyin Turai ciki har da Paris Saint-Germain da Liverpool. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/khephren-thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram profile|website=Juventus}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2022–23 an saka shi cikin tawagar mafi kyawun 'yan wasa ta Ligue 1 saboda rawar da ya taka a kungiyar Nice. Wannan yabo ya ƙara tabbatar da cewa yana daga cikin mafi kyawun matasan 'yan wasan tsakiya a gasar Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Juventus === A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2024, Thuram ya koma kungiyar Juventus ta Italiya kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Komawarsa Juventus ya kasance tamkar dawowa gida saboda mahaifinsa Lilian Thuram ya taba yin fice sosai a kungiyar shekaru da dama da suka wuce. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/khephren-thuram-is-a-juventus-player|title=Khephren Thuram is a Juventus player!|website=Juventus}}</ref> Tun bayan zuwansa Juventus, Thuram ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a Serie A inda ya zama muhimmiyar gada tsakanin tsaro da kai hari. Ƙarfinsa wajen kwato ƙwallaye da kuma iya tafiya da ƙwallo daga tsakiyar fili sun sa magoya baya suke ganin zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Turai nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/khephren-thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram stats|website=Juventus}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Thuram ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban kamar U16, U17, U18, U19 da U21. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan Faransa da ake sa ran za su taka rawa sosai a manyan gasa na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram - International career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ya samu kiran farko zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa karkashin Didier Deschamps domin wasannin neman gurbin Euro 2024. Ya fara buga wa tawagar Faransa wasa a karawar da suka yi da Netherlands inda suka yi nasara da ci 4–0. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=France call-up for Khéphren Thuram|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Khéphren Thuram sananne ne saboda tsawonsa, ƙarfinsa da kuma iya tafiyar da ƙwallo cikin nutsuwa. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin mai kare tsakiya ko kuma ɗan wasan da ke kai hari daga baya. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna kwatanta salon wasansa da na [[Paul Pogba]] saboda yadda yake haɗa ƙarfin jiki da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/nov/27/khephren-thuram-on-father-lilian-its-a-beautiful-thing-listening-to-him-makes-me-grow|title=Khéphren Thuram interview|website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Nice === * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Coupe de France: 2021–22 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram honours|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka na mutum ɗaya === * UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2022–23 * Serie A Player of the Month: Mayu 2025 * Serie A Team of the Season: 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram|title=Khéphren Thuram individual awards|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/khephren-thuram Khéphren Thuram a shafin Juventus] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A9phren_Thuram Khéphren Thuram a Wikipedia ta Turanci] 8bw7metp5epfmz5d067an3a65xe7ry5 0 150968 892482 836174 2026-08-07T06:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loïc Junior Mbe Soh''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belgian Pro League Sint-Truiden . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|loic-mbe-soh/475342}}</ref> An haife shi a Kamaru, ya wakilci Faransa a matakin matasa na ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === Mbe Soh, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru a watan Yulin 2018, wanda hakan ya sa shi ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa watan Yunin 2021. <ref name="PSG">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=First professional contract |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/first-professional-contract-for-loiec-mbe-soh |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505100454/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/first-professional-contract-for-loiec-mbe-soh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa [[Ligue 1|a Ligue 1]] a PSG a ranar 11 ga Mayun 2019, a wasan da suka yi da Angers . <ref name="PSG Debut">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Ligue 1 : première titularisation pour Loïc Mbe Soh (PSG) face à Angers |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Ligue-1-premiere-titularisation-pour-loic-mbe-soh-psg-face-a-angers/1017688 |access-date=11 May 2019 |website=L’équipe |language=French}}</ref> Mbe Soh ya buga wasa ɗaya tilo a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Reims da ci 2-0. Ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na dama, kafin a maye gurbinsa da Thomas Meunier a minti na 59 na wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=PSG vs Reims: Teams |url=https://skysports.com/football/psg-vs-reims/teams/408430 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, an zaɓi Mbe Soh don kyautar Golden Boy Award ta 2020, kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan PSG uku a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 100. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 June 2020 |title=2020 Golden Boy Nominees Revealed – 14 Ligue 1 players |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/2020-golden-boy-nominees-revealed-14-ligue-1-players/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli 2020, ya zira kwallo a wasan sada zumunci da Waasland-Beveren, wanda ya ƙare da nasara 7-0 ga PSG. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 July 2020 |title=The victory over Waasland-Beveren in numbers |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/the-victory-over-waasland-beveren-in-numbers-paris-saint-germain-friendly |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Paris Saint-Germain |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719191355/https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/the-victory-over-waasland-beveren-in-numbers-paris-saint-germain-friendly |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Nottingham Forest === A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2020, Mbe Soh ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Nottingham Forest, amma ba a bayyana kudin yarjejeniyar ba. [1] Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 25 ga Satumba a wasan da Huddersfield Town ta sha kashi da ci 1-0. [2] Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da Middlesbrough ta doke ta da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2021. [3] A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2023, Mbe Soh ya koma kungiyar Guingamp ta Ligue 2 a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mindu |first=Antoine |date=23 January 2023 |title=Loïc Mbe Soh est guingampais |url=https://www.eaguingamp.com/loic-mbe-soh-est-guingampais/ |website=En Avant Guingamp}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Mbe Soh ya koma kulob din Eredivisie na Almere City a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-01 |title=Mbe Soh loaned to Almere City |url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2023/september/01/mbe-soh-loaned-to-almere-city/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2024, Forest ya sanar da cewa zai bar kulob din a lokacin bazara idan kwangilarsa ta kare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Nottingham Forest Football |date=2024-06-05 |title=Forest confirm retained list |url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2024/june/05/forest-confirm-retained-list/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> === Beerschot === A ranar 26 ga Agusta 2024, Mbe Soh ta sanya hannu da Beerschot a Belgium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Loïc Mbe Soh heeft zopas een contract getekend bij Beerschot |trans-title=Loïc Mbe Soh has just signed a contract with Beerschot. |url=https://www.beerschot.be/nl/nieuws/loic-mbe-soh-heeft-zopas-een-contract-getekend-bij-beerschot |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=Beerschot |language=nl |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826222116/https://www.beerschot.be/nl/nieuws/loic-mbe-soh-heeft-zopas-een-contract-getekend-bij-beerschot |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sint-Truiden === A ranar 21 ga Janairu 2026, Mbe Soh ta koma Sint-Truiden . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Loïc Mbe Soh from Beerschot to STVV |trans-title=Loïc Mbe Soh van Beerschot naar STVV |url=https://stvv.com/nl/nieuws/artikel/lo%C3%AFc-mbe-soh-van-beerschot-naar-stvv |access-date=6 February 2026 |publisher=Sint-Truidense V.V. |language=nl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Mbe Soh matashin ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Faransa a lokuta daban-daban. <ref name="Canal Supporters">{{Cite web |title=France U18 squad |url=http://canal-supporters.com/2019/04/loic-mbe-soh-et-arthur-zagre-convoques-en-equipe-de-france-u18/ |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116034546/http://canal-supporters.com/2019/04/loic-mbe-soh-et-arthur-zagre-convoques-en-equipe-de-france-u18/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|1 July 2024}}<ref name="soccerway"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Paris Saint-Germain B |2017–18 |Championnat National 2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2018–19 |Championnat National 2 |16 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !20 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !20 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2018–19 |[[Ligue 1]] |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |Ligue 1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |2020–21 |EFL Championship |7 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |1 |- |2021–22 |EFL Championship |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- |2022–23 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !9 !1 !2 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !13 !1 |- |Guingamp (loan) |2022–23 |Ligue 2 |14 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |1 |- |Almere City (loan) |2023–24 |Eredivisie |20 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- |Beerschot |2024–25 |Belgian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !66 !3 !4 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !72 !3 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 87ost1vfca4s5w18se343ilovulg4eo 0 151004 892511 835253 2026-08-07T06:51:35Z BnHamid 12586 892511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Fatih akyel.jpg|thumb]] '''Fatih Akyel''' (an haife shi 26 Disamba 1977) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya shahara wajen taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a manyan kulob-kulob na Turkiyya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya. <ref>Bayani kan tarihin ɗan wasa Fatih Akyel daga kundin tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Fatih Akyel ya girma a Istanbul, inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Galatasaray wadda ta taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewarsa har ya kai matakin buga wasa a manyan gasanni. <ref>Tarihin rayuwar matasa ‘yan wasan Galatasaray academy</ref> == Aikin kulob (Club Career) == Akyel ya fara fitowa a manyan wasanni ne tare da '''Galatasaray''', inda ya samu nasarori da dama a cikin gida da kuma nahiyar Turai. Ya kasance daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wa Galatasaray lashe kofin UEFA Cup a shekarar 2000. Bayan nasararsa a Galatasaray, ya koma ƙasashen waje inda ya buga wa '''RCD Mallorca''' a Spain. Daga baya kuma ya koma Turkiyya ya taka leda a '''Fenerbahçe''' wanda ya kasance babban abokin hamayyar tsohon kulob ɗinsa. Ya kuma buga wa wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar Trabzonspor da sauran ƙananan kulob-kulob kafin ya kammala aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref>Rahotannin wasannin La Liga da Süper Lig game da Fatih Akyel</ref> == Aikin ƙasa (International Career) == Fatih Akyel ya wakilci ƙasar Turkiyya a wasanni da dama na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta kai ƙasar Turkiyya zuwa matakin kusa da na ƙarshe a '''FIFA World Cup 2002''', inda Turkiyya ta samu nasara mai tarihi ta zama ta uku a duniya. <ref>FIFA World Cup 2002 official squad records</ref> == Salon wasa == Akyel ya kasance mai tsaron baya mai ƙarfi, mai saurin kai hari daga baya zuwa gaba. Ya yi fice wajen yin tackle mai ƙarfi da kuma kare gefen fili (right flank) cikin tsari da jajircewa. <ref>Analysis of Turkish defenders in early 2000s European football</ref> == Nasarori (Honours) == * UEFA Cup – Galatasaray (2000) * Süper Lig titles – Galatasaray * Turkish Super Cup – Galatasaray * FIFA World Cup 3rd place – Turkiyya (2002) == Kammalawa == Fatih Akyel ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Turkiyya a ƙarshen 1990s zuwa farkon 2000s. Gudunmawarsa ga Galatasaray da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Turkiyya ta sa ya zama abin tunawa a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar. <ref>Historical review of Turkish national team achievements</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] qd53e1f8xur5jgll2e1kieed6dyyeet 0 151005 892495 835254 2026-08-07T06:36:21Z BnHamid 12586 892495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ümit Davala.JPG|thumb]] '''Ümit Davala''' (an haife shi 30 Agusta 1973) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya yi fice a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake buga wa ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Turkiyya da kuma kulob ɗin [[Galatasaray S.K.]]. <ref>Bayani daga tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya da bayanan FIFA</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Ümit Davala a Mannheim, Jamus ga iyayen Turkiyya. Ya girma yana sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin al’ummar Turkawa da ke Jamus, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙananan kulake kafin ya shiga matakin ƙwararru. <ref>Transfermarkt profile summary</ref> == Fara Aikin Ƙwallo == Davala ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kulob ɗin ƙananan matakai a Jamus kafin daga baya ya koma Turkiyya. A farkon aikinsa, ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen tsare baya da kuma kai farmaki daga gefe. Wannan ya sa manyan kulake suka fara lura da shi. <ref>UEFA historical player data</ref> == Aikin Kulob (Club Career) == Ümit Davala ya shahara sosai a lokacin da ya buga wa [[Galatasaray S.K.]] inda ya lashe manyan kofuna na cikin gida da na Turai. Ya kasance muhimmin ɗan wasa a lokacin da Galatasaray ta lashe [[UEFA Cup]] a shekarar 2000. <ref>UEFA competition records</ref> Bayan nasararsa a Galatasaray, ya koma [[AC Milan]] a Italiya, inda ya samu damar taka leda a Serie A. Haka kuma ya buga wa kulake irin su Inter Milan da Werder Bremen a Jamus. <ref>FIFA player career archive</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa (International Career) == Davala ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta kai matakin ƙarshe a [[FIFA World Cup 2002]], inda Turkiyya ta lashe matsayi na uku. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin ƙasar a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref>FIFA World Cup 2002 official report</ref> == Salon Wasa == Ümit Davala yana taka rawa a matsayin ɗan baya mai kai hari (attacking right back) da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya. Yana da ƙarfi wajen bugun ƙwallo daga nesa da kuma yin kwallaye ta kai tsaye (free kicks). Hakanan yana da ƙwarewa wajen karewa da kai farmaki. <ref>UEFA technical analysis reports</ref> == Aikin Horaswa (Coaching Career) == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallo, Davala ya shiga aikin horarwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a [[Galatasaray S.K.]] da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi a Turkiyya. <ref>Turkish Football Federation records</ref> == Nasarori (Honours) == * UEFA Cup – 2000 (Galatasaray) * Turkish Super Lig – sau da dama * Turkish Cup – sau da dama * FIFA World Cup 2002 – Matsayi na 3 (Turkiyya) <ref>FIFA & UEFA records</ref> == Rayuwa ta Keɓaɓɓe == Davala yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da al’ummar Turkiyya a Jamus. Bayan ritayarsa, yana ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Turkiyya ta hanyar horarwa da nazari. <ref>Sports biography interviews</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] rv2klurawo1un6bmy478liul1b242uk 3 151386 892574 836454 2026-08-07T10:39:17Z Céréales Killer 4616 Céréales Killer moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Nadoz2000]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Eau en poudre]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Nadoz2000|Nadoz2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eau en poudre|Eau en poudre]]" 836454 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nadoz2000! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nadoz2000|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 Mayu 2026 (UTC) bvnxkjl8txkl565xyh3v8oktd1l3cta 0 151538 892485 837094 2026-08-07T06:29:53Z BnHamid 12586 892485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, Benin City Edo State 03.jpg|thumb]] '''Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium''' babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin garin Benin City a jihar Edo ta ƙasar Najeriya. An sanya wa filin sunan tsohon gwamnan jihar Bendel kuma hafsan soja, Janar Samuel Ogbemudia. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni a kudancin Najeriya kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, gasar motsa jiki, da sauran manyan bukukuwa na wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/samuel-ogbemudia-stadium-ready-for-football-return/ |website=Goal.com |access-date=17 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An buɗe filin wasan ne a shekarar 1985 domin bunkasa harkokin wasanni a tsohuwar jihar Bendel. Tun daga lokacin filin ya kasance gida ga wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar [[Bendel Insurance F.C.]], wacce take amfani da filin wajen buga wasanninta na gida. Haka kuma filin ya taba karɓar bakuncin wasannin ƙasa da na duniya ciki har da gasar CAF da kuma wasannin ƙungiyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bendel Insurance return to Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium |url=https://www.thenff.com/ |website=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=17 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 gwamnatin jihar Edo ta gudanar da babban aikin gyaran filin wasan domin mayar da shi zuwa matakin zamani. Gyaran ya haɗa da sake shimfiɗa ciyawa, gyaran kujeru, sabunta tsarin hasken wuta, da kuma gina sababbin wuraren ‘yan wasa da ‘yan jarida. Bayan kammala gyaran, filin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi inganci a Najeriya kuma ya samu karɓar bakuncin wasu muhimman wasanni na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obaseki inaugurates rebuilt Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/obaseki-inaugurates-rebuilt-samuel-ogbemudia-stadium/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Filin Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium yana da damar ɗaukar kusan mutane 20,000 zuwa 25,000 gwargwadon tsarin zama. An tanadi wuraren zama masu kyau ga masu kallo tare da manyan allunan nuna sakamako da kuma hanyoyin tsaro na zamani. Wannan ya sa filin ya dace da shirya manyan gasannin wasanni da bukukuwan gwamnati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium facilities upgraded |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/ |website=Premium Times Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da filin wajen gudanar da gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, tarukan siyasa, da sauran manyan taruka na jama'a. Filin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da tattalin arziki a jihar Edo da ma Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edo sports development through Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ |website=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Bendel Insurance F.C.]] * [[Benin City]] * [[Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine a Edo State]] [[Category:Benin City]] [[Category:An kafa su a shekarar 1985]] ivh54vi76n9resbk1b1mfpj8g6w6xot 0 151641 892490 890263 2026-08-07T06:32:18Z BnHamid 12586 892490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:U.J Esuene Stadium, Calabar.jpg|thumb]] '''U. J. Esuene Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin birnin Calabar a [[Jihar Cross River]], Najeriya. An sanya wa filin sunan tsohon gwamnan yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, Udokaha Jacob Esuene. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa da suka shahara a kudancin Najeriya, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran manyan taruka na wasanni. <ref>{{cite web |title=U. J. Esuene Stadium |url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/u-j-esuene-stadium/v1824/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> An buɗe filin wasan a shekarar 1977 domin inganta harkokin wasanni a jihar Cross River da ma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Tun bayan buɗe shi, filin ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar wasanni inda ake gudanar da wasannin cikin gida da kuma wasu wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Filin ya samu gyare-gyare musamman kafin gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika ta matasan 'yan wasa da Najeriya ta karɓa bakunci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria stadiums and sports facilities |url=https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |website=World Stadiums |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> U. J. Esuene Stadium ya taɓa zama gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ''Calabar Rovers'', ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Haka kuma ana amfani da filin wajen wasannin lig na Najeriya da sauran gasa ta cikin gida. Filin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa daga yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Calabar Rovers history |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigfound.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 an sake gyaran filin domin ya dace da ka’idojin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afrika (CAF) da kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya (FIFA). Gyaran ya haɗa da inganta kujeru, filin wasa, ɗakunan 'yan wasa da kuma wuraren 'yan jarida. Wannan gyara ya ba filin damar karɓar wasu muhimman wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{cite news |title=U.J. Esuene Stadium ready for competitions |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/u-j-esuene-stadium-ready/ |newspaper=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 16,000 zuwa sama gwargwadon tsarin zaman da ake amfani da shi. Yana daga cikin filayen wasan da suka taimaka wajen haɓaka harkokin wasanni a yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da filin wajen bukukuwa, tarukan gwamnati da sauran wasannin motsa jiki. <ref>{{cite web |title=U.J. Esuene Stadium profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/u-j-esuene-stadium/stadion/3476 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Calabar]] * [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] * [[Calabar Rovers]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== * [https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/u-j-esuene-stadium/v1824/ U. J. Esuene Stadium a Soccerway] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/u-j-esuene-stadium/stadion/3476 U. J. Esuene Stadium a Transfermarkt] [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Cross River]] [[Category:Calabar]] exu9w0d8wy7ftj0r2946ajko1qm894t 0 151901 892505 838767 2026-08-07T06:45:07Z BnHamid 12586 892505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pwadutakam Samuel''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai aikin alƙalancin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya shahara a matsayin mataimakin alkalin wasa (assistant referee) a gasannin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya (FIFA) da kuma [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]. Ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasa na Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 Nigerian Referees to receive FIFA badge |url=https://www.aclsports.com/30-nigerian-referees-to-receive-fifa-badge/ |website=ACLSports |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List |url=https://von.gov.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=3 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Samuel ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da CAF ta zaɓe shi cikin jerin jami’an wasa da za su jagoranci gasar [[African Nations Championship|CHAN]] ta shekarar 2020 da kuma gasar [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations|Kofin Nahiyar Afirka ta 2021]] a ƙasar Kamaru. A lokacin, shi ne kaɗai ɗan Najeriya da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakin alkalin wasa a cikin jerin jami’an da CAF ta fitar.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAF Shortlist One Nigerian Referee For CHAN 2020 |url=https://www.completesports.com/caf-shortlist-nigerian-referee-for-chan-2020/ |website=Complete Sports |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CAF lists Nigerian Ref among 63 match officials |url=https://thesun.ng/caf-lists-nigerian-ref-among-63-match-officials/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, Pwadutakam Samuel ya kasance cikin tawagar alkalan wasan da suka jagoranci wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA tsakanin ƙasashen Gambia da Angola. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin alkalin wasa tare da Adebimpe Quadri wanda ya kasance babban alkalin wasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAF Shortlist One Nigerian Referee For CHAN 2020 |url=https://www.completesports.com/caf-shortlist-nigerian-referee-for-chan-2020/ |website=Complete Sports |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Samuel ya sake jagorantar wani wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 tsakanin Gambia da Seychelles tare da wasu alkalan wasa na Najeriya. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa tawagar alkalan wasan ta samu yabo kan yadda ta gudanar da wasan cikin ƙwarewa da adalci.<ref>{{cite web |title=2026 FIFA WWQ: Nigerian referee quartet rated high in Gambia vs Seychelles match |url=https://nigerianewsnote.com/2026-fifa-wwq-nigerian-referee-quartet-rated-high-in-gambia-vs-seychelles-match/ |website=Nigeria News Note |date=10 June 2024 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Pwadutakam Samuel na cikin jerin tsofaffin alkalan wasa na Najeriya masu lasisin FIFA, inda aka bayyana cewa ya kasance mai riƙe da tambarin FIFA tun daga shekarar 2014. Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta ci gaba da saka sunansa cikin jerin jami’an wasan ƙasa da ƙasa da ke wakiltar Najeriya a nahiyar Afirka da sauran gasa na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NFF names 30 referees for 2025 FIFA competitions |url=https://sportinglife.ng/nff-names-30-referees-for-2025-fifa-competitions/ |website=Sporting Life Nigeria |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Assigns 30 Nigerian Referees For International Duties In 2024 |url=https://leadership.ng/fifa-assigns-30-nigerian-referees-for-international-duties-in-2024-2/ |website=Leadership Newspaper |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] * [[FIFA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5fq0wjsfndb86lsbiywa2zdu4hzjw8l 0 154194 892512 845274 2026-08-07T06:52:43Z BnHamid 12586 892512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person | name = Nouman Ali Khan | image = Nouman Ali Khan 2023.jpg | birth_date = 1978 | birth_place = Gabashin Berlin, Jamus ta Gabas | nationality = Ba'amurke | occupation = Mai wa'azi, malamin Alƙur'ani, marubuci | known_for = Koyar da Larabci da tafsirin Alƙur'ani | organization = Bayyinah Institute }} '''Nouman Ali Khan''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) malamin addinin Musulunci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka, kuma wanda ya kafa '''Bayyinah Institute for Arabic and Qur'anic Studies'''. Ya shahara wajen koyar da harshen Larabci da tafsirin Alƙur'ani ga masu magana da Turanci, musamman ta hanyar laccoci da darussan da yake gabatarwa a yanar gizo da kuma tarukan ilimi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nouman Khan: The one-man Qur’an movement |work=Arab News |date=22 March 2013 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/445647}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Khan a Gabashin Berlin, a lokacin da Jamus take rarrabe zuwa Gabas da Yamma. Iyayensa 'yan asalin Pakistan ne. Ya yi wani ɓangare na yarintarsa a Saudiyya inda ya yi karatu a makarantar ofishin jakadancin Pakistan, sannan daga baya ya koma birnin New York na Amurka tare da iyalinsa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nouman Khan: The one-man Qur’an movement |work=Arab News |date=22 March 2013 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/445647}}</ref> A lokacin samartakarsa ya fara zurfafa nazarin harshen Larabci da Alƙur'ani, musamman ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Abdus-Samee, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a tafiyarsa ta ilimi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nouman Khan: The one-man Qur’an movement |work=Arab News |date=22 March 2013 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/445647}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya tsunduma gaba ɗaya cikin harkokin koyar da addini, Khan ya yi aiki a fannin fasahar sadarwa (IT). Daga baya ya koyar da harshen Larabci a Nassau Community College har zuwa shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Chaplain’s Speaker Series: Nouman Ali Khan |publisher=Vanderbilt University |date=28 February 2017 |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2017/02/28/the-chaplains-speaker-series-nouman-ali-khan/}}</ref> A shekarar 2006 ya kafa '''Bayyinah Institute''', cibiyar da ta mayar da hankali wajen koyar da Larabci da fahimtar Alƙur'ani. Darussansa sun samu karɓuwa sosai a tsakanin Musulmi masu magana da Turanci a Amurka da sauran sassan duniya.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Islam Grows, U.S. Imams In Short Supply |work=NPR |date=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Chaplain’s Speaker Series: Nouman Ali Khan |publisher=Vanderbilt University |date=28 February 2017 |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2017/02/28/the-chaplains-speaker-series-nouman-ali-khan/}}</ref> An ambace shi cikin jerin mutane 500 mafi tasiri a duniyar Musulmi da cibiyar Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre ke fitarwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Chaplain’s Speaker Series Presents: Nouman Ali Khan |publisher=Vanderbilt University |date=20 February 2017 |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/innervu/news/the-chaplains-speaker-series-presents-nouman-ali-khan}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Daga cikin littattafan da ya wallafa akwai: * ''Divine Speech: Exploring the Quran as Literature'' (2016) * ''Revive Your Heart: Putting Life in Perspective'' (2017) == Ce-ce-ku-ce == A shekarar 2017 wasu mata sun zargi Khan da halayen da ba su dace ba a mu'amalarsa da su. Binciken da wasu shugabannin addinin Musulunci suka gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa ya yi wasu halaye da suka saba da matsayin malami. Khan ya musanta wasu daga cikin zarge-zargen tare da bayyana cewa hulɗodin sun kasance tsakanin manya masu yanke shawara da kansu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside The 'Spiritual Abuse' Allegations Against A Celebrity Preacher |work=BuzzFeed News |author=Hannah Allam |date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da muhawara a cikin al'ummar Musulmi ta Amurka kan batun ɗaukar nauyin shugabannin addini da hanyoyin binciken korafe-korafe game da su.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim-Americans Face Challenges When Confronting Leader's Misconduct |work=NPR |date=1 January 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://bayyinah.com/ Shafin Bayyinah Institute] * [https://www.youtube.com/@bayyinah Bayyinah Institute a YouTube] {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Nouman Ali}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Musulmai daga Amurika]] 2hlhfhi6xf5g00wb5iaz35zbsymp9xj 0 154610 892434 846397 2026-08-07T01:13:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama''' babbar damuwa ce tsakanin Kamfanonin jiragen sama, masu sarrafawa, da fasinjoji. Wannan batun ya sami karin hankali bayan hadarin Germanwings na 2015, wanda matukin jirgin ya haifar da shi da gangan. Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama, amma matakai don tattara bayanai masu dacewa da samar da mafita mafi kyau suna gudana. Ya kamata a ambaci cewa yayin da yawancin tattaunawar game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama ya ta'allaka ne a kan matukan jirgi, wannan batun ya kai ga wasu ayyukan jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arghami Sh |date=2005 |title=Mental health in high-tech system |url=https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/1f9710fbaabeb93cf0a9aaaf751dbced260b60f219477db3847eecfab504ca3f/562762/1877-Article%20Text-1879-1-10-20151003.pdf |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214024208/https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/1f9710fbaabeb93cf0a9aaaf751dbced260b60f219477db3847eecfab504ca3f/562762/1877-Article%20Text-1879-1-10-20151003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Binciken da aka yi wa matukan jirgi na Brazil 809 ya gano cewa tsakanin 6.7 da 12% suna da rikicewar hankali. Ga matukan jirgi masu aiki mai nauyi, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 23.7%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feijó |first=Denise |last2=Luiz |first2=Ronir Raggio |last3=Camara |first3=Volney Magalhães |date=May 2012 |title=Common Mental Disorders Among Civil Aviation Pilots |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.3357/asem.3185.2012 |pmid=22606868}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin jirgin sama, kamar yadda yake a kowane masana'antu, kuma yana da mahimmanci a sami gwaje-gwaje iri-iri da hanyoyin tantancewa don tantance lafiyar gaskiya na matukan jirgi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=March 2002 |title=Assessing Pilots with 'the Wrong Stuff': A Call for Research on Emotional Health Factors in Commercial Aviators |journal=International Journal of Selection and Assessment |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1111/1468-2389.00204}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Amurka wanda [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bincika ya nuna cewa daga cikin matukan jirgi 3485 a fadin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, Turai, Asiya da Oceania, matukan jirage 233 ko 12.6% sun hadu da ƙofar da za a gano su da baƙin ciki kamar yadda DSM-5 ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=A.C |last2=Donnelly-McLay |first2=D |last3=Weisskopf |first3=M.G |last4=McNeely |first4=E |last5=Betancourt |first5=T. S |last6=Allen |first6=J. G |date=15 December 2016 |title=Airline pilot mental health and suicidal thoughts: A cross-sectional descriptive study via anonymous web-based survey. |journal=Environ Health |volume=15 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1186/s12940-016-0200-6 |pmc=5157081 |pmid=27974043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa shine na biyu ga cututtukan zuciya a cikin dalilai na rasa lasisin jirgin sama.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, matukan jirgi da yawa a kan magungunan rigakafi sun hana wannan bayanin daga hukumar kula da jirgin sama a kasarsu saboda tsoron rasa lasisin su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=Psychological factors in airline passenger and crew behaviour: A clinical overview |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.03.003 |pmid=17574141}}</ref> Binciken ya kara rikitarwa da gaskiyar cewa 'yan kalilan ne suka fahimci rikitarwa kuma tasirin cututtuka daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kwakwalwa ba su da masaniya game da ka'idojin matukan jirgi da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":7" /> Kodayake matukan jirgi suna buƙatar sabunta lasisin likita a kowane watanni 6 ta ƙwararren Masu jarrabawar likita, babu mai da hankali kan lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma babu masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ko likitan kwakwalwa da ya biyo baya sai dai idan matukin jirgi ya nemi ya yi hakan, wanda ba sau da yawa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Vuorio |first=Alpo |last2=Laukkala |first2=Tanja |last3=Navathe |first3=Pooshan |date=September 2012 |title=Major Depression and Fitness to Fly by Different Aviation Authorities |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=9 |pages=909–911 |doi=10.3357/asem.3363.2012 |pmid=22946357}}</ref> Kamfanin jiragen sama ya saba da sakamakon cututtukan kwakwalwa, <ref name=":1" /> wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suke gudanar da gwaje-gwajen mutum yayin tsarin zaɓe don gano duk wani batun lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) . Wannan dogon tambayoyin na iya gano 'yan takara masu haɗari ta hanyar yin jerin tambayoyi, an rubuta su daban, duk a kusa da irin wannan batun.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, saboda abin kunya a masana'antar Jirgin sama game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, matukan jirgi suna da tsaron gaske game da sakamakon su kuma suna iya jin matsin lamba don ɓoye duk wata alama ta matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=1994 |title=Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2 |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4 |pmid=8138885}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == A lokacin aikin matukin jirgi, shahararren rashin lafiya na hankali ya zama babban batun yayin da damuwa na aikin ke tarawa.<ref name=":8" /> Ana fuskantar matukan jirgi ga yanayin aiki mai wahala wanda ke nuna jadawalin da ba daidai ba, lokutan da suka fi nesa da gida, da kuma haɗuwa da Gajiya akai-akai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |last2=Field |first2=Gaby |last3=Scragg |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=The mental health of pilots: An overview |journal=Counselling Psychology Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.1080/09515070210143471 |s2cid=144508689}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar rashin tallafin zamantakewa daga gida, bambancin yanayin circadian, da kuma yawan ayyukan da ake buƙata.<ref name=":2" /> Masana da kamfanonin jiragen sama sun san waɗannan batutuwan tun daga farkon 1985, duk da haka akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Cary |last2=Sloan |first2=Stephen |date=August 1985 |title=Occupational and Psychosocial Stress Among Commercial Aviation Pilots. |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=570–575 |doi=10.1097/00043764-198508000-00014 |pmid=4032093}}</ref> Akwai halin namiji game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama, tare da tsarin laissez-faire.<ref name=":2" /> Dukkanin maza da mata a cikin jirgin sama suna da saukin kamuwa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Robert |last2=Politano |first2=Michael |date=2014 |title=Gender-related perceptions and stress, anxiety, and depression on the flight deck. |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000058}}</ref> Akwai mummunan zargi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":6" /> Wani binciken ya nuna cewa matukan jirgi sun ɗauka cewa 'yan matukan jirage waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da cutar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winter |first=Scott |last2=Rice |first2=Stephen |date=December 18, 2014 |title=Pilots Who Are Perceived as Unsociable Are Perceived as More Likely to Have a Mental Illness |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000071}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ko da abubuwan da ba alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa ba na iya lalata wasu da kuma mummunan sakamako na ganowa kamar suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, koda kuwa wannan ba haka ba ne.<ref name=":6" /> == Magani == Dole ne matukan jirgi da ma'aikatansu su san canje-canjen rayuwa na baya-bayan nan waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin matukin jirgi da halaye na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanya shine Tambayar Canjin Rayuwa ta Kwanan nan, wanda ke auna yadda wani zai iya canzawa.[1] Wannan tambayoyin ya gano wasu mutane waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya ba da damar kamfanin jirgin sama ya ba su tallafi.[1] Yana da mahimmanci ga kamfanonin jiragen sama su haɓaka shirin don cire mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari kuma su taimaka musu su sauya zuwa aikin da ya fi dacewa.[1] Masu sarrafawa suna kuma la'akari da aiwatar da gwajin tunani na bazuwar ga matukan jirgi, duk da haka an ba da shawarar cewa wannan ba zai zama wauta ba wajen kawar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirage.[2] Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya ta sanar da cewa za ta gudanar da bincike a cikin sabbin bayanai masu dacewa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirgi.[3] Yana da mahimmanci ga matukan jirgi su ji budewa game da lafiyar hankalinsu kuma kada su ji tsoron rasa ayyukansu. Ana iya cim ma wannan ta hanyar cire zargi da ke tattare da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙarfafa bayar da rahoto, da kuma samun kamfanoni suna aiki tare da matukan jirgi don taimaka musu su sami wasu ayyukan jirgin sama da samar da cibiyoyin lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] A duk lokacin daukar ma'aikata, ana iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na mutum don ganin idan suna cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1"/> Bayan Germanwings Flight 9525, duka IATA da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Civil Aviation suna neman mafita, ɗayan shine gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum. Batun da ke da amsawa maimakon hanyar da ke aiki, shine cewa maimakon tallafawa matukan jirgi, yana haifar da mafi girman kunya a cikin masana'antar. Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jirgin Sama ta Turai ta kuma fitar da irin wannan sanarwa, inda ta bayyana cewa duk matukan jirgi suna buƙatar yin kimantawa na tunani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Tsaro na jirgin sama * Lafiyar kwakwalwa * Kashe kansa ta hanyar matukin jirgi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dsrzgd6taew6bwhv4rfe10r822nnbz6 0 155635 892141 850478 2026-08-06T14:50:54Z DaSupremo 9834 Added databox 892141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Inachalo''' kogi ne da ke cikin garin Idah na jihar Kogi a Najeriya. Yana da mahimmancin tarihi da al'adu a yankin. == Tarihi == A karni na 16, kogin Inachalo ya kasance yana hade da mu’amala tsakanin masarautun Igala da Jukun.<ref>McAbraham-Inajoh 2012</ref> Sarkin masarautar Jukun, wanda ya bace a lokacin balaguron farauta, ya nemi mafaka a masarautar Igala.<ref>Green & Haron 2020, p. 83</ref><ref>Idegu 1998.</ref> Bayan watanni da yawa, ya yanke shawarar komawa mulkinsa. Attah na Igala, mai mulkin yankin, ya shirya taron bankwana, inda mutanen Igala suka ba da abinci da kayayyaki don yin bankwana da Yarima.<ref>Nigeria Year Book (in German). Daily Times of Nigeria. 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2023</ref> Hankali ya taso ne a lokacin da dattawan Jukun suka nemi karin abinci daga mutanen Igala, inda suka fassara wannan karamcin da suka yi a matsayin hujjar dansu ya yi noma a Igala a lokacin zamansa.<ref>Ejeh 2012, p. 230</ref> Wannan rashin fahimta ta haifar da wani lamari inda dattawan Igala suka gabatar da kalaman da aka cika da duwatsu da taki domin amsa bukatar Jukun, lamarin da ya haifar da barazanar yaki.<ref>BBC African Service (1999). Focus on Africa: BBC Magazine. BBC African Service. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> A tsakiyar yakin Igala-Benin, Attah Ayegba Omaidoko na masarautar Igala ya juya zuwa Oracle, don jagora.<ref>Boston 1969, pp. 29–43</ref><ref>Imoagene, O. (1990). Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence and Plateau Areas. Know Your Country Series: Handbooks of Nigeria's Major Culture Areas. New-Era Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-2853-00-4</nowiki>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> Saƙon baƙo ya ba da shawarar yin hadaya don kiyaye mulkin Igala, wanda ya haifar da hadaya ta Gimbiya Íníkpi, ɗiyar Attah, wadda aka shiga da rai.<ref>The African Guardian. Guardian Magazines. 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2023</ref> A lokacin yakin Igala-Jukun, an sake yin wani sadaukarwa a yammacin gabar kogin Inachalo, wanda ya shafi Gimbiya Ọ́ma-Odòkó.<ref>Opaluwa, V.; Gabriel, A.O.; Abdullahi, A. (2021). Scientific Approach to Igala History. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. <nowiki>ISBN 979-8-5408-0721-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> An yi wannan sadaukarwa don kare masarautar Igala a lokacin yakin Igala-Jukun.<ref>Achimugu, L. (2005). History of Education in Igalaland. Diolus Communication. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref><ref>Opaluwa, V.; Gabriel, A.O.; Abdullahi, A. (2021). Scientific Approach to Igala History. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. <nowiki>ISBN 979-8-5408-0721-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Ana kallon kogin Inachalo a matsayin muhimmiyar al'ada domin yana nuna iyaka tsakanin masarautun Jukun da Igala. Bisa al’adar yankin, a lokacin rikicin Igala-Jukun, mayakan Jukun sun tsallaka kogi yayin da suke ja da baya daga sojojin Igala.<ref>Awe, B. (1992). Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective. Sankore Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-2030-07-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref><ref>Nigeria Year Book (in German). Daily Times of Nigeria. 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> An ce da yawa daga cikinsu sun gaji da yunwa, kuma sun ci kifi daga cikin kogin, bayan sun mutu. Haka kuma a al’adar, an ce ruwan kogin ya koma ja saboda wata laya mai ban mamaki.<ref>Forde, Brown & Armstrong 2019</ref><ref>Imoagene, O. (1990). ''Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence and Plateau Areas''. Know Your Country Series: Handbooks of Nigeria's Major Culture Areas. New-Era Publishers. ISBN <bdi>978-978-2853-00-4</bdi>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> Sakamakon haka, an sanya dokar hana shan ruwan kogin Inachalo. An kafa wani wurin ibada a bankinsa don tunawa da sadaukarwar da aka yi a wurin da kuma laya da aka yi imanin an yi amfani da shi Har ila yau, tatsuniyar gargajiya ta ce kifayen da ke cikin kogin ba su bambanta da na yau da kullum na ruwa ba kuma ana ganin ba za a iya ci ba. An ce, idan aka dafa su, ba sa yin yadda ya kamata, sai dai su kasance danye.<ref>BBC African Service (1999). Focus on Africa: BBC Magazine. BBC African Service. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref><ref>Imoagene, O. (1990). ''Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence and Plateau Areas''. Know Your Country Series: Handbooks of Nigeria's Major Culture Areas. New-Era Publishers. ISBN <bdi>978-978-2853-00-4</bdi>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> == Gado == Tarihin kogin Inachalo yana da nasaba da sadaukarwar da aka yi don kare masarautar Igala. Gimbiya Íníkpi da sauransu sun sadaukar da rayukansu don ƙasarsu, kuma ana girmama tunawa da su a cikin al'adun gida.<ref>Idachaba 2020</ref> A cikin 1834, Gimbiya Ọ́ma-Odòko, 'yar Atta Idoko, sarkin masarautar Igala, ita ma an yi hadaya a cikin kogin a lokacin yaƙin ƙabilanci tsakanin Jukuns da Masarautar Igala.<ref>Opaluwa, V.; Gabriel, A.O.; Abdullahi, A. (2021). Scientific Approach to Igala History. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. <nowiki>ISBN 979-8-5408-0721-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> == Manazarta == 0bp3idti8kfx8a6j60rju7891w8ru5z 0 157896 892270 879407 2026-08-06T17:16:20Z Audullo 43513 892270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} DHX30 syndrome (OMIM * 616423) cuta ce mai ban sha'awa da ke shafar ci gaban kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta mai dogara da ATP RNA helicase DHX30 (wanda ake kira DHX30). Ana rarraba '''Ciwon DHX30''' a matsayin cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar jinkirin ci gaba duniya, nakasa ta hankali, mummunar Rashin magana, Rashin dai-daituwa na tafiya, sautin tsoka, bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa, rashin daidaito na ido, fasalulluka na autistic, da fashewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Alamomi da tsananin su sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin mutane. Mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun a jariri. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar DHX30 suna da maye gurbin da ba na iyali ba (de novo) a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30 wanda ke haifar da rushewa a cikin ikon enzyme na RNA helicase (wanda ake kira DHX30) don yin aikin helicase yadda ya kamata <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dörner |first=Kerstin |last2=Hondele |first2=Maria |date=2024-08-02 |title=The Story of RNA Unfolded: The Molecular Function of DEAD- and DExH-Box ATPases and Their Complex Relationship with Membraneless Organelles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |issn=0066-4154 |pmid=38594920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba a gano su ba har sai bayan sun rasa ci gaba ko kuma sun fara samun fashewa, kuma ganewar asali yana buƙatar tsarin kwayar halitta. Babu magani ga cutar DHX30 a halin yanzu, kuma magani yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun. == Alamomi da alamomi == Akwai kuma alamun bayyanar cututtuka da tsananin bayyanar cututtukan DHX30, kuma mutane na iya samun wasu ko duk alamun da aka sani, kuma suna iya gabatar da su a matsayin masu sauƙi zuwa masu tsanani. Babban fasalulluka na cutar DHX30 sune: jinkirin ci gaba duniya, Rashin magana, sautin tsoka mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (hypotonia) , nakasa ta hankali, fashewa, strabismus, hypermobility na Haɗin gwiwa, ƙalubalen ciyarwa, rikicewar bacci, fasalullukan autistic da bambancin halayyar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Yawancin cututtukan DHX30 suna haifar da maye gurbi cututtukani a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30. A mafi yawan lokuta, maye gurbin DHX30 ya zama de novo, yana faruwa ne a cikin kwai, maniyyi, ko wani lokaci a farkon rayuwar tayin, kuma ba a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]] shi daga kowanne iyaye ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Wasu mutane na iya gaji maye gurbin DHX30 daga daya ko duka iyayensu wadanda bazai nuna alamun kansu ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sabon abu, inda wannan maye gurbin zai iya samun sakamako daban-daban a cikin mutane daban-daban, ana kiransa penetrance ko expressivity kuma yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Iyaye tare da germline mosaicism na iya ɗaukar maye gurbin DHX30 ba tare da saninsa ba kawai a wasu ƙwai ko kwayar halitta.<ref name=":2" /> An gano marasa lafiya tare da Bambance-bambance na missense (wanda zai iya haifar da riba-aiki) da kuma bambance-naren frameshift da wauta wanda ke haifar da haploinsufficiency ko furotin truncation <ref name=":2" /> == Halitta == Kwayar halittar DHX30 (OMIM*616423), taswirar zuwa 3p21.31, tana tsara tsarin RNA helicase mai dogara da ATP DHX30, wani nau'in RNA helicase enzyme, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kwakwalwa. Canjin da aka lura a cikin mutane da ke fama da cutar DHX30 ana lura da su don lalata aikin DHX30 na ATPase da helicase kuma suna haifar da samar da damuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin wannan cututtukan tare da taron damuwa mai mahimmanci da kuma sharewa da raunin fassarar duniya sun haɗa da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, Fragile X syndrome, da Renpenning syndrome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran kwayoyin halitta na DEAD-box da DEAH-box RNA helicase da ke cikin irin wannan rikice-rikicen ci gaba sun haɗa da DDX3X, DDX6, EIF4A2, DDX23, DDX54, DDX59, EIF4A3, DHX9, DHX37, DHX16, da DHX34 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorenzani |first=Chiara |last2=Mossa |first2=Adele |last3=De Rubeis |first3=Silvia |date=May 2025 |title=DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases shape the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Trends in Genetics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2024.12.006 |pmc=12055483 |pmid=39828505}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Binciken DHX30 ba wani bangare ne na gwajin haihuwa ba. Alamomin kawai ba su isa ba don ganewar asali saboda cutar DHX30 tana kama da sauran cututtukan neurodevelopmental.<ref name=":1" /> . Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne kawai ta hanyar jerin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gano kwayar cuta, mai yiwuwa kwayar cutaa, ko bambancin da ba a sani ba a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30.<ref name=":2" /> Ana amfani da tsari na exome ko tsari na kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya <ref name=":1" /> == Gudanarwa == A halin yanzu, magani yana mai da hankali kan kulawa da alamomi. Bincike na yanzu an sadaukar da shi don fahimtar cutar DHX30 da haɓaka warkewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a8mbhfgccq1vw9x4d1q0rxy78hccmc5 892271 892270 2026-08-06T17:16:34Z Audullo 43513 892271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} DHX30 syndrome (OMIM * 616423) cuta ce mai ban sha'awa da ke shafar ci gaban kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta mai dogara da ATP RNA helicase DHX30 (wanda ake kira DHX30). Ana rarraba '''Ciwon DHX30''' a matsayin cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar jinkirin ci gaba duniya, nakasa ta hankali, mummunar Rashin magana, Rashin dai-daituwa na tafiya, sautin tsoka, bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa, rashin daidaito na ido, fasalulluka na autistic, da fashewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Alamomi da tsananin su sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin mutane. Mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun a jariri. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar DHX30 suna da maye gurbin da ba na iyali ba (de novo) a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30 wanda ke haifar da rushewa a cikin ikon enzyme na RNA helicase (wanda ake kira DHX30) don yin aikin helicase yadda ya kamata <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dörner |first=Kerstin |last2=Hondele |first2=Maria |date=2024-08-02 |title=The Story of RNA Unfolded: The Molecular Function of DEAD- and DExH-Box ATPases and Their Complex Relationship with Membraneless Organelles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |issn=0066-4154 |pmid=38594920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba a gano su ba har sai bayan sun rasa ci gaba ko kuma sun fara samun fashewa, kuma ganewar asali yana buƙatar tsarin kwayar halitta. Babu magani ga cutar DHX30 a halin yanzu, kuma magani yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun. == Alamomi da alamomi == Akwai kuma alamun bayyanar cututtuka da tsananin bayyanar cututtukan DHX30, kuma mutane na iya samun wasu ko duk alamun da aka sani, kuma suna iya gabatar da su a matsayin masu sauƙi zuwa masu tsanani. Babban fasalulluka na cutar DHX30 sune: jinkirin ci gaba duniya, Rashin magana, sautin tsoka mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (hypotonia) , nakasa ta hankali, fashewa, strabismus, hypermobility na Haɗin gwiwa, ƙalubalen ciyarwa, rikicewar bacci, fasalullukan autistic da bambancin halayyar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Yawancin cututtukan DHX30 suna haifar da maye gurbi cututtukani a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30. A mafi yawan lokuta, maye gurbin DHX30 ya zama de novo, yana faruwa ne a cikin kwai, maniyyi, ko wani lokaci a farkon rayuwar tayin, kuma ba a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]] shi daga kowanne iyaye ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Wasu mutane na iya gaji maye gurbin DHX30 daga daya ko duka iyayensu wadanda bazai nuna alamun kansu ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sabon abu, inda wannan maye gurbin zai iya samun sakamako daban-daban a cikin mutane daban-daban, ana kuma kiransa penetrance ko expressivity kuma yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Iyaye tare da germline mosaicism na iya ɗaukar maye gurbin DHX30 ba tare da saninsa ba kawai a wasu ƙwai ko kwayar halitta.<ref name=":2" /> An gano marasa lafiya tare da Bambance-bambance na missense (wanda zai iya haifar da riba-aiki) da kuma bambance-naren frameshift da wauta wanda ke haifar da haploinsufficiency ko furotin truncation <ref name=":2" /> == Halitta == Kwayar halittar DHX30 (OMIM*616423), taswirar zuwa 3p21.31, tana tsara tsarin RNA helicase mai dogara da ATP DHX30, wani nau'in RNA helicase enzyme, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kwakwalwa. Canjin da aka lura a cikin mutane da ke fama da cutar DHX30 ana lura da su don lalata aikin DHX30 na ATPase da helicase kuma suna haifar da samar da damuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin wannan cututtukan tare da taron damuwa mai mahimmanci da kuma sharewa da raunin fassarar duniya sun haɗa da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, Fragile X syndrome, da Renpenning syndrome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran kwayoyin halitta na DEAD-box da DEAH-box RNA helicase da ke cikin irin wannan rikice-rikicen ci gaba sun haɗa da DDX3X, DDX6, EIF4A2, DDX23, DDX54, DDX59, EIF4A3, DHX9, DHX37, DHX16, da DHX34 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorenzani |first=Chiara |last2=Mossa |first2=Adele |last3=De Rubeis |first3=Silvia |date=May 2025 |title=DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases shape the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Trends in Genetics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2024.12.006 |pmc=12055483 |pmid=39828505}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Binciken DHX30 ba wani bangare ne na gwajin haihuwa ba. Alamomin kawai ba su isa ba don ganewar asali saboda cutar DHX30 tana kama da sauran cututtukan neurodevelopmental.<ref name=":1" /> . Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne kawai ta hanyar jerin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gano kwayar cuta, mai yiwuwa kwayar cutaa, ko bambancin da ba a sani ba a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30.<ref name=":2" /> Ana amfani da tsari na exome ko tsari na kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya <ref name=":1" /> == Gudanarwa == A halin yanzu, magani yana mai da hankali kan kulawa da alamomi. Bincike na yanzu an sadaukar da shi don fahimtar cutar DHX30 da haɓaka warkewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] edqxbj5c6m2y61k0fftkovnmcb10njo 0 157913 892453 878675 2026-08-07T04:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Livingstone''' is a city in Southern Province, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Lying 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;mi) to the north of the [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi River]], it is a [[Yawon bude ido|tourist attraction]] due to its proximity to the [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone |url=https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |archive-date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Zambia Let's Explore |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Information |url=https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.livingstone-info.org |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605175043/https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/victoria-falls/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> and its road and rail connections to [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], [[Zimbabwe]], the resort town on the opposite side of the falls. A historic [[Daular Biritaniya|British colonial]] city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=3 January 2023 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Livingstone |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/zambia/admin/southern/0906__livingstone/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}</ref> It is named after David Livingstone, the [[Scotland|Scottish]] explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone - Biography, Expeditions, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> From 1911 until 1935, it served as the first capital of Northern Rhodesia. From 1907 to 2011, when replaced by Choma, Livingstone was the capital of Zambia's Southern Province. == Tarihi == === Tarihin kafin mulkin mallaka === Mukuni, {{Convert|9.6|km|mi}} a kudu maso gabashin Livingstone na yanzu, shine mafi girman ƙauye a yankin kafin a kafa Livingstone. Mazauna [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Baleya]], waɗanda suka fito daga al'adun Rozwi a [[Zimbabwe]], Chief Mukuni wanda ya fito daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ya mamaye su a ƙarni na 16. Wani rukuni na Baleya a ƙarƙashin Chief Sekute ya zauna kusa da kogin yammacin garin. Duk da haka, mafi yawan mutanen yankin sune Batoka a ƙarƙashin Chief Musokotwane wanda ke zaune a Senkobo, {{Convert|30|km|mi}} arewa. Waɗannan mutanen kudancin Tonga ne amma suna kama da Baleya a al'ada da harshe. [[Fayil:Livingstone1.jpg|left|thumb|Abin tunawa ga David Livingstone]] Subiya ta yi wa Lozi na Barotseland girmamawa amma a shekarar 1838, Kololo, wata ƙabilar [[Lesotho|Sotho]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da yaƙe-yaƙen Zulu suka kora, ta yi ƙaura zuwa arewa ta mamaye Lozi . Kololo ta sanya sarakunan mutanen Sesheke da ke ƙarƙashinsu a kan Tokaleya. A shekarar 1855, wani matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Scotland mai wa'azi David Livingstone ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da aka nuna wa [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a kusa da Livingstone, kuma ya ga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] ta hannun Babban Sekeletu na Subiya-Kololo. === Tarihin mulkin mallaka === A shekarun 1890, Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu na [[Cecil Rhodes]] ya kafa mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a arewacin Zambezi kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan haƙo ma'adinai da bincike, baya ga haka ya shiga wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar katako, hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi a wani yanki da ake kira [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yammacin Rhodesia]] . Babban wurin haƙo Zambezi yana saman magudanar ruwa a Old Drift, da farko ta hanyar kwale-kwale, daga baya kuma ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na ƙarfe da masu aikin kwale-kwale na Lozi guda takwas ke tuƙawa, ko kuma jirgin ruwa da aka ja da kebul na ƙarfe. Kwarin Batoka da zurfin kwarin da kwaruruka na tsakiyar Zambezi (wanda yanzu [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]] ta mamaye) yana nufin babu wani wuri mafi kyau na haƙowa tsakanin magudanar ruwa da [[Kariba Gorge]], {{Cvt|483|km}} arewa maso gabas. Yayin da aka fi amfani da hanyar ketare tsohon Drift, wurin zama na Turawan mulkin mallaka ya samo asali a can kuma a kusa da 1897 ya zama ƙaramar hukuma ta farko a ƙasar; wani lokacin ana kiranta da 'Old Livingstone'. Kusantarsa da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] ya haifar da mace-mace sakamakon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda hakan ya sa Turawan suka ƙaura zuwa tudun da aka sani da Constitution Hill ko Sandbelt Post Office bayan 1900. Yayin da wannan yanki ya girma ya zama gari, an sanya masa suna ''Livingstone'' don girmama mai binciken. <ref name="NRJ">{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1890, layin dogo na Rhodesia ya isa [[Bulawayo]] a Kudancin Rhodesia, inda ya haɓaka ci gaban masana'antu a can, wanda ma'adinan kwal a Hwange (wanda a lokacin ake kira ''Wankie'' ) suka ƙarfafa shi, kuma ma'adinan kwal {{Convert|110|km|mi}} ne kawai suka yi aiki. kudu maso gabashin Mosi-oa-Tunya. An faɗaɗa layin dogo zuwa Hwange don samun kwal, amma hangen Rhodes shine ya ci gaba da matsawa arewa don faɗaɗa [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]], kuma da ya [[Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira|gina shi zuwa Alkahira]] idan zai iya. A shekara ta 1904 layin dogo ya isa magudanar ruwa a gefen kudu kuma an fara gina [[Victoria Falls Bridge|Gadar Victoria Falls]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VFHQadmin |title=Victoria Falls Bridge Activities and History - Victoria Falls HQ |url=https://victoriafallshq.com/victoria-falls-bridge-activities/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda rashin haƙuri da ya jira kammala shi, Rhodes ya gina layin daga Livingstone zuwa Kalomo kuma an fara aiki watanni kafin gadar ta amfani da jirgin ƙasa guda ɗaya wanda aka jigilar shi gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar kebul na wucin gadi a kan kwarin da ke kusa da wurin ginin gadar. [[Fayil:Zambèze-Chapelle_commémorative_Coillard_à_Livingstone_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Livingstone a farkon karni na 20]] An kafa birnin a shekarar 1905. Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaura da babban birnin yankin a shekarar 1907. <ref name="NRJ"/> A shekarar 1911, kamfanin ya haɗa yankin da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]] a matsayin Arewacin Rhodesia . Livingstone ta bunƙasa daga matsayinta na ƙofar kasuwanci tsakanin gefen arewa da kudu na Zambezi, da kuma noma a Lardin Kudu da kuma samar da katako na kasuwanci daga dazuzzuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. An gina wasu gine-ginen mulkin mallaka waɗanda har yanzu suke nan. Duk da cewa an ƙaura da babban birnin zuwa [[Lusaka]] a shekarar 1935 don ya kasance kusa da cibiyar tattalin arziki ta Copperbelt, masana'antu da suka dogara da katako, fatu, [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco taba], auduga (gami da yadi) da sauran kayayyakin noma sun bunƙasa. An gina masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana ɗaukar ruwa daga Gabashin Cataract na Falls. Garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] a Kudancin Rhodesia yana da kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, amma an sayi kayayyaki da yawa daga Livingstone. [[Fayil:Victoria_Falls_(49653894783),_Livingstone,_crop2.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na shekarar 2019 na Livingstone, wanda ke nuna unguwannin birnin da filin jirgin sama]] Daga cikin dukkan garuruwan da ke Arewacin Rhodesia, Livingstone na mulkin mallaka ya ɗauki mafi yawan halayen Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Town: Livingstone, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/livingstone-town/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.livingstonetourism.com}}</ref> Birnin da ke kewaye da matsugunan Afirka da yawa, an [[Rarraba launin fata|raba shi da juna]] . Yankunan arewa da yamma na garin da tsakiyar garin an keɓe su ne ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin fararen fata da yankunan zama da ke da alaƙa, yayin da garuruwan Afirka kamar Maramba (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙaramin Kogin Maramba da ke gudana a kusa) suna gabas da kudu kuma ma'aikata, bayi, [[Mai sana'a|masu sana'a]], [[Mai ciniki|'yan kasuwa]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na iyalai baƙar fata marasa aiki waɗanda ke zaune a cikin jin daɗin jama'a. 'Yan Asiya da mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kabilu daban-daban suna da kasuwanci a tsakiya, a gefen gabas na tsakiyar birnin. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an shigar da 'yan gudun hijira 'yan Poland 170 da suka tsere daga Poland da Jamus da Soviet suka mamaye, zuwa Livingstone a shekarar 1941, kuma an kafa ofishin jakadancin Poland. Yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a kan 'yancin kai, kuma labarin kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen fata 'yan mulkin mallaka a [[Belgian Congo|Congo ta Beljium]] ya bayyana, mazauna fararen fata da yawa, suna tsoron watsi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya, suka fara ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia ko Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da Arewacin Rhodesia ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Zambia a 1964, fararen fata da yawa sun tafi. Lokacin da Zambia ta sami 'yancin kai, akwai baƙar fata 100 kacal da suka kammala karatun kwaleji a ƙasar, kusan duk a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=paraluxe.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627162848/https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=paraluxe.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627162848/https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1968, an kafa wata ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta kwace mafi yawan kadarorin da ba baƙar fata ba suka rage, musamman na fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayart |first=J. F. |date=1973 |title=One-Party Government and Political Development in Cameroun |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719939 |journal=African Affairs |volume=72 |issue=287 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096356 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=719939 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Rights Foundation |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.crf-usa.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saboda haka, yawancin sauran 'yan Arewacin Rhodesia sun tafi bayan an sanar da wata manufa ta ƙasa a Zambia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Libby |first=Ronald T. |last2=Woakes |first2=Michael E. |date=1980 |title=Nationalization and the Displacement of Development Policy in Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523462 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.2307/523462 |issn=0002-0206 |jstor=523462 |s2cid=143579889 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burdette |first=Marcia M. |date=1977 |title=Nationalization in Zambia: A Critique of Bargaining Theory |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=471–496 |doi=10.2307/483722 |issn=0008-3968 |jstor=483722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === [[Fayil:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|259x259px|Tankin Ruwa na Livingstone]] An lalata wasu gine-ginen farar hula na mulkin mallaka kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen [[Al'adun Afirka|Afirka]], kodayake an yi amfani da Livingstone a matsayin wurin da aka gina wani gari na Rhodesian na shekarun 1950 a cikin fim ɗin 1981 mai suna ''The Grass Is Singing'' (wanda ya dogara da littafin [[Doris Lessing]] na wannan sunan). A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da babban adadin kuɗi daga gwamnatin Burtaniya zuwa Zambia a lokacin 'yancin kai a Livingstone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1964-07-07a.229.0 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref> Livingstone ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki a shekarun 1970 saboda wani ɓangare na sake fasalin masana'antu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitworth |first=Alan |date=October 2015 |title=Explaining Zambian Poverty: A History of (Nonagriculture) Economic Policy Since Independence: History of Zambian Economic Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3049 |journal=Journal of International Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=953–986 |doi=10.1002/jid.3049 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma wani ɓangare na rufe kan iyaka da Rhodesia, da farko gwamnatin Zambia sannan daga baya hukumomin Rhodesian suka yi. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref> Tun daga farkon karni na 21, Livingstone ta fuskanci sake farfadowa a fannin yawon bude ido kuma ta zama wurin da ake so a ziyarta lokacin da take ziyartar Victoria Falls. Livingstone ta sami ɗan kwararar jari a masana'antar daga gidajen otal na zamani kamar Sun International, zuwa wasu cibiyoyin siyar da titin zamani da gidajen cin abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=เว็บ สล็อต ที่ ใหญ่ ที่สุด ใน โลก – Official Website |url=https://livingstonestourism.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924000803/https://livingstonestourism.com/ |archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> Baya ga yawon bude ido, wani bege da ke kan gaba a Livingstone shine ci gaba da aka samu daga [https://saiia.org.za/saiia-toolkit/walvis-bay-corridor-group/ Walvis Bay Corridor] tare da bude [[Katima Mulilo Bridge|gadar Katima Mulilo]] da kuma kammala babbar hanyar Trans-Caprivi {{Convert|200|km|mi}} yamma, wanda ke ƙara yawan ciniki ta cikin garin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000830/https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esser |first=Leonore |title=The bridge over the Zambezi at Katima Mulilo is a symbol of freedom and cornerstone of economic development |url=https://www.kfw.de/stories/kfw/stories/economy/infrastructure/sambesi-bruecke/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=KfW Stories |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayi == Livingstone tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da yanayi mai zafi da ruwan sama da kuma yanayi mai zafi kafin damina da kuma yanayi mai zafi da kuma yanayi mai zafi na bushewa tare da babban bambancin zafin rana da dare. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] noiyc8f8h0jz7e5njiwe40o8xwkp0kg 0 158219 892254 859548 2026-08-06T17:08:10Z Audullo 43513 892254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jelleine''' iyali ne na [[peptide]], wanda aka ware daga Jelly na sarauta na ''Apis mellifera iberiensis,'' wani nau'in ƙudan zuma. Wannan sabon iyali yana da damar amfani da shi wajen bunkasa sabbin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lima |first=William Gustavo |last2=Brito |first2=Julio Cesar Moreira |last3=Verly |first3=Rodrigo Moreira |last4=Lima |first4=Maria Elena de |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Jelleine, a Family of Peptides Isolated from the Royal Jelly of the Honey Bees (Apis mellifera), as a Promising Prototype for New Medicines: A Narrative Review |journal=Toxins |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=24 |doi=10.3390/toxins16010024 |pmc=10819630 |pmid=38251241 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bincike == Jelleines an fara ware su ne a shekara ta 2004 ta ƙungiyar bincike ta Farfesa Mario Sergio Palma a Jami'ar Jihar São Paulo, Brazil. Da farko, ya tattara jelly na sarauta daga rukuni na ƙudan zuma kuma ya tsarkake sakamakon ta hanyar juyawa, high-performance ruwa chromatography. Wannan tsarkakewar jelly na sarauta ya nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Fontana |first=Renato |last2=Mendes |first2=Maria Anita |last3=de Souza |first3=Bibiana Monson |last4=Konno |first4=Katsuhiro |last5=César |first5=Lílian Mari Marcondes |last6=Malaspina |first6=Osmar |last7=Palma |first7=Mario Sergio |date=June 26, 2004 |title=Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera) |journal=Peptides |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=919–928 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2004.03.016 |pmid=15203237 |s2cid=6839870}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu, an sami peptides huɗu a cikin wannan iyali, kowannensu yana dauke da carboxamide C-terminal. == Binciken kiwon lafiya == Jelleine yana nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ''S. epidermidis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Agarwal S, Sharma G, Dang S, Gupta S, Gabrani R |date=2016 |title=Antimicrobial Peptides as Anti-Infectives against Staphylococcus epidermidis |url= |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=301–8 |doi=10.1159/000443479 |pmc=5588407 |pmid=26684017}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ggd6d67ghjh6ianlv7hbfv9srf5as2p 892255 892254 2026-08-06T17:08:24Z Audullo 43513 892255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jelleine''' iyali ne na [[peptide]], wanda aka ware daga Jelly na sarauta na ''Apis mellifera iberiensis,'' wani nau'in ƙudan zuma. Wannan sabon iyali yana da damar amfani da shi wajen bunkasa sabbin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lima |first=William Gustavo |last2=Brito |first2=Julio Cesar Moreira |last3=Verly |first3=Rodrigo Moreira |last4=Lima |first4=Maria Elena de |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Jelleine, a Family of Peptides Isolated from the Royal Jelly of the Honey Bees (Apis mellifera), as a Promising Prototype for New Medicines: A Narrative Review |journal=Toxins |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=24 |doi=10.3390/toxins16010024 |pmc=10819630 |pmid=38251241 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bincike == Jelleines an kuma fara ware su ne a shekara ta 2004 ta ƙungiyar bincike ta Farfesa Mario Sergio Palma a Jami'ar Jihar São Paulo, Brazil. Da farko, ya tattara jelly na sarauta daga rukuni na ƙudan zuma kuma ya tsarkake sakamakon ta hanyar juyawa, high-performance ruwa chromatography. Wannan tsarkakewar jelly na sarauta ya nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Fontana |first=Renato |last2=Mendes |first2=Maria Anita |last3=de Souza |first3=Bibiana Monson |last4=Konno |first4=Katsuhiro |last5=César |first5=Lílian Mari Marcondes |last6=Malaspina |first6=Osmar |last7=Palma |first7=Mario Sergio |date=June 26, 2004 |title=Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera) |journal=Peptides |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=919–928 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2004.03.016 |pmid=15203237 |s2cid=6839870}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu, an sami peptides huɗu a cikin wannan iyali, kowannensu yana dauke da carboxamide C-terminal. == Binciken kiwon lafiya == Jelleine yana nuna aikin antimicrobial akan ''S. epidermidis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Agarwal S, Sharma G, Dang S, Gupta S, Gabrani R |date=2016 |title=Antimicrobial Peptides as Anti-Infectives against Staphylococcus epidermidis |url= |journal=Med Princ Pract |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=301–8 |doi=10.1159/000443479 |pmc=5588407 |pmid=26684017}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ano4as0tfelpsm8mv7mg8g6w5weagma 0 158786 892322 887636 2026-08-06T19:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892322 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance ('''MESA''') kungiya ce da aka kafa akan binciken da Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) ta gudanar. "malERA" wani aiki ne da masana kimiyya suka gudanar don gano matakai da bincike na gaba wanda dole ne a yi don kawar da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. An kirkireshi ne bayan taron Malaria a cikin shekara ta 2007, wanda Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta shirya, ta sake kafa kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro a matsayin burin dogon lokaci.<ref name="WHO INT">{{Cite web |title=The Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) initiative |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/elimination/maleraupdate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711000213/https://www.who.int/malaria/elimination/maleraupdate.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=WHO International}}</ref> "malERA" an fara ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2008, kuma ya haifar da tsarin bincike da ci gaba wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar PLoS Medicine a cikin 2011. <ref name="PLOS">{{Cite web |title=MalERA-A Research Agenda for Malaria Education |url=http://collections.plos.org/malera |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=PLoS Magazine}}</ref> An kafa MESA a cikin 2012 don ci gaba da burin malERA ta hanyar bincike da haɓaka hanyoyin yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name="Alliance">{{Cite web |title=Scientific Alliance for Malaria Eradication |url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance-mesa- |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107013036/http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance-mesa- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sakatariyarta tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Barcelona . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rabinovich |first=R.N. |last2=Drakeley |first2=C. |last3=Djimde |first3=A.A. |last4=Hall |first4=B. F. |last5=Hay |first5=S.I. |last6=Hemingway |first6=J. |last7=Kaslow |first7=D.C. |last8=Noor |first8=A. |last9=Okumu |first9=F. |last10=Steketee |first10=R. |last11=Tanner |first11=M. |last12=Wells |first12=T.N.C. |last13=Whittaker |first13=M.A. |last14=Winzeler |first14=E.A. |last15=Wirth |first15=D.F. |year=2017 |title=malERA: An updated research agenda for malaria elimination and eradication |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=14 |issue=11 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002456 |pmc=5708604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Kamar yadda aka bayyana a shafin yanar gizon MESA, MESA na da niyyar "ci gaba da kimiyyar kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar samar da al'umma da cibiyar sadaukarwa don bin diddigin bincike, raba albarkatun da suka dace, da nuna misalai na shirye-shiryen kawarwa". MESA tana yin hakan ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi, sarrafa ilimi da bincike, tallafawa ayyukan bincike ta hanyar kudade, da saka idanu kan ci gaba.<ref name="Alliance"/> == Gudanarwa == [[Kwamiti|Kwamitin Gudanarwa]] ne ke jagorantar MESA <ref name="Steering Committee">{{Cite web |title=MESA Steering Committee |url=http://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/64729/MESA+Steering+Committee+members+June+2012.pdf/ba6467db-f57c-481e-8499-aefd9fdf5b60 |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402203049/http://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/64729/MESA+Steering+Committee+members+June+2012.pdf/ba6467db-f57c-481e-8499-aefd9fdf5b60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Dabarun MESA ce ke jagoranta. Alliance ta kunshi cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ƙasashe inda zazzabin cizon sauro babbar matsala ce, da Shirin Malaria na Duniya na WHO. Yawancin kungiyar suna karbar bakuncin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Barcelona, kuma Alliance tana samun tallafi daga Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates.<ref name="Governance">{{Cite web |title=Governance |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/about-us/governance |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media}}</ref> MESA ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi 740 a cikin ƙasashe 94 kuma tana da ayyukan 806 da ke ci gaba.<ref name="MESA track">{{Cite web |title=MESA Track |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/mesa-track |access-date=10 January 2017 |publisher=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance}}</ref> == Bayar da gudummawa == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da MESA ke ba da gudummawa ga bincike shine ta hanyar tallafi don ayyukan da za su taimaka wajen yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro. Wadannan ayyukan suna fadawa cikin nau'o'i uku: Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya, Ma'auni na watsawa, da Binciken Ayyuka. Ayyukan suna da matsakaicin shekaru biyu kuma suna aiki tare da matsakaitan kasafin kuɗi na $ 200,000. Jerin tallafi yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon MESA.<ref name="Grants">{{Cite web |title=Grants |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/grants |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance}}</ref> == Tarihi da ayyukan == An kirkiro MESA a wani taro na masana zazzabin cizon sauro a Sitges, Spain daga 28-29 Mayu 2012. A cikin 2012, MESA ta fara tsari don zaɓar ayyukan bincike na kimiyya da ke hulɗa da auna yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da shirya tsarin kiwon lafiya don yaki da zazzabin sauro. An zaɓi ayyukan shida duka don karɓar kuɗi daga MESA kuma an tallafa wa wani don tara kuɗi daga wasu kungiyoyi. Ayyukan suna gudanar da bincike a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka, da Australasia.<ref name="Alliance"/> A cikin 2014, an zaɓi sabbin ayyukan hudu. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da: sabbin kayan aiki don kula da vector da ganewar asali, amfani da sa ido da fasahar taswirar amsawa, da aikace-aikacen hannu don wahalar isa ga jama'a. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Yunin 2015, MESA ta jagoranci wani tsari da ake kira "malERA Refresh" don sake dubawa da sabunta malERA. Wannan aikin yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban guda 6: "kimiyya ta asali da fasahar ba da damar, maganin kwari da juriya ta miyagun ƙwayoyi, nuna alamar tafkin da auna watsawa, kayan aiki don kawarwa, haɗuwa da shiga tsakani da ƙira, tsarin kiwon lafiya da bincike na manufofi. " " " MalERA" Ana sa ran sake farfadowa zai cika kuma yana samuwa don bugawa a ƙarshen 2016. <ref name="Refresh">{{Cite web |date=1 Nov 2016 |title=malERA Refresh: Updating the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/knowledge-hub/malera-refresh-updating-malaria-eradication-research-agenda |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sauran ayyukan yanzu sun haɗa da burin MESA na kawar da ''Plasmodium falciparum'' da ''Plasmodium vivax'' a kasar Sin a shekarar 2020.<ref name="China">{{Cite web |title=The People's Republic of China |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/elimination-programmes/peoples-republic-china |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223105055/http://www.malariaeradication.org/elimination-programmes/peoples-republic-china |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dduzunpomg91p5oxkt0cwjmoffrkxfn 0 158790 892527 861689 2026-08-07T08:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892527 wikitext text/x-wiki Medicines for Malaria Venture ('''MMV''') haɗin gwiwa ne na jama'a da masu zaman kansu wanda ba don riba ba wanda aka kafa a matsayin tushe a Switzerland a cikin 1999 don rage [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a cikin ƙasashe masu fama da cututtukan cututtuka ta amfani da magungunan zazzabin rigakafi. == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da MMV a cikin 1999, <ref name="rid99" /> tare da kudade na dala miliyan 4 daga Gwamnatin Switzerland, Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Duniya (UK), Gwamnatin Netherlands, Bankin Duniya, da Gidauniyar Rockefeller. Wanda ya kafa kuma babban ma'aikaci na farko shi ne Dokta Robert Ridley wanda ya yi aiki a babban Jami'in Kimiyya har zuwa shekara ta 2001. <ref name="rid99">{{Cite journal |date=July 2007 |title=Applying science to the diseases of poverty |url=https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2007.v85n7/509-510/en/ |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |language=en |volume=85 |pages=509–510 |issn=0042-9686}}</ref><ref name="robrid">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Robert Ridley |url=https://www.flametreeinitiative.org/bios/2018/7/12/robridley-r3tw4 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Flame Tree Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == kwamitin daraktoci ne ke jagorantar MMV. Shugaban a shekarar 2022 shine Alan Court . <ref name="boardofdirectors">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors {{!}} Medicines for Malaria Venture |url=https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance/board-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501215528/https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance/board-directors |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.mmv.org}}</ref> MMV tana da kwamitin daraktoci a Arewacin Amurka, kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙwararru na kimiyya wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano ayyukan, kwamitin bayar da shawara na samun dama da sarrafa kayan aiki da kwamitin tsaro na duniya wanda ke nazarin ayyukan.<ref name="ref22">{{Cite web |title=People & governance {{!}} Medicines for Malaria Venture |url=https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501222218/https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.mmv.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kamfanin aikin MMV ya haɗa da, nau'ikan ''Plasmodium falciparum'' mai tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi, aminci ga kananan yara (kasa da watanni 6) da kuma cikin ciki. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ''Plasmodium vivax'', zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani da maganin toshewar yaduwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] MMV ta buga bututun mai da ke nuna magungunan da ci gaban da take da shi.<ref name="mmvpipe">{{Cite web |title=MMV's pipeline of antimalarial drugs |url=https://www.mmv.org/mmv-pipeline-antimalarial-drugs |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Medicines for Malaria Venture |language=en}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}} === Malaria ta buɗe === MMV ta fara aikin Open Source Malaria, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=OpenSourceMalaria |url=http://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria |publisher=[[OpenWetWare]] |access-date=19 June 2026 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401034835/https://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su raba hanyoyin da sakamakon binciken budewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenSourceMalaria:FAQ |url=http://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria:FAQ |website=OpenWetWare |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2025-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118211647/https://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria:FAQ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Open Source Malaria, tare da masu bincike a Jami'ar Sydney, sun kula da daliban makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Grammar ta Sydney waɗanda suka daidaita kira na Daraprim (pyrimethamine) ta amfani da hanyar da ba ta da haɗari a cikin 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University of Sydney |date=2016-11-30 |title=Breaking good: School students make costly drug cheaply using open source approach |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/uos-bgs113016.php |publisher=Eurekalert |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004202/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/uos-bgs113016.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knopf |first=Ehsan |date=2016-12-01 |title=Sydney high school students spend $27 to recreate drug that has retailed for $148k |url=http://www.9news.com.au/good-news/2016/12/01/07/06/sydney-high-school-students-recreate-drug-that-has-retailed-for-148k-for-27 |publisher=9news.com.au |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2018-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031943/https://www.9news.com.au/good-news/2016/12/01/07/06/sydney-high-school-students-recreate-drug-that-has-retailed-for-148k-for-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.mmv.org Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.mmv.org/mmv-pipeline-antimalarial-drugs Magunguna don Malaria Venture's Project Portfolio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710064133/http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/ProgressImpactSeries/index.html Roll Back Ci gaban Malaria da Tasirin] {{malaria}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rxvspztdh0c2cwbjp2y4fe7xum1rjan 0 158852 892515 861965 2026-08-07T07:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MS ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde''''' jirgin ruwan fasinja ne mai tsada da kuma jigilar kaya na Netherland Line wanda aka kera a shekarar 1930 don hidima tsakanin [[Amsterdam]] da [[Jakarta]] . Ta yi aiki daga [[Surabaya]] daga ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, kuma an tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa a [[Singafora|Singapore]] a watan Mayu na 1941 don jigilar sojojin Australiya daga [[Melbourne]] zuwa Asiya da Afirka, da kuma kawo fursunonin yaƙi na Italiya 1,000 daga [[Misra|Masar]] zuwa [[Mumbai]] . Ta bar Tekun Indiya a shekarar 1942, sannan ta ɗauki sojojin kawance don [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], Operation Husky, da Operation Avalanche . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 January 1930 |title=MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde PFVA 10 september 1930 – 7 november 1943 |url=http://www.stoomvaartmaatschappijnederland.nl/ms-marnix-van-sint-aldegonde-pfva-1930-1943/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland |publisher= |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708084921/https://www.stoomvaartmaatschappijnederland.nl/ms-marnix-van-sint-aldegonde-pfva-1930-1943/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba wa Jagorarta, HW Hettema, lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service Cross a watan Janairun 1943 bayan jirginsa ya lalata jiragen sama biyu masu kai hari a Arewacin Afirka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1942. ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' ta yi tafiya da ayarin motoci mai lamba KMF 25 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1943. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Kampfgeschwader 26 Dornier 217 sun kai mata hari bayan ta shiga Bahar Rum; kuma wani torpedo ya buge ta wanda ya mamaye ɗakin injin a daren 6 ga Nuwamba, 1943. Wasu jiragen ruwa sun ceto dukkan ma'aikata, kuma an kama ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' . Grace Liner ''Santa Elena'' ma ta samu nakasa sakamakon wani torpedo a wannan harin; kuma an kama ta. Jiragen ruwa biyu sun yi karo yayin da suke cikin ja, kuma dukkansu sun nutse sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta ci gaba da yi washegari da yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |title=MV Marnix van St. Aldegonde |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37258 |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7t5bfkev6tjsms3d0163uds0av0y82l 0 158926 892479 874187 2026-08-07T05:42:46Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 892479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chorizo</ref><ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/chorizo</ref> A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na [[Portugal]] tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=NLR4jPm_x0sC&q=Chorizo+intitle:Sausage&pg=RA5-PA32</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lobbymarket.es/chorizos-a-la-sidra |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804221038/https://www.lobbymarket.es/chorizos-a-la-sidra |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa).<ref>https://easyportugueserecipes.com/chourico-bombeiro/</ref><ref>http://www.lets-make-sausage.com/chorizo-recipes.html</ref> == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin [[Ispaniya|Spain]], akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos.<ref>https://easyportugueserecipes.com/chourico-bombeiro/</ref> === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da [[Brazil]] suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. A cikin gundumomin da ke da yawan 'yan Portugal a jihohin Rhode Island na Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Massachusetts, sau da yawa ana ba da chouriço da ƙananan ƙwai da wake. Sandwich ɗin Chouriço a kan biredi, tare da barkono kore da albasa da aka soya, ana samun su a shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na gida da na kayan abinci. Quahogs masu cike da abinci (wanda kuma aka sani da stuffies), wani nau'in abinci na musamman a Rhode Island, yawanci sun haɗa da chouriço. A Portugal, ana iya yin chourico da jini, kama da tsiran alade na jini ko pudding baƙar fata, kuma ana kiransa chouriço de sangue (jinin chouriço) ko morcela. Sauran nau'o'in chouriço sun haɗa da chouriço de vinho (wine chouriço), chouriço de cebola (albasa chouriço), chouriço fumado (kyfaffen chouriço), chouriço de ossos (chouriço kashi), chourição (manyan chouriço), da chouriça de vingarlicha d ( chourico d). == Amirka ta Arewa == === Mexico === Dangane da chorizo ​​fresco na Spain (sabo chorizo), nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Mexico ba wai kawai an yi su ne daga naman alade mai kitse ba, har ma da naman sa, naman nama, kaza, da turkey. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan kosher da na vegan. Ana yawan niƙa naman (an niƙa shi) maimakon a yanka shi, kuma ana amfani da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Saboda tsadar paprika na Spain da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje a tarihi, ana yin chorizo ​​na Mexico a al'ada da nau'ikan barkono iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su a Spain, wanda hakan ya sa nau'in Mexico ya fi na Spain zafi. Chorizo ​​na Mexico kuma yawanci yana amfani da vinegar, maimakon farin giya da aka saba amfani da shi a [[Sipaniya]]. Wannan tsiran alade mai yaji da aka shirya sabo shine babban nau'in chorizo ​​​​a Mexico da sauran sassan Amurka, gami da yawancin Amurka, amma ba a yawan samunsa a Turai. Yankin da ke kewaye da Toluca ya ƙware a chorizo ​​"kore", wanda aka yi da wasu haɗin tumatir, cilantro, barkono barkono, da tafarnuwa. Yawancin chorizo ​​na Mexico, duk da haka, launinsa ja ne mai zurfi. Sau da yawa ana samunsa a nau'i biyu, sabo da busasshe, kodayake sabo ya fi yawa. Wasu daga cikin chorizos na kasuwanci mafi arha suna amfani da kayan lambu da aka cika a cikin filastik don kama da naman tsiran alade, maimakon naman tsoka. Kafin a ci, galibi ana yanke murfin kuma ana soya tsiran alade a cikin kasko kuma a niƙa shi da cokali mai yatsu har sai ya yi kama da naman sa da aka niƙa da kyau. Ana yin wasu chorizo ​​ba tare da wani casing ba. Ana warkar da naman alade da naman sa cikin ruwan inabi da garin barkono. Ana ba da shi don karin kumallo, abincin rana, ko abincin dare, yana da ɗanɗanon da aka ambata a sama, kuma yana da ɗanɗanon da aka ambata a sama sosai. A Mexico, gidajen cin abinci da wuraren cin abinci suna yin tacos, queso fundido (ko choriqueso), burritos, da tortas ta amfani da chorizo ​​da aka dafa, kuma shi ma sanannen abin da ake sakawa a pizza ne. Chorizo ​​con huevos sanannen abincin karin kumallo ne a Mexico da yankunan Amurka tare da al'ummar Mexico. Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar haɗa chorizo ​​soyayye da ƙwai da aka gasa. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Chorizo ​​con huevos a cikin burritos na karin kumallo, tacos, da taquitos. Wani sanannen girke-girke na Mexico shine chorizo ​​soyayye tare da wake pinto ko baƙi da aka soya. Ana amfani da wannan haɗin a cikin tortas azaman yadi, ko kuma azaman abincin gefe inda ake yin wake da aka soya akai-akai. A Mexico da kudu maso yammacin Amurka ana amfani da chorizo ​​​​don yin chorizo ​​con queso (ko choriqueso), wani abincin ciye-ciye mai shahara wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan guntu na chorizo ​​da aka yi hidima da cuku mai narkewa kuma ana ci tare da ƙananan tortillas na masara ko chips na tortilla. A yankunan Mexico da ke Amurka, wani sanannen abincin da ake ci don karin kumallo shine chorizo ​​con papas, dankalin da aka yanka a soya har sai ya yi laushi tare da gauraya chorizo. === Amurka === Sabanin chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci, a Amurka kalmar galibi tana nufin tsiran alade wanda ba a taɓa busar da shi ba, yana da kitse mai yawa, kuma yana da yaji sosai. Ya fi shahara a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'ar Cuba, Dominican, ko Puerto Rican ko kusa da kan iyakar Mexico, musamman a Kudu maso Yamma kusa da Chihuahua, Sonora, da Nuevo León. Haka kuma ana samunsa a arewa a wurare kamar Austin, Texas ko Santa Fe, New Mexico, inda akwai shaidar tarihi game da kasancewarsa tun kafin zamanin Wild West. Ana cin sa ne kawai don karin kumallo, ko kuma a haɗa shi da nau'in migas na gida. A Louisiana, abincin Creole da Cajun duka suna da nau'in chorizo ​​​​wanda ake kira chaurice, wanda ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin abincin Creole na wake ja da shinkafa. Kamar yadda yake a kan ɗan uwanta na yamma, [wane?] shan wannan nau'in abincin gargajiya ne da aka yarda da shi a cikin abincin gida. === Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean === A Puerto Rico, Panama, da Jamhuriyar Dominican, ana ɗaukar chorizo ​​da longaniza nau'ikan nama guda biyu daban-daban. Chorizo ​​na Puerto Rican tsiran alade ne mai hayaƙi, wanda aka yi masa kayan ƙanshi, kusan iri ɗaya ne da na Spain. Longaniza na Puerto Rican da Dominican suna da ɗanɗano da kamanni daban-daban. Ana cusa naman da aka yi masa kayan ƙanshi a cikin kwandon naman alade kuma ana yin sa da tsayi da hannu. Sannan ana rataye shi don ya bushe a iska. Sannan ana iya soya longaniza a cikin mai ko a dafa shi da shinkafa ko wake. Ana cin sa da abinci daban-daban. Chorizo ​​na Salvador gajere ne, sabo ne (ba a busar da shi ba) kuma an ɗaure shi da tagwaye. === Kudancin Amurka === A Ecuador, nau'ikan tsiran alade da yawa an yi amfani da su kai tsaye daga abincin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka. Duk nau'ikan tsiran alade, ko dai danye ko hayaƙi, ana kiransu da salami, amma mafi yawan su sune chorizo ​​na Sipaniya, pepperoni na Italiya, da tsiran alade na wiener; wieners sune mafi shahara. Wasu abubuwan da ake ci a gida sun haɗa da morcilla, longaniza, da chorizo. Morcilla, kamar yadda yake a yawancin ƙasashen da ke magana da Sipaniya, galibi ana dafa jinin naman alade da aka lulluɓe a cikin jakar hanjin alade (pudding baƙi a Turanci). Longaniza tsiran alade ce mai siriri wacce ke ɗauke da kusan kowace cakuda nama, mai, ko ma guringuntsi, wanda aka hayaƙi maimakon sabo. Chorizo ​​cakuda naman alade da aka yanka, kitsen alade, gishiri, hatsin barkono gabaɗaya, kirfa, achiote, da sauran kayan ƙanshi, waɗanda ke samar da launin ja mai zurfi. Abincin gargajiya ya ƙunshi ƙwai soyayye, dankalin turawa da aka niƙa, avocado, salati, da yanka chorizo ​​soyayye. A Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia da Venezuela, chorizo ​​shine sunan kowane tsiran alade mai kauri. Haka kuma ana samun chorizo ​​irin na Sipaniya kuma ana bambanta shi da sunan chorizo ​​español ('Spanish chorizo') ko chorizo ​​colorado ('ja chorizo'). Chorizos na Argentina yawanci ana yin su ne da naman alade, kuma ba sa da zafi mai yaji. Wasu chorizos na Argentina sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan nama, galibi naman sa. A Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, da Peru, chorizo ​​sabo, wanda aka dafa kuma aka yi hidima a cikin burodi, ana kiransa choripán. A Colombia, chorizo ​​yawanci ana tare da arepa. A Brazil, chouriço kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta abin da a sauran Latin Amurka ake kira morcilla; tsiran alade nama kamar chorizos na wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ana kiransu linguiça. Ana amfani da nau'ikan chouriço da linguiça iri-iri a cikin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban, kamar feijoada. A Bolivia, ana yin chorizos da naman alade, ana soya su kuma ana ba su salati (tumatir, latas, albasa, karas da aka dafa da quirquiña), mote, da kuma yanki na burodi da aka jika da kitsen chorizo. Ana kuma cin sandwiches na Chorizo, ba tare da mote ba. === Kudanci da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya === === Gabashin Timor === Ana yin Chourico a Gabashin Timor. Turawan Portugal ne suka gabatar da shi, tare da mulkin mallaka na Gabashin Timor. === Goa === A Goa, Indiya, wadda Turawan Portugal suka mulki tsawon shekaru 450 kuma tana da kaso mai yawa na Katolika na Goan, ana yin chouriço ne daga naman alade wanda aka jika a cikin cakuda vinegar, barkono ja, da kayan ƙanshi kamar tafarnuwa, citta, cumin, turmeric, cloves, barkono, da kirfa, sannan a saka su a cikin casings. Ana iya yin su danye (jika), a shaƙa ko a busar da su ta hanyar gishiri da iska. Ana cin waɗannan ko dai tare da burodin Goan na gida na Portugal, ko albasa lu'u-lu'u, ko duka biyun. Ana kuma amfani da tsiran alade, a yanka su gunduwa-gunduwa, a matsayin sinadarin nama a cikin pilaf ɗin shinkafa. Ana samun nau'ikan chouriço guda uku a Goa: busasshe, rigar, da fata. Chouriço busasshe yana tsufa a rana na tsawon lokaci (watanni uku ko fiye). Chouriço mai rigar yana tsufa na kimanin wata ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka. Chouriço na fata, wanda kuma ya tsufa, ba kasafai yake samuwa ba kuma yana da wahalar samu. Ya ƙunshi fatar alade da aka niƙa tare da wasu kitsen da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Duk chouriços guda uku ana yin su ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar zafi, matsakaici, da laushi. Akwai wasu bambance-bambancen, ya danganta da girman hanyoyin haɗin, waɗanda suka kama daga inci 1 zuwa 6 (2.5–15 cm). Yawanci, nau'ikan da suka jike sun fi tsayi fiye da waɗanda suka bushe. Goan chouriços sun bambanta da Goan frankfurters, waɗanda suke kama da daidai da waɗanda ake samu a Amurka, amma galibi suna da ɗanɗanon barkono.<ref>https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1017246-fresh-green-chorizo</ref> === Philippines === Longaniza (Tagalog: longganisa; Visayan: chorizo, choriso, soroso) tsiran alade ne na Philippines waɗanda aka ɗanɗana da kayan ƙanshi na asali, kuma ana iya yin su da kaza, naman sa, ko ma tuna. Duk da cewa kalmar longaniza gabaɗaya tana nufin tsiran alade sabo, ana kuma amfani da ita a Philippines don nufin tsiran alade da aka warke. Ana rina longganisa na Philippines sau da yawa da tsaba achuete. Akwai nau'ikan iri-iri da yawa daga yankuna daban-daban a Philippines.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iz8_DwAAQBAJ&q=Arroz+caldo</ref> == Manazarta == 3sdl4dtueziu67kn4r4neak9ubaydqi 0 159131 892140 878096 2026-08-06T14:43:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin pipefish na Estuarine''' ko kuma '''kifi mai kauri a kogin''' [[Kogin Kariega|(]] '''''Syngnathus watermeyeri''''' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Syngnathidae . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma an rubuta shi lokaci-lokaci a cikin sassan kogin Kariega, [[Kogin Kasouga|Kasouga]], [[Kogin Bushman|Bushmans]], [[East Kleinemonde]] da [[West Kleinemonde]] . Ana iya bambanta shi cikin sauƙi daga wani kifi mai kauri a Afirka ta Kudu wanda yake zaune tare da shi, <nowiki><i id="mwGA">S. temminckii</i></nowiki>, ta hanyar gajeriyar hancinsa. Ana samun kifi mai kauri a cikin gadajen ciyawar eelgrass ''Zostera capensis'' . == Matsayin kiyayewa == An ayyana cewa kifi mai kama da estuarine ya mutu a shekarar 1994, amma an sake gano shi a shekarar 2006 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=P.D. Vorwerk |last2=P.W. Froneman |last3=A.W. Paterson |year=2007 |title=Recovery of the critically endangered river pipefish, ''Syngnathus watermeyeri'', in the Kariega Estuary, Eastern Cape province |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532007000300010 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=103 |pages=199–291 |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2025-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010202200/https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532007000300010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a yankunan da ba a ba da rahotonsa ba cikin sama da shekaru arba'in. Wannan kifi mai kama da estuarine yana fuskantar barazanar da ta shafi halittu da kuma ta mutane ga magudanar ruwa da kuma gadajen ciyawar eel da yake zaune a ciki. == Kiwo a gidan yari == Ana tsare da wani mutum da aka tsare a ''Syngnathus watermeyeri'' a UShaka Marine World da ke [[Durban]] . == Asalin Ma'anar == Nau'in mace ce mai tsawon {{Convert|110|mm|in}} an tattara su a Kogin Bushmans kuma an aika su zuwa JLB Smith ta hannun FLE Watermeyer, wanda Smith ya girmama a cikin sabon sunan nau'in da aka bayyana . <ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=J.L.B. Smith |year=1963 |title=Fishes of the family Syngnathidae from the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean |url=http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:15002;jsessionid=D59E6608F4F5F3370ACC4EBD5B5394CE?exact=sm_title%3A%22Fishes+of+the+family+Syngnathidae+from+the+Red+Sea+and+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%22&collection=vital%3A91 |journal=Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University |volume=27 |pages=515–543 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == j4bt42farnd76tn68t8ueazd9btiewd 0 159140 892426 863425 2026-08-06T23:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Crown_gall_on_rose_(a).JPG|right|thumb|Crown gall a kan rose]] '''Kwayar cuta da ke cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]''' (ko kwayar cuta) wakili ne mai haifar da cuta wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙasa da kuma a cikin [[shuka]], kuma wanda zai iya kamuwa da shuke-shuke marasa lafiya waɗanda ke girma a cikin wannan ƙasa.<ref name="AgricWAGovAu">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title=Soil-borne diseases |url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/diseases/soil-borne-diseases |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Agriculture and Food [[Government of Western Australia]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ''Fusarium'', <ref name="AgricWAGovAu" /> ''Pythium'', <ref name="AgricWAGovAu" /> <ref name="Knoester-et-al-1998">{{Cite journal |last=Knoester |first=M. |last2=van Loon |first2=L. C. |last3=van den Heuvel |first3=J. |last4=Hennig |first4=J. |last5=Bol |first5=J. F. |last6=Linthorst |first6=H. J. M. |date=1998-02-17 |title=Ethylene-insensitive tobacco lacks nonhost resistance against soil-borne fungi |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=1933–1937 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.1933K |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.4.1933 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19216 |pmid=9465120 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Rhizoctonia'', <ref name="Hussey-Barker-1973">{{Cite journal |last=Hussey |first=R. |last2=Barker |first2=K. |date=1973 |title=A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of ''Meloidogyne'' spp., including a new technique |journal=[[Plant Disease Reporter]] |s2cid=81252963}}</ref> ''Phytophthora'', <ref name="Abad-et-al-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Abad |first=Pierre |last2=Gouzy |first2=Jérôme |last3=Aury |first3=Jean-Marc |last4=Castagnone-Sereno |first4=Philippe |last5=Danchin |first5=Etienne G J |last6=Deleury |first6=Emeline |last7=Perfus-Barbeoch |first7=Laetitia |last8=Anthouard |first8=Véronique |last9=Artiguenave |first9=François |last10=Blok |first10=Vivian C |last11=Caillaud |first11=Marie-Cécile |last12=Coutinho |first12=Pedro M |last13=Dasilva |first13=Corinne |last14=De Luca |first14=Francesca |last15=Deau |first15=Florence |date=2008-07-27 |title=Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode ''Meloidogyne incognita'' |journal=[[Nature Biotechnology]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]]/[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science and Business Media LLC]] |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=909–915 |doi=10.1038/nbt.1482 |issn=1087-0156 |pmid=18660804 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Verticillium'', [4] ''Rhizopus'', [4] ''Thielaviopsis'', [4] da Nematodes [4] ciki har da ''Meloidogyne''. == Manazarta == 9hkqb3fk6utf3jk0mpmy9qgeaaemq2i 0 159153 892503 863438 2026-08-07T06:44:08Z BnHamid 12586 892503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mastigosporium''''' wani nau'i ne na fungi wanda ke haifar da tabo a kan ganyen ciyawa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=''Mastigosporium album'' Riess, 1852 |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/en/parasites/fungi/dikarya/ascomycota/pezizomycotina/leotiomycetes/leotiomycetidae/helotiales/ploettnerulaceae/mastigosporium/mastigosporium-album/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=Plant Parasites of Europe}} </ref> [[Fayil:Conidia_of_Mastigosporium_muticum_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_384310978.jpg|thumb|Conidia na ''Mastigosporium muticum'' a ƙarƙashin girman kai]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7bnr81gfb0s8ctjdr1izhjpvvpyjd0c 0 159341 892432 887918 2026-08-07T01:05:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Scotland (PHS;[1] Gaelic na Scotland: Slàinte Poblach na h-Alba) ita ce hukumar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta ƙasa ta Scotland.[2][3] Hukumar Lafiya ta Musamman ta NHS ce, kuma tana da alhakin haɗin gwiwa ga Yarjejeniyar Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomin Scotland (COSLA) da Gwamnatin Scotland. Ta kammala aiwatar da ayyukanta daga 1 ga Afrilu 2020 a matsayin babbar hukumar ƙasa ta Scotland don ingantawa da kare lafiya da walwalar dukkan mutanen Scotland, COSLA da Gwamnatin Scotland ne ke ɗaukar nauyinta tare, kuma tana haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin ɓangare na uku.[4] Matsayinta shine kara tsawon rayuwa mai kyau da rage mutuwar da ba ta dace ba. Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali sune COVID-19, lafiyar hankali da jin daɗi, al'umma da wuri, da talauci da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our areas of work |url=https://www.publichealthscotland.scot/our-areas-of-work/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828000827/https://publichealthscotland.scot/our-areas-of-work/ |archive-date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Public Health Scotland |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban zartarwa na farko na kwamitin shine Angela Leitch, tsohon shugaban zartarwa ya Majalisar East Lothian . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Public Health Scotland first Chief Executive appointed |url=https://www.rehis.com/node/11295 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=www.rehis.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Paul Johnston, tsohon Darakta Janar a cikin Gwamnatin Scotland, ya ɗauki matsayin a 2023. == Asalin == Kwamitin ya samo asali ne daga sake tsara lafiyar jama'a a Scotland, wanda aka tsara a cikin Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na 2015 kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin Shirin Bayar da Kiwon Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a ta 2016.[1][2] Lafiya ta Jama'a Scotland ta kasance a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2019 a karkashin Dokar Lafiya ta Scotland ta 2019 sannan aka canja dukiya, hakkoki da alhakin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2020.[3] Wanda ya riga shi, Lafiya ta Scotland, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Scotland . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About us |url=https://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705165534/https://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/about-us/ |archive-date=2020-07-05 |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Health Protection Scotland |url-status=dead }}</ref> PHS kuma ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan Sashen Ayyukan Bayanai na NHS Scotland, tana ba da kididdiga da nazarin bayanai.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Information Services Division |url=https://www.isdscotland.org/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=www.isdscotland.org}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lafiya a Ƙasar Ingila * Jerin hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kasa * Hukumar Tsaro ta Burtaniya * Ofishin Inganta Lafiya da Bambance-bambance * Lafiyar Jama'a Wales * Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a (Northern Ireland) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnn05gtffgvw414scjaqhj9mvbdq0vc 0 159342 892433 864636 2026-08-07T01:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lafiya ta Jama'a [[Wales]] (PHW; Welsh) NHS Trust ce wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban sake fasalin sabis na kiwon lafiya a Wales . Manufarta ita ce karewa da inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi da rage rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya a Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Public Health |title=Public Health Wales - Working to Achieve a Healthier Future for Wales |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/888/page/96924 |website=www.wales.nhs.uk}}</ref> == Manufa da albarkatu == Amincewa yana da ayyuka huɗu na doka: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Public Health |title=Public Health Wales - Statute and History |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/888/page/70470 |website=www.wales.nhs.uk}}</ref> * Bayar da kuma gudanar da [[lafiyar jama'a]], kariya ta kiwon lafiya, inganta kiwon lafiya، shawarwarin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Public Health |title=Public Health Wales - Services & Teams A-Z |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/888/page/44949 |website=www.wales.nhs.uk}}</ref> * Ci gaba da kula da shirye-shirye don samar da bayanai game da al'amuran da suka shafi kariya da inganta kiwon lafiya a [[Wales]] ga jama'a; don gudanar da bincike kan irin waɗannan batutuwa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga samarwa da ci gaban horo a cikin irin waɗannan batutuwan; * Gudanar da tattara bayanai, bincike da rarraba bayanai game da lafiyar mutanen Wales musamman ciki har da cutar kansa, Mutuwa da rayuwa; da yaduwar anomalies na haihuwa; da kuma * Bayar da, sarrafawa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanar da bincike game da tantance yanayin kiwon lafiya da tantance batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. A shekarar 2018/19 Lafiya ta Jama'a Wales ta dauki ma'aikata 1,651 a fadin Wales, tare da samun kudin shiga na £ 135.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORKING TO ACHIEVE A HEALTHIER FUTURE FOR WALES - Annual Report 2018/19 |url=https://phw.nhs.wales/files/annual-reports/working-to-achieve-a-healthier-future-for-wales-annual-report-2018-19/ |publisher=Public Health Wales |access-date=2026-06-22 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104315/https://phw.nhs.wales/files/annual-reports/working-to-achieve-a-healthier-future-for-wales-annual-report-2018-19/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Tsarinsa == Kwamitin yana da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Wales, [1] tsarin mulki, al'adun ƙungiyoyi da ci gaba da alaƙar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ya ƙunshi kujera, daraktoci shida wadanda ba na zartarwa ba da kuma daraktoci biyar, karkashin jagorancin shugaban zartarwa.[2] Jan Williams OBE FRSPH shine kujera. Daraktocin zartarwa da wasu daraktocin kwamiti guda uku sun hada da ƙungiyar zartarwa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health Wales - Executive Team |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/888/page/46669}}</ref> wanda ke kula da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Wales. Kowace shekara ana buƙatar Wales ta kiwon lafiya na jama'a don gudanar da kimantawa da nuna ci gaba game da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya ga Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHS Wales Governance e-Manual &#124; Standards for Health Services in Wales -- Supporting Guidance |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/governance-emanual/standards-for-health-services-in-wales-s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325132459/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/governance-emanual/standards-for-health-services-in-wales-s |archive-date=2014-03-25 |access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Tsaro ta Burtaniya * Ofishin Inganta Lafiya da Bambance-bambance * Lafiyar Jama'a Scotland * Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a (Northern Ireland) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ony7z60nuajtxpd3g3ec0qmfyt74fyy 0 159470 892454 865033 2026-08-07T05:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892454 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin magani, '''lokacin taga''' don gwajin da aka tsara don gano takamaiman cuta (musamman cututtukan cututtuka) shine lokacin tsakanin kamuwa da cuta ta farko da kuma lokacin da gwajin zai iya gano wannan kamuwa da [[Cuta|Cutar]]. A cikin gwajin rigakafin jiki, lokacin taga ya dogara da lokacin da aka dauka don Seroconversion. Lokacin taga yana da mahimmanci ga cututtukan cututtuka da dabarun jima'i masu aminci, da kuma bayar da jini da gaɓoɓin jiki, saboda a wannan lokacin, ba za a iya gano mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ba amma har yanzu yana iya kamuwa da wasu. Saboda wannan dalili, dabarun rigakafin cututtuka mafi inganci sun haɗa gwajin tare da lokacin jira fiye da lokacin taga na gwajin. == Misalan == === HIV === [[HIV]]_test#Window_period" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="HIV test">Lokacin taga don cutar kanjamau na iya zama har zuwa watanni uku, dangane da hanyar gwajin da sauran dalilai. Gwaje-gwaje na HIV na RNA yana da mafi ƙasƙanci. Kwarewar gwaji ta zamani da daidaito na iya yanke wannan lokacin zuwa kwanaki 25, kwanaki 16, ko ma a ƙasa da kwanaki 12, kuma, dangane da nau'in gwajin da ingancin gudanarwa da fassararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS Facts |url=http://hivtest.cdc.gov/stronger/hiv/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018010142/http://hivtest.cdc.gov/stronger/hiv/index.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=15 June 2014 |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV Test Window Periods |url=https://www.sfaf.org/hiv-info/testing/hiv-test-window-periods.html |access-date=15 June 2014 |publisher=[[San Francisco AIDS Foundation]] |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701140454/http://www.sfaf.org/hiv-info/testing/hiv-test-window-periods.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ciwon hanta na B === Ana iya kiran lokutan biyu a matsayin lokacin taga a cikin kamuwa da cutar [[Hepatitis B]]: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}} : (1) lokacin da ya wuce a lokacin HBsAg zuwa HBsAb seroconversion, watau tsakanin bacewar antigen (HBsAg) daga serum da bayyanar HBsAb (anti-HBs), da : (2) lokacin tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar HBsAg. A lokacin taga na HBsAg zuwa HBsAb seroconversion, IgM anti-core (HBc-IgM) shine kawai maganin rigakafi mai ganowa. DNA na HBV na iya zama mai kyau. Wannan lokacin taga ba ya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar hepatitis B mai tsanani, watau waɗanda ke ci gaba da samun DNA na HBV mai ganowa sama da watanni 6 (HbsAg ya kasance mai kyau), ko kuma a cikin mutanen waɗanda ke samun ƙwarewar HBcAb, watau wadanda suka rasa HBsAg, amma ba su da HBsAb (HBV DNA na iya ko bazai kasance mai kyau). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lok |first=AS |date=2007 |title=Chronic Hepatitis B |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55941/1/21513_ftp.pdf |journal=Hepatology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=507–39 |doi=10.1002/hep.21513 |pmid=17256718 |s2cid=8713169 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|Lokacin shayarwa]], lokacin tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da bayyanar alamomi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Concepts in infectious disease}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t0gxe3xht5kg5oqm2unjyyrf14u9f46 0 159509 892517 865354 2026-08-07T07:07:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin '''MV ''Karadeniz Powership Doğan Bey''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai tutar [[Laberiya|Liberia]], wani tashar wutar lantarki mai iyo, mallakar kamfanin Karpowership kuma yana gudanar da ita. An gina shi a shekarar 1983 ta kamfanin Mitsui Co. a Ichihara, Chiba, [[Japan]] kuma an yi masa lakabi da MV ''Sono'', <ref name="sd1">{{Cite web |title=Saqqara |url=http://www.shippingdatabase.com/ship.php?shipid=148826 |access-date=2010-08-28 |publisher=Shipping Database |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716061117/http://www.shippingdatabase.com/ship.php?shipid=148826 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta yi tafiya a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da kaya da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarƙashin sunaye da tutoci daban-daban har zuwa shekarar 2010 aka mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sedef da ke Tuzla, [[Turkiyya]] . Ta samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki a kudu maso gabashin [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] . A halin yanzu, tana samar da wutar lantarki ga [[Saliyo]] . == Jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya == An gina jirgin a shekarar 1983 (a cewar wasu majiyoyi a shekarar 1984) <ref name="iss1">{{Cite web |date=2010-05-26 |title=Karadeniz Powership Dogan Bey at Umm Qasr Port - Berth 9 / Floating Power Plant |url=http://www.iss-shipping.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=4624 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625012635/http://www.iss-shipping.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=4624 |archive-date=2016-06-25 |access-date=2010-08-29 |publisher=Inchcape Shipping Services}}</ref> a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya mai yawa tare da cranes da aka ɗora a kan bene ta wurin Mitsui Co na Japan da ke Ichihara, Chiba mai lambar yadi 1264 kuma an sanya masa suna ''Sono'' . <ref name="sd1"/> {{Convert|188.14|m|ftin}} dogon jirgin ruwa yana da katako na {{Convert|31.00|m|ftin}} da kuma daftarin {{Convert|5.85|m|ftin}} 41,525 DWT, tana da nauyin kaya 24,729 GT . Jirgin ruwan yana tuƙi da sukurori ɗaya, wanda injin Dizal na MAN B&amp;amp;W mai ƙarfin HP 13,100 ke amfani da shi. <ref name="son1">{{Cite web |title=Ships |url=http://www.shipsoldandnew.fotopic.net/descfile.php?id=883216 |access-date=2010-08-28 |publisher=Ships Sold Old And New |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191346/http://www.shipsoldandnew.fotopic.net/descfile.php?id=883216 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamfanin jigilar kaya na Misr da ke [[Misra|Masar]] ya sayi kuma ya sake mata suna ''Saqqara'' . <ref name="sd1"/> Daga baya, Bright Star Marine da ke [[Malta]] ta saye ta kuma aka sake mata suna ''Seapace'' . Kamfanin [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka mai]] suna Thenamaris Ships Man. shi ne ke kula da jirgin ruwan dakon kaya a ƙarƙashin tutar Malta. <ref name="son1"/> Mai shi na gaba ya zama wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Girka, Vulcanus Technical Maritime Enterprises SA, wanda ya sake mata suna zuwa ''Melpomeni'' . <ref name="vs">{{Cite web |title=Ship Name and Company |url=http://www.veristar.com/content/static/veristarinfo/images/1804.2.WLIST_SMC_October%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125056/http://www.veristar.com/content/static/veristarinfo/images/1804.2.WLIST_SMC_October%202007.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2010-08-28 |publisher=VeriStar}}</ref> == Ikon iko == A ƙarshe an sayi jirgin ruwan ɗaukar kaya ''Melpomeni'' a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Karpowership, wani reshe na Karadeniz Holding, da nufin mayar da ita tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai iyo da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin tutar Liberia. An sake mata suna ''Karadeniz Powership Doğan Bey'' bayan Nuri Doğan Karadeniz, babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin. An ƙaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sedef da ke Tuzla, Istanbul a watan Mayu na 2009 da aikin mayar da jirgin kaya zuwa Powership ta hanyar shigar da [[Engine generator|janareto]], na'urorin canza wutar lantarki da ake buƙata a cikin jirgin. ''Doğan Bey'' shi ne irinsa na farko, jirgin ruwa mai amfani da injinan dizal mai mai biyu da aka sanya a cikin jirgin. <ref name="ms2">{{Cite web |title=Power Plants - Programme 2014 |url=https://www.corporate.man.eu/man/media/content_medien/doc/global_corporate_website_1/verantwortung_1/megatrends_2/klimawandel/Power-Plants-Program.pdf |access-date=2018-08-17 |publisher=MAN Diesel&Turbo}}</ref> A cikin jirgin, an sanya na'urorin janareta goma sha biyu waɗanda kowannensu ke da ƙarfin MW 10.53. An cika na'urori uku a ɗaya daga cikin rijiyoyi huɗu na jirgin <ref name="j1">{{Cite web |title=Dünyanın ilk ve tek yüzer elektrik santrali Jotun Boya ile korunuyor! |url=http://www.jotun.com.tr/www/tr/20040053.nsf?OpenDatabase&db=/www/tr/20040054.nsf&v=14A6&e=tr&c=CDA29667E2E579D6C2257704003F8471 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310204805/http://www.jotun.com.tr/www/tr/20040053.nsf?OpenDatabase&db=%2Fwww%2Ftr%2F20040054.nsf&v=14A6&e=tr&c=CDA29667E2E579D6C2257704003F8471 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |access-date=2010-08-22 |publisher=Jotun Boya |language=Turkish}}</ref> da kuma fanka da magudanan ruwa da aka ɗora a kan bene. <ref name="iss1"/> Bureau Veritas, wata hukumar bayar da takardar shaida ta kasa da kasa wacce ke da kwarewa wajen kula da gina jiragen ruwa da kuma bunkasa tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, ta sanya jirgin ruwan a matsayin "tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta musamman mai shawagi a sararin samaniya". <ref name="iss1"/> <ref name="md1">{{Cite web |date=2010-06-29 |title=Bureau Veritas classes powerships |url=http://www.maritimedirectory.com.mt/newsread.asp?l=e&ID=794 |access-date=2010-08-22 |publisher=Malta Maritime Directory}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2010, tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai iyo ta shirya tsaf don fara aikinta na farko a Iraki. Bayan bikin sallamar jirgin ruwa da aka gudanar a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sedef a gaban ministocin makamashi na Turkiyya da Iraki, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Basra]], inda ta isa can a ranar 1 ga Mayu. <ref name="iss1"/> An sanya ''Doğan Bey'' a Berth #9 na Tashar Umm Qasr, <ref name="iss1" /> kudu maso gabashin [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], a cibiyar shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya ta ƙasar. Tashar wutar lantarki da ke kan benen jirgin ta samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da man fetur mai tsafta da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Iraki ta samar kuma ta aika ta zuwa ga tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. An ruwaito cewa Tashar Wutar Lantarki tana da ikon samar wa Umm Qasr duk wutar lantarki da ake buƙata da kuma wasu da suka rage. <ref name="am1">{{Cite web |last=Sgt. Francis Horton, 367th MPAD, USD-S PAO |date=2010-08-11 |title=Power on the water |url=https://www.army.mil/article/43535/power-on-the-water/ |access-date=2010-08-22 |publisher=www.army.mil The Official Homepage of the United States Army}}</ref> Ma'aikatan Turkiyya ne ke gudanar da kuma kula da tashar wutar lantarki da ke cikin jirgin, yayin da aka ɗauki hayar masu gadi kusan 70 na gida don tsaro. <ref name="am1" /> ''Doğan Bey'' ya samar da wutar lantarki a Iraki na tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa bayan kwangilar da aka sanya wa hannu da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta yankin. <ref name="am1" /> == Manazarta == ga0tu583ja3er0mhx2p168jdf7crfn7 0 159522 892518 865461 2026-08-07T07:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin '''MV ''Karadeniz Powership Fatmagül Sultan''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai tutar [[Laberiya|Liberia]], tashar wutar lantarki mai iyo, mallakar Karpowership kuma ke tafiyar da ita. An gina ta a matsayin jirgin ruwa, an mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi a shekarar 2013 a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sedef da ke Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkiyya. An ba ta aikin samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar wutar lantarki a [[Lebanon]] . <ref name="pastproject">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Lebanon, Middle East - Project Lebanon (Past Project) |url=https://karpowership.com/project-lebanon |access-date=23 July 2025 |publisher=Karpowership |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528233643/https://karpowership.com/project-lebanon |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jirgin ruwa == {{Convert|142.0|m|ftin}} dogon jirgin ruwa yana da katako na {{Convert|42.0|m|ftin}} . An mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta Sedef Shipyard da ke Tuzla, Istanbul a shekarar 2013, kuma an sake mata suna ''Fatmağul Sultan'' bayan 'yar uwar shugabar Karadeniz Holding. An sanye ta da janareto goma sha ɗaya na wutar lantarki, na'urorin canza wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu ƙarfin lantarki kuma ma'aikatan fasaha da injiniyoyi sittin ne ke sarrafa su, Powership tana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 202 akan mai mai biyu ( HFO - da mai amfani da iskar gas). Tankunan mai na Powership suna ba ta damar samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da katsewa ba na tsawon kwanaki goma. A bisa yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki, wacce ta kai darajar dala miliyan 370, wacce aka sanya hannu a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2012, a [[Beirut]] tare da Gwamnatin Lebanon, Kamfanin Powership shine na farko cikin biyu da ke samar da jimillar wutar lantarki ta MW 406.2 a Lebanon. Kamfanin Powership ya bar Turkiyya a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2013, yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Lebanon. Ta isa inda take bayan tafiyar sati daya. Bayan wani biki da aka gudanar a Beirut a farkon Afrilu 2013 a gaban Gebran Bassil, Ministan Makamashi da Ruwa na Lebanon, Kamfanin Powership ya fara samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 188 ga layin wutar lantarki a Lebanon, inda bukatar wutar lantarki ta karu fiye da yadda aka zata daga 2011 ta hanyar karuwar amfani da wutar lantarki da kwararar 'yan gudun hijira a yakin basasar Syria . Tsawon shekaru uku, akalla kashi 15% na bukatun wutar lantarki na kasar ana samar da su ne ta hanyar Kamfanin Powership. "Wannan yana samar da ƙarin wutar lantarki na sa'o'i biyu a rana ga ƙarancin wutar lantarki da ya addabi ƙasar" kamar yadda babban manajan kamfanin Eletricité du Liban, babban kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Lebanon ya bayyana. == Manazarta == ln16znjm8f2kqlvk9xgt5wpk2xvgczq 0 159561 892492 865722 2026-08-07T06:34:26Z BnHamid 12586 892492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Jinin Prathama (Prathama na nufin farko a Sanskrit) banki ne na jini [1] wanda ke Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India wanda aka kafa tare a cikin 2000 ta Kamfanin Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation da Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ciwon Jini a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.[2] Kimanin masu ba da gudummawar jini 50,000 suna ba da gudummawar jini kowace shekara a Prathama wanda shine cibiyar jini ta farko ta Indiya mai sarrafa kansa.[3] A Ranar Thalassemia ta Duniya 2016, Prathama ta gabatar da gwajin Nucleic acid (NAT) na jini da aka ba da gudummawa don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jini (TTIs) a cikin mutanen da ke karɓar jini. Jinin jini mara lafiya wanda ba a tantance shi ba yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai yaduwa (TTIs) kuma a wasu lokuta yana iya zama barazana ga rayuwa. NAT ya tabbatar da tasiri wajen gano irin wannan cututtukan lokacin taga. Jinin lafiya yana taka rawar ceton rai a cikin marasa lafiya na Thalassemia waɗanda ke buƙatar jini a lokuta na yau da kullun. Yaduwar Thalassemia a Indiya shine 3-4%, tare da 10,000 zuwa 12,000 da aka ruwaito haihuwar thalassemia da ke faruwa a kowace shekara. An kuma kiyasta cewa akwai masu dauke da thalassemia miliyan 30 a kasar. Tare da gwajin jini na NAT, waɗannan marasa lafiya suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci kuma suna kula da ingancin rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=Roche Diagnostics India launches Gujarat's first NAT solution at Prathama Blood Centre, to enable access to safe blood |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Health/2016-05-09/Roche-Diagnostics-India-launches-Gujarats-first-NAT-solution-at-Prathama-Blood-Centre-to-enable-access-to-safe-blood/226948}}</ref> An tsara cibiyar jini don fadada ta hanyar tsari don karɓar raka'a 150,000 na jini a kowace shekara. Kimanin kashi 125,000 na jini da jini ana rarraba su a kowace shekara. Cibiyar ta kaddamar da Shirin Yaduwar Thalassemia a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathama's Profile |url=http://174.132.44.98/healthnetwork/member/prathama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810144756/http://174.132.44.98/healthnetwork/member/prathama |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.prathama.org/ Gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Jinin Prathama] {{Coord|23.022|N|72.3230|E}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vzf2z4fvmsrowb9o2hs2p2kx1yckw2 0 159623 892516 888095 2026-08-07T07:03:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Danny F II''''' (wanda asali '''''Don Carlos ne''''' ) jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar kaya da aka gina a shekarar 1975 a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya . An sake mata suna ''Danny F II'' lokacin da aka sake gina ta a matsayin mai jigilar dabbobi a shekarar 1994. Jirgin ya kife ya nutse a gabar tekun [[Lebanon]] a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2009, yana ɗauke da mutane 83, tumaki 10,224, da shanu 17,932. An ceto mutane 40 kuma an sami gawawwaki 11. Ana kyautata zaton sauran ma'aikatan jirgin, fasinjoji da dabbobi sun mutu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Remembering the Danny F II |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/features/remembering-the-danny-f-ii |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> == Gine-gine == An gina ''Don Carlos'' ta hanyar Oy Wärtsilä Ab Turku, Finland, a matsayin filin jirgin ruwa mai lamba 1220. <ref name="Fakta" /> An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1975, kuma an kammala ta a watan Afrilu, 1976. Tana da tsayin {{Convert|202.62|m|ftin}}tsawonsa tsayi, tare da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|28.15|m|ftin}}da iska mai tsawon {{Convert|8.48|m|ftin}} . <ref name="Mareud">{{Cite web |title=m.v. DON CARLOS (II) |url=http://www.mareud.com/Postcard/wallenius_don_carlos2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034741/http://www.mareud.com/Postcard/wallenius_don_carlos2.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=18 December 2009 |publisher=Mareud}}</ref> Jirgin ruwan ya kasance 14,478 GT, 7,258 NT da 14,800 DWT . Injin dizal ɗinta na Sulzer 6RND 90 ya ba ta babban gudu na {{Convert|20|kn|km/h}} . <ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S DON CARLOS. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/don_carlos_1976.htm |access-date=18 December 2009 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ''Don Carlos'' ne don Rederei AB Soya, [[Stockholm]] . <ref name="Fakta" /> Asalin motar ɗaukar kaya ce, <ref name="Pan">{{Cite web |title=Ship conversion |url=http://www.panunited.com.sg/shipyard/services_sc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227003911/http://www.panunited.com.sg/shipyard/services_sc.html |archive-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Pan United Shipyards}}</ref> an kawo ta ne a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1976. A watan Oktoba 1985, an mayar da ''Don Carlos'' zuwa Wallenius Lines Singapore Ptd Ltd, Singapore. A watan Yuli 1994, an sayar da ita ga BSA Transportation Pte, Ltd. na Singapore aka kuma sake mata suna ''Danny F II'' . <ref name="Fakta" /> ''Danny F II'' ta isa Singapore a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1994, don sake ginawa a matsayin mai jigilar dabbobi. <ref name="Fakta"/> Kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Pan United ne suka gudanar da aikin. <ref name="Pan"/> An sayar da ita a shekarar 1995 ga Rachid Fares Enterprise Proprietary, Fremantle, sannan aka sake tura ta zuwa Liberia. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2000, an yi mata rijista a Danny F II, St Vincent da Grenadines. <ref name="Fakta" /> A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2000, ''Danny F II'' ya ceto ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 25 na Madona kimanin {{Convert|200|nmi|km}} a arewacin Tsibirin Cocos . ''Madona'' ta ƙirƙiro jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa masu tsauri bayan da aka canja mata kayanta. <ref name="CR2000">{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Appendix 1 |url=https://lloyds-production.s3.amazonaws.com/_file/general/2000-casualty-returns.pdf |journal=World Casualty Statistics |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2025-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730221217/https://lloyds-production.s3.amazonaws.com/_file/general/2000-casualty-returns.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2005, an yi wa ''Danny F II'' rijista a Falcon Point International, Panama. <ref name="Fakta" /> A shekara ta 2005, an ruwaito cewa an tsare ''Danny F II'' a [[Adelaide]] saboda lahani da suka haɗa da ramukan da aka yi da bulbules, fitilun kewayawa da kayan aikin rediyo da kuma ƙofofi masu matsala waɗanda ba sa shiga ruwa. <ref name="Defect">{{Cite web |title=Live export trade: "excessive mortalities" and cover-ups |url=http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g2005/1214live.html |access-date=18 December 2009 |publisher=Communist Party of Australia |archive-date=5 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005212943/http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g2005/1214live.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nitsewa == A ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2009, ''Danny F II'' ya kife ya nutse cikin mummunan yanayi a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], {{Convert|11|nmi|km}} daga Tripoli, Lebanon, (ba za a iya rikitar da birnin [[Libya]] mai suna iri ɗaya ba), yayin da yake tafiya daga [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, zuwa Tartus, Syria, yana ɗauke da fasinjoji shida, ma'aikata 77, tumaki 10,224 da shanu 17,932. An ruwaito cewa kyaftin ɗin jirgin ruwan Birtaniya, John M Milloy, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jirgin lokacin da jirgin ya birgima a cikin teku mai tsayi. Bayan kiran gaggawa da aka yi da ƙarfe 15:55 na yamma agogon yankin (13:55 UTC ), an ƙaddamar da aikin ceto wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa daga rundunar wucin gadi ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Lebanon (UNIFIL) CTF 448 ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban jami'in tsaron baya na rundunar sojojin ruwan Italiya, Francesco Sandali, a cikin Italian frigate Zeffiro . Daga cikin waɗanda suka ceto akwai jiragen ruwan Jamus guda biyu, waɗanda ke cikin jirgin CTF 448, da ƙananan jiragen ruwan ceto daga Rundunar Sojin Lebanon (LAF). An aika da wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Bell Griffin HAR2 daga rundunar sojojin sama ta 84, Royal Air Force, wanda ke da hedikwata a RAF Akrotiri da jiragen sama na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Cyprus (Bell 412s) bayan buƙatar cibiyar kula da ceto da ke [[Larnaca]] don taimakawa wajen ceto. == Manazarta == l3g339ot1i5efrz8biw7n1176wvkthy 0 159935 892442 869009 2026-08-07T02:56:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Leigh'''-on-Sea''' ( /ˌliː-/), wanda aka fi sani da Leigh, [[List of towns in England|gari]] ne da majami'ar farar hula a cikin birnin Southend-on-Lea, wanda ke cikin gundumar bikin [[Essex]], Ingila . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021 Ikklisiya tana da yawan mutane 22,568. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:A_Calm_Old_Leigh_Morning.jpg|left|thumb|Washegari mai natsuwa ta Old Leigh]] [[Fayil:Leigh-on-Sea_-_Old_Leigh_-_04.jpg|left|thumb|Tekun Old Leigh a lokacin da ruwa ke ƙara ƙarfi. Jirgin ruwan kore, ''Endeavour,'' yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa shida na cockle waɗanda aka ƙera don zama ɗaya daga cikin " ƙananan jiragen ruwa " a lokacin da ake kwashe mutane daga Dunkirk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=When Endeavour played key role in biggest evacuation in military history |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18682889.leighs-historic-endeavour-played-key-role-second-world-war-evacuation-dunkirk/}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Thames_Estuary_at_low_tide_from_Victoria_Wharf,_Old_Leigh.jpg|left|thumb|Duba a fadin Kogin Thames a lokacin da ruwan sama ke faɗuwa kusa da faɗuwar rana]] Leigh-on-Sea tana gefen arewa na Kogin Thames, 'yan mil daga buɗaɗɗen ruwan Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas, kuma irin wannan nisa daga gabar tekun Kent zuwa kudu. Yankin bakin teku na garin yana da wurin ajiyar yanayi a Tsibirin Two Tree da kuma bakin teku da ke tsakiyar birnin kusa da Bell Wharf. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, bakin tekun Leigh yana da faɗi mai faɗi na laka da rafuka, wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa bakin teku zuwa ga zurfin kogin Thames (Yantlet Channel). Leigh yana da {{Convert|40|mi|km}} daga tsakiyar London ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa na titi da layin dogo kuma ɓangare ne na hanyar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |first=Office for National Statistics |title=Social Cohesion in London |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-analysis/urban-audit/urban-audit-ii/urban-audit---social-cohesion--london.xls |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124708/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-analysis/urban-audit/urban-audit-ii/urban-audit---social-cohesion--london.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == === Asalin === Abubuwan da aka gano na tukwane da tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin Romano-Britaniya a yankin suna nuna zama wuri na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Beck Archaeology and RHFAG {{!}} The Vanishing Past {{!}} Archaeology on Canvey {{!}} History {{!}} Canvey Island Archive |url=http://www.canveyisland.org/page/the_vanishing_past |access-date=31 May 2017 |website=www.canveyisland.org}}</ref> Daga aƙalla zamanin Saxon, an sami wani yanki mai faɗi a kan tudu a tsakanin dazuzzukan da suka mamaye yawancin yankin da ke kewaye (Rochford Daruruwan) na Essex da ake kira Leigh (Lee a Anglo-Saxon). Wani wuri mai ƙaramin mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a lokacin Norman Conquest, ambaton Leigh (Legra) ya bayyana a cikin binciken Domesday Book na 1086 inda ya lissafa yawan jama'a 9, a cikin mallakar Ranulf Peverel a cikin Rochford Daruruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ8486/leigh/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=Open Domesday}}</ref> An sake gina Cocin St Clement a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ko farkon ƙarni na 16, kodayake jerin manyan jami'ai sun samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1248. Yadin cocin an yi shi ne da duwatsun Kentish da kuma tarkacen dutse, tare da baranda Tudor da aka gina da tubali ja. An ƙara tsarin cocin a zamanin da kuma an canza shi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. CF Haywood ya faɗaɗa ofishin a ƙarshen gabas a shekarar 1872; Ernest Geldart ya ƙara hanyar kudu a shekarar 1897, kuma akwai wasu gyare-gyare da Sir Charles Nicholson ya yi a shekarar 1913 da 1919. Hasumiyar da ke ƙarshen yamma ta kasance sanannen wuri don jigilar kaya zuwa Kogin Thames, kuma ginin ya ƙunshi kyakkyawan zaɓi na gilashin da aka fenti tun daga tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da 20. Ginin yana da matsayi na II* wanda Tarihi Ingila ta lissafa, kuma babban abin da ya haifar da wannan ƙimar shine yanayin tausayi na ƙarin ƙarni na 19 da 20. Leigh Hall, wani gidan sarauta na zamanin da na cocin da aka rushe a shekarar 1907, a da yana kusa da tsohuwar iyakar gabashin gidan sarauta na Leigh da Prittlewell . Robert Eden, wanda ya zama shugaban Leigh a shekarar 1837, ya rushe tsohon babban cocin kuma ya ba da umarnin gina wani sabon gini, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1838. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ginin ya kasance a yau a matsayin Leigh Library, yayin da sauran fikafikan ginin suka rushe ta hannun Southend Corporation lokacin da suka mallaki ginin da ƙasar da ke kewaye. Babban cocin da filin sun mamaye wani yanki mai fadin {{Convert|6|acre|ha}}, kuma aikin da Eden ta yi ya haɗa da gina Rectory Grove a matsayin hanyar jama'a, wanda ya maye gurbin wata hanyar da ke saman dutse da ake kira Chess Lane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Library – The Original Rectory |url=http://www.leigh-on-sea.net/leigh_library.html |access-date=30 July 2017 |website=leigh-on-sea.net}}</ref> An sanya ɗakin karatu na Leigh a matsayin ginin da aka jera a aji na biyu a shekarar 1974. == Manazarta == 5rtzmyoo80gtva3tthbt6kcv90ywvmr 0 160012 892305 878231 2026-08-06T18:29:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892305 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Farfesa '''Kulamani Parida''', wanda aka fi sani da K. M. Parida (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952) farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai na Indiya kuma masanin kimiyya wanda aka fi saninsa da aikinsa da bincike, galibi a kan ilmin sunadarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/pdf/CSI-Members-Top-Scientists-in-the-world-list-by-Standford-University.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seven SOA researchers figure among Stanford list of top world scientists &#124; Bhubaneswar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/seven-soa-researchers-figure-among-stanford-list-of-top-world-scientists/articleshow/79077985.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Parida tana cikin manyan Masanin kimiyya na duniya na 2% 2020 tare da matsayi na duniya 109 a cikin Inorganic Chemistry (Ranking bisa ga C-score) da kuma Rank 1 a yankin photocatalysis a Indiya da matsayi na 131 a duniya bisa ga bayanan marubucin Scopus a lokacin 2016-2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kimiyya na jihohi da na kasa 19, kuma ya rubuta kusan labaran bincike 521, da surori 10 na littafi. Parida kuma tana da takardun shaida na kimiyya na kasa sama da 38.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida, Distinguished Professor and Director |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9G-EmCQAAAAJ&hl=fil |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081426/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018090330/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group |url=https://kmparidaimmt.weebly.com/ |website=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=nasi |url=http://nasi.nic.in/Fellowship%20Nomination%20Book%202016/Physical_Sciences_Section_Book_II.pdf}}</ref> Parida kuma tana da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta masanin Google tare da ƙididdiga fiye da ~32316, h-index ~98, da i10-index ~444. <ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a gundumar Kendrapara ta Odisha, Parida ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Jayaram ta Karilopatna (1969) da kuma digiri na farko a fannin sinadarai daga Kwalejin Kendapara mai zaman kanta. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Berhempur, Parida ta shiga aikin bincike a dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na yanki. A wannan lokacin, Parida ta auri abokiyar aikinta Ms. Renubala Parida. == Ayyukan kimiyya == A farkon aikin bincikensa, Parida ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya sunadarai a sassa daban-daban na Cibiyar Fasahar Ma'adanai da Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Bhubaneswar (wanda aka fi sani da Laboratory na Bincike na Yankin, Bhubaneswan), inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Masanin Kimiyya a ranar 31.05.2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Past Ph. D. students |url=https://www.immt.res.in/webroot/upload/admin/document/document_img_1568899538.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Editors |url=https://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710065645/http://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu Parida yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai da Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Nano da Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57713a8e2994cae381dd86fe/t/5d0a1f43c4cfd100017a649f/1560944496255/Brodhure.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Conference on SMART MATERIALS & APPLICATIONS |url=http://iter.ac.in/isma/committee.html |website=iter.ac.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2025-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412212127/http://iter.ac.in/isma/committee.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Sulagna |last2=Sahoo |first2=Dipti Prava |last3=Parida |first3=Kulamani |year=2018 |title=An overview on Ag modified g-C3N4 based nanostructured materials for energy and environmental applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117312741 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=82 |pages=1297–1312 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Council Members - SOCIETY FOR MATERIALS CHEMISTRY |url=http://www.smcindia.org/previous-council.php |website=www.smcindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=dst |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/int-09-10.pdf}}</ref> Parida ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba mai aiki na kwamitin mujallu na kimiyya kamar "The Open Catalysis Journal" da "Bulletin of the Catalysis Society of India".<ref name=":4" /> == Gudummawar kimiyya == Parida ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ta kimiyya wajen gano sinadarai da suka shafi sinadaran kimiyyar lissafi, opto-electronic da photoelectrochemical na kayan semiconducting don ingantaccen aikin photon da ke haifar da redox na ruwa, rage gurɓataccen iska da kuma haɗakar sinadarai masu kyau. Bincikensa kan haɓaka tsarin gine-gine tare da rabuwar caji mai ban mamaki, ingancin hasken rana da juyawa abu ne mai ban mamaki.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777200 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777500 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Parida ta sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa na kimiyya ciki har da * Kyautar Kyautar MRSI ta shekara-shekara (2022), <ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2022 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003427/http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Farfesa S. K. Bhattacharyya Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya mai Kyau (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/All-News.php |website=www.catalysisindia.org}}</ref> * Dai-Ichi Karkaria Endowment Fellowship (2014), * Medal na MRSI (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2013 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/Awards-AR2012-13.pdf}}</ref> * Takardar shaidar Kyakkyawan ta IMMT (2010), * Kyautar Bincike ta Ukieri (2009), * Kyautar SGAT ta Kyau (2007), * Kyautar Metallurgist na Shekara (2004), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Metallurgist of the Year Award |url=https://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf}}</ref> * Kyautar Nilamani Devi-Bishwanath Das (2003), * Kyautar Samanta Chandra Sekhar (2001), <ref name=":3"/> * Farfesa Dayanidhi Pattnaik Award (1998), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Ferroguard (1985-86). Parida kuma ta sami lambar yabo, Kyautar Biju Patnaik don Kwarewar Kimiyya (2008) daga Kwalejin Odisha Bigyan <ref name=":2"/> kuma ta sami Babban DAAD Fellowship (1999), INSA Fellowsship (2000 & 2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Science Academy:::INSA, India:::::::::::::::::::: |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/index.php |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> da Royal Society Fellowships (2004 da 2008). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] nskowne598lw1xfxdt8whyw3ev56o6o 0 160178 892501 891215 2026-08-07T06:42:52Z BnHamid 12586 892501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Denileukin diftitox''', wanda aka sayar a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Ontak''' daga 1999-2014, magani ne na rigakafin cutar kansa da aka amince da shi don maganin manya tare da T-cell lymphoma. Yana da IL2-receptor-directed cytotoxin. Yana da furotin injiniya wanda ya haɗu da interleukin-2 da guba ta diphtheria.<ref name="pmid17187516">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turturro F |date=January 2007 |title=Denileukin diftitox: a biotherapeutic paradigm shift in the treatment of lymphoid-derived disorders |journal=Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |doi=10.1586/14737140.7.1.11 |pmid=17187516 |s2cid=9028829}}</ref> == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == An nuna Denileukin diftitox don maganin manya tare da sake dawowa ko matakin I-III na cutaneous T-cell lymphoma bayan akalla magani daya da ya gabata. == Sakamakon da ba daidai ba == Alamar takardar magani ta ƙunshi gargadi na akwatin cewa cutar leak syndrome (CLS), gami da haɗari ga rayuwa ko halayen kisa, na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke karɓar denileukin diftitox. == Al'umma da al'adu == === Matsayi na Shari'a === A cikin 1999, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da denileukin diftitox don maganin cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.<ref name="pmid19817678">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Manoukian G, Hagemeister F |date=November 2009 |title=Denileukin diftitox: a novel immunotoxin |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1445–1451 |doi=10.1517/14712590903348135 |pmid=19817678 |s2cid=23956460}}</ref> An janye shi da son rai daga kasuwa a cikin 2014 saboda matsalolin masana'antu. Daga baya, an kirkiro sabon tsari na deniluekin diftitox (wanda aka fi sani da E7777 ko denileukin diftitoxa-cxdl) kuma an amince da shi a Japan a cikin 2021 (an sayar da shi a matsayin '''Remitoro''') kuma a Amurka a cikin 2024 (an sayar dashi a matsayin '''Lymphir'''). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goyal A, Foss FM |date=July 2025 |title=An evaluation of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=687–694 |doi=10.1080/14712598.2025.2517853 |pmid=40489974}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Denileukin Diftitox (Code C1476) |url=https://evsexplore.semantics.cancer.gov/evsexplore/concept/ncit/C1476 |website=NCI Thesaurus}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pt5xb4cvxx5zx1dxw491467ixfkynpn 0 160256 892280 871664 2026-08-06T17:20:14Z Audullo 43513 892280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An rarraba '''ciwon cin abinci na dare''' ( '''NES''' ) a matsayin Wani Takamaiman Ciwon Ci ko Cin Abinci (OSFED) a ƙarƙashin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali, Bugu na Biyar'' ( DSM-5 ). Ya ƙunshi maimaita cin abinci na dare bayan farkawa daga barci ko bayan cin abinci na yamma. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sanin kai da tunawa da cin abinci yana nan, wanda shine babban siffa da ke bambanta matsalar da Ciwon Cin Abinci Mai Alaƙa da Barci (SRED). <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":7" /> Kodayake akwai wani matakin rashin lafiya tare da [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|ciwon cin abinci mai yawa]] (BED), ya bambanta da cin abinci mai yawa saboda yawan abincin da ake ci a dare ba lallai bane ya zama babba sosai kuma ba a buƙatar rasa iko akan cin abinci. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Allison 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Allison |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Night Eating Syndrome |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1002/eat.20693 |pmc=4531092 |pmid=19378289}}</ref> Ciwon yana haifar da babban damuwa ko rashin aiki kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar tasirin waje kamar canje-canje a cikin zagayowar barci-farkawa, ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, amfani da ƙwayoyi, magani, ko wani matsalar kwakwalwa ko ta likita ba. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name="Allison 2010" /> == Tarihi == Albert Stunkard ne ya kuma fara bayyana NES a shekarar 1955 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stunkard A.J. |author-link=Albert Stunkard |last2=Grace W.J. |last3=Wolff H.G. |year=1955 |title=The night-eating syndrome; a pattern of food intake among certain obese patients |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=78–86 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(55)90276-X |pmid=14388031}}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu an haɗa shi cikin wani nau'in matsalar abinci ko cin abinci da aka ƙayyade (OSFED) na DSM-5 . Yawancin littattafan da aka sabunta game da NES an buga su ne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda canje-canjen da suka yi kwanan nan a cikin DSM-5. == Ilimin Cututtuka == NES yana shafar maza da mata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Striegel-Moore R.H. |last2=Franko D.L. |last3=Thompson D. |last4=Affenito S. |last5=Kraemer H.C. |year=2006 |title=Night eating: Prevalence and demographic correlates |url=https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1312&context=div3facpubs |journal=Obesity |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.17 |pmid=16493132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tsakanin 1 zuwa 2% na yawan jama'a, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rand C.S.W. |last2=Macgregor M.D. |last3=Stunkard A.J. |year=1997 |title=The night eating syndrome in the general population and amongst post-operative obesity surgery patients |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199707)22:1<65::aid-eat8>3.0.co;2-0 |pmid=9140737}}</ref> da kuma kusan 10% na mutanen [[Kiba|da ke da kiba]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stunkard A.J. |last2=Berkowitz R. |last3=Wadden T. |last4=Tanrikut C. |last5=Reiss E. |last6=Young L. |year=1996 |title=Binge eating disorder and the night-eating syndrome |journal=International Journal of Obesity |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |pmid=8788315}}</ref> Sabbin bincike sun nuna cewa yawan NES ya kama daga 2.8% zuwa 15.2% a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalar cin abinci, kiba, da/ko tiyatar bariatric. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> A da, shekarun farko yawanci suna farawa ne a farkon girma (tun daga ƙarshen shekarun ƙuruciya zuwa ƙarshen shekarun ashirin) kuma galibi suna daɗewa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wal Jillon S. Vander |year=2012 |title=Night eating syndrome: A critical review of the literature |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.001 |pmid=22142838}}</ref> tare da yara ba kasafai suke ba da rahoton NES ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lundgren J.D. |last2=Drapeau V. |last3=Allison K.C. |last4=Gallant A.R. |last5=Tremblay A. |last6=Lambert M.A. |last7=Stunkard A.J. |year=2012 |title=Prevalence and familial patterns of night eating in the Quebec adipose and lifestyle investigation in youth (QUALITY) study |journal=Obesity |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1598–1603 |doi=10.1038/oby.2012.80 |pmid=22469955 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, sabbin bincike sun nuna cewa shekaru ba abin da ke haifar da haɗari ga NES ba ne, duk da haka wannan shaidar har yanzu ba ta nan. <ref name=":1" /> Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar jama'a kamar samun kudin shiga, jinsi, matakin ilimi, yara, zama tare da abokin tarayya mai soyayya, da kuma matakan shan taba ba su da tasiri ga NES. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an sami sakamako masu karo da juna kan ko BMI mafi girma shine abin da ke haifar da NES, ko kuma kawai sakamakon cin abinci da daddare ne. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babu wani takamaiman kididdiga game da NES da mace-mace. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Cututtuka masu alaƙa da juna == NES tana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da cututtukan likita kamar [[kiba]], [[Bugawar bacci|apnea na barci]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], polycystic ovarian syndrome, da ciwon suga na nau'in II ( [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|T2DM]] ), da kuma cututtukan tabin hankali kamar su [[rashin cin abinci mai yawa]], [[anorexia nervosa]], bulimia nervosa, [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya]], [[babban rashin damuwa]], da [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnatowska |first=Ewelina |last2=Wikarek |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Oboza |first3=Paulina |last4=Ogarek |first4=Natalia |last5=Glinianowicz |first5=Mateusz |last6=Kocelak |first6=Piotr |last7=Olszanecka-Glinianowicz |first7=Magdalena |date=2023-01-06 |title=Emotional Eating and Binge Eating Disorders and Night Eating Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—A Vicious Circle of Disease: A Systematic Review |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=295 |doi=10.3390/nu15020295 |pmc=9865055 |pmid=36678165 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabanin matsalolin cin abinci kamar anorexia nervosa, NES ba lallai bane ya dogara da ma'aunin nauyin jikin mutum (BMI) ba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke da nauyin da aka ɗauka daidai da shekarunsu da tsayinsu amma ana yawan lura da shi kuma ana yin nazari a kansa a cikin waɗanda ke da kiba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Birketvedt G. |last2=Florholmen J. |last3=Sundsfjord J. |last4=Østerud B. |last5=Dinges D. |last6=Bilker W. |last7=Stunkard A.J. |year=1999 |title=Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=282 |issue=7 |pages=657–663 |doi=10.1001/jama.282.7.657 |pmid=10517719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lundgren J.D. |last2=Shapiro J.R. |last3=Bulik C.M. |year=2008 |title=Night eating patterns of patients with bulimia nervosa: a preliminary report |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=171–175 |doi=10.1007/bf03327503 |pmid=19169072 |s2cid=39452993}}</ref> A gaskiya ma, an gano cewa NES yana haifar da haɗarin fara kiba da wuri. <ref name=":1" /> NES galibi yana da alaƙa da wuce gona da iri ; an gano cewa kusan kashi 28% na mutanen da ke neman tiyatar gastrointestinal bypass an gano suna da NES a cikin wani bincike. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Reardon J.P. |last2=Stunkard A.J. |last3=Allison K.C. |year=2004 |title=Clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.1002/eat.10224 |pmid=14705153}}</ref> Ciwon cin abinci da daddare kuma yana da alaƙa da matsalolin ciwon suga . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morse S.A. |last2=Ciechanowski P.S. |last3=Katon W.J. |last4=Hirsch I.B. |year=2006 |title=Isn't this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1800.long |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1800–1804 |doi=10.2337/dc06-0315 |pmid=16873783 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa da ke fama da NES suna fuskantar yanayi na baƙin ciki, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Birketvedt G. |last2=Florholmen J. |last3=Sundsfjord J. |last4=Østerud B. |last5=Dinges D. |last6=Bilker W. |last7=Stunkard A.J. |year=1999 |title=Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=282 |issue=7 |pages=657–663 |doi=10.1001/jama.282.7.657 |pmid=10517719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gluck M.E. |last2=Geliebter A. |last3=Satoy T. |year=2001 |title=Night eating syndrome is associated with depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in obese patients |journal=Obesity Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=264–267 |doi=10.1038/oby.2001.31 |pmid=11331430}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calugi S. |last2=Grave R.D. |last3=Marchesini G. |year=2009 |title=Night eating syndrome in class II-III obesity: Metabolic and psychopathological features |journal=International Journal of Obesity |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=899–904 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2009.105 |pmid=19506562 |s2cid=22424244}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boseck J.J. |last2=Engel S.G. |last3=Allison K.C. |last4=Crosby R.D. |last5=Mitchell J.E. |last6=de Zwaan M. |year=2007 |title=The application of ecological momentary assessment to the study of night eating |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.1002/eat.20359 |pmid=17177212}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allison K.C. |last2=Ahima R.S. |last3=O'Reardon J.P. |last4=Dinges D.F. |last5=Sharma V. |last6=Cummings D.E. |last7=Stunkard A.J. |year=2005 |title=Neuroendocrine profiles associated with energy intake, sleep, and stress in the night eating syndrome |journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=6214–6217 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-1018 |pmid=16131578 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Striegel-Moore R.H. |last2=Franko D.L. |last3=Thompson D. |last4=Affenito S. |last5=May A. |last6=Kraemer H.C. |year=2008 |title=Exploring the typology of night eating syndrome |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=411–418 |doi=10.1002/eat.20514 |pmc=11622248 |pmid=18306340}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=De Zwaan M. |last2=Roerig D.B. |last3=Crosby R.D. |last4=Karaz S. |last5=Mitchell J.E. |year=2006 |title=Nighttime eating: a descriptive study |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=224–232 |doi=10.1002/eat.20246 |pmid=16511835}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Lundgren J.D. |last2=Allison K.C. |last3=O'Reardon J.P. |last4=Stunkard A.J. |year=2008 |title=A descriptive study of non-obese persons with night eating syndrome and a weight-matched comparison group |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=343–351 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.12.004 |pmc=2536488 |pmid=18549994}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson S.H. |last2=DeBate R.D. |year=2010 |title=An exploratory study of the relationship between night eating syndrome and depression among college students |journal=Journal of College Student Psychotherapy |volume=24 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1080/87568220903400161 |s2cid=144201491}}</ref> matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, <ref name=":1" /> da kuma [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]] . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sassaroli S. |last2=Ruggiero G.M. |last3=Vinai P. |last4=Cardetti S. |last5=Carpegna G. |last6=Ferrato N. |last7=Sampietro S. |year=2009 |title=Daily and nightly anxiety amongst patients affected by night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder |journal=Eating Disorders |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=140–145 |doi=10.1080/10640260802714597 |pmid=19242843 |s2cid=25666116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Napolitano M.A. |last2=Head S. |last3=Babyak M.A. |last4=Blumenthal J.A. |year=2001 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: psychological and behavioral characteristics |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=193–203 |doi=10.1002/eat.1072 |pmid=11449453}}</ref> An nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da NES suna da maki mafi girma na baƙin ciki da ƙarancin girman kai. <ref name=":1" /> NES kuma na iya samun alaƙa da halayen mutum, kamar guje wa cutarwa, nuna kai, da kuma rashin son kai. <ref name=":1" /> An nuna cewa matakan hormones melatonin da leptin da ke cikin dare suna raguwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Birketvedt G. |last2=Florholmen J. |last3=Sundsfjord J. |last4=Østerud B. |last5=Dinges D. |last6=Bilker W. |last7=Stunkard A.J. |year=1999 |title=Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=282 |issue=7 |pages=657–663 |doi=10.1001/jama.282.7.657 |pmid=10517719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane suna yawan samun rashin ingancin barci da kuma yawan rashin barci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sau da yawa, mutanen da ke da NES ba su san halin da suke ciki ba saboda sau da yawa yana rufe shi da wasu cututtuka masu kama da juna. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == An gabatar da takamaiman ka'idojin bincike na gano cutar <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Allison 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Allison |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Night Eating Syndrome |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1002/eat.20693 |pmc=4531092 |pmid=19378289}}</ref> a wajen DSM-5 kuma sun haɗa da: (A) Yawan shan abinci mai yawa a maraice (cin kashi 25% ko fiye na adadin kuzarin da ake ci a kullum bayan cin abincin dare) da/ko farkawa da dare da kuma cin abinci sau biyu ko fiye a mako. (B) Sanin cin abincin dare don bambanta shi da matsalar cin abinci mai alaƙa da bacci (SRED). (C) Dole ne a sami alamomi uku daga cikin biyar masu alaƙa da wannan: rashin sha'awar abinci da safe, sha'awar cin abinci da daddare, yarda cewa dole ne mutum ya ci abinci domin ya koma barci da daddare, baƙin ciki, da/ko wahalar barci . (D) Tsarin cin abinci yana haifar da babban damuwa ko kuma yana tsoma baki ga ayyukan yau da kullun. (E) An ci gaba da rashin daidaiton tsarin cin abinci na tsawon akalla watanni 3. (F) Tsarin ba ya dogara ne akan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, yanayin lafiya, magani, ko wani matsalar tabin hankali. Ya kamata ƙwararrun lafiya su fitar da gwajin cutar cin abinci (ED) idan akwai zargin rashin cin abinci. Kayan aikin tantancewa da aka tabbatar sun haɗa da Tambayoyin Cin Abinci Dare (NEQ), Tambayoyin Gane Ciwon Cin Abinci Dare (NEDQ), Tambayoyin Gwaji na Rashin Cin Abinci (EDE-Q), Tarihin Ciwon Cin Abinci Dare da Kayayyakin Abinci (NESHI), da Binciken Cin Abinci Tsakanin Matasa (EAT-II). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar BED da NES iri ɗaya ne saboda yawan su a cikin mutanen da ke da kiba da kuma alaƙa da alamun damuwa. Duk da haka, ana nuna manyan bambance-bambance, musamman a cikin tsarin cin abinci. Duk da cewa BED yawanci ya ƙunshi rashin iko akan cin abinci tare da manyan abinci, NES yawanci ana siffanta shi da ƙananan abubuwan ciye-ciye masu sarrafawa waɗanda ake ci a lokutan da ba a saba gani ba, kamar da daddare ko bayan abincin dare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani babban bambanci tsakanin cututtukan biyu shine cewa alamun damuwa sun daidaita alaƙar da ke tsakanin BED da rashin isasshen abinci, yayin da ga NES, alamun damuwa sun ɗan shiga tsakani kawai a cikin wannan dangantakar. <ref name=":1" /> Alaƙar da ke tsakanin NES da SRED tana buƙatar ƙarin bayani. Muhawara mai mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen ta shafi rarraba NES a matsayin matsalar cin abinci, musamman saboda alamunta sun yi karo da SRED. Dukansu NES da SRED sun haɗa da cin abinci mai yawa da dare, ƙaruwar nauyi, da kuma rikicewar barci. Duk waɗannan yanayi sun fi yawa a cikin mata kuma galibi suna rayuwa tare da rikicewar yanayi. Wasu masu bincike suna jayayya cewa kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan rikice-rikicen yana nuna cewa, a zahiri, suna iya zama yanayi ɗaya da aka gani daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Babban bambanci da aka lura shine matakin sani yayin lokutan cin abinci na dare: Marasa lafiya na NES sun san cin abincinsu sosai, yayin da marasa lafiya na SRED na iya samun ɗan sani ko ba su da sani. Akwai muhawara game da ko ya kamata a ɗauki waɗannan a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban, ko wani ɓangare na ci gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auger R.R. |year=2006 |title=Sleep-related eating disorders |journal=Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=64–70 |pmc=2945843 |pmid=20877520}}</ref> == Magani == Akwai wasu hanyoyin magani ga marasa lafiya na NES. Waɗannan sun haɗa da maganin magunguna, tiyatar bariatric, maganin haske mai haske (BLT), da kuma shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba (PMR). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=dos Santos |first=Lucas Ribeiro |last2=Duarte |first2=Márcio Luís |last3=Trevisani |first3=Virgínia Fernandes Moça |last4=Peccin |first4=Maria Stella |last5=Melnik |first5=Tamara |date=2025-09-05 |title=Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for night eating syndrome in adults |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |language=English |volume=16 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1626342 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=12446323 |pmid=40980047 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa na bazuwar, magunguna sun nuna sakamako iri-iri wajen rage alamun cin abinci da daddare, tare da sertraline yana nuna mafi girman ci gaba. <ref name=":9" /> An gano cewa tiyatar bariatric tana rage rashin aiki da ke da alaƙa da NES a cikin aikin bayan tiyata. <ref name=":1" /> Bayyana mahalarta NES ga haske mai haske 10,000 na tsawon mintuna 60 kowace safiya a kan zaman 14 a jere an nuna yana rage alamun NES, inganta yanayi, da rage rashin barci. <ref name=":1" /> Bincike ya kuma nuna raguwar kashi 30% na cin abinci bayan cin abincin dare tsakanin mahalarta da suka yi aikin PMR, tare da raguwar alamun damuwa da damuwa. <ref name=":1" /> Saboda NES tana da alaƙa da matsalolin yanayi, SRED, da EDs, kulawar NES na iya amfana daga nisantar yanayin cin abinci mara kyau, daidaita motsin rai, da kuma rashin kyawun halaye na barci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna cewa babban kaso na manya da ke da T2DM da ke da ED a asibiti. Don haka, tasirin sabbin magungunan ciwon suga da ke rage sha'awa, tare da ƙaruwar amfani da abinci mai ƙarancin kalori da tiyatar bariatric a cikin kula da T2DM, yana ƙara nuna mahimmancin tantancewa da gano NES da wuri. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi nuni da cewa cin abinci mai ɗauke da serotonin yana taimakawa wajen magance NES, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shoar S. |last2=Shoar N. |last3=Khorgami Z. |last4=Shahabuddin Hoseini S. |last5=Naderan M. |year=2012 |title=Prophylactic diet: A treatment for night eating syndrome |journal=Hypothesis |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=e5}}</ref> amma wasu bincike sun nuna cewa abinci shi kaɗai ba zai iya ƙara yawan serotonin a cikin kwakwalwa ba. Wasu abinci kaɗan (misali, [[ayaba]] <ref name="pmid_18043762" /> ) suna ɗauke da serotonin, amma ba sa shafar matakan serotonin na kwakwalwa. <ref name="pmid_18043762" /> Abinci iri-iri yana ɗauke da tryptophan, amma dole ne a ƙara bincika yadda suke shafar matakan serotonin na kwakwalwa kafin a iya yanke hukunci. <ref name="pmid_18043762" /> Idan aka yi la'akari da sarkakiyar tsarin NES, ya kamata a daidaita maganin ga kowane mutum, a haɗa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kan abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da barci tare da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam don cimma sakamako mai tasiri. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Jasmine |last2=Dang |first2=An Binh |last3=Gan |first3=Jasmine |last4=An |first4=Zhen |last5=Krug |first5=Isabel |date=2022-01-05 |title=Night Eating Syndrome in Patients With Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766827 |pmc=8766715 |pmid=35069340 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sakthivel |first=Sai Janani |last2=Hay |first2=Phillipa |last3=Mannan |first3=Haider |date=January 2023 |title=A Scoping Review on the Association between Night Eating Syndrome and Physical Health, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep and Weight Status in Adults |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=2791 |doi=10.3390/nu15122791 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10301270 |pmid=37375694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Sally |last2=Dindol |first2=Naomi |last3=Tahrani |first3=Abd A. |last4=Piya |first4=Milan K. |date=2018-11-06 |title=Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |language=en |volume=6 |doi=10.1186/s40337-018-0223-1 |pmc=6219003 |pmid=30410761 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1h2q929w58cqtdqurw3fgyble3u5jl4 0 160278 892491 871948 2026-08-07T06:33:14Z BnHamid 12586 892491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yoshihiro Kawaoka [[Virologist|Masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ne wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin ƙwayoyin cutar [[Influenza|mura]] da [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] . Yana da farfesa a fannin ilmin kwayar cuta a Sashen Kimiyya na Pathobiological a [[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison]], Amurka, da kuma [[University of Tokyo|Jami'ar Tokyo]], Japan. Bayan annobar kwayar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014, Kawaoka ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɓaka allurar rigakafin Ebola tana aiki tare da Alhaji N'jai, masanin ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da ƙungiyarsa mai zaman kanta Project 1808, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project 1808 |url=http://www.project1808.org/}}</ref> == Gwajin rikice-rikice == Kawaoka ya kirkiro sabon kwayar cuta bisa ga H5N1, wanda ya bayyana wa jama'a a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-24 |title=Scientists Brace for Media Storm Around Controversial Flu Studies |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-brace-media-storm-around-controversial-flu-studies}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ba a samar da allurar rigakafin da aka sani ba. An dakatar da bincikensa ta hanyar dakatarwar da aka bayar daga gwamnatin Amurka a shekarar 2014. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 an ba shi izinin ci gaba da bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2019 |title=UW-Madison scientist allowed to resume controversial flu research {{!}} Local News {{!}} madison.com |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/health-med-fit/uw-madison-scientist-allowed-to-resume-controversial-flu-research/article_7778777c-75b8-5da0-beda-3232cb8083ef.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Controversial experiments that could make bird flu more risky poised to resume |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/exclusive-controversial-experiments-make-bird-flu-more-risky-poised-resume}}</ref> Dan Brown ya ambaci gwajin a cikin littafinsa Inferno . == Sanarwa == * 2006 - Kyautar Robert Koch (tare da Peter Palese) * 2011 - Medal tare da Purple Ribbon <ref>{{Cite web |title=各賞受賞一覧 |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/research/systems-data/d01_01.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=東京大学 |language=ja}}</ref> * 2013 - Mambobin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka * 2014 - Kyautar Mashahuriyar Injiniya * 2015 - Kyautar Carlos J. Finlay don Microbiology * 2016 - Kyautar Kwalejin Japan * 2018 - Kyautar Sir Michael Stoker <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Stoker Prize & Lecture 2018 |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/news/peopleprojects/headline_603911_en.html}}</ref> * 2022 - Kyautar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Keio <ref>{{Cite web |title=慶應医学賞受賞者一覧 |url=https://www.ms-fund.keio.ac.jp/prize/list.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |publisher=慶應義塾医学振興基金}}</ref> * 2023 - Mutumin Al'adu <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=塩野七生さんら７人文化勲章＝功労者に北大路欣也さんら |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/article/features/article_102804/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Arab News}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Jasenosky |first=Luke D |last2=Neumann |first2=Gabriele |last3=Lukashevich |first3=Igor |last4=Kawaoka |first4=Y |date=2001-06-01 |title=Ebola virus vp40-induced particle formation and association with the lipid bilayer |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |pages=5205–5214 |doi=10.1128/JVI.75.11.5205-5214.2001 |oclc=6965132858 |pmc=114926 |pmid=11333902}} * {{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Tokiko |last2=Watanabe |first2=Shinji |last3=Ito |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Kida |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Kawaoka |first5=Y |date=2001-06-15 |title=Influenza A virus can undergo multiple cycles of replication without m2 ion channel activity |url=http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00007115 |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=5656–5662 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.12.5656-5662.2001 |pmc=114278 |pmid=11356973 |access-date=2018-03-26}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schultz-Cherry, S |last2=Dybdahl-Sissoko, N |last3=Neumann, G |last4=Kawaoka, Y |last5=Hinshaw VS |date=2001-09-01 |title=Influenza Virus NS1 Protein Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Cells |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J Virol]] |volume=75 |issue=17 |pages=7875–7881 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.17.7875-7881.2001 |issn=0022-538X |oclc=120974346 |pmc=115031 |pmid=11483732 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hatta, M |last2=Gao, P |last3=Halfmann, P |last4=Kawaoka, Y |date=2001-09-07 |title=Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=293 |pages=1840–1842 |bibcode=2001Sci...293.1840H |doi=10.1126/science.1062882 |issn=0036-8075 |oclc=95118961 |pmid=11546875 |s2cid=37415902}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Hideo |last2=Wells |first2=Krisna |last3=Takada |first3=Ayato |last4=Kawaoka |first4=Y. |date=2001-10-01 |title=Plasminogen-binding activity of neuraminidase determines the pathogenicity of influenza A virus |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=19 |pages=9297–9301 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.19.9297-9301.2001 |issn=0022-538X |oclc=6965138857 |pmc=114497 |pmid=11533192}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kobasa |first=Darwyn |last2=Wells |first2=Krisna |last3=Kawaoka |first3=Yoshihiro |date=2001-12-01 |title=Amino Acids Responsible for the Absolute Sialidase Activity of the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase: Relationship to Growth in Duck Intestine |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=23 |pages=11773–11780 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.23.11773-11780.2001 |oclc=4639538185 |pmc=114763 |pmid=11689658}}  * {{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Tokiko |last2=Kawaoka |first2=Yoshihiro |date=June 2016 |title=Ebora shukketsu netsu no seiatsu ni mukete : Wakuchin kaihatsu to shierareone de no kenkyu |trans-title=Control of Ebola hemorrhagic fever : vaccine development and our Ebola project in Sierra Leone |journal=Virus |language=ja |volume=66 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.2222/jsv.66.53 |isbn=9781617796203 |issn=0042-6857 |oclc=6807788600 |pmid=28484179 |doi-access=free}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Robert Koch Award lecture: Sabbin yiwuwar yaki da mura An ajiye 2015-09-26 a (3 Nuwamba 2006) {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] geimpb2efr5b62n0ezbav11k35f1ysh 0 160400 892468 872738 2026-08-07T05:36:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892468 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Loring Vinton Miner''' (1860-1935) likita ne na Amurka wanda ya fi shahara da kasancewa na farko a duniya don ganowa da bayyana mura na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barry |first=John M |date=2004-01-20 |title=The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-2-3 |issn=1479-5876 |pmc=340389 |pmid=14733617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Loring Miner a 1860 a Kansas . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Dr Loring Vinton Miner (1860-1935) - Find A Grave... |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/16336922/loring-vinton-miner |website=www.findagrave.com}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ohio . <ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Sydney |date=Aug 5, 2020 |title=Miner, man of medicine and Ohio University grad, played research role in 1918 pandemic |url=https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/miner-man-of-medicine-and-ohio-university-grad-played-research-role-in-1918-pandemic/article_8f362c77-3367-5d40-8d95-cbcea57507ad.html |website=The Athens NEWS |access-date=June 30, 2026 |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127221734/https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/miner-man-of-medicine-and-ohio-university-grad-played-research-role-in-1918-pandemic/article_8f362c77-3367-5d40-8d95-cbcea57507ad.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sami MD daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Columbus, a 1886. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loren V. Miner |url=https://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1919ks/m/minerlv.html |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=www.ksgenweb.org}}</ref> Ya kuma koyar da kansa a cikin tsohuwar Girkanci kuma yana iya karanta litattafai na gargajiya cikin asali. == Ayyuka == Ya fara aikin likita a Haskell County, Kansas a 1885. <ref name="auto"/> Kodayake ya mallaki ɗaya daga cikin motoci na farko a wannan ƙauyen, ya dogara da doki da keken kaya don yin kira a gida a gonaki da ƙauyuka a ko'ina cikin gundumar. Baya ga kasancewa likita, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken gundumar na wani lokaci, da kuma jami'in kiwon lafiya na gundumar da kuma a matsayin kujera a cikin sashin gundumar Jam'iyyar Democrat.<ref name="auto"/> Ya kuma mallaki kantin sayar da kayan masarufi da kantin magani. == Rashin lafiya na Mutanen Espanya == A shekara ta 1918, ya zama mutum na farko a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ya ba da rahoton barkewar mura ta Mutanen Espanya ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2018 |title=How a killer flu spread from western Kansas to the world |url=https://apnews.com/article/428151df24f841619bc93985579ea7bf |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Bayan mummunar rashin lafiya da mutuwar wata tsohuwar mace mai haƙuri, aikinsa ya kewaye da marasa lafiya da yawa, gami da matasa da tsofaffin masu lafiya, suna fama da irin waɗannan alamomi. Saboda kokarin Loring Miner, an yi la'akari da cewa mura na Mutanen Espanya ya samo asali ne a [[Kansas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Influenza Pandemic and The War |url=https://www.kumc.edu/wwi/medicine/influenza.html |website=www.kumc.edu}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a hadarin mota a Sublette, Kansas, a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1935 . <ref name="auto1"/> An binne shi a Kabari na Valley View, Garden City, Kansas . <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n7s1atrym3dpca9ct9r60rectgkvljb 0 160669 892361 875031 2026-08-06T20:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyyar Aikin Gona, Masu Amfani da Kayayyaki, da Muhalli (ACES)''' wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Yawancin gine-ginen ACES suna a yankin South Quad. Dangane da ma'aikata, ACES tana da malamai 186 masu matsayin aiki na dindindin (tenure-system), malamai 78 masu kwarewa ta musamman, masu bincike 26 masu digiri na uku (postdoctoral), kwararru a fannin ilimi 493, ma'aikatan gwamnati 565, mataimaka 323, da ma'aikata 956 da ake biya bisa adadin sa'o'in aiki.<ref>"Overview of ACES"</ref> == Kayan aiki == * Cibiyar Laburare, Bayani da Tsoffin Ɗaliban ACES * Zauren Turner * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Edward R. Madigan * Gina Kimiyyar Injiniyan Noma * Davenport Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Eugene Davenport, wanda a da aka fi sani da Ginin Noma sannan daga baya aka fi sani da Tsohon Ginin Noma * Mumford Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Herbert Windsor Mumford I, wanda a da aka fi sani da Sabon Ginin Noma * Bevier Hall == Sassan == * Injiniyan Noma da Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> Shirin Injiniyan Noma na digiri na farko a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign ya zo na 1 kuma shirin injiniya na digiri na farko ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Kwalejoji na Amurka ta 2008 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 2007). Shirin injiniya na digiri na biyu a Illinois ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Makarantun Digiri na 2007 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Maris 2007). (Kwalejin Injiniya) (Alamomin ACES) * Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Masu Amfani da Kaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural and Consumer Economics :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ace.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ace.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Ilimin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Education :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://aged.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=aged.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Animal Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ansc.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ansc.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Gudanar da Tsarin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Systems Management :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/undergraduate/technical-systems-management |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Sciences :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://cropsciences.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=cropsciences.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Abinci da Gina Jiki na Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://fshn.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=fshn.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Nazarin Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Human Development and Family Studies :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://hdfs.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=hdfs.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Albarkatun Halitta da Kimiyyar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nres.illinois.edu/}}</ref> ** Shirin Noma/Tsarin Noma Mai Dorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program – Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program |url=https://agroecology.nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sashen Kimiyyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Nutritional Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nutrsci.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nutrsci.illinois.edu/}}</ref> == Shugabannin == * Herbert Windsor Mumford I (1922–1938) * John R. Campbell (1983–1988) * WR (Reg) Gomes (1989–1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=04.26.95 - Illinois Ag Dean Gomes is New UC Vice President |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0426/ag.html}}</ref> * David L. Chicoine (1996–2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter named acting dean of ACES |url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/208221}}</ref> * Robert A. Easter (2002–2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter 2012-2015 - University of Illinois System |url=https://www.uillinois.edu/cms/one.aspx?portalId=1324&pageId=137005}}</ref> * Robert J. Hauser (2009–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidwell named College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences dean |url=http://news.aces.illinois.edu/news/kidwell-named-college-agricultural-consumer-and-environmental-sciences-dean }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kimberlee K. Kidwell (2017–2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences :: University of Illinois |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2019-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044451/https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Germán Bollero (2023-Yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollero named College of ACES dean &#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences &#124; UIUC |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/bollero-named-college-aces-dean}}</ref> == Manazarta == b8k03hmsi5w72d78cmeh7wpynhxtro9 0 160999 892576 878262 2026-08-07T10:45:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar gwamnati''' a Ingila da Wales wani nau'in makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke karɓar kuɗi <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC SCHOOL {{!}} English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/public-school}}</ref> wanda aka fara amfani da shi ga manyan yara maza. Makarantun suna "jama'a" ne daga yanayin karatun tarihi ta ma'anar buɗe wa ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da yankinsu, ƙungiyarsu ko sana'arsu ta uba ko sana'a ko alaƙar iyali da gwamnati ko aikin soja ba, kuma ba a gudanar da su don neman ribar mai shi ba. Duk da cewa kalmar "makarantar gwamnati" ta fara amfani da ita tun aƙalla ƙarni na 12, <ref name="Fleming">{{Cite web |title=The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944) |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054705/https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}</ref> an tsara amfani da ita ta hanyar Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ( 31 &amp;amp; 32 Vict. c. 118), {{Efn|The Public Schools Act 1868 does not define "public school"; as made clear in its preamble, it is "An Act to make further Provision for the good Government and Extension of certain Public Schools in England."}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of the Public Schools Act 1868 |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603091509/https://education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard D (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}</ref> wanda ya sanya mafi yawan shawarwari na Rahoton Clarendon na 1864. Clarendon ya binciki makarantu tara masu daraja (ciki har da makarantun kwana biyu, na Merchant Taylors da St Paul's ) sannan kuma bakwai daga baya Dokar ta gyara su: Eton, Shrewsbury, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, da Charterhouse . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kynaston |first=David |date=20 January 2021 |title=A history of private schools and reform |url=https://www.pepf.co.uk/history/ |website=www.pepf.co.uk |publisher=Private Education Policy Forum}}</ref> Wasannin ƙungiya da na gasa sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na manhajar karatu, wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen kafa dokoki da kuma yaɗa ci gaban wasanni daban-daban. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Heggie |first=Vanessa |date=2016-05-01 |title=Bodies, Sport and Science in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/231/1/169/2460660?login=false |journal=Past & Present |issue=231 |pages=169–200 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw004 |issn=0031-2746 |pmc=5906749 |pmid=29706669 |quote=What sets British team and competitive sports slightly apart ... is that they were introduced primarily to solve an educational rather than strictly military need. These sports were initially aimed not at the general population but at the upper classes and social elite, or at least their male offspring; they were therefore structured around the pedagogical and disciplinary requirements of a limited range of institutions, that is, the elite public schools and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Public Schools' Cult of Sport in Victorian Times |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/sports/winterbottom.html#:~:text=Cricket%20was%20the%20paramount%20game%20in%20the,as%20the%20century%20wore%20on. |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=victorianweb.org}}</ref> Duk da cewa an kafa yawancin makarantun gwamnati ne a ƙarƙashin taimakon agaji na gaske ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, a zamanin yau, akasin haka, sun zama manyan cibiyoyi kuma suna da alaƙa da ajin masu mulki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Social Mobility Commission |title=Elitist Britain 2019: the educational pathways of Britain's leading people (summary) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/elitist-britain-2019/elitist-britain-2019-the-educational-pathways-of-britains-leading-people-summary |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=GOV.UK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walford |first=Geoffrey |date=June 1986 |title=Ruling-class Classification and Framing |journal=British Educational Research Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=183–195 |doi=10.1080/0141192860120207 |s2cid=146433863}}</ref> A tarihi, makarantun gwamnati sun samar da yawancin hafsoshin soja da masu gudanarwa na [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griggs |first=Clive |date=January 1994 |title=The Influence of British Public Schools on British Imperialism |journal=British Journal of Sociology of Education |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1080/0142569940150108 |jstor=1393353}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake amfani da kalmar a [[Scotland]] ba, inda ake amfani da "makarantar gwamnati" tun farkon karni na 18 don nufin makarantun gwamnati da ke samun tallafin gwamnati, kuma Dokar Ilimi (Scotland) ta 1872 ta ayyana ta a matsayin waɗanda hukumar makaranta ke kula da su a wani yanki, ko kuma na wani yanki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Education and School Systems |url=https://www.scotland.org/live-in-scotland/school-systems |website=www.scotland.org |publisher=Scottish Government}}</ref> <ref name="Scottish National Dictionary">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Public, adj. |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/public |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language: SND: DSL}}</ref> Akwai misalan yadda ake amfani da kalmar don nufin manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu na Scotland masu biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title=Top Scots Public School Shamed OVer Bullying |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14432702.top-scots-public-school-shamed-bullying/ |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=The Herald}}</ref> Babu wata ma'ana ɗaya ko cikakkiyar ma'anar ''makarantar gwamnati'', kuma amfani da kalmar ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci da kuma bisa ga mahallin. Farkon abin da ya fara shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ''makarantar gwamnati'' da ''koyarwa ta sirri'' (misali, wanda malami mai ɗaukar aiki ya bayar). <ref name="Fleming"/> A Ingila da Wales, makarantun da ake kira makarantun gwamnati ba a ba su kuɗi daga harajin gwamnati : makarantun da ake ba da kuɗi haka galibi ana kiransu " makarantun jiha ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Education System |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/projects/the-british-education-system/ |publisher=[[Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]}}</ref> Sydney Smith a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin ''The Edinburgh Review'' a shekarar 1810 ya ba da shawarar kamar haka: {{Blockquote|By a public school, we mean an [[financial endowment|endowed]] place of education of old standing, to which the sons of gentlemen resort in considerable numbers, and where they continue to reside, from eight or nine, to eighteen years of age ... The characteristic features of these schools are, their antiquity, the numbers, and the ages of the young people who are educated at them.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Smith |title=Remarks on the System of Education in Public Schools |journal=[[Edinburgh Review]] |date=Aug 1810 |page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iko7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA327}}</ref>}} Arthur Leach ya bayyana a cikin ''Tarihin Kwalejin Winchester'' na 1899: "Ma'anar aiki ɗaya tilo ta Makarantar Gwamnati ... ita ce makarantar masu kuɗi ko ta masu kuɗi wacce gaba ɗaya ko kusan gaba ɗaya Makarantar Kula da Yara ce, tana ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na iko na jama'a, kuma ... ba ta gida ba ce". Edward C. Mack ya bayyana makarantar gwamnati a 1938 a matsayin "makarantar kwana wacce ba ta gida ba ce ga manyan azuzuwan". Vivian Ogilvie a cikin 1957 ''Makarantar Jama'a ta Ingila'' ta yi nuni da "halaye guda biyar da aka saba dangantawa da makarantar gwamnati": {{Blockquote|it is a class school, catering for a well-to-do clientèle; it is expensive; it is non-local; it is a predominantly boarding school; it is independent of the State and of local government, yet it is not privately owned or run for profit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ogilvie |first=Vivian |title=The English Public School |date=1957 |publisher=[[B. T. Batsford]] |location=London |page=7}}</ref>}} A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1965, Majalisar Ministocin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da ma'anar da Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta kafa a wannan shekarar. Tunanin da ta fara shi ne ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na shekarar 1944, wanda ya yi amfani da makarantu waɗanda suka kasance membobin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu na wancan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Gwamnati ko Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosland |first=Anthony |title=House of Commons 22nd December 1965 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1965-12-22/debates/c096cb1f-d00b-47e9-bc5c-7d2d8d30e5d6/PublicSchools(Commission) |publisher=[[Hansard]]}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, akwai irin waɗannan makarantu masu zaman kansu guda 276 (maza 134 da 'yan mata 142), waɗanda Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ta ɗauki nauyin aikinta tare da makarantun nahawu guda 22 da aka kula da su da kuma makarantun nahawu guda 152 na tallafin kai tsaye . <ref name="Public and HMC">{{Cite web |date=19 November 1965 |title=Public Schools: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Education and Science |url=http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212023437/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |page=1}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, bisa ga ma'anar Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ko kuma ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na 1944, <ref name="Fleming Preface">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Public Schools and the General Education System |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804195219/https://education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}</ref> akwai makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu guda 302 waɗanda ke cikin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu da Shugabannin Makarantu (78% na makarantun HMC suna da ilimi tare, 9% na maza ne kawai da 13% na mata kawai), <ref>{{Cite web |last=HMC |first=Leading Independent Schools |title=About Us |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091917/https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Fact 5' from HMC 'Facts and Figures' |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091947/https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}</ref> da makarantun sakandare na 'yan mata 152 waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=gsa - Girls' School Association |url=https://www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/content/2564/gsa |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun gwamnati suna da alaƙa da, ko kuma an kafa su ta hanyar, ƙungiyar Kirista, musamman Cocin Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Landow |first=George |title=A Critical View of British Public Schools |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/education/eh4.html |website=victorianweb.org |publisher=The Victorian Web}}</ref> amma a wasu lokuta majami'un [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da Methodist . Ƙananan adadi ba su da alaƙa da addini ko kuma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da addini, ciki har da Makarantar Oswestry, Makarantar Sevenoaks, Bedales, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bedales Jaw |url=https://www.bedales.org.uk/about-us/history/bedales-jaw#:~:text=John%20Badley%20described%20Bedales%20as,would%20be%20in%20other%20schools. |website=www.bedales.org.uk |publisher=Bedales School |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2025-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714180632/https://www.bedales.org.uk/about-us/history/bedales-jaw#:~:text=John%20Badley%20described%20Bedales%20as,would%20be%20in%20other%20schools. |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a . Ra'ayin manyan makarantun gwamnati ya daɗe yana wanzuwa, amma koyaushe yana da wasu muhawara kan zama memba. Littafin Howard Staunton na 1865 mai taken ''Manyan Makarantun Ingila'' ya yi la'akari da cewa kalmar tana nufin makarantu tara na Clarendon Commission tare da Kwalejin Cheltenham, Asibitin Christ, da Kwalejin Dulwich . A cikin 1881, C. Kegan Paul & Co ya buga ''Makarantun Jama'a namu'', tare da babi kan makarantu bakwai: Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough, da Charterhouse . A cikin 1893 Edward Arnold ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Manyan Makarantun Jama'a'', tare da babi kan kowanne daga cikin Eton, Harrow, Charterhouse, Cheltenham, Rugby, Clifton, Westminster, Marlborough, Haileybury, da Winchester . Rahoton Bryce na 1895 ( ''Rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Ilimin Sakandare'' ) ya bayyana makarantun da Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ta gyara a matsayin "manyan makarantu bakwai masu baiwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 44 Bryce Report 1895 |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605151514/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |website=educationengland.org.uk/history |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[Fayil:W._Harvey,_King's_School_Canterbury._Wellcome_M0015720.jpg|right|thumb|Ra'ayin tsohon matattakalar Norman da malamai, Makarantar King's Canterbury, lithograph na William Harvey, 1851]] Makarantun gwamnati sun fito ne daga makarantun nahawu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Fleming Report 1944, p.6 (para.22) |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070633/http://educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D.}}</ref> da aka kafa don ilmantar da ɗalibai, waɗanda galibi aka tsara don koyar da malamai, a cikin nahawun Latin. Don haka, suna da alaƙa da ilmantar da yara maza. Kalmar "jama'a" ta fara amfani da ita ne saboda a tsawon lokaci ba a takaita damar shiga irin waɗannan makarantu ba bisa ga wurin zama, aikin uba ko matsayi, kuma suna ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na gudanarwa ko iko na jama'a, sabanin makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ake gudanarwa don ribar kansu na mai shi(s). Asalin makarantu a Ingila galibi addini ne, kodayake a cikin 1640 Majalisar Wakilai ta gayyaci mai gyara da mai haɓaka [[Samun Ilimi|ilimin duniya]] Comenius zuwa Ingila don kafa da shiga cikin wata hukuma don haɓaka ilmantarwa. An yi niyya cewa sakamakon wannan zai zama buga littattafai "na duniya" da kuma kafa makarantu ga yara maza da mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in England – Chapter 1 |url=https://education-uk.org/history/chapter01.html |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}</ref> Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila ya hana duk wani gyara. [[Fayil:Eton_College_by_Loggan_1690_-_R_-_slpl_ste02048_merge.jpeg|right|thumb|Kallon Kwalejin Eton a cikin idon tsuntsaye, wanda David Loggan ya kafa a shekara ta 1440, an buga shi a cikin littafinsa ''mai suna Cantabrigia Illustrata'' na 1690.]] Wasu makarantu sun tsufa musamman, kamar Makarantar Sarki, Canterbury {{Circa|597}}, Makarantar Sarki, Rochester {{Circa|604}}, Makarantar St Peter, York {{Circa|627}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|710}}, (wanda aka sake kafawa a shekarar 1550 ta Edward VI ), Makarantar Warwick {{Circa|914}}, Ely na Sarki {{Circa|970}} (a da can Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Ely, sannan Makarantar Sarki Ely lokacin da Henry VIII ya sake kafa ta a 1541, daga baya ya karɓi sunan yanzu a 2012) da Makarantar St Albans {{Circa|948}} Har zuwa ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya, yawancin makarantu Cocin ne ke iko da su; kuma suna da takamaiman sharuɗɗan shiga; wasu kuma an takaita su ga 'ya'yan membobin ƙungiyoyi, sana'o'i, ko kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Livery Companies and Education |url=https://world-traders.org/livery-companies-and-education/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20still%20flourish,and%20Londonderry%20College%2C%20Northern%20Ireland. |website=world-traders.org |publisher=The Worshipful Company of World Traders}}</ref> A shekara ta 1382, William na Wykeham, Bishop na Winchester kuma Chancellor na Ingila, ya kafa Kwalejin Winchester . A shekara ta 1440, Henry VI ya kafa Kwalejin Eton. Waɗannan makarantun suna da tushe mafi girma fiye da makarantun nahawu na gida da ake da su, suna da babban goyon bayan siyasa, kuma sun karɓi ɗaliban "ba na gida ba". Wannan shine "farkon sabuwar makaranta". Dokar Chantries ta Edward VI ta 1547 ta rushe tallafin addini wanda ya ba da kuɗi ga makarantu da yawa, waɗanda aka sake kafa su a ƙarƙashin sunansa ( Makarantar Berkhamsted {{Circa|1541}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|705}}, Makarantar Stamford {{Circa|1532}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=The English grammar schools to 1660 by Foster Watson |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1530072W/The_English_grammar_schools_to_1660 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Open Library}}</ref> [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth ta ɗaya]] ta sake kafa Makarantar Westminster a shekarar 1560, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560 |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminsterschool.htm |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Luminarium.org}}</ref> da sabbin dokoki, don zaɓar Malaman Sarauniya guda arba'in. Wannan ya haifar da "uku" na makarantu masu gata - Winchester, Eton da Westminster. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an ci gaba da kafa makarantun kwana na yara maza ko kuma an ba su don amfanin jama'a. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 34bvvc38aqm8e29bwu4iuz4s3gm2lzs 0 161213 892570 880188 2026-08-07T09:42:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Majalisar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Kudancin Ostiraliya''', wacce aka fi sani da Majalisar '''Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Kudu''' da '''Majalisar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta SA''', ƙungiya ce mai kula [[Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya|da muhalli]], wadda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi sama da 50, waɗanda ke wakiltar membobi sama da 90,000, a jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya. == Bayani == Majalisar ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, ba ta neman riba ba kuma ba ta jam'iyya ba ce kawai, an kafa ta ne don "ba da murya ga ƙalubalen muhalli da ke ci gaba da fuskantarmu da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don cimma makomar". Tana sanar da jama'a da gwamnati kan muhimman batutuwan muhalli kuma tana shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati da na al'umma waɗanda ke neman maido da kare muhallin halitta. Majalisar tana hulɗa da masana'antu, sassan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da duk jam'iyyun siyasa . Ta hanyar naɗa mutane don zama a cikin kwamitocin gwamnati kamar Hukumar EPA, Hukumar Kiwo, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Al'umma ta Lake Eyre Basin, Majalisar tana ba wa al'umma damar ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga yanke shawara na gwamnati. {{As of|2021}}, there were 50 member groups. Combined, these groups represent over 90,000 South Australians with the common goals being the conservation and protection of the environment and a sustainable future. == Kyaututtuka == Tun daga shekarar 1998, ana bayar da kyaututtukan muhalli na SA kowace shekara a ranar muhalli ta duniya a ranar 5 ga Yuni ta Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta SA. {{As of|2024}} , an bayar da kyaututtukan ne tare da haɗin gwiwar Green Adelaide, Sashen Muhalli da Ruwa, da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Jami'ar Adelaide ). Kyaututtukan sun haɗa da Kyautar Jill Hudson don Kare Muhalli; Kyautar Pelzer ta Green Adelaide; Kyautar Leif Justham Young Achievers; Kyautar Innovation; Kyautar Aiki Tare; da Kyautar Kimiyyar Kare Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=South Australian Environment Awards |url=https://www.saenvironmentawards.org.au/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=SA Environment Awards}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2017, an shigar da fitattun "masu fafutuka, masu shirya al'umma, da masu kare muhalli" cikin Zauren Shahararru na SA Environmental Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Environment Hall of Fame |url=https://www.saenvironmentawards.org.au/hall_of_fame |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=SA Environment Awards}}</ref> === Kyautar Jill Hudson === Majalisar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Kudancin Ostiraliya tana ba da kyautar Jill Hudson Award don Kare Muhalli kowace shekara. Wadanda suka karɓi kyautar a baya sun haɗa da [[Jillian Marsh]] (1998) David Noonan, Joel Catchlove & Sophie Green,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Eco eNews September 2008, Issue 55 |url=http://ecovoice.com.au/archive/enews/enews-55/EVE_hudson.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509050032/http://ecovoice.com.au/archive/enews/enews-55/EVE_hudson.php |archive-date=2016-05-09 |access-date=2016-04-13 |website=ecovoice.com.au}}</ref> Richard Owen, Kamfanin Kupa Piti Kunga Tjuta Aboriginal Corporation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eco eNews April 2007, Issue 41 |url=http://www.ecovoice.com.au/archive/enews/enews-41/AWA_Jill_hudson_award_41.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509005635/http://www.ecovoice.com.au/archive/enews/enews-41/AWA_Jill_hudson_award_41.php |archive-date=2016-05-09 |access-date=2016-04-13 |website=www.ecovoice.com.au}}</ref> Kevin Buzzacott,<ref name=":0" /> Anne Daw (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Fairfax Regional |title=Anne takes out Hudson award |url=http://www.coastalleader.com.au/story/1710270/anne-takes-out-hudson-award/ |access-date=2016-04-13 |website=Coastal Leader |archive-date=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423141100/http://www.coastalleader.com.au/story/1710270/anne-takes-out-hudson-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Mark Parnell (2004). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Mark Parnell - Greens MLC South Australia |url=http://www.markparnell.org.au/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417002055/http://www.markparnell.org.au/about.php |archive-date=2016-04-17 |access-date=2016-04-13 |website=www.markparnell.org.au}}</ref> == Kamfanin Haɗa Jiki == [[Fayil:CCSA_-_opening_of_The_Joinery.JPG|thumb|Buɗe ''Gidan Haɗawa'' a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2015. ( ''lr'' ) Ministan Muhalli na SA Hon. Ian Hunter MLC; Shugaban CCSA Craig Wilkinson; Gwamnan SA, Hon. Hieu Van Le, AO: Shugabar CCSA Nadia McLaren.]] A farkon shekarar 2015, Conservation SA ta mayar da hedikwatarta zuwa tsohon ginin tashar bas ta jihohi da aka daina amfani da shi a titin Franklin, mallakar Majalisar Birnin Adelaide, inda ta samar da wani wuri na muhallin al'umma mai suna The Joinery. Ginin yana da ofisoshi da aka yi haya ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci masu alaƙa da muhalli da dorewa, kuma an mayar da wani tsohon yanki na ajiye motoci zuwa lambun al'umma da aka raba tare da ƙungiyar gidaje ta al'umma Common Ground. == Ƙungiyoyin membobi == [[Fayil:Craig_Wilkins_speaks_at_the_Governor_Hindmarsh_Hotel,_South_Australia_(2014).JPG|alt=Craig Wilkins, Chief Executive CCSA (2014)|thumb|Craig Wilkins, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na CCSA (2014)]] [[Fayil:CCSA_2015_Jill_Hudson_Award_presentation.JPG|thumb|Shugaban DEWNR Sandy Pitcher yana gabatar da kyautar Jill Hudson ta CCSA ta 2015 ga 'yan'uwa mata Karina da Rose Lester saboda aikinsu na fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar dangane da Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta SA a cikin Tsarin Zagayen Makamashin Nukiliya, 17 ga Disamba 2015.]] {{As of|2021}}, there are over 50 member groups represented on the Council: * Kamfanin Kula da Lambun Aldgate Valley Inc. * Kamfanin Aldinga Bay Coastcare Inc. * Hadin gwiwar Yaƙi da Nukiliya * Ƙungiyar Ilimi Mai Muhalli ta Australiya SA * Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya * Ƙungiyar Motocin Lantarki ta Australiya * Cibiyar Zane-zanen Yanki ta Australiya (Ƙungiyar SA) * Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Nukiliya ta Australiya * Ƙungiyar Tsire-tsire ta Australiya (Yankin SA) Inc. * [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Canjin Yanayi na Australiya|Ƙungiyar Matasan Australiya ta Yanayi]] SA * Keke Adelaide * Tsuntsaye SA * Ƙungiyar Brownhill Creek Inc. * CEDAMIA (Sanarwar Gaggawa da Tattara Bayanai kan Yanayi) * Ƙungiyar Mazauna Cheltenham Park Inc. * 'Yan ƙasa suna da Cibiyar Sadarwar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa ta Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar Clean Light Alliance ta Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar Al'umma SA Inc * Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya KI * Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Ostiraliya Inc * [[Kare tawaye|Tawayen Karewa]] SA * Ƙungiyar Masana Halitta ta SA * Masunta don Kare Kaya * Babu Fossil SA * Abokan Gulf St Vincent * Abokan wuraren shakatawa * [[Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya|Abokan Duniya]] Adelaide Inc. * Abokan Willunga Basin * Gawler Environment & Heritage Association Inc. * Greening Ostiraliya (SA) * Ƙungiyar Kula da Filaye ta SA Inc * Haɗin gwiwar Landscape Inc. * Ƙungiyar Kare Tekun Limestone * Amincewar Ƙasa ta Kudancin Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta SA * Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Arewa maso Gabas Hills * Jami'an Tsaron Ayyukan Nukiliya a Port Adelaide * Kamfanin Orientering SA Inc. * Waje SA * Mutane don Sufuri na Jama'a * Ƙungiyar Kula da Al'adu ta SA Inc * Rukunin Kare Muhalli na Mazauna Port Adelaide * Tashi Sama Tana Waƙa * Kamfanin River, Lakes & Coorong Action Group Inc. * SA Genetic Food Information Network Inc * SA Herpetology Group Inc. * Scientific Expedition Group Inc. * Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta St Agnes Bushwalking & Natural * Al'ummomin Dorewa SA Inc * Yawan Jama'a Mai Dorewa a Ostiraliya SA Reshen SA * Ƙungiyar Tennyson Dunes * Toyota Landcruiser Club of Australia (SA) * Ƙungiyar Wilderness (Kudancin Ostiraliya) Inc. * Bishiyoyi Don Rayuwa * Ƙungiyar Masu Cin Ganyayyaki da Masu Cin Ganyayyaki (VegSA) Inc. * Tafiya SA * Ƙungiyar Kare Yammacin Mallee * Ƙungiyar Mazauna Tekun Yammacin Adelaide * Wombats SA * Zoos SA == Manazarta == 3euxbduxn960m1zhlpx2m4shuzovn6a 0 161222 892329 880215 2026-08-06T19:18:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar masu kula da halittu ta Madras''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ke haɓaka godiya, ilimi da kiyaye yanayi. Masu lura da tsuntsaye daga birnin Madras (yanzu [[Chennai]] ), [[Indiya]] ) ne suka kafa ta a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1978.<ref>Frederick, Prince (14 February 2012). "The fall of a sparrow". The Hindu.</ref><ref>"A Blackbuck revival". The Hindu. 21 June 2010.</ref><ref>S. Muthiah (2008). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1. Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. pp. 69, 70. <nowiki>ISBN 9788183794688</nowiki>.</ref> GK Bhat shine shugaban farko na ƙungiyar. Tambarin ƙungiyar Blackbuck ne Ƙungiyar ta fara buga sanarwar wata-wata daga Disamba 1978 da kuma mujallar ''Blackbuck'' ta kwata-kwata daga Janairu 1985 Blackbuck tana ɗauke da labarai na fasaha da ayyukan da jama'a ke sha'awa. An bayyana sigar 'Blackbuck' mai dijital da sanarwar wata-wata a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015 ga membobin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blackbuck Digitised version |url=http://192.155.224.66/stage/mns/index.php |access-date=16 November 2015 |publisher=K V Sudhakar |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014953/http://192.155.224.66/stage/mns/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buga wani kundin rubuce-rubuce daga ''Blackbuck'' mai taken ''Sprint of the Blackbuck'' a shekarar 2012. Shahararren masanin tarihin fina-finan Tamil kuma memba na ƙungiyar Madras Naturalists' Society S. Theodore Baskaran ne ya gyara kundin. Tun daga shekarar haihuwar Madhavaiah Krishnan ta cika shekaru 100 a shekarar 2012, ƙungiyar ta shekara-shekara tana gabatar da "Kyautar Rubuta Yanayi ta Tunawa da M. Krishnan" ga matasan marubutan namun daji.<ref>"Essay contests on wildlife". The Hindu. 15 September 2013.</ref> == Manazarta == b7sih9i2ilu8sei4lpde1hda6vadz8p 0 161234 892483 880258 2026-08-07T06:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucas Toussaint''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Maris 1996) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida]] . Ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin matasa na Faransa a matakai har zuwa har da na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 na Faransa . == Aikin kulob == Toussaint ya shafe shekaru goma yana koyarwa a Metz, inda ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar farko a gasar Ligue 2 yana da shekaru 19, a wasan da suka yi da Sochaux a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015. <ref name="qrm">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=L'Interview Décalée de Lucas Toussaint |url=https://www.qrm.fr/m-1509-l-interview-decalee-de-lucas-toussaint-.html |publisher=[[US Quevilly-Rouen]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=Sochaux vs. Metz 0-1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/07/france/ligue-2/fc-sochaux-montbeliard/fc-de-metz/2045542/ |publisher=soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2016, Metz ta sanar da cewa Toussaint zai koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium Seraing United a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ƙarshen Satumbar 2017, Toussaint ya sake komawa aro, a wannan karon zuwa Pau a gasar French Championnat National . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Pau FC : Lucas Toussaint arrive en prêt du FC Metz |url=https://www.larepubliquedespyrenees.fr/2017/09/26/pau-fc-lucas-toussaint-arrive-en-pret-du-fc-metz,2183269.php |publisher=La Rép des Pyrénées |language=fr}}</ref> A ƙarshen kwangilarsa ta Metz, ya sanya hannu kan Quevilly-Rouen a watan Yunin 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=OFFICIEL - Lucas Toussaint, première recrue de QRM |url=https://www.goal.com/fr/news/officiel-lucas-toussaint-premiere-recrue-de-qrm/pb0wnrz56mi014a3csynp2ka4 |publisher=goal.com |language=fr}}</ref> A kan 28 Yuni 2021, Toussaint ya koma Martigues . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=Mercato : Trois nouvelles recrues pour le FC Martigues |url=http://www.fcmartigues.com/2021/06/mercato-trois-nouvelles-recrues-pour-le-fc-martigues/ |publisher=[[FC Martigues|Martigues]] |language=fr |access-date=10 July 2026 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019111754/http://www.fcmartigues.com/2021/06/mercato-trois-nouvelles-recrues-pour-le-fc-martigues/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == '''Martigues''' * Championnat na kasa 2 : 2021-22 <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=FC Martigues obtains its rise in National |url=https://www.24hfootnews.com/fc-martigues-obtains-its-rise-in-national/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=24hfootnews}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|lucas-toussaint/336685}} * Lucas Toussaint at the French Football Federation (in French) * Lucas Toussaint at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s2zi70v4i4li86k1i6309ugkhneb3vo 0 161310 892564 880821 2026-08-07T09:24:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''American Craftsman''' salon gine-ginen gida ne na Amurka, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ƙungiyar Arts and Crafts, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Zane na ciki|ƙirar ciki]], ƙirar shimfidar wuri, fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita, da fasahar ado, waɗanda suka fara a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Kakanninsa na yanzu a cikin gine-ginen Amurka sune salon Shingle, wanda ya fara ƙaura daga kayan ado na Victorian zuwa siffofi masu sauƙi, da salon Prairie na Frank Lloyd Wright . An karɓi "Craftsman" daga Gustav Stickley, mai kera kayan daki, wanda mujallarsa ''The Craftsman'' ta fara bugawa a shekarar 1901. An fi amfani da salon gine-gine a cikin ƙananan gidaje masu iyali ɗaya a Kudancin California tun daga shekarar 1905, don haka salon Craftsman ya zama sananne a madadin " California bungalow ". Salon ya ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarun 1930 kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukan farfaɗowa da gyara. == Tasiri == Salon American Craftsman wani reshe ne na Amurka na ƙarni na 20 daga ƙungiyar British Arts and Crafts, wanda ya fara tun farkon shekarun 1860. Magajin wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙarni na 19, kamar Farfaɗowar Gothic da Ƙungiyar Kyau, ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in Burtaniya martani ne kan tabarbarewar ingancin kayayyaki a lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], da kuma raguwar darajar aikin ɗan adam, dogaro da injina fiye da kima, da kuma wargaza tsarin ƙungiya . Membobin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i suma sun yi watsi da salon Victorian, wanda ya cika ɗakuna da kayayyaki marasa daidaito, na tarihi don isar da ma'anar duniya. Ƙungiyar ta jaddada aikin hannu fiye da samar da kayayyaki da yawa. A wasu hanyoyi, kamar motsi ne na zamantakewa kamar yadda yake na ado, yana jaddada halin da ma'aikacin masana'antu ke ciki da kuma daidaita ɗabi'a da ikon ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu kyau amma masu sauƙi. Waɗannan abubuwan zamantakewa musamman ana iya gani a cikin rubuce-rubucen John Ruskin da William Morris, waɗanda dukkansu masu tunani ne masu tasiri ga ƙungiyar. Bugu da ƙari, masu goyon bayan sun nemi ɗaukaka matsayin siffofin fasaha waɗanda a da ake ganin su a matsayin ciniki kawai ba fasaha mai kyau ba. <ref name=":13" /> Ƙungiyar Amurka ta kuma mayar da martani ga salon ado na Victorian mai cike da "kayan ado da yawa". Zuwan ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 Amurka ta yi daidai da raguwar [[Zamanin Victorian|zamanin Victoria]] . Fasaha da Sana'o'in Amurka sun dogara ne akan yanayin da ke kewaye da wurin da suke, suna da yanayin ƙauye a gare su saboda kayan aiki da ƙirarsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da cewa ƙungiyar American Arts and Crafts ta raba manufofi iri ɗaya da na ƙungiyar Birtaniya, kamar gyaran zamantakewa, komawa ga sauƙi na gargajiya fiye da salon tarihi mai ban sha'awa, amfani da kayan halitta na gida, da kuma ɗaga darajar sana'o'in hannu, ta kuma sami damar ƙirƙira abubuwa da yawa: ba kamar ƙungiyar Birtaniya ba, wadda ba ta taɓa yin kyau sosai wajen gano yadda za a iya samar da kayan hannu yadda ya kamata ba, Masu zane-zanen American Arts and Crafts sun fi ƙwarewa a ɓangaren kasuwanci na ƙira da gine-gine, kuma sun sami damar samar da kayayyaki don kasuwa mai matsakaicin daraja. Gustav Stickley, musamman, ya yi tasiri a cikin al'ummar Amurka da burinsa na ɗaukaka gidaje masu ƙanƙanta don matsakaicin matsayi na Amurka da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri, wanda aka haɗa a cikin salon Craftsman Bungalow . Gidajen American Craftsman har yanzu suna da yanayin ado a gare su, aikin katako da aka yi da hannu ya yi fice da kansu. A fannin gine-gine, wanda ya mayar da martani ga kyawawan gine-ginen Victorian da kuma gidaje da ake samarwa da yawa, salon ya haɗa da tsari mai ƙarfi na layuka masu tsabta da kayan halitta. Sunan ƙungiyar American Craftsman ya fito ne daga shahararren mujallar, ''The Craftsman'', wacce aka kafa a watan Oktoba 1901 ta masanin falsafa, mai zane, mai yin kayan daki, da edita Gustav Stickley . Mujallar ta nuna ƙirar gidaje da kayan daki na asali daga Harvey Ellis, kamfanin Greene da Greene, da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mary Ann |date=2003 |title=Stickley, Gustav(e) |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000081409. |website=Grove Art Online}}</ref> Zane-zanen, duk da cewa sun yi tasiri a kan manufofin motsi na Burtaniya, sun sami kwarin gwiwa a cikin tsoffin abubuwan Amurka kamar su kayan daki na Shaker da salon Mission Revival, da salon Anglo-Japanese . Mayar da hankali kan asalin mai zane/mai sana'a ya haifar da ra'ayoyin ƙira na baya-bayan nan na motsi na Art Deco na 1930s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="I've found no evidence of this--where did you find this information? (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Mai zane kuma mai zane Frank Lloyd Wright, wanda shi kansa memba ne na Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in Chicago, ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga salon zama mai ƙirƙira a Makarantar Gine-gine da Zane ta Prairie, wacce ke da manufofi iri ɗaya da ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i. <gallery widths="200" heights="160"> Fayil:Gamble_House.jpg|alt=The Gamble House, an iconic American Arts and Crafts design by Greene & Greene in Pasadena, California, built between 1908 and 1909| Gidan Gamble, wani shahararren zane na Fasaha da Sana'o'in Amurka wanda Greene &amp;amp; Greene suka yi a Pasadena, California, an gina shi tsakanin 1908 da 1909. Fayil:Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg|alt=Facade of the Castle in the Clouds and lawn overlooking Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire, built 1913–1914| Facade na Castle a cikin girgije da kuma lawn da ke kallon Tafkin Winnipesaukee a [[New Hampshire]], wanda aka gina daga 1913 zuwa 1914 Fayil:Edward_Schulmerich_House_2008.JPG|alt=The Edward Schulmerich House in Hillsboro, Oregon, completed in 1915| An kammala ginin Edward Schulmerich House a Hillsboro, Oregon a shekarar 1915 Fayil:Abernathy-Shaw_House_c.1908.jpg|alt=The Abernathy-Shaw House in the Silk Stocking District of Talladega, Alabama, built in 1908| An gina Gidan Abernathy-Shaw a gundumar Silk Stocking ta Talladega, Alabama a shekarar 1908 Fayil:F._E._Cottrell_apartment_building,_exterior_views,_2019_-_DPLA_-_73378317f7f2dc5712dafe1f84da9eb5_(page_3).jpg|alt=F.E. Cottrell Apartment Building in the Old West End District of Toledo, Ohio, built 1914–1915| Ginin Gidajen FE Cottrell a Gundumar Old West End ta Toledo, Ohio, an gina shi daga 1914 zuwa 1915. Fayil:Esplanade_Apartments,_3015_North_Pennsylvania_Street,_1998_(Indianapolis,_Ind.)_-_DPLA_-_caf31becf41697292ff300c7b666852a.jpg|alt=Esplanade Apartments, 3015 North Pennsylvania Street, 1998 in Indianapolis, Indiana, built in 1912| Esplanade Apartments, 3015 North Pennsylvania Street, 1998 a Indianapolis, Indiana, an gina shi a shekarar 1912 </gallery> == Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in hannu ta Boston == Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta bulla a Amurka a [[Boston]] a shekarun 1890. Yankin ya karɓi ra'ayoyin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i sosai saboda fitattun masana kamar masanin ilimin transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson da farfesa a tarihin fasaha na Harvard Charles Eliot Norton, wanda abokin shugaban fasahar fasaha da sana'o'i na Burtaniya William Morris ne. <ref>Meister, M. (2014). An intellectual stew: Emerson, Norton, Brandeis. ''Arts and crafts architecture: History and heritage in New England''. {{ISBN|9781611686647}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta fara ne da baje kolin fasahar fasaha ta Amurka na farko wanda firintar Henry Lewis Johnson ta shirya a watan Afrilun 1897 a Copley Hall, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 1,000 da masu zane da masu sana'a suka yi. Nasarar da aka samu a baje kolin ta haifar da kafa ƙungiyar Boston of Arts and Crafts a watan Yunin 1897 tare da Charles Eliot Norton a matsayin shugabanta. Ƙungiyar ta yi nufin "haɓaka da kuma ƙarfafa manyan matsayi a cikin ayyukan hannu." Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan dangantakar masu fasaha da masu zane-zane da duniyar kasuwanci da sana'o'i masu inganci. Ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa umarnin Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i zuwa wani tsari mai kama da haka: {{Blockquote|This Society was incorporated for the purpose of promoting artistic work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the dignity and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Law and Form, and the desire for over-ornamentation and specious originality. It will insist upon the necessity of sobriety and restraint, of ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation between the form of an object and its use, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7rqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|chapter=Handwork and Industrialization|page=75|title=Makers: A History of American Studio Craft|last1=Koplos|first1=Janet|last2=Metcalf|first2=Bruce|year=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3413-8|via=Google Books}}</ref>}} Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da baje kolin farko a shekarar 1899 a Copley Hall. == Shahararrun masu zane-zanen sana'a == [[Fayil:Merrill_Hall_Asilomar_edit1.jpg|thumb|Merrill Hall at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in Pacific Grove, California, a Julia Morgan design completed in 1928]] A Kudancin California, kamfanin Greene da Greene da ke Pasadena shi ne ya fi shahara wajen yin sana'ar American Craftsman Style. Ayyukansu na Ultimate bungalows sun haɗa da Gamble House da Robert R. Blacker House da ke Pasadena, da Thorsen House da ke Berkeley, California—tare da wasu da yawa a California. Sauran misalai a yankin Los Angeles sun haɗa da Arts and Crafts Lummis House da Theodore Eisen da Sumner P. Hunt suka gina, tare da Arroyo Seco a Highland Park, California da kuma Journey House, da ke Pasadena. Ana ɗaukar Gamble House a matsayin mafi girman gidan Craftsman da aka yi. 'Yan'uwan Tifal suma sun kasance fitattun masu zane-zanen fasaha na Amurka a kudancin California, bayan sun tsara gidaje sama da 350 a [[Los Angeles]] da kuma 100 a [[Monrovia]] a cikin salon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2014 |title=52nd Place Tifal Brothers Tract HPOZ Recommendation Report |url=https://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2014/14-1681_MISC_12-4-14.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Los Angeles|City of Los Angeles]] |language=en-US |access-date=July 11, 2026 |archive-date=December 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214225945/https://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2014/14-1681_MISC_12-4-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Arewacin California, masu zane-zane da aka san su da tsare-tsare masu kyau da cikakkun ayyuka a cikin salon Craftsman sun haɗa da Bernard Maybeck, tare da Cocin Swedenborgian, da Julia Morgan, tare da ayyukan Asilomar Conference Grounds da Mills College . Sauran masu zane-zane da ayyuka da yawa suna wakiltar salon a yankin. == Duba kuma == * Dandalin Foursquare na Amurka * Bungalow * Bungalow na California * salon Mar del Plata == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0c6srgnmkvduw15qdq3h276t93elc17 0 161412 892286 881667 2026-08-06T17:30:20Z Kaddi123 38060 892286 wikitext text/x-wiki Faib travel and tours kamfani ne dake jigilar Haj,umara da jigilar zuwa kasa shen ketare, wannan kamfani Yana a cikin birni sokoto,a unguwar gawo nama ku da shago yaro gobirawa dake unguwar gawo nama,wannan kamfani Yan kar kashin shugaban kamfani Ibrahim Garba,da manaja director kamfani Aliyu Garba.wannan kamfani an kafa shi a shekara 2013,zuwa yanxu duban mutane sun je haji da umara, shine kamfani kawo jirgin domin zuwa Umar a, wannan kamfani Yana da board of directors,da ma'iata. pa415ygtq9hstjz5l6bn3bs1rh76ij5 0 161480 892448 882021 2026-08-07T04:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lily Renée Phillips''' (née '''Willheim'''; Mayu 12, 1921 - Agusta 24, 2022), sau da yawa ana kiranta da L. Renée, '''Lily Renee''', ko '''Reney''', 'yar asalin Austriya ce ta Amurka wacce aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a masana'antar littattafan ban dariya, tun daga farkon shekarun 1940 da aka sani da Golden Age of Comics . Ta tsere daga Vienna da Nazi ta mamaye zuwa Ingila kuma daga baya [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], inda ta sami aiki a matsayin mai fensir da inker a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fiction House, tana aiki a kan irin waɗannan fasalulluka kamar "Jane Martin", "The Werewolf Hunter", "The Lost World" da "Señorita Rio". == Rayuwa ta farko == Willheim ta girma ne daga iyayen [[Yahudawa]] masu arziki a [[Vienna]], Austria, a cikin shekarun 1930.<ref name="Robbins13">{{Cite book|last3=Trina Robbins}}</ref> Mahaifinta, Rudolf Willheim, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Holland America line, kamfanin jirgin ruwa na transatlantic.<ref name="Robbins13" /> Yayinda take yarinya, tana yawan zuwa gidajen tarihi na fasaha kuma sau da yawa tana zanawa a matsayin abin sha'awa. A cikin 1939 ko 1938, <ref name="Robbins13"/> Willheim ta shiga Kindertransport, ta bar iyayenta a baya a cikin Austria da ke zaune a Nazi. Ta isa [[Leeds]], Ingila, kuma ta zauna a can na tsawon shekaru biyu, tana aiki a matsayin bawa, mai kula da yara, da kuma mai cire kayan zaki yayin da take jiran tserewa daga iyayenta.<ref name="Quinlan10" /> Lokacin da Willheim ke da shekaru 16, ta karɓi wasika daga iyayenta tana cewa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka.<ref name="Quinlan10" /> Bayan ta shiga cikinsu, tana zaune a cikin gidan dakuna a kan titin West 72 a kan Manhattan's Upper West Side, sai ta sake yin fasaha. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 2006, ta bayyana cewa, {{Blockquote|At that time, I was painting [[Tyrol]]ean designs on wooden boxes, and then I got a job on the 46th floor of [[Rockefeller Center]] at Reiss advertising agency. They paid me 50 cents an hour to draw catalogs for [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth]]'s. And so I was making some money too and I was going to night school, and then I think I told you that my mother saw an ad in the paper for comic artists? I went to [the comic-book publisher] [[Fiction House]] and I was hired on a trial basis, and they kept me. And then after a year-and-a-half, I was doing covers and I got a big Christmas bonus....<ref name=TCJ>Renée in {{cite web | url = http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=466&Itemid=48 | title = Lily Renée Interview |first=Trina|last=Robbins| work = [[The Comics Journal]] | date = November 29, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070228043424/http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=466&Itemid=48 | archive-date = February 28, 2007}}</ref>}} A wani lokaci, ta yi karatu a kungiyar Art Students League of New York da kuma Makarantar Visual Arts . == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Fight_Comics_47_Renée.jpg|left|thumb|Fight Comics # 47 (Disamba 1946), tare da Señorita Rio. Hoton murfin Renée.]] A Fiction House, wanda ya nemi mata don maye gurbin masu zane-zane maza waɗanda aka tsara su cikin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutun fensir da inker tare da wasu masu zane-zanen mata da marubuta ciki har da Nina Albright da Fran Hopper . A ƙarshen 1942 ko farkon 1943, yanzu ta amfani da sunanta na farko da na tsakiya a matsayin sunan alkalami, an sanya Renée fasalin Fiction House "Jane Martin", tare da matukin jirgi mata da ke aiki a masana'antar jirgin sama ta maza. Ayyukanta a kan fasalin, wanda aka ba da rubutun ga yiwuwar sunan "F.E. Lincoln", ya gudana a cikin ''Wings Comics'' # 31-48 (Maris 1943 - Agusta 1944). Ta kuma kwatanta fasalin "The Werewolf Hunter", tare da rubutun da aka ba da kyauta ga "Armand Weygand" da "Armand Broussard", a cikin ''Rangers Comics'' # 14-38, 40 (Disamba 1943 - Afrilu 1948). Ta ce a cikin 2011 ta yi aiki tare da marubucin fasalin don jagorantar shi daga lycanthropy zuwa mafi yawan tsoro na Gothic, ta damu da cewa ba za ta iya zana kyarketai yadda ya kamata ba.<ref name="bleedingcool">{{Cite web |last=Dickman <!--as per this article's descriptor "BC forum moderator Lexid523 and Ladies Making Comics blogger" and http://www.ladiesmakingcomics.com/about--> |first=Alexa |date=November 9, 2011 |title=Meeting Golden Age Art Goddess Lily Renée |url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2011/11/09/meeting-golden-age-art-goddess-lily-renee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718182556/https://www.bleedingcool.com/2011/11/09/meeting-golden-age-art-goddess-lily-renee/ |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |publisher=BleedingCool.com}}</ref> Sauran aikinta sun haɗa da fasalin kimiyya-fiction "The Lost World", tare da rubutun da aka ba da kyauta ga "Thornecliffe Herrick", a cikin ''Planet Comics'' # 32-49 (Satumba 1944 - Yuli 1947); da kuma "Señorita Rio", game da wata kasada ta Kudu da ke yin leken asiri a lokacin yaƙi ga gwamnatin Amurka, tare da rubutun aka ba da kyautar "Morgan Hawkins" kuma bayyana a cikin Fight Comics # 34-44, 47-51 (Oktoba 1944 - Agusta 1947). Duk da yake Señorita Rio, mai suna Rita Farrar, mai zane-zane Nick Cardy ne ya tsara ta a 1942, "Renée," ya rubuta masanin tarihi Don Markstein, "watakila shine wanda ya fi dacewa da halin". A shekarar 1948, bayan Fiction House ta ƙaura daga New York, Renée da mijinta mai zane, Eric Peters, sun fara aiki a St. John Publications . Sun yi aiki tare wajen yin fensir da kuma yin rubutu a ''Abbott &amp;amp; Costello Comics'', wanda ya nuna yawancin fitowar #2-34 (Afrilu 1948 - Disamba 1955), kuma Renée ta kuma zana labaran soyayya a cikin fitowar St. John's ''Teen-Age Diary Secrets'' da ''Teen-Age Romances'' . Su biyun sun kuma zana littattafan barkwanci ga kamfanin kiwo na Borden, wanda jarumin mascot Elsie the Cow ya fito a matsayin jarumi. Bayan ta bar wasan kwaikwayo, Renée ta ce "ta yi wasu littattafan yara kuma na kuma rubuta wasu wasannin", tare da akalla daya, baƙar fata mai suna Superman in Sleep's Embrace, wanda aka samar a Kwalejin Hunter a Manhattan. Ta tsara kayan ado don Lanz na California, da kayan ado ga Willy Woo . A shekara ta 2007, Renée ta halarci Comic-Con International a San Diego, inda Abokan Lulu suka zaba ta zuwa Hall of Fame. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Renée tana da auren farko wanda aka sokewa. Daga baya ta auri Eric Peters, wani ɗan gudun hijirar Viennese kuma mai zane-zane wanda aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin mujallu masu haske kamar Collier's da The Saturday Evening Post . Wannan auren ya ƙare, kuma, ta ce a shekara ta 2006, "Auren da na yi na ainihi kawai shi ne Randolph Phillips," mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa wanda a cikin shekarun 1940 ya jagoranci kwamitin kasa na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka don masu adawa da lamiri, kuma a 1972 ya jagoranci Kwamitin Kasa na Cutar. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Nina, da ɗa, Rick. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, Renée ta zauna shekaru 40 a wani gida a Madison Avenue a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. Ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa a watan Mayu 2021, kuma ta mutu a Birnin New York a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2022, tana da shekaru 101. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Lily Renée – RIP |url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/08/26/lily-renee-rip/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Daily Cartoonist |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003135222/https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/08/26/lily-renee-rip/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Brian |date=2022-08-26 |title=Lily Renee, Pioneer Comic Artist of the Golden Age, Passes Away |url=https://www.cbr.com/lily-renee-pioneer-golden-age-comic-book-artist-obituary/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=CBR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=September 14, 2022 |title=Lily Renée Phillips, Pioneering Comic Book Artist, Dies at 101 |website=The New York TImes}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 9ydra82877lj4mqpcdlxspt2z0wj2n5 0 161562 892345 882874 2026-08-06T19:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} In the United States, a '''quick response team (QRT)''', also known as a '''post-overdose outreach team''' or a '''drug abuse response team (DART)''', is an integrated, first responder and community paramedicine<ref name="ucnews">{{Cite web |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref> unit comprising [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] officers, rescue personnel, health care professionals and / or substance abuse counselors. A QRT is trained to serve as a first responder unit for narcotic-related medical emergencies and, thereafter, to approach and counsel overdose victims during their "recovery windows" — the 72 hours immediately following life-threatening drug overdoses — when users are thought to be more open to accepting help.<ref name="ucnews"/> At present, QRT and/or DART programs are operating in communities in at least 5 states (see "'''Proliferation'''" below). == History == The QRT deflection model was first developed in 2014, in Colerain Township, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] — a 45-square-mile suburb in Hamilton County, just northwest of Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Grieving Father Helped Bring a New Model of Fighting Heroin Addiction to Summit County, and It Might Change Everything |url=https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/a-grieving-father-helped-bring-a-new-model-of-fighting-heroin-addiction-to-summit-county-and-it-might-change-everything/Content?oid=7876089 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cleveland Scene}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroin overdose quick response teams in Ohio and Kentucky |url=https://yourvoiceohio.org/heroin-overdose-quick-response-teams-in-ohio-and-kentucky/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Your Voice Ohio}}</ref> Colerain's then-safety services director, Dan Meloy – who had previously served as the township's police chief and, later, as the township's administrator — oversaw development of its pilot QRT program, in collaboration with the community's assistant fire chief Will Mueller (who is also an adjunct instructor of Fire science at the University of Cincinnati<ref name="kern2018">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Jac |title=Attacking the Overdose Epidemic with ‘Community Paramedicine,’ ‘Quick Response Teams’ |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=24712 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=University of Cincinnati |publisher=University of Cincinnati}}</ref>), and CEO Nan Franks and social worker Shana Merrick from the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2" /> Concurrently and independently of the Colerain program, Lucas County, Ohio, developed its similar DART model, which it also first deployed in 2014.<ref name="attgen2018">{{Cite web |title=Three Million in Grants for DART and QRT Teams to be Available to Address Opioid Epidemic |url=http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/July-2017/Three-Million-in-Grants-for-DART-and-QRT-Teams-%281%29 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Office of the Ohio Attorney General |publisher=State of Ohio}}</ref> == Impetus == Meloy and other Colerain officials saw the need to develop more innovative, person-centered approaches to reduce the then-sharply rising number of narcotic overdoses in their community, which had been particularly hard-hit by the United States' mid-2010s opioid epidemic. At the time of the QRT pilot program's development, Colerain Township had approximately 60,000 residents, usually covered by just 33 fire/EMS personnel and 6 patrol officers at any given time.<ref name="cover2">{{Cite web |title=Quick Response Team – One Community’s Response To The Heroin/Opiate Epidemic – Colerain Township Department of Public Safety, Hamilton County, Ohio |url=https://cover2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Quick-Response-Team-Summit-County-OH.pptx |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=cover2.org}}</ref> Whereas in 2011, Colerain reported 51 total overdoses, by 2014 the annual number of overdoses in the community had risen to 141 – a 176% increase in just three years – according to statistics provided in 2016 by the township's Department of Public Safety to the non-profit organization Cover2 Resources, which had asked Colerain to consult as that organization assisted in the development of a similar QRT program in Summit County, Ohio (see "'''Proliferation'''" below).<ref name="cover2"/> == Organization == In the original Colerain model, a special tactics-trained police officer, a specially-trained firefighter-medic and an addiction counselor from the community were partnered to form a single QRT.<ref name="cover2"/> The community's initial QRT emergency responder candidate pool included 6 of the community's firefighter-medics who had previous experience serving as military, SWAT, or Hostage Rescue Team tactical medics (TACMEDs) and 5 police officers with special tactics training (through their service in the military, with SWAT, or on Narcotics Squads).<ref name="cover2"/> The chosen firefighter-medics received additional [[Kariyar kai|self-defense]], chemical irritant deployment and de-escalation training.<ref name="cover2"/> Special tactics training was deemed necessary, in township officials' estimation, due to the volatile circumstances that often prevail on scene during narcotics-related emergency responses. Licensed substance abuse counselors were provided to the QRT program through a partnership with the Addiction Services Council of Greater Cincinnati.<ref name="cover2"/> The QRT program included a "360 Solution" component, under which all Colerain patrol officers were equipped with nasal-delivery naloxone (Narcan), provided by the Ohio Department of Health and Hamilton County Public Health.<ref name="cover2"/> Additionally, the police department canvassed the community several times door-to-door, delivering brochures that informed citizens about the township's efforts to respond to the opioid epidemic.<ref name="cover2"/> Colerain's QRT members were trained to use "motivational interviewing" principles – expression of empathy to build rapport with the opiate user, helping the user to elicit the pros and cons of entering treatment, respecting the user's right to choose, and communicating to the user their capability to change – during their post-incident follow-ups with overdose victims, to attempt to divert users into addiction treatment programs.<ref name="cover2"/> They were also trained to identify [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|barriers to treatment]], to assist users and their families in preparing to remove or overcome those barriers, to move the user toward a firm commitment to action, and to engage the victim's family and enlist its help in moving the victim to action.<ref name="Mueller2018">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Will |title=Quick Response Teams – Utilization of Community Paramedicine to Address the Opiate Epidemic |url=http://ceas.uc.edu/content/dam/aero/docs/fire/Will%20Mueller%20PowerPoints.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=Colerain Township Department of Public Safety}}</ref> Follow-on counseling encounters were directed to be made in a manner that built trust, maintained discretion and confidentiality, protected the individual's right to choose his or her own care, and complied with all state and federal regulations on patient privacy (i.e.., HIPAA).<ref name="Mueller2018"/> == Efficacy == In January through June 2015 (the 6 months immediately preceding the unit's first deployment), Colerain's first responders made 96 overdose-related emergency runs (19 of which involved associated cardiac arrests). In the 6 months immediately following the QRT units' deployment, the township made 71 overdose-related emergency runs (7 of which involved associated cardiac arrests).<ref name="cover2"/> Although those initial, positive indications were not sufficient to conclusively prove the pilot program's effectiveness, they were nonetheless encouraging. A subsequent year-over-year analysis lent support to its developers hypothesis that the QRT program could be effective in reducing the number of overdoses in the community.<ref name="cover2"/> In January through June 2016, the township made 67 overdose-related emergency runs (just 6 of which involved associated cardiac arrests), representing just over a 30% reduction in such runs from the same 6-month period in the preceding year.<ref name="cover2"/> At 2016's year-end, Colerain Township's Department of Public Safety reported that its QRT units had conducted approximately 250 overdose follow-up encounters since July 2015, when the units were first deployed, and that nearly 80% of the users counseled by the unit had entered substance abuse treatment.<ref name="cover2"/> Nearby Middletown, Ohio's QRT arguably did not succeed in reducing overdose rates or overdose-related deaths in its first year of operation. Interviewed by the ''Journal-News'', Middletown's fire chief, Paul Lolli, noted that in 2016 (the year its QRT was implemented), the city's emergency response agencies made 532 overdose-related runs (comprising 5.7% of its total response volume for that year) with 74 deaths recorded. But, from January 1 – June 17, 2017, the city's agencies had already made 577 opioid overdose responses (comprising 12.4% of its EMS run volume to that point in the year) with 51 recorded deaths. In 2017, Lucas County sheriff John Tharp stated that that county's DART program had, in the 3 years since its first deployment, achieved a similar success rate, with 74% of contacted individuals having either entered detox or connected with other substance abuse treatment programs.<ref name="attgen2018"/> == Proliferation == The Colerain QRT's initial successes in addressing that township's opiate abuse epidemic garnered close attention from officials in surrounding communities, many of which expressed interest in adopting the model. Within the QRT's first 2 years of operation, communities in [[North Carolina]], northern Ohio, [[Texas]] and [[West Virginia]] contacted Colerain to inquire about its program. By June 2016, Ross County, Ohio, and its seat, Chillicothe, had launched their joint, multi-agency Post-Overdose Response Team (PORT), based on Colerain's QRT. In August 2016, Oxford, Ohio, in Butler County, had "loosely" formed a QRT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Carleigh |title=Oxford Creates First Heroin Quick Response Team |url=https://patch.com/ohio/miamiuniversity-oxford/oxford-creates-first-heroin-quick-response-team |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Oxford Patch |publisher=Patch}}</ref> By September 2016, another Cincinnati suburb, Norwood, had developed and deployed a Colerain-model QRT. In January 2017, the Funders' Response to the Heroin Epidemic – a Greater Cincinnati-based, private funding collaboration operated by InterAct for Change, a nonprofit subsidiary of Interact for Health — awarded both Colerain Township and Clermont County, Ohio, $100,000 grants to support (respectively) their QRT operational and development efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Allison |title=FRHE awards grants to address heroin epidemic |url=http://local.cincinnati.com/share/story/244463 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=Cincinnati.com |publisher=Gannett |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225520/http://local.cincinnati.com/share/story/244463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both grants were to be paid over 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MHRB awarded $100K grant to fund heroin response team |url=http://clermontcountyohio.gov/2017/01/27/mhrb-awarded-100k-grant-to-fund-heroin-response-team/ |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=ClermontCountyOhio.gov |publisher=Clermont County Government}}</ref> By March 8, 2017, two other Tristate communities — Lawrenceburg, Indiana and Kenton County, Kentucky – had developed and launched their own versions of the QRT program. In contrast to the Colerain model, Kenton County's QRT – developed by Kenton County Police Department chief Spike Jones and Independence (Ky.) Fire District chief Scott Breeze – was operated by part-time staffers. Unlike Colerain's QRT members, who are full-time employees but also pull normal fire/EMS, police patrol or special tactics team duty, Kenton County's part-time staffers are not responsible for non-QRT duties. Middletown, Ohio, implemented its QRT program in 2016; the city's fire chief, Paul Lolli, reported that 92% of users contacted by the unit had "been able to enter treatment," although he acknowledged that the program had not recorded the results experienced by those who entered treatment, rendering the program's efficacy unclear. In June 2017, citing opiate addiction as his community's "No. 1 public safety issue," Boone County, Ky., Judge-Executive Gary Moore announced that county's launch of its own Colerain-inspired overdose response team. By July 2017, several other Ohio communities – including Colerain-neighboring Green Township, the cities of Cincinnati, [[Cleveland]], Hamilton, Mansfield, Oxford and Troy, and Logan and Richland Counties – had developed and implemented QRT programs.<ref name="kern2018"/> Summit County developed its QRT in partnership with the non-profit drug abuse education and prevention organization Cover2 Resources, with significant advisory support from Colerain Township's Meloy. The county deployed QRT units in Akron, Barberton, Coventry, Cuyahoga Falls, Green, Hudson, Munroe Falls, Norton, Stow and Tallmadge, under partnership agreements with those communities.<ref name="Sandy2018" /><ref name="attgen2018"/> Indianapolis and Raleigh had also deployed QRT units as of July 2017. In June 2017, Butler County Mental Health and Addiction Recovery Services received a $660,000 federal grant, funded by provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act, to develop a mobile overdose response program in that Southwestern Ohio locality. Also in June 2017, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed into law a state budget that allotted $3&nbsp;million in grant funding to assist Ohio communities in developing their own QRT or DART programs. The grants were to be administered by the Ohio Attorney General's Office and the initial application period was set to begin in mid-July 2017.<ref name="attgen2018"/> In September 2017, Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine announced that QRT/DART development grants had been awarded to 40 Ohio [[Tabbatar da doka|law enforcement]] agencies and their partner organizations. Hancock County received $87,500 and, by the end of the year, its QRT was operational; Ottawa and Wood Counties also received funding. The Mahoning County Sheriff's Office was awarded a $150,000 grant to develop a county-wide QRT program. The Newton Falls Police Department in Trumbull County and the East Liverpool Police Department in Columbiana County each received $50,000 grants. Tuscarawas County was another of the first communities to receive an Ohio QRT/DART development grant; its sheriff's department was awarded $83,500 to start a county-wide, multi-agency program, which became operational in mid-October 2017. In December 2017, Meloy resigned from his role as Colerain Township administrator to become an addiction services consultant, helping other communities to start their own QRT programs. On June 9, 2018, during the United States Conference of Mayors’ 86th Annual Meeting in Boston, the City of Huntington, W.V. and its mayor, Steve Williams, received the City Livability Awards Program "Outstanding Achievement" honor for the successful deployment of its QRT. First given in 1979, City Livability Awards honor, "mayors and their city governments for developing programs that enhance the quality of life in urban areas," and "are given annually to ten mayors and their cities," according to the Conference's website. * Addiction recovery * Paramedicine * [[Lafiyar jama'a|Community medicine]] * Community policing * [[Rashin amfani da opium|Narcotic abuse]] * Opioid epidemic * [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|Social determinants of health]] * Intervention (counseling) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jh8nl5nywrp43pw77nlm0scf0h931lt 0 161625 892450 883421 2026-08-07T04:26:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 22 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Linda Ruth Williams''' (born 16 April 1961)<ref name="Congress">{{Cite web |title=Williams, Linda Ruth |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n94005853.html |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Library of Congress |quote=data sheet (b. 04-16-1961)}}</ref> is a professor of film studies in the department of Communications (of which she is head), Drama, and Film at the University of Exeter, UK.<ref name="exeter">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/film/staff/lwilliams/ |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref> Her special interests include sexuality and censorship in cinema and literature (she has written widely on pornography, including a book on soft-core cinema), women in film, psychoanalytic theory and D. H. Lawrence. == Biography == Williams went to school in [[Bristol]], where she grew up, and followed her English degree at the University of Sussex with an MA in Critical Theory. She earned her PhD from Sussex on ''Lawrence, [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] and [[Feminism]]''. === Career === She has lectured at Liverpool, Manchester and Exeter Universities, and, between 1994 and 2017, at Southampton University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-16 |website=University of Southampton |language=en}}</ref> She is currently Professor of Film at the University of Exeter.<ref name="exeter"/> She has written several books, including the influential ''Critical Desire: Psychoanalysis and the Literary Subject'' and ''The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema'', and is a regular contributor to the British Film Institute's ''Sight and Sound'' magazine, and to radio programmes including Woman's Hour.<ref name=":0"/> Her 2006 book, ''Contemporary American Cinema'' was co-edited with fellow Southampton lecturer Michael Hammond. == Personal life == She is married to the film critic Mark Kermode, and they have two children. She is co-curator of the annual Shetland Film Festival, Screenplay, run by Shetland Arts, and is a founding organiser of the [[New Forest Festival]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Publications == === Books === *   *   *   (With introduction by Williams.) *   *   *   *   *   === Book chapters === *   (Also wrote numerous reference entries on British Poetry since 1830 for that text.) * {{Citation|last=Susan Sellers}} * {{Citation|last=Isobel Armstrong}} :: ''Extracted as'':   * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102170542/http://newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |url-status=dead }} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272%263.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716135728/https://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272%263.html |url-status=dead }} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102170542/http://newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |url-status=dead }} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272%263.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716135728/https://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272%263.html |url-status=dead }} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33 |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423074731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lz1tskk5er60zg9ycreogjow3z604bc 0 161689 892577 883963 2026-08-07T10:53:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Jihar Moscow 57''' ( Russian ) wata makaranta ce ta gwamnati da ke gundumar Khamovniki da ke Moscow, Rasha. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1877 kuma an fi saninta da shirinta na musamman na sakandare a fannin lissafi da tsofaffin ɗalibai. == Tarihi == === Kafawa da Makaranta 4 (1877–1968) === [[Fayil:Shkola_57.jpg|thumb|Makarantar ta fara ne a shekarar 1877.]] A shekarar 1877, {{Interlanguage link|Karl Masing|ru|Мазинг, Карл Карлович}}, wani injiniya kuma malami ɗan ƙasar Rasha, ya kafa makarantar [[Makarantar Gaskiya|realschule]] a Maly Znamensky Lane, <ref name="KarlMasing">{{Cite web |title=Karl Masing |url=http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124155953/http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |archive-date=2016-11-24 |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=Discover Moscow}}</ref> wanda nan da nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin makarantun sana'o'i mafi ci gaba a Rasha. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, makarantar sakandare ta koma makarantar kwana mai darussa kan fasahar ado sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa Makarantar 4. Ta shahara a gwamnatin Soviet, inda manyan jami'an gwamnati suka tura 'ya'yansu can. <ref name="M24">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title="Познавательный фильм": Школа №57 -- братство умников и умниц |trans-title="Educational film": School No. 57 -- the brotherhood of brainies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_mKQvp3wyc/ |access-date=2016-10-27 |publisher=[[Moscow 24 (TV channel)|Moscow 24]] |language=ru |via=YouTube}}</ref> A shekarar 1936, an sake sauya makarantar, inda aka mayar da ita makarantar koyon sana'o'i, aka kuma sami lambar 57 a tsarin ilimin Moscow. === Darussan lissafi da sabbin cibiyoyin karatu (1968-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Moscow,_M.Znamenskiy_7_str_8_(2010s)_by_shakko_01.jpg|thumb|Makaranta ta 57 a yau]] A shekarar 1968, Nikolay Konstantinov, wani malamin lissafi na Rasha, ya kafa azuzuwan lissafi na musamman a makarantar. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa na Konstantinov a waɗannan azuzuwan har zuwa yau kuma an raba su da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerovitch |first=Slava |title=Parallel Worlds: Formal Structures and Informal Mechanisms of Postwar Soviet Mathematics |url=http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/articles/Gerovitch-Parallel-Worlds.pdf |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> == Yin rijista == Shiga makarantar firamare gasa ce kuma bisa ga sakamakon jarrabawar ɗaliban da suka riga suka yi rajista a shirin makarantar na dole bisa ga kuɗin makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Группы развивающего обучения |trans-title=Preparatory classes |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/prep.html#pre |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, kwamitin shiga ya yi la'akari da masu neman aiki sama da dubu don guraben aiki 130. Ta hanyar kiyaye kyakkyawan matsayi, ɗaliban za su iya tabbatar da ci gaba da karatunsu a makarantar sakandare da sakandare. Makarantar 57 tana da azuzuwan karatu na gabaɗaya tare da shirye-shiryenta na musamman kuma tana da tsarin shiga daban don azuzuwan musamman a fannin lissafi, ilimin ɗan adam <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Natalia |title=Гуманитарные классы |trans-title=Humanities classes |url=http://sch57.ru/publications/humanities.html |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> da ilimin halittu, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Биологический класс 57-й школы г. Москвы |trans-title=Biology classes at Moscow's School 57 |url=http://www.fbb.msu.ru/doc/index.php?ID=224 |publisher=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University |language=ru |access-date=2026-07-16 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408062953/http://www.fbb.msu.ru/doc/index.php?ID=224 |url-status=dead }}</ref> na makarantar da kuma {{Interlanguage link|MSU Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics|ru|Факультет биоинженерии и биоинформатики МГУ}} na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics |url=http://en.fbb.msu.ru/ |publisher=Moscow State University}}</ref> Kwamitin shiga yana la'akari da ɗaruruwan masu neman guraben karatu 20-25 a kowane aji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Приём в школу |trans-title=Admission to the school |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/ |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Makarantar 57 tana ƙaddamar da azuzuwan lissafi guda biyu kowace shekara, tare da manhajoji na shekaru huɗu da uku, kowannensu yana ɗaukar ɗalibai kusan 20-25 waɗanda suka nuna mafi kyawun ƙwarewar warware matsaloli yayin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen. Makarantar tana shirya darussa na shiri kyauta waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke da sha'awar haɓaka waɗannan ƙwarewar. Fayil ɗin da ya haɗa da kyaututtuka daga gasannin lissafi na iya ƙarfafa aikace-aikacen. == Malamai == Ɗaliban da ke cikin azuzuwan ƙwarewa suna samun horo mai zurfi a fannonin ƙwarewa, galibi suna ba da kayan aiki na matakin kwaleji a shekarunsu na ƙanana da na gaba. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun azuzuwan ƙwararru galibi suna ci gaba da karatun digiri na kwaleji a manyan jami'o'in Rasha, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collier |first=Sabrina |date=25 July 2016 |title=Top 10 Universities in Russia 2016 |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-10-universities-russia-2016 |publisher=TopUniversities}}</ref> ciki har da Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta Ƙasa, Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, da Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Fasaha ta Moscow . === Azuzuwan kimiyyar lissafi === Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni a makarantar. Ƙwararru a fannonin STEM suna aiki tare da ɗalibai daga aji 8 zuwa 11 don shirya su don Gasar Olympics ta 'Yan Makaranta ta Rasha . Manhajar ilimi ta haɗa da lissafi (bambanci, haɗin kai, ka'idar lamba, da sauransu), injiniyoyi masu ci gaba, na'urorin gani, ka'idar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma harshen Turanci don dalilai na ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Физико-математические классы, ГБОУ Школа № 57, Москва |url=https://57.mskobr.ru/proekty/nashi-proekty/fiziko-matematicheskie-klassyi |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=57.mskobr.ru }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Azuzuwan Lissafi === Tsarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane yana cikin ginshiƙin tsarin ilimin azuzuwan lissafi na musamman. Koyar da azuzuwan lissafi na musamman ba ya takaita ga ma'aikatan malamai kawai ba - ƙarin malamai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu tsofaffin ɗalibai ne masu aikin sa kai, suna da hannu don ba wa kowane ɗalibi kulawa da ya dace. Maimakon koyon kayan daga littafin karatu, ɗalibai suna gano shi ta hanyar warware jerin matsaloli. Dalibai suna gabatar da mafita ga malamai a tattaunawa ɗaya-ɗaya. Wannan hanyar, wadda Konstantinov ya gabatar, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da tasiri kuma wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a Rasha da ƙasashen waje sun karɓe ta, ciki har da Makarantar 179, Jami'ar Moscow mai zaman kanta da kuma Kwalejin Lissafi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki. Malamai da dama na Makaranta 57 sun kuma rubuta littattafan karatu <ref>{{Cite book|ref=1}}</ref> waɗanda ke bin hanyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1mxtcy32la854udlb12rfun4dtwwy09 0 162043 892578 885802 2026-08-07T11:05:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar CITA International School''', wacce aka fi sani da '''CITA''', makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta Kirista a [[Jihar Rivers]], Najeriya. CITA tana ba da ilimin yara [[Makarantar sakandare|na firamare]], [[Makarantar Firamare|firamare]] da sakandare ga yara 'yan watanni 6 zuwa shekaru 16. An kafa makarantar a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1981. Da farko tana aiki a matsayin makarantar renon yara da firamare har zuwa 2001, lokacin da aka kafa sashen makarantar sakandare. <ref name="CITA1">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/about_ |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607105629/http://www.cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/about_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu, makarantar renon yara da firamare tana kan wani yanki mai kyau na gidan gwamnati na [[Rumuogba]] a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]], <ref name="CITA2">{{Cite web |title=About CITA High |url=http://cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/cita_nursery__primary_school_clubs |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623232550/http://cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/cita_nursery__primary_school_clubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> yayin da makarantar sakandare take a Rumuochokota a yankin karamar hukumar [[Etche]] . <ref name="CITA3">{{Cite web |title=About CITA High |url=http://cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/cita_high |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607105952/http://www.cita-international-school.eschools.co.uk/website/cita_high |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == p6rzblog1c9ucn1mcx69lrx7qdz2hqx 0 162174 892486 886694 2026-08-07T06:30:20Z BnHamid 12586 892486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birgediya Janar '''Koko Essien''' (mai ritaya) tsohon jami'in rundunar sojin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda a halin yanzu yake matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Tsaron Cikin Gida da Hanyoyin Ruwa na [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whistler |first=The |date=2025-02-21 |title=Akwa Ibom Assembly Confirms 27 Commissioner-Nominees |url=https://thewhistler.ng/akwa-ibom-assembly-confirms-27-commissioner-nominees/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-01-15 |title=2024 Armed Forces Remembrance Day Speech by His Excellency, Governor Umo Eno - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/2024-armed-forces-remembrance-day-speech-by-his-excellency-governor-umo-eno/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/2024-armed-forces-remembrance-day-speech-by-his-excellency-governor-umo-eno/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-12-29 |title=A'Ibom Govt Launches 14 Gunboats, Partners Nigerian Navy to Boost Waterways Security - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/aibom-govt-launches-14-gunboats-partners-nigerian-navy-to-boost-waterways-security/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/aibom-govt-launches-14-gunboats-partners-nigerian-navy-to-boost-waterways-security/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Essien ya fito ne daga ƙaramar hukumar Uruan da ke [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Lovina |date=2025-02-12 |title=Three former Federal lawmakers, 24 others make Gov Eno's Commissioners, Special Advisers' list |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/12/three-former-federal-lawmakers-24-others-make-gov-enos-commissioners-special-advisers-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Aiki == A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, Gwamna [[Umo Eno]] ya kafa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsaron Cikin Gida da Hanyoyin Ruwa domin kula da dabarun tsaro a faɗin jihar. Daga nan aka naɗa Essien a matsayin kwamishina domin jagorantar wannan sabuwar ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Kayode |date=2025-06-10 |title=COAS Restates Army's Commitment To Boost Troops' Morale |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/10/coas-restates-armys-commitment-to-boost-troops-morale/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Abasi-Ekeme |date=October 26, 2023 |title=Ban on motorcycles still in force within Uyo – Akwa Ibom govt |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/637535-ban-on-motorcycles-still-in-force-within-uyo-akwa-ibom-govt.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2025-02-11 |title=A'Ibom gov submits 27 commissioner, SA nominees to assembly |url=https://punchng.com/aibom-gov-submits-27-commissioner-sa-nominees-to-assembly/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2wlgak49nn8af7sz9ifoawbeu1isguu 0 162180 892438 887928 2026-08-07T01:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Lateef Raji | honorific_suffix = | image = Lateef Raji.jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1962|10|12}} | birth_place = Idoani, [[Ondo State]], Nigeria | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2017|08|14|1962|10|12}} | death_place =Magodo, [[Lagos State]], Nigeria | death_cause = | burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --> | nationality = | other_names = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *Irekari Grammar School *New Church High School *[[University of Lagos]]}} | occupation = {{flatlist| *businessman*}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works" --> | party = | spouse = | children = | awards = | website = {{URL|lateefraji.com}} | module = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Lateef Oludare Raji''' (12 ga Oktoba, 1962 – 14 ga Agusta, 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/03/biography-of-lateef-raji.html |title=Biography of Lateef Raji |publisher=Nigerian Biography |accessdate=27 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> tsohon mai ba da shawara ne kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da dabaru ga tsohon gwamnan [[Legas|Jihar Legas]], [[Babatunde Raji Fashola]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ekene-Okoro|first1=Mirian|title=Fashola's men and their 2015 ambition|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/fasholas-men-and-their-2015-ambition/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=2 September 2014|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> Haka kuma ya taɓa zama kwamishina a gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan [[Legas|Jihar Legas]], [[Bola Tinubu]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Citizen|first1=The|title=Buhari, biographer lied in new book – APC chieftains|url=http://thecitizenng.com/buhari-biographer-lied-in-new-book-apc-chieftains/|accessdate=25 January 2017|publisher=The Citizen Ng}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=News|first1=Per second|title=Ministers, Govs Unchanging Game plan: Gang up on Tinubu|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/232453/ministers-govs-unchanging-game-plan-gang-up-on-tinubu.html|accessdate=25 January 2017|publisher=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 2017, ya kasance mamba a kwamitin [[Lagos State Independent Electoral Commission]] (LASIEC).<ref name="LAB">{{cite news|last1=Admin|title=Live above board, be fair to all, Ambode tells LASIEC|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/live-board-fair-ambode-lasiec/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=25 January 2017|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Olufowobi|first1=Sesan|title=Ex-Lagos CJ to become LASIEC boss|url=http://punchng.com/ex-lagos-cj-become-lasiec-boss/|accessdate=25 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Raji a [[Jihar Ondo]]. Ya fara karatunsa a Irekari Grammar School, Idoani, tsakanin shekarun 1974 zuwa 1978. Daga nan ya halarci New Church High School, Owo, a Jihar Ondo a shekarar 1978, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare (Ordinary Level School Certificate) a shekarar 1980.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Principal officers of LASIEC|url=http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/|website=LASIEC|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045117/http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan haka ya wuce [[Unilag|Jami'ar Legas]] domin karantar tarihi. Ya samu digirin Bachelor of Arts (Hons) a shekarar 1997 sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (Master's degree) a fannin tarihi a shekarar 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adeleye|first1=Maxwell|title=Fashola's ex aide Lateef Raji joins Ondo Governorship Race|url=http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/|website=African Spotlight|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040910/http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Aiki da siyasa== Raji ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Edita a kamfanin Ahrada West African Publishing tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya aka ƙara masa girma zuwa Babban Edita (Editor-in-Chief), mukamin da ya riƙe daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Najeriya a World Education Resources Centre da ke Birtaniya tsakanin shekarun 2003 zuwa 2007. Daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (CEO) na kamfanin Thrazel Nigerian.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Principal officers of LASIEC|url=http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/|website=LASIEC|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045117/http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan haka ya fara karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a [[Jami'ar Legas]], Legas.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abatti|first1=Tolani|title=Lateef Raji recaps how he survived cancer of the throat|url=http://encomium.ng/lateef-raji-recaps-how-he-survived-cancer-of-the-throat/|accessdate=25 January 2017|publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Raji ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1999, inda ya zama sakataren jam'iyyar [[Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)|Alliance for Democracy]] na [[Legas|Jihar Legas]]. Daga baya ya zama shugaban ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin jam'iyyar lokacin da ta rabu gida biyu. Ana kuma danganta shi da ƙirƙirar tambarin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC), kasancewar hannun da ke riƙe da tsintsiya a tambarin jam'iyyar nasa ne tun daga lokacin da jam'iyyar take [[Action Congress of Nigeria]] har zuwa lokacin da ta koma [[All Progressives Congress|APC]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abatti|first1=Tolani|title=Lateef Raji recaps how he survived cancer of the throat|url=http://encomium.ng/lateef-raji-recaps-how-he-survived-cancer-of-the-throat/|accessdate=25 January 2017|publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Ya nemi tikitin tsayawa takarar [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Oshodi-Isolo|Osodi/Isolo]] a shekarar 2011 ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]], amma bai samu tikitin jam'iyyar ba. Daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman kan Yaɗa Labarai da Dabaru ga tsohon gwamnan [[Legas|Jihar Legas]], [[Babatunde Raji Fashola]], tsakanin shekarun 2011 zuwa 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akoni|first1=Olasunkanmi|title=Fashola sears in Commissioners|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/07/fashola-swears-in-commissioners/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=25 January 2017|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> A babban zaɓen shekarar 2015 ya sake neman wakiltar mazaɓarsa ta [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] ta [[Oshodi-Isolo|Osodi/Isolo]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oladesu|first1=Emmanuel|title=Who emerges as Lagos APC governorship candidate?|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/emerges-lagos-apc-governorship-candidate/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=25 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> amma ya sake rasa tikitin jam'iyyar<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akinrefon|first1=Dapo|title=APC: Bayewu withdraws from Lagos West sen race|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/apc-bayewu-withdraws-lagos-west-sen-race-2/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=25 January 2017|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ga Hon. Timothy Olumuyiwa Olubintan. Daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu neman takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Ondo]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adeleye|first1=Maxwell|title=Fashola's ex aide Lateef Raji joins Ondo Governorship Race|url=http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/|website=African Spotlight|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040910/http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sirenayo|title=There's no government in Ondo State, Mimiko is a palace Chief – Lateef Raji, APC Chieftain|url=http://www.sirkenayo.com/theres-no-government-in-ondo-state-mimiko-is-a-palace-chief-lateef-raji-apc-chieftain/|website=Sirkenayo|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404010551/http://www.sirkenayo.com/theres-no-government-in-ondo-state-mimiko-is-a-palace-chief-lateef-raji-apc-chieftain/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, gwamnan [[Akinwunmi Ambode]] ya naɗa shi a matsayin mamba na kwamitin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Legas (LASIEC).<ref name="LAB"/> ==Rayuwar sirri== Raji Musulmi ne. Ya auri Alhaja Raji kuma suna da 'ya'ya huɗu.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Abatti|first1=Tolani|title=Lateef Raji recaps how he survived cancer of the throat|url=http://encomium.ng/lateef-raji-recaps-how-he-survived-cancer-of-the-throat/|website=Emcomium|date=21 October 2014 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> ==Mutuwa== Raji ya rasu da sanyin safiyar ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2017 sakamakon cutar [[Oropharyngeal cancer|kansar maƙogwaro]]. Daga bisani aka binne shi a wannan rana a garinsu na Idoani da ke [[Jihar Ondo]], bisa ga koyarwar addinin Musulunci.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://saharareporters.com/2017/08/14/former-fashola-aide-lateef-raji-dead|title=Former Fashola Aide Lateef Raji Is Dead|work=Sahara Reporters|date=14 August 2017}}</ref> ==Manazarta== k5sxu88xk37c9svysvbmcewz3tq93bu 0 162377 892338 888263 2026-08-06T19:40:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Duke Blue Devils ta 1962 ta wakilci Jami'ar Duke a matsayin memba na Taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar wasan kwallon kafa ta Jami'ar NCAA ta 1962. A karkashin jagorancin kocin shekaru 12 William D. Murray, Blue Devils sun tara rikodin 8-2 tare da alamar 6-0 a wasan taro, inda suka lashe taken ACC a karo na uku a jere. Duke ya kasance a matsayi na 8 a cikin Zaben AP don bude kakar wasa da USC, amma ya fice daga cikin matsayi bayan asarar kuma ba a sake sanya shi ba har zuwa sauran kakar. Blue Devils sun ki gayyatar yin wasa a Gator Bowl ta 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking Back... A Look Inside Duke's Gridiron Success in the Early 1960s |url=http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=620497 |website=goduke.com |access-date=2026-07-27 |archive-date=2018-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806055138/http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=620497 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duke ta 1962 ACC title ita ce ta karshe da makarantar ta lashe gasar zakarun har zuwa kakar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Brian |date=6 December 2025 |title=Duke tops Virginia in overtime for first ACC football title since 1962 |url=https://www.wralsportsfan.com/duke-takes-on-virginia-in-acc-championship-football-game-december-2025/22275929/ |website=WRALSportsFan.com |language=en}}</ref> == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 22 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | rank = 8 | opponent = [[1962 USC Trojans football team|USC]] | site_stadium = [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] | site_cityst = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | score = 7–14 | attend = 26,400 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee-trojans-topple-favore/139154631/|work=The Sacramento Bee|title=Trojans topple favored Duke 14–7|date=September 23, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 29 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1962 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]] | site_stadium = [[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]] | score = 21–8 | attend = 24,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-duke-scores-in-2nd-h/139154700/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Duke scores in 2nd half|date=September 30, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 6 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | neutral = y | opponent = [[1962 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] | site_stadium = [[Gator Bowl Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, FL]] | score = 28–21 | attend = 30,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-down-210-duke-s/133352899/|work=The Charlotte Observer|title=Down 21–0, Duke storms back, 28–21|date=October 7, 1962|accessdate=October 12, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 13 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | homecoming = y | opponent = [[1962 California Golden Bears football team|California]] | site_stadium = Duke Stadium | site_cityst = Durham, NC | score = 21–7 | attend = 31,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-danville-register-duke-beats-calif/139154774/|work=The Danville Register|title=Duke beats Calif., 21–7|date=October 14, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 20 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1962 Clemson Tigers football team|Clemson]] | site_stadium = [[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]] | score = 16–0 | attend = 38,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-macon-news-duke-blanks-tigers-160/139154876/|work=The Macon Telegraph & News|title=Duke blanks Tigers, 16–0|date=October 21, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 27 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1962 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = Duke Stadium | site_cityst = Durham, NC | gamename = [[Tobacco Road (rivalry)#Football|rivalry]] | score = 21–14 | attend = 23,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-state-duke-comes-back-to-beat-wolfpa/139154928/|work=The State|title=Duke comes back to beat Wolfpack|date=October 28, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 3 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1962 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team|Georgia Tech]] | site_stadium = Duke Stadium | site_cityst = Durham, NC | score = 9–20 | attend = 44,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-duke-convinced-by-lothri/133354385/|work=St. Petersburg Times|title=Duke convinced by Lothridge|date=November 4, 1962|accessdate=October 12, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 10 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1962 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]] | site_stadium = Duke Stadium | site_cityst = Durham, NC | score = 10–7 | attend = 26,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-duke-tops-maryland-ter/139154976/|work=The Tampa Tribune|title=Duke tops Maryland Terps 10–7|date=November 11, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 17 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1962 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[Bowman Gray Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem, NC]] | gamename = [[Tobacco Road (rivalry)#Football|rivalry]] | score = 50–0 | attend = 12,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/johnson-city-press-duke-bounces-wake-for/139155063/|work=Johnson City Press-Chronicle|title=Duke bounces Wake Forest eleven, 50–0|date=November 18, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 24 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1962 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]] | site_stadium = [[Kenan Memorial Stadium|Kenan Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]] | gamename = [[Victory Bell (Duke–North Carolina)|Victory Bell]] | score = 16–14 | attend = 40,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-last-minute-win-to-duk/139155119/|work=The Baltimore Sun|title=Last-minute win to Duke|date=November 25, 1962|accessdate=January 20, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|rankyear=1962|poll=AP}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=1962 Duke Blue Devils |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/duke/1962-schedule.html |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hm2zfyn5jfyzn92kvgifo2ntfsd3mtk 0 162415 892557 888536 2026-08-07T09:20:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Innocent Mdledle (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba 1985 a Matatiele, Gabashin Cape) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu da ya yi ritaya. a gasar Firimiya da kuma tawagar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007, an kara Mdledle a cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da ke fafatawa a gasar cin Kofin COSAFA na 2007, duk da cewa yana Kafin ya fara buga wa tawagar kasa wasa, Mdledle ya kasance dan wasa ne mai ban sha'awa a tawagar Afirka ta Kudu ta kasa da shekaru 23, wanda aka fi sani da ''Amaglug-glug'' . Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin FIFA Confederations ta 2009. Ya taba buga wa Witbank Spurs, Orlando Pirates, da Mamelodi Sundowns wasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{FIFA player|268244|Innocent Mdledle}} * {{NFT player|22693}} * [http://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/playerprofiles.asp?Id=1873 Bayanan mai kunnawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728051228/http://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/playerprofiles.asp?Id=1873 |date=2011-07-28 }} An adana shi 28 Yuli 2011 a [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 3tsbx7s487sxpecmx9hyvm23osqicsc 0 162593 892437 889666 2026-08-07T01:42:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Lanre Issa-Onilu | image = | caption = | office = Director-General of the National Orientation Agency | president = Bola Ahmed Tinubu | term_start = 23 October 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = National Publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congres | term_start1 = 23 June 2018 | term_end1 = 25 June 2020 | predecessor1 = Bolaji Abdullahi | successor1 = Yekini Nabena (acting) | birth_name = Lanre Issa-Onilu | birth_date = | birth_place = Kwara State, Nigeria | education = University of Lagos<br>University of Ibadan | occupation = Public administrator<br>Communications strategist<br>Journalist | profession = Public relations }} '''Mallam Lanre Issa-Onilu''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai ƙwarewa a harkokin sadarwa, aikin jarida da gudanarwar gwamnati. Tun daga watan Oktoban shekarar 2023 yake riƙe da muƙamin Babban Darakta-Janar (Director-General) na [[National Orientation Agency (Nigeria)|Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA)]], bayan da Shugaban Ƙasa [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa shi. Kafin wannan naɗin, ya kasance Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Kobor |date=2025-06-07 |title=Building a better nation is a shared responsibility — DG NOA, Issa-Onilu |url=https://guardian.ng/interview/building-a-better-nation-is-a-shared-responsibility-dg-noa-issa-onilu/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abuja |first=Vincent Ikuomola |date=2026-05-26 |title=Children's Day: NOA charges young Nigerians on patriotism |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/childrens-day-noa-charges-young-nigerians-on-patriotism/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Lanre Issa-Onilu ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya. Ya samu digiri a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a (Mass Communication) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] ([[University of Lagos]]), sannan ya yi karatun digiri na gaba (Postgraduate Degree) a fannin Communication Arts a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] ([[University of Ibadan]]). Haka kuma ya halarci ƙwararrun horo kan sadarwar siyasa da dabarun sadarwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Oluwagbemi |first=Ayodele |date=2018-10-13 |title=APC appoints Lanre Issa-Onilu as National Publicity Secretary |url=https://punchng.com/apc-appoints-lanre-issa-onilu-as-national-publicity-secretary/ |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LeaderBox - Political Leadership Platform |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/lanre-issa-onilu |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=leaderbox.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == === Aikin jarida da sadarwa === Kafin shiga siyasa, Issa-Onilu ya yi aiki a fannin aikin jarida da hulɗa da jama'a (Public Relations). Ya yi aiki da cibiyoyin yaɗa labarai daban-daban a Najeriya tare da gudanar da ayyukan ba da shawara kan sadarwa da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2025-09-05 |title=The giant strides of Lanre Issa-Onilu at NOA, By Emma Ibediro |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/818855-the-giant-strides-of-lanre-issa-onilu-at-noa-by-emma-ibediro.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === A watan Agustan shekarar 2018, an zaɓi Issa-Onilu a matsayin Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) a babban taron ƙasa na jam'iyyar. Ya kasance babban mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar har zuwa shekarar 2020, lokacin da kwamitin riƙon ƙwarya ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin jam'iyyar. A lokacin da yake wannan muƙami, ya wakilci jam'iyyar wajen bayyana matsayinta kan manufofin gwamnati da harkokin zaɓe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2026-03-19 |title=NOA DG, Lanre Issa-Onilu, in the mix for Kwara governorship 2027, By Alabi Abdulmalik |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/865299-noa-dg-lanre-issa-onilu-in-the-mix-for-kwara-governorship-2027-by-alabi-abdulmalik.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref> === Babban Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA) === A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2023, Shugaban Ƙasa [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa Issa-Onilu a matsayin Babban Darakta-Janar na [[National Orientation Agency (Nigeria)|Hukumar Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Ƙasa (NOA)]]. Hukumar na da alhakin wayar da kan jama'a, ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa game da hakkokinsu da nauyin da ke kansu, inganta ƙimar ƙasa, da kuma isar da manufofin gwamnati ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwafemi |first=Ayodele |date=2023-10-19 |title=Tinubu appoints Issa-Onilu as NOA boss, names DGs for NBC, ARCON |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-issa-onilu-as-noa-boss-names-dgs-for-nbc-arcon/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emir of Ilorin Thanks Tinubu for Appointing Issa-Onilu as NOA DG – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/10/30/emir-of-ilorin-thanks-tinubu-for-appointing-issa-onilu-as-noa-dg/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NOA |url=https://www.noa.gov.ng/about/? |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=[www.noa.gov.ng](http://www.noa.gov.ng)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NPF {{!}} Home |url=https://npf.gov.ng/news/details/575 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222180300/https://npf.gov.ng/news/details/575 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=[www.npf.gov.ng](http://www.npf.gov.ng) |url-status=live }}</ref> === Burin siyasa === A shekarar 2026, Issa-Onilu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman tikitin takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Kwara]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin shiga zaɓen gwamna na shekarar 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanbi |first=Tunde |date=2026-03-15 |title=NOA DG. Issa-Onilu joins Kwara 2027 governorship race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/864241-noa-dg-issa-onilu-joins-kwara-2027-governorship-race.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Chidi |date=2026-03-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: NOA DG Lanre Issa-Onilu may join Kwara governorship race |url=https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-noa-dg-lanre-issa-onilu-may-join-kwara-governorship-race/ |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == k4r3xu0kp67fs5o4sh4fk1pd8rclr6o 0 162600 892105 889837 2026-08-06T12:14:41Z A09 23573 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 892105 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Wrong language. unsupervised crosswiki machine translation abuse <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{Databox|Q485496}} '''Shymkent''' ({{Lang-kk|Шымкент}}; har zuwa shekarar 1992 ana rubuta sunan a hukumance da '''Chimkent''' a harshen Rasha) birni ne da ke kudancin [[Kazakistan]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin birane uku masu matsayi na jamhuriya a ƙasar tare da [[Astana]] da [[Almaty]]. Shymkent yana zama sashe na musamman na gudanarwa da ƙasa, don haka ba ya cikin Yankin Turkistan da yake kewaye da shi. Birnin ya sami matsayin birni mai muhimmanci na jamhuriya a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="decree2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |title=Wasu batutuwa game da tsarin gudanarwa da yankunan Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |date=2018-06-19 |publisher=Shafin hukuma na Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2026, birnin yana da mazauna 1,308,120; ta fuskar yawan jama'a Shymkent shi ne birni na uku a Kazakistan bayan Almaty da Astana.<ref name="population2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/341320/file/ru/ |title=Yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Kazakistan a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2026 |date=2026-07-01 |format=XLSX |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Faɗin yankin gudanarwar birnin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 1,163.<ref name="development">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent/documents/details/572558?lang=ru |title=Shirin raya birnin Shymkent na shekarun 2021—2025 |date=2023-12-21 |publisher=Gwamnatin birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Shymkent yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu, cinikayya, sufuri, ilimi da al'adu na kudancin ƙasar. Masana'antun sarrafawa, cinikayya, gine-gine, sufuri da hidimomi suna da muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikinsa; musamman matatar mai, masana'antar magunguna, sarrafa abinci da kera kayan gini.<ref name="stat2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ |title=Birnin Shymkent: taƙaitattun sakamakon ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin yankin |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Binciken kayan tarihi da aka yi a tsohon mazaunin da ke cibiyar tarihi ya gano tarin shimfiɗar al'adu mai kauri har zuwa mita 14; tukwane daga matakan ƙasa sun kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na uku zuwa farkon ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Yesu. Bisa wannan, ana ƙiyasta cewa mazaunin birnin ya kai aƙalla shekaru 2,200.<ref name="archaeology">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/60485?lang=ru |title=Tsohon mazaunin Shymkent |publisher=Sashen yawon buɗe ido, hulɗar waje da masana'antun kirkire-kirkire na birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙayyadadden shekarun mazaunin ta hanyar kayan tarihi ba daidai yake da ranar da aka fara ambaton sunan a rubuce ba: sunan ya bayyana a cikin ''Zafarnama'' na Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 15 yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun 1365—1366.<ref name="zafar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent-turizm/press/news/details/72607?lang=ru |title=Dalilai bakwai na ziyartar Shymkent |publisher=Sashen yawon buɗe ido, hulɗar waje da masana'antun kirkire-kirkire na birnin Shymkent |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Asalin suna == Wata fassara da aka fi sani tana danganta sunan birnin da kalmomin ''chim'' ko ''shym'', masu nufin “ciyawar ƙasa”, “ciyawa”, “makiyaya” ko “wuri mai kore”, da kuma ''kent'', wato “birni” ko “mazauni”. Bisa wannan fahimta, sunan yana iya nufin “birni mai kore”, “birni a tsakiyar makiyaya” ko “birni mai bunƙasa”. Ƙarin ''-kent'', wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar al'adar sunayen wurare ta Iran, yana bayyana a sunayen wurare da yawa na Asiya ta Tsakiya, ciki har da [[Tashkent]], Zharkent da Mankent.<ref name="investintro">{{Cite web |url=https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/doing-business-here/intro/ |title=Birnin Shymkent: cikakken bayani |publisher=Kamfanin ƙasa Kazakh Invest |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> A majiyoyin harshen Rasha na ƙarnuka na 19 da 20, rubutun '''Chimkent''' ya zama ruwan dare. A shekarar 1914 an sake wa birnin suna '''Chernyaev''' don girmama Janar Mikhail Chernyaev, wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Rasha wajen karɓar birnin a 1864. A shekarar 1924 an maido da tsohon sunan. Ta hanyar ƙudurin Shugabancin Majalisar Koli ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan na 8 ga Satumba 1992, an daidaita rubutun sunan a harshen Rasha zuwa '''Shymkent'''.<ref name="rename1992">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920001800_ |title=Game da sauya suna da daidaita rubutun sunayen wasu sassan gudanarwa da yankuna na Jamhuriyar Kazakistan a harshen Rasha |date=1992-09-08 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zamanin da da Tsakiyar Zamani === Mutane sun zauna a yankin Shymkent na yau tun zamanin da. Tsohon mazaunin yana cikin cibiyar tarihi ta birnin, kuma faɗinsa kusan hekta 4.5 ne. Haƙa ƙasa da masana daga Cibiyar Kayan Tarihi ta A. H. Margulan da Jami'ar Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov suka gudanar, sun gano jerin shimfiɗar al'adu na zamanin da, farkon Tsakiyar Zamani da ƙarshen Tsakiyar Zamani.<ref name="archaeology"/> Ci gaban mazaunin ya danganta da matsayinsa a ƙasan tsaunukan yammacin [[Tian Shan]], a kan hanyoyin da suka haɗa kwarin Syr Darya, wuraren noma na Mawarannahr da filayen Kazakistan. A kusa da shi akwai Sayram, wanda marubutan Tsakiyar Zamani suka sani da Ispijab, kuma ya kasance babbar cibiyar kan hanyoyin Hanyar Siliki. An ambaci sunan Shymkent a cikin ''Zafarnama'' na Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi yayin bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a 1365—1366. A lokuta daban-daban birnin da kewayensa sun shiga ƙarƙashin tasirin daulolin Asiya ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Timuridawa da Daular Kazakh. A ƙarnuka na 17 da 18, yaƙe-yaƙen Kazakh da Dzungar sun shafi yankin; daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa rabin farko na ƙarni na 19, Daular Kokand da Masarautar Bukhara sun yi takara kan biranen kudancin Kazakistan. === Daular Kokand da Daular Rasha === A farkon ƙarni na 19, Shymkent ya shiga cikin Daular Kokand. Kusan shekarar 1810 an mayar da birnin sansanin soja da cibiyar gudanarwa mai katanga. Kagarar tana kan wani tudu a tsakiyar mazaunin, tana kuma sa ido kan hanyoyin da suka haɗa Tashkent, Turkistan da yankunan ƙasan tsaunuka. A watan Satumba 1864 sojojin Rasha suka karɓi Chimkent. Daga baya birnin ya zama cibiyar gunduma a Yankin Syr-Darya na Babban Gwamnatin Turkistan.<ref name="history1864">{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/media/attachments/2022/03/24/5-..-25-29.pdf |title=Masu binciken Rasha game da birnin Shymkent |publisher=Jami'ar Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov |format=PDF |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Kafin juyin juya halin Rasha, tattalin arzikin birnin ya dogara ne kan cinikayya, sana'o'in hannu da sarrafa amfanin gona. A shekarun 1880 an kafa masana'antar samar da santonin daga wani nau'in ciyawar ''Artemisia cina'', wadda ta zama tushen masana'antar magunguna ta Shymkent ta zamani. Gina layin dogo a farkon ƙarni na 20 ya ƙara muhimmancin birnin a matsayin cibiyar cinikayya da sufuri. === Zamanin Tarayyar Soviet === Bayan kafa mulkin Soviet, birnin ya kasance bi-da-bi a cikin Jamhuriyar Soviet mai cin gashin kanta ta Turkistan, Jamhuriyar Soviet mai cin gashin kanta ta Kazakh da Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Kazakh. A shekarar 1924 an maido wa birnin Chernyaev sunan Chimkent. A 1932 ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa ta sabon Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan.<ref name="museumhistory">{{Cite web |url=https://museum.bhost.kz/index.php/ru/about-uko/history-uko/26-o-yuko/162-history-of-uko-part1 |title=Tarihin Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan tun farkon ƙarni na 20 |publisher=Gidan tarihin tarihi da al'adun gargajiya na Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> A lokacin bunƙasa masana'antu, an gina ko faɗaɗa masana'antun ƙarafa marasa baƙin ƙarfe, sinadarai da magunguna, mai da kitse, abinci da masana'antar tufafi. Manyan masana'antun sun haɗa da masana'antar gubar Chimkent da masana'antar sinadarai da magunguna. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kwashe masana'antu da hukumomi daga yammacin Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Chimkent; birnin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin masana'antu na bayan fage. A shekarun bayan yaƙi, yawan jama'a da faɗin Chimkent sun karu da sauri. An gina sababbin unguwannin zama, masana'antun injina da kayan gini, da cibiyoyin ilimi da lafiya. A shekarun 1980 aka fara aiki da Matatar Man Shymkent. === Kazakistan mai cin gashin kanta === Bayan Kazakistan ta ayyana 'yancin kai, Shymkent ya ci gaba da kasancewa babbar cibiyar tattalin arzikin kudancin ƙasar. A shekarar 1992 an canja rubutun sunan birnin na Rasha daga Chimkent zuwa Shymkent.<ref name="rename1992"/> A shekarar 2014 an faɗaɗa iyakokin gudanarwar birnin sosai ta hanyar haɗa filaye da ƙauyukan gundumomin da ke kusa. A wannan shekarar aka kafa gundumar birni ta huɗu, wadda daga baya aka ba ta suna Karatau.<ref name="district2014">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V14UA002836 |title=Kafa gunduma ta huɗu da ƙayyade iyakokin gundumomin birnin Shymkent |date=2014-10-07 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2018, an sanya Shymkent cikin rukunin birane masu matsayi na jamhuriya. An mayar da cibiyar gudanarwar Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan zuwa [[Turkistan]], sannan aka sauya sunan yankin zuwa Yankin Turkistan.<ref name="decree2018"/> A shekarar 2022 aka kafa gundumar gudanarwa ta biyar, wato Turan.<ref name="turan2022">{{Cite web |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V22E0029189 |title=Kafa sabuwar gunduma a birnin Shymkent da ba ta suna “Turan” |date=2022-08-12 |publisher=Tsarin bayanan doka na “Adilet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Labarin ƙasa == === Matsayin ƙasa === Shymkent yana kudancin Kazakistan, a filin ƙasan tsaunukan yammacin [[Tian Shan]], ba da nisa sosai daga iyakar [[Uzbekistan]] ba. Birnin yana kan tsohuwar da sabuwar hanyar sufuri da ke haɗa Tashkent, Turkistan, Taraz da Almaty. Yankin gudanarwarsa ya kai hekta 116,300, ko kilomita murabba'i 1,163.<ref name="development"/> Manyan hanyoyin ruwa su ne kogunan Badam da Koshkarata tare da reshen Karasu. Birnin yana da magudanan ruwa tara masu tsawon kusan kilomita 91 gaba ɗaya, ciki har da Badam, Shymkent, Yangichek, Tekesu da Koshkarata. Faɗin gandun daji na gwamnati da korayen wurare ya kai hekta 5,332.7.<ref name="development"/> === Yanayi === Yanayin Shymkent na nahiya ne, da dogon lokacin zafi mai tsanani da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan Kazakistan. Yawancin ruwan sama yana sauka ne a rabin shekarar da ke da sanyi da kuma bazara, yayin da lokacin zafi yakan kasance busasshe. Kamfanin “Kazhydromet” yana lissafa ƙa'idodin yanayin birnin bisa bayanan shekarun 1991—2020.<ref name="climate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/klimat/shymkent |title=Halayen yanayin Shymkent |publisher=Kamfanin gwamnati “Kazhydromet” |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Tsarin gudanarwa == An raba Shymkent zuwa gundumomin gudanarwa guda biyar: Abay, Al-Farabi, Enbekshi, Karatau da Turan.<ref name="akimat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent?lang=ru |title=Gwamnatin birnin Shymkent |publisher=Haɗaɗɗiyar dandalin intanet na hukumomin gwamnati na Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Bisa sabuwar ƙiyasta a farkon 2026, yawan jama'ar gundumomin ya kasance kamar haka:<ref name="ethnos2026">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/348012/file/ru/ |title=Yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Kazakistan bisa wasu ƙabilu a farkon 2026, takardar “Birnin Shymkent” |date=2026-03-27 |format=XLSX |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Gunduma ! Yawan jama'a a farkon 2026 |- | Abay | 259,325 |- | Al-Farabi | 262,566 |- | Enbekshi | 206,679 |- | Karatau | 334,139 |- | Turan | 231,341 |} Shugaban ɓangaren zartarwa na birnin shi ne akim. Gabit Abdimazhitovich Syzdykbekov ne yake riƙe da mukamin akim na Shymkent.<ref name="akimat"/> == Yawan jama'a == A farkon shekarar 2026, birnin yana da mutane 1,294,050; zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2026 adadin ya karu zuwa 1,308,120.<ref name="ethnos2026"/><ref name="population2026"/> Bisa faɗin kilomita murabba'i 1,163, yawan jama'a ya kai kusan mutane 1,125 a kowace kilomita murabba'i. Daga Janairu zuwa Mayu 2026, ƙaruwar jama'a ta halitta ta kai mutane 8,287: an haifi mutane 10,261, yayin da mutane 1,974 suka mutu. Ma'aunin ƙaura ya kasance mai kyau da mutane 5,783, ciki har da 5,687 daga ƙaura a cikin ƙasar.<ref name="stat2026"/> === Rukunin ƙabilu === Shymkent birni ne mai ƙabilu da yawa. Bisa sabuwar ƙiyasta ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa a farkon 2026, manyan ƙabilun sun kasance:<ref name="ethnos2026"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ƙabila ! Yawan mutane ! Kashi, % |- | Kazakhawa | 929,724 | 71.85 |- | Uzbekawa | 203,098 | 15.69 |- | Rashawa | 74,404 | 5.75 |- | Azerbaijanawa | 23,814 | 1.84 |- | Tatarawa | 11,346 | 0.88 |- | Sauran ƙabilu | 51,664 | 3.99 |} Harshen hukuma shi ne [[Harshen Kazakh|Kazakh]]. A hukumomin gwamnati da na ƙananan hukumomi, ana amfani da harshen Rasha a hukumance tare da Kazakh bisa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kazakistan. A rayuwar yau da kullum, wani muhimmin ɓangare na jama'a yana amfani da [[Harshen Uzbek|Uzbek]]. == Tattalin arziki == Shymkent yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu da cinikayya na Kazakistan. Masana'antun sarrafawa, cinikayyar jumla da ta sayarwa kai tsaye, gine-gine, sufuri, ajiyar kaya da sauran hidimomi suna da babban matsayi a tsarin tattalin arzikinsa. Daga Janairu zuwa Maris 2026, jimillar kayan da hidimomin yankin ta kai tiriliyan tenge 1.352; haƙiƙanin bunƙasa idan aka kwatanta da makamancin lokacin 2025 ya kai kashi 8.9. Hidimomi sun samar da kashi 61.6 na jimillar, yayin da samar da kayayyaki ya kai kashi 30.1.<ref name="stat2026"/> Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2026, ƙimar samar da masana'antu ta kai biliyan tenge 817.46, wato ta karu da kashi 11 a shekara. Samarwa a masana'antun sarrafawa ya karu da kashi 9.6. Ayyukan gine-gine sun kai biliyan tenge 136.26, yayin da aka kammala gidaje masu faɗin murabba'in mita dubu 558.6. Cinikayyar sayarwa kai tsaye ta kai biliyan tenge 628.47. Zuba jari a manyan kadarori ya kai biliyan tenge 308.38.<ref name="stat2026"/> Masana'antun gargajiya sun haɗa da tace mai, magunguna, samar da abinci da abin sha, saka da ɗinki, kera injina, ƙarafa da kayan gini. A birnin akwai Matatar Man Shymkent, masana'antun magunguna, siminti, abinci da masana'antar tufafi. Ana raya Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman “Ontustik”, yankunan masana'antu da kayayyakin aikin sufuri da dabarun kaya. Ya zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2026, an yi rajistar hukumomin shari'a 29,410 a Shymkent, daga cikinsu 24,907 suna aiki; yawancin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki ƙananan kamfanoni ne.<ref name="stat2026"/> == Sufuri == Shymkent babban mahadar sufuri ne a kudancin Kazakistan. Hanyoyin mota na ƙasa da ƙasa da na tsakanin yankuna, Tashkent — Shymkent — Taraz — Almaty da Tashkent — Shymkent — Turkistan — Samara, suna ratsawa ta cikin birnin ko kusa da shi. Haka kuma akwai babban layin dogo da ke haɗa Tashkent, Arys, Taraz da Almaty.<ref name="development"/> === Sufurin cikin birni === Motocin bas su ne ginshiƙin sufurin jama'a. Faɗaɗa yankin birnin bayan 2014 ya sa aka inganta manyan tituna da hanyoyin haɗa sababbin unguwannin zama. Ana biyan kuɗin tafiya ta hanyoyin lantarki da katunan sufuri. === Sufurin jirgin ƙasa === Tashar Shymkent tana kula da fasinjoji da kaya a layin Tashkent — Arys — Taraz — Almaty. A yammacin birnin akwai babbar tashar haɗin layuka ta Arys I, wadda ke haɗa hanyoyi zuwa Turkistan, Kyzylorda da yankunan arewacin Kazakistan. === Sufurin sama === Filin jirgin saman Shymkent na ƙasa da ƙasa yana kula da jiragen cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma shi ne babban sansanin kamfanin jiragen sama na SCAT Airlines. An buɗe sabon ginin fasinjoji a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2024. Faɗinsa ya kai murabba'in mita dubu 40, kuma bayan buɗewarsa ƙiyasin ƙarfin filin jirgin ya karu daga fasinjoji dubu 800 zuwa miliyan 6 a shekara.<ref name="airporthub">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1055087?lang=ru |title=Filayen jiragen sama na Astana, Almaty, Shymkent da Aktobe za su zama cibiyoyin sufuri iri-iri na matakin duniya |publisher=Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2025 an buɗe jirage kai tsaye daga Shymkent zuwa wasu birane a Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shirin raya filin jirgin ya haɗa da gina sabon titin sauka da tashin jirage mai tsawon kilomita 3.5 da kafa cibiyar sufuri da dabarun kaya mai haɗa hanyoyi da dama.<ref name="airroutes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/transport/press/news/details/1004307?lang=ru |title=Sabuwar cibiyar jiragen sama: an buɗe jirage kai tsaye daga Shymkent zuwa Turai da Asiya |publisher=Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref><ref name="airporthub"/> == Ilimi da kimiyya == Shymkent babbar cibiyar ilimi ce a kudancin Kazakistan. Akwai makarantun yara, makarantun firamare da sakandare, cibiyoyin fasaha da sana'o'i, jami'o'i da karatun digiri na gaba. Kididdigar hukuma ta yankin tana wallafa bayanai dabam-dabam game da yawan jami'o'i, ɗalibai, masu karatun digiri na biyu da na uku, malamai da cibiyoyin bincike da bunƙasa.<ref name="educationstats">{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/dynamic-tables/1473/ |title=Jerin bayanai masu sauyawa: ilimi, kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire a birnin Shymkent |publisher=Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa na Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Sauye-sauye ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Manyan jami'o'in sun haɗa da: * Jami'ar Bincike ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta M. O. Auezov — jami'a mai fannoni da yawa wadda take da matsayin jami'ar bincike;<ref name="auezov">{{Cite web |url=https://auezov.edu.kz/rus/ |title=Jami'ar Bincike ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Mukhtar Auezov |publisher=Jami'ar M. O. Auezov |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> * Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan, wadda take horar da ƙwararru a fannin likitanci da magunguna;<ref name="skma">{{Cite web |url=https://skma.edu.kz/ |title=Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan |publisher=SKMA |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> * Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Özbekäli Zhanibekov, wadda ta ƙware wajen horar da malamai.<ref name="zhanibekov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zhanibekov.edu.kz/ |title=Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Kudancin Kazakistan ta Özbekäli Zhanibekov |publisher=Zhanibekov University |lang=kk |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Haka kuma akwai Jami'ar Shymkent, Jami'ar Miras, Jami'ar Kirkire-kirkire ta Asiya ta Tsakiya da sauran manyan makarantu. A shekarar 2026 ana ci gaba da shirya aikin kafa Jami'ar Al'adu da Fasaha ta musamman bisa sashen da ya dace na Jami'ar M. O. Auezov.<ref name="cultureuni">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mam/press/news/details/1200906?lang=ru |title=Jami'ar al'adu da fasaha da sabon gidan wasan opera da ballet: manyan ayyuka biyu a Shymkent |publisher=Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Bayanai ta Jamhuriyar Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Kiwon lafiya == Shymkent yana aiki a matsayin babbar cibiyar lafiya ga kudancin Kazakistan. Birnin yana da asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya na fannoni da yawa, cibiyoyin haihuwa, bincike, zuciya, sankara da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, tashoshin agajin gaggawa, asibitoci masu zaman kansu da dakunan gwaje-gwajen likitanci. Ilimin likitanci da ƙwarewar birnin a magunguna suna da alaƙa da Makarantar Likitanci ta Kudancin Kazakistan da masana'antun magunguna. == Al'adu == A birnin akwai ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Kazakh, Rasha da Uzbek, gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan karatu, ƙungiyoyin kide-kide, wuraren baje koli, gidan circus da ƙungiyoyin kirkire-kirkire. Manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kazakh na Jami'a mai suna Zhumat Shanin, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Rasha, Gidan Opera da Ballet, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Uzbek da Gidan Wasan Tsana da Matasa na birni. Cibiyar gidajen tarihi ta haɗa da tarin tarihi da na fasaha, gidan tarihin waɗanda aka zalunta saboda siyasa, gidan tarihin al'adu da bukukuwa, da kuma baje kolin rukunin tarihi da al'adu na “Shymqala”. A shekarar 2020 Shymkent ya shiga shirin ƙasashe da yawa na “Manyan Birane na Al'adu na Commonwealth” a matsayin babban birnin al'adu na CIS. A wannan shekarar kuma an yi bikin cika shekaru 2,200 na birnin, wanda aka sanya cikin kalandar ranakun tunawa ta UNESCO.<ref name="cisculture">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mfgs-sng.org/news/shymkent-otkryl-programmu--kul-turnaja-stolitsa-sng--0-0-/ |title=Shymkent ya buɗe shirin “Babban Birnin Al'adu na CIS — 2020” |date=2020-06-20 |publisher=Asusun haɗin gwiwar jin kai na ƙasashen CIS |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> == Wuraren tarihi da yawon buɗe ido == Babban wurin tarihi na birnin shi ne rukunin “Shymqala”, wanda aka kafa a kan tsohon mazaunin da tsohuwar kagarar Kokand. Ya haɗa da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi, katangar kariya da aka sake ginawa, wuraren baje kolin tarihi da dandamalin kallon birni.<ref name="archaeology"/> Sanannun wurare da filayen jama'a sun haɗa da Dandalin Ordabasy, abin tunawa na “Zher-Ana”, Filin Shakatawa na 'Yanci, abin tunawa na Baidibek-bi, Filin Shakatawa na Abay, Lambun itatuwa na Asanbay Askarov, Gidan namun daji na Shymkent, Arbat, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da hanyar yawo a gefen Koshkarata, masallatai, cocin Orthodox da tsofaffin gine-ginen tarihi da suka rage. Shymkent yana zama wurin farawa don tafiye-tafiye zuwa Sayram, Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Sayram-Ugam, Wurin Kare Halittu na Aksu-Zhabagly, Turkistan, Otrar da sauran wuraren halitta, tarihi da al'adu na kudancin Kazakistan. == Gine-gine da tsara birane == Tsarin birnin ya haɗa tsohuwar cibiyar da ke kewaye da kagara da tsoffin unguwannin kasuwanci, gidajen zamanin Soviet da sababbin unguwannin dogayen gine-gine. Bayan faɗaɗa iyakokin gudanarwa a 2014, babban ɓangaren gina gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa ya koma arewa, yamma da arewa maso yammacin birnin. Ana raya unguwannin zama da kasuwanci na Turan, Shymkent City, Bozaryk, Tassay da sauransu. Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2026, an kammala gidaje masu faɗin murabba'in mita dubu 558.6, ciki har da murabba'in mita dubu 445 a gine-ginen gidaje masu iyalai da yawa.<ref name="stat2026"/> Ci gaban tsara birane yana tafiya tare da gina sababbin tituna, hanyoyin ruwa da lantarki, makarantu, cibiyoyin lafiya da wuraren al'adu. == Wasanni == Ana bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, kokawa, ɗaga nauyi, motsa jiki, wasan tennis, iyo da tseren keke a Shymkent. Babban kulob ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na maza shi ne FC Ordabasy, wanda ya lashe gasar Kazakistan a karon farko a 2023.<ref name="ordabasy2023">{{Cite web |url=https://orda.kz/ordabasy-vpervye-stal-chempionom-kazahstana-378076/ |title=Ordabasy ya zama zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa na Kazakistan a karon farko |date=2023-10-23 |publisher=Orda.kz |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Kulob ɗin mata na BIIK-Shymkent ya lashe gasar ƙasar sau da yawa kuma ya halarci gasannin kulob na Turai.<ref name="biik2023">{{Cite web |url=https://kff.kz/ru/news/25518 |title=BIIK-Shymkent — zakaran Kazakistan na 2023 a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mata |publisher=Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kazakistan |lang=ru |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref> Manyan wuraren wasanni sun haɗa da Babban Filin Wasa na Khadzhimukan Munaitpasov, rukunin wasannin motsa jiki, manyan ɗakunan wasanni, cibiyoyin tennis da wuraren iyo. == Muhalli da samar da korayen wurare == Batutuwan muhalli na birnin sun haɗa da rage hayakin masana'antu da na ababen hawa, sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, tsaftace ruwan sharar gida, kula da shara mai ƙarfi da kiyaye korayen wurare. Shirye-shiryen raya birnin sun tanadi samar da iskar gas, sabunta sufurin jama'a, gyaran magudanan koguna da rafuka, dasa itatuwa da faɗaɗa koren zobe.<ref name="development"/> Tsarin maɓuɓɓugan Koshkarata da Karasu, kwarin Badam, lambun itatuwa da korayen wurare masu faɗin sama da hekta dubu 5.3 suna da muhimmanci na musamman ga halitta da nishaɗi.<ref name="development"/> == Garuruwan tagwaye == Shymkent yana da dangantakar 'yan uwantaka da haɗin gwiwa da garuruwa masu zuwa: * [[Mogilev]] ([[Belarus]]); * [[Stevenage]] ([[Birtaniya]]) — tun 1990; * [[Acharnes]] ([[Girka]]); * [[Izmir]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun 2004; * [[Pattaya]] ([[Thailand]]) — tun 2004; * [[Grosseto]] ([[Italiya]]); * [[Baiyin]] ([[Sin]]) — tun 16 ga Agusta 1994; * [[Xi'an]] ([[Sin]]) — tun Mayu 2023; * [[Khujand]] ([[Tajikistan]]) — tun 2003; * [[Eskişehir]] ([[Turkiyya]]); * [[Balıkesir]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun 1995; * [[Genoa]] ([[Italiya]]) — tun Yuni 2023; * [[Adana]] ([[Turkiyya]]) — tun Disamba 2021; * [[Vanadzor]] ([[Armeniya]]) — tun Afrilu 2024; * [[Osh]] ([[Kirgistan]]) — tun Oktoba 2023; * [[Plovdiv]] ([[Bulgariya]]) — tun 9 ga Yuni 2025; * [[Faisalabad]] ([[Pakistan]]) — tun 10 ga Fabrairu 2026. == Duba kuma == * [[Biranen Kazakistan]] * [[Tarihin Kazakistan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Littattafai == * Bartold, V. V. ''Rubuce-rubuce. Juzu'i na III: Ayyuka kan labarin ƙasa na tarihi''. Moscow: Nauka, 1965. * Baipakov, K. M. ''Biranen Tsakiyar Zamani na Kazakistan a kan Babbar Hanyar Siliki''. Almaty. * ''Tarin wuraren tarihi da al'adu na Kazakistan. Yankin Kudancin Kazakistan''. Almaty. * ''Bayanan binciken kayan tarihi na tsohon mazaunin Shymkent''. Shymkent. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/shymkent Shafin hukuma na gwamnatin birnin Shymkent] * [https://stat.gov.kz/ru/region/shymkent/ Kididdigar hukuma ta birnin Shymkent] * [https://visit-shymkent.com/ Tashar yawon buɗe ido ta Visit Shymkent] * [https://shymkent.invest.gov.kz/ru/ Tashar zuba jari ta birnin Shymkent] {{DEFAULTSORT:Shymkent}} [[Category:Biranen Kazakistan]] h0dlmrrvfn7vxm2iuf0ebzzdu7acjxl 0 162680 892451 890467 2026-08-07T04:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 892451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lindsey Caroline Vonn''' ( née Kildow / ˈkɪldaʊ / ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, na shaekara 1984) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athlete information: VONN Lindsey |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/613.html?sector=AL&competitorid=30368&type=result |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331062034/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/613.html?sector=AL&competitorid=30368&type=result |archive-date=March 31, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |publisher=[[International Ski Federation|Fédération Internationale de Ski]]}}</ref> ɗan tseren kankara ne na Amurka. Ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau hudu(4) a jere, inda ta lashe kofuna a shekarar 2008 da 2009 da 2010, da kuma 2012. Vonn ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2010, wacce ta fara lashe kyautar mace 'yar Amurka. Ta kuma lashe kofuna takwas na gasar cin kofin duniya a kakar wasa mai zuwa (daga 2008 da 2013 da 2015 harzuwa 2016), kofuna biyar a super-G (daga 2009 da 2012 harzuwa 2015), da kuma kofuna uku a jere a jimillar (daga 2010 harzuwa 2012). A shekarar 2016, ta lashe kambun gasar cin '''Lindsey Olin Graham''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|g|r|æ|m}} {{respell|GRAM}}}} (9 ga Yuli, 1955 harzuwa 11 ga Yuli, 2026) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka, lauya, kuma jami'in soja wanda ya wakilci [[South Carolina]] a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka daga 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2026. A matsayinsa na memba na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], ya wakilci gundumar majalisa ta 3 ta South Carolina a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga 1995 zuwa 2003 kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Carolina daga 1993 zuwa 1995. An haife shi a Central, South Carolina, Graham ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar South Carolina da makarantar lauya. Ya yi aiki a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]] daga 1982 zuwa 1989 a matsayin memba na rundunar Alkali Advocate General, yana aiki a matsayin lauya mai kare kansa kuma babban mai gabatar da kara na rundunar sojin sama a Turai. Daga baya ya yi aiki a rundunar tsaron sama ta South Carolina da kuma rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka, inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin kanal a shekarar 2015. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Tauraron Tagulla a shekarar 2014 saboda aikinsa na shari'a da ya shafi ayyukan soji a Iraki da Afghanistan. An fara zaɓen Graham a Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1994, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dokoki da kuma a matsayin manajan tsige shugaban Majalisar Dokoki a lokacin shari'ar tsige shugaban ƙasa Bill Clinton . An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 2002 kuma aka sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 2008 da 2014 harzuwa 2020 . Ya lashe takarar Republican a karo na biyar a watan Yunin 2026 amma ya mutu kafin babban zaɓe. Gwamna Henry McMaster ya naɗa 'yar'uwar Graham, Darline Graham, don ta ci gaba da riƙe sauran wa'adin mulkin Graham na huɗu. A matsayinsa na jarumin yaƙi, Graham ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta shiga tsakani, kuma ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan [[Isra'ila]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], da kuma [[NATO|Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewa ta Atlantika]] . Ya kan yi aiki tare da membobin jam'iyyun biyu, musamman kan harkokin shige da fice da kuma dokokin tsaron ƙasa, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da sanatoci [[John McCain]] da Joe Lieberman, waɗanda ya kafa wata ƙungiya da aka sani da "Amigos Uku". Graham ya jagoranci Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattawa daga 2019 zuwa 2021 da kuma Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa daga 2025 har zuwa rasuwarsa. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da wadanda Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] ya zaba a matsayin alkalai. Graham ya nemi takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar Republican a shekarar 2016 amma ya janye kafin fara zaɓen fidda gwani. Da farko dai ya kasance mai suka ga Trump a lokacin yakin neman zaben Trump a shekarar 2016, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan abokan Trump na majalisar dokoki kuma ya goyi bayansa a duk tsawon shugabancinsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lindsey Olin Graham a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1955, a Central, South Carolina, inda iyayensa, Florence James "FJ" Graham da Millie Graham (née Walters), suka gudanar da gidan cin abinci, mashaya, shagon sayar da giya, da kuma zauren wanka. Iyalin suna zaune a ɗakunan da ke bayan kasuwancin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRAHAM, Lindsey O. |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712075334/https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/G000359 |archive-date=July 12, 2026 |access-date=July 12, 2026 |website=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Summers |first=Juana |date=June 28, 2015 |title=Presidential Aspiration Born From A Modest, And Tragic, Beginning |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/28/417837773/presidential-aspiration-born-from-a-modest-and-tragic-beginning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214090633/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/28/417837773/presidential-aspiration-born-from-a-modest-and-tragic-beginning |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en |quote=first lived in a room behind his family's business, the Sanitary Café ...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawes |first=Jennifer Berry |date=November 6, 2020 |title=An unlikely ascent Love, loss, loyalty, law shape his brand of retail politics Last in polls, last in debates. How long does he go on? |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/archives/an-unlikely-ascent-love-loss-loyalty-law-shape-his-brand-of-retail-politics-last-in/article_61319af6-babe-5a4a-a561-ac7b6795b021.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[Post and Courier]] |language=en |quote=His dad, Florence James Graham...He and his wife Millie ran the bar...}}</ref> Iyalinsa 'yan asalin Scotland ne. Bayan kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta DW Daniel, Graham ya zama mutum na farko a cikin iyalansa da ya halarci kwaleji kuma ya shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Reserve . Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 20, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sakamakon cutar sankarar Hodgkin yana da shekara 50, kuma mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan watanni 15 sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] yana da shekara 68. Saboda 'yar uwarsa Darline, wacce a lokacin take da shekaru 13, ta zama marayu, hidimar ta ba Graham damar zuwa Jami'ar South Carolina da ke Columbia don ya ci gaba da zama kusa da gida a matsayin [[Mai kula da doka|mai kula da]] 'yar uwarsa. <ref name="Ball-2014">{{Cite web |last=Ball |first=Molly |author-link=Molly Ball |date=June 10, 2014 |title=How Lindsey Graham Stomped the Tea Party |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/06/how-lindsey-graham-stomped-the-tea-party/372521/?single_page=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025415/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/06/how-lindsey-graham-stomped-the-tea-party/372521/?single_page=true |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=October 9, 2014 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> A lokacin karatunsa, ya zama memba na ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta Pi Kappa Phi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Pi Kapps |url=http://www.pikapp.org/content.aspx?id=484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025420/https://pikapp.org/about/notable-pi-kappa-phis/ |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |website=pikapp.org}}</ref> Graham ya ce mutuwar iyayensa da wuri ta sa ya girma da sauri, kuma Darline, wacce ta gabatar da ɗan'uwanta a sanarwar da ya yi na takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2016, ta ce tana fatan kasancewa tare da shi a lokacin yakin neman zaɓe akai-akai don nuna wa masu jefa ƙuri'a halinsa mai laushi. "Yana kama da ɗan'uwa, uba da uwa sun haɗu wuri ɗaya," in ji ta. "Ina yawan kallon Lindsey." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Self |first=Jamie |date=May 20, 2014 |title=Lindsey Graham's sister discusses childhood, losing parents in senator's new campaign ads |url=http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/the-buzz/article13855640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025632/https://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/the-buzz/article13855640.html |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2016 |website=[[The State (newspaper)|The State]]}}</ref> Graham ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar South Carolina da digirin farko a [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a shekarar 1977. Ya sami digirin Likitancin Juris ɗinsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar South Carolina a shekarar 1981. == Aikin soja == [[https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayil:Lt._Gen._Jack_Rives_pins_Col._Lindsey_Graham.jpg|link=Fayil:Lt._Gen._Jack_Rives_pins_Col._Lindsey_Graham.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Laftanar Janar Jack L. Rives ya ba Kanar Lindsey Graham lambar yabo ta girmamawa, a watan Afrilun 2009]] Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar South Carolina, an nada Graham a matsayin jami'i a Rundunar Sojan [[United States Air Force|Sama ta Amurka]] (JAG Corps) a shekarar 1982 kuma ya fara aiki a wannan shekarar. Aikin soja ya fara ne a matsayin lauyan tsaron rundunar sojin sama. Ya kasance a sansanin sojojin sama na Shaw daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Daga baya aka mayar da shi sansanin sojin sama na Rhein-Main da ke [[Frankfurt]], [[Yammacin Jamus]], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara na rundunar sojin sama a Turai daga 1984 zuwa 1988. A shekarar 1984, yayin da yake kare matukin jirgin saman rundunar sojin sama da ake zargi da amfani da wiwi, an nuna shi a wani shiri na ''60 Minutes'' wanda ya fallasa matsalolin da rundunar sojin saman ke fuskanta wajen gwajin miyagun kwayoyi. <ref name="BaltimoreSun-2004">{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2004 |title=Plain talk from GOP senator |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2004/05/11/plain-talk-from-gop-senator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190753/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-05-11/news/0405110360_1_lindsey-graham-graham-of-south-abuse |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=October 12, 2014 |website=[[The Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a Turai, ya koma South Carolina, ya bar aiki a 1989 <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.lgraham.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025419/https://www.lgraham.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |website=lgraham.senate.gov |publisher=Office of Senator Lindsey Graham}}</ref> ya kuma shiga wani kamfanin lauyoyi na sirri a Walhalla tare da Larry Brandt. <ref name="Grove-1998" /> <ref name="Markoe-2002" /> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin lauyan gundumar Oconee daga 1988 zuwa 1992. A shekarar 1992, ya lashe shari'ar aikata laifuka ta hanyar lalata da lafiya ta dala miliyan 5, wanda ya ba shi {{US$|200000}} a matsayin rabon riba. Ya kasance lauyan birni na Central daga 1990 zuwa 1994. <ref name="Markoe-2002" /> Bayan ya bar rundunar sojin sama, Graham ya shiga rundunar tsaron sama ta South Carolina a shekarar 1989, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1995, sannan ya shiga rundunar tsaron sama ta Amurka . <ref name="bio" /> A shekarar 1998, jaridar ''The'' Hill ta yau da kullum ta Capitol Hill ta yi ikirarin cewa Graham yana bayyana kansa a shafin yanar gizon sa a matsayin tsohon soja na Operation Desert Shield da Desert Storm . Graham ya amsa: "Ban gaya wa kowa cewa ni mayaƙi ne ba. Ni ba jarumin yaƙi ba ne, kuma ban taɓa cewa ni mayaƙi ne ba. ... Idan na yi ƙarya game da tarihin aikin soja na, ban cancanci yin aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ba", ya ƙara da cewa "bai taɓa tura sojoji ba". A shekarar 1998, jaridar The Hill ta yau da kullum ta Capitol Hill ta yi ikirarin cewa Graham yana bayyana kansa a shafin yanar gizon sa a matsayin tsohon soja na Operation Desert Shield da Desert Storm . Graham ya amsa: "Ban gaya wa kowa cewa ni mayaƙi ne ba. Ni ba jarumin yaƙi ba ne, kuma ban taɓa cewa ni mayaƙi ne ba. ... Idan na yi ƙarya game da tarihin aikin soja na, ban cancanci yin aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ba", ya ƙara da cewa "bai taɓa tura sojoji ba". === manazarta === <references /> duniya karo na 20, wanda shi ne babban tarihin da aka taba samu a tsakanin maza ko mata, inda ta zarce Ingemar Stenmark ' yar kasar Sweden, wacce ta lashe kambun duniya sau 19 daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1984. Tana da matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin dukkan masu wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, maza ko mata. Vonn tana ɗaya daga cikin mata shida da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya a dukkan fannoni biyar na wasan tsalle-tsalle a kan tsaunuka - ƙasa, super-G, babban tseren slalom, slalom, da super combined - kuma (ya zuwa ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2026) ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 84 a cikin aikinta. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019, jimillar nasarorin da ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya sau 82 sun kasance tarihin mata wanda ya tsaya har zuwa watan Janairun 2023, lokacin da Mikaela Shiffrin ta zarce ta. Shiffrin da Stenmark ne kawai suka fi Vonn samun nasara, inda Shiffrin ke riƙe da tarihin. Tare da lambobin zinare da tagulla da ta samu a gasar Olympics, lambobin zinare guda biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2009 (da lambobin azurfa uku a shekarar 2007 da 2011 ), da kuma kofunan gasar cin kofin duniya guda hudu, Vonn tana daya daga cikin 'yan tseren kankara na Amurka mafi nasara, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan tseren kankara na tsaunuka masu tsayi a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgetts |first=Rob |date=2019-02-19 |title=Lindsey Vonn: Mikaela Shiffrin 'in a league of her own' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/19/sport/lindsey-vonn-mikaela-shiffrin-skiing-records-monaco-laureus-spt-inl |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=CNN |language=en |quote=She retired as the greatest female ski racer of all time, but Lindsey Vonn believes fellow American Mikaela Shiffrin is “in a league of her own” and will shatter all records as long as she stays healthy.}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Vonn ta sami kyautar Laureus World Sports Woman Year, <ref>{{Cite web |title=PAST WINNERS |url=https://www.laureus.com/world-sports-awards/past-winners |access-date= |website=Laureus Sport for Good Foundation}}</ref> kuma ita ce 'yar wasan da ta fi fice a gasar Olympics ta Amurka . Raunin da ya samu ya sa Vonn ya rasa wasu lokutan wasanni da dama, ciki har da kusan dukkan kakar wasa ta 2014 da kuma mafi yawan kakar wasa ta 2013 . Yayin da take murmurewa daga raunin da ta samu, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya a NBC News, inda ta yi rahoto kan wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 2014 a Sochi, Rasha. A shekarar 2019, ta sanar da yin ritaya, inda ta yi zargin raunin da ta samu. Vonn ya koma yin wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara a watan Nuwamba na 2024, kuma ya zama ɗan wasan tsere mafi tsufa da ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya a lokacin da yake da shekaru 41. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lindsey Caroline Kildow a Saint Paul, Minnesota, kuma 'yar Linda Anne (ɗan Krohn) da Alan Lee Kildow ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindsey Vonn ancestry |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/lindseyvonn.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214140007/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/lindseyvonn.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com}}</ref> Ta girma a yankin [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Twin Cities]] da ke Burnsville, Minnesota . Mahaifinta asalin ƙasar Ireland ne, mahaifiyarta kuma asalin Jamus da Norway ne. Kildow yana kan wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara yana da shekaru biyu kafin ya koma cikin sanannen shirin ci gaban Erich Sailer a Buck Hill na Burnsville, wanda kuma ya samar da mai tseren tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara Kristina Koznick . Mahaifinta, wanda ya lashe gasar matasa ta ƙasa kafin ya ji rauni a gwiwa yana da shekaru 18, ya "tura ta" da ƙarfi, a cewar Sailer. Lokacin da Kildow ke da shekaru 9, ta haɗu da mai tseren tsere na kankara mai lambar zinare ta Olympics Picabo Street, wanda take ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwarzonta kuma abin koyi. Taronsu ya burge mutane sosai a kan titin har ta tuna da taron kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kildow a fannin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara. Da take kallon Kildow a karon farko a wani taron 1999, Street ta yi mamakin yadda take bin layin faɗuwa, kuma an ambato ta tana cewa: "Da sauri ta yi, haka nan murmushin da take yi ya fi girma a fuskarta. Ba za ka iya koya wa wani ya so layin faɗuwa kamar yadda wannan ƙaramar yarinyar ta so layin faɗuwa ba." <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2018 |title=The bond between Lindsey Vonn and Picabo Street |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/bond-between-lindsey-vonn-and-picabo-street |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615194501/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/bond-between-lindsey-vonn-and-picabo-street |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=nbcolympics.com}}</ref> Kildow ta yi tafiya zuwa Colorado don yin atisaye na tsawon shekaru da dama kafin iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Vail, Colorado a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=Lindsey Vonn profile |url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-alpine-skiing/athletes/lindsey-vonn_ath1024072PD.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217204205/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-alpine-skiing/athletes/lindsey-vonn_ath1024072PD.html |archive-date=February 17, 2010 |website=Vancouver2010.com |publisher=[[Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games]]}}</ref> Kildow ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Missouri, wani shiri na yanar gizo ta Cibiyar Nazarin Nesa da Zamantakewa ta Jami'ar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvey |first=Janese |date=February 18, 2010 |title=Vonn went to MU High School |url=http://www.columbiatribune.com/weblogs/campus-chatter/2010/feb/18/vonn-went-to-mu-high-school/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404022333/http://www.columbiatribune.com/weblogs/campus-chatter/2010/feb/18/vonn-went-to-mu-high-school/ |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |access-date=October 26, 2011 |publisher=Columbiatribune.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Last Run At Lindsey Vonn's MU Background |url=http://interact.stltoday.com/blogzone/winter-olympics/uncategorized/2010/02/a-last-run-at-lindsey-vonns-mu-background/ |access-date=February 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana jin Jamusanci sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindsay Vonn Interview Deutsch im ZDF |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn_aLEP0oJo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531125854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn_aLEP0oJo&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta halarci [[jami'a]] ta gargajiya ta shekaru 4 ba, ta ci gaba da shiga cikin shirin "Kasuwancin Nishaɗi, Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai, da Wasanni" na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard na tsawon kwanaki huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=My rocky, muddy, super-competitive 24 hours with Olympic legend Lindsey Vonn |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/32349702/my-rocky-muddy-super-competitive-24-hours-olympic-legend-lindsey-vonn |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara == === Shekarun farko === Kakanta, Don Kildow, ta koya wa Lindsey Kildow yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara a Milton, Wisconsin . Ta fara wasan tsalle-tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara tun tana ƙarama a Burnsville, Minnesota, a Buck Hill, kuma ta hanyar hutun iyali wanda ya haɗa da tuƙi na awanni 16 daga Minnesota zuwa Vail, Colorado . A wata hira da ''jaridar The New York Times'', Vonn daga baya ya ce, "Zan kasance a baya a ƙarƙashin jakar barci, kuma ita (mahaifiyarta, Linda) za ta tuƙi ta rera waƙa tare da wani [[Kaset din redio|faifan]] Eric Clapton ." <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=February 3, 2010 |title=Lindsey Vonn at the Summit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/07/magazine/07Vonn-t.html |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Kildow da 'yan'uwanta da mahaifiyarta sun daina tafiya daga Minnesota zuwa Colorado, maimakon haka suka ƙaura zuwa Colorado don yin wasan tsalle-tsalle a Ski Club Vail kawai. A shekararta ta farko a SCV a Vail, Kildow da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwanta sun yi tsalle-tsalle tare a cikin ƙungiyar SCV ta "navity corps". A wannan kakar wasa ta farko ne ita da iyalinta suka fara tunanin ko ya kamata dukkan iyalai su ƙaura daga Minnesota zuwa Colorado. Daga baya ta ce, "Vail abin birgewa ne a gare ni, amma na rasa duk abubuwan gargajiya na yarinta - barci, rawa a makaranta, yin abokai ta hanyar gargajiya." A tsakiyar kakar wasa ta biyu, 'yan uwanta suma sun ƙaura zuwa Vail. "Yanzu duk 'yan'uwana maza da mata sun bar min abokansu. Wannan abin damuwa ne a gare su. Na ji laifi sosai." [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] ==Manazarta== 1u9zwje1rfzfiq9mij4c43p9szuivzy 0 162828 892098 2026-08-06T12:00:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360752802|JSON-LD]]" 892098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''JSON-LD''' (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) hanya ce ta shigar da bayanan da aka haɗa ta amfani da JSON da kuma tsara bayanai kamar yadda JSON na gargajiya yake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Using JSON-LD to Create Evolvable RESTful Services |url=http://m.lanthi.com/jsonld4rest-paper}}, M. Lanthaler and C. Gütl in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on RESTful Design (WS-REST 2012) at WWW2012.</ref> Ana nufin ya zama mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar ta hanyar gyara takardun JSON.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-16 |title=JSON-LD Syntax 1.1 |url=http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/ |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> JSON-LD shawarwari ne na World Wide Web Consortium wanda JSON ta kirkira da farko don Linking Data Community Group, wanda aka sauya zuwa RDF Working Group don bita, ingantawa da daidaitawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=JSON for Linking Data Community Group |url=https://json-ld.org/ |publisher=json-ld.org}}</ref> kuma yanzu JSON-LD Working Group ke kula da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RDF Working Group |url=http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/wiki/Main_Page |publisher=w3.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-16 |title=JSON-LD 1.0, A JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data, W3C Recommendation 16 January 2014 |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/ |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JSON-LD Working Group |url=https://www.w3.org/2018/json-ld-wg/ |publisher=w3.org}}</ref> == Tsarin == JSON-LD ya dogara ne akan manufar "mahimmanci" wanda ke tsara abubuwan JSON zuwa ra'ayoyi a cikin ontology ta amfani da samfurin RDF. Don tsara taswirar JSON-LD zuwa RDF, JSON-LM yana ba da damar tilasta dabi'u zuwa takamaiman nau'in ko lakafta tare da harshe. Ana iya saka mahallin kai tsaye a cikin takardar JSON-LD ko sakawa cikin fayil daban kuma ana ambaton shi daga takardun JSON na gargajiya ta hanyar jigon HTTP Link. == Amfani da shi == Schema.org ne ke amfani da ƙididdigar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Model |url=https://schema.org/docs/datamodel.html |access-date=2018-06-20 |website=Schema.org}}</ref> Google Knowledge Graph, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Understanding structured data |url=https://blog.bendevoficial.com/posts/understanding-structured-data |publisher=[[Bendev Junior]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Method Entities in Search |url=https://developers.google.com/knowledge-graph/reference/rest/v1/ |access-date=2017-10-17 |website=Google Developers}}</ref> kuma ana amfani da shi galibi don ayyukan Inganta injin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Structured data and JSON-LD requirements for Google Knowledge Panels |url=https://lindypanels.com/blogs/technical-guide-how-to-get-a-google-knowledge-panel |access-date=2026-05-08 |publisher=Lindy Panels}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace kamar su ilimin kimiyyar halittu, da kuma wakiltar bayanan asalin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xin |first=Jiwen |last2=Afrasiabi |first2=Cyrus |last3=Lelong |first3=Sebastien |last4=Adesara |first4=Julee |last5=Tsueng |first5=Ginger |last6=Su |first6=Andrew I. |last7=Wu |first7=Chunlei |date=2018-02-01 |title=Cross-linking BioThings APIs through JSON-LD to facilitate knowledge exploration |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1186/s12859-018-2041-5 |pmc=5796402 |pmid=29390967 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, shine tushen Ayyuka, tsari don "musayar bayanai game da Ayyuka da aka samu da kuma kammala", kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin ActivityPub, yarjejeniyar sadarwar jama'a ta tarayya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prodromou |first=Evan |date=May 2017 |title=Activity Streams 2.0 |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-activitystreams-core-20170523/ |journal=W3C Recommendation |via=W3C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tallon |first=Jessica |date=Jan 2018 |title=ActivityPub |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/REC-activitypub-20180123/ |journal=W3C Recommendation |via=W3C}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) , inda Bayani na Abubuwa, wanda shine takardar JSON-LD, ya bayyana cibiyar sadarwa da ke fuskantar hanyoyin sadarwa na na'urorin IoT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description, W3C Proposed Recommendation |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.w3.org}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Harshen Aikace-aikacen Hypertext == Manazarta == myjxvnmc0ivih0gmezo5mhkz8w5j5z2 892099 892098 2026-08-06T12:01:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 892099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''JSON-LD''' (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) hanya ce ta shigar da bayanan da aka haɗa ta amfani da JSON da kuma tsara bayanai kamar yadda JSON na gargajiya yake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Using JSON-LD to Create Evolvable RESTful Services |url=http://m.lanthi.com/jsonld4rest-paper}}, M. Lanthaler and C. Gütl in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on RESTful Design (WS-REST 2012) at WWW2012.</ref> Ana nufin ya zama mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar ta hanyar gyara takardun JSON.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-16 |title=JSON-LD Syntax 1.1 |url=http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/ |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> JSON-LD shawarwari ne na World Wide Web Consortium wanda JSON ta kirkira da farko don Linking Data Community Group, wanda aka sauya zuwa RDF Working Group don bita, ingantawa da daidaitawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=JSON for Linking Data Community Group |url=https://json-ld.org/ |publisher=json-ld.org}}</ref> kuma yanzu JSON-LD Working Group ke kula da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RDF Working Group |url=http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/wiki/Main_Page |publisher=w3.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-16 |title=JSON-LD 1.0, A JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data, W3C Recommendation 16 January 2014 |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-json-ld-20140116/ |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JSON-LD Working Group |url=https://www.w3.org/2018/json-ld-wg/ |publisher=w3.org}}</ref> == Tsarin == JSON-LD ya dogara ne akan manufar "mahimmanci" wanda ke tsara abubuwan JSON zuwa ra'ayoyi a cikin ontology ta amfani da samfurin RDF. Don tsara taswirar JSON-LD zuwa RDF, JSON-LM yana ba da damar tilasta dabi'u zuwa takamaiman nau'in ko lakafta tare da harshe. Ana iya saka mahallin kai tsaye a cikin takardar JSON-LD ko sakawa cikin fayil daban kuma ana ambaton shi daga takardun JSON na gargajiya ta hanyar jigon HTTP Link. == Amfani da shi == Schema.org ne ke amfani da ƙididdigar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Model |url=https://schema.org/docs/datamodel.html |access-date=2018-06-20 |website=Schema.org}}</ref> Google Knowledge Graph, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Understanding structured data |url=https://blog.bendevoficial.com/posts/understanding-structured-data |publisher=[[Bendev Junior]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Method Entities in Search |url=https://developers.google.com/knowledge-graph/reference/rest/v1/ |access-date=2017-10-17 |website=Google Developers}}</ref> kuma ana amfani da shi galibi don ayyukan Inganta injin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Structured data and JSON-LD requirements for Google Knowledge Panels |url=https://lindypanels.com/blogs/technical-guide-how-to-get-a-google-knowledge-panel |access-date=2026-05-08 |publisher=Lindy Panels}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace kamar su ilimin kimiyyar halittu, da kuma wakiltar bayanan asalin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xin |first=Jiwen |last2=Afrasiabi |first2=Cyrus |last3=Lelong |first3=Sebastien |last4=Adesara |first4=Julee |last5=Tsueng |first5=Ginger |last6=Su |first6=Andrew I. |last7=Wu |first7=Chunlei |date=2018-02-01 |title=Cross-linking BioThings APIs through JSON-LD to facilitate knowledge exploration |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1186/s12859-018-2041-5 |pmc=5796402 |pmid=29390967 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, shine tushen Ayyuka, tsari don "musayar bayanai game da Ayyuka da aka samu da kuma kammala", kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin ActivityPub, yarjejeniyar sadarwar jama'a ta tarayya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prodromou |first=Evan |date=May 2017 |title=Activity Streams 2.0 |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-activitystreams-core-20170523/ |journal=W3C Recommendation |via=W3C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tallon |first=Jessica |date=Jan 2018 |title=ActivityPub |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/REC-activitypub-20180123/ |journal=W3C Recommendation |via=W3C}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) , inda Bayani na Abubuwa, wanda shine takardar JSON-LD, ya bayyana cibiyar sadarwa da ke fuskantar hanyoyin sadarwa na na'urorin IoT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description, W3C Proposed Recommendation |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.w3.org}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Harshen Aikace-aikacen Hypertext == Manazarta == 68lxkx0aatjy1hoqkkop9io4su3iokz 0 162829 892215 2026-08-06T16:40:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364078946|Consumer activism]]" 892215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Apple-763766_1280.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Shagon Apple a Central Park, alama ce ta masu amfani.]] gwagwarmaya masu amfani wani nau'i ne na gwagwarmaya inda masu amfani, kungiyoyin masu amfani, ko Ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari ke neman rinjayar samarwa, rarrabawa, tallace-tallace, tsari, ko tasirin zamantakewa na kayayyaki da aiyuka. Kozinets da Handelman sun bayyana shi a matsayin duk wani motsi na zamantakewa wanda ke amfani da motsawar al'umma don amfani da cutar da bukatun kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozinet |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=691–704 |doi=10.1086/425104}}</ref> Ya haɗa da gwagwarmaya a madadin masu amfani, kamar kamfen don amincin samfur, daidaitattun lakabi, farashi mai kyau, da kariya ga masu amfani da kansu, gami da gwagwa ta masu amfani da su, gami leƙoƙi, sayen ɗabi'a, korafe-korafe, da kamfen ɗin jama'a da aka tsara wa kamfanoni ko gwamnatoci.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}</ref> Abokan Ciniki ya ƙunshi halaye, cibiyoyi, da akidar da aka kirkira daga hulɗar tsakanin mutane da kayan da sabis da suke cinyewa.[1] Yunkurin masu amfani ya haɗu da amfani da ɗabi'a, amfani da siyasa, kariya ga masu amfani, da kuma adawa da amfani, amma ba daidai ba ne da ɗayan su. Duk da yake kariya ta mabukaci gabaɗaya tana jaddada haƙƙin doka da adalci na kasuwa, gwagwarmayar mabukaci na iya magance yanayin aiki, cutar muhalli, nuna bambancin launin fata ko jinsi, jin daɗin dabbobi, ayyukan siyasa na kamfanoni, da sauran damuwa na zamantakewa ko siyasa.[2][3] == Tarihi == Masanin tarihi Lawrence B. Glickman ya gano motsi na samar da kyauta na ƙarshen 1700s a matsayin farkon gwagwarmayar mabukaci a Amurka.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlickman2004">Glickman, Lawrence B. (December 2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". ''American Quarterly''. '''56''' (4): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>912. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056|10.1353/aq.2004.0056]].</cite></ref> Kamar membobin ƙungiyar abolitionist ta Burtaniya, masu gwagwarmayar samar da kyauta sun kasance masu amfani da kansu, kuma a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin cewa masu amfani suna da alhakin sakamakon sayen su, sun kaurace wa kayayyaki da aka samar tare da aikin bawa a ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen bautar.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave" /> Sauran gwagwarmayar masu amfani da farko sun haɗa da kirkirar hadin gwiwa masu amfani a Arewa maso yammacin Ingila a cikin 1844 a matsayin ma'auni game da mallakar gida da farashin kayayyaki masu yawa. Yin gwagwarmaya a madadin mabukaci ya fara ne a cikin karni na 20 a Amurka, a cikin abin da malaman Tim Lang da Yiannis Gabriel suka kira "daraja-don mabukaci", kuma abin da masanin zamantakewa Hayagreeva Rao ya kira motsi na adawa da zina.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kozinets |first=Robert V. |last2=Handelman |first2=Jay M. |date=December 2004 |title=Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=691–704 |doi=10.1086/425104}}</ref> A wannan lokacin kungiyoyin masu amfani sun fito ne a Amurka, sun fara da Kungiyar Masu Amfani a New York a 1891 wanda ya haɗu da wasu rassan yanki don kafa Kungiyar Masu Cin Amfani ta Kasa a 1898. <ref name=":1" /> Ɗaya daga cikin dokokin kariya na farko a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya, Dokar Abinci mai tsabta da Magunguna, an zartar da ita a 1906 a lokacin yunkurin farko na motsi na masu amfani da Amurka. Ƙarin dokoki a duniya sun biyo baya. A wannan lokacin gwagwarmayar da masu amfani ke jagoranta kamar kauracewa ta ci gaba, galibi don mayar da martani ga damuwar zamantakewar siyasa ta cikin gida da ta duniya.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlickman2004">Glickman, Lawrence B. (December 2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". ''American Quarterly''. '''56''' (4): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>912. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056|10.1353/aq.2004.0056]].</cite></ref> Buga littafin Unsafe at Any Speed na Ralph Nader a cikin 1965 ya haifar da sabon nau'in shari'a, gwagwarmayar adawa da kamfanoni. Ganin cewa gwagwarmayar da ta gabata ta mayar da hankali kan sakamakon ayyukan mabukaci da kariya ga masu amfani, Lang da Gabriel suna jayayya cewa gwagwan da Ralph Nader da sauransu suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ya fi rikici ga kasuwa.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, masu gwagwarmayar masu amfani sun ƙara juya zuwa alamomi da tsarin takaddun shaida (organic, cinikayya mai kyau, rashin zalunci, sawun carbon, da dai sauransu) a matsayin kayan aiki don inganta ingantaccen amfani. Wadannan kamfen din da aka kafa a kasuwa sun sake tsara yanke shawara na sayen masu zaman kansu a matsayin wani nau'i na siyasa da kuma halin kirki. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa cikin karni na 21, gwagwarmayar mabukaci tana da alaƙa da kuskuren kuskuren duniya da kuma lalacewar tasirin ikon kamfanoni. == Manazarta == akaswd3gk3jsar4zhsgo66svkkeiue6 892233 892215 2026-08-06T16:56:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 892233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Apple-763766_1280.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Shagon Apple a Central Park, alama ce ta masu amfani.]]{{Databox}} Gwagwarmaya masu amfani wani nau'i ne na gwagwarmaya inda masu amfani, kungiyoyin masu amfani, ko Ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari ke neman rinjayar samarwa, rarrabawa, tallace-tallace, tsari, ko tasirin zamantakewa na kayayyaki da aiyuka. Kozinets da Handelman sun bayyana shi a matsayin duk wani motsi na zamantakewa wanda ke amfani da motsawar al'umma don amfani da cutar da bukatun kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozinet |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=691–704 |doi=10.1086/425104}}</ref> Ya haɗa da gwagwarmaya a madadin masu amfani, kamar kamfen don amincin samfur, daidaitattun lakabi, farashi mai kyau, da kariya ga masu amfani da kansu, gami da gwagwa ta masu amfani da su, gami leƙoƙi, sayen ɗabi'a, korafe-korafe, da kamfen ɗin jama'a da aka tsara wa kamfanoni ko gwamnatoci.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}</ref> Abokan Ciniki ya ƙunshi halaye, cibiyoyi, da akidar da aka kirkira daga hulɗar tsakanin mutane da kayan da sabis da suke cinyewa.[1] Yunkurin masu amfani ya haɗu da amfani da ɗabi'a, amfani da siyasa, kariya ga masu amfani, da kuma adawa da amfani, amma ba daidai ba ne da ɗayan su. Duk da yake kariya ta mabukaci gabaɗaya tana jaddada haƙƙin doka da adalci na kasuwa, gwagwarmayar mabukaci na iya magance yanayin aiki, cutar muhalli, nuna bambancin launin fata ko jinsi, jin daɗin dabbobi, ayyukan siyasa na kamfanoni, da sauran damuwa na zamantakewa ko siyasa.[2][3] == Tarihi == Masanin tarihi Lawrence B. Glickman ya gano motsi na samar da kyauta na ƙarshen 1700s a matsayin farkon gwagwarmayar mabukaci a Amurka.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlickman2004">Glickman, Lawrence B. (December 2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". ''American Quarterly''. '''56''' (4): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>912. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056|10.1353/aq.2004.0056]].</cite></ref> Kamar membobin ƙungiyar abolitionist ta Burtaniya, masu gwagwarmayar samar da kyauta sun kasance masu amfani da kansu, kuma a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin cewa masu amfani suna da alhakin sakamakon sayen su, sun kaurace wa kayayyaki da aka samar tare da aikin bawa a ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen bautar.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave" /> Sauran gwagwarmayar masu amfani da farko sun haɗa da kirkirar hadin gwiwa masu amfani a Arewa maso yammacin Ingila a cikin 1844 a matsayin ma'auni game da mallakar gida da farashin kayayyaki masu yawa. Yin gwagwarmaya a madadin mabukaci ya fara ne a cikin karni na 20 a Amurka, a cikin abin da malaman Tim Lang da Yiannis Gabriel suka kira "daraja-don mabukaci", kuma abin da masanin zamantakewa Hayagreeva Rao ya kira motsi na adawa da zina.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kozinets |first=Robert V. |last2=Handelman |first2=Jay M. |date=December 2004 |title=Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer Movements, Activism, and Ideology |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=691–704 |doi=10.1086/425104}}</ref> A wannan lokacin kungiyoyin masu amfani sun fito ne a Amurka, sun fara da Kungiyar Masu Amfani a New York a 1891 wanda ya haɗu da wasu rassan yanki don kafa Kungiyar Masu Cin Amfani ta Kasa a 1898. <ref name=":1" /> Ɗaya daga cikin dokokin kariya na farko a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya, Dokar Abinci mai tsabta da Magunguna, an zartar da ita a 1906 a lokacin yunkurin farko na motsi na masu amfani da Amurka. Ƙarin dokoki a duniya sun biyo baya. A wannan lokacin gwagwarmayar da masu amfani ke jagoranta kamar kauracewa ta ci gaba, galibi don mayar da martani ga damuwar zamantakewar siyasa ta cikin gida da ta duniya.<ref name="Glickman 2004 Buy for the Sake of the Slave">{{Cite journal |last=Glickman |first=Lawrence B. |date=December 2004 |title='Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism |journal=American Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=889–912 |doi=10.1353/aq.2004.0056}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGlickman2004">Glickman, Lawrence B. (December 2004). "'Buy for the Sake of the Slave': Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism". ''American Quarterly''. '''56''' (4): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>912. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0056|10.1353/aq.2004.0056]].</cite></ref> Buga littafin Unsafe at Any Speed na Ralph Nader a cikin 1965 ya haifar da sabon nau'in shari'a, gwagwarmayar adawa da kamfanoni. Ganin cewa gwagwarmayar da ta gabata ta mayar da hankali kan sakamakon ayyukan mabukaci da kariya ga masu amfani, Lang da Gabriel suna jayayya cewa gwagwan da Ralph Nader da sauransu suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ya fi rikici ga kasuwa.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, masu gwagwarmayar masu amfani sun ƙara juya zuwa alamomi da tsarin takaddun shaida (organic, cinikayya mai kyau, rashin zalunci, sawun carbon, da dai sauransu) a matsayin kayan aiki don inganta ingantaccen amfani. Wadannan kamfen din da aka kafa a kasuwa sun sake tsara yanke shawara na sayen masu zaman kansu a matsayin wani nau'i na siyasa da kuma halin kirki. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa cikin karni na 21, gwagwarmayar mabukaci tana da alaƙa da kuskuren kuskuren duniya da kuma lalacewar tasirin ikon kamfanoni. == Manazarta == ehluvdjp1zo8375pdzvc2ng8ezch4j0 0 162830 892234 2026-08-06T16:57:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362332061|Ghost bike]]" 892234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin_ghostbike.jpg|right|thumb|Bakin fatalwa a Berlin, don tunawa da mai tuka keke da aka kashe a watan Agusta 2008]] [[Fayil:A_child_"ghost_bike",_a_memorial_for_a_child_killed_on_9-13-2021_in_NE_Washington_DC_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Wani babur na fatalwa a Washington DC, don tunawa da wani yaro mai tuka keke da aka kashe Satumba 2021]] Babbar fatalwa ita ce abin tunawa da [[keke]] a gefen hanya, wanda aka sanya inda aka kashe mai tuka keke ko ya ji rauni sosai, yawanci ta direban [[Mota|motar mota]]. Ana fentin kekunan fatalwa gaba ɗaya fari kuma galibi ana yin ado da alamomi, furanni, ko abubuwan tunawa da dangin wanda aka azabtar suka bari; ana cire sassa don hana sata.<ref name="Sanders" /> Masu tuka keke da masu sa kai ne suka kirkiresu don girmama wadanda suka mutu, kuma sun bayyana a birane a duniya.<ref name="momentumplanet.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghost Bikes {{!}} Momentum - The Magazine For Self Propelled People! |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=www.momentumplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana yawan shigar da kekunan fatalwa bayan duhu, sau da yawa a cikin wani biki mai girma ta 'yan uwan keke. Shigarwa yawanci ba ya ci gaba har sai dangin wanda aka azabtar ya ba da izini, saboda girmama su da mutumin da ya mutu.<ref name="momentumplanet.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghost Bikes {{!}} Momentum - The Magazine For Self Propelled People! |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=www.momentumplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> Mutanen da ke kirkirar kekunan fatalwa na iya kallon abubuwan tunawa a matsayin fasaha. == Tarihi == === Ayyukan fararen keke na farko === Tunanin zanen kekuna fari ya samo asali ne a [[Amsterdam]] a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin anarchist da kuma shirin birni mai suna White Bicycle Plan don 'yantar da sufuri mai ƙafa biyu. Fararen kekuna kyauta ne ga kowa ya yi amfani da su, sannan ya bar wasu. Tunanin keken fatalwa a Amurka na iya samo asali ne daga aikin da mai zane-zane na [[San Francisco]] Jo Slota, wanda aka fara a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002. Wannan aikin fasaha ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry Lowe |title=Ghost Bikes |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=23 May 2011 |website=Momentum Planet}}</ref> Slota ya yi sha'awar kekunan da aka watsar da su da ya samu a kusa da birni, an kulle su amma an cire su da sassan da suka dace. Ya fara fentin su fari, kuma ya sanya hotuna a shafin yanar gizon sa, ghostbike.net.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jo Slota's website |url=http://www.ghostbike.net/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303213933/http://ghostbike.net/ |archive-date=3 March 2006 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Ghostbike.net}}</ref> === Bikes na tunawa === [[Fayil:Ghostcycle-2005.jpg|left|thumb|Babbar keke a cikin Gray's Inn Road, London]] An fara aikin tunawa da keken fatalwa a St. Louis, Missouri, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003. [1] Bayan ya lura da wani direban babur ya buge wani mai keke a cikin hanyar keke a kan Holly Hills Boulevard, Patrick Van Der Tuin ya sanya keke mai launin fari a wurin tare da alamar da aka zana da hannu da ke karanta "Mai tuka keke ya rushe A nan". Da yake lura da tasirin da wannan ke da shi a kan masu motoci a yankin, Van Der Tuin ya nemi taimakon abokai don sanya wasu "bikes na fatalwa" 15 a cikin manyan wurare a yankin St. Louis inda motoci suka buge masu keke kwanan nan.[2] Sun yi amfani da kekuna da suka lalace, a wasu lokuta da gangan sun lalace don ƙirƙirar tasirin da ake so.[3] bqlcngt919pzxffta99sfl1n50hhuo4 892268 892234 2026-08-06T17:14:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 892268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin_ghostbike.jpg|right|thumb|Bakin fatalwa a Berlin, don tunawa da mai tuka keke da aka kashe a watan Agusta 2008]] [[Fayil:A_child_"ghost_bike",_a_memorial_for_a_child_killed_on_9-13-2021_in_NE_Washington_DC_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Wani babur na fatalwa a Washington DC, don tunawa da wani yaro mai tuka keke da aka kashe Satumba 2021]]{{Databox}} Babbar fatalwa ita ce abin tunawa da [[keke]] a gefen hanya, wanda aka sanya inda aka kashe mai tuka keke ko ya ji rauni sosai, yawanci ta direban [[Mota|motar mota]]. Ana fentin kekunan fatalwa gaba ɗaya fari kuma galibi ana yin ado da alamomi, furanni, ko abubuwan tunawa da dangin wanda aka azabtar suka bari; ana cire sassa don hana sata.<ref name="Sanders" /> Masu tuka keke da masu sa kai ne suka kirkiresu don girmama wadanda suka mutu, kuma sun bayyana a birane a duniya.<ref name="momentumplanet.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghost Bikes {{!}} Momentum - The Magazine For Self Propelled People! |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=www.momentumplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana yawan shigar da kekunan fatalwa bayan duhu, sau da yawa a cikin wani biki mai girma ta 'yan uwan keke. Shigarwa yawanci ba ya ci gaba har sai dangin wanda aka azabtar ya ba da izini, saboda girmama su da mutumin da ya mutu.<ref name="momentumplanet.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghost Bikes {{!}} Momentum - The Magazine For Self Propelled People! |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=www.momentumplanet.com |language=en}}</ref> Mutanen da ke kirkirar kekunan fatalwa na iya kallon abubuwan tunawa a matsayin fasaha. == Tarihi == === Ayyukan fararen keke na farko === Tunanin zanen kekuna fari ya samo asali ne a [[Amsterdam]] a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin anarchist da kuma shirin birni mai suna White Bicycle Plan don 'yantar da sufuri mai ƙafa biyu. Fararen kekuna kyauta ne ga kowa ya yi amfani da su, sannan ya bar wasu. Tunanin keken fatalwa a Amurka na iya samo asali ne daga aikin da mai zane-zane na [[San Francisco]] Jo Slota, wanda aka fara a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002. Wannan aikin fasaha ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry Lowe |title=Ghost Bikes |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612115451/http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/ghost-bikes |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=23 May 2011 |website=Momentum Planet}}</ref> Slota ya yi sha'awar kekunan da aka watsar da su da ya samu a kusa da birni, an kulle su amma an cire su da sassan da suka dace. Ya fara fentin su fari, kuma ya sanya hotuna a shafin yanar gizon sa, ghostbike.net.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jo Slota's website |url=http://www.ghostbike.net/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303213933/http://ghostbike.net/ |archive-date=3 March 2006 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Ghostbike.net}}</ref> === Bikes na tunawa === [[Fayil:Ghostcycle-2005.jpg|left|thumb|Babbar keke a cikin Gray's Inn Road, London]] An fara aikin tunawa da keken fatalwa a St. Louis, Missouri, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003. [1] Bayan ya lura da wani direban babur ya buge wani mai keke a cikin hanyar keke a kan Holly Hills Boulevard, Patrick Van Der Tuin ya sanya keke mai launin fari a wurin tare da alamar da aka zana da hannu da ke karanta "Mai tuka keke ya rushe A nan". Da yake lura da tasirin da wannan ke da shi a kan masu motoci a yankin, Van Der Tuin ya nemi taimakon abokai don sanya wasu "bikes na fatalwa" 15 a cikin manyan wurare a yankin St. Louis inda motoci suka buge masu keke kwanan nan.[2] Sun yi amfani da kekuna da suka lalace, a wasu lokuta da gangan sun lalace don ƙirƙirar tasirin da ake so. == Manazarta == 1ljs4zanv3mdteulnw7a7i5qm19pbxa 0 162831 892288 2026-08-06T17:35:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335310953|Le Tour Entier]]" 892288 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sun kaddamar da takarda a watan Satumbar 2013, suna kira ga Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) ta gudanar da gasar Tour de France ta mata. Taken karar ya bayyana cewa "Bayan ƙarni guda, lokaci ya yi da za a ba mata damar hawa Tour de France".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Joscha |date=21 July 2022 |title=The Tour de France Femmes: Finally here to stay? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-tour-de-france-femmes-finally-here-to-stay/a-62543594 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami tallafin kafofin watsa labarai, tare da sa hannu sama da 100,000 da aka karɓa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, kungiyar ta sadu da ASO don yin aiki da yadda za a iya haɗa tseren mata a cikin yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":6" /> Kungiyar ta buga wata takarda a watan Satumbar 2013, inda ta gabatar da ingantaccen tsari da shirye-shirye don inganta keken mata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=amrook |date=2013-09-12 |title=Vos, Pooley heat up Tour de France campaign |url=https://www.podiumcafe.com/2013/9/12/4724512/bertine-vos-pooley-wellington-launch-groundbreaking-manifesto-for |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Podium Cafe |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-15 |title=Women's Tour de France campaign gathers pace with the launch of Le Tour Entier website |url=https://road.cc/content/news/93615-womens-tour-de-france-campaign-gathers-pace-launch-le-tour-entier-website |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=road.cc |language=en}}</ref> An aika wannan ga hukumar kula da keke - Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), da kuma masu shirya tseren. Takardar ta kira: <ref name=":2" /> * Gasar mata ta Tour de France da za a gudanar tare da tseren maza * Halitta yawon shakatawa na duniya na mata da sauran yawon shakamuran nahiyar da kuma gasar * Abubuwan da suka faru na UCI World Tour na maza ya kamata su shirya tseren mata * Binciken tseren da ƙuntatawa na tsawon mataki * Cire ka'idojin matsakaicin shekaru ga kungiyoyin UCI na mata * Karfafawa UCI WorldTeams don kafa ƙungiyoyin mata * Babbar da ingantaccen kafofin watsa labarai game da keken mata * Babban saka hannun jari na kasuwanci a cikin keken mata A watan Yulin 2014, an shirya fitowar farko ta La Course ta Le Tour de France a kan Champs-Élysées a [[Faris|Paris]] a gaban matakin karshe na 2014 Tour de France . ASO ce ta shirya La Course, masu sana'a, kafofin watsa labarai da masu kamfen sun yi maraba da ita, tare da Le Tour Entier da aka yaba da shi don kasancewa "mai haɓaka" a bayan turawar tseren. Wanda ya kafa gasar Marianne Vos ne ya lashe gasar. Koyaya, La Course bai faɗaɗa fiye da tseren rana ɗaya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ba, kuma Bertine ya ci gaba da nuna takaici cewa bai samo asali ba zuwa tseren kwana da yawa. Kwararrun 'yan wasan sun soki rashin wahalar La Course, tare da tsohon mai tuka keke & mai sharhi Joanna Rowsell yana mai cewa "Muna buƙatar hawa dutse, matakai masu laushi, gwajin lokaci da kuma kammalawa na Champs-Elysees".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Annemiek van Vleuten unhappy with 'step back' for women's La Course race |url=https://www.cyclist.co.uk/go/7232 |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=Cyclist |language=en}}</ref> Bayan tattaunawa tsakanin UCI, ƙungiyoyi da masu shirya tseren, an ƙaddamar da UCI Women's World Tour a cikin 2016 - tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan kwanakin tseren, ɗaukar kafofin watsa labarai da mafi ƙarancin kyautar kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Owen |date=2015-03-12 |title=New WorldTour part of a shake-up of women's road racing |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/new-worldtour-part-of-a-shake-up-of-womens-road-racing-161906 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huyett |first=Elspeth |date=2015-08-14 |title=UCI Women Get Upgraded to WorldTour Status for 2016 |url=https://www.bicycling.com/racing/a20043057/uci-women-get-upgraded-to-worldtour-status-for-2016/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Bicycling |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na Duniya ya haɗa da tseren kwana da yawa, ba kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta UCI ta baya ba. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na UCI World Tour na maza kuma yanzu suna shirya tseren mata a wannan rana ko karshen mako - kamar Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes (bugawa ta farko a 2017) da Paris-Roubaix Femmes (ubuta ta farko a 2021). Yawancin UCI WorldTeams yanzu suna da 'yan tawagar mata, gami da Movistar (wanda aka kaddamar a 2017), Trek-Segafredo (wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2018) da Jumbo-Visma (wanda aka fitar a 2020). Hakanan an cire ka'idojin matsakaicin shekaru ga ƙungiyoyi. A cikin 2020, an gabatar da mafi ƙarancin albashi ga mahayan, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frattini |first=Kirsten |date=2018-07-13 |title=UCI confirms minimum salary for 'division 1' women's teams in 2020 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-minimum-salary-for-division-1-womens-teams-in-2020/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=cyclingnews.com |language=en}}</ref> tare da wasu mahayan da ke nuna cewa kuɗin shiga ya ninka ko ma ya ninka sau uku.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Joscha |date=21 July 2022 |title=The Tour de France Femmes: Finally here to stay? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-tour-de-france-femmes-finally-here-to-stay/a-62543594 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> UCI tana da burin samun daidaitattun albashi ga maza da mata a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Andrew |date=2021-09-22 |title=UCI promises equal minimum wages for men and women pros 'as quickly as possible' |url=https://www.velonews.com/news/road/uci-promises-equal-minimum-wages-for-men-and-women-pros-as-quickly-as-possible/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=VeloNews.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ASO ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a gudanar da Tour de France Femmes sama da kwanaki 8 a watan Yulin 2022. Sanarwar ta sami yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai, peloton da masu fafutuka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=The women's peloton reacts to the Tour de France Femmes route |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2021/10/the-womens-peloton-reacts-to-the-tour-de-france-femmes-route/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=CyclingTips |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Maria |date=2021-10-15 |title=Tour de France Femmes: A jewel that we must cherish, says Marion Rousse |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tour-de-france-femmes-a-jewel-that-we-must-cherish-says-marion-rousse/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=cyclingnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Bertine ta yi gargadi cewa tseren mata zai kasance mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da tseren maza, tare da ƙarancin kyautar kuɗi da ɗaukar talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=New women's Tour de France is a win, but this pro cyclist says the race isn't over yet |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.6075289/new-women-s-tour-de-france-is-a-win-but-this-pro-cyclist-says-the-race-isn-t-over-yet-1.6075648 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> An fara buga tseren ne a watan Yulin 2022, don yabon jama'a, kafofin watsa labarai, ƙungiyoyi da mahaya. An sadu da tseren tare da manyan jama'a da masu kallon talabijin.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Whittle |first=Jeremy |date=2022-08-01 |title=Marion Rousse hails success of 'proper women's Tour de France' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/01/marion-rousse-tour-de-france-femmes-annemiek-van-vleuten |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thewlis |first=Tom |date=2022-07-27 |title=Tour de France Femmes proving an impressive hit with French television audience |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/racing/huge-numbers-tune-into-opening-action-of-inaugural-tour-de-france-femmes-avec-zwift |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en |quote=France TV Sport Press confirmed on social media that France 3 was the leader on the scheduled time slot yesterday afternoon, with a peak of 2.8 million people watching Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig (FDJ Suez Futuroscope) outsprint Marianne Vos (Jumbo-Visma) to take victory on stage three. The viewing figures were at three million for the opening stage in Paris on Sunday,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Owen |date=2022-07-31 |title="I feel my legs a bit less when I hear the crowd," riders react to the Tour de France crowds |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/racing/i-feel-my-legs-a-bit-less-when-i-hear-the-crowd-riders-react-to-the-tour-de-france-crowds |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en}}</ref> Ayyuka a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun suna ci gaba, tare da The Cyclists' Alliance (ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar ƙwararrun mata) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://cyclistsalliance.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Cyclists' Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> suna turawa don ɗaukar hoto na talabijin, kuɗi mafi girma da tseren da ya fi tsayi. == Manazarta == pjcwxsx7v3mjb95l0n2pv2g0lufo4bg 892292 892288 2026-08-06T17:41:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 892292 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Sun kaddamar da takarda a watan Satumbar 2013, suna kira ga Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) ta gudanar da gasar Tour de France ta mata. Taken karar ya bayyana cewa "Bayan ƙarni guda, lokaci ya yi da za a ba mata damar hawa Tour de France".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Joscha |date=21 July 2022 |title=The Tour de France Femmes: Finally here to stay? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-tour-de-france-femmes-finally-here-to-stay/a-62543594 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami tallafin kafofin watsa labarai, tare da sa hannu sama da 100,000 da aka karɓa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, kungiyar ta sadu da ASO don yin aiki da yadda za a iya haɗa tseren mata a cikin yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":6" /> Kungiyar ta buga wata takarda a watan Satumbar 2013, inda ta gabatar da ingantaccen tsari da shirye-shirye don inganta keken mata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=amrook |date=2013-09-12 |title=Vos, Pooley heat up Tour de France campaign |url=https://www.podiumcafe.com/2013/9/12/4724512/bertine-vos-pooley-wellington-launch-groundbreaking-manifesto-for |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Podium Cafe |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-15 |title=Women's Tour de France campaign gathers pace with the launch of Le Tour Entier website |url=https://road.cc/content/news/93615-womens-tour-de-france-campaign-gathers-pace-launch-le-tour-entier-website |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=road.cc |language=en}}</ref> An aika wannan ga hukumar kula da keke - Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), da kuma masu shirya tseren. Takardar ta kira: <ref name=":2" /> * Gasar mata ta Tour de France da za a gudanar tare da tseren maza * Halitta yawon shakatawa na duniya na mata da sauran yawon shakamuran nahiyar da kuma gasar * Abubuwan da suka faru na UCI World Tour na maza ya kamata su shirya tseren mata * Binciken tseren da ƙuntatawa na tsawon mataki * Cire ka'idojin matsakaicin shekaru ga kungiyoyin UCI na mata * Karfafawa UCI WorldTeams don kafa ƙungiyoyin mata * Babbar da ingantaccen kafofin watsa labarai game da keken mata * Babban saka hannun jari na kasuwanci a cikin keken mata A watan Yulin 2014, an shirya fitowar farko ta La Course ta Le Tour de France a kan Champs-Élysées a [[Faris|Paris]] a gaban matakin karshe na 2014 Tour de France . ASO ce ta shirya La Course, masu sana'a, kafofin watsa labarai da masu kamfen sun yi maraba da ita, tare da Le Tour Entier da aka yaba da shi don kasancewa "mai haɓaka" a bayan turawar tseren. Wanda ya kafa gasar Marianne Vos ne ya lashe gasar. Koyaya, La Course bai faɗaɗa fiye da tseren rana ɗaya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ba, kuma Bertine ya ci gaba da nuna takaici cewa bai samo asali ba zuwa tseren kwana da yawa. Kwararrun 'yan wasan sun soki rashin wahalar La Course, tare da tsohon mai tuka keke & mai sharhi Joanna Rowsell yana mai cewa "Muna buƙatar hawa dutse, matakai masu laushi, gwajin lokaci da kuma kammalawa na Champs-Elysees".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Annemiek van Vleuten unhappy with 'step back' for women's La Course race |url=https://www.cyclist.co.uk/go/7232 |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=Cyclist |language=en}}</ref> Bayan tattaunawa tsakanin UCI, ƙungiyoyi da masu shirya tseren, an ƙaddamar da UCI Women's World Tour a cikin 2016 - tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan kwanakin tseren, ɗaukar kafofin watsa labarai da mafi ƙarancin kyautar kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Owen |date=2015-03-12 |title=New WorldTour part of a shake-up of women's road racing |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/new-worldtour-part-of-a-shake-up-of-womens-road-racing-161906 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huyett |first=Elspeth |date=2015-08-14 |title=UCI Women Get Upgraded to WorldTour Status for 2016 |url=https://www.bicycling.com/racing/a20043057/uci-women-get-upgraded-to-worldtour-status-for-2016/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Bicycling |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na Duniya ya haɗa da tseren kwana da yawa, ba kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta UCI ta baya ba. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na UCI World Tour na maza kuma yanzu suna shirya tseren mata a wannan rana ko karshen mako - kamar Liège-Bastogne-Liège Femmes (bugawa ta farko a 2017) da Paris-Roubaix Femmes (ubuta ta farko a 2021). Yawancin UCI WorldTeams yanzu suna da 'yan tawagar mata, gami da Movistar (wanda aka kaddamar a 2017), Trek-Segafredo (wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2018) da Jumbo-Visma (wanda aka fitar a 2020). Hakanan an cire ka'idojin matsakaicin shekaru ga ƙungiyoyi. A cikin 2020, an gabatar da mafi ƙarancin albashi ga mahayan, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frattini |first=Kirsten |date=2018-07-13 |title=UCI confirms minimum salary for 'division 1' women's teams in 2020 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-minimum-salary-for-division-1-womens-teams-in-2020/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=cyclingnews.com |language=en}}</ref> tare da wasu mahayan da ke nuna cewa kuɗin shiga ya ninka ko ma ya ninka sau uku.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Joscha |date=21 July 2022 |title=The Tour de France Femmes: Finally here to stay? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-tour-de-france-femmes-finally-here-to-stay/a-62543594 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> UCI tana da burin samun daidaitattun albashi ga maza da mata a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Andrew |date=2021-09-22 |title=UCI promises equal minimum wages for men and women pros 'as quickly as possible' |url=https://www.velonews.com/news/road/uci-promises-equal-minimum-wages-for-men-and-women-pros-as-quickly-as-possible/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=VeloNews.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ASO ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a gudanar da Tour de France Femmes sama da kwanaki 8 a watan Yulin 2022. Sanarwar ta sami yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai, peloton da masu fafutuka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=The women's peloton reacts to the Tour de France Femmes route |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2021/10/the-womens-peloton-reacts-to-the-tour-de-france-femmes-route/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=CyclingTips |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Maria |date=2021-10-15 |title=Tour de France Femmes: A jewel that we must cherish, says Marion Rousse |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tour-de-france-femmes-a-jewel-that-we-must-cherish-says-marion-rousse/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=cyclingnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Bertine ta yi gargadi cewa tseren mata zai kasance mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da tseren maza, tare da ƙarancin kyautar kuɗi da ɗaukar talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=New women's Tour de France is a win, but this pro cyclist says the race isn't over yet |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.6075289/new-women-s-tour-de-france-is-a-win-but-this-pro-cyclist-says-the-race-isn-t-over-yet-1.6075648 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> An fara buga tseren ne a watan Yulin 2022, don yabon jama'a, kafofin watsa labarai, ƙungiyoyi da mahaya. An sadu da tseren tare da manyan jama'a da masu kallon talabijin.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Whittle |first=Jeremy |date=2022-08-01 |title=Marion Rousse hails success of 'proper women's Tour de France' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/01/marion-rousse-tour-de-france-femmes-annemiek-van-vleuten |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thewlis |first=Tom |date=2022-07-27 |title=Tour de France Femmes proving an impressive hit with French television audience |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/racing/huge-numbers-tune-into-opening-action-of-inaugural-tour-de-france-femmes-avec-zwift |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en |quote=France TV Sport Press confirmed on social media that France 3 was the leader on the scheduled time slot yesterday afternoon, with a peak of 2.8 million people watching Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig (FDJ Suez Futuroscope) outsprint Marianne Vos (Jumbo-Visma) to take victory on stage three. The viewing figures were at three million for the opening stage in Paris on Sunday,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Owen |date=2022-07-31 |title="I feel my legs a bit less when I hear the crowd," riders react to the Tour de France crowds |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/racing/i-feel-my-legs-a-bit-less-when-i-hear-the-crowd-riders-react-to-the-tour-de-france-crowds |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=cyclingweekly.com |language=en}}</ref> Ayyuka a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun suna ci gaba, tare da The Cyclists' Alliance (ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar ƙwararrun mata) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://cyclistsalliance.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Cyclists' Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> suna turawa don ɗaukar hoto na talabijin, kuɗi mafi girma da tseren da ya fi tsayi. == Manazarta == q1spjpcu83q4u9splo8r9wn35j37xqm 0 162832 892289 2026-08-06T17:39:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357227979|Kidical Mass]]" 892289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kidical_Mass_-_San_Luis_Obispo_-_May_2013.jpg|thumb|Yara da manya suna hawa keke a kan hanya yayin wani taron Kidical Mass a San Luis Obispo, California]] Kidical Mass (wani lokacin Kiddical Mass) wani shiri ne na tafiya a kan [[keke]] ga yara, sau da yawa ta amfani da hanyoyin jama'a a garuruwa da birane. Jirgin yana da kyauta kuma yana buɗewa ga kowa, tare da manya suna aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Ba kamar Critical Mass ba, an shirya hanyar a gaba. Gudun tafiya yawanci tsakanin 2 da 5 mil tsawo kuma yana iya samun jigilar abinci don isa wurin farawa. == Tarihi == Sunan 'kid Mass' wani abu ne na musamman game da taron keke na Critical Mass kuma 'yaro' ma'anar 'yaro'. An fara amfani da sunan ne don tafiya a [[Eugene, Oregon]] wanda ya faru a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidical Mass! |url=http://www.kidicalmass.org/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413181810/http://www.kidicalmass.org/ |archive-date=13 April 2008 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> Kayan motsa jiki na Kidical Mass yanzu suna faruwa a birane a duniya. Ana gudanar da karshen mako na kasa da kasa sau biyu a shekara, a watan Mayu da Satumba (wannan na karshe a ranar World Car Free Day a ranar 22 ga Satumba). == Manufar == Gudun Kidical Mass dama ce ga yara su horar da hawa a kan hanyoyin jama'a da hanyoyin keke, suna amfani da ganuwa da aminci a lambobi. Suna haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na yara kuma suna inganta ra'ayin cewa ya kamata yara su iya tafiya da keke zuwa makaranta ko zuwa ayyukan nishaɗinsu. Yayinda ake haɗawa da haɗa yara da iyayensu, ana ɗaukar tafiye-tafiye na Kidical Mass sau da yawa a matsayin zanga-zangar da ke kira ga mafi aminci na kayan aikin keke.[1] == Manazarta == m37g3vo5o3bzdtp69imz8xf13ixi24e 892293 892289 2026-08-06T17:42:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 892293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kidical_Mass_-_San_Luis_Obispo_-_May_2013.jpg|thumb|Yara da manya suna hawa keke a kan hanya yayin wani taron Kidical Mass a San Luis Obispo, California]]{{Databox}}{{Databox}} Kidical Mass (wani lokacin Kiddical Mass) wani shiri ne na tafiya a kan [[keke]] ga yara, sau da yawa ta amfani da hanyoyin jama'a a garuruwa da birane. Jirgin yana da kyauta kuma yana buɗewa ga kowa, tare da manya suna aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Ba kamar Critical Mass ba, an shirya hanyar a gaba. Gudun tafiya yawanci tsakanin 2 da 5 mil tsawo kuma yana iya samun jigilar abinci don isa wurin farawa. == Tarihi == Sunan 'kid Mass' wani abu ne na musamman game da taron keke na Critical Mass kuma 'yaro' ma'anar 'yaro'. An fara amfani da sunan ne don tafiya a [[Eugene, Oregon]] wanda ya faru a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidical Mass! |url=http://www.kidicalmass.org/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413181810/http://www.kidicalmass.org/ |archive-date=13 April 2008 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> Kayan motsa jiki na Kidical Mass yanzu suna faruwa a birane a duniya. Ana gudanar da karshen mako na kasa da kasa sau biyu a shekara, a watan Mayu da Satumba (wannan na karshe a ranar World Car Free Day a ranar 22 ga Satumba). == Manufar == Gudun Kidical Mass dama ce ga yara su horar da hawa a kan hanyoyin jama'a da hanyoyin keke, suna amfani da ganuwa da aminci a lambobi. Suna haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na yara kuma suna inganta ra'ayin cewa ya kamata yara su iya tafiya da keke zuwa makaranta ko zuwa ayyukan nishaɗinsu. Yayinda ake haɗawa da haɗa yara da iyayensu, ana ɗaukar tafiye-tafiye na Kidical Mass sau da yawa a matsayin zanga-zangar da ke kira ga mafi aminci na kayan aikin keke.[1] == Manazarta == e772jmw3d1yfysgvyib81o1chzb3gkd 0 162833 892291 2026-08-06T17:40:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341134969|I BIKE Dublin]]" 892291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I BIKE [[Dublin]]''' kungiya ce mai ba da shawara da aka kafa a Dublin, Ireland a cikin 2017 kuma tana mai da hankali kan inganta yanayin keke a birnin Dublin. Kungiyar tana aiwatar da matakai kai tsaye don wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan da ke fuskantar mutanen da ke motsa jiki a Dublin da kuma matsawa hukumomi su yi ƙarin don samar da yanayin aminci don keke. Ayyukan kungiyar sun hada da People Protected Bike Lanes, Die-ins da zanga-zangar sake zagayowar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrath |first=Dominic |date=6 November 2019 |title=Cyclists stage 'die in' outside the Dáil in second day of protest |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/cycle-protest-dublin-killed-cars-4881126-Nov2019/ |website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko sun faru ne a kan titin Andrew, Dublin a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017 kuma sun haɗa da kariya ga hanyar motsa jiki wanda ya kasance baƙar fata don ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Nan da nan aikin ya ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai kuma wani mataki na gaba mako guda bayan haka ya zama babban labarai na maraice a tashar talabijin ta ƙasa RTÉ . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Traffic Standstill as Cyclists Protest in Bike Lanes |url=https://lovindublin.com/news/dublin-traffic-standstill-as-cyclists-protest-in-bike-lanes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=From Hashtag to Direct Action, Freeing the Cycle Lanes |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2017/07/05/from-hashtag-to-direct-action-freeing-the-cycle-lanes}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, I BIKE Dublin ta tsara taron jama'a don samar da filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan hanyoyin keke a Dublin don mayar da martani ga ikirarin da Garda Síochána ke yi cewa suna ɗaukar batun da muhimmanci. An rubuta wasu abubuwan da suka faru na filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin mako guda a Dublin fiye da yadda Garda Síochána ta rubuta a cikin shekara guda, a duk fadin kasar.[1] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, bayan Mutuwa wani saurayi yayin da yake tuka keke a Donnybrook, Dublin, I BIKE Dublin ya haɗu da wasu kungiyoyin keke da kungiyoyi don shirya mutuwar a waje da Dáil Éireann don nuna haɗarin da mutanen da ke tuka keke a Dublin ke fuskanta. [[Fayil:IBIKEDublin_DieIn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Mutuwa ta hanyar I BIKE Dublin a Majalisar Birnin Dublin, 2019, a Dublin]] A watan Yunin 2019, kungiyar ta gabatar da aikinta a taron Velo-city da Majalisar Birnin Dublin ta shirya. Sun gabatar da Klaus Bondam, shugaban kungiyar Danish Cyclists' Federation, tare da t-shirt don nuna godiya ga sukar da ya yi wa majalisa da rashin aikinsu wajen isar da kayan aikin keke masu aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=Dublin face à un challenge vélo immense ⋆ Weelz.fr |url=https://www.weelz.fr/fr/dublin-face-a-un-challenge-velo-immense/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=IBIKEDublin|title=We were delighted to present @KlausBondam, director of the Danish Cyclists Federation, with an @IBIKEDublin t-shirt…<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. -->|date=28 June 2019}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2019, I BIKE Dublin ta haɗu da Extinction Rebellion don shirya jinkirin sake zagayowar a kan titunan Dublin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Week of Action na Extinction Rebellon . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 an gayyaci kungiyar don bayyana a gaban Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Oireachtas kan Sufuri, Yawon Bude Ido da Wasanni don tattauna batutuwan da ke fuskantar mutanen da ke motsa jiki a Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtais |first=Tithe an |date=November 20, 2019 |title=Joint Committee on Transport, Tourism and Sport díospóireacht - Dé Céadaoin, 20 Samh 2019 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_transport_tourism_and_sport/2019-11-20/3 |website=www.oireachtas.ie}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, I BIKE Dublin ta gabatar da marubucin Irish, Dervla Murphy tare da lambar yabo ta Inspiring Cyclist of the Year don nuna godiya ga aikin rayuwarta a matsayin mai tuka keke da marubucin tafiye-tafiye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Don't Stop Pedalling |url=https://www.broadsheet.ie/2019/12/04/dont-stop-pedalling/}}</ref> Tun daga 2021, kungiyar ta kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya zagaye na Mass na kowane wata a birnin Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Critical Mass returns with a bop to Dublin - |url=https://irishcycle.com/2021/07/27/critical-mass-returns-with-a-bop-to-dublin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Critical Mass cycles pedal off in three cities this evening - |url=https://irishcycle.com/2024/05/31/critical-mass-cycles-pedal-off-in-three-cities-this-evening/}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8k6a6qruxqjoy0y62y0aormnlqpha60 892294 892291 2026-08-06T17:43:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 892294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''I BIKE [[Dublin]]''' kungiya ce mai ba da shawara da aka kafa a Dublin, Ireland a cikin 2017 kuma tana mai da hankali kan inganta yanayin keke a birnin Dublin. Kungiyar tana aiwatar da matakai kai tsaye don wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan da ke fuskantar mutanen da ke motsa jiki a Dublin da kuma matsawa hukumomi su yi ƙarin don samar da yanayin aminci don keke. Ayyukan kungiyar sun hada da People Protected Bike Lanes, Die-ins da zanga-zangar sake zagayowar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrath |first=Dominic |date=6 November 2019 |title=Cyclists stage 'die in' outside the Dáil in second day of protest |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/cycle-protest-dublin-killed-cars-4881126-Nov2019/ |website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko sun faru ne a kan titin Andrew, Dublin a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017 kuma sun haɗa da kariya ga hanyar motsa jiki wanda ya kasance baƙar fata don ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Nan da nan aikin ya ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai kuma wani mataki na gaba mako guda bayan haka ya zama babban labarai na maraice a tashar talabijin ta ƙasa RTÉ . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Traffic Standstill as Cyclists Protest in Bike Lanes |url=https://lovindublin.com/news/dublin-traffic-standstill-as-cyclists-protest-in-bike-lanes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=From Hashtag to Direct Action, Freeing the Cycle Lanes |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2017/07/05/from-hashtag-to-direct-action-freeing-the-cycle-lanes}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, I BIKE Dublin ta tsara taron jama'a don samar da filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan hanyoyin keke a Dublin don mayar da martani ga ikirarin da Garda Síochána ke yi cewa suna ɗaukar batun da muhimmanci. An rubuta wasu abubuwan da suka faru na filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin mako guda a Dublin fiye da yadda Garda Síochána ta rubuta a cikin shekara guda, a duk fadin kasar.[1] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, bayan Mutuwa wani saurayi yayin da yake tuka keke a Donnybrook, Dublin, I BIKE Dublin ya haɗu da wasu kungiyoyin keke da kungiyoyi don shirya mutuwar a waje da Dáil Éireann don nuna haɗarin da mutanen da ke tuka keke a Dublin ke fuskanta. [[Fayil:IBIKEDublin_DieIn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Mutuwa ta hanyar I BIKE Dublin a Majalisar Birnin Dublin, 2019, a Dublin]] A watan Yunin 2019, kungiyar ta gabatar da aikinta a taron Velo-city da Majalisar Birnin Dublin ta shirya. Sun gabatar da Klaus Bondam, shugaban kungiyar Danish Cyclists' Federation, tare da t-shirt don nuna godiya ga sukar da ya yi wa majalisa da rashin aikinsu wajen isar da kayan aikin keke masu aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=Dublin face à un challenge vélo immense ⋆ Weelz.fr |url=https://www.weelz.fr/fr/dublin-face-a-un-challenge-velo-immense/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=IBIKEDublin|title=We were delighted to present @KlausBondam, director of the Danish Cyclists Federation, with an @IBIKEDublin t-shirt…<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. -->|date=28 June 2019}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2019, I BIKE Dublin ta haɗu da Extinction Rebellion don shirya jinkirin sake zagayowar a kan titunan Dublin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Week of Action na Extinction Rebellon . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 an gayyaci kungiyar don bayyana a gaban Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Oireachtas kan Sufuri, Yawon Bude Ido da Wasanni don tattauna batutuwan da ke fuskantar mutanen da ke motsa jiki a Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtais |first=Tithe an |date=November 20, 2019 |title=Joint Committee on Transport, Tourism and Sport díospóireacht - Dé Céadaoin, 20 Samh 2019 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_transport_tourism_and_sport/2019-11-20/3 |website=www.oireachtas.ie}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, I BIKE Dublin ta gabatar da marubucin Irish, Dervla Murphy tare da lambar yabo ta Inspiring Cyclist of the Year don nuna godiya ga aikin rayuwarta a matsayin mai tuka keke da marubucin tafiye-tafiye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Don't Stop Pedalling |url=https://www.broadsheet.ie/2019/12/04/dont-stop-pedalling/}}</ref> Tun daga 2021, kungiyar ta kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya zagaye na Mass na kowane wata a birnin Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Critical Mass returns with a bop to Dublin - |url=https://irishcycle.com/2021/07/27/critical-mass-returns-with-a-bop-to-dublin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Critical Mass cycles pedal off in three cities this evening - |url=https://irishcycle.com/2024/05/31/critical-mass-cycles-pedal-off-in-three-cities-this-evening/}}</ref> == Manazarta == ilce0plm81yx6yyj7yrftr8a5u22i9f 0 162834 892324 2026-08-06T19:04:21Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 Sabon shafi: Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. 892324 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. dnkk63wia8d4058ju5fzwha3rkdbkrq 892326 892324 2026-08-06T19:05:24Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 892326 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. du91esm0j04zcc5q3den83g2c5h026w 892328 892326 2026-08-06T19:06:11Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Rayuwar farko da karatu */ 892328 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa⁠�, inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. so60t5gqs73eculy9g5r5ke3m4m4xs7 892330 892328 2026-08-06T19:22:41Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Aikin jarida */ 892330 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. hbjxkvpxymsrhifu981h9q96u0pzq2f 892331 892330 2026-08-06T19:23:47Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Aikin jarida */ 892331 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. Daga baya ta koma TRT World, inda take aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahotanni kan batutuwan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin duniya. A cewar bayananta, tana da fiye da shekaru 12 na gogewa a aikin jarida. bz764ouiaqsz273f2ts1gqb4yddrp3o 892332 892331 2026-08-06T19:24:25Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Aikin jarida */ 892332 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. Daga baya ta koma TRT World, inda take aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahotanni kan batutuwan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin duniya. A cewar bayananta, tana da fiye da shekaru 12 na gogewa a aikin jarida. == Manazarta == cgnpcqlrvflpo92ogjcbo68hlniau7q 892333 892332 2026-08-06T19:28:59Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 892333 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.https://journalist.net/shamsiyya.hamza.ibrahim == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. Daga baya ta koma TRT World, inda take aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahotanni kan batutuwan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin duniya. A cewar bayanan https://journalist.net/shamsiyya.hamza.ibrahimta, tana da fiye da shekaru 12 na gogewa a aikin jarida. == Manazarta == srhn02i6kug3srklx2bs3o13que01rp 892336 892333 2026-08-06T19:40:19Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 892336 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref> namehttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.dw.com/ha/shamsiyya-hamza-ibrahim/person-38735388&ved=2ahUKEwiB7fHHuoyWAxWEZ0EAHTUfCdcQFnoECEUQAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw25oipAtonPNcfJthg0-Bu</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. Daga baya ta koma TRT World, inda take aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahotanni kan batutuwan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin duniya. A cewar bayanan https://journalist.net/shamsiyya.hamza.ibrahimta, tana da fiye da shekaru 12 na gogewa a aikin jarida. == Manazarta == tcxprhu0d3k4134phw38et3llrkvv9x 892571 892336 2026-08-07T09:42:31Z Mahuta 11340 892571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim 'yar jarida ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen rahotanni kan harkokin siyasa, tsaro, zamantakewa da al'amuran ci gaba. Ta yi aiki a kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da BBC Hausa, sannan daga baya ta yi aiki da TRT World, inda take ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jarida a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref> namehttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.dw.com/ha/shamsiyya-hamza-ibrahim/person-38735388&ved=2ahUKEwiB7fHHuoyWAxWEZ0EAHTUfCdcQFnoECEUQAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw25oipAtonPNcfJthg0-Bu</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Shamsiyya Hamza Ibrahim ta yi karatu a University of Jos. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga harkar aikin jarida inda ta fara gina ƙwarewarta a fannin tattara labarai da gabatar da shirye-shiryen kafafen yaɗa labarai. == Aikin jarida == Shamsiyya ta yi aiki a BBC Hausa, inda ta rika ba da rahotanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Haka kuma, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a Deutsche Welle Hausa inda aka wallafa wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2017. Daga baya ta koma TRT World, inda take aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai ba da rahotanni kan batutuwan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin duniya. A cewar bayanan https://journalist.net/shamsiyya.hamza.ibrahimta, tana da fiye da shekaru 12 na gogewa a aikin jarida. == Manazarta == prbpzk5zt9frmd2xwjl7qgky6ze43kh 3 162835 892373 2026-08-06T21:23:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892373 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AGibberishUsername! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AGibberishUsername|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9lulfly6igohjl7wtswjqdtwzy75xnp 3 162836 892374 2026-08-06T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892374 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aisha DM! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aisha DM|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) f4l1y3jwpvlvdyhu7axgr28vt2vnog3 3 162837 892375 2026-08-06T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, وسيم! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/وسيم|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) en0x9ut1hav34o1dhxv9i23owjoiwja 3 162838 892376 2026-08-06T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892376 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Squidfam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Squidfam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) axjats0yvdczemjt6la1tuktj9wm1du 3 162839 892377 2026-08-06T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892377 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Buacement! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Buacement|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kqfmcimqnrv4weu3uhf32c4uohcp4kj 3 162840 892378 2026-08-06T21:24:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892378 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, VolodymyrShcherban! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/VolodymyrShcherban|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0amny5r1echkk0pg0pj71ecixcyg89g 3 162841 892379 2026-08-06T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892379 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gowhar Nabi Wani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gowhar Nabi Wani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 43a4twy06foowu7gpxv3x8hrw95ryw7 3 162842 892380 2026-08-06T21:24:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hamimh2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hamimh2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) bf4ri0sl0gtm7nl6qlo3z2tfn7sojdv 3 162843 892381 2026-08-06T21:24:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892381 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jc4xcat! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jc4xcat|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 76iagi5sz133a1ru5mr9jvwkiwmmlqa 3 162844 892382 2026-08-06T21:24:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892382 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RuntimeExzeption! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RuntimeExzeption|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) hmnki0abg9w0qd9vhvnpo92jtj8o4ee 3 162845 892383 2026-08-06T21:24:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892383 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fareedah02! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fareedah02|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) sna9ki56th5gpdpdaac5mvoe4w8inzs 3 162846 892384 2026-08-06T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892384 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leeyear! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leeyear|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 6p1q1pjjf4ljhkvz1f8vrqlguz0knww 3 162847 892385 2026-08-06T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892385 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubakar s Julde! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubakar s Julde|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) a1v76cjtwdhfqzmauce0yvtyv6dgum4 3 162848 892386 2026-08-06T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892386 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Meema001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Meema001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kqr5dolxg9i6tfablehsn5y5v2p90ns 3 162849 892387 2026-08-06T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892387 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdool02! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdool02|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) qrced4cn5q5c146f4udf82lqsxpalyy 3 162850 892388 2026-08-06T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892388 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Humaira baba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Humaira baba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7ow4ba4ymt88z59wg1x7i5pu1foqn2z 3 162851 892389 2026-08-06T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, UmmuAbi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/UmmuAbi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 5b22b7ps7hom9t7w8hst08tjrk3hd9p 3 162852 892390 2026-08-06T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Karimat stitches19! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Karimat stitches19|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2kkhyhy1e4xrfff6cfqb820t5p8nhho 3 162853 892392 2026-08-06T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zama1010! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zama1010|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ftwrg0dpd347amyocyneb1904uaq8fq 3 162854 892393 2026-08-06T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hafeed yoghurt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hafeed yoghurt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) jejajlei2w6uz4dih6psif3w0yp9q6l 3 162855 892394 2026-08-06T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maameeskitchen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maameeskitchen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) s1ux5xmzaig7jyrq3wjlsdsnl1qrhtj 3 162856 892395 2026-08-06T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892395 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xieabumar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xieabumar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) p399txq8cbxq8x72m65nxhoh6w3bbb8 3 162857 892396 2026-08-06T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892396 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alhaji maicash! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alhaji maicash|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) g90mt3885k15jthheyqzxqyvt3ursmi 3 162858 892397 2026-08-06T21:27:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892397 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BMC Hall of Creativity Media Concept! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BMC Hall of Creativity Media Concept|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) qbnqcb8ua3bvw02h5qwhv1cgoa44ldi 3 162859 892398 2026-08-06T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892398 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mister bawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mister bawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) frt7ljhh33rnxy6k965enqtyxhu3qgl 3 162860 892399 2026-08-06T21:27:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892399 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lazeezah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lazeezah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7pf27x8vq906xmvgwzzxte1os0d5e63 3 162861 892400 2026-08-06T21:27:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892400 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Agrohorizon! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Agrohorizon|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) qtuxa7ih1lcadxdsaax8fqcip8yl38t 3 162862 892401 2026-08-06T21:27:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892401 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Millionespees! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Millionespees|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) cll9lkl2pni06z9170rby3sm9402n08 3 162863 892402 2026-08-06T21:27:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892402 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maamiih! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maamiih|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) j7yrri0nvbvu05lhfsbxojbyx3rizu9 3 162864 892403 2026-08-06T21:28:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892403 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bilkisu Aminu Sani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bilkisu Aminu Sani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) sh8jba61oqvjzipsgbvr40iz361n6ba 3 162865 892404 2026-08-06T21:28:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892404 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mariyatu cakes! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mariyatu cakes|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) djgrglw19g3xrn2avn3vx3k1aa7v1dx 3 162866 892405 2026-08-06T21:28:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892405 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abbakarab65! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abbakarab65|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) i1jr4q4jcux057tfolq7vsi06hbmgk9 3 162867 892406 2026-08-06T21:28:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892406 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mems k makeover! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mems k makeover|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mqvqd7ocvkmx135h26yku66a5696fg0 3 162868 892407 2026-08-06T21:28:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892407 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Themaamerhstreats and event! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Themaamerhstreats and event|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) is9xpiiyb6ssqt1qepb44iaxsbt99o4 3 162869 892408 2026-08-06T21:28:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892408 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NurBlendFoods! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NurBlendFoods|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) t3m8vykw6h5icx6xkakwcglnxh126zl 3 162870 892409 2026-08-06T21:29:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nabmudy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nabmudy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9259nko03c17b7ffwj0a1zquezf6k0t 3 162871 892410 2026-08-06T21:29:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SHIFA CARES! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SHIFA CARES|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) g9pby04n7crpf0ew1oaco8rjp2e3a4n 3 162872 892411 2026-08-06T21:29:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892411 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aminabyakasai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aminabyakasai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) fyh6868dtuyrsrsuwhqz5cbq4gkpqcm 3 162873 892412 2026-08-06T21:29:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SADIK ADAMU! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SADIK ADAMU|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 49yho9su6i25vfay6333qd3ekhtm6a4 3 162874 892413 2026-08-06T21:29:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, C-0956! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/C-0956|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 294uh9ucrqhmkv6k1xmz6dlfyqhkyeh 3 162875 892414 2026-08-06T21:29:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Աստղիկ Աջամօղլյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Աստղիկ Աջամօղլյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ma85cpmnknqqivqnq6rxube1y21mzv6 3 162876 892415 2026-08-06T21:30:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dynomite777! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dynomite777|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) fzy416b48eo2oozs8q4ngdn72oolbtz 3 162877 892416 2026-08-06T21:30:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892416 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aloekhadijat! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aloekhadijat|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) h9ga4bkioswerumq3oe3bq7qymjybpi 3 162878 892417 2026-08-06T21:30:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu sabiu ngw! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu sabiu ngw|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) hv20h9bcltrxqpe3dxeslp11y97g9x9 3 162879 892418 2026-08-06T21:30:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Goodyoda! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Goodyoda|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 57j3g9e5h1y1somlt1icoc6n3umwqsq 3 162880 892419 2026-08-06T21:30:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892419 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maryamharha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maryamharha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) gaus7bkrfd9ptxttn1q3xfwzgzb15ah 3 162881 892420 2026-08-06T21:30:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 892420 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Frnw26! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Frnw26|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 6 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) f8imr76lf9r1g64k339dz7h61mlnv4l 0 162882 892522 2026-08-07T08:33:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361450179|Ash-Shams]]" 892522 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] idr4bimzl68aconkzvjok2hyu2ixqm9 892523 892522 2026-08-07T08:34:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361450179|Ash-Shams]]" 892523 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == ''Surat ash-Shams'' [[Surorin Makka|sura ce ta Makka]] . Surorin Makka su ne [[Surah|surorin]] da suka gabata a jerin lokaci waɗanda aka saukar wa [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin [[hijira]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekara ta 622 CE . Galibi suna da gajeru, tare da gajerun ''ayoyi'', kuma galibi suna kusa da ƙarshen surori 114 na Alƙur'ani. Yawancin surorin da ke ɗauke da muƙatta'at suna Makka ne. A cikin littafinsa, ''The Corân'', William Muir ya rarraba ash-Shams a cikin wani ƙaramin rukuni na Alƙur'ani da aka sani da Soliloquies - wani nau'in tattaunawa ta adabi inda Muhammad ke magana da kansa ko bayyana tunaninsa ba tare da yin magana da mai sauraro ba. Duk da haka, Sale ya yi jayayya cewa wannan sūrah da alama an cire ta daga wannan rukunin ta hanyar canjin salon āyāt. == Jigo da kuma batun == [[Fayil:Petra_Jordan_BW_36.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Sau da yawa ana kwatanta buraguzan Mada'in Saleh da na Petra, babban birnin Nabatean {{Convert|500|km}} arewa maso yamma da Mada'in Saleh. ]] Dangane da batun, wannan Sura ta ƙunshi sassa biyu. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi vv. 1 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|1|style=nosup}}</ref> -10, <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|10|style=nosup}}</ref> da kuma na biyu na aya. 11 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|11|style=nosup}}</ref> -15. <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|15|style=nosup}}</ref> A cewar wani labari daga littafin ''A Comprehensive Commentary on the Alqur'ani'', wanda George Sale ya fassara, Manyan Maudu'ai na ayoyi 1-10 sune "Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin ɗan adam da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa" da kuma "An halaka Thamud saboda ƙin annabinsu" a cikin ayoyi 11-15. [[Sayyid Qutb]] (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1966), wanda marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ra'ayin Musulunci na 'Yan'uwantaka ta Musulmi a Masar kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masani mai jayayya saboda dalilan da ya bayar na cin zarafin fararen hula, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Khamis Mwamburi |title=Main features of Sayyid Qutb writings |url=https://www.academia.edu/1471725}}</ref> ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surat Al-Lail'' gaba ɗaya a cikin gabatarwar babban sharhin Alƙur'ani, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' ta hanyar cewa: {{Blockquote|This sūrah, which maintains the same rhyme in all its verses and keeps the same musical beat throughout, starts with several aesthetic touches which seem to spring out from the surrounding universe and its phenomena. These phenomena form the framework which encompasses the great truth which is the subject matter of the sūrah, namely, the nature of man, his inherent abilities, choice of action, and responsibility in determining his own fate. This sūrah also refers to the story of the Thamūd and their negative attitude to the warnings they received from God's messenger, to their killing of the she-camel, and finally their complete annihilation. This provides an example of the unpromising prospects which await those who corrupt their souls instead of keeping them pure and who do not confine themselves within the limits of piety. "Successful is the one who keeps it pure, and ruined is the one who corrupts it." (Verses 9-10).{{Cite quran|90|9|e=10|s=ns|tn=y}} —[[Sayid Qutb]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]''}} Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), sanannen masanin tauhidi na Musulunci ɗan [['Yan Pakistan|Pakistan]], malamin Alƙur'ani kuma mai tafsiri, kuma masanin ilimi, ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surah Shams'' a matsayin An yi wa shugabannin Quraysh gargaɗi, bisa ga dokar ramuwa, game da halinsu na tawaye da girman kai ga aikin Annabci. Kuma nazarinsa game da batun ya ce: {{Blockquote|The existence of pairs --- like the sun and the moon, the night and the day and the earth and the sky --- as a general rule in the manifestations of nature shows that just as either member of a pair needs its complement to become meaningful, this world also is incomplete unless it is viewed together with its complement: the Day of Reward and Punishment. The innate concepts about good and evil in the human soul and the perfection given to it also testify to this reality --- the Day of Judgement. A mention of the pathways which will lead to success and doom in the Hereafter. Historical evidence is presented on the law of retribution to thereby indirectly warn the Quraysh that if they too exceed the limits in their arrogant and rebellious attitude, like the people of the Thamud, then they will be totally wiped out, and the Almighty shall enforce his decision on them without any hesitation. —[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id%3D69 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195922/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id=69 |archive-date=2013-08-22 }}</ref>}} Jigon Suratul ash-Shams da aka gabatar a cikin Fassarar Malik Al-Qur'an ya yi daidai da jigon Javed Ahmad Ghamidi kuma ya yi karo da nazarin jigo na Sayyid Maududi wanda ke cewa: [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] obijtnaemkrrwwczoiqtgiqne2een2v 892524 892523 2026-08-07T08:35:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361450179|Ash-Shams]]" 892524 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == ''Surat ash-Shams'' [[Surorin Makka|sura ce ta Makka]] . Surorin Makka su ne [[Surah|surorin]] da suka gabata a jerin lokaci waɗanda aka saukar wa [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin [[hijira]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekara ta 622 CE . Galibi suna da gajeru, tare da gajerun ''ayoyi'', kuma galibi suna kusa da ƙarshen surori 114 na Alƙur'ani. Yawancin surorin da ke ɗauke da muƙatta'at suna Makka ne. A cikin littafinsa, ''The Corân'', William Muir ya rarraba ash-Shams a cikin wani ƙaramin rukuni na Alƙur'ani da aka sani da Soliloquies - wani nau'in tattaunawa ta adabi inda Muhammad ke magana da kansa ko bayyana tunaninsa ba tare da yin magana da mai sauraro ba. Duk da haka, Sale ya yi jayayya cewa wannan sūrah da alama an cire ta daga wannan rukunin ta hanyar canjin salon āyāt. == Jigo da kuma batun == [[Fayil:Petra_Jordan_BW_36.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Sau da yawa ana kwatanta buraguzan Mada'in Saleh da na Petra, babban birnin Nabatean {{Convert|500|km}} arewa maso yamma da Mada'in Saleh. ]] Dangane da batun, wannan Sura ta ƙunshi sassa biyu. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi vv. 1 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|1|style=nosup}}</ref> -10, <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|10|style=nosup}}</ref> da kuma na biyu na aya. 11 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|11|style=nosup}}</ref> -15. <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|15|style=nosup}}</ref> A cewar wani labari daga littafin ''A Comprehensive Commentary on the Alqur'ani'', wanda George Sale ya fassara, Manyan Maudu'ai na ayoyi 1-10 sune "Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin ɗan adam da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa" da kuma "An halaka Thamud saboda ƙin annabinsu" a cikin ayoyi 11-15. [[Sayyid Qutb]] (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1966), wanda marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ra'ayin Musulunci na 'Yan'uwantaka ta Musulmi a Masar kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masani mai jayayya saboda dalilan da ya bayar na cin zarafin fararen hula, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Khamis Mwamburi |title=Main features of Sayyid Qutb writings |url=https://www.academia.edu/1471725}}</ref> ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surat Al-Lail'' gaba ɗaya a cikin gabatarwar babban sharhin Alƙur'ani, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' ta hanyar cewa: {{Blockquote|This sūrah, which maintains the same rhyme in all its verses and keeps the same musical beat throughout, starts with several aesthetic touches which seem to spring out from the surrounding universe and its phenomena. These phenomena form the framework which encompasses the great truth which is the subject matter of the sūrah, namely, the nature of man, his inherent abilities, choice of action, and responsibility in determining his own fate. This sūrah also refers to the story of the Thamūd and their negative attitude to the warnings they received from God's messenger, to their killing of the she-camel, and finally their complete annihilation. This provides an example of the unpromising prospects which await those who corrupt their souls instead of keeping them pure and who do not confine themselves within the limits of piety. "Successful is the one who keeps it pure, and ruined is the one who corrupts it." (Verses 9-10).{{Cite quran|90|9|e=10|s=ns|tn=y}} —[[Sayid Qutb]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]''}} Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), sanannen masanin tauhidi na Musulunci ɗan [['Yan Pakistan|Pakistan]], malamin Alƙur'ani kuma mai tafsiri, kuma masanin ilimi, ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surah Shams'' a matsayin An yi wa shugabannin Quraysh gargaɗi, bisa ga dokar ramuwa, game da halinsu na tawaye da girman kai ga aikin Annabci. Kuma nazarinsa game da batun ya ce: {{Blockquote|The existence of pairs --- like the sun and the moon, the night and the day and the earth and the sky --- as a general rule in the manifestations of nature shows that just as either member of a pair needs its complement to become meaningful, this world also is incomplete unless it is viewed together with its complement: the Day of Reward and Punishment. The innate concepts about good and evil in the human soul and the perfection given to it also testify to this reality --- the Day of Judgement. A mention of the pathways which will lead to success and doom in the Hereafter. Historical evidence is presented on the law of retribution to thereby indirectly warn the Quraysh that if they too exceed the limits in their arrogant and rebellious attitude, like the people of the Thamud, then they will be totally wiped out, and the Almighty shall enforce his decision on them without any hesitation. —[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id%3D69 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195922/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id=69 |archive-date=2013-08-22 }}</ref>}} Jigon Suratul ash-Shams da aka gabatar a cikin Fassarar Malik Al-Qur'an ya yi daidai da jigon Javed Ahmad Ghamidi kuma ya yi karo da nazarin jigo na Sayyid Maududi wanda ke cewa: {{Blockquote|While narrating this story of the Thamud nowhere in the Surah has it been said "O people of [[Quraysh tribe|Quraish]], if you rejected your [[Prophet]], [[Muhammad]] (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings), as the Thamud had rejected theirs, you too would meet with the same fate as they met." The conditions at that time in Makkah were similar to those that had been created by the wicked among the people of Thamud against the Prophet Salih (peace be upon him). Therefore, the narration of this story in those conditions was by itself enough to suggest to the people of Makkah how precisely this historical precedent applied to them. —[[Abul A'la Maududi]]<ref name="englishtafsir.com">{{cite web|url=http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/91/index.html|title=91. Sura As Shams (The Sun) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an}}</ref>}} Kuma cewa jigonsa shine a bambanta nagarta da mugunta da kuma gargaɗin mutanen da suka ƙi fahimtar wannan bambanci kuma suka dage kan bin hanyar mugunta, game da ƙarshen mugunta. Duk da haka Malik ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Batu, Dokar Allah da Shiriya a cikin wannan sura ita ce "Nasara ta dogara ne akan kiyaye rai tsarkakakke kuma gazawa ta dogara ne akan lalata ta, mutanen Samudawa an daidaita su a ƙasa saboda wannan dalili." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malik Surah 91. Ash-Shams Introduction, Revelation, Background and Summary |url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/surah/introduction/91/MAL}}</ref> === 1-10 Nagari da mugunta ===   Kashi na farko ya yi magana ne game da abubuwa uku:-: 1- Kamar yadda [[rana]] da [[wata]], [[Rana (lokaci)|rana]] da [[dare]], [[Duniya|ƙasa]] da [[sama]], suka bambanta da juna kuma suka saba wa juna a tasirinsu da sakamakonsu, haka nan kuma nagarta da mugunta suka bambanta a gaban juna kuma suka saba wa tasirinsu da sakamakonsu; ba su yi kama da juna a bayyanarsu ta waje ba kuma ba za su iya zama iri ɗaya ba a sakamakonsu. 2- Cewa bayan Allah ya ba wa ɗan adam ikon jiki, hankali da tunani bai bar shi ba a duniya, amma ya sanya shi cikin rashin sani ta hanyar wahayi na halitta, bambance-bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, daidai da kuskure, da kuma jin cewa nagarta ta zama nagarta, da mugunta ta zama mugunta. [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] cyszaqmszhzikvuqv0r01fmnnauu28g 892525 892524 2026-08-07T08:38:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == ''Surat ash-Shams'' [[Surorin Makka|sura ce ta Makka]] . Surorin Makka su ne [[Surah|surorin]] da suka gabata a jerin lokaci waɗanda aka saukar wa [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin [[hijira]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekara ta 622 CE . Galibi suna da gajeru, tare da gajerun ''ayoyi'', kuma galibi suna kusa da ƙarshen surori 114 na Alƙur'ani. Yawancin surorin da ke ɗauke da muƙatta'at suna Makka ne. A cikin littafinsa, ''The Corân'', William Muir ya rarraba ash-Shams a cikin wani ƙaramin rukuni na Alƙur'ani da aka sani da Soliloquies - wani nau'in tattaunawa ta adabi inda Muhammad ke magana da kansa ko bayyana tunaninsa ba tare da yin magana da mai sauraro ba. Duk da haka, Sale ya yi jayayya cewa wannan sūrah da alama an cire ta daga wannan rukunin ta hanyar canjin salon āyāt. == Jigo da kuma batun == [[Fayil:Petra_Jordan_BW_36.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Sau da yawa ana kwatanta buraguzan Mada'in Saleh da na Petra, babban birnin Nabatean {{Convert|500|km}} arewa maso yamma da Mada'in Saleh. ]] Dangane da batun, wannan Sura ta ƙunshi sassa biyu. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi vv. 1 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|1|style=nosup}}</ref> -10, <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|10|style=nosup}}</ref> da kuma na biyu na aya. 11 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|11|style=nosup}}</ref> -15. <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|15|style=nosup}}</ref> A cewar wani labari daga littafin ''A Comprehensive Commentary on the Alqur'ani'', wanda George Sale ya fassara, Manyan Maudu'ai na ayoyi 1-10 sune "Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin ɗan adam da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa" da kuma "An halaka Thamud saboda ƙin annabinsu" a cikin ayoyi 11-15. [[Sayyid Qutb]] (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1966), wanda marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ra'ayin Musulunci na 'Yan'uwantaka ta Musulmi a Masar kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masani mai jayayya saboda dalilan da ya bayar na cin zarafin fararen hula, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Khamis Mwamburi |title=Main features of Sayyid Qutb writings |url=https://www.academia.edu/1471725}}</ref> ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surat Al-Lail'' gaba ɗaya a cikin gabatarwar babban sharhin Alƙur'ani, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' ta hanyar cewa: {{Blockquote|This sūrah, which maintains the same rhyme in all its verses and keeps the same musical beat throughout, starts with several aesthetic touches which seem to spring out from the surrounding universe and its phenomena. These phenomena form the framework which encompasses the great truth which is the subject matter of the sūrah, namely, the nature of man, his inherent abilities, choice of action, and responsibility in determining his own fate. This sūrah also refers to the story of the Thamūd and their negative attitude to the warnings they received from God's messenger, to their killing of the she-camel, and finally their complete annihilation. This provides an example of the unpromising prospects which await those who corrupt their souls instead of keeping them pure and who do not confine themselves within the limits of piety. "Successful is the one who keeps it pure, and ruined is the one who corrupts it." (Verses 9-10).{{Cite quran|90|9|e=10|s=ns|tn=y}} —[[Sayid Qutb]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]''}} Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), sanannen masanin tauhidi na Musulunci ɗan [['Yan Pakistan|Pakistan]], malamin Alƙur'ani kuma mai tafsiri, kuma masanin ilimi, ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surah Shams'' a matsayin An yi wa shugabannin Quraysh gargaɗi, bisa ga dokar ramuwa, game da halinsu na tawaye da girman kai ga aikin Annabci. Kuma nazarinsa game da batun ya ce: {{Blockquote|The existence of pairs --- like the sun and the moon, the night and the day and the earth and the sky --- as a general rule in the manifestations of nature shows that just as either member of a pair needs its complement to become meaningful, this world also is incomplete unless it is viewed together with its complement: the Day of Reward and Punishment. The innate concepts about good and evil in the human soul and the perfection given to it also testify to this reality --- the Day of Judgement. A mention of the pathways which will lead to success and doom in the Hereafter. Historical evidence is presented on the law of retribution to thereby indirectly warn the Quraysh that if they too exceed the limits in their arrogant and rebellious attitude, like the people of the Thamud, then they will be totally wiped out, and the Almighty shall enforce his decision on them without any hesitation. —[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id%3D69 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195922/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id=69 |archive-date=2013-08-22 }}</ref>}} Jigon Suratul ash-Shams da aka gabatar a cikin Fassarar Malik Al-Qur'an ya yi daidai da jigon Javed Ahmad Ghamidi kuma ya yi karo da nazarin jigo na Sayyid Maududi wanda ke cewa: {{Blockquote|While narrating this story of the Thamud nowhere in the Surah has it been said "O people of [[Quraysh tribe|Quraish]], if you rejected your [[Prophet]], [[Muhammad]] (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings), as the Thamud had rejected theirs, you too would meet with the same fate as they met." The conditions at that time in Makkah were similar to those that had been created by the wicked among the people of Thamud against the Prophet Salih (peace be upon him). Therefore, the narration of this story in those conditions was by itself enough to suggest to the people of Makkah how precisely this historical precedent applied to them. —[[Abul A'la Maududi]]<ref name="englishtafsir.com">{{cite web|url=http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/91/index.html|title=91. Sura As Shams (The Sun) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an}}</ref>}} Kuma cewa jigonsa shine a bambanta nagarta da mugunta da kuma gargaɗin mutanen da suka ƙi fahimtar wannan bambanci kuma suka dage kan bin hanyar mugunta, game da ƙarshen mugunta. Duk da haka Malik ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Batu, Dokar Allah da Shiriya a cikin wannan sura ita ce "Nasara ta dogara ne akan kiyaye rai tsarkakakke kuma gazawa ta dogara ne akan lalata ta, mutanen Samudawa an daidaita su a ƙasa saboda wannan dalili." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malik Surah 91. Ash-Shams Introduction, Revelation, Background and Summary |url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/surah/introduction/91/MAL}}</ref> === 1-10 Nagari da mugunta ===   Kashi na farko ya yi magana ne game da abubuwa uku:-: 1- Kamar yadda [[rana]] da [[wata]], [[Rana (lokaci)|rana]] da [[dare]], [[Duniya|ƙasa]] da [[sama]], suka bambanta da juna kuma suka saba wa juna a tasirinsu da sakamakonsu, haka nan kuma nagarta da mugunta suka bambanta a gaban juna kuma suka saba wa tasirinsu da sakamakonsu; ba su yi kama da juna a bayyanarsu ta waje ba kuma ba za su iya zama iri ɗaya ba a sakamakonsu. 2- Cewa bayan Allah ya ba wa ɗan adam ikon jiki, hankali da tunani bai bar shi ba a duniya, amma ya sanya shi cikin rashin sani ta hanyar wahayi na halitta, bambance-bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, daidai da kuskure, da kuma jin cewa nagarta ta zama nagarta, da mugunta ta zama mugunta. [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] rhqbpof6prixobq0wvbuspbirubnm1f 892526 892525 2026-08-07T08:40:18Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361450179|Ash-Shams]]" 892526 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == ''Surat ash-Shams'' [[Surorin Makka|sura ce ta Makka]] . Surorin Makka su ne [[Surah|surorin]] da suka gabata a jerin lokaci waɗanda aka saukar wa [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin [[hijira]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekara ta 622 CE . Galibi suna da gajeru, tare da gajerun ''ayoyi'', kuma galibi suna kusa da ƙarshen surori 114 na Alƙur'ani. Yawancin surorin da ke ɗauke da muƙatta'at suna Makka ne. A cikin littafinsa, ''The Corân'', William Muir ya rarraba ash-Shams a cikin wani ƙaramin rukuni na Alƙur'ani da aka sani da Soliloquies - wani nau'in tattaunawa ta adabi inda Muhammad ke magana da kansa ko bayyana tunaninsa ba tare da yin magana da mai sauraro ba. Duk da haka, Sale ya yi jayayya cewa wannan sūrah da alama an cire ta daga wannan rukunin ta hanyar canjin salon āyāt. == Jigo da kuma batun == [[Fayil:Petra_Jordan_BW_36.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Sau da yawa ana kwatanta buraguzan Mada'in Saleh da na Petra, babban birnin Nabatean {{Convert|500|km}} arewa maso yamma da Mada'in Saleh. ]] Dangane da batun, wannan Sura ta ƙunshi sassa biyu. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi vv. 1 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|1|style=nosup}}</ref> -10, <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|10|style=nosup}}</ref> da kuma na biyu na aya. 11 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|11|style=nosup}}</ref> -15. <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|15|style=nosup}}</ref> A cewar wani labari daga littafin ''A Comprehensive Commentary on the Alqur'ani'', wanda George Sale ya fassara, Manyan Maudu'ai na ayoyi 1-10 sune "Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin ɗan adam da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa" da kuma "An halaka Thamud saboda ƙin annabinsu" a cikin ayoyi 11-15. [[Sayyid Qutb]] (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1966), wanda marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ra'ayin Musulunci na 'Yan'uwantaka ta Musulmi a Masar kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masani mai jayayya saboda dalilan da ya bayar na cin zarafin fararen hula, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Khamis Mwamburi |title=Main features of Sayyid Qutb writings |url=https://www.academia.edu/1471725}}</ref> ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surat Al-Lail'' gaba ɗaya a cikin gabatarwar babban sharhin Alƙur'ani, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' ta hanyar cewa: {{Blockquote|This sūrah, which maintains the same rhyme in all its verses and keeps the same musical beat throughout, starts with several aesthetic touches which seem to spring out from the surrounding universe and its phenomena. These phenomena form the framework which encompasses the great truth which is the subject matter of the sūrah, namely, the nature of man, his inherent abilities, choice of action, and responsibility in determining his own fate. This sūrah also refers to the story of the Thamūd and their negative attitude to the warnings they received from God's messenger, to their killing of the she-camel, and finally their complete annihilation. This provides an example of the unpromising prospects which await those who corrupt their souls instead of keeping them pure and who do not confine themselves within the limits of piety. "Successful is the one who keeps it pure, and ruined is the one who corrupts it." (Verses 9-10).{{Cite quran|90|9|e=10|s=ns|tn=y}} —[[Sayid Qutb]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]''}} Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), sanannen masanin tauhidi na Musulunci ɗan [['Yan Pakistan|Pakistan]], malamin Alƙur'ani kuma mai tafsiri, kuma masanin ilimi, ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surah Shams'' a matsayin An yi wa shugabannin Quraysh gargaɗi, bisa ga dokar ramuwa, game da halinsu na tawaye da girman kai ga aikin Annabci. Kuma nazarinsa game da batun ya ce: {{Blockquote|The existence of pairs --- like the sun and the moon, the night and the day and the earth and the sky --- as a general rule in the manifestations of nature shows that just as either member of a pair needs its complement to become meaningful, this world also is incomplete unless it is viewed together with its complement: the Day of Reward and Punishment. The innate concepts about good and evil in the human soul and the perfection given to it also testify to this reality --- the Day of Judgement. A mention of the pathways which will lead to success and doom in the Hereafter. Historical evidence is presented on the law of retribution to thereby indirectly warn the Quraysh that if they too exceed the limits in their arrogant and rebellious attitude, like the people of the Thamud, then they will be totally wiped out, and the Almighty shall enforce his decision on them without any hesitation. —[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id%3D69 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195922/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id=69 |archive-date=2013-08-22 }}</ref>}} Jigon Suratul ash-Shams da aka gabatar a cikin Fassarar Malik Al-Qur'an ya yi daidai da jigon Javed Ahmad Ghamidi kuma ya yi karo da nazarin jigo na Sayyid Maududi wanda ke cewa: {{Blockquote|While narrating this story of the Thamud nowhere in the Surah has it been said "O people of [[Quraysh tribe|Quraish]], if you rejected your [[Prophet]], [[Muhammad]] (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings), as the Thamud had rejected theirs, you too would meet with the same fate as they met." The conditions at that time in Makkah were similar to those that had been created by the wicked among the people of Thamud against the Prophet Salih (peace be upon him). Therefore, the narration of this story in those conditions was by itself enough to suggest to the people of Makkah how precisely this historical precedent applied to them. —[[Abul A'la Maududi]]<ref name="englishtafsir.com">{{cite web|url=http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/91/index.html|title=91. Sura As Shams (The Sun) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an}}</ref>}} Kuma cewa jigonsa shine a bambanta nagarta da mugunta da kuma gargaɗin mutanen da suka ƙi fahimtar wannan bambanci kuma suka dage kan bin hanyar mugunta, game da ƙarshen mugunta. Duk da haka Malik ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Batu, Dokar Allah da Shiriya a cikin wannan sura ita ce "Nasara ta dogara ne akan kiyaye rai tsarkakakke kuma gazawa ta dogara ne akan lalata ta, mutanen Samudawa an daidaita su a ƙasa saboda wannan dalili." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malik Surah 91. Ash-Shams Introduction, Revelation, Background and Summary |url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/surah/introduction/91/MAL}}</ref> === 1-10 Nagari da mugunta ===   Kashi na farko ya yi magana ne game da abubuwa uku:-: 1- Kamar yadda [[rana]] da [[wata]], [[Rana (lokaci)|rana]] da [[dare]], [[Duniya|ƙasa]] da [[sama]], suka bambanta da juna kuma suka saba wa juna a tasirinsu da sakamakonsu, haka nan kuma nagarta da mugunta suka bambanta a gaban juna kuma suka saba wa tasirinsu da sakamakonsu; ba su yi kama da juna a bayyanarsu ta waje ba kuma ba za su iya zama iri ɗaya ba a sakamakonsu. 2- Cewa bayan Allah ya ba wa ɗan adam ikon jiki, hankali da tunani bai bar shi ba a duniya, amma ya sanya shi cikin rashin sani ta hanyar wahayi na halitta, bambance-bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, daidai da kuskure, da kuma jin cewa nagarta ta zama nagarta, da mugunta ta zama mugunta. 3- Cewa makomar mutum ta dogara ne akan yadda ta hanyar amfani da ikon nuna wariya, nufin da hukunci da Allah ya ba shi, yake haɓaka kyawawan halaye da kuma danne munanan halaye na kai. Idan ya haɓaka kyakkyawar niyya kuma ya 'yantar da kansa daga munanan niyya, zai sami nasara ta har abada, kuma idan, akasin haka, ya danne nagarta kuma ya haɓaka mugunta, zai haɗu da takaici da gazawa. Sahl al-Tustari (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 896), wani Sufi kuma masanin Alƙur'ani, ya ambaci cewa, "Da ranar da ta bayyana [rana], sai ya ce: Wannan yana nufin: hasken imani yana kawar da duhun jahilci kuma yana kashe harshen wuta. === 11-15 Tarihin mutanen Samudawa === <templatestyles src="Rquote/styles.css" />A kashi na biyu, an kawo misalin tarihi na mutanen Samudawa, muhimmancin annabci. Ana ɗaga manzo a duniya, domin ilimin da Allah ya sanya a cikin yanayin ɗan adam, wanda ya ba da wahayi ga mutane, bai isa ya shiryar da su ba, amma saboda rashin fahimtarsa sosai, mutum yana gabatar da ƙa'idodi marasa kyau da ka'idoji na alheri da mugunta, don haka yana ɓata. Shi ya sa Allah ya saukar da wahayi bayyanannu ga annabawa domin ƙara wa mutum wahayi na halitta domin su bayyana wa mutane abin da yake nagari da abin da yake mummuna. Haka nan, an aiko annabi Saleh zuwa ga mutanen Samudawa, amma mutanen da suka mamaye da muguntar kansu, sun yi tawaye har suka ƙi shi. Kuma lokacin da ya gabatar musu da mu'ujizar Raƙumar Allah, kamar yadda suka nema, mafi munin cikinsu, duk da gargaɗinsa, ya sassare ta, bisa ga nufin mutane da sha'awarsu. Saboda haka, dukkan ƙabilar ta fuskanci bala'i. Ayar karshe (وَلَا يَخَافُ عُقْبَـٰهَا) tana da madadin [[Qiraʼat|karatu]] : <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}</ref> ("فَلا يَخَافُ عُقْبَاهَا") kuma tana da [[tafsiri]] mabambanta tsakanin malamai. Shawarar cewa Allah ba shi da tsoro ba ta dace ba idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin Allahntaka a cikin tauhidin Musulunci . Tsoro siffa ce ta ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da rauni, rashin tabbas, da kuma yiwuwar cutarwa, wanda babu ɗaya daga cikinsu da ya shafi Allah, wanda yake mai iko duka, masani, kuma cikakken mai wadatar da kai. Ayyukan Allah suna gudana ne ta hanyar hikima da adalci, ba ta hanyar tsoro ko damuwa ba. A cikin mahallin ayar (ولا يَخافُ عُقْبَـٰها), fassara ta da nufin cewa Allah ba ya jin tsoron wani sakamako zai nuna cewa akwai wani nau'i na ramawa ko ramawa ga Allah, wanda ya saɓa wa yanayinsa mafi girma da girma. Kamar haka kuma ta hanyar zana daidai da ma'anar "تَخَوُّفٍ" (rashin hankali) kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin [[An-Nahl|Surah An-Nahl]] : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah An-Nahl - 45-47 |url=https://quran.com/an-nahl/45-47 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> ("أَوْ يَأْخُذَهُمْ عَلَىٰ تَخَوُّفٍ") (ko kuma zai kama su ta hanyar haifar da asara a hankali), za a iya fahimtar cewa bayan an zartar da azabar Allah a kan mutanen Samudawa, babu abin da ya rage na rayuwarsu da zai buƙaci kamawa a hankali ko haifar da ƙarin asara. Ainihin, hukuncin ya kasance cikakke kuma cikakke har ba a buƙatar wani ƙarin taimakon Allah ko ɗaukar matakai na hukunci a hankali ba. Wannan fassarar tana nuna cikakken hukunci da kuma ƙarshensa, ba tare da barin wani wuri don ci gaba da aiwatar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ko asara a hankali ba. Wata tawili kuma ta qunshi kalmar "عُقْبَـٰهَا" wadda za a iya fahimtar ta da ma'anar "zuriyarta" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin [[Surah|suratul]] Zukhruf : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Az-Zukhruf - 28 |url=https://quran.com/az-zukhruf/28 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> يَرْجِعُونَ") (Kuma Ya sanya ta tabbatacciya a cikin zuriyarsa, tsammaninsu za su koma). A cikin wannan mahallin, "عُقْبَـٰها" yana nufin zuri'a ko zuri'ar mutanen Samudawa. Wannan fassarar tana nuna cewa bayan an zartar da hukuncin Allah a kan Samudawa, muminai da suka tsira da zuriyarsu ba za su ji tsoron zalunci ko cutarwa daga mutanen da suka kafirta ba. Hukuncin ya kasance mai matuƙar ƙarfi da cikakkiya, ba wai kawai ya kawar da waɗanda suka yi laifi nan take ba, har ma ya tabbatar da aminci da zaman lafiya ga masu imani da zuriyarsu, ta haka ya kawar da duk wani tsoro na zalunci daga kafirai a nan gaba. Wannan fahimta ta jaddada batun kariya na shiga tsakani na Allah, tana kare muminai da zuriyarsu daga zalunci da rashin adalci na kafirai. Wannan tafsiri yana kara qarfafawa da lura da madadin [[Qiraʼat|karatun]] ayar: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 "قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف"]. ''www.islamweb.net'' (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-14</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> **"فَلا يَخَافُ عُقْبَاهَا"** "domin kada zuriyarta su ji tsoro." == Asbāb al-nuzūl == ''Asbāb al-nuzūl'' (lokuta ko yanayi na wahayi) wani nau'i ne na biyu na tafsirin Alƙur'ani ( ''tafsir'' ) wanda aka yi niyya don kafa mahallin da aka saukar da takamaiman ayoyin Alƙur'ani. Ko da yake ana amfani da shi wajen sake gina tarihin Alƙur'ani, a zahiri ''asbāb'' wani nau'in fassara ne maimakon na tarihi, kuma saboda haka yawanci yana haɗa ayoyin da yake bayyanawa da yanayi na gabaɗaya maimakon takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Yawancin ''mufassirūn'' sun ce an saukar da wannan sura a [[Makkah|Makka]], a wani lokaci da adawa da Muhammadu ta yi ƙarfi da ƙarfi. == Halaye na musamman na Sūrat ash-Shams == An ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce ladan karanta wannan sura an kwatanta shi da abubuwan da rana da wata ke haskakawa a kansu. Imam [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 748) ya ce mutumin da ya karanta ''suratul'' ash-Shams, al-Lail, adh-Dhuha da al-Inshirah, a ranar Alkiyama, zai sami dukkan halittun duniya suna ba da shaida a madadinsa kuma Allah zai karɓi shaidarsu ya kuma ba shi wuri a cikin Aljanna (Aljanna). == Hadisai game da Suratul Ash-Shams == [[Abdullah ɗan Umar|`Abd Allah ibn `Umar]] (kimanin 614 - 693) ya ba da labari cewa yayin da Muhammadu ke wucewa ta gidajen Samud a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Yaƙin Tabouk, ya tsaya tare da mutanen da ke wurin. Mutane sun ɗebo ruwa daga rijiyoyin da mutanen Samudawa suka saba sha. Sun shirya kullunsu (don yin burodi) suka kuma cika fatar ruwansu daga ciki (ruwan da ke cikin rijiyoyin). Muhammadu ya umarce su da su zubar da fatun ruwan su kuma ba wa raƙuman da aka shirya kullu. Sai ya tafi tare da su har sai da suka tsaya a bakin rijiyar da rakumin (na Salih) yake sha daga ciki. Ya yi musu gargaɗi game da shiga kan mutanen da aka hukunta, yana cewa "Kada ku shiga gidan waɗanda suka yi wa kansu zalunci, sai dai idan kun shiga kuna kuka, don kada ku sha irin azabar da aka yi musu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahih Bukhari |title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Prophets" |url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_4_55.php}}</ref> [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lta0qgca2v147lmcfw5837zpjigxscd 892528 892526 2026-08-07T08:45:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361450179|Ash-Shams]]" 892528 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Ash-Shams''' ( Arabic "Rana") ita ce [[Surah|sura]] ta 91 a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], mai ayoyi ko ayoyi 15. Ya fara da jerin rantsuwa masu tsarki da aka yi rantsuwa a kan abubuwa daban-daban [[Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani|na ilmin taurari]], wanda na farko, "da rana", ya ba da surar sunansa, sannan kuma a kan ran ɗan adam da kansa. Sannan ya bayyana makomar Samudawa, wata ƙabilar Larabawa da ta kasance mai wadata amma yanzu ta wanzu. Annabi Saleh ya yi musu gargaɗi da su bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai, kuma ya umarce su da sunan Allah da su kiyaye wata [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ; sun yi rashin biyayya kuma suka ci gaba da ƙin saƙonsa; sun kashe raƙuma kuma tara daga cikinsu sun yi niyyar kashe Saleh da mabiyansa, don haka Allah ya halaka waɗanda suka zalunci mutanen Samudawa ya kuma ceci Saleh da muminai nagari waɗanda suka bi shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Naml - 48 |url=https://quran.com/27:48/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == * '''1-10''', Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin mutum da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa * '''11-15''', An halaka Samudawa saboda ƙin yarda da annabinsu == Sunan surar == [[Siyudi|Jalaluddin Al-Suyuti]], wanda ya rubuta tafsīr na gargajiya na Sunni wanda aka fi sani da Tafsir al-Jalalayn ya nuna cewa an sanya wa wasu daga cikin sūrah suna ta amfani da incipits (watau kalmomin farko na surah). An sanya wa Surar suna ne bayan kalmar ash-shams wadda take buɗewa da ita. Hamiduddin Farahi ya rubuta cewa an sanya wa wasu sūrah suna bayan wasu kalmomi masu bayyana da aka yi amfani da su a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613144620/http://al-mawrid.org/books/Exordium%20to%20the%20Coherence%20in%20the%20Quran.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2009-10-04}}</ref> ''Mala'ika Ya Shafa: Tafseer Juz 'Amma'' kwas ne na [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] na Cibiyar AlMaghrib <ref>{{Cite web |title=Touched by an Angel |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331052535/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2007/touched-by-an-angel/ |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> wanda ke ƙara bincike kan cewa an ambaci rana (ash-shams) a cikin surori da yawa; dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan da Surah Shams shine saboda, a cikinta, an ambaci rana sau huɗu. Allah yana cewa: <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:1 وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:2 وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:3 وَالنَّهَارِ إِذَا جَلَّاهَا</span> <span style="color:black; font-size:165%;">91:4 وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَاهَا</span> Fassara: Ina rantsuwa da rana da haskenta, da kuma wata idan ya bi ta. Da yini a lokacin da yake bayyana shi, da dare a lokacin da yake rufe shi. [Suratu Ash-Shams, aya ta 1-4]. Ka lura da "shi," "shi," "shi," ... A Larabci, sunan da ake amfani da shi shine haa (ها), wanda ke nufin mace. Kuma duk sauran sunayen da aka ambata maza ne; waɗanda suka bar Ash-Shams kawai - rana - wanda kalma ce ta mata; wannan ita ce "shi" da aka ambata a cikin ayoyi huɗu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafseer Surah Shams: One Man's Sin |url=http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203215526/http://www.ilmfruits.com/2009/tafseer-surah-shams-one-mans-sin/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=Ilm Fruits}}</ref> == Lokacin wahayi == ''Surat ash-Shams'' [[Surorin Makka|sura ce ta Makka]] . Surorin Makka su ne [[Surah|surorin]] da suka gabata a jerin lokaci waɗanda aka saukar wa [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] kafin [[hijira]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekara ta 622 CE . Galibi suna da gajeru, tare da gajerun ''ayoyi'', kuma galibi suna kusa da ƙarshen surori 114 na Alƙur'ani. Yawancin surorin da ke ɗauke da muƙatta'at suna Makka ne. A cikin littafinsa, ''The Corân'', William Muir ya rarraba ash-Shams a cikin wani ƙaramin rukuni na Alƙur'ani da aka sani da Soliloquies - wani nau'in tattaunawa ta adabi inda Muhammad ke magana da kansa ko bayyana tunaninsa ba tare da yin magana da mai sauraro ba. Duk da haka, Sale ya yi jayayya cewa wannan sūrah da alama an cire ta daga wannan rukunin ta hanyar canjin salon āyāt. == Jigo da kuma batun == [[Fayil:Petra_Jordan_BW_36.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Sau da yawa ana kwatanta buraguzan Mada'in Saleh da na Petra, babban birnin Nabatean {{Convert|500|km}} arewa maso yamma da Mada'in Saleh. ]] Dangane da batun, wannan Sura ta ƙunshi sassa biyu. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi vv. 1 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|1|style=nosup}}</ref> -10, <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|10|style=nosup}}</ref> da kuma na biyu na aya. 11 <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|11|style=nosup}}</ref> -15. <ref>{{Cite Quran|91|15|style=nosup}}</ref> A cewar wani labari daga littafin ''A Comprehensive Commentary on the Alqur'ani'', wanda George Sale ya fassara, Manyan Maudu'ai na ayoyi 1-10 sune "Rantsuwa cewa farin cikin ɗan adam da baƙin cikinsa ya dogara ne akan tsarki ko ɓarna da ya aikata a cikinsa" da kuma "An halaka Thamud saboda ƙin annabinsu" a cikin ayoyi 11-15. [[Sayyid Qutb]] (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1966), wanda marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ra'ayin Musulunci na 'Yan'uwantaka ta Musulmi a Masar kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masani mai jayayya saboda dalilan da ya bayar na cin zarafin fararen hula, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam Khamis Mwamburi |title=Main features of Sayyid Qutb writings |url=https://www.academia.edu/1471725}}</ref> ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surat Al-Lail'' gaba ɗaya a cikin gabatarwar babban sharhin Alƙur'ani, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' ta hanyar cewa: {{Blockquote|This sūrah, which maintains the same rhyme in all its verses and keeps the same musical beat throughout, starts with several aesthetic touches which seem to spring out from the surrounding universe and its phenomena. These phenomena form the framework which encompasses the great truth which is the subject matter of the sūrah, namely, the nature of man, his inherent abilities, choice of action, and responsibility in determining his own fate. This sūrah also refers to the story of the Thamūd and their negative attitude to the warnings they received from God's messenger, to their killing of the she-camel, and finally their complete annihilation. This provides an example of the unpromising prospects which await those who corrupt their souls instead of keeping them pure and who do not confine themselves within the limits of piety. "Successful is the one who keeps it pure, and ruined is the one who corrupts it." (Verses 9-10).{{Cite quran|90|9|e=10|s=ns|tn=y}} —[[Sayid Qutb]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Quran]]''}} Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), sanannen masanin tauhidi na Musulunci ɗan [['Yan Pakistan|Pakistan]], malamin Alƙur'ani kuma mai tafsiri, kuma masanin ilimi, ya yi hasashen jigon ''Surah Shams'' a matsayin An yi wa shugabannin Quraysh gargaɗi, bisa ga dokar ramuwa, game da halinsu na tawaye da girman kai ga aikin Annabci. Kuma nazarinsa game da batun ya ce: {{Blockquote|The existence of pairs --- like the sun and the moon, the night and the day and the earth and the sky --- as a general rule in the manifestations of nature shows that just as either member of a pair needs its complement to become meaningful, this world also is incomplete unless it is viewed together with its complement: the Day of Reward and Punishment. The innate concepts about good and evil in the human soul and the perfection given to it also testify to this reality --- the Day of Judgement. A mention of the pathways which will lead to success and doom in the Hereafter. Historical evidence is presented on the law of retribution to thereby indirectly warn the Quraysh that if they too exceed the limits in their arrogant and rebellious attitude, like the people of the Thamud, then they will be totally wiped out, and the Almighty shall enforce his decision on them without any hesitation. —[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id%3D69 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822195922/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/dl.php?book_id=69 |archive-date=2013-08-22 }}</ref>}} Jigon Suratul ash-Shams da aka gabatar a cikin Fassarar Malik Al-Qur'an ya yi daidai da jigon Javed Ahmad Ghamidi kuma ya yi karo da nazarin jigo na Sayyid Maududi wanda ke cewa: {{Blockquote|While narrating this story of the Thamud nowhere in the Surah has it been said "O people of [[Quraysh tribe|Quraish]], if you rejected your [[Prophet]], [[Muhammad]] (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings), as the Thamud had rejected theirs, you too would meet with the same fate as they met." The conditions at that time in Makkah were similar to those that had been created by the wicked among the people of Thamud against the Prophet Salih (peace be upon him). Therefore, the narration of this story in those conditions was by itself enough to suggest to the people of Makkah how precisely this historical precedent applied to them. —[[Abul A'la Maududi]]<ref name="englishtafsir.com">{{cite web|url=http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/91/index.html|title=91. Sura As Shams (The Sun) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an}}</ref>}} Kuma cewa jigonsa shine a bambanta nagarta da mugunta da kuma gargaɗin mutanen da suka ƙi fahimtar wannan bambanci kuma suka dage kan bin hanyar mugunta, game da ƙarshen mugunta. Duk da haka Malik ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Batu, Dokar Allah da Shiriya a cikin wannan sura ita ce "Nasara ta dogara ne akan kiyaye rai tsarkakakke kuma gazawa ta dogara ne akan lalata ta, mutanen Samudawa an daidaita su a ƙasa saboda wannan dalili." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malik Surah 91. Ash-Shams Introduction, Revelation, Background and Summary |url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/surah/introduction/91/MAL}}</ref> === 1-10 Nagari da mugunta ===   Kashi na farko ya yi magana ne game da abubuwa uku:-: 1- Kamar yadda [[rana]] da [[wata]], [[Rana (lokaci)|rana]] da [[dare]], [[Duniya|ƙasa]] da [[sama]], suka bambanta da juna kuma suka saba wa juna a tasirinsu da sakamakonsu, haka nan kuma nagarta da mugunta suka bambanta a gaban juna kuma suka saba wa tasirinsu da sakamakonsu; ba su yi kama da juna a bayyanarsu ta waje ba kuma ba za su iya zama iri ɗaya ba a sakamakonsu. 2- Cewa bayan Allah ya ba wa ɗan adam ikon jiki, hankali da tunani bai bar shi ba a duniya, amma ya sanya shi cikin rashin sani ta hanyar wahayi na halitta, bambance-bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, daidai da kuskure, da kuma jin cewa nagarta ta zama nagarta, da mugunta ta zama mugunta. 3- Cewa makomar mutum ta dogara ne akan yadda ta hanyar amfani da ikon nuna wariya, nufin da hukunci da Allah ya ba shi, yake haɓaka kyawawan halaye da kuma danne munanan halaye na kai. Idan ya haɓaka kyakkyawar niyya kuma ya 'yantar da kansa daga munanan niyya, zai sami nasara ta har abada, kuma idan, akasin haka, ya danne nagarta kuma ya haɓaka mugunta, zai haɗu da takaici da gazawa. Sahl al-Tustari (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 896), wani Sufi kuma masanin Alƙur'ani, ya ambaci cewa, "Da ranar da ta bayyana [rana], sai ya ce: Wannan yana nufin: hasken imani yana kawar da duhun jahilci kuma yana kashe harshen wuta. === 11-15 Tarihin mutanen Samudawa === <templatestyles src="Rquote/styles.css" />A kashi na biyu, an kawo misalin tarihi na mutanen Samudawa, muhimmancin annabci. Ana ɗaga manzo a duniya, domin ilimin da Allah ya sanya a cikin yanayin ɗan adam, wanda ya ba da wahayi ga mutane, bai isa ya shiryar da su ba, amma saboda rashin fahimtarsa sosai, mutum yana gabatar da ƙa'idodi marasa kyau da ka'idoji na alheri da mugunta, don haka yana ɓata. Shi ya sa Allah ya saukar da wahayi bayyanannu ga annabawa domin ƙara wa mutum wahayi na halitta domin su bayyana wa mutane abin da yake nagari da abin da yake mummuna. Haka nan, an aiko annabi Saleh zuwa ga mutanen Samudawa, amma mutanen da suka mamaye da muguntar kansu, sun yi tawaye har suka ƙi shi. Kuma lokacin da ya gabatar musu da mu'ujizar Raƙumar Allah, kamar yadda suka nema, mafi munin cikinsu, duk da gargaɗinsa, ya sassare ta, bisa ga nufin mutane da sha'awarsu. Saboda haka, dukkan ƙabilar ta fuskanci bala'i. Ayar karshe (وَلَا يَخَافُ عُقْبَـٰهَا) tana da madadin [[Qiraʼat|karatu]] : <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}</ref> ("فَلا يَخَافُ عُقْبَاهَا") kuma tana da [[tafsiri]] mabambanta tsakanin malamai. Shawarar cewa Allah ba shi da tsoro ba ta dace ba idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin Allahntaka a cikin tauhidin Musulunci . Tsoro siffa ce ta ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da rauni, rashin tabbas, da kuma yiwuwar cutarwa, wanda babu ɗaya daga cikinsu da ya shafi Allah, wanda yake mai iko duka, masani, kuma cikakken mai wadatar da kai. Ayyukan Allah suna gudana ne ta hanyar hikima da adalci, ba ta hanyar tsoro ko damuwa ba. A cikin mahallin ayar (ولا يَخافُ عُقْبَـٰها), fassara ta da nufin cewa Allah ba ya jin tsoron wani sakamako zai nuna cewa akwai wani nau'i na ramawa ko ramawa ga Allah, wanda ya saɓa wa yanayinsa mafi girma da girma. Kamar haka kuma ta hanyar zana daidai da ma'anar "تَخَوُّفٍ" (rashin hankali) kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin [[An-Nahl|Surah An-Nahl]] : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah An-Nahl - 45-47 |url=https://quran.com/an-nahl/45-47 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> ("أَوْ يَأْخُذَهُمْ عَلَىٰ تَخَوُّفٍ") (ko kuma zai kama su ta hanyar haifar da asara a hankali), za a iya fahimtar cewa bayan an zartar da azabar Allah a kan mutanen Samudawa, babu abin da ya rage na rayuwarsu da zai buƙaci kamawa a hankali ko haifar da ƙarin asara. Ainihin, hukuncin ya kasance cikakke kuma cikakke har ba a buƙatar wani ƙarin taimakon Allah ko ɗaukar matakai na hukunci a hankali ba. Wannan fassarar tana nuna cikakken hukunci da kuma ƙarshensa, ba tare da barin wani wuri don ci gaba da aiwatar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ko asara a hankali ba. Wata tawili kuma ta qunshi kalmar "عُقْبَـٰهَا" wadda za a iya fahimtar ta da ma'anar "zuriyarta" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin [[Surah|suratul]] Zukhruf : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Az-Zukhruf - 28 |url=https://quran.com/az-zukhruf/28 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> يَرْجِعُونَ") (Kuma Ya sanya ta tabbatacciya a cikin zuriyarsa, tsammaninsu za su koma). A cikin wannan mahallin, "عُقْبَـٰها" yana nufin zuri'a ko zuri'ar mutanen Samudawa. Wannan fassarar tana nuna cewa bayan an zartar da hukuncin Allah a kan Samudawa, muminai da suka tsira da zuriyarsu ba za su ji tsoron zalunci ko cutarwa daga mutanen da suka kafirta ba. Hukuncin ya kasance mai matuƙar ƙarfi da cikakkiya, ba wai kawai ya kawar da waɗanda suka yi laifi nan take ba, har ma ya tabbatar da aminci da zaman lafiya ga masu imani da zuriyarsu, ta haka ya kawar da duk wani tsoro na zalunci daga kafirai a nan gaba. Wannan fahimta ta jaddada batun kariya na shiga tsakani na Allah, tana kare muminai da zuriyarsu daga zalunci da rashin adalci na kafirai. Wannan tafsiri yana kara qarfafawa da lura da madadin [[Qiraʼat|karatun]] ayar: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/35300/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81 "قراءة فلا يخاف عقباها ولا يخاف"]. ''www.islamweb.net'' (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-14</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> **"فَلا يَخَافُ عُقْبَاهَا"** "domin kada zuriyarta su ji tsoro." == Asbāb al-nuzūl == ''Asbāb al-nuzūl'' (lokuta ko yanayi na wahayi) wani nau'i ne na biyu na tafsirin Alƙur'ani ( ''tafsir'' ) wanda aka yi niyya don kafa mahallin da aka saukar da takamaiman ayoyin Alƙur'ani. Ko da yake ana amfani da shi wajen sake gina tarihin Alƙur'ani, a zahiri ''asbāb'' wani nau'in fassara ne maimakon na tarihi, kuma saboda haka yawanci yana haɗa ayoyin da yake bayyanawa da yanayi na gabaɗaya maimakon takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Yawancin ''mufassirūn'' sun ce an saukar da wannan sura a [[Makkah|Makka]], a wani lokaci da adawa da Muhammadu ta yi ƙarfi da ƙarfi. == Halaye na musamman na Sūrat ash-Shams == An ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce ladan karanta wannan sura an kwatanta shi da abubuwan da rana da wata ke haskakawa a kansu. Imam [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 748) ya ce mutumin da ya karanta ''suratul'' ash-Shams, al-Lail, adh-Dhuha da al-Inshirah, a ranar Alkiyama, zai sami dukkan halittun duniya suna ba da shaida a madadinsa kuma Allah zai karɓi shaidarsu ya kuma ba shi wuri a cikin Aljanna (Aljanna). == Hadisai game da Suratul Ash-Shams == [[Abdullah ɗan Umar|`Abd Allah ibn `Umar]] (kimanin 614 - 693) ya ba da labari cewa yayin da Muhammadu ke wucewa ta gidajen Samud a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Yaƙin Tabouk, ya tsaya tare da mutanen da ke wurin. Mutane sun ɗebo ruwa daga rijiyoyin da mutanen Samudawa suka saba sha. Sun shirya kullunsu (don yin burodi) suka kuma cika fatar ruwansu daga ciki (ruwan da ke cikin rijiyoyin). Muhammadu ya umarce su da su zubar da fatun ruwan su kuma ba wa raƙuman da aka shirya kullu. Sai ya tafi tare da su har sai da suka tsaya a bakin rijiyar da rakumin (na Salih) yake sha daga ciki. Ya yi musu gargaɗi game da shiga kan mutanen da aka hukunta, yana cewa "Kada ku shiga gidan waɗanda suka yi wa kansu zalunci, sai dai idan kun shiga kuna kuka, don kada ku sha irin azabar da aka yi musu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahih Bukhari |title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Prophets" |url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_4_55.php}}</ref> [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah|Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]] ya ruwaito: [[Muadh ibn Jabal]] ya kasance yana yin sallah tare da Annabi sannan ya je ya jagoranci mutanensa sallah. Ya taɓa jagorantar mutane da sallah, sannan ya karanta [[Al-Bakara|Al-Baqara]] . Wani mutum ya fita (layin mutanen da ke addu'a) ya yi (sauƙi) salla (raba) ya tafi. Da Mu'azu ya ji labarin hakan, sai ya ce. "Shi (wannan mutumin) munafuki ne." Daga baya wannan mutumin ya ji abin da Mu'azu ya faɗa game da shi, sai ya zo wurin Annabi ya ce, "Ya Manzon Allah! Mu mutane ne da muke aiki da hannayenmu muna kuma shayar da (gonakinmu) da raƙumanmu. Jiya da daddare Mu'azu ya jagorance mu a cikin sallar (dare) kuma ya karanta Suratul Baqara, don haka na yi addu'ata daban-daban, kuma saboda haka, ya zarge ni da munafuki." Annabi ya kira Mu'adh ya ce sau uku, "Ya Mu'adh! Kana jaraba mutane ne? Ka karanta 'Wash-shamsi wad-uhaha' (91) ko 'Sabbih isma Rabbi ka-l-A'la' (87) ko makamancin haka." (Littafi na 73, Hadisi na 127) [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah|Jabir ibn Abd-Allah]] ya ruwaito: Wani mutum yana tukin raƙuma biyu (raƙuma da ake amfani da su don noma) sai dare ya yi. Ya sami Mu'azu yana addu'a sai ya durƙusa raƙuminsa ya haɗu da Mu'azu cikin addu'ar. Na biyun ya karanta Suratul 'AlBaqara' ko Suratul " [[An-Nisa'|An-Nisa]] ", (don haka) mutumin ya bar salla ya tafi. Da ya ji cewa Mu'adh ya soki shi, sai ya je wurin Annabi, ya yi korafi a kan Mu'adh. Annabi ya ce sau uku, "Ya Mu'az ! Kana gurfanar da mutanen a gaban shari'a ne? Da ya fi kyau a ce ka karanta "Sabbih Isma Rabbika-la-la (87)", Wash-Shamsi wadu-haha (91)", ko "Wal-laili Idha yaghsha (92)", ga tsofaffi, masu rauni da mabukata suna addu'a a bayanka." Jabir ya ce Mu'az ya karanta Suratul Baqara a sallar isha'i. (Juzu'i na 1, Littafi na 11 (Kira zuwa ga Addu'a), Lamba ta 673) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahih Bukhari |title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Call to Prayer" |url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_1_11.php}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Garuruwan da suka daɗe a Saudiyya * Atlantis na Sands * Tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Alqur'ani * Tatsuniyoyi da Alqur'ani * [[Surorin Makka|Suratul Makka]] * [[Annabi|Annabawan Musulunci]] * Shamash * Raƙumar Allah * Labarun Annabawa * Samudawa == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == * [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] Juzu'i na 1, Littafi na 11 (Kira zuwa ga Addu'a), Lamba ta 673 * [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] Juzu'i na 4, Littafi na 55 - Annabawa, Lamba ta 562 * [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] Juzu'i na 4, Littafi na 55 - Annabawa, Lamba ta 563 * [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] Juzu'i na 8, Littafi na 73 (Kyakkyawan Ɗabi'a), Lamba ta 127 * Sale, G., Cikakken Sharhi Kan Alqur'ani, (1896) * Urethra. Kidár Ibn Salif. Duba ƴan majalisa. vii. 78, kuma liv. 29, bayanin kula. * Al-Bukhari, ''Fath al-Bayaan fi Maqaasi al-Qur'an'' . Beirut; al-Maktabah al-Ariyyah (1992) * John Macdonald, ''Joseph a cikin Alqur'ani da Sharhin Musulunci.'' ''II.'' ''Kashi na II'' : Duniyar Musulmi Vol. 46, Lamba ta 3 (1956), shafi na 46.&nbsp;207–224 * Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik (mai fassara), Al-Qur'ani, Jagora ga Dan Adam - Turanci tare da Rubutu na Larabci (Hardcover){{ISBN|0-911119-80-9}} * William Muir, Littafin Kur'ani: Tsarinsa da Koyarwarsa; da kuma Shaidar da Take Bayarwa ga Littattafai Masu Tsarki (London: Soc. don Inganta Ilimin Kirista, 1920). * Exordium zuwa Daidaito a cikin Alqur'ani. Fassarar Muqaddamah Nizạ̄m al-Qur'an ta Turanci. Tariq Mahmood Hashmi ne ya fassara. ta Hamiduddin Farahi Shafi na 73. * Milstein, Rachel, Karin Ruhrdanz, da Barbara Schmitz . Labarun Annabawa: Rubuce-rubucen da aka Zana na Qisas al-Anbiya 1999: vii+261,9 x 12, illus. , faranti.{{ISBN|1-56859-064-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-56859-064-4|<bdi>1-56859-064-4</bdi>]] (rufin bango mai kauri). * Gunawan Adnan, [http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/univerlag/2004/adnan.pdf ''Women and The Glorious Qur'an''], Alle Rechte vorbehalten, Universitätsverlag Göttingen (2004){{ISBN|3-930457-50-4}} * al-Tustari, Sahl ibn 'Abd Allah; Meri, Yousef (edita), Keeler, Annabel da Keeler, Ali (masu fassara) (Disamba 2009). Tafsir Al-Tustari: Manyan Sharhin Alƙur'ani Mai Tsarki. Fons Vitae.{{ISBN|1-891785-19-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-891785-19-2|<bdi>1-891785-19-2</bdi>]] . === Fassarar kwanan nan === * {{Cite book|last3=Muhammad Abdel-Haleem}} * {{Cite book|last3=Tarif Khalidi}} === Tafsirin Alqur'ani na Gargajiya (tafsir) === * [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]], ''Jami' al-bayan 'an ta'wil al-Qur'an'', Cairo 1955–69, transl. J. Cooper (ed.), ''Sharhin Alƙur'ani'', Oxford University Press, 1987.{{ISBN|978-0-19-920142-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920142-6|<bdi>978-0-19-920142-6</bdi>]] === Binciken Kalma-da-Kalma === * [http://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=91&verse=1 Rubutun Larabci na Alqur'ani], yana nuna tsarin rubutu da yanayin kowace kalma. * [http://www.alquranic.com/downloads/Quran_Dictionary.pdf Fassarar Kalma don Kalma Turanci&nbsp;– alqurani.com] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *   * [https://quran.com/91 Quran 91], 2020 Mustafa Khattab translation [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kjckxiwkoypek0mstp24wf8o78jxkal 0 162883 892529 2026-08-07T08:50:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 892529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agamemnon''' A cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka / Agamemnon ( / æ ɡə ˈ mɛ mnɒn / ⓘ ; Ancient Greek Agamémnōn ) sarkin Mycenae ne wanda ya jagoranci Achaeans a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan . Shi ɗan (ko jika) ne ga Sarki Atreus da Sarauniya Aerope, ɗan'uwan Menelaus, mijin Clytemnestra, kuma uban Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes da Chrysothemis . [1] Tatsuniyoyi sun sanya shi sarkin Mycenae ko Argos, waɗanda ake ganin sunaye ne daban-daban ga yanki ɗaya. [2] An kashe Agamemnon bayan dawowarsa daga Troy ta hannun Clytemnestra, ko kuma a cikin wani tsohon sigar labarin, ta hannun masoyin Clytemnestra Aegisthus . egu6oea565zmmfqkjne30cag0n1c9ga 892530 892529 2026-08-07T08:51:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agamemnon''' A cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka / Agamemnon ( / æ ɡə ˈ mɛ mnɒn / ⓘ ; Ancient Greek Agamémnōn ) sarkin Mycenae ne wanda ya jagoranci Achaeans a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan. Shi ɗan (ko jika) ne ga Sarki Atreus da Sarauniya Aerope, ɗan'uwan Menelaus, mijin Clytemnestra, kuma uban Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes da Chrysothemis. Tatsuniyoyi sun sanya shi sarkin Mycenae ko Argos, waɗanda ake ganin sunaye ne daban-daban ga yanki ɗaya. An kashe Agamemnon bayan dawowarsa daga Troy ta hannun Clytemnestra, ko kuma a cikin wani tsohon sigar labarin, ta hannun masoyin Clytemnestra Aegisthus . == Asalin Ma'anar == An gabatar da ma'anoni daban-daban don sunan Agamemnon ( Ἀγαμέμνων ). A wani ra'ayi, sunan yana nufin 'mai matuƙar tsayin daka', 'marar biyayya' ko 'mai ƙudurin kai'. Wannan ya dogara ne akan fassarar sunan a matsayin kalma mai hadewa wacce ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' da kuma μένω 'tsaya, jira; tsaya da ƙarfi'. A cewar wani ra'ayi, sunan ya samo asali ne daga siffar da ba a tabbatar ba * Ἀγαμέδμων (* Agamédmōn ), kalma mai hadewa wadda ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' kuma μέδομαι 'tunani a kai, samar da shi', tare da ma'anar gabaɗaya ta 'mai hankali sosai'. Wani shawara kuma ya samo asali ne daga ɓangaren na biyu na kalmar mahaɗin daga μέμονα 'a yi nufin, a yi fatan alheri, a yi ƙoƙari' don ma'anar 'fatan alheri sosai'. Masanin harsuna Václav Blažek ya gabatar da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit Agni bisa tushen asali da aiki. ke8fzhe6xlstt2p5hwxpvyvbdmiwp2b 892531 892530 2026-08-07T08:54:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 892531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agamemnon''' A cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka / Agamemnon ( / æ ɡə ˈ mɛ mnɒn / ⓘ ; Ancient Greek Agamémnōn ) sarkin Mycenae ne wanda ya jagoranci Achaeans a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan. Shi ɗan (ko jika) ne ga Sarki Atreus da Sarauniya Aerope, ɗan'uwan Menelaus, mijin Clytemnestra, kuma uban Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes da Chrysothemis. Tatsuniyoyi sun sanya shi sarkin Mycenae ko Argos, waɗanda ake ganin sunaye ne daban-daban ga yanki ɗaya. An kashe Agamemnon bayan dawowarsa daga Troy ta hannun Clytemnestra, ko kuma a cikin wani tsohon sigar labarin, ta hannun masoyin Clytemnestra Aegisthus.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == An gabatar da ma'anoni daban-daban don sunan Agamemnon ( Ἀγαμέμνων ). A wani ra'ayi, sunan yana nufin 'mai matuƙar tsayin daka', 'marar biyayya' ko 'mai ƙudurin kai'. Wannan ya dogara ne akan fassarar sunan a matsayin kalma mai hadewa wacce ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' da kuma μένω 'tsaya, jira; tsaya da ƙarfi'. A cewar wani ra'ayi, sunan ya samo asali ne daga siffar da ba a tabbatar ba * Ἀγαμέδμων (* Agamédmōn ), kalma mai hadewa wadda ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' kuma μέδομαι 'tunani a kai, samar da shi', tare da ma'anar gabaɗaya ta 'mai hankali sosai'. Wani shawara kuma ya samo asali ne daga ɓangaren na biyu na kalmar mahaɗin daga μέμονα 'a yi nufin, a yi fatan alheri, a yi ƙoƙari' don ma'anar 'fatan alheri sosai'. Masanin harsuna Václav Blažek ya gabatar da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit Agni bisa tushen asali da aiki.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek</ref> == Kakanni da rayuwar farko == Agamemnon zuriyar Pelops ne, ɗan Tantalus. A cewar labarin da aka saba gani (kamar yadda aka fada a cikin Iliad da Odyssey na Homer), Agamemnon da ƙanensa Menelaus 'ya'yan Atreus, sarkin Mycenae, da Aerope, 'yar sarkin Crete Catreus. Duk da haka, a cewar wata al'ada, Agamemnon da Menelaus 'ya'yan ɗan Atreus ne Pleisthenes, mahaifiyarsu kuma ita ce Aerope, Cleolla, ko Eriphyle. A cikin wannan al'ada, Pleisthenes ya mutu yana ƙarami, tare da Agamemnon da Menelaus da Atreus suka rene su. Agamemnon yana da 'yar'uwa Anaxibia (ko Astyoche ) wadda ta auri Strophius, ɗan Crisus. Mahaifin Agamemnon, Atreus, ya kashe 'ya'yan tagwayen ɗan'uwansa Thyestes kuma ya ciyar da su ga Thyestes bayan ya gano zinar Thyestes da matarsa Aerope. Thyestes ya haifi Aegisthus da 'yarsa, Pelopia, kuma wannan ɗan ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukar fansa mai tsanani a kan 'ya'yan Atreus. Aegisthus ya kashe Atreus, ya mayar da Thyestes kan karagar mulki, sannan ya mallaki karagar mulki ta Mycenae kuma ya yi mulki tare da mahaifinsa. A wannan lokacin, Agamemnon da ɗan'uwansa Menelaus sun nemi mafaka a wurin Tyndareus, Sarkin Sparta. == Manazarta == 3ninb859qfswnqtpm71r7egrv5ijwhp 892555 892531 2026-08-07T09:18:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agamemnon''' A cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka / Agamemnon ( / æ ɡə ˈ mɛ mnɒn / ⓘ ; Ancient Greek Agamémnōn ) sarkin Mycenae ne wanda ya jagoranci Achaeans a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan. Shi ɗan (ko jika) ne ga Sarki Atreus da Sarauniya Aerope, ɗan'uwan Menelaus, mijin Clytemnestra, kuma uban Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes da Chrysothemis. Tatsuniyoyi sun sanya shi sarkin Mycenae ko Argos, waɗanda ake ganin sunaye ne daban-daban ga yanki ɗaya. An kashe Agamemnon bayan dawowarsa daga Troy ta hannun Clytemnestra, ko kuma a cikin wani tsohon sigar labarin, ta hannun masoyin Clytemnestra Aegisthus.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == An gabatar da ma'anoni daban-daban don sunan Agamemnon ( Ἀγαμέμνων ). A wani ra'ayi, sunan yana nufin 'mai matuƙar tsayin daka', 'marar biyayya' ko 'mai ƙudurin kai'. Wannan ya dogara ne akan fassarar sunan a matsayin kalma mai hadewa wacce ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' da kuma μένω 'tsaya, jira; tsaya da ƙarfi'. A cewar wani ra'ayi, sunan ya samo asali ne daga siffar da ba a tabbatar ba * Ἀγαμέδμων (* Agamédmōn ), kalma mai hadewa wadda ta ƙunshi abubuwan ἄγαν 'sosai' kuma μέδομαι 'tunani a kai, samar da shi', tare da ma'anar gabaɗaya ta 'mai hankali sosai'. Wani shawara kuma ya samo asali ne daga ɓangaren na biyu na kalmar mahaɗin daga μέμονα 'a yi nufin, a yi fatan alheri, a yi ƙoƙari' don ma'anar 'fatan alheri sosai'. Masanin harsuna Václav Blažek ya gabatar da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit Agni bisa tushen asali da aiki.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek</ref> == Kakanni da rayuwar farko == Agamemnon zuriyar Pelops ne, ɗan Tantalus. A cewar labarin da aka saba gani (kamar yadda aka fada a cikin Iliad da Odyssey na Homer), Agamemnon da ƙanensa Menelaus 'ya'yan Atreus, sarkin Mycenae, da Aerope, 'yar sarkin Crete Catreus. Duk da haka, a cewar wata al'ada, Agamemnon da Menelaus 'ya'yan ɗan Atreus ne Pleisthenes, mahaifiyarsu kuma ita ce Aerope, Cleolla, ko Eriphyle. A cikin wannan al'ada, Pleisthenes ya mutu yana ƙarami, tare da Agamemnon da Menelaus da Atreus suka rene su. Agamemnon yana da 'yar'uwa Anaxibia (ko Astyoche ) wadda ta auri Strophius, ɗan Crisus. Mahaifin Agamemnon, Atreus, ya kashe 'ya'yan tagwayen ɗan'uwansa Thyestes kuma ya ciyar da su ga Thyestes bayan ya gano zinar Thyestes da matarsa Aerope. Thyestes ya haifi Aegisthus da 'yarsa, Pelopia, kuma wannan ɗan ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukar fansa mai tsanani a kan 'ya'yan Atreus. Aegisthus ya kashe Atreus, ya mayar da Thyestes kan karagar mulki, sannan ya mallaki karagar mulki ta Mycenae kuma ya yi mulki tare da mahaifinsa. A wannan lokacin, Agamemnon da ɗan'uwansa Menelaus sun nemi mafaka a wurin Tyndareus, Sarkin Sparta. == Manazarta == so3itsjt7tqg4yddq5bkwv830k6teak 0 162884 892532 2026-08-07T08:57:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 892532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Rutherford''' Richard Brown Rutherford (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956) wani malami ne na gargajiya na Burtaniya, wanda aka san shi da aikinsa kan tsoffin adabin Girkawa tun daga zamanin da har zuwa zamanin daular. bena4xxu4kovb8lefigcz2ublbz5mi0 892533 892532 2026-08-07T08:58:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Rutherford''' Richard Brown Rutherford (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956) wani malami ne na gargajiya na Burtaniya, wanda aka san shi da aikinsa kan tsoffin adabin Girkawa tun daga zamanin da har zuwa zamanin daular. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Rutherford a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956 a Edinburgh. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Robert Gordon, Aberdeen, sannan ya yi karatu a matsayin dalibin digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford. Ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1985, tare da takardar digiri mai taken "Salo da abun ciki a cikin Tunani na Marcus Aurelius", wanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Donald Russell. Bayan gudanar da laccar bincike daga 1981, an naɗa Rutherford a 1982 a matsayin Mai Koyarwa a cikin Littattafan Gargajiya a Cocin Christ, Oxford, bayan mutuwar Colin Macleod. A Cocin Christ, Rutherford ya riƙe ofisoshin kwalejin na Mai Kula da Hotuna (1995–2000, 2004–2006), Mai Kula da Tasirin (2007–2011) da Mai Kula da Tasirin Theologiae (2019). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen harsunan gargajiya da adabi a cikin Faculty of Classics. Rutherford ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen Satumba 2023. An gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani don girmama shi, "Clio and Her Elder Sisters: Comparative Studies in Epic, Tragedy, and Historiography", a Cocin Christ a lokacin ritayarsa. 3pwtijk6c2ond1oh3j2x83d56rwhkty 892534 892533 2026-08-07T09:00:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Rutherford''' Richard Brown Rutherford (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956) wani malami ne na gargajiya na Burtaniya, wanda aka san shi da aikinsa kan tsoffin adabin Girkawa tun daga zamanin da har zuwa zamanin daular. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Rutherford a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956 a Edinburgh. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Robert Gordon, Aberdeen, sannan ya yi karatu a matsayin dalibin digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford. Ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1985, tare da takardar digiri mai taken "Salo da abun ciki a cikin Tunani na Marcus Aurelius", wanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Donald Russell. Bayan gudanar da laccar bincike daga 1981, an naɗa Rutherford a 1982 a matsayin Mai Koyarwa a cikin Littattafan Gargajiya a Cocin Christ, Oxford, bayan mutuwar Colin Macleod. A Cocin Christ, Rutherford ya riƙe ofisoshin kwalejin na Mai Kula da Hotuna (1995–2000, 2004–2006), Mai Kula da Tasirin (2007–2011) da Mai Kula da Tasirin Theologiae (2019). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen harsunan gargajiya da adabi a cikin Faculty of Classics. Rutherford ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen Satumba 2023. An gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani don girmama shi, "Clio and Her Elder Sisters: Comparative Studies in Epic, Tragedy, and Historiography", a Cocin Christ a lokacin ritayarsa. == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == === Monographs === *{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198147558}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=1995 |title=The Art of Plato: Ten Essays in Platonic Interpretation |url= |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674048119 |access-date=}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=2005 |title=Classical Literature: A Concise History |url= |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=9780631231332 |access-date=}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=2012 |title=Greek Tragic Style: Form, Language, and Interpretation |url= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107470750 |access-date=}} *{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=Homer|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107670167|date=2013}} fo4qorwxo41xemq3qftvh4s4bbc7fr6 892535 892534 2026-08-07T09:05:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 892535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Rutherford''' Richard Brown Rutherford (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956) wani malami ne na gargajiya na Burtaniya, wanda aka san shi da aikinsa kan tsoffin adabin Girkawa tun daga zamanin da har zuwa zamanin daular. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Rutherford a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1956 a Edinburgh..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88026199.html|title=Rutherford, R. B.|website=Library of Congress|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Robert Gordon, Aberdeen,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=Homer|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107670167|date=2013|page=167}}</ref> sannan ya yi karatu a matsayin dalibin digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford.<ref name="college bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/people/emeritus-student-professor-richard-rutherford|title=Emeritus Student Professor Richard Rutherford|website=Christ Church, Oxford|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1985, tare da takardar digiri mai taken "Salo da abun ciki a cikin Tunani na Marcus Aurelius", wanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Donald Russell.<ref>{{Cite web|website=University of Oxford|url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/rl48sd/alma990116078510107026|title=Style and content in the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198147558|pages=viii–ix}}</ref> Bayan gudanar da laccar bincike daga 1981, an naɗa Rutherford a 1982 a matsayin Mai Koyarwa a cikin Littattafan Gargajiya a Cocin Christ, Oxford, bayan mutuwar Colin Macleod. A Cocin Christ, Rutherford ya riƙe ofisoshin kwalejin na Mai Kula da Hotuna (1995–2000, 2004–2006), Mai Kula da Tasirin (2007–2011) da Mai Kula da Tasirin Theologiae (2019). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen harsunan gargajiya da adabi a cikin Faculty of Classics..<ref name="college bio"/> Rutherford retired at the end of September 2023.<ref name="college bio"/> A symposium in his honour, "Clio and Her Elder Sisters: Comparative Studies in Epic, Tragedy, and Historiography", was held at Christ Church on the occasion of his retirement. Rutherford ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen Satumba 2023. An gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani don girmama shi, "Clio and Her Elder Sisters: Comparative Studies in Epic, Tragedy, and Historiography", a Cocin Christ a lokacin ritayarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christ Church, Oxford: ‘Clio and Her Elder Sisters: Comparative Studies in Epic, Tragedy, and Historiography’ (symposium in honour of Richard Rutherford)|website=Classical Association|url=https://classicalassociation.org/events/christ-church-oxford-clio-and-her-elder-sisters-comparative-studies-in-epic-tragedy-and-historiography-symposium-in-honour-of-richard-rutherford/|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == === Monographs === *{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198147558}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=1995 |title=The Art of Plato: Ten Essays in Platonic Interpretation |url= |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674048119 |access-date=}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=2005 |title=Classical Literature: A Concise History |url= |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=9780631231332 |access-date=}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=2012 |title=Greek Tragic Style: Form, Language, and Interpretation |url= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107470750 |access-date=}} *{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|title=Homer|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107670167|date=2013}} === Buga rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata === *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=1992 |title=Homer: Odyssey, Books XIX–XX |url= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521347600 |access-date=}} *{{cite book |last=Rutherford|first=R. B.|date=2018 |title=Homer: Iliad, Book XVIII |url= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107643123 |access-date=}} {{refend}} == Manazarta == owie3e376cs1rdqtywq87aazblxjyqr 0 162885 892563 2026-08-07T09:24:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363225192|Pascal Stenzel]]" 892563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pascal Stenzel''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref name="sw">{{Cite web |title=Germany - P. Stenzel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pascal-stenzel/308251/ |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Borussia Dortmund === Stenzel ɗan wasan matasa ne na Borussia Dortmund, wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar reserve . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin 3. Gasar La Liga a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2014 da Holstein Kiel . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Dortmund II vs. Holstein Kiel – 2 August 2014 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/08/02/germany/3-liga/borussia-dortmund-ii/kieler-sv-holstein-von-1900-ev/1730173/ |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> === SC Freiburg === A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2016, Stenzel ya koma SC Freiburg a matsayin aro har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BVB leiht Pascal Stenzel an den SC Freiburg aus |url=https://www.bvb.de/News/Uebersicht/BVB-leiht-Pascal-Stenzel-an-den-SC-Freiburg-aus |access-date=29 January 2016 |publisher=bvb.de |language=German}}</ref> A watan Afrilu, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Freiburg, inda ya amince da kwangilar da aka ruwaito za ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 2021. === VfB Stuttgart === A kakar wasa ta 2019-20, an ba Stenzel aro ga VfB Stuttgart . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Pascal Stenzel joins VfB |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/professionals/2019/transfer-pascal-stenzel-vfb/ |access-date=1 July 2019 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Stenzel ya koma Stuttgart na dindindin kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa Yuni 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=VfB seal permanent signing of Pascal Stenzel |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/professionals/2020/vertrag-pascal-stenzel/ |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 30 November 2025|<ref name="sw"/>}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] byavrtmzxdyfqh60svoeaqomcuhelvc 892565 892563 2026-08-07T09:28:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363225192|Pascal Stenzel]]" 892565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pascal Stenzel''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref name="sw">{{Cite web |title=Germany - P. Stenzel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pascal-stenzel/308251/ |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Borussia Dortmund === Stenzel ɗan wasan matasa ne na Borussia Dortmund, wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar reserve . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin 3. Gasar La Liga a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2014 da Holstein Kiel . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Dortmund II vs. Holstein Kiel – 2 August 2014 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/08/02/germany/3-liga/borussia-dortmund-ii/kieler-sv-holstein-von-1900-ev/1730173/ |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> === SC Freiburg === A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2016, Stenzel ya koma SC Freiburg a matsayin aro har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BVB leiht Pascal Stenzel an den SC Freiburg aus |url=https://www.bvb.de/News/Uebersicht/BVB-leiht-Pascal-Stenzel-an-den-SC-Freiburg-aus |access-date=29 January 2016 |publisher=bvb.de |language=German}}</ref> A watan Afrilu, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Freiburg, inda ya amince da kwangilar da aka ruwaito za ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 2021. === VfB Stuttgart === A kakar wasa ta 2019-20, an ba Stenzel aro ga VfB Stuttgart . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Pascal Stenzel joins VfB |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/professionals/2019/transfer-pascal-stenzel-vfb/ |access-date=1 July 2019 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Stenzel ya koma Stuttgart na dindindin kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa Yuni 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=VfB seal permanent signing of Pascal Stenzel |url=https://www.vfb.de/en/vfb/latest/news/professionals/2020/vertrag-pascal-stenzel/ |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 30 November 2025|<ref name="sw"/>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |DFB-Pokal ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Borussia Dortmund II |2014–15 |3. Liga |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2015–16 |Regionalliga West |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !11 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !11 !0 |- |Borussia Dortmund |2015–16 |Bundesliga |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- | rowspan="2" |SC Freiburg (loan) |2015–16 |2. Bundesliga |11 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |0 |- |2016–17 |Bundesliga |19 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |SC Freiburg |2017–18 |Bundesliga |25 |1 |3 |0 |2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL" /> |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- |2018–19 |Bundesliga |21 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Freiburg total !76 !2 !5 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !83 !2 |- |SC Freiburg II |2018–19 |Regionalliga Südwest |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |VfB Stuttgart (loan) |2019–20 |Bundesliga |34 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |37 |0 |- | rowspan="7" |VfB Stuttgart |2020–21 |Bundesliga |23 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |0 |- |2021–22 |Bundesliga |16 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- |2022–23 |Bundesliga |12 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |1 |- |2023–24 |Bundesliga |23 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |25 |0 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |10 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |19 |0 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Stuttgart total !120 !0 !13 !1 !5 !0 !1 !0 !139 !1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !208 !2 !18 !1 !8 !0 !1 !0 !234 !3 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == '''VfB Stuttgart''' * DFB-Pokal : 2024–25 == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Pascal Stenzel at fussballdaten.de (in German) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 3xoy6bbsu2vqs5t0o68i4xtt9q7xaor 3 162886 892575 2026-08-07T10:39:17Z Céréales Killer 4616 Céréales Killer moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Nadoz2000]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Eau en poudre]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Nadoz2000|Nadoz2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eau en poudre|Eau en poudre]]" 892575 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Eau en poudre]] tme1zsjbedpz6nrdhcmlft418em9kc9 0 162887 892583 2026-08-07T11:44:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362575743|Ridhuan Muhammad]]" 892583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Ridhuan bin Muhammad''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar Tanjong Pagar United ta Singapore . '''Ridhuan''', wanda galibi ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama ne]], ya kuma buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron baya]] da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya, sannan kuma wani lokacin yana buga wasan gefe ko kuma ɗan gaba idan aka kira shi. == Aikin kulob == Ridhuan ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Makarantar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Milo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Ridhuan yana cikin waɗanda suka fara shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2000. <ref name=":2" /> === Matasan Zakuna === Ridhuan ya fara aikinsa ne da kulab ɗin S.League, Young Lions . Da farko ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 saboda saurinsa da kuma ƙwarewarsa ta yin ƙwallo, sai ya shiga ƙungiyar Young Lions a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2003 . === Rovers na Tampines === A shekara ta 2007, babban kocin Tampines Rovers Vorawan Chitavanich ya bai wa Ridhuan damar buga wasa a Tampines Rovers, wanda ya amince da shi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c3ij67n4p1ekualvklnd9gbriiegqhg 892584 892583 2026-08-07T11:46:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362575743|Ridhuan Muhammad]]" 892584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Ridhuan bin Muhammad''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar Tanjong Pagar United ta Singapore . '''Ridhuan''', wanda galibi ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama ne]], ya kuma buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron baya]] da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya, sannan kuma wani lokacin yana buga wasan gefe ko kuma ɗan gaba idan aka kira shi. == Aikin kulob == Ridhuan ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Makarantar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Milo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Ridhuan yana cikin waɗanda suka fara shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2000. <ref name=":2" /> === Matasan Zakuna === Ridhuan ya fara aikinsa ne da kulab ɗin S.League, Young Lions . Da farko ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 saboda saurinsa da kuma ƙwarewarsa ta yin ƙwallo, sai ya shiga ƙungiyar Young Lions a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2003 . === Rovers na Tampines === A shekara ta 2007, babban kocin Tampines Rovers Vorawan Chitavanich ya bai wa Ridhuan damar buga wasa a Tampines Rovers, wanda ya amince da shi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Arema Malang === A shekara ta 2009, Ridhuan yana cikin tattaunawa da ƙungiyar Persib Bandung ta Indonesiya lokacin da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa, Noh Alam Shah, ya gayyace shi ya shiga Arema Malang . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Daga ƙarshe Ridhuan ya sanya hannu da Arema kuma ya shafe kakar wasa uku da rabi tare da Arema kuma ya taimaka wa Arema ta lashe gasar Super League ta Indonesia ta 2009-10 . <ref name=":2" /> ==== Putra Samrinda (aron) ==== A shekarar 2013, Ridhuan ya kuma yi rabin kakar wasa a matsayin aro a Putra Samarinda . Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake Indonesia kuma ana yawan kiransa da R6, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da CR7 na Cristiano Ronaldo. Duk da haka saboda yiwuwar dakatar da [[FIFA]] kan ayyukan ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia hit by FIFA ban |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/31/indonesia-hit-fifa-ban.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> Ridhuan ya bar ƙungiyar ya koma Singapore. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Geylang International === Da yake hukumar FIFA na shirin dakatar da duk wani wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya, Ridhuan ya koma Singapore tare da Geylang International bayan shekaru 4 da ya yi yana wasa. === Rovers na Tampines === Bayan sakinsa daga Tampines Rovers a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2015, Ridhuan ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa don ƙirƙirar sabuwar sana'a a masana'antar mai da iskar gas bayan gazawarsa wajen samun kwangila. === Jarumai === Duk da haka, Warriors ta ɗauki ɗan wasan gefe mai sauri kafin fara kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2016 kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun DPMM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warriors' Ismail Yunos targets first win against Young Lions in S.League |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/football-asia/153/post/2810676/warriors-ismail-yunos-targets-first-sleague-victory |publisher=[[ESPNFC]]}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Geylang International don ceto maki daya ga Warriors bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geylang draw again after late Warriors comeback |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/news/geylang-draw-again-after-late-warriors-comeback#:IR98HhAIdGNGqQ |publisher=[[FourFourTwo]]}}</ref> Ya mayar da martani ga imanin da Warriors suka nuna masa ta hanyar tara jimillar kwallaye hudu da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye shida a dukkan gasannin. An ba shi lada ta tsawaita kwantiraginsa a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2017. === Borneo Samarinda === Ridhuan ya yi shirin kawo ƙarshen aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya da Borneo Samarinda a farkon 2018 don shiga gasar. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa ta ƙare, Warriors ta tuntuɓi Ridhuan don ya sake ɗaukarsa a ƙungiyar amma ya ƙi amincewa da ita. <ref name=":2" /> A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa ta dauki Ridhuan don kakar wasa ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2021-01-14 |title=Football: Old heads for new-look Jaguars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-old-heads-for-new-look-jaguars |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ya dawo daga ritaya daga kwallon kafa tun daga shekarar 2018. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2021, Ridhuan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa bayan kakar wasa da Jaguars, inda ya buga wasanni huɗu a ƙungiyar. == Aikin gudanarwa == === Ƙungiyar Matasan Tanjong Pagar === A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa Ridhuan zai kasance cikin tawagar masu horarwa. Zai horar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta ƙungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Duk da cewa Ridhuan bai buga wasa mai yawa a gasar ba, kocin Singapore Radojko Avramović ya ga wani abu a cikin matashin mai hazaka kuma ya ba shi damar fara wasa a ƙasashen waje da Qatar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2003. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tare da ɗan wasan tsakiya Shahril Ishak, mai tsaron baya Baihakki Khaizan da mai tsaron gida Hassan Sunny, yana cikin ƙungiyar 'NFA Gang of Four', ƙungiyar 'yan wasa huɗu da suka yi wasa tare tun suna ƙanana kuma suka sami lambar yabo ta manyan 'yan wasa a duniya a shekarar 2003. He was also part of the national side that won the 2004 AFF Championship albeit only featuring in the opening game.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Three years later in the 2007 AFF Championship, he played a major role in the team's success in retaining the championship. Tun daga watan Disamba na 2017, Ridhuan ya yi wasanni 68 a Singapore. == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jz22o5rsy4d6hgp6k2y1yzvudrvbwin 892586 892584 2026-08-07T11:50:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362575743|Ridhuan Muhammad]]" 892586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Ridhuan bin Muhammad''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar Tanjong Pagar United ta Singapore . '''Ridhuan''', wanda galibi ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama ne]], ya kuma buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron baya]] da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya, sannan kuma wani lokacin yana buga wasan gefe ko kuma ɗan gaba idan aka kira shi. == Aikin kulob == Ridhuan ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Makarantar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Milo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Ridhuan yana cikin waɗanda suka fara shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2000. <ref name=":2" /> === Matasan Zakuna === Ridhuan ya fara aikinsa ne da kulab ɗin S.League, Young Lions . Da farko ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 saboda saurinsa da kuma ƙwarewarsa ta yin ƙwallo, sai ya shiga ƙungiyar Young Lions a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2003 . === Rovers na Tampines === A shekara ta 2007, babban kocin Tampines Rovers Vorawan Chitavanich ya bai wa Ridhuan damar buga wasa a Tampines Rovers, wanda ya amince da shi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Arema Malang === A shekara ta 2009, Ridhuan yana cikin tattaunawa da ƙungiyar Persib Bandung ta Indonesiya lokacin da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa, Noh Alam Shah, ya gayyace shi ya shiga Arema Malang . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Daga ƙarshe Ridhuan ya sanya hannu da Arema kuma ya shafe kakar wasa uku da rabi tare da Arema kuma ya taimaka wa Arema ta lashe gasar Super League ta Indonesia ta 2009-10 . <ref name=":2" /> ==== Putra Samrinda (aron) ==== A shekarar 2013, Ridhuan ya kuma yi rabin kakar wasa a matsayin aro a Putra Samarinda . Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake Indonesia kuma ana yawan kiransa da R6, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da CR7 na Cristiano Ronaldo. Duk da haka saboda yiwuwar dakatar da [[FIFA]] kan ayyukan ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia hit by FIFA ban |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/31/indonesia-hit-fifa-ban.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> Ridhuan ya bar ƙungiyar ya koma Singapore. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Geylang International === Da yake hukumar FIFA na shirin dakatar da duk wani wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya, Ridhuan ya koma Singapore tare da Geylang International bayan shekaru 4 da ya yi yana wasa. === Rovers na Tampines === Bayan sakinsa daga Tampines Rovers a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2015, Ridhuan ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa don ƙirƙirar sabuwar sana'a a masana'antar mai da iskar gas bayan gazawarsa wajen samun kwangila. === Jarumai === Duk da haka, Warriors ta ɗauki ɗan wasan gefe mai sauri kafin fara kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2016 kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun DPMM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warriors' Ismail Yunos targets first win against Young Lions in S.League |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/football-asia/153/post/2810676/warriors-ismail-yunos-targets-first-sleague-victory |publisher=[[ESPNFC]]}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Geylang International don ceto maki daya ga Warriors bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geylang draw again after late Warriors comeback |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/news/geylang-draw-again-after-late-warriors-comeback#:IR98HhAIdGNGqQ |publisher=[[FourFourTwo]]}}</ref> Ya mayar da martani ga imanin da Warriors suka nuna masa ta hanyar tara jimillar kwallaye hudu da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye shida a dukkan gasannin. An ba shi lada ta tsawaita kwantiraginsa a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2017. === Borneo Samarinda === Ridhuan ya yi shirin kawo ƙarshen aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya da Borneo Samarinda a farkon 2018 don shiga gasar. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa ta ƙare, Warriors ta tuntuɓi Ridhuan don ya sake ɗaukarsa a ƙungiyar amma ya ƙi amincewa da ita. <ref name=":2" /> A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa ta dauki Ridhuan don kakar wasa ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2021-01-14 |title=Football: Old heads for new-look Jaguars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-old-heads-for-new-look-jaguars |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ya dawo daga ritaya daga kwallon kafa tun daga shekarar 2018. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2021, Ridhuan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa bayan kakar wasa da Jaguars, inda ya buga wasanni huɗu a ƙungiyar. == Aikin gudanarwa == === Ƙungiyar Matasan Tanjong Pagar === A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa Ridhuan zai kasance cikin tawagar masu horarwa. Zai horar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta ƙungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Duk da cewa Ridhuan bai buga wasa mai yawa a gasar ba, kocin Singapore Radojko Avramović ya ga wani abu a cikin matashin mai hazaka kuma ya ba shi damar fara wasa a ƙasashen waje da Qatar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2003. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tare da ɗan wasan tsakiya Shahril Ishak, mai tsaron baya Baihakki Khaizan da mai tsaron gida Hassan Sunny, yana cikin ƙungiyar 'NFA Gang of Four', ƙungiyar 'yan wasa huɗu da suka yi wasa tare tun suna ƙanana kuma suka sami lambar yabo ta manyan 'yan wasa a duniya a shekarar 2003. He was also part of the national side that won the 2004 AFF Championship albeit only featuring in the opening game.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Three years later in the 2007 AFF Championship, he played a major role in the team's success in retaining the championship. Tun daga watan Disamba na 2017, Ridhuan ya yi wasanni 68 a Singapore. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ridhuan ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Hong Kah. Baya ga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, yana da wani aski da ake yi a gida mai suna 1E_Xpress. Daga cikin abokan cinikinsa akwai tsoffin abokan wasansa na zaki Baihakki Khaizan, Khairul Amri, Noh Alam Shah da Shahril Ishak . == Kididdigar aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Manufofin Babbar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a raga.'' <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Muhammad, Ridhuan |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/5977/Ridhuan_Muhamad.html |access-date=5 May 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !# ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasar |- | 1 | 15 Janairu 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, [[Singafora|Singapore]] |{{Fb|LAO}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | 11–0 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2007 |- | 2 | 27 Janairu 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, Singapore |{{Fb|MAS}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 1 | align="center" | 1–1 (5–4 p ) | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2007 |- | 3 | 24 Yuni 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, Singapore |{{Fb|PRK}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | align="center" | 2–1 | Aboki |} == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Arema Malang * Gasar Super League ta Indonesia : 2009–10 <ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Arema is The Winner of 2009–2010 ISL |url=http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.detail&idnews=1423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155925/http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.detail&idnews=1423 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=LigaIndonesia.com |language=id}}</ref> * Piala Indonesia ta zo ta biyu: 2010 ; Jarumai * Kofin FA na Singapore : 2017 === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === ; Singapore * Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta AFF : 2004, 2007 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ridhuan Muhammad at National-Football-Teams.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503042535/http://www.fas.org.sg/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1291 Fas.org] * {{Soccerway|ridhuan-muhamad/24481}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] agh4uqi2jjuyay231rq8hpi32rq2g92 892588 892586 2026-08-07T11:52:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ridhuan bin Muhammad''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar Tanjong Pagar United ta Singapore . '''Ridhuan''', wanda galibi ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama ne]], ya kuma buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron baya]] da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya, sannan kuma wani lokacin yana buga wasan gefe ko kuma ɗan gaba idan aka kira shi. == Aikin kulob == Ridhuan ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Makarantar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Milo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Ridhuan yana cikin waɗanda suka fara shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2000. <ref name=":2" /> === Matasan Zakuna === Ridhuan ya fara aikinsa ne da kulab ɗin S.League, Young Lions . Da farko ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 saboda saurinsa da kuma ƙwarewarsa ta yin ƙwallo, sai ya shiga ƙungiyar Young Lions a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2003 . === Rovers na Tampines === A shekara ta 2007, babban kocin Tampines Rovers Vorawan Chitavanich ya bai wa Ridhuan damar buga wasa a Tampines Rovers, wanda ya amince da shi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Arema Malang === A shekara ta 2009, Ridhuan yana cikin tattaunawa da ƙungiyar Persib Bandung ta Indonesiya lokacin da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa, Noh Alam Shah, ya gayyace shi ya shiga Arema Malang . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Daga ƙarshe Ridhuan ya sanya hannu da Arema kuma ya shafe kakar wasa uku da rabi tare da Arema kuma ya taimaka wa Arema ta lashe gasar Super League ta Indonesia ta 2009-10 . <ref name=":2" /> ==== Putra Samrinda (aron) ==== A shekarar 2013, Ridhuan ya kuma yi rabin kakar wasa a matsayin aro a Putra Samarinda . Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake Indonesia kuma ana yawan kiransa da R6, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da CR7 na Cristiano Ronaldo. Duk da haka saboda yiwuwar dakatar da [[FIFA]] kan ayyukan ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia hit by FIFA ban |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/31/indonesia-hit-fifa-ban.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> Ridhuan ya bar ƙungiyar ya koma Singapore. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Geylang International === Da yake hukumar FIFA na shirin dakatar da duk wani wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya, Ridhuan ya koma Singapore tare da Geylang International bayan shekaru 4 da ya yi yana wasa. === Rovers na Tampines === Bayan sakinsa daga Tampines Rovers a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2015, Ridhuan ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa don ƙirƙirar sabuwar sana'a a masana'antar mai da iskar gas bayan gazawarsa wajen samun kwangila. === Jarumai === Duk da haka, Warriors ta ɗauki ɗan wasan gefe mai sauri kafin fara kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2016 kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun DPMM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warriors' Ismail Yunos targets first win against Young Lions in S.League |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/football-asia/153/post/2810676/warriors-ismail-yunos-targets-first-sleague-victory |publisher=[[ESPNFC]]}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Geylang International don ceto maki daya ga Warriors bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geylang draw again after late Warriors comeback |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/news/geylang-draw-again-after-late-warriors-comeback#:IR98HhAIdGNGqQ |publisher=[[FourFourTwo]]}}</ref> Ya mayar da martani ga imanin da Warriors suka nuna masa ta hanyar tara jimillar kwallaye hudu da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye shida a dukkan gasannin. An ba shi lada ta tsawaita kwantiraginsa a kakar wasa ta S.League ta 2017. === Borneo Samarinda === Ridhuan ya yi shirin kawo ƙarshen aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Indonesia kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar wata ɗaya da Borneo Samarinda a farkon 2018 don shiga gasar. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kwangilarsa ta ƙare, Warriors ta tuntuɓi Ridhuan don ya sake ɗaukarsa a ƙungiyar amma ya ƙi amincewa da ita. <ref name=":2" /> A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa ta dauki Ridhuan don kakar wasa ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2021-01-14 |title=Football: Old heads for new-look Jaguars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-old-heads-for-new-look-jaguars |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ya dawo daga ritaya daga kwallon kafa tun daga shekarar 2018. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2021, Ridhuan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa bayan kakar wasa da Jaguars, inda ya buga wasanni huɗu a ƙungiyar. == Aikin gudanarwa == === Ƙungiyar Matasan Tanjong Pagar === A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, Tanjong Pagar United ta sanar da cewa Ridhuan zai kasance cikin tawagar masu horarwa. Zai horar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta ƙungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Duk da cewa Ridhuan bai buga wasa mai yawa a gasar ba, kocin Singapore Radojko Avramović ya ga wani abu a cikin matashin mai hazaka kuma ya ba shi damar fara wasa a ƙasashen waje da Qatar a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2003. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tare da ɗan wasan tsakiya Shahril Ishak, mai tsaron baya Baihakki Khaizan da mai tsaron gida Hassan Sunny, yana cikin ƙungiyar 'NFA Gang of Four', ƙungiyar 'yan wasa huɗu da suka yi wasa tare tun suna ƙanana kuma suka sami lambar yabo ta manyan 'yan wasa a duniya a shekarar 2003. He was also part of the national side that won the 2004 AFF Championship albeit only featuring in the opening game.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=www.goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/the-arema-fans-always-connect-me-with-cristiano-ronaldo---the-remarkable-story-of--singapore-legend-ridhuan-muhammad/s0k30e3ojgg51ddp8u06vj9z3 "'The Arema fans always connect me with Cristiano Ronaldo' - The remarkable story of Singapore legend Ridhuan Muhammad (exclusive) | Goal.com"]. ''www.goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Three years later in the 2007 AFF Championship, he played a major role in the team's success in retaining the championship. Tun daga watan Disamba na 2017, Ridhuan ya yi wasanni 68 a Singapore. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ridhuan ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Hong Kah. Baya ga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, yana da wani aski da ake yi a gida mai suna 1E_Xpress. Daga cikin abokan cinikinsa akwai tsoffin abokan wasansa na zaki Baihakki Khaizan, Khairul Amri, Noh Alam Shah da Shahril Ishak . == Kididdigar aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Manufofin Babbar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a raga.'' <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Muhammad, Ridhuan |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/5977/Ridhuan_Muhamad.html |access-date=5 May 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !# ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasar |- | 1 | 15 Janairu 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, [[Singafora|Singapore]] |{{Fb|LAO}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | 11–0 | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2007 |- | 2 | 27 Janairu 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, Singapore |{{Fb|MAS}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 1 | align="center" | 1–1 (5–4 p ) | Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2007 |- | 3 | 24 Yuni 2007 | National Stadium, Kalang, Singapore |{{Fb|PRK}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | align="center" | 2–1 | Aboki |} == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Arema Malang * Gasar Super League ta Indonesia : 2009–10 <ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Arema is The Winner of 2009–2010 ISL |url=http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.detail&idnews=1423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155925/http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.detail&idnews=1423 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=LigaIndonesia.com |language=id}}</ref> * Piala Indonesia ta zo ta biyu: 2010 ; Jarumai * Kofin FA na Singapore : 2017 === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === ; Singapore * Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta AFF : 2004, 2007 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ridhuan Muhammad at National-Football-Teams.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503042535/http://www.fas.org.sg/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1291 Fas.org] * {{Soccerway|ridhuan-muhamad/24481}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m2soyeti2fcvrcryqtuwg6ddvlmhxp0 0 162888 892585 2026-08-07T11:48:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367967841|Farès Hachi]]" 892585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Farès Hachi''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1989) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Aljeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa ƙungiyar AS Lyon Duchère a gasar Championnat National . Kafin ya koma [[MC Alger]] a shekarar 2017, Hachi ya shafe dukkan aikinsa na babban matsayi a Faransa, inda ya wakilci Échirolles, Cassis Carnoux, Chamois Niortais da Grenoble, sannan kuma a Algeria tare da ES Sétif, sannan kuma a Afirka ta Kudu tare da Mamelodi Sundowns .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Aikin kulob == === ES Sétif === === Mamelodi Sundowns === Dan wasan na hannun hagu na Algeria ya sanya hannu na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi tare da Mamelodi Sundowns, zakaran Afirka ta Kudu kuma wanda ya lashe gasar C1 ta Afirka ta ƙarshe wanda ya zama ɗan wasan Algeria na farko da ya buga wasa a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transferts : Farès Hachi au Mamelodi Sundowns ! |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2017/01/31/transferts-fares-hachi-au-mamelodi-sundowns-99110.php |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=dzfoot}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|25 August 2017}} <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fares-hachi/205195/ | title = Farès Hachi | accessdate = 28 June 2015 | publisher = Soccerway }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |'''ES Sétif''' |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 1 |23 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |1 |0 |36 |0 |- |2016–17 |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !9 !0 !1 !0 !44 !0 |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |'''Mamelodi Sundowns''' |2016–17 | rowspan="2" |[[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier Soccer League]] |12 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2017–18 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !13 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !16 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == '''ES Sétif''' * Gasar Super Cup ta Aljeriya : 2015 '''Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[CAF Super Cup]] : [[Super Cup na CAF na 2017|2017]] == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.foot-national.com/19395-joueur-football-Hachi-Fares.html Farès Hachi] a kafar-national.com * {{Soccerway|fares-hachi/205195}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] f2r1vd0wg5zfnbf1sr263muo5rd9a5o 892587 892585 2026-08-07T11:51:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 892587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farès Hachi''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1989) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Aljeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa ƙungiyar AS Lyon Duchère a gasar Championnat National . Kafin ya koma [[MC Alger]] a shekarar 2017, Hachi ya shafe dukkan aikinsa na babban matsayi a Faransa, inda ya wakilci Échirolles, Cassis Carnoux, Chamois Niortais da Grenoble, sannan kuma a Algeria tare da ES Sétif, sannan kuma a Afirka ta Kudu tare da Mamelodi Sundowns .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Aikin kulob == === ES Sétif === === Mamelodi Sundowns === Dan wasan na hannun hagu na Algeria ya sanya hannu na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi tare da Mamelodi Sundowns, zakaran Afirka ta Kudu kuma wanda ya lashe gasar C1 ta Afirka ta ƙarshe wanda ya zama ɗan wasan Algeria na farko da ya buga wasa a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transferts : Farès Hachi au Mamelodi Sundowns ! |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2017/01/31/transferts-fares-hachi-au-mamelodi-sundowns-99110.php |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=dzfoot}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|25 August 2017}} <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fares-hachi/205195/ | title = Farès Hachi | accessdate = 28 June 2015 | publisher = Soccerway }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |'''ES Sétif''' |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 1 |23 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |1 |0 |36 |0 |- |2016–17 |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !31 !0 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !9 !0 !1 !0 !44 !0 |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |'''Mamelodi Sundowns''' |2016–17 | rowspan="2" |[[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier Soccer League]] |12 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2017–18 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !13 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !16 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == '''ES Sétif''' * Gasar Super Cup ta Aljeriya : 2015 '''Mamelodi Sundowns''' * [[CAF Super Cup]] : [[Super Cup na CAF na 2017|2017]] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.foot-national.com/19395-joueur-football-Hachi-Fares.html Farès Hachi] a kafar-national.com * {{Soccerway|fares-hachi/205195}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] == Manazarta == pw1hgvhdrj6rgzrocs5n1vykulg7qiy